10xE Supermarket Case Study - Sustainability Workshop
Contents
1. 50 Offices 3 i ji 5 High Window 2 6 Sill Typical of 2 a AUTODESK CURRICULUM Appendix B Detailed Existing System Descriptions System Sub System Existing Condition Envelope See plan in Appendix A 100 000 sf Dimensions 18 average roof height walls Hollow CMU with 3 5 metal stud w batt insulation Roof R 19 continuous insulation over metal seam roof absorptance 0 70 Infiltration 0 05 Air Changes Hour Average Double pane thermally broken Windows aluminum frame standard SHGC Lighting LPD Wisf Retail 2 0 Offices 1 5 Pharm 1 5 Storage 1 0 Deli 1 5 Retail 3 lamp 8 long pendant 12 on center rows 14 AFF Fixture type All others 2x4 2 lamp fluorescent 9 AFF equally spaced Refrigeration Doors None Medium Length If 1000 Temperature Loads Btu lf 1186 3 Cases 30 F s Case 20 F SST Credit Btu If 600 Lights W If 35 8 Fans W If 12 5 Doors All cases Length If 700 0 Low Loads Btu lf 431 6 Temperature Cases 0 F Credit Btu If 90 6 Case 10 F Lights W If 28 1 SST Fans WIIf 19 5 AS Wilf 36 2 Defrost W If 23 4 AUTODESK CURRICULUM System Sub System Existing Condition HVAC Air distribution Constant volume packaged rooftop units 0 0005 kW CFM Heating 80 efficient natural gas fired2. 10 11 12 13 14 15 Prerequisites Have Green Building Studio 2010 Desktop application and eQUEST 3 64 installed Create geometry spaces and zones in Revit MEP based on the previous exercise Click the Revit button upper left corner and choose Export gt gbXML Save to your project folder Log in to GBS online Create a new project within GBS Open GBS Desktop and sign in Load the xml file from the location where it was saved by clicking Browse gbXML File Click Create New Run and the file will simulate online through GBS Once finished simulating and you are viewing the simulation results click on the Export and Download Data Files tab Download the DOE2 file inp to a folder you create in your eQUEST 3 64 Projects directory location of this directory varies based on your installation Download the bin weather file to your eQUEST 3 64 Data Weather directory Open eQUEST and choose Select an Existing Project to Open Change the file type to DOE 2 2 BDL Files inp and navigate to your project folder Enter a name for the project in the dialog box and select the downloaded weather file Visually check that the geometry was imported correctly by going to the Building Shell view 3 D Geometry tab AUTODESK CURRICULUM Exporting from Revit MEP 2012 to Autodesk 3ds Max Design for Lighting Calculations http www youtube com watch v 8vlUegxZu5q Prereq
3. Refrig Coil Figure 1 Refrigerated case diagrams open case left and doored case right There are essentially two types of cases open and doored Open cases cause a lot of cold air to be spilled into the conditioned space creating a year round cooling effect In the summer this reduces the peak cooling load of the HVAC equipment but in the winter this effect increases the space heating load This effect is sometimes referred to as case credit but we prefer the term case waste because this spilled air only introduces inefficiencies into the system The inefficiency is obvious under space heating conditions but even in space cooling mode since the refrigeration compressors are less efficient than the HVAC system compressors it would be more efficient to cool using the HVAC equipment instead Conversely doored cases contain the cold by preventing air spillage Depending on how often the doors are opened this reduces the case credit by 80 to 95 Integrative Thinking Where to Start Start by defining the end use What are the purposes of each system Then determine the minimum energy required to accomplish these purposes For example interior lights provide visibility and highlight the products on the shelves But what level of light is required for these tasks Consider how many foot candles are needed and what is the most efficient way to achieve that level of light After establishing the
