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R T E S USER MANUAL - rt

1. KR RTES updates on start up and every hour on the hour the following registers if they are found when the program is loaded YEARS current year as returned by DOS 4 digits MONTHS current month number as returned by DOS Jan 1 etc DAYS current day as returned by DOS DOWS day of the week as returned by DOS Monday 1 etc HOURS current hour as returned by DOS 24 hour clock MINUTES current minute as returned by DOS updated every minute SECONDS current second as returned by DOS updated every second See the appropriate chapters for details in particular Alert system Trend Recording and Display Generator c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 131 CONFIGURATION FILE Some operating parameters for a RTES application are defined in the user modifiable ASCII text file RTES CNF The configuration file is a text file created off line and read by RTES on start up Parameter definitions must be separated by a comma space linefeed or carriage return Comment lines may be used Lines beginning with a semi colon are interpreted as comments Comment lines are displayed at the bottom of the screen when the RTES CNF file is read The parameters recognized are A n where n is the maximum number of analog input pages to display B 0 or 1 if 1 any variables using a variable as color attribute are continuously redisplayed If 0 variables are only displayed when their value change nit their color Default is 0 C 1
2. be executed from within a batch file with the use of the PGDN and PGUP commands To get a list of the display pages and their order simply enter the PAGE command without an argument For example lt gt 2 lt Alt P gt lt cr gt A specific display page may be called up at any time using the PAGE command The format of the command is PAGE lt gt If you cannot remember the name of a customized display page you can use the PAGE command to provide you with the list of display pages and then lt Tab gt to place the name of the display in the argument field following the PAGE command For example if you were interested in the third display page you would press lt Tab gt 3 times to place the name of the third page as the argument to the PAGE command and then press lt cr gt to enter the command for execution You can then move to the next page using lt Pg Dn gt or to the previous page using lt Pg Up gt USER DEFINED SCREEN TITLE If the variable LABELS is found on startup RTES assumes it defines a text array to be used as title centered on the top line of the screen The title is displayed in blue on a cyan background The array index is the user page number RTES places this number in the reserved variable PAGES if it is found on startup PAGE 1 for the first page 2 for the second etc PAGES is equal to 0 when there is no user page displayed or it is edit mode Note the page title is pro
3. 5 APPLICATION HEAT PUMP CONTROL RTES REPLACES A CONVENTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM TO PROVIDE MORE POWERFUL STRATEGIES In this example in addition to switching between heating and cooling modes automatically it also uses outside air when possible to save energy DATA BASE LAYOUT RO065 ROOM T ROO66 MIN 0067 MAX T 0068 OA T ROO69 HEATER R 0070 DAMPER R ROO71 COMPRESSOR ROO72 FAN R ROO73 D 2 R0074 N3 ROO75 ROO76 ROO77 R0078 R0079 ROO80 KNOWLEDGE BASE RULES RULE HEATER HEATERIROOM lt amp k ROOM T MAX T amp OA gt RULE DAMPER ROOM T MAX T amp COMPRESSOR IROOM T MIN T amp HEATER RULE COMPRESSOR COMPRESSORIROOM gt T amp ROOM gt T amp OA lt RULE FAN DAMPERICOMPRESSORIHEATER c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 184 INITIAL CONDITIONS SET MIN T 18 SET MAX T 23 SETOA T 17 SET ROOM T 20 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 185 RTES APPLICATION EXAMPLE FIRE ALARM AUXILIARY SYSTEM RTES ATTACHES TO A CONVENTIONAL F A SYSTEM AND THE HVAC CONTROLS TO INTEGRATE THE FUNCTIONS AND GREATLY EXPANDS THEIR CAPABILITIES 1 Smoke Control RTES decide which air handling units smoke dampers and fire doors releases must operate in order to contain the smoke by creating a negative pressure in the area s where smoke is detected 2 Graphic representation RTES displays dynamically the situation as it develops to aid
4. log the data every second type RULE DELAY 1 5 Run the logger To start the FAKE task type RUN FAKE lt cr gt To start the LOG task type RUN LOG lt cr gt The logging will end after 100 recordings or as soon as you type END LOG lt cr gt 6 Looking at the results To exit from RTES press lt Ctrl Home gt You may now view the file DATA PRN with the DOS command TYPE DATA PRN lt cr gt 7 Notes This example simply illustrates the RTES capabilities to produce a working application in a few minutes You may enhance or modify this example to suit your own requirements The data may be replayed in RTES with a task that reads the file with a READ instead of a WRITE directive You may view the data graphically using the RTES PIX option The data block may be longer you may use different file names etc c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 204 REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM PROCEDURE TO TRANSPORT A KNOWLEDGE BASE TO A DIFFERENT VERSION OF RTES INTRODUCTION RTES stores the knowledge base you create in a series of files named OLEX PAG user defined display pages OLEX NAM variable names OLEX DAT rules texts and tasks OLEX LNK cross reference used by the inference engine These files are created and updated automatically by RTES in your current working directory These files are structured specifically for the version of RTES on which you produce them This is necessary in order to optimize the memory used and
5. The draw mode is automatically turned off when a sub mode is requested CHANGING THE COLOR The word COLOR on the top line of the screen show which foreground and background colors are currently selected You may change those colors with the following keys Fl change the foreground color F2 change the background color F3 return to the default white on black c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 5 There 8 colors to choose from Whenever you press or F2 the next color is selected Note that some combinations may cause the word color and the text you would be typing to be invisible black on black red on red etc HOW TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE DISPLAY When you edit a display the name of the display being edited is shown at the top right hand corner of the page preceded by the word Editing If you press lt alt N gt the name of the display is highlighted and the cursor moves to the first character of the name You may then change the name to another unique name by inserting replacing or deleting characters After you have composed a new name press lt cr gt to enter the change If the system rejects the proposed name you remain in the name editing sub mode If the name is accepted then the system automatically returns you to page editing You may also abandon the name editing sub mode by pressing the lt Home gt key HOW TO SHOW VARIABLES ON A DISPLAY To put a variable in a display you must first ass
6. 5 are treated as dynamic variables they will be added to the page if less than 96 variables are defined USER DEFINED FUNCTION KEYS You may associate text arrays to registers called F1 to F10 and CF1 to CF10 These variables are associated with the function keys F1 to F10 and lt Ctrl F1 gt to lt Ctrl F10 gt The c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 18 integer values of each variable is used as the index into its array When the key is pressed the array element is passed to the command line This feature is subject to the following conditions The variable must be present on startup of RTES or before you use that function key for the first time after startup The function key interpretation only takes place when a user defined page is displayed The value of the index must greater than or equal to 0 A text must be present at the expected array element If one of the above conditions is not met the function key assumes its default function if any or is ignored The special character allows you to simulate a lt cr gt as part of the text array so that you may define a command that executes with a single key stroke The text ends wherever is seen Two consecutive Y cause the command to be executed and immediately erased Example We define the following NAME CURRENT E MESSAGE R0097 F3 0 00 55 R0098 0 00 SETY 100N ROO99 0 00 START PUMP IN RO100 0 00 STOP PUMP_ Depe
7. APPENDIX A Application examples Domestic hot water control Heat pump control Fire alarm auxiliary system Batch heating Statistical quality control Data averaging A data Logger APPENDIX B Procedure to transport a knowledge base to a different version of RTES 1 4 6 10 13 17 20 CHAPTER ONE REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM WHAT IS THE REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM The Real Time Expert System combines rule based knowledge representation with data acquisition and control techniques It allows the control and monitoring of industrial and or laboratory equipment using a collection of rules that define the intended functions and operations The Real Time Expert System directly connects to an industrial data acquisition system that will provide data from the instruments monitoring measurable quantities temperature pressure etc Using the rules contained in the knowledge base the Real Time Expert System will then make certain decisions It could then start or stop a motor increase or decrease the opening of a modulating valve etc Rules may be mathematical calculations logical relationships or combinations of both The Real Time Expert System includes all the tools to incorporate the rules into a knowledge base maintain the knowledge base and make it control and monitor the equipment HOW DOES THE REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM WORK A database consists of information stored in an organized manner The
8. OPTOMUX IOPLEXER FORMATS FOR LO AND Y CLUSTERS FIRST QTY BOARD POS ALA ENABLE CLUSTER FORMAT FOR A FIRST QTY BOARD POS ALA ENABLE PROBE FIRST the index of the first RTES variable in the cluster I clusters read binary channels into I registers O clusters write O registers to binary channels A clusters read analog channels into A or R registers depending on the PROBE parameter Y clusters write Y registers raw values into analog output channels QTY the number of variables in the cluster BOARD the address of the OPTOMUX board decimal POS the position of the first channel to be transferred the index of the RTES alert register ENABLE the index of the RTES enable register PROBE analog inputs only If 0 request the counts from the OPTOMUX board and use them as raw values for the A variables If 70 request the EXTENDED TEMPERATURE READINGS for the probe type corresponding to the value of PROBE and place them in the R registers COUNTERS Each counter is defined by a G cluster You may define up to 64 counters The format of a counter cluster is register 0 address position alarm enable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 78 register the index of a RTES register where the count will appear The next 2 registers are used to control the counter set the first register to true to count set the second register to true to clear the count it returns to false when count is cleared 0 a dummy argument to maintai
9. This method allows the use of a series of consecutive variables as an array It is however the responsibility of the user to ensure that the index produced by EXPR is valid Integer The m operator returns the integer portion of a variable For example if Y is equal to 34 65 RULE X myY returns 34 in X c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 53 FAULT HANDLING In order to retain the on line feature RTES ignores errors generated by operations In general underflow and overflow is ignored The range of magnitude of a numeric variable is from 2 4E 78 to 7 2E 75 Should the result of an operation be beyond these limits then the number returned is unpredictable Division by zero is allowed It returns zero If the expression following the sqr sign is negative the operation returns a zero If the result of an exponential expression is too large the operation returns a zero A negative delay duration is equivalent to a 0 1 second delay DEBUG FEATURE When the DEBUG feature is turned on the above method of examining a rule also causes the screen to display all the variables used in the rule and their current value Since the display is dynamic you may then use the variable selection Tab Down Arrow Up Arrow and control F7 F8 feature to analyze the operation of the rule The DEBUG feature is toggled by the command DEBUG You switch it on by typing DEBUG lt cr gt If it is you switch it off by typing DEBUG lt cr gt
10. Access Level 0 DISPLAY ALERT AND CHANGE OF STATE HISTORY TRACE c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 176 Format TRACE lt cr gt This command allows the subsequent use of lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt Access Level 0 Reference 12 5 DISPLAY THE TREND TABLE TREND Format TREND lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 11 1 DISPLAY THE STATUS OF THE TASKS TS Format TS Access Level 0 Note This is the same command as TASK cr Reference 8 11 DISPLAY A TEXT IS PIXEL MODE TXT Format TXT line col color text lt cr gt Parameters line the character line where to text will appear Constante or variable col the character column where the text will start Constante or variable color the color attribute Constante or variable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 177 Note Example text the text to display The screen must be in pixel mode Equivalent to the TEXT task directive This command may only be used by a task batch file or EXEC TXT 3 42 12 TANK STATUS lt cr gt TXT YT XT BRIGHT BATCH MONITORING lt cr gt Access Level n a Reference 16 6 DEFINE ANALOG INPUT CONVERSION TYPE TYPE Format TYPE name x lt cr gt Parameters name name of analog input point x conversion type Example TYPE TEMP J lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 5 11 DISPLAY A VARIABLE IN PIXEL MODE VAR Format VAR line col name spec color lt cr gt Parameters line character line where the variable will appear Constante or variabl
11. R0012 INDEX R0013 0 00 SET SET_PT 125 R0014 0 00 SET SET_PT 100 R0015 0 00 SET SET_PT 50 When T is less than 1 INDEX will be 1 and therefore SET_PT will be set to 125 When T is between 1 and 99 INDEX will be 2 and therefore SET_PT will be set to 100 When T is greater than or equal to 100 INDEX will be 3 and therefore SET_PT will be set to 50 The EXEC function is particulary useful in the design of intelligent operator interfaces It is also used to initiate the execution of a task when a certain event occurs c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 65 EXECUTING EXTERNAL CODE The EXT function allows you to execute an external program This advanced feature is to be used in very special applications where the use of external code would substantially reduce the development time and complexity of your knowledge base Evidently you must write that particular external program in some programming language that allow its interface with RTES The EXT command has the following format EXT name expression lt cr gt name name of the register which is associated with the external code expression expression that determines the value of the register to be passed to the external code Example EXT TRIGGER TEMP lt cr gt Each time the value of the associated register changes RTES issues an INT 65H to DOS CPU register AX contains the point identifier CPU register DX contains the integer value of the variable The RTES floating point register co
12. This configuration applies to this release only It does not constitute system limits RTES is available with other configurations Consult RTS for the configuration that meets with c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 137 your requirements c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 138 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION RTES MAX Jumbo External data acquisition and control driver s up to 5 devices Quantity of variables points Binary inputs 1024 Binary outputs 1024 Analog inputs 512 Analog outputs 512 Registers 3072 Data base size 64 000 words Maximum number of concurrent timers 64 Maximum number of active alerts 64 Maximum number of display pages 16 Maximum number of variables per page 96 Maximum number of scheduled events 10 Maximum number of tasks 16 Maximum number of statements per task 132 Note This configuration applies to this release only It does not constitute system limits RTES is available with other configurations Consult RTS for the configuration that meets with your requirements c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 139 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN RTES COMMANDS DISPLAY AN ANALOG INPUT DEFINITION PAGE A Format n lt cr gt Parameter n page number Default If the page number is omitted or too large the first page is displayed Note This command allows the subsequent use of lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt and of the EDIT command Example 3 lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 5 2 5 4 ACKNOWLEDGE THE MOS
