―Tampering Detection of Domestic Load by GSM‖
Contents
1. The missing neutral tampering condition occurs when the neutral is disconnected from the power meter 4 4 Double feeding the meter Double Feeding to bypass the meter where additional feeding is connected directly to the line so that the consumption for additional feeding 1s not registered This can be identifying by comparing phase and neutral current In this Ip is less than In 4 C Stealing electricity by phase shifted technology 1 Reverse current Reverse current occurs when the phase and neutral are wired to the wrong inputs causing current to flow in the direction opposite to normal When neutral wire connection is swapped then causing current IN to flow in the reverse direction Due to the reverse current flow through Neutral metering firmware will show wrong signs in active power readings 4 2 Neutral disturbance Tampering with the neutral at the source high frequency signals are superimposed on neutral causing inaccurate current measurement and thus reducing the energy recorded by the meter Meter current is also reverse by using inverted supply at source 4 D Stealing electricity by difference expansion DE technology 1 High voltage tamper A meter can be tampered with by an electrostatic device that generates spikes or voltages in the range of 35 kV This may induce errors in consumption recording or may even damage the meter The accuracy of the meter should not be affected by the application of a2. analogue front end is the part that interfaces to the high voltage lines It converts high voltages and high currents to voltages sufficiently small to be measured directly by the analogue digital converter ADC of the microcontroller 59 Vol 3 Issue 11 November 2015 e gt IJIREEICE Voltage measurement is done with a potential transformer PT while the current measurements require more accurate measurement and it is done by current transformer CT on phase along with current measurement on neutral to identify tampering which is basically depends upon phase and neutral current Energy calculation is done by P89LPC938 microcontroller 8 8 bit microcontroller with accelerated two clock 80C51 core 8 KB 3 V byte erasable Flash with 10 bit A D converter The P89LPC938 is a single chip microcontroller available in low cost packages based on a high performance processor architecture that executes instructions in two to four clocks six times the rate of standard 80C51 devices Many system level functions have been incorporated into the P89LPC938 in order to reduce number of components board space and system cost 8 In interface section LCD is used to display readings of unit s consumption Relay is used to connect or disconnect power supply of consumer Also sensors are used to detect is it any one touch the door as well as incoming terminals of meter Magnetic sensor is used to detect magnetic interference tampering GSM mode
3. MITATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE VII 1 Limitations This electricity meter is also more expensive to manufacture From remote place theft detection is possible at central room and consumers supply can be cut off on by relay from central room by manually Coverage Area and Location Density of current GSM base stations is important for data transmission This meter cannot be used for three phase system This meter is sensitive with respect to tampering events so while tampering continuously indicating tampering which reduced speed of energy calculation which introduced large error By this meter P amp N swapping tampering method is not detected VII 2 Future Scope Future work also includes interfacing a General Packet Radio Service GPRS modem with the remote meter 11 Energy meter can be made as a prepayment Billing can be done at home by implementing swap card reader This meter can be modified as a three phase meter for commercial and industrial load system Visual inspection can be possible to catch person who theft electricity by connecting camera The meter can be designed for multi user so it will be cost effective VIII CONCLUSION By using GSM technology it is possible to collect energy consumption of consumer without knocking the door of consumer It turns out that the System can accurate monitors the behavior of electricity stealing giving prompt in time reduces losses of electricity stealing to the minimum decreases c
4. VATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING for one of the phases is made zero by removing one of the phase wires from the meter terminal This results in recording less energy consumption as consumption from one of the phases becomes zero During this condition since the voltage is absent and current is present the logic is easily able to sense this and record as tamper event 4 2 Bypassing meter There are many ways to bypass an energy meter The most common way is by putting a jumper in meter terminal such that connection is bypassed and the energy consumption is not registered This can be avoided by connecting sensor at incoming terminals P amp N 4 3 Powering off meter Meter can be powered off by removing all the voltage connections 4 B Stealing electricity by undercurrent technology 1 Partial earth fault condition An earth fault means some of the load has been connected to another ground potential and not the neutral wire Thus the current in the neutral wire IN is less than that in the Phase or live wire IP To detect this condition firmware monitors the currents on both Phase and Neutral and compares them If it differ significantly tampering is detected ant notify to remote location 4 2 Phase and neutral wire swapped In this method live and neutral wires are swapped which makes the current in the live wire less than that in the neutral 4 3 Missing neutral
5. asy accessibility of the meters to the customers a large number of whom tamper with it A solution to this ever problem would be to eliminate the human element involved on the part of meter reading This can be done with a set of technologies called RMR Remote Meter Reading The GSM based Remote meter reading system provides a cost effective reliable amp interference free data transfer between remote meter reading units amp the utility control center The meter reading amp management processes are free from human involvement Based on existing telephone networks it is very flexible for the utility companies to access service amp maintain this meter reading system A user friendly amp window based is designed which fully utilizes the personal computer s terminate amp stay resident programming technique to achieve communications between the remote meter reading units amp personal computer in control center Power utility companies have suffered revenue losses due to illegal electrical usage amp uncollected bills for several years Remote meter reading system along with GSM communication has been identified as a solution If RMR system via GSM is set in a power delivery system a detection system for illegal usage may be easily captured P89LPC938 is the microcontroller used to perform all the measurements in the meter As the P89LPC938 is 8 bit microcontroller with accelerated two clock 80c51 core SKB 3V byte erasable flash w
6. bnormal voltage frequency generating device 4 2 Magnetic interference Consumers use heavy magnetic material in voltage and current measurement circuits and 60 gt IJIREEICE this are affected by abnormal external magnetic influences that in turn affect proper functioning of the meter For example the use of a strong magnet to change the magnitude of current this in turn introduces large errors in measurement One way to avoid this is by having magnet sensors to detect the presence of abnormal magnetic fields and provide evidence by logging it as a tamper 5 3 External crystal connection Electronic energy meter having crystals to generate clock pulses Tampering is done by connecting external crystal which slows down energy meter To avoid this tamper select a microcontroller such as having inbuilt clock oscillator 4 External tampers External tampering may include breaking the meter case chemical injection or even burning the meter All these result in changing the electrical characteristics of the components thereby recording less or no energy usage One may want to open the meter to change the settings or even remove the backup battery so that the meter will reset when the main power goes off Anti tamper switches can be placed on the casing of the meter to trigger a tamper when the casing is opened 4 Vol 3 Issue 11 November 2015 V FLOWCHART FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT Software is implemente
7. btained to verify the meter precision Fig 5 Designed energy meter A 1 Load test at different resistive load and inductive load Bar chart of Kwh consumption at various Resistive load Kwh consumption 1 Units 0 8 Calculated Measureq 200 600 1000 1500 Load Watt Fig 6 Bar chart for resistive Load Graph of Error Vs various Resistive load 1600 1400 1200 1000 Load watts 800 Error 600 400 200 0 04 0 12 0 08 0 16 0 0 04 0 22 Error Units Fig 7 Line Graph1for Resistive load Bar chart of Kwh consumption at various Inductive load 1 2 1 Kwh 0 8 ae oe 0 4 0 2 0 Calculated Measured 45 235 370 Load Watt 1000 Fig 8 Bar chart for inductive load DOI 10 17148 IJIREEICE 2015 31112 61 IJIREEICE Vol 3 Issue 11 November 2015 Graph of various Inductive load Vs Error Load Watts Error Error Units Fig 9 Line graph for inductive load Figure 6 and 8 shows bar chart for resistive and inductive load which shows difference between measured and calculated values Whereas figure 7 9 shows line graph for resistive and inductive load which shows that if load increases then error is also increased A 2 Tampering test on different day at 1000 watt resistive load Table 1 Average Result Table for daily loss calculation Pi Kwh Consump ption tte ig s ri 0 5 Exte