4. by the small increase in performance from much more expensive options We found that the electric lighting system was providing much higher light levels than necessary in the retail area Our research and analysis showed that we could cut the lighting power density in half 2 0 to 1 0 W sf while maintaining an adequate average light level of 45 foot candles as compared to the 85 foot candles in the existing store Additionally by adding an ON 2 3 1 3 OFF stepped daylight control to the retail space and shutting of 1 3 of lights at night we reduced lighting consumption by over 80 Outside of the retail space we found that the storage area had proper light levels but by adding motion sensors we could reduce lighting use by 10 We also recommended reducing levels in the Office to 0 9 W sf 1 1 W sf in the Pharmacy and 1 2 W sf in the Deli Bakery On the refrigeration side we recommended putting doors on as many cases as possible and converting exclusively to EC fan motors and LED lights which in combination reduced peak refrigeration loads by 25 and total refrigeration energy by 10 In addition by using LED lights on all cases we were able to also include motion sensors to control the lights something that is not possible with fluorescents due to the low temperatures Previous studies have shown a nearly 50 savings in refrigerated case lighting just from motion sensors By putting doors on all cases we also reduced space hea
5. heat exchangers Cooling DX EER 10 Ventilation 9 700 CFM fixed volume Kitchen Hoods Constant volume 8 000 CFM On from 4AM 11PM 0 0003 kW CFM Other exhaust On 24 hours 1 000 CFM 0 0002 kW CFM Plug amp Process Loads Cooking Natural Gas 100 kBtu h equivalent peak capacity Other equipment power density W sf Retail 0 3 Offices 1 0 Pharm 2 0 Storage 0 3 Deli 2 0 AUTODESK CURRICULUM Appendix C List of Possible Efficiency Measures Envelope amp Glazing Lighting Higher R value walls Additional roof insulation Highly reflective roof Tighter construction Lower SHGC windows Lower U value windows Window overhangs Lower LPDs must meet minimum lighting levels Better control in office area bi level switching motion sensors Motion sensors in storage area Turn off some lights at night in retail Daylighting HVAC Skylights o Domed fiberglass o Flat glass Control Options o Stepped control 100 67 33 0 o Fully variable dimming Variable air volume More efficient cooling for RTUs Smart exhaust hood controls VAV optical smoke sensors Demand control ventilation Heat pumps Dessicant wheel heat recovery Refrigeration Electronically commutated EC fan motors LED lights Case light motion sensors Doors on medium temperature cases except produce Evaporative condensing Internal Process Loads Process equipment cir
6. reduction in heat recovery from reducing refrigeration loads will be large and it may no longer be effective to introduce the constant pressure drop of the coil in order to recover the heat AUTODESK CURRICULUM Suggested Exercises Evaluating Measures Using Autodesk Tools Creating Energy Model Geometry in Autodesk Revit MEP 2012 http www youtube com watch v Pqx 7Ok9Kxo Fo 6 00 OPO ee GO NOs Open new project in Autodesk Revit MEP 2012 Open an elevation view and change Level 2 to the height of the roof Create floor for entire building Make sure to change to exterior Create exterior walls Change construction type Create a roof Change construction type Create interior walls Change construction type Do not model ceilings Create windows and doors Create skylights if applicable Define spaces as bounded by the walls Make sure space offset is set to zero at the floor and extends above the roof Create a space schedule 12 13 14 15 Define zones and associate with spaces Create a zone schedule Make sure zones are set to occupiable Edit other data in the zones as desired If you are using Autodesk Green Building Studio web based service to do the analysis this is critical If you are exporting to DOE 2 or EnergyPlus you can edit this data in those programs Exporting from Revit MEP 2012 to eQUEST via Green Building Studio GBS http www youtube com watch v LTp9 _t9Ni4 Ais NO PON
7. 0 W ft fluorescent lighting producing about 85 foot candles in the aisles No daylighting e Storage 1 0 Wit e Office Deli Pharmacy 1 5 W ft e R tigeration 1000 linear feet of open medium temperature cases 9 e 700 linear feet of doored frozen food cases A Note on Supermarket Refrigeration Systems You are probably familiar with envelope HVAC and lighting systems in buildings However you may not be as familiar with supermarket refrigeration systems The following is a brief overview of refrigeration systems and their impact on building performance Envelope Interior Lighting Refrigeration systems are generally made up of three components display cases compressors and condensers Compressors and condensers function in the same manner as in any Rankine refrigeration cycle so efficiency opportunities are similar to other refrigeration cycle opportunities For time and simplicity s sake we will only consider the most unique part of the problem display cases AUTODESK CURRICULUM Display cases are where most of the refrigeration energy is consumed The case refrigeration load is made up of internal gains due to lights and fan motors and external heat transfer due to convection and radiation The case takes care of the loads by circulating air over the refrigeration coil and throughout the case See the diagrams below Light Cold air spills into the space Light