13. Use the NOTE command to view the contents of the PORTn CNF file If the file is empty or does not contain any cluster definitions put the appropriate cluster definitions in it and force RTES to read the contents of the configuration file with the CONF command If the configuration file had clusters defined check to see if the modem control M 1 has been defined If you have M 1 in your configuration file then the driver waits for CTS to be asserted before sending data This signal must be provided by your device or the serial port card Check your hardware to see how it is configured If the CTS signal is not provided remove the M 1 from the configuration file and force RTES to reload the configuration file with the CONF command If you see only data in normal video you will know that there is data being transmitted to but no data being received from the device This could be due to one of the following reasons 1 wrong cable 2 device not properly set up 3 defective or duplicate serial port 4 configuration does not match device You should check to make sure that your device is connected to the proper serial port on your computer check both ends of your cable that your device is powered up and that your device is operating in the mode required to communicate with a computer host You can check to see if your device is configured with the correct set of physical characteristics baud rate parity stop bits data bits Reconfigure
14. resolves the variable and the condition text PRINT uses the text in the file pointed to by the text filename array variable filename The differences ar e 1 Each task owns its DOC and PRINT directives and several tasks may execute them in parallel each task with its own file e 2 The PRINT directive will retain control as long as there is something to print in the referenced file There is no need to check if the text output is over The line following the PRINT directive executes only after the PRINT has finished its execution e 3 A PRINT without a preceding valid DOC fails it does not do anything If you actually want to use the printer you should specify PRN as the destination file e 4 A DOC that specifies a new destination file within the same task closes the previous destination file before opening the new one e 5 If a task terminates it closes the current destination file if any Example 10 LET FILE DAYS 11 DOC FILE 12 PRINT STATS RPT 13 E R0020 FILE 0 00 R0021 0 00 SUNDAY WRP R0022 0 00 MONDAY WRP R0023 0 00 TUESDAY WRP STATS RPT will contain the format for a multi page report c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 1 containing statistics to be kept for each day of the week TEXT HANDLING DIRECTIVES MOVE ASC and BIN The format of these commands is destination qty MOVE
15. 8 144 Access Level 0 CREATE A TEXT FROM A TEMPLATE FILE CTEXT Format CTEXT FILE FILE FMT Uses FILE FMT to produce a text and assign it to register FILE FILE FMT may contain conditionals and variables using the report generator notation Access Level 3 SET THE DATE DATE Format DATE mm dd yyyy lt cr gt Parameters mmmonth of the year January is month 01 dd day of the month yyyy year Example DATE 07 15 1993 lt cr gt Access Level 0 Note This command sets the DOS date Depending on your version of DOS this command may or may not be passed on to your hardware real time clock SET ON OFF THE DEBUG MODE DEBUG Format DEBUG lt cr gt or lt alt D gt Toggles on and off the DEBUG mode When DEBUG is on using the RULE command to display an existing rule causes all the variables in the rule to be displayed with the c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 145 function key variable control enabled word DEBUG appears at the top of the screen The DEBUG feature also expands the other functions PID etc Access Level 1 Reference 6 11 SET THE NUMBER OF DIGITS AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT Format DEC n lt cr gt Parameter n an integer between 0 and 8 This number of decimals applies to all real numbers specified with a default field width and number of decimals in displays and reports Example DEC 3 lt cr gt real numbers without field specification will show 3 decimals Access Level 1 Referen
16. 8 37 ALERT EXTENSION FACILITY When an alert condition occurs it may be necessary to provide some more information than what is contained in the alert message line Typically you may want to explain to the user the cause of the alert condition the actions required or any precautions that should be taken You may associate a text file with each variable When that variable is in the alert condition and is selected see SELECTING AN ALERT LINE below pressing lt Alt X gt causes one page 15 lines to be displayed Pressing any key in a multiple page alert extension file allows you to display the next page Pressing lt Esc gt returns you to exactly where you were In a single page display pressing any key returns you to exactly where you were In addition to the lt Alt X gt function key the AEX command also recalls the alert extension file for the selected variable but allows more flexibility AEX lt cr gt recalls the file associated with the alert on the currently selected line or with the alert displayed at the bottom of the screen if there is no line selected AEX name lt cr gt displays the alert extension file associated with the alert variable name name AEX AEX line lt cr gt line is a constant from 4 to 21 This command format displays the alert extension file associated with the alert on the specified line AEX reg lt cr gt is the name of a RTES register This command format displays the alert
17. EXEC INDEX 1 T lt 1 2 T gt 0 amp T lt 100 3 T gt 99 lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 7 5 DEFINE AN EXTERNAL CODE TRIGGER EXT Format EXT name expression lt cr gt Parameters name name of the register to be associated with the external memory resident code pointed to by interrupt vector 65H expression expression that defines the value of the above register Whenever the value of the expression is affected the external code is called The point id and value of the register are passed to the external code Example EXT EXT gt 6500 lt gt Access Level 2 Reference 7 6 CREATE A COMMAND BATCH FILE FILE c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 150 Format FILE file lt gt Parameter file name path name of the destination file Creates a file containing a series of SET and TEXT commands affecting the variables listed in a format file named DATA FMT The format file must be in the default directory The destination file may be specified indirectly using a file array register Example FILE SETUP lt cr gt The file SETUP will be created in the default directory FILE CASE A file specified by the array CASE will be created Access Level 0 Reference 13 3 DUMP A DISPLAY PAGE TO DISK FPD Format FPD lt cr gt Dump the current user display page in compressed format to a disk file The file name is composed of the display name with the extension PIC Access Level 3 ERASE A RULE
18. NAME R18 B NAME R19 C RULE A B C TEXT A RESULT c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 45 SET B 12 SET C 20 5 Any operator command that could be issued from the command line is allowed in a batch file You are urged to use your own discretion when including editing commands such as EDIT or RULE BATCH FILE EXECUTION When a GET command is issued the content of the specified file name is assumed to be a series of operator commands These commands are executed concurrently with other executing tasks If a line is erroneous because of a syntax error or an invalid argument or any other reason the system simply ignores it and goes on to the next line The lines are executed in the sequence they are read In the above example if the RULE line preceded one of the NAME lines and the variables mentioned did not exist the RULE command would be ignored The commands issued in a batch must be compatible with existing conditions For instance if we added to the above batch file the command SET A 20 it would be without effect since A is defined as B C and A would remain 32 5 Only one batch file may be executed at any given time A GET command issued while a batch file is executed causes the error message Task in progress An interesting consequence is that if a batch file contains a GET command that command is always ignored You may define a register named READINGS When this register exists RTES sets it to 1 when it starts exec
19. The nim will use port1 the parameters will be in PORT1 CNF The nim will use the default segment and I O port B and P do need to be defined c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 106 E 1024 register R1025 will annunciate network failures T 1000 time out constant typical value for a AT 12 MHz G 3 will receive groups of register values 16 16 10 16 1 0 ROO17 to R0031 will receive the values of ROO17 to R0031 from node 10 0002 will annunciate time outs Communication will be continuous 32 16 12 16 2 0 80033 to R0048 will receive the values of ROO17 to R0031 from node 12 0003 will annunciate time outs Communication will be continuous 48 16 14 16 3 0 RO049 to R0064 will receive the values of ROO17 to R0031 from node 14 R0004 will annunciate time outs Communication will be continuous 1 will receive 1 group of register status or 1 256 8 20 0 4 0 RO257 to R0272 will receive the status of ROOO1 to 0016 from node 20 0005 will annunciate time outs Communication will be continuous RTES OPTOMUX NETWORK EMULATOR This driver allows a system running RTES to be addressed by another system via a serial communication port as if RTES were an OPTOMUX network or boards on an OPTOMUX network Serial port characteristics Just like an OPTOMUX network OPTO NET operates with 1 start bit 8 data bits no parity 1 stop bit You may use OPTO NET in two different ways You may let the system assign i
20. lt Home gt key From within a batch file the HOME command performs the lt Home gt key function This method is useful in situations where an operator station does not have the Home key available or when using a function key to execute a series of keystrokes and or commands DISK RESIDENT DISPLA YS RTES allows up to 16 displays to be memory resident You may however define more displays and save them on disk The page dump command PD allows you to store a copy of the current display page into a disk file so that it may be subsequently loaded using the page load command PL or the external page command XP The format of the page dump command is PD lt cr gt This causes a copy of the current display page to be stored in a file named page PIC where page is the name of the page being stored The page load command PL allows you to load a display page previously stored to disk by the PD command Once the display page is loaded it becomes part of the 16 memory resident c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 20 display pages You must first make the space for that display with the BUILD command not necessarily with the same name as the page you are loading and exit from the edit mode You could also overwrite the current display with the one you are loading In any case you must be on a user defined display to use the PL command The format of the PL command is PL name lt cr gt where name is the page name without the PIC ext
21. may be a numeric or the name of a variable Unit is seconds label X command lt cr gt The logical expressions and expressions used in the IF and LET instructions follow the same syntax as those in the rules Example The following task will add the value of STEP to the value of LEVEL The operation will be repeated 10 times at 3 second intervals The numeric variables STEP LEVEL and C are defined 1 SETC 10 2 LET LEVEL LEVEL STEP 3 LET C C 1 4 IF C gt 0 6 5 END 6 WAIT 3 7 GOTO 2 INSERTING AND DELETING LINES During task editing you may insert and delete lines with the lt Ctl I gt and the lt Ctl D gt keys lt Ctl I gt clears the line where the cursor is located moves the current line to the next line down and increments all the line number from the cursor down Any instruction that references a line number IF GOTO and ERROR is adjusted accordingly Any lines above the cursor are not redisplayed but they will show the correct line reference if any when redisplayed Any reference to line 132 remains unchanged This function is disabled if line 132 is used in the task lt Ctl D gt decrements the line numbers from the line where the cursor is located down t the end and adjusts the line references for the IF GOTO and ERROR instructions This function is disabled if the line number immediately preceding the one where the cursor is located is used In other words lt Ctl D gt does not erase a line it simply closes a
22. printer The licensee will run this software using an operating system obtained under a separate agreement with a supplier other than FAI FAI guarantees the functionality of this software package to be in accordance with the accompanying manual for a period of 36 month from the date of this agreement This guarantee is limited to the replacement of the defective original diskette and or erroneous manual FAI shall in no case be responsible for any damages resulting directly or indirectly from the use of this software package The unauthorized use and or distribution of this software shall automatically revoke the privileges granted to the licensee by this agreement and shall expose the licensee and unauthorized user s jointly and severally to legal actions by RTS Registered serial numbers L990603 616 W2000 010 9 Please return registration forms to complete registration process FAI Designs Inc 205 Wynford Drive Suite 1801 Don Mills Ont CANADA M3C 3P4 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 212 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 213
23. provided with your manual TO EXIT FROM RTES BACK TO DOS HOLD THE lt Ctrl gt KEY AND PRESS THE lt Home gt KEY RTES saves its knowledge base in the current directory before returning your system to c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 7 DOS HANDLING RTES KNOWLEDGE BASE FILES RTES creates and maintains a series of files in your current directory called OLEX NAM OLEX XRF OLEX DAT OLEX LNK and OLEX PAG The extended version MA X also uses OLEX DAX When RTES starts up it automatically loads the content of these files if they exist RTES creates these files as needed If you wish to save away a knowledge base you have created you may copy these OLEX files On Line EXpert on a floppy To do so exit from RTES place a formatted floppy in drive A and type COPY OLEX A lt cr gt If your application also includes your own help files HLP alarm extension files and report files be sure to copy them as well The OLEX files may be copied back in your current directory but remember that they will overwrite any OLEX files that may be in that directory You may remove the OLEX files from your current directory by typing DEL OLEX lt cr gt When you start up RTES it will create a new set of OLEX files INTERFACING WITH THE REAL WORLD The interface drivers with various I O subsystems and PLC s are included with your RTES package Interface drivers with other devices are available and may be copied to your di
24. remove an event in the scheduler display a user page or run or end another task Since several tasks may be executing simultaneously the results can be quite unpredictable For instance the displayed page may change constantly or a rule created by one task may be removed by another c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 83 AUTOEXEC On startup the Real Time Expert System will look for a task called AUTOEXEC and if found run it You may include in such a task any commands that you wish to execute automatically on system startup such as set the value of certain parameters display a page of your choice initiate execution of other tasks etc USING TASKS AND RULES The multitasking environment of RTES runs the active tasks and the inference engine of the rules totally asynchronously When a task modifies the value of a RTES variable the corresponding rules are triggered but are not necessarily evaluated before the next statement of the task is executed If the operation of a task is dependant on the value of a variable that itself depends on the result of a calculation it is advisable to consider using LET statements in lieu of rules In this way the evaluation of the variables is sure to take place before there values are examined by the task TASK SYNCHRONIZATION In some situations where a task depends on what another task is doing you could use a register as a box allowing a task to inform another of its present status
25. 8 112 6 Using INT 67H FLOAT AX must contain the integer SETPT AX must contain the variable id and the floating point register must contain the new value GTVAL AX must contain the variable id The call returns the current value in the floating point register and the corresponding integer in AX ASTFP The string must be pointed to by SI in the original data segment the one you have to preserve The floating point value is placed in the floating point register FPTASThe floating point register must contain the floating point value CX must contain the number of decimals or 0 1f you wish to use the default You must supply a buffer pointed to by BX in the original data segment that will contain the ascii representation 7 Example Move the value of R0001 to R0002 mov ax 0c000h bp GTVAL int 67h Put value of R1 in floating point register mov 0 001 R2 mov bp SETPT int 67h Set R2 to the value in the floating point register WRITING YOUR OWN EXTERNAL DEVICE DRIVER The criteria and methods used for writing your own external device drivers are the same as those used for writing and using external code With device drivers you must remember that the driver must set up the interrupt service routines for the ports being used by the device or poll the ports for data from the device If polling the device you should not keep the processor unduly busy since this will affect the performance of RTES For example