8. d into two major areas the foreground process and the background process The background functions use a timer interrupt to trigger the ADC and to collect the voltage and current samples These samples are further processed and accumulated into buffers 7 9 and10 The background function deals mainly with the timing critical elements of the software Once sufficient samples have been accumulated the foreground functions are used to calculate the final values of kWh The program then enters the main foreground process loop and waits for the timer interrupt routine to gather data Initialize Timers Serial Ports ADC RAM disnlav and Modem Read Voltage and current mi Calculate New Energy KWh watt 1000 x 3600 KWh o Stored Energy in EEPROM and Nisnlav on I CD Is any tampering Yes Display tampering name and on Buzzer Send tampering code at central room jp Communicate with modem for reauested data Fig 4 Flowchart Copyright to IJIREEICE ISSN Online 2321 2004 ISSN Print 2321 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING VI RESULTS To validate the proposed energy meter several experimental tests were carried out The single phase prototype was initially calibrated using a 1kW standard load of unity power factor Designed energy meter is shown Some experimental results were o
9. e gt IJIREEICE Vol 3 Issue 11 November 2015 ISSN Online 2321 2004 ISSN Print 2321 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Tampering Detection of Domestic Load by GSM M V Bhatkar S A Thete Professor Electrical Engg Dept J E S LT M R Nashik Asst Prof Electrical Engg Dept J E S LT M R Nashik Abstract This paper presents a single phase digital energy meter based on a microcontroller This digital meter does not have any rotating parts and the energy consumption can be easily read from a digital display also at remote place it is easily possible to check energy consumption and tampering detection by using GSM technology When supply wills cut off the meter will restart with the stored value Today energy theft is a worldwide problem that contributes heavily to revenue losses Consumers have been found manipulating their electric meters try to make them stop or even bypassing the meter effectively using power without paying for it This energy meter can detect tampering in an energy meter by using microcontroller and provide there details at remote location Keywords Tampering Detection GSM Technology microcontroller RMR Remote Meter Reading I INTRODUCTION The Power Sector in the country sustains a loss of over 25 30 The main reason is the human element involved in the reading of the meters and also the e
10. ith 10 bit A D converter The active energy consumed is available on an LCD display module as well as from remote location at control room it is possible to check energy consumption and also getting the signals related to tampering 1 Il PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT A watt hour meter is designed to measure energy or power consumed over time In simple terms electrical power is the product of voltage and current Copyright to WIREEICE DOI 10 17148 IJIREEICE 2015 31112 If repeated measurements of both instantaneous voltage Vi and current li are made then it is possible to calculate sum of their product over time By dividing the total accumulated energy over the number of samples the average power the first expression in Equation 1 Multiplying the average power by time gives the total energy consumed 2 N Average Power watts Vik Tik k N N Energy Consumed watt sec gt gt Vik lik k HI DESIGNED WIRELESS ENERGY METER l Microcontroller ab edo ve a ea Sectif I Analog FrontEnd l I erface Section l l Fig 1 Block Diagram of Digital Energy Meter A general overview of the micro controlled energy meter can be seen in the block diagram shown in Fig 1 As shown the energy meter hardware includes a power supply an analogue front end a microcontroller section and an interface section Microcontroller section requires 3v power supply 5v for analog front end the