8. Autodesk BIM Workshop Factor Ten Engineering 10xE Supermarket Retrofit Case Study image courtesy of Cannon Desi 10 FACTOR 1 ENGINEERING Contents Factor Ten Engineering 10XE sss ssesussssnunsnnnnnunnunnnnunnnnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnmnnn 2 OVE NIEWE EE E A rr 2 The Case for Integrative Design eecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeesaeeseaeeeeeeeeaeeeeaeeeseeeteaeeetaees 2 Select Principles for Architectural Engineering Students cceecceeeeeeeeeeteneeeeeeeee 3 Student ACUI VARY Sse scees ss secs sees esac ec Secete di sus eaea earar a Seara AASE rakana anaE ASN EE NN KESER 5 Learning Objectives i ccs eeceeeesesete en dagde evs caghte ed tedescecglibpelanediecesdvervhieseitebbeorins 5 Problem Statement Existing Supermarket Retrofit c ccecceeseeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeaes 5 A Note on Supermarket Refrigeration SySteMS c ccccceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeneeseeeenaees 5 Integrative Thinking Where to Start ccecceeeceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeesnaeeeaees 6 Suggested Exercises Evaluating Measures Using Autodesk TOools c ccceeees 8 ASSOSSIM Nts cosioites ii ti late GRR Ali ein Hee 10 APPONICeS wai sisssstccssscicesicadiaesticnicenssdsevssaaseasetacecdnnctasuaccnaasseteseadhadesecanderstaiadsadeanuetecaameasns 11 Appendix A Supermarket Layout ccceeeceeeeeeceneeceeeeseeeeeaeeseaeeseaeeseaeeseaeeseeeeeeeeeeaes 11 Appendix B Detailed Exist
9. cts folder You will then be able to manipulate values in the Batch Runs tab The following table is a list of parameters that you may change and how they affect the model Parameter Description Baseline Acceptable Value Values LPD Storage Lighting Power Density LPD W sf for 1 Number gt 0 Storage LPD Retail LPD W sf for Retail 2 Number gt 0 LPD Pharmacy LPD W sf for Pharmacy 1 5 Number gt 0 LPD Office LPD W sf for Office 1 5 Number gt 0 LPD Deli Bakery LPD W sf for Deli Bakery 1 5 Number gt 0 Reduce Retail Lights Night Turn off 25 of lights in Retail from 12 NO YES NO All Caps AM 6 AM Mandatory EPD Storage Equipment Power Density EPD W sf 0 3 Number gt 0 for Storage EPD Retail EPD W sf for Retail 0 3 Number gt 0 EPD Pharmacy EPD W sf for Pharmacy 2 Number gt 0 EPD Office EPD W sf for Office 1 Number gt 0 EPD Deli Bakery EPD W sf for Deli Bakery 2 Number gt 0 RTU Fan Control Fan speed control for RTUs Constant Constant Constant volume or VAV Variable RTU OA Control Outside air volume control for RTUs Fixed Fixed DCV Fixed or demand control RTU EER Energy Efficiency Ratio for RTUs 10 Number gt 0 Exterior Wall U Value Exterior Wall U Value 0 074 Number gt 0 Retail Glass Cond Glass conductance for Retail Window 0 57 Number gt 0 see eQUEST manual description of conductance Retail Glass SC Shading coefficient for Retail Windo
10. cuit timer control 14 AUTODESK CURRICULUM Appendix D Detailed Energy Model Information A fully functioning eQUEST 3 64 model has been provided as a guide This model is compatible with and is being provided with Rocky Mountain Institute s Model Manager tool a freely available Excel based tool that accesses eQUEST batch processing capabilities as well as results extraction functions Model Manager gives you the capability to change eQUEST parameter values from Excel as well as to simulate multiple eQUEST runs with one click using DOE 2 batch functionality The provided zip file includes the Model Manager spreadsheet and all required eQUEST files This gives you the capability to change most of the important parameters in the eQUEST model without being an expert eEQUEST user However you may use the model independent of Model Manager if your skill level allows Be aware that many global parameters are used throughout the model so if you see a value in pink in the energy model be careful because this means that the value is controlled by a global parameter GP If you enter a value manually you will be overwriting the GP and it will no longer function as intended with Model Manager In order to use the provided material go to http www rmi org rmi ModelingTools and download Model Manager Set it up according to the User s Manual and get the example model working Then extract the provided files to the eQUEST 3 64 Proje