26. 8 88 100 O18 IF 88 0 00 015 019 SCROL YO XO H W 020 GOTO 012 LISTING OF TASK VAR 001 LET VAR 0 00 002 LET VAR VAR 1 00 003 WAIT 0 10 005 IF IVAR LLPC 1 100 002 010 LET VAR VAR 1 00 011 WAIT 0 10 015 IF 0 007 010 020 GOTO 002 GET SCREEN UTILITY A get screen utility accompanies the high resolution graphics driver This utility is a memory resident program that allows you to get the contents of the video buffer and c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 127 store it in a disk file in PCX format The program file name is GS EXE It must be installed in memory prior to your displaying a screen in graphics mode by entering GS in response to a DOS prompt GS is activated by pressing Ctrl Alt UpArrow when the graphics you want is being displayed The current contents of the video buffer are stored in a file called SCREEN n For example the first time GS is activated it uses the file name SCREEN The next time it uses the file name SCREEN1 and then SCREEN2 and so on GS remains in memory until the computer is rebooted c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 128 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS RESERVED VARIABLE NAMES RTES recognizes the following variables on startup If RTES does not find one of these variable names the first time it should use it it does not look for it any longer In order to use these registers you must define them see EDITING THE DATA BASE then exit the RTES and reload
27. CONFIGURATION FILE Programmer Level L 2 User explanations will be defined by user 0 End of configuration file c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 135 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION Standard RTES External data acquisition and control driver s up to 5 devices Quantity of variables points Binary inputs 256 Binary outputs 256 Analog inputs 256 Analog outputs 256 Registers 2048 Data base size 32 000 words Maximum number of concurrent timers 64 Maximum number of active alerts 64 Maximum number of display pages 16 Maximum number of variables per page 96 Maximum number of scheduled events 10 Maximum number of tasks 8 Maximum number of statements per task 132 Note This configuration applies to this release only It does not constitute system limits RTES is available with other configurations Consult RTS for the configuration that meets with your requirements c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 136 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION RTES OEM External data acquisition and control driver s up to 5 devices Quantity of variables points Binary inputs 64 Binary outputs 64 Analog inputs 64 Analog outputs 64 Registers 512 Data base size 10 000 words Maximum number of concurrent timers 64 Maximum number of active alerts 64 Maximum number of display pages 16 Maximum number of variables per page 96 Maximum number of scheduled events 10 Maximum number of tasks 8 Maximum number of statements per task 132 Note
28. Esc gt to automatically c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 21 return to the last display page you used EXTENDED HELP FACILITY When using a knowledge base it may be necessary to provide some more information than what is contained in the user s displays Typically you may want to explain to the user the choices that are available any limitations or maybe why you need the information You may associate one text file with each variable When that variable is selected pressing lt gt causes that page to be displayed Pressing any key then returns you to exactly where you were CREATING AN EXTENDED HELP SCREEN You may write your own help files using your favorite word processor provided you save it as a DOS text file You must give this file the same name as the variable it is to be associated with followed by the extension HLP The command NOTE allows you to put some text in a file with a given name e g NOTE MODE HLP lt cr gt The above command will create a disk file called MODE HLP It will erase the screen and allow you to type up to 15 lines of text During this creation session you may use the editing keys replace insert backspace arrow left arrow right delete The cr key moves you to the next line After the text is created you may press lt Home gt to save it on disk or lt Esc gt to abandon the session without saving the note file to disk The NOTE command may also be used to create ot
29. Example Z is a function of X 09 LET X Y This is the new value of X 10 STOP DONE Z is calculated by another task 11 IF DONE 11 that will turn DONE on after calculating Z 12 IF Z2MAX The new value of Z 1s available Proceed In particular if your task uses printing or batch files you should make sure that those activities are completed before proceeding to the next step otherwise you may end up with incomplete execution of the print or batch activity The monitoring of these activities is easily done with the reserved registers associated with these functions c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 84 Example 10 X PRINT HEADER 11 IF PRINTS 11 20 X GET SETUP 21 IF READINGS 21 We recommand that you group all printing activities or all batch file execution activities in a single task that handles all the requests of the same category This makes it easier to monitor these activities and prevent them from overlapping USING TASKS EFFICIENTLY The RTES tasks run in parallel with the inference engine As long as a task is active it keeps going round and round wether it is doing something useful or not In this sense it resembles any conventional program that is not event driven Therfore task execution is substentially slower than the application of rules Furthermore the more tasks are active the slower they get In extreme situations they may even impact on the speed of the inference engine Tasks are not an
30. OFF SW21 ON SW22 ON SW23 OFF SW24 OFF PROTOCOLE MODE SETTING SWITCH ON POSITION 1 ASSIGNMENTS I CLUSTERS DEFINE TRANSFER FROM M AREA TO RTES I VARIABLES O CLUSTERS DEFINE TRANSFER FROM RTES O VARIABLES TO M AREA A CLUSTERS DEFINE TRANSFER FROM D AREA TO RTES R VARIABLES Y CLUSTERS DEFINE TRANSFER FROM RTES R VARIABLES TO D AREA Each cluster is 6 bytes IST QTY STA ADR ALARM ENABLE IST first RTES variable in the cluster 0 255 QTY The number of variables points transferred 1 16 STA Station address PLC 0 31 ADR First point in the plc area 0 255 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 80 ALARM Index of the RTES register that will be set if a communication error occurs with this cluster 512 2047 The first 512 RTES registers are not allowed for this function ENABLE RTES communication enable register 1 2047 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 81 PLC2 DRIVER This driver operates in BCC protocole with no parity 1 stop bit 8 data bits RTES variables are assigned corresponding registers on the A B PLC network by specifying clusters Each cluster is a series of contiguous RTES variables UP TO 16 attached to a series of contiguous A B PLC registers at the same PLC address There are 4 types of clusters Iclusters receive bit information from the A B PLC registers and place them in the I variables Oclusters send bit information from the O variables to the A B PLC registers Aclust
31. Position of the first point channel on the MODBUS unit 0 64000 ALARM Index of the RTES register that will be set if a communication error occurs with this cluster 0 2047 ENABLE RTES communication enable register 1 2047 BINARY INPUTS I clusters transfer bit information from the PLC to I registers The POSITION argument selects where the data comes from 00 reads data from coils 00 10 reads data from status inputs 10 30xxx reads data from 30xxx holding registers Each bit corresponding to one I RTES register 40xxx reads data from 40xxx holding registers Each bit corresponding to one I RTES register BINARY OUTPUTS c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 87 O clusters transfer bit information from O registers to PLC registers The POSITION argument selects where the data is written at the PLC 00xxx writes data to coils 00 40xxx writes data to 40 registers Each O RTES register corresponding to one bit of the 16 bit word ANALOG INPUTS G clusters transfer 16 bit word information from the PLC 40xxx registers to R registers A clusters transfer 12 bit word information from the PLC 30xxx registers to the raw values of A registers ANALOG OUTPUTS S clusters transfer 16 bit word data from RTES R registers to PLC 40xxx registers Y clusters transfer 12 bit word data from the raw values of RTES Y registers to PLC 30xxx registers SLAVE OPERATION The MOD driver operates as a slave wh
32. RTES is started up At that time you decide which of the available ports you are going to assign to that particular driver They also remain in memory until the computer is rebooted Therefore in order to remove a driver you must reboot your computer system The purpose of the device driver is to exchange data between the RTES variables I O A Y R and the device The I O assignment which specific RTES variables will correspond to which elements channels registers of the device is determined by a configuration file that you define The configuration file also determines in which direction the data will move RTES to device or device to RTES as well as other aspects of the interface such as the baud rate When RTES is started up the configuration files for the installed drivers are read and the and the various operating parameters are established You may modify the configuration files and thus change these operating parameters in most cases without shutting down your system using the CONF command The following is a partial list of the currently available device drivers AB2 Allen Bradley PLC 2 serial AB3 Allen Bradley PLC 3 serial c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 57 ADAC variety of bus mounted I O cards parallel ABS Allen Bradley PLC 5 serial IOPLEX DuTec s IOPLEXER serial MB Mitsubishi serial MODBUS Modicon serial ASCIT MOD Modicon serial protocol MODPLUS Modicon Modbus Plus requires S
33. TOTAL ONE RST 9 Closed loop Control Regulation c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 57 VALVE is an analog output controlling FLOW SP is the desired flow and P is adjustable constant 0 lt lt 1 The following will adjust VALVE continuously to maintain FLOW at the set point SP VALVE VALVE P SP FLOW The operation of the above loop may be simulated by entering a rule that calculates FLOW from VALVE such as FLOW VALVE Note that the LOOP and PID functions allow you to implement a more complete loop control algorithms 10 Multiple Choices MONTH will contain the month number 1 to 12 The binary variable SPRING can be established by SPRING MONTH 4 MONTH 5 MONTH 6 11 Time delay ON Spaces are inserted for clarity only Operands and operators do not need to be separated by spaces The LIGHT comes on a certain period of time DWELL after SWITCH has been turned on LIGHT SWITCH d DWELL 12 Time delay OFF The LIGHT goes off a certain period of time after the switch has been turned off LIGHT SWITCH d DWELL 13 Cumulative delay ON The BELL rings when the CONVeyor has moved for a total of 10 seconds One must press ACK to stop the BELL c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 58 BELL CONV r 10 t ACK 14 Cumulative delay OFF Provided the MOTOR is running when the light BEAM has been interrupted true for a total of X seconds stop the MOTOR MOTOR BEAM X t MOTOR c 1992 2005 FAI Designs
34. alert register to 0 you will see the alert come up again but this time it would have a message in the message area If you have connected the communication lines and the hardware is set up correctly you will not get the alerts To test that indeed an alert will occur you can disconnect the communication line from the computer or turn the power off at one of your I O c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 26 boards You may want to adjust the conversion factors of your analog input to reflect the characteristics of the temperature sensor you are using The digital output should respond to the temperature changes c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 27 CHAPTER FIVE DATABASE DATABASE The RTES database is the collection of variables used by the system The database includes the names assigned to the variables the texts associated with those variables the alert states the analog conversion and linearization coefficients VARIABLES Variables are symbols used to represent facts The fact could be a numeric or a FALSE or TRUE status The symbols used and the facts they represent are entirely at the discretion of the individual who establishes the relationships For example the variable COST may be equal to a number say 100 00 This could represent the fact that the cost of an item is 100 00 The variable RAIN may be TRUE or FALSE thus representing the fact that it is or it is not raining In the above cases COST is a numeric vari
35. alerts acknowledged and unacknowledged This multi page display is dynamic If it is on the screen it will reflect the current activities showing new alerts acknowledgements and clearing of alerts Alert activities may also be directed to the printer and a disk file for logging HOW TO DEFINE AN ALERT c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 32 Once the variable that represents the alert condition and its associated message exist an alert may be defined by two methods Screen editing method Display the page containing the alert variable Enter the EDIT mode and Tab to the A column Use the Up Arrow gt lt Dn Arrow to place the cursor across from the variable Then enter for FALSE alert condition for TRUE alert condition for EITHER change of state for NO alert condition zm o The E directs any change of state of this variable to the change of state logger The N simply eliminates a previously defined alert condition for that variable ALERT command method An alert condition may be defined or removed with the ALERT command The format of the command is ALERT name state lt cr gt nameis the name of the variable to be associated with the alert condition state is 0 for FALSE alert condition for TRUE alert condition E for EITHER This tags the variable for change of state recording N for NO alert condition to cancel a previously existing alert condition ALERT ACKNOWLEDGE The ACK command is used t
36. alternative to rules although they appear attractive in that sense particularly to programming language adepts Using tasks instead of rules would make your application slow and somewhat defeat the purpose of using RTES Tasks are designed to handle situations that clearly dictate their use involved in file handling printing batch execution pixel graphics using an iterative process that requires program flow designed to supplement enhance the operator interface Note that the above activities are not time critical In general terms before doing anything in a task ask yourself the question can it be done with rules Use the EXEC function to initiate a task when necessary instead of letting it continuously check for a certain condition to occur c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 85 Example The user turning on The EXEC command The task which report is the Note that the that initiated it the next ROO10 REP TASK 0 00 X ROO11 0 00 REPORT ROOI2REP 1 0 00 ROOI3 2 000 EXEC REP TASK REP 2 EDITING REPORT 001 IF REP 1 20 002 IF REP 2 40 003 END 020 STOP 1 040 STOP 2 HOW TO PRINT A TASK LISTING To obtain a hard copy of a task you type the command PT task lt gt For example PT PURGE lt cr gt DISK RESIDENT TASKS requests a report by REP 1l or REP 2 function executes the RUN REPORT REPORT establishes requested and go
37. are no separators between the numbers Access time for files opened with the BOPEN statement is less than that for the files created by the OPEN statement When using the IOPEN statement the data in the disk file is kept in 16 bit positive integer format There are no separators between the numbers File access for these files is faster than those created with the OPEN statement In order to use a file you must first define it with one of the open statements OPEN BOPEN or IOPEN The format is label open n reg name lt gt where open is the open statement for the type of file to be used OPEN for c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 77 ASCII floating point files BOPEN for 32 bit binary files IOPEN for 16 bit integer files n is the file number 1 to 16 reg name is a RTES register that points to a family of file names You write the actual file name s in the text area pointed by the register one file name per line The integer value of the pointing register reg name is used as an index to select which file name is to be used at the time a file handling statement is executed 1 is the record length It represents the quantity of consecutive registers that will be read or written as a record Maximum record length is 16 if in ASCII format 256 if in binary or integer format You may define an error reporting register with the statement label ERROR reg lt gt The specified register reg name will be associated