11. m is used to transmit data of tampering events and KWH consumption at remote place 11 IV HACKING IN ENERGY METERS Due to the increasing cost of electricity Energy theft 1s becoming a major concern for government agencies across the world A large portion of these revenue losses can be recovered by installing electronic energy meters because they can detect tampering conditions and assure proper billing unlike electromechanical meters This section describes several tampering techniques used by thieves along with solutions for avoiding tampering 3 The Analysis Of Electricity Stealing Method is done in following four classifications A Stealing electricity by under Voltage technology B Stealing electricity by undercurrent Technology C Stealing electricity by phase shifted Technology D Stealing electricity by difference Expansion DE technology Figure 2 shows normal Phase and Neutral wire Connection to the meter Current of the Phase wire is the same as of the neutral wire IP IN 4 PHASE NEUTRAL Single Phase Ener gy Meter O0O0008765 2 KWh l 2 Faut Fig 2 Normal P amp N connection A Stealing electricity by under Voltage technology 1 Missing potential This is a common connection fraud usually deployed in meters where the voltage component Copyright to IJIREEICE DOI 10 17148 IJIREEICE 2015 31112 ISSN Online 2321 2004 ISSN Print 2321 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNO
12. nsees of Pearson education in south Asia 10 Stephen Underwood Frangline Jose Vincent Chan Application Report SLAA391 March 2008 Three Phase Electronic Watt Hour Meter Design Using Sp430 11 Asoke K Talukder Roopa R Yavagal 2005 Mobile Computing technology Application and service creation Edition 1 Editor Prof H N Mahabala Tata McGRAW Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi BIOGRAPHIES Dr M V Bhatkar Professor amp Principal J E S 1 T M R Nashik Maharashtra India Teaching Experience 25 Prof Mrs S A Thete Assistant Professor amp Head Electrical Engg Dept J E S LT M R Nashik Maharashtra India Teaching Experience 13 Copyright to IJIREEICE DOI 10 17148 IJIREEICE 2015 31112 ISSN Online 2321 2004 ISSN Print 2321 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING 63
13. ountry property loss REFERENCES 1 MD Wasi ur Rahman MD Tanvir Ahmed Tareq Hasan Khan and S M Lutful Kabir Design of an Intelligent SMS based Remote Metering System Institute of Information and Communication Technology IICT Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology BUET Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh 2 Paul Daigle April 2000 Digital Energy Meters by the Millions edition of utility automation 62 Meana Vol 3 Issue 11 November 2015 3 Zheng Dezhi Wang Shuai Research on Measuring Equipment of Single phase Electricity Stealing with Long distance Monitoring Function Electronic measurement technology 978 1 4244 2487 0 09 2009 TEEE 4 Mohit Arora feb 2009 Prevent hacking tampering in energy metres Freescale Semiconductor EE Times India eetindia com 5 Margery Conner Tamper resistant smart power meters rely on isolated sensors march 19 2009 6 Gaykwad Ramakant A 2008 Op Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits 4th edition Published by PHI Pvt ltd New Delhi 7 P A V Loss M M Lamego G C D Soma and J L F Vieira A Single Phase Microcontroller Based Energy Meter 0 7803 4797 8 98 1998 IEEE 8 UM10119 P89LPC938 User manual Rev 02 4 March 2005 User manual 9 Muhammad Ali Mazidi J G Mazidi R D Mckinly 2008 The 8051 Microcontroller And Embedded System 4th edition published by Dorling Kindersley India pvt Ltd lice
14. rnal 1 Tamper i 0 26 0 54 Partial is i Earth 0 49 1 200watt TPE nee Missing 2 aT Potential BE sete il Tamperin g Method 4 200watt Double Feeding 1 ra v 0 33 ee 1 roay 0 z ae bal Meter IT 100 0 100 0 00 0 100 0 100 0 0 100 0 DENEAN T Off Bar chart of Total loss Rs Units in one day for each tampering events Total Loss Rs Units GTotal loss Rs Units Fig 10 Bar chart of Total loss Rs Units at 1000watt load for one day with tampering ET DF RP MP PO Tampering Events From the daily calculation table 1 monthly loss by each tampering events is calculate by using following formula Le Copyright to IJIREEICE DOI 10 17148 IJIREEICE 2015 31112 2004 5526 ISSN Online 2321 ISSN Print 2321 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Loosed units in month 30 days x Loosed units in one day Bar chart of Total loss Rs Units in month for each tampering events Total Loss 40 Rs Units 20 Total loss Rs Units DF RP Tampering Events Fig 11 Bar chart for monthly loss calculation Figure 10 and 11 shows the bar chart of total loss in Rs unit for individual tampering events on one day and for one month respectively which shows that for P amp N swapped tampering loss is very less where as its maximum for missing potential powering off and by passing meter VII LI
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search