11. e context of 10xE this research would support the principles of explicit analysis obviously and multiple benefits because such innovative systems could drastically reduce fan energy while improving thermal comfort and increasing heat recovery effectiveness through the use of water based systems AUTODESK CURRICULUM Assessment In Rocky Mountain Institute s analysis of similar existing supermarkets we found many opportunities for improvement For the envelope we recommended eliminating the complicated drywall framing and insulation system on the exterior walls and moving to a continuous insulated metal panel R 20 which would reduce construction costs by eliminating multiple steps increase R value and reduce infiltration Additionally we found that increasing the roof insulation to R 50 showed an enormous savings because not only did it reduce total HVAC energy consumption it worked to shift peak loads later in the day due to thermal mass which led to a reduction in peak cooling capacity of 20 tons Controlling solar gains on the southern face of the building was a no brainer although it did not yield very large savings due to the low window to wall ratio For daylighting we recommended a simple double domed diffusing fiberglass skylight with a skylight to floor ratio of 4 We explored other options such as sawtooth monitors and glass skylights but found that the low capital costs of the fiberglass skylights could not be offset
12. e lighting power schedule to NO YES NO account for motion sensors on medium temp cases 43 reduction Low Temp Case Motion Sensors Adjust case lighting power schedule to NO YES NO account for motion sensors on low temp cases 43 reduction Refrigeration Heat Recovery Space heat recovery from refrigeration NO YES NO system Refrigeration Condenser Type Ref AIR AIR COOLED COOLED EVAP CONDENSER Storage Daylight Daylighting in Storage via skylights NO YES NO Retail Daylight Daylighting in Retail via skylights NO YES NO Pharmacy Daylight Daylighting in Pharmacy via skylights NO YES NO Office Daylight Daylighting in Office via skylights NO YES NO Deli Bakery Daylight Daylighting in Deli Bakery via skylights NO YES NO Skylight Ratio Skylight area to roof area ratio 0 04 0 lt X lt 1 16
13. ied But even more important complementary advances in integrative design remain nearly invisible unrecognized untaught and practiced only by a small subset of exceptional designers Examples for buildings industry and vehicles show that optimizing whole systems for multiple benefits not disjunct components for single benefits often makes gains in end use efficiency much bigger and cheaper than conventionally supposed Indeed integrative design can often yield expanding rather than the normal diminishing returns to investments in energy efficiency making very large even order of magnitude energy savings cost less than small or no savings Select Principles for Architectural Engineering Students 10xE is comprised of 17 distinct principles but here we have selected four of the most applicable principles for architectural engineering students To read more about 10xE and all the principles go to www 10xE org Define the end use Designers often focus on the object to be designed produced and sold not on why its users want it But behind every artifact is a purpose indeed a stack of layered purposes When you go to the hardware store to buy a drill probably what you really want is a hole But why do you want the hole If you re trying to hang a picture on the wall there are many ways to do that indeed there are many ways to achieve the purpose for which you E g in 2009 the NAS NRC s America s Energy Future con