38. be defined otherwise it is printed as We suggest that the first 3 lines of the above table are included in any user defined PDF file The next 3 lines are used to print gte Ite and sqr You may replace them by the appropriate ASCII code if your printer has the proper symbol ABORT CURRENT PRINT JOB The STP command allows you to abort the current print job Any spooled print commands are then executed The format of the command is STP lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 56 CHAPTER FIFTEEN COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE INTRODUCTION RTES is specifically designed to communicate with external devices such as data acquisition and control subsystems PLCs other computers or other instruments RTES can communicate with up to 5 external devices at one time via 5 ports labelled PORTO PORTI PORT2 PORT3 PORTA to PORTA are usually associated with the physical ports or serial communication adapters of your computer PORTO is designed to address other types of devices that do not utilize those serial communication ports Various programs called drivers are available Each driver has been designed to match the communication characteristics and protocol of the device it is associated with For instance the driver called OPTOMUX allows RTES to communicate with an OPTOMUX network Since the RTES device drivers are external memory resident programs they must be loaded or installed before
39. be given the appropriate name PORTx CNF Detailed descriptions of the contents of each configuration file are found in the appropriate sections of this chapter or in the DOC files provided with each driver The following addresses common aspects of all driver configuration files c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 59 A configuration file contains a series of definitions separated by spaces commas or line feeds Each definition uses the format where x is a letter representing a given piece of information yis the information consisting of 1 or more numbers For instance B represents the baud rate If you want your communication to operate at 1200 bauds then you must include in your configuration file 1200 include comments in your configuration first type semi colon then the comment then a line feed lt cr gt When a configuration file is read by RTES the comments are displayed at the bottom of the your screen For instance you may include in your configuration file 1200 the serial link is set at 1200 bauds Or you may prefer Baud rate B 1200 REGISTER INDEX VERSUS REGISTER NUMBER Within the configuration files we use an index or id to identify the variables The first register R0001 is identified as 0 Register R0002 is 1 etc This convention has been adopted to make the configuration files consistent with the numbering method used in the vast majority of devices you woul
40. be replaced by the text associated with the variable A number must follow to specify the number of positions to be reserved for that text on the display Unlike the LIST specification the same text is displayed regardless of the value of the variable The color for display is established in the same manner as for the LIST format Typing lt alt T gt generates the word TEXT For example PRODUCT TEXT 25 causes the first 25 characters of the text associated with the variable PRODUCT to be displayed If this definition is used on user display page the indicates that the variable may be selected to enter the text If a TEXT variable is selected anything entered on the command line is assumed to be a text to be assigned to the selected variable If you intend to type a command make sure a TEXT variable is not currently selected use lt Home gt for instance to cancel any current selection or select a variable that is not a TEXT DISPLAY A VARIABLE AS A COLOR ATTRIBUTE HCA controls the color attribute of a specified number of columns on a line according to the value of the variable HCA must be followed by a positive integer indicating the number of columns The positive integer value of the variable is interpreted as a color and display attribute according to the following conventions 1 blue foreground 16 blue background c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 12 2 green foreground 32 green background 4 red foreground 64 red bac
41. be used if your computer has real time clock on board and you are not using parallel non serial interface driver To load this driver execute RTC EXE before loading RTES with the DOS command RTC lt cr gt NETWORK DRIVERS EIA 422 485 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 98 Two more RTES systems can be networked using the HOST network drivers The HOST driver is used to make one RTES node initiate exchange of register values with other RTES nodes that do not initiate any communication they are in SLAVE mode Communication may use a serial port EIA 232C if there is one slave only or a multidropped EIA 422 485 network A variety of commercially available 232 to 422 converters are suitable for multidropped dropped network applications Transmission of data is done by blocks Each block within the network is identified by a unique ID number block defines a series of registers The blocks are defined in the PORTn CNF file Each block in the host s configuration should have a corresponding block in only one of the slaves configuration SLAVES do not initiate any communication They wait for a message and execute it only if they recognizes the block id in the message as one that is defined in their own PORTn CNF A block used to receive information is in the I or G category A block used to send information is contained in the O or S category I and blocks exchange binary information An even number
42. composing the report and set it back to 0 when it has finished and is ready to accept another PRINT command This variable may be used to coordinate the printing of several reports consecutively from within a task For example a task may contain the following 25 X PRINT SUMMARY DOC 26 IF PRINTS 26 27 X PRINT RESULTS DOC In the above the task will wait until the system has completed the first print request before sending the next PRINT command The PRINT command will still operate without the register PRINTS being defined but will give no indication to the user as to when it has completed the request It should be noted that since output to the printer is buffered the system may be ready to accept the next PRINT request although the printer is still busy Warning The system only sets PRINTS to 1 when it starts formatting a report and back to 0 when it is done It is up to the user to make sure that some other action does not set PRINTS to a misleading value c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 54 EXTERNAL PRINT FONT DEFINITION RTES by default assumes that the attached printer can only print the basic set of ASCII characters The External Print Font Definition feature allows those users with printer that have more sophisticated features to make better use of their printers The characters sent to the printer may be translated using a table prepared by the user The table must be in a file named name PDF The file contains a ser
43. does the actual trending The task VAR is used to simulate a triangular waveform for the variable VAR The task TREND also contains some examples of how to display variables in different formats on the graphics display page NAME CURRENT AE MESSAGE ROOT ROO 0 00 R002 X0 500 TOP LEFT CHARACTER COORDINATE R003 yo 400 R004 W 30 00 WINDOW WIDTH ROOS H 3 00 WINDOW HEIGHT R006 X 0 00 CURRENT X COORDINATE R007 VAR 2200 VARIABLE R003 58 0 00 COUNTER FOR SCROLL R009 Y 274 00 R CURRENT Y COORDINATE VARIABLE R010 L 98 00 R LEFT HAND BORDER ROT R 28100 R RIGHT HAND BORDER R012 T 295 00 R TOP BORDER ROIS 250 00 R BOTTOM BORDER ROI 0 252 00 R Y COORDINATE ORIGIN 8 TY 200 R R016 LPC 14 00 R R017 0 00 ROIS 0 00 RO19 Q 100 R GOING UP c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 126 R020 0 00 GOING DOWN RULE Y VAR 25 00 Y0 H LPC RULE L 8 00 X0 2 00 RULE R 8 00 X0 W 100 RULE T LPC 25 00 Y0 1 00 RULE B LPC 25 00 Y0 4 2 00 RULE 0 25 00 Y0 H LPC RULE TY Y0 2 00 RULE LPC 14 00 RULE Q Q VAR LPC H M VAR 1 00 LISTING OF TASK TREND 001 GRAPH ROO 002 TEXT TY 3 DYNAMIC TREND OOSLINETLTR 2 3 00A LINEBLBR 2 3 005 LINEBLTL 2 3 OOGLINEBRTR 2 3 007 VAR 2 25 VAR NUMBER 5 3 008 VAR 14 Go Q LIST 2012 44 009 VAR 20 75 VAR VGRAPH 100 100 4 012 LET X LX0 W 100 8 00 018 LET 8 8 00 014 WAIT 0 10 OLINEYXYX 1 12 016 LET 100 017 LET
44. executed from the command line CONTEXT DEPENDENT ALERT EXTENSION FILES When an alert extension file is displayed it follows the same rules as the report generator It is therefore possible to make the content of an alert extension file modify itself depending on the current situation Variables may be replaced by the current value or associated text and paragraphs may be conditionally displayed However what appears on the screen cannot change dynamically MULTI SCREEN ALERT EXTENSION FILES An alert extension file may consist of several screens in which case it must be created using your own word processor but should only contain characters that are appropriate to a text file Formatting characters such as bold underline etc are not supported When the system encounters an alert extension file that extends beyond 15 lines it allows you to display the next screen by typing any key or return to your work screen by typing lt Esc gt CHANGE OF STATE LOGGER On startup RTES looks for the variables HCOS PCOS and DCOSS If they exist the change of state logger is activated A change of state is a transition from false to true or true to false c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 40 Change of state messages are logged in the alert historian if HCOSS is true sent to the printer if PCOSS is true whenever a change of state variable changes from FALSE to TRUE or vice versa When DCOSS is true the change of state events are appended t
45. following the e For example the expression e2 returns the value 7 389 The math coprocessor is required for the exponential operator to be in effect The square root sign is obtained on the screen by holding the lt Ctrl gt key down and typing s or S Since the character is not available in most printers RTES replaces it by sqr at print time The square root operator returns the square root of the operand or expression immediately following the square root sign The sine operator returns the sine of the operand or expression immediately following the s The cosine operator returns the cosine of the operand or expression immediately following the c The units for the operand or expression immediately following the c and s operators is radians The math coprocessor is required for both the sine and cosine operators to be in effect The logarithm operators return the logarithm base 10 or natural of the operand or expression immediately following the and x operators The math coprocessor is required for both logarithm operators to be in effect Other arithmetic operators follow the rules of conventional algebra If a binary variable is used as operand in an arithmetic operation it is considered as a numeric with the value 0 if FALSE or 1 if TRUE Note that the is subtract not negative A negative constant must be expressed by subtracting it from 0 i e 3 X would be shown as 0 3 X Note Ifoperators requiring
46. force the variables to change as if they were connected to the equipment When developing a knowledge base you first define the variables facts Each variable 18 assigned a name and may represent a quantity or a list in which each element is a text For instance the variable LEVEL may represent a number The variable MODE may represent a list consisting of the elements MANUAL AUTOMATIC SEMI AUTOMATIC Then you define the rules that will establish the relationships between the facts These rules consist of arithmetic and logical expressions that the Real Time Expert System will use to deduce the value of the conclusion facts from the known facts For instance the rule PUMP AUTOMATIC and LEVEL lt 23 will cause the variable PUMP to be TRUE when the variable AUTOMATIC is TRUE and the variable LEVEL is less than 23 This rule will establish that a pump connected to the binary output PUMP will be energized when AUTOMATIC is true this might be a binary input or an internal variable and the analog input LEVEL connected to a level transducer indicates a value less than 23 In order to simplify the use of the knowledge base you may then design display pages that will present the application appropriately These customized displays serve as an interface between the operator and the process being controlled They will provide status information flag abnormal conditions as well as allow the operator to change set points operating mode
47. function key control arrow up down F7 F8 is not allowed on the variable If is present you may append to it the name of an access variable in which case the function key control will be allowed if and only if that access variable is TRUE If is used without the access variable then function key control will be allowed unconditionally If type is not specified the variable is displayed as it appears on the database definition page That is a binary input will have its status displayed as OPEN CLOSED a binary output will show as OFF ON analog and registers will be shown as a real number occupying 11 positions including the sign and the decimal point and the number of digits after the decimal specified by the DEC command When you specify a variable without a type you cannot specify the color parameter either The variable will be displayed with the foreground color currently selected on a black background Let us now consider what takes place when a type is specified NUMBER This specifies that the variable should be displayed as a positive integer One more argument only is allowed with this specification a number from 1 to 5 that indicates how many digits should be displayed If this number is omitted it is defaulted to 5 Leading zeroes are replaced by spaces c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 7 Unless the color parameter is specified the currently selected foreground color becomes part of the definition As it is not
48. group quantity is the number of R registers and input channels in the cluster station is the sixnet station number where the input channels are located This is used only to establish whether the station is on line position is the position of the first input channel in the input channel list that you defined using the SIXNET set up program alarm RTES communication alarm register 0 2047 enable RTES communication enable register 1 2047 ANALOG OUTPUTS Each Y cluster may consist of up to 16 contiguous analog output channels c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 76 Each cluster is defined by set of 6 numbers first quantity station position alarm enable first 15 the index of the first RTES register of the group quantity is the number of R registers and output channels in the cluster station is the sixnet station number where the input channels are located This is used only to establish whether the station is on line position is the position of the first output channel in the output channel list that you defined using the SIXNET set up program alarm RTES communication alarm register 0 2047 enable RTES communication enable register 1 2047 INTERFACE SPEED T x xis a constant that determines the number of machine cycles between i o scans It must be established experimentally depending on the computer used and the number of clusters defined c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 77
49. in assessing the evacuation strategy 3 Information Alarm extension files provide complete information on how to reach the area in alarm and pertinent data as to unusual situations such as flammable materials in storage special equipment required etc 4 Logging Events are logged chronologically to help analyze what happened and spot deficiencies in the system 5 Ease of update As the building is modified walls added or removed new devices are installed or the use of the facilities change the on line editing allows to keep the Knowledge Base current DATA BASE LAYOUT Binary inputs smoke detection units 10001 715 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 1 10002 725 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 2 10003 735 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 3 10004 745 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 4 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 186 10005 755 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 5 1 10006 765 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 6 10007 Z7S 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 7 10008 785 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 8 10009 795 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 9 10010 7105 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 10 10011 7115 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 11 10012 7125 1 SMOKE DETECTION ZONE 12 10013 10014 10015 10016 Binary outputs Air handling units smoke dampers door releases 0001 R Air handling unit 1 00002 AH2 R 00003 R 00004 4 R 00005 5 R 00006 6 R 00007 AH7 R 00008 AH8 R 00009 9 R 00010 10 R 0011 AH11 R 00012 12 R 00014 00015 00016 00017 501 R 00018 SD2 R 00019 SD3 R