14. ing System Descriptions cceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteneeeeeeetenes 12 Appendix C List of Possible Efficiency Measures ccceecceseseeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeteneeeeneeteaes 14 Appendix D Detailed Energy Model Information ec eeeseeeeeseeeeeeeneeetesneeeereneeeeeee 15 www autodesk com edcommunity Autodesk Factor Ten Engineering 10xE Overview 10xE is a growing collection of educational resources to help students faculty engineers architects and their clients bring integrative design to resource intensive facilities amp products thereby saving money and helping solve critical energy and climate problems Integrative design produces fundamentally better results by rigorously applying creative engineering principles When applied to energy intensive facilities and products integrative design achieves radically more efficient outcomes by asking different questions that change the design logic Real world examples offer powerful stories of huge energy savings by successful designers smart designs Smart designers stand out in the engineering crowd as the ones who unlock solutions that serve their clients while unraveling daunting environmental problems They know that even excellent engineers in one particular aspect of engineering will miss the innovation boat when they work only within the narrow confines of their specialty The well trained engineer who says Don t bother me with the bigger picture I ll handle
15. l design constraint e g cost safety performance accessibility moves you away from that theoretical minimum Reduce the list of allowable constraints to the absolute minimum e g safety operability and cost and state them in the most generalized way possible to allow further explorations Then systematically minimize or evade each constraint That is rather than taking accepted constraints for granted and later nibbling around their edges carefully think through how to vault each constraint in order to yield far greater savings To eliminate particular constraints reframe or redefine how to achieve the ultimate purpose of each Use measured data and explicit analysis not assumptions and rules of thumb Develop specifications from data carefully measured for the specific design problem In God we trust all others bring data Data trump assumptions Check how well previous designs actual performance matched initial assumptions and understand any differences Question all rules of thumb often opaque stews of old assumptions such as cheap energy and obsolete technologies Achieve multiple benefits from a single expenditure Each part subsystem or system should provide many benefits Having each component perform just one function is a mark of dis integrated design Superlative integrative design can achieve several functions per component weaving an intricate web of enhanced value Student Activity Learning Objectives After c
16. my piece of the job will be left behind in the emerging economy The winners will be the ones who understand that the engineering and architectural professions are moving in the direction of integrative design A few examples Once of interest only to a handful of green designers LEED Leadership in Energy Efficient Design has rapidly become the standard of quality building design Energy modelers are increasingly central to building design And performance based codes are now advocated by the International Code Council Innovative engineers and architects collaborate in teams that use each member s particular skills to iteratively design a whole system They know a little secret integrative design is not more difficult it s just different It s more than software an algorithm or deep understanding of one aspect of engineering it s an advanced approach using whole system thinking and collaboration Similar change is underway at universities where an increasing number of engineering and architecture faculty are finding ways to bring integrative design into curricula They are developing relationships across departments offering students more authentic and practical design experiences exposing students to different perspectives offering engineering degrees with an emphasis for example on energy and climate and providing such unusual engineering classes as Creativity Innovation and Vision To help creative engineers designe
17. ompleting this lesson students will be able to e Discuss how 10xE addresses conventional design problems differently e Apply 10xE principles to a building retrofit e Think critically about a building as a whole system rather than the sum of its parts e Evaluate energy conservation measures for a building retrofit using Autodesk and other software tools Problem Statement Existing Supermarket Retrofit You are charged with an energy audit of an existing 100 000 square foot supermarket Using the 10xE principles develop a bundle of energy conservation measures that cuts energy consumption by at least 50 and describe how your recommended bundle satisfies the 10xE principles The following table gives a brief description of the current systems See Appendix B for a more detailed description Table 1 Description of Existing Systems e Located in Denver CO Site Data e 24 hour operation e Front of store faces due south Exterior CMU block furred out with 3 5 metal stud R 11 batt insulated gypsum board walls R 20 continuously insulated roof Double pane thermally broken aluminum frame windows 7 glazing Constant Volume DX cooling natural gas heating rooftop units RTUs 180 tons cooling EER 10 Heating Ventilation and 3 000 kBtu hr heating input 80 efficient Air Conditioning ASHRAE 62 1 2004 minimum ventilation 11 000 CFM Commercial kitchen hoods totaling 7 000 CFM exhaust and 2 000 CFM other exhaust Retail Space 2