50. of each variable the name currently assigned to it the current value of the variable as well as other characteristics discussed below With the exception of analog inputs and outputs variables may also be accompanied by a text The texts associated to variables may be used for several purposes as you will see in various sections of this manual This text is limited to 40 characters BINARY INPUTS The status of binary inputs is normally obtained automatically from the data acquisition subsystem attached to the Real Time Expert System It is however possible to change the status of a binary input for simulations using the point control commands If communication with the data acquisition subsystem is actually taking place the variable will return to the physical status read by the hardware The device driver s should not be installed during simulations so that the data acquisition subsystem will not interfere Binary inputs cannot be evaluated arithmetically or logically They cannot be assigned a rule c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 30 They cannot be controlled by the clock scheduler Binary inputs may be assigned an alert state Binary inputs may be used as operands in rules and tasks The TRUE state of a binary input is represented by CLOSED the FALSE state by OPEN BINARY OUTPUTS Binary outputs are normally connected to the control part of the data acquisition subsystem When communication is taking place with the
51. or using the XFILE command and various format files named name FMT For the above example DATA FMT would contain PRODUCT MASS VOLUME TEMP c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 47 You may then set the data use the command FILE file name lt cr gt or XFILE DATA file_name lt cr gt to save that data along with the appropriate TEXT or SET command formats in the named batch file Note the presence of the preceding PRODUCT in DATA FMT which causes the TEXT command to be used in lieu of the SET command Once the various files are created using the FILE command you may recall them into the knowledge base by the using the GET command For instance GET RUBBER lt gt Or GET WOOD lt cr gt name FMT FILE FORMAT When the FILE command is executed the system creates and opens a file on disk with the name of the argument to the FILE command It then reads each line of the file DATA FMT to determine what data is to be stored When the XFILE command is executed the system creates and opens a file on disk with the name of the second argument to the XFILE command It then reads each line of the file name FMT to determine what data is to be stored The file DATA FMT contains the description of which commands are to be stored in the file specified in the FILE command The file name FMT contains the description of which commands are to be stored in the file specified by the XFILE command To store a variable value simply write th
52. possible to select the color using F1 F2 F3 while defining the variable you should establish that color before you type lt Alt V gt Example PART NUMBER 4 CN lt cr gt Typing lt alt N gt generates the word NUMBER LZI This specifies the variable as a Leading Zero Integer It is used exactly like the NUMBER but when displayed leading zeroes are not replaced by spaces REAL This specifies that the variable should be displayed as a signed decimal number This specification may be accompanied by a pair of numbers the first one indicating the total number of positions occupied by the variable the width the second one indicating how many of these positions are digits after the decimal point The width must be minimum 3 and maximum 11 The number of decimals must be minimum 0 maximum width 3 In other words the specification must always allow for a sign a decimal point and a minimum of 1 numeral If the field specification is omitted the width is automatically 11 and the number of digits after the decimal is as specified at the time by the DEC command This is particularly useful in situations when the order of magnitude is unknown If the value became too small it would be possible to display more decimals without editing the display Unless the color parameter is specified the currently selected foreground color becomes part of the definition As it is not possible to select the color using F1 F2 F3 while defining the varia
53. reaches TMAX Heating stops and the system waits until the liquids cools off to DTEMP A that time a proportional valve VALVE ramps from 0 to 100 in 16 4 seconds and the tank empties Once LEVEL reaches MIN the proportional valve closes from 100 to 0 in 8 2 seconds The system waits for the START signal to repeat the sequence At any time pressing ABORT causes everything to shut down The array MS is used to display STATUS so that the user 1s informed of what is taking place Only registers are used in this example to make simulation easier Real I O s would be associated with the registers in the actual application NAME CURRENT AE MESSAGE R209 START 0 00 R210 FILL 0 00 R R211 HEAT 0 00 R R212 HOT 0 00 R R213 EMPTY 0 00 R R214 VALVE 0 00 R R215 DV 0 00 R R216 DVX 0 00 R R217 P 0 10 R R218 TMAX 120 00 R R219 DTEMP 100 00 R R220 MIN 0 00 R221 MAX 60 00 R R222 ABORT 0 00 R223 CLOSE 0 00 R R224 STATUS 0 00 R R225 TEMP 0 00 R226 LEVEL 0 00 R227 INC 1 22 R R228 DEC 2 44 R R229 MS 0 00 PRESS START TO FILL THE TANK R230 MS1 0 00 FILLING R231 52 0 00 HEATING c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 191 R232 MS3 0 00 COOLING R233 54 0 00 EMPTYING R234 55 0 00 CLOSING VALVE R235 0 00 R236 0 00 R237 0 00 R238 0 00 R239 0 00 R240 0 00 KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE FILL START FILL amp LEVEL lt MAX amp ABORT RULE HEAT LEVELgteMAX HEAT amp TEMP lt TMAX amp HOT amp ABORT RULE HOT HOT TEMP lt TMAX amp LEVE
54. source ASC source BIN source des Cina tion qty des tina tion qty Source and destination may be a register or an indexed register qty is the quanti location s The MOVE directive all ty of regist registers to another 003 MOVE RECIPE NEW 12 Or 003 MOVE BLOCKiCURRENT ters to use starting at the named ows to copy a series of consecutive location DISPLAYiLINE 12 The ASC directive converts the values of a set of consecutive registers starting at text for named destina the named source into a string placed as a tion register The BIN directive converts the into a set of values placed at t at the named source register the at the named destination register c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc qty set of registers starting 8 2 CHAPTER NINE DISPLAY GENERATOR OVERVIEW The display generator allows you to prepare your own customized displays containing text and variables The displays are dynamic When a variable is on a display it is automatically updated to reflect its current status or value A variable may be shown as a decimal number an integer a character string or a bar graph The status of a binary variable may also be represented by a word selected from a pre defined list When a number is used the number of digits field width may also be selected A variable may also b
55. that the operator may change its value Press lt Alt V gt At the bottom of the page a message will be displayed that tells the line and column where the variable is to be displayed The cursor will be positioned at the end of this message To define the variable MAX to be displayed as described above type MAX NUMBER lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 21 The cursor will be returned to where it was before you pressed Alt V and there will be a white block 5 columns wide in that location Next we ll type the static message for the operator to adjust the room temperature for testing purposes Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to line 15 column 10 Type Room Temperature Now we ll define the variable TEMP to be displayed as a real number to the right of the message and that the operator may change its value Press lt Alt V gt At the bottom of the page a message will be displayed that tells the line and column where the variable is to be displayed The cursor will be positioned at the end of this message To define the variable TEMP to be displayed as described above type lt cr gt The cursor will be returned to where it was before you pressed Alt V and there will be a white block 9 columns wide in that location Next we ll define the messages describing to the operator the current status of the heater Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to line 20 column 20 Now we ll define the variable HEATER
56. the beginning of each error checking byte calculation RTES ARCNET DRIVER The ARCNET installable driver allows computer nodes running RTES on an Arcnet network to communicate Any RTES may request from any other RTES on the network the current values or status of groups of registers ARCNET may be installed on PORT1 PORT2 PORT3 and or PORTA This assigns it to one of the available driver tasks and determines which configuration it will use It does not associate it in any way with a COM port For example when you load ARCNET with the DOS command ARCNET 2 lt cr gt it means 1 that this driver will find its relevant information in PORT2 CNF and 2 you cannot load another RTES driver that will use PORT2 CNF Your configuration file may contain the following parameters B nnnn define an alternate base segment The default value is D000h or 53248 decimal If the arcnet nim card on this node is jumpered for a different base segment you may change the default value by including the B parameter the segment value must be in decimal C x this parameter determines how your enable register will operate See chapter 13 of your RTES manual for details c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 104 E nnn defines the id of the first of a group of RTES register used for monitoring the network performance See below This register is optional There is no default If E is not defined then the performance monitoring feature is switched off
57. the execution speed If you attempt execution of a knowledge base by a version of RTES that is not compatible the message CORRUPT DATA BASE appears on the screen It is however possible to make any knowledge base compatible with any version of RTES The procedure uses the RTES that originally created the knowledge base and a word processor Note that this same procedure may be used to clean up an old knowledge base if you wish to eliminate a large amount of variables and rules that you had previously defined or rearrange the variables The procedure consists of dumping the knowledge base on disk files in text format using the original RTES that created it editing those text files and re loading them into the new RTES that will be using them The procedure is fully mechanized to insure an accurate transfer of everything in your knowledge base with the exception of the alert conditions and the conversion parameters for the analog variables These must be re entered as if they had never existed c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 205 RTS Inc will be pleased to perform this procedure for you Simply mail your diskette containing the OLEX files and state the version numbers of the original and target RTES RTS Inc will mail the diskette back to you usually on the same business day with the files fully converted The fee for this service is 100 00 including handling and shipping The following describe this procedure step by step 1f you
58. the screen are printed lt PrtSc gt is also available in pixel mode The complete screen except the bottom text line is printed Access Level 0 Reference 3 2 PRINT ALL SCHEDULED EVENTS PS Format PS lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 10 2 PRINT A TASK LISTING PT Format PT name lt cr gt Parameter name name of the task to be printed Example RAMP lt cr gt Access Level 1 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 167 Reference 8 14 PULSE AN OUTPUT OR REGISTER Format PULSE name time lt cr gt or lt F4 gt name time lt cr gt Parameters name the name of the output or register to pulse time duration of the pulse in seconds default is 0 8 seconds Example PULSE LIGHT 3 lt cr gt Access Level 0 Reference 5 11 PRINT THE ANALOG OUTPUT DEFINITIONS Format PY lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 14 3 DISPLAY A REGISTER DEFINITION PAGE Format n lt cr gt Parameter n page number Default If n is omitted or too large the first page is displayed Note This command allows the subsequent use of c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc PULSE PY lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt and of the EDIT command Example 2 lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 5 2 DEFINE ANALOG INPUT RANGE RANGE Format RANGE name zero full lt cr gt Parameters name name of analog input point Zero value in engineering units when the analog input raw value 15 0 full full scale value in engineering units Exa
59. to page editing TERMINATING A DISPLAY EDIT SESSION While editing the body of the page you may terminate the edit session by pressing lt Home gt If you were editing the display name or entering the specification for a variable and wanted to abandon the edit session then you would have to press lt Home gt twice Once to cancel the lt alt gt or lt alt V gt then once more to return to command mode If you are editing a display with a batch file you terminate the edit session with the HOME command EXAMPLES TOTAL is a numeric variable We want to display it as a signed number with 3 digits before the decimal and 2 digits after the decimal Function key control is inhibited TOTAL REAL 7 2 lt cr gt TYPE is a numeric variable We want to display it as a 2 digit integer We want to enter its value using the function key control TYPE NUMBER 2 lt cr gt LOOK is a binary variable We want to display it as the word NO if false YES if true We want to be able to change it from NO to YES and vice versa using the function key control but only if variable O is true LOOK O BINARY NO YES lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 15 PC is a numeric variable We want to display it as a horizontal bar with a full length of 50 characters when its value is 100 PC will be calculated and we do not want to change its value with the function key control PC HGRAPH 50 100 lt cr gt DONE is a binary variable We want to highli
60. to the first c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 65 point on the 2nd RTES digital input page Depending on the device type that is attached to a port the number of values specified in a cluster definition will vary A cluster definition usually includes the following parameters first RTES variable in block quantity of variables in block position of first variable on device RTES alarm register RTES communication enable register First RTES Variable in Block This number represents the index to the point location in the RTES data base for the first variable in the block The index is 1 less than the actual RTES point number For example if you were defining an I block and the index was 11 the first variable s value would be placed in 10012 Quantity of Variables in Block The value specified here represents the number of consecutive points channels in the cluster usually a maximum of 16 Position of First Variable on Device The value specified here is device specific It conforms to the device s method of addressing points Sometimes more than one number is required For example when communicating with an OPTOMUX network you must specify the base or card address as well as the position on the card RTES alarm register The value specified here is the index of the RTES register that will be set if communication with the device fails The use of this parameter requires that the protocol for the device must have a mechanism that allo
61. until the temperature rises above a maximum temperature When the room temperature drops again the heater will not turn on again until the temperature drops below the specified minimum temperature DEFINING THE VARIABLES For this example you will need three types of points or variables 1 analog input for measuring the room temperature 2 digital output for turning the heater on and off 3 registers for specifying the minimum and maximum temperatures c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 16 Before we can define the rule that will turn the heater on or off we must assign the point names c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 17 assign a name to the analog input for measuring the room temperature type A lt cr gt to go to the first analog inputs page Then press lt Alt E gt to go into the edit mode The name area of the first point will be highlighted To assign the name TEMP to the first analog input point type TEMP lt cr gt Now we need to define the type of conversion to be performed Let s assume we have a linear device with a 0 to 5 volt output To do this we press lt Up Arrow gt lt Tab gt lt Tab gt to highlight the conversion type area of the first analog input point Because L is the default conversion method we do not have to define the conversion method 1 we don t have to type anything We do though need to define the zero and full scale values The zero value is the engineering unit value when the output
62. up a longer file and press lt Esc gt only the first 15 lines will be saved the rest will be lost Access Level 0 DISPLAY A DIGITAL OUTPUT DEFINITION PAGE O Format n lt cr gt Parameter n page number Default If n is omitted or too large the first page is displayed This command allows the subsequent use of lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt and of the EDIT command Example O 2 lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 5 2 OPEN A TASK FOR EDITING OPEN Format OPEN lt gt or lt Alt O gt name lt cr gt Parameter name name of task to be viewed or edited Example OPEN lt gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 161 Access Level 2 Reference 8 3 PRINT THE ANALOG INPUT DEFINITIONS Format PA lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 14 3 DISPLAY THE NAMES OF THE CURRENT DISPLAY PAGES Format lt gt or lt alt P gt lt cr gt Error conditions None Access Level 0 Reference 9 14 DISPLAY A CUSTOMIZED PAGE Format PAGE lt gt or lt alt P gt name lt cr gt Parameter name the name of the page to be displayed Default If name is omitted the list of all available pages is displayed You may then use the lt Tab gt or lt Arrow Dn gt key to select a name and press lt cr gt to obtain the display This command allows the subsequent use of lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt and of the EDIT command c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc PA PAGE PAGE 8 162 Exampl
63. uses 6 27 42 114 66 27 69 H data block header sequence prior to the number of data blocks to be sent Format H n B1 Bn nis the number of bytes in the data block header sequence 1 are the decimal values of the ASCII bytes in the data block header sequence For example the Epson FX 80 printer uses 2 27 75 The HP LaserJet III uses E 3 27 42 98 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 123 T tail of data block header sequence after the number of data blocks to be sent Format T n B1 Bn nis the number of bytes in the tail of the data block header sequence Bi Bn the decimal values of the ASCII bytes in the tail of the data block header sequence For example the Epson FX 80 printer does not use a tail The HP LaserJet III uses T 1 87 If these parameters are defined in the configuration file they should follow the L parameter In other words the L parameter must be the first parameter defined In addition to setting up the default parameters for the two printer types the L parameter also defines how a data byte is to be interpreted by the printer When L 0 a data byte defines 8 vertical pixels from the screen In other words one string of data bytes sent to the Epson FX 80 printer represents 8 rows of pixels from the screen When L 1 a data byte defines 8 horizontal pixels Therefore one string of data bytes sent to the HP LaserJet III printer represents one row of pixels from the screen The printer config
64. wish to do it by yourself BACKUP As for any modification procedure it is a good idea to save a copy of the original OLEX files on a diskette just in case you need to redo your procedure or consult what you had in the original knowledge base To do so place a diskette in drive A and type the DOS command COPY OLEX A lt cr gt DUMPING THE OLEX FILES IN TEXT FORMAT ON DISK You dump the knowledge base by using the DOC name command a open the file the appropriate print command to write to the file and the DOC command to close the file The variables the rules and each task must be sent to a separate file The detailed procedure follows 1 Start the original RTES with its knowledge base 2 If you did not define a register called PRINTS do so then exit RTES with lt ctrl Home gt and restart it 3 Make sure that all variables that have a text in the MESSAGE column has a name otherwise the message will not be recoverable when loading into the new system If R0045 has a text but no name you may simply give it the name R0045 4 Execute the following RTES commands DOC V TXT lt cr gt open a file called V TXT on the current directory lt gt write the binary inputs c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 206 PO lt cr gt write the binary outputs PR lt cr gt write the registers PA lt cr gt write the analog inputs PY lt cr gt write the analog outputs You may of course skip any variable type that you a
65. your driver should detect when the device c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 113 is not responding so that it does not wait indefinitely Interrupts 63h 64h 82h and 83h are software interrupts initiated by the RTES clock tic These interrupts are associated with the PORT2 and PORTA drivers respectively These interrupts are normally used to perform the serial output to the appropriate COM port When you write your own driver you must provide at the corresponding locations the start address of your serial output routine Characters coming in through the serial adapters are normally handled via an interrupt routine tied to the corresponding IRQ interrupt request line Your driver must provide such routine as well as the interrupt handling mechanism c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 114 CHAPTER SIXTEEN HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS OVERVIEW The high resolution graphics generator allows you to prepare your own customised dynamic graphics displays When a variable is on display it is automatically updated to reflect the current status or value As with the user display pages variables can be displayed in a variety of formats While in high resolution graphics mode individual pixels can be addressed thus allowing x y type graphs to be plotted Combined with the scrolling function RTES can be used to provide dynamic trend recording of single or multiple points on single or multiple graphs If you are using an
66. 0 position of output on board is 3 if communication is lost with the analog board report the problem on register R0013 if communication is lost with the digital board report the problem on register R0014 We use the above information to set up the configuration file We can create the I O configuration file PORT1 CNF by typing NOTE lt gt The system blanks out a portion of the screen which you can use to write the contents of the file Based on the above description of the Optomux system type c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 24 B 9600 lt cr gt A 1 0 1 255 0 12 lt cr gt O 1 0 1 0 3 13 lt cr gt To save PORT1 CNF to disk type lt Home gt LOADING THE OPTOMUX DRIVER a exit out of RTES by pressing lt Ctrl Home gt b load the driver by typing OPTOMUX lt cr gt c Then restart RTES by typing RTES lt cr gt When you exited from RTES the knowledge base was stored automatically to disk When you restarted RTES the knowledge base is loaded into memory and the configuration file you created is also read and used DEFINING THE ALERTS We should now define the alert registers associated with the communication Type R lt cr gt to go to the first register page Then press lt Alt E gt to get into edit mode Then press lt Up Arrow gt lt Up Arrow gt lt Up Arrow gt lt Up Arrow gt to highlight the name area of the 13th register Let s call the alert register for the analog board ALAR
67. 00020 SD4 R 00021 SD5 R 00022 506 R 00023 SD7 R R R R R R Air handling unit 12 Smoke damper O0024 SD8 O0025 SD9 00026 5010 00027 SD11 00028 5012 0029 DR56 R Door release zone 5 to 6 0030 DR78 H R Door release zone 7 to 8 O0031 O0032 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 187 Registers Registers are in lieu of analog inputs to simulate easily temperature changes c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 188 ROOI7 711 Temp zone 1 ROOI8 72 ROOI9 Z3 ROO20 74 T ROO21 Z5 T ROO22 76 T ROO23 Z7 T ROO24 78 T ROO25 Z9 T ROO26 710 T ROO27 711 T ROO28 712 T ROO29 ROO30 R0031 R0032 Patterns to be used to display an air handling unit smoke damper smoke condition R0033 AH 4 R0034 2AH R0035 SD 2 R0036 3 1111 RO037 SMOKE R0038 4SMOKE R0039 introduce a delay on system startup and prevent dampers from operating R0040 POWER R ROO41 R0042 R0043 R0044 R0045 R0046 R0047 R0048 KNOWLEDGE BASE RULES RULE AH1 Z1S amp AH1 Z1_T gt 75 00 amp Z1_T gt 70 00 Z2S Z5S RULE AH2 Z2S amp 21 22_7 gt 75 00 amp Z2_T gt 70 00 Z1S Z3S Z6S RULE AH3 Z3S amp Z2S Z4S Z7S AH3 Z3_T gt 75 00 amp Z3_T gt 70 00 RULE AH4 Z4S amp AHAWZ4 T 75 00 amp Z4_T gt 70 00 Z3S Z8S RULE AH5 Z5S amp AH5I Z5 T 75 00 amp Z5_T gt 70 00 Z1S Z6S Z9S RULE AH6 Z6S amp AH6 Z6_T gt 75 00 amp Z6 gt 70 00 7251755127512106 R
68. 51 1 24 51 1 WORD ES SI 2 0 IN NOINS YES DO NOT INSTALL WORD PTR ES SI OFFSET PROG NEW INTERRUPT DMESG DX OFFSET LAST B DX 101h 27H NOINS MOV AX 4COOH NORMAL EXIT INT INSTL ENDP ADVISE USER DMESGPROC NEAR PUSH POP LEA MOV INT RET DMESGENDP 21H CS DS DX MESG AH 09H 21H c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc MOV 8 68 mesg db Sample external program 10 13 GMEM ENDS END START REMOVING A FUNCTION FROM THE KNOWLEDGE BASE The FREE command eliminates a previously defined function LOOP PID ARC EXEC EXT from the knowledge base The format of the command is FREE name lt cr gt or lt AIt F gt name lt cr gt name name of the register associated with the function TIME OF DAY SYNCHRONIZATION This feature allows you to set the clock using the RTES registers It may be used to synchronize the time in all RTES nodes of a network To use this function RTES cnf must contain K n where n is the index of the first of 4 RTES registers that are used as follows the command register hour minute second When you set the command register to 1 true the integer positive contents of the next 3 registers are used to set the time The command register is automatically returned to 0 after the operation BIT HANDLING FACILITIES FDEC amp BITS The FDEC command produces a decimal number from a series of bits c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 69 conta
69. A85 driver OMRON Omron PLC serial OPTOMUX OPTOMUX serial PAMUX PAMUX parallel SIEMENS Siemens serial SIXNET Digitronic s SIXNET parallel T1300 T1300 series PLC serial T1500 T1500 series PLC serial Several more specialized device drivers are available to interface with scales high speed counters motion controllers batch controllers DCS s etc RTES also supports multi port serial port expanders and telephone diallers Contact RTS Inc for any special requirements LOADING A RTES DRIVER Each driver is a separate program that you load into memory using a DOS command For instance you type OPTOMUX lt cr gt and the OPTOMUX EXE file or program is loaded into memory The drivers are designed so that they remain in memory until you re boot your computer When you load a serial device driver it is attached to the RTES unless you specify otherwise In other words is the default port If you want to assign the driver to PORT2 or PORT3 you must specify which port you want to use on the DOS command line For instance OPTOMUX 2 lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 58 will load the OPTOMUX driver and assign it to PORT2 OPTOMUX 1 lt gt is equivalent to OPTOMUX lt cr gt When you load a driver it identifies itself by displaying a message on the screen For instance OPTOMUX Driver Ver 5 2 on PORT2 If such a message does not appear it means that the port you want t
70. After the text is created you may press lt Home gt to save it on disk or lt Esc gt to abandon the session without saving the note file to disk USING THE ALERT EXTENSION Alert extension screens may only be displayed for variables that are in the alert state when a user display page or the alert page is being displayed When the alert message for the variable is displayed on the bottom line of the screen pressing lt Alt X gt causes the alert extension file with the same name as the variable to be read from disk and displayed You may then return to where you originally were by pressing any key on a single page display or lt gt on a multiple page display c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 39 If a file with the same name as the variable is not found the error message No help available this subject is displayed at the error line Note that alert extension files must be in the current default directory Alert variables may also be selected from the display of current active alerts Use the LIST command to enter the dynamic alert display mode Use the Tab or Dn Arrow to select the variable Press lt Alt X gt to display the alert extension file When using a batch file to display the alert extension file you use the command AEX This is the method you would use when the operator station does not have a lt Alt gt key or when you want to use a function key to display the alert extension file The AEX command cannot be
71. Defining a register cascade 7 4 Arc cosine 7 5 Command lists 7 5 Executing external code 7 6 Sample external code 7 7 Removing a function from the knowledge base 7 9 Bit handling facilities FDEC amp BITS 7 10 CHAPTER EIGHT TASKS Overview 8 1 How to Create a Task 8 2 How to view or modify an existing task 8 3 Task directives 8 3 Syntax 8 4 Indexing with the LET Task Directive 8 5 File handling 8 5 How to Control the Execution of a Task 8 8 ONEND statement 8 9 One step at a time task execution 8 10 Missing Instructions 8 10 Monitoring Task Status 8 11 How to Change the Name of a Task 8 11 How to Remove a Task from the System 8 11 Note regarding the use of the X command 8 12 Autoexec 8 12 Using tasks and rules 8 12 Task synchronization 8 12 Using tasks efficiently 8 13 How to print a task listing 8 14 Disk resident tasks 8 15 Report generator with tasks 8 16 Text handling directives 8 17 CHAPTER NINE DISPLAY GENERATOR Overview 9 How to Create a new Display 9 1 How to modify Display 9 2 The display editor 9 2 Changing the color 9 3 How to change the name of a display 9 4 How to show variables on a display 9 4 NUMBER 9 5 LZI 9 6 REAL 9 6 HGRAPH 9 6 VGRAPH 9 7 BINARY 9 7 LIST 9 7 TEXT 9 9 Display a variable as a color attribute 9 10 HCA 9 10 VCA 9 11 Error conditions 9 11 Modifying a Variable Specification 9 11 Space Restrictions 9 12 Deleting a Variable from a Page 9 12 Terminating a Display Ed
72. E DRIVERS Depending on what device you interface with the format of the clusters and some features will be different The following sections deal with the most common device drivers You may find more information about a given driver in the documentation accompanying the software c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 69 ADAC 4000 SERIES Use PORTO CNF for configuration A D DATA ACQUISITION BOARDS Each A cluster defines a set on consecutive analog inputs The definition of the cluster consists of 7 numbers QTY GAIN REG QTY BOARD CHANNEL GAIN ALA POL is the index of the first RTES A register where the value will be written is the number of channels to read BOARD is the board base address in decimal CHANNEL isthe starting channel to be read 0 31 is a number that defines the programmable gain 1 2 4 or 8 see ADAC manual ALA isthe index of an RTES R register that will be set to 1 if the board does not respond after time delay defined by T and to 0 if it responds POL is 0 for unipolar straight binary 1 for bipolar two s complement DIGITAL OUTPUTS Each series of digital outputs is defined by a O cluster The cluster definition consists of 4 numbers REG QTY BOARD POS REG is the index of the first of the RTES O registers QTY is the number of consecutive channels c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 70 BOARD is the port address where the digital outputs are located in decimal POS is the po
73. E command forces a variable to the TRUE state for a defined period of time then forces it to the FALSE state The SET command is used with numeric variables It forces the variable to a defined value Example START MAN lt cr gt turns the variable MAN to TRUE STOP MAN lt cr gt turns the variable MAN to FALSE PULSE MAN 2 5 lt cr gt turns the variable MAN to TRUE for 2 5 seconds then turns it to FALSE If MAN was TRUE when the command was issued it would simply be forced to FALSE 2 5 seconds later If the time is omitted a default duration of 1 second is assumed SET COST 23 7 lt cr gt Force the value of the variable COST to 23 7 There is no default value with this command Should the value be 0 it must be specified e g SET COST 0 lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 39 BY FUNCTION KEYS When a variable is displayed on a variable definition page or a debugged rule its value may be changed by selecting it and then using the increment decrement keys This also applies to a variable specified on a customized display page provided the specification included the after the variable name See Customized Page Definition To select a variable simply press the lt Tab gt or Down arrow key The variable selected will be highlighted To skip to the next variable press the same key again To go back to a previous variable press the Up arrow gt key The selection process wraps around so that the next variable
74. ED R0132 FX R FLOW CANNOT BE ACHIEVED R0133 R0134 DX R R0135 R0136 R0137 R0138 R0139 KNOWLEDGE BASE RULES CONTROL AND CM PROHIBIT CONTROL BEYOND THE OPERATING RANGE LOOP HOT HF HF SP RULE HF_SP DTEMP CTEMP DFLOW HTEMP CTEMP RULE HP 0 05 RULE HM HF_SP lt 0 00 HF SPKFMAX amp HOT FMAX LOOP COLD CF CF_SP RULE CF_SP DFLOW HF_SP RULE CP 0 05 RULE CM CF_SP lt 0 00 CF_SP lt FMAX amp COLD lt FMAX FEED BACK IS SIMULATED BY MAKING FLOWS EQUAL TO VALVES RULE HF HOT DTEMP gt CTEMP RULE CF COLD DTEMP lt HTEMP RULE FLOW HF CF THE RESULTING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IS SIMULATED RULE TEMP HTEMP HF CTEMP CF FLOW SHOW WATER FLOW IN COLOR WHEN IT EXISTS RULE CC 3 00 CF gt 5 RULE HC 4 00 HF gt 5 RULE MC 12 00 FLOW gt 50 RUN WATER FLOWS ONLY IF TEMPERATURE IS CLOSE TO DESIRED RULE RUN TEMP gt DTEMP 0 50 amp TEMP lt DTEMP 0 50 DIAGNOSTIC IF WATER DOES NOT RUN WE WANT TO KNOW WHY RULE ADJ RUN amp TX FX c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 182 RULE TX DTEMP lt CTEMP DTEMP gt HTEMP RULE FX FLOW lt DFLOW amp HF lt FMAX CF lt FMAX RULE DX ADJ 2 00 TX 3 00 FX amp TX INITIAL CONDITIONS SET 100 SET CTEMP 20 SET FMAX 120 SET DFLOW 70 SET DTEMP 50 You may now change the desired conditions DFLOW and DTEMP and watch how the system reacts adjusting the valves for hot and cold c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 183
75. EGA or VGA display you may also use graphics displays that you created with other programs PC Paintbrush etc as the part of the display Solid objects in the display can have their colors changed variables and graphs can be displayed at strategic locations The high resolution graphics displays are used only to present information to the user They do not allow data entry While a graphics is on display depressing any key with a few exceptions causes RTES to exit the high resolution graphics mode and return to whatever was on display previous to the display of the graphics For example when a high resolution graphics is on display RTES does not allow any commands to be entered An exception to this is the lt PrintScreen gt key If depressed it will cause a dump of the screen to be sent to the printer You may use the high resolution graphics generator while RTES is operating This means that you can modify or create high resolution graphics displays as the need arises while your knowledge base is on line and while other tasks are running The high resolution graphics generator operates as an external memory resident driver which responds to commands from the RTES task executor Each high resolution graphics display is generated by a task that contains the graphics commands AII commands that have to do with the creation maintenance and control of tasks described in the section Tasks also apply to the high resolution graphics display task
76. F10 gt ACK FUNCTION KEYS DURING ON SCREEN DATABASE EDIT MODE When variable definition pages are displayed the screen editing feature may be entered using the command EDIT or lt alt E gt The following keys then assume a special role in assisting in the database editing process lt Home gt End editing session and return to command mode cr Enter current field in the database Pg Up gt Previous page in same point category Pg Dn Next page in same point category Arrow up Previous line on page Arrow down Next line on page lt Tab gt Change field FUNCTION KEYS DURING CUSTOMIZED PAGE EDITING MODE A new customized page may be created using the command BUILD An existing customized page may be edited by using the EDIT or lt alt E gt command while the page is on the screen In either case the page editing mode is activated and the following keys have a special significance lt F1 gt change the foreground color lt F2 gt change the background color c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 13 lt gt return to the default white on black lt gt Terminate page edit mode and return to command mode Arrow up Move cursor one line up Arrow down Move cursor one line down lt er gt Move cursor to beginning of next line lt End gt Toggle DRAW MODE on off With DRAW MODE on lt F7 gt Select next pattern lt F8 gt Select previous pattern Use the cursor movement arrow keys to draw with th
77. FAI Designs Inc REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM RIES USER MANUAL C2002 L2002 12th Edition July 2005 NOTICE The use of the software packages described in this manual is governed by the terms and conditions set out in the software license agreement between FAI Designs Inc and the licensee This manual is not to be copied or reproduced by any means in whole or in part without the express authorization of FAI Designs Inc TABLE CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM What is the Real Time Expert System 1 1 How does the Real Time Expert System work 1 1 The major features of the Real Time Expert System 1 3 The Real Time Expert System and Artificial Intelligence 1 3 How to use this manual 1 4 Safety warning 1 5 CHAPTER TWO STARTUP AND INSTALLATION PROCEDURE Install the RTES program on your hard disk 2 1 Running RTES 2 2 Handling RTES knowledge base files 2 3 Interfacing with the real world 2 3 Starting RTES automatically on power up 2 4 CHAPTER THREE KEYBOARD Extended Character Set 3 1 Line Editing 3 1 Function keys 3 2 during On Screen Database Edit Mode 3 4 during Customized Page Editing Mode 3 4 Case Significance 3 6 Separators 3 6 CHAPTER FOUR HOW TO DEVELOP A KNOWLEDGE BASE Getting started 4 1 Example application 4 1 Defining the variables 4 1 Building a display page 4 4 Defining the rules 4 6 Testing and debugging the rule 4 7 Interfacing with the real world 4 8 Loading the OPT
78. FAI Designs Inc 8 34 DISPLAY CURRENT ACTIVE ALERTS The LIST command causes RTES to enter the dynamic alert display mode The format of the command is LIST lt cr gt The screen displays all current alert events and maintains the display current If the screen is full 16 alert lines displayed then you may press lt Pg Dn gt to display the next page if any lt Pg Up gt returns to the previous page If there is only one page then the same page is re displayed but CLEARed alerts are eliminated from the display RTES may be placed in dynamic alert display mode even if there are no active alerts at the time It will then display the alert events as they occur LOGGING ALERT MESSAGES ON THE PRINTER If the register PLOGS exists when RTES is loaded its status will control the printing of the alert events When PLOGSS is true the alert events are printed provided the printer is not currently printing something else In order to use this register you must define it see EDITING THE DATA BASE then exit the RTES and reload it so that the variable is seen upon program loading Printing of alert events may be switched on and off by controlling the status of PLOGS operator command rule etc Each alert event sent to the printer consists of the current date and time followed by the alert message then followed by the alert status MESSAGE or CLEAR LOGGING ALERTS ON DISK c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 35 If the r
79. FAI Designs Inc 8 36 This commands assigns the name TOTAL to the variable R0005 You may also use name lt cr gt The means the next variable This allows you to name a series of consecutive variables by specifying the location of the first one only You assigned a text to a variable with the TEXT command The format of the command is TEXT name text lt cr gt Where name is the name of the variable and text is a string of up to 40 characters Example TEXT TOTAL Total Consumption lt cr gt Text can also be transferred from one variable to another with the TEXT command The format of the text command to perform a transfer is TEXT destination source lt cr gt where destination 15 the name of the variable where the text will be placed source is the name of the variable where the text is copied from Example TEXT ABC ABCDEF lt cr gt assigns the text associated with ABCDEF to ABC If you select a variable on a I O or R page with the Tab Arrow Up gt or Arrow Dn key the TEXT command assigns any text after the word TEXT to the selected variable To prevent this from occurring make sure that no variable is selected by pressing the lt Home gt key before entering the TEXT command You may defined or removed an alert condition with the ALERT command The format of the c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 37 command is ALERT name state lt cr gt name is the name of the variable to be associated with
80. G n defines the number of G clusters to follow You may define up to 512 G clusters defines the number of TT clusters to follow You may define up 512 T clusters P nnn defines an alternate I O port for the nim The default port is 2EOh or 736 decimal If the nim on this node is jumpered for a different I O port you may change the default value by including the parameter the port value must be in decimal Q n defines an alternate interrupt number for the nim The default interrupt is 4 If the nim uses a different interrupt IRQ you may define the one use IRQ 2 to 15 are supported T nnn defines a communication time out constant in milliseconds The default value is 256 Clusters are defined by 6 parameters FIRST QTY NODE POS ALERT ENABLE FIRST is the index of the first register in the group that will receive the values QTY isthe number of registers to be transferred For I clusters the maximum 15 16 registers For G clusters the maximum is 32 registers NODE is the node id of the nim in the computer that the values will be coming from POS is the index of the first register at the source computer ALERT is the index of the register to be used for alerting of a communication time out ENABLE 15 0 for continuous communication or the index of the register that will be used to activate deactivate this cluster See RTES user manual c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 105 Monitoring network per
81. IT command Example Y 3 lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 5 2 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 180 RTES APPLICATION EXAMPLE HOT WATER CONTROL RTES monitors the hot and cold water sources to dispense the required flow at the required temperature Two loop controls are used to set the hot and cold water valves according to the demand If the temperature is not within prescribed limits flow 15 interrupted until the mix has reached the proper temperature The system allows tells when conditions cannot be reached The simulations capabilities of RTES allow to observe the operation of the system without the use of any equipment Rules are used to simulate hot and cold water mixing to produce a given water temperature DATA BASE LAYOUT R0097 HOT L HOT WATER TAP R0098 COLD L COLD WATER TAP ROO99 HF R HOT WATER FLOW ROIOO CF R COLD WATER FLOW ROIOI FLOW R TOTAL FLOW R0102 HTEMP HOT WATER TEMPERATURE RO103 CTEMP COLD WATER TEMPERATURE RO104 TEMP R MIX TEMPERATURE R0105 FMAX MAXIMUM FLOW PER SOURCE R0106 DTEMP DESIRED TEMP R0107 DFLOW DESIRED FLOW R0108 R0109 R COLORS HC R R0111 MC R R0112 R0113 HF SP R SET POINT FOR HOT RO114 HP R R0115 R0116 R0117 R0118 R R0119 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 181 0120 0121 CF SP R SET POINT FOR COLD R0122 CP R RO123 RO124 R0125 R0126 CM R R0127 R0128 R0129 RUN R R0130 ADJ R ADJUSTING R0131 TX R TEMPERATURE CANNOT BE ACHIEV
82. Inc 8 59 CHAPTER SEVEN SPECIAL CONTROL ALGORITHMS LOOP CONTROL RTES allows the implementation of loop control using the Proportional Integral and Derivative algorithm Such control involves a control variable CV that regulates a measured process variable or feedback FB so that it is maintained at or near a given value the set point SP This control is achieved by using operator defined parameters determined experimentally during a process called loop tuning and that dictate how the CV will react at any given time considering the measured error SP FB The control variable is calculated as CV CV P E I E Ep D E Ep where D are parameters typically between 0 and 1 and E is the current error Ep is the error measured the last time around The above calculation is performed whenever FB or SP changes so that under fixed set point CV is updated at the same frequency as the update of FB The loop may also be placed in manual mode in which case CV is free to be set by the operator DEFINING A LOOP To define a loop you simply type in the command LOOP namel name2 name3 lt cr gt where namel is name of the CV variable This variable should be an analog output Yxxx but could also be a register Rxxxx name2 is the name of the FB variable This variable may be an analog input analog c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 60 output or register name3 is the name of the SP variable This
83. L gt MIN amp ABORT RULE EMPTY EMPTYIHOT amp TEMP DTEMP amp LEVEL gt MIN amp ABORT RULE VALVE VALVE EMPTY DV INC VALVE lt 100 00 CLOSE DV DEC RULE DV DVX dP amp EMPTYICLOSE RULE DVX DVdP RULE P 0 10 RULE TMAX 120 00 RULE 100 00 RULE MAX 60 00 RULE CLOSE LEVELIteMIN amp VALVE gt 0 00 amp ABORT RULE STATUS FILL 2 00 HEAT 3 00 HOT amp EMPTY 4 00 EMPTY 5 00 CLOSE RULE INC 100 00 5 00 16 40 RULE DEC 100 00 5 00 8 20 ALTERNATELY THE FOLLOWING TASKS WOULD PERFORM THE SAME FUNCTIONS AND MAY REPLACE THE RULES FILL HEAT EMPTY CLOSE LISTING OF TASK PRO 001 IF START 001 002 START FILL 003 IF LEVEL lt MAX 003 004 STOP FILL 005 START HEAT 006 IF TEMP lt TMAX 006 007 STOP HEAT 008 IF TEMP gt DTEMP 008 009 START EMPTY 010 IF LEVEL gt MIN 010 011 STOP EMPTY 012 START CLOSE 013 IF VALVE gt 0 00 013 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 192 014 STOP CLOSE 015 STOP START 016 GOTO 001 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 193 LISTING OF TASK ABORT 001 IF ABORT 001 002 X END PRO 003 STOP ABORT 004 STOP FILL 005 STOP HEAT 006 STOP EMPTY 007 STOP CLOSE 008 SET VALVE 0 00 009 STOP START 010 X RUN PRO 011 GOTO 001 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 194 RTES APPLICATION EXAMPLE STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL Each of three production machines provide the gauge readings Mn X Mn Y and Mn Z and signal via a digital input Mn that the data is available RTES collec
84. LINE y0 x0 y1 thick color Parameters y0 x0 coordinates of the start point Constants or variables c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 157 1 coordinates of end point Constants or variables thick thickness of the line Constant color color attribute Constant or variable Note The screen must be in pixel This command may only be executed by a task a batch file or an EXEC statement Access Level n a Reference 16 2 16 4 DISPLAY THE CURRENT ACTIVE ALERTS LIST Format LIST lt cr gt or lt alt L gt This command allows the subsequent use of lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt Access Level 0 Reference 12 3 LOCATE A VARIABLE BY NAME LOC Format LOC name lt cr gt Parameter name name of the variable to be looked up RTES finds the variable and displays the page where it is located A flashes next to the variable name Access Level 1 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 158 DEFINE LOOP LOOP Format LOOP cv fb sp trig lt cr gt Parameters cvvariable to be used as the control variable for the loop fb variable to be used as the feedback variable for the loop sp variable to be used as the set point variable for the loop trig an optional variable used to force the loop evaluation This command defines a loop with control variable cv feedback fb and set point sp This command assigns the 5 registers immediately after sp to become respectively P coefficient I coefficient D coefficient previous erro
85. M and the alert register for the binary output board ALARM To assign these names to the 13th and 14th registers type c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 25 ALARM lt gt ALARM lt gt Next we define the alert state for these registers RTES sets the alert registers defined in the configuration file to 1 when there is a communication problem Therefore the alert states for these two registers should be set to 1 To define the alert we type Up Arrow gt lt Up Arrow gt lt Tab gt to highlight the alert area of the 13th register Then we type 1 lt cr gt 1l lt cr gt to define the alert states for the two registers Next we can define the messages associated with these alerts We make the alert message for ALARM be There is problem with the analog card and the alert message for ALARM be Trouble with the binary output card To define the alert messages press Up Arrow gt lt Up Arrow gt lt Tab gt to highlight the message area of the 13th register Then type There is problem with the analog card lt cr gt Trouble with the binary output card lt cr gt Now that we have finished defining the alerts and alert messages we can go back to command mode by pressing lt Home gt If you have not yet connected the communication lines you would have had an alert come up as soon as you defined the alert states The alert would have a blank message area If you reset the alert by changing the value of the
86. MENT The FILE and XFILE commands may be used without specifying a batch file name This is acceptable only if a GET command was previously used The FILE command then uses the file name specified in the last GET command For instance GET RUBBER lt cr gt you may change the data at this time FILE lt cr gt or XFILE DATA lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 49 the new data is saved in RUBBER c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 50 CHAPTER FOURTEEN REPORT GENERATOR OVERVIEW The Real Time Expert System will produce printed reports using a text created by a conventional word processor customized to reflect conditions set up by the knowledge base and current values of the variables imbedded in the report IMBEDDED VARIABLES Within a document a variable is introduced by the sequence followed by a specification and ending with 2 The specification is written in accordance with the syntax explained in the Display Generator section of this manual However the HGRAPH and VGRAPH formats are not available for report generation Any invalid variable specification will cause the variable to be skipped at print time Example The data base contains the variables NAME and AGE Currently NAME 0 and AGE 21 The text Frank Sinatra is associated with the variable name The document SINGER created with a word processor contains The singer NAME TEXT NAME 20 is AGE NUMBER 2 years old Typing the command PRINT SI
87. NGER lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 51 will cause the following to be printed The singer Frank Sinatra is 21 years old The command PRINT REPLIST Will use the file name in the text area of the register REPLIST augmented indexed by the integer value of REPLIST PRINT ON CONDITION You may cause certain portions of the document to be printed or skipped depending on a given expression being true or false The syntax is as follows condition text A double open square bracket introduces the statement The condition follows and is terminated by one closing square bracket The text contained until the next closing square bracket will be printed if the condition is true or will be skipped if the condition is false Example The document REPORT contains RAIN amp COLD The weather is poor for the season If the data base contains RAIN TRUE and COLD TRUE the command PRINT REPORT lt cr gt will cause to be printed The weather is poor for the season c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 52 If the condition contains a syntax error then the text is skipped up to the closing bracket as if the condition were false THE PRINT COMMAND Once a report has been created you may print it with the command PRINT report_name lt cr gt The report name specified is opened and spooled to the printer as it is interpreted by the report generator Any required form feeds must be included in the report as
88. OMUX driver 4 8 Defining the alerts 4 9 CHAPTER FIVE DATABASE Database 5 1 Variables 5 1 Numeric Variables 5 2 Binary Variables 5 2 How to display the variables 5 2 Binary Inputs 5 3 Binary Outputs 5 4 Analog Inputs 5 4 Analog Outputs 5 6 Converters using other than 12 bit resolution 5 6 On screen editing 5 6 Starting a database on screen editing session 5 7 Special keys 5 7 Ending a database editing session 5 8 Valid entries 5 8 Database editing by commands 5 9 Controlling the variables 5 11 by command 5 12 by function key 5 12 on line calculator 5 13 the LET command 5 13 Override 3 14 The E column 3 14 CHAPTER SIX RULES General Definitions 6 1 How to define or edit a rule 6 3 How to remove a rule 6 4 Structure of the Expression 6 4 Table of Allowed Operators 6 5 Precedence of the Operations 6 6 How Operators are Used in Expressions 6 6 Arithmetic operators 6 6 Relational operators 6 7 Logical operators 6 8 Delay operators 6 8 Automatic reset time delay 6 9 Cumulative timer 6 9 Variable indexing 6 10 Integer 6 10 Fault handling 6 10 DEBUG feature 6 11 Case significance 6 11 Separators 6 11 The inference engine 6 11 Examples and Typical Applications 6 12 CHAPTER SEVEN SPECIAL CONTROL ALGORITHMS Loop control 7 1 Defining a loop 7 1 Displaying a loop 7 2 Velocity type PID loop control 7 2 Adaptive control applications 7 3 Cascading loop control applications 7 3 Cascading registers 7 3
89. ONTROL THE EXECUTION OF A TASK c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 79 The RUN command allows you to start execution of an inactive task or to resume execution of a suspended task The format of the command is RUN name lt cr gt Example RUN lt gt Note that F5 generates the command word RUN The initiated task will terminate spontaneously if it executes an END instruction or if it has no more instructions to execute When a task executes a HALT instruction it stops executing It remains suspended until you reactivate it by issuing another RUN command When re activated execution resumes with the instruction following the HALT You may suspend a task while it is executing with the HALT command The format of this command is HALT name lt cr gt Example HALT RAMP lt cr gt Note that lt F6 gt generates the command word HALT When a task receives a HALT command it suspends itself after completing the instruction currently being executed When re activated by a RUN command it resumes execution from where it left off If you suspend a task while it is executing a WAIT instruction it will continue its countdown which is part of the current instruction You may terminate execution of a task at any time with the END command The format of the command is END lt gt Example END RAMPx lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 80 This command will terminate the task immediately after the co
90. OR Overview 14 1 Imbedded Variables 14 1 Print on Condition 14 2 The PRINT command 14 3 Printing the knowledge base 14 3 Printing in progress flag 14 4 External Print Font Definition 14 4 Abort current print command 14 6 CHAPTER FIFTEEN COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE Introduction 15 1 Loading a RTES driver 15 2 Configuration files 15 3 Register index versus register number 15 4 Parameters 15 4 Baud rate 15 5 Time out constant 15 5 Modem support 15 6 Serial port and IRQ 15 6 Block enable option 15 7 Port failure 15 7 I O port address 15 7 Real Time clock refresh 15 8 I O assignment 15 8 Commonly used device drivers 15 11 15 11 PCLAB 15 11 SIXNET 15 13 OPTOMUX 15 16 Mitsubushi PLC 15 17 Allen Bradley PLC 15 18 MODICON PLC 15 20 OMRON PLC 15 21 Siemens PLC 15 22 Texas Instrument 500 Series 15 23 Protocol analyzer 15 25 Troubleshooting communication problems 15 25 Performance tips 15 27 Real Time Clock refresh 15 28 Network drivers 15 28 Host 15 29 Slave 15 30 Note re data in distributed systems 15 31 Using network drivers with other systems 15 31 RTES OPTOMUX network emulator 15 34 Using external code with RTES 15 36 Writing your own device driver 15 40 CHAPTER SIXTEEN HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS Overview 16 1 Screen resolution 16 2 Graphics commands 16 3 Syntax 16 4 Screen dump 16 7 Installation 16 9 Example 16 10 Get screen utility 16 11 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS Reserved vari
91. OR FUNCTION FREE Format FREE name lt cr gt or lt alt F gt name lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 151 Parameter name name of the variable evaluated by a rule or special function to be removed Example FREE TOTAL lt cr gt Any function RULE PID etc associated with TOTAL 15 erased from the knowledge base Access Level 2 Reference 6 4 7 9 LOAD A TASK FROM A DISK FILE FTASK Format FTASK name lt cr gt Parameter name Disk file containing the task listing First word in file is the name of the task to be created Example FTASK RAMP TXT The task in the text file RAMP TXT is added to the system Access Level 3 Reference 8 15 LOAD A VARIABLE DEFINITION FILE FTEXT Format name lt cr gt Parameter name Disk file containing the variable definition This file must have been created by directing to disk using DOC name the output of PI PO PA PY or PR c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 152 Example FTEXT VARS TXT Access Level 3 EXECUTE A BATCH FILE GET Format GET name lt cr gt Parameter name the path name of the file to be executed The batch file may be specified indirectly using a file array register Example GET TEST CMD lt cr gt GET RECIPE Access Level 0 Reference 13 1 SUSPEND EXECUTION OF A TASK HALT Format HALT lt gt or lt F6 gt name lt cr gt Parameter name name of the task to be suspended Example HALT RAMP lt cr gt Access Level 1 Referenc
92. P525 communication interface The serial port at the PLC must be set up for 8 data bits even parity 1 stop bit Each cluster is specified by 6 numbers FIRST QTY BLOCK OFFSET ALARM ENABLE FIRST Index of the first RTES variable of the cluster QTY The number of variables in the cluster maximum 16 BLOCK Block number in the PLC where the information will be read or written WORD Word offset within the block ALARM Index of the RTES register that will be set if a communication error occurs with this cluster 512 2047 The first 512 RTES registers are not allowed for this function ENABLE RTES communication enable register 1 2047 There are 4 categories of clusters I clusters receive bit information from the plc and place them WAS in the I variables clusters send bit information from the O variables to the plc clusters receive 12 bit integers from the plc words and use them as raw value for the A variables clusters send the raw values of the Y variables as 12 bit integers to the plc words c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 92 In the following Cx represents a cluster definition and p the number of clusters BINARY INPUT CLUSTERS C1 C2 C3 Cp BINARY OUTPUT CLUSTERS C1 C2 C3 Cp ANALOG INPUT CLUSTERS A p CLC2 C3 Cp ANALOG OUTPUT CLUSTERS Y p C1 C2 C3 Cp c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 93 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 500 SERIES The serial po
93. RAPH 75 250 lt cr gt VGRAPH This specifies that the variable is to be represented by a vertical bar graph The use of this type is similar to HGRAPH except that the display extends from bottom to top The maximum height is limited to the number of positions between the current cursor location and the top line line 5 Example LEVEL VGRAPH 10 100 lt cr gt Typing lt alt V gt generates the word VGRAPH BINARY This specification must be followed by two words from the following list OFF ON OPEN CLOSED NO YES FALSE TRUE NON OUI The first word will be displayed when the variable is false the second one when the variable is true The variable always occupies 6 character positions Unless the color parameter is specified the currently selected foreground color becomes part of the definition As it is not possible to select the color using F1 F2 F3 while defining the variable you should establish that color before you type lt Alt V gt Typing lt alt B gt generates the word BINARY LIST The LIST format associates the variable with a text array so that if the integer c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 9 value of the variable is n the variable is displayed as the nth element of the array The first element of the array is element 0 corresponding to 0 Each element of the array is a string of characters that you write in the text portion of the data base The name of the text array is the name of the variable that correspon
94. RTES database is a list of variables Every variable has a name a current value and a text The name and text are defined by the user These variables are an image of the process being controlled In addition RTES also has a knowledge base It consists of RULES that explain how to calculate the values of the variables under given circumstances These calculations are performed by a data driven inference engine When a variable changes any rule affected by that change is triggered The calculation described by the rule takes place and the result is assigned to the variable affected This may cause some other rules to be triggered But a calculation takes place only if the rule that describes it is triggered This process is called forward chaining c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 1 RTES creates its own multitasking environment that allows communication display inference engine etc to run concurrently RTES includes a built in data base and rule editor Development and maintenance of an application may take place while it is actually running that application This allows a more effective method of developing the application since you can test it and correct it as the process goes on Initially it would be wise however not to connect RTES to your process until you have validated the critical aspects of your operation To that effect RTES lets you simulate your process Using keyboard commands such as SET START STOP you may
95. SSAGE ACK D or CLEAR Logging of alert events may be switched on and off by controlling the status of DLOGS c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 36 operator command rule etc Logging also updates the variable DISK if it exists at program load time DISK CL contains the number of available clusters in the current disk or diskette thus informing you about the amount of storage room left Each cluster represents 1024 bytes of a floppy diskette 4096 bytes of a hard disk ALERT HISTORIAN RTES will store the last 500 alert events alert set alert clear This alert history may be called up on the screen with the command TRACE The events are shown in reverse chronological order the last event is at the top of the list When the screen shows the alert history the following keys have a special function lt PgUp gt and lt PgDn gt rolls the display as permitted by the green arrows at the top and bottom of the display lt Tab gt or Arrow Down selects the next alert on the page for recall of the alert extension file using lt Alt X gt lt Alt X gt displays the alert extension file name AEX corresponding to the currently selected alert lt Esc gt returns the screen to user pages The alert history may be printed with the command PAH As with the TRACE command the events are listed in reverse chronological order The RTES command PAH prints the content of the alert historian c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc
96. T RECENT SELECTED ALERT ACK Format ACK lt cr gt or lt F10 gt Acknowledge the selected alert or most recent ACK name lt cr gt ee the alert ACK line lt cr gt Acknpwledge the alert on line line ACK reg lt cr gt Acknowledge the alert on the line indicated by the value of reg Parameters name the name of a RTES variable line a constant integer between 4 and 20 reg the name of a RTES R variable Access Level 0 Reference 12 2 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 140 DISPLAY THE ALERT EXTENSION FILE FOR THE MOST RECENT SELECTED ALERT AEX Format AEX lt cr gt or lt Alt X gt Display the file for the selected alert or most recent alert AEX name lt cr gt Display the file for the alert name AEX line lt cr gt Display the file for the alert on line line AEX reg lt cr gt Display the file for the alert on the line indicated by the value of reg Parameters name the name of a RTES variable line a constant integer between 4 and 20 reg the name of a RTES R variable Access Level 0 Reference 12 6 Notes Alerts are selectable on the active alerts page LIST or the alert change of state historian page TRACE This command is for applications that use the mouse and the EXEC function to execute commands normally entered via the keyboard DEFINE AN ALERT STATE ALERT Format ALERT var s lt cr gt Parameters var variable name other than analog S 0 alert on FALSE state alert on TRUE state E chang
97. T will be TRUE if VALUE is greater than MAX or less than MIN otherwise it will be FALSE OUT VALUE gt MAXoVALUE lt MIN or OUT VALUE gt MAX VALUE lt MIN 3 Dead band The variable GO will become TRUE when VALUE is less than MIN and will remain TRUE until VALUE becomes greater than MAX at which time GO becomes FALSE GO GOoVALUE lt MIN an VALUE gt MAX or GO GO VALUE lt MIN amp VALUE gt MAX 4 Linear ramp c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 56 VALUE will go from MIN to MAX in 100 successive increments at intervals of time equal to PERIOD as long as INC is true This application requires more than one rule The following two rules cause F to oscillate between TRUE and FALSE at interval PERIOD as long as INC is TRUE and as long as VALUE has not reached MAX F FX d PERIOD 2 amp INC amp VALUE lt MAX FX Fd PERIOD 2 The following rule increments VALUE every time F changes from FALSE to TRUE VALUE INC VALUE F MAX MIN 100 5 Start Stop MOTOR a digital output is controlled by 2 digital inputs ST and SP MOTOR MOTOR ST amp SP 6 Two wire control Flip flop LIGHT is switched on then off every time P is momentarily TRUE LIGHT LIGHT amp P LIGHT amp P 7 Average Numeric variable AVR will contain the average of 3 variables T1 T2 and T3 AVR T1 T2 T3 3 8 Counting Numeric variable to TOTAL will count how many times the binary variable ONE turned from FALSE to TRUE Pulsing RST will zero TOTAL TOTAL
98. TASK The OPEN command allows you to open a task for editing The format of the command is OPEN lt gt Example OPEN lt gt The screen will then display the first 16 instructions of the task and the cursor will be positioned at the start of the first instruction You may then use the arrow keys to move the cursor around to the location where you want to make the change If the task contains more than 16 instructions pushing the cursor down causes the other instructions to appear Whenever you change an instruction you must press lt cr gt otherwise RTES simply ignores the change To leave the task edit mode you press lt Home gt TASK DIRECTIVES These are the directives that may be used in a task END Terminate the task GOTO Unconditional branch HALT Suspend execution of the task IF Branch if condition is true LET Assign a calculated value to a variable ONEND Define a label for task termination REM Introduce a line of text as a comment SET Assign a value to a numeric variable START Force a binary variable to TRUE STOP Force a binary value to FALSE TRACE Define an RTES register to track the task execution WAIT Suspend execution for a period of time X Execute the rest of the line as an operator command To reduce the amount of typing some command words are generated by function keys c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 74 F1 F2 generate START STOP and SET respe
99. THIRTEEN BATCH COMMAND FACILITY OVERVIEW A disk file may contain a series of operator commands to be executed sequentially on demand This is particularly handy when you want to set the values of certain parameters limits alert messages specific to some particular condition while retaining the rest of the knowledge base Such a file created ahead of time using a word processor or the NOTE command if it does not contain more than 15 lines or created automatically using the FILE and XFILE commands is called a batch file Each of these files has a unique file name and is executed by the command GET file lt gt GET variable_name The batch file name could be a path such as B SETUPI CMD thus extending the reach of the system beyond the current default directory When you use the GET command to retrieve the data back from disk the system opens the file named as the argument to the GET command and executes each line in the file as a command Batch command