18. rs faculty and student find their particular paths to integrative design 10xE includes a set of design principles and other teaching materials that inform any design process especially those for developing and refining energy intensive facilities and products The Case for Integrative Design Though many sectors of the economy will benefit from integrative design its effect on energy is particularly dramatic and important An era of cheap and readily available energy and resources has led to resource inefficient design of the vast majority of power and industrial plants commercial and residential buildings vehicles and transportation systems and consumer products Today however when energy and natural resources are becoming scarcer harder to access and or more expensive and when the impact on the environment of using them in AUTODESK CURRICULUM ever larger quantities is becoming a challenge radical resource efficiency must be incorporated as a key design criterion Energy efficiency s potential is large and little tapped Yet all official studies substantially understate its potential and overstate its cost because they focus on individual technologies without also counting integrative design that optimally combines those technologies The efficiency resource keeps getting bigger and cheaper as innovation competition and volume make energy saving technologies more effective and less costly both faster than they re being appl
19. se parameters be sure to use measured data and explicit analysis in your design not assumptions and rules of thumb For example many practicing engineers have pre conceived notions of how large a cooling system should be 400 ft ton or how much lighting power is required in a space 1 5 wit 2 These round numbers were most likely based on rigorous analysis once but have since been made obsolete or only apply to very specific circumstances AUTODESK CURRICULUM Finally when looking for a solution try to get multiple benefits from a single expenditure This is easiest to do when you think across system boundaries and consider the whole building with all its system interactions Designing integratively requires considering system interactions Optimizing individual components with little consideration for their interactions does not yield an optimized whole system As Amory Lovins wrote in Natural Capitalism 1999 If they re not designed to work with one another they ll tend to work against one another For example in a supermarket all systems have significant interactions with the HVAC system but especially the refrigeration system If you reduce the refrigeration case credits by eliminating cases or adding doors you will decrease the need for heating but you will also increase the need for cooling capacity Additionally if you are recovering heat from the refrigeration loop using a heat exchanger coil in the HVAC units the
20. servatively found that U S buildings can profitably save more electricity 35 than projected growth in all sectors through 2030 while McKinsey amp Company found profitable potential savings by 2020 totaling 23 of U S energy worth over 1 2 trillion but costing less than half that Unlocking Energy Efficiency in the U S Economy www mckinsey com clientservice electricpowernaturalgas downloads us_energy_efficiency_full_repor t pdf Some technological improvements are transformational e g biomimetic Fibonacci rotors Pax Scientific 2008 LED optimized luminaires saving up to 98 of ASHRAE lighting power density like Kim Lighting s 2009 outdoor Warp9 and adaptive emissivity glazings Serious Materials 2012 Brohard G J et al 1998 Advanced Customer Technology Test for Maximum Energy Efficiency ACT2 Project The Final Report Procs Summer Study on Energy Efficient Buildings ACEEE 207 67 203 54 elibsql05_p40007 __documents ACT2 act2fnl pdf technical reports at www pge com pec resourcecenter Related Links AUTODESK CURRICULUM wanted the picture hung Understanding what you re really trying to do and why will help reveal how to do the right steps in the right order Establish the minimum energy required Use physics and building science to determine the theoretical minimum amount of energy or resources needed to provide the chosen end use Then carefully consider how far each practica
21. ting by 40 but this was offset by an increase in space cooling due to the loss of case credits so the overall impact on HVAC energy use was not as large Most of the savings for HVAC came from the above outlined load reduction measures as opposed to any system level changes Because the climate in Denver is heating heavy we did not recommend an upgrade to higher efficiency compressors Nor did we recommend a change to a chiller boiler based system due to the large infrastructure costs and relative effectiveness of packaged units for conditioning large volume spaces We did recommend that all RTUs be retrofitted with VFDs Also we recommended that demand control ventilation be utilized in combination with demand control kitchen hoods Overall the above package of recommendations resulted in a total energy savings of over 50 Autodesk 3ds Max FBX and Revit are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk Inc and or its subsidiaries and or affiliates in the USA and or other countries 10 Autodesk AUTODESK CURRICULUM Appendices Appendix A Supermarket Layout The following page is a simplified store layout suitable for energy modeling purposes 250 36 x84 Metal Door Typical of 2 Deli Bakery 1 Storage 5 20 178 12 x10 Metal Rolling Door Typical of 2 gas 5 9 High Glass Doors 6 nign Sandon Typical of 2 120 24 Pharmacy 4
22. uisites Create geometry in Revit MEP 2012 Make sure light fixtures are visible in your views Load and insert the fixture Edit light photometric properties Create other mass objects aisles Create space schedule showing zonal cavity analysis Switch to 3D view Turn lights on in rendering View tab Export to FBX file format can only do from 3D view Import FBX into 3ds Max Design O O N O O RON Light Level Analysis in 3ds Max Design http www youtube com watch v N65Lt52bVx8 Create materials and assign to objects Delete light fixture objects separate from photometric object Create a light meter Calculate light meters Export to point by point data to CSV file aPponn Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD Modeling Discussion Innovative HVAC systems such as displacement ventilation and radiative heating and cooling have been proposed for supermarkets but rigorous analysis of these proposals has been limited due to the complex nature of supermarket specific equipment and indoor environmental conditions There is a significant opportunity for these and other types of innovative systems to be applied to supermarkets if the research into the underlying fluid dynamics issues supports the technology Specifically research is needed into how well these systems provide thermal comfort relative to conventional systems especially as they interact with refrigeration equipment and large occupancy loads In th
23. w 0 57 Number gt 0 Retail Glass Overhang Overhang depth ft for Retail Window 0 Number gt 0 Office South Glass Cond Glass conductance for south Office 0 57 Number gt 0 15 AUTODESK CURRICULUM Window Office South Glass SC Shading coefficient for south Office 0 57 Number gt 0 Window Office South Glass Overhang Overhang depth ft for south Office 0 Number gt 0 Window Office East Glass Cond Glass conductance for east Office 0 57 Number gt 0 Window Office East Glass SC Shading coefficient for east Office 0 57 Number gt 0 Window Office East Glass Overhang Overhang depth ft for east Office 0 Number gt 0 Window Roof R Value R value of roof insulation 19 Number gt 0 Roof Absorptance Solar absorptance value of roof 0 7 Number gt 0 Med Temp Length If Length of Medium Temperature 1000 Number gt 0 Refrigeration Cases Med Temp Credit Btu If Case Credit for Medium Temperature 700 Number gt 0 Cases Med Temp L F W If Combined value of lighting and fan 48 3 Number gt 0 wattage in Medium Temperature Cases Low Temp Length lf Length of Low Temperature 700 Number gt 0 Refrigeration Cases Low Temp Credit Btu If Case Credit for Low Temperature 90 Number gt 0 Cases Low Temp L F W If Combined value of lighting and fan 47 7 Number gt 0 wattage in Low Temperature Cases Med Temp Case Motion Sensors Adjust cas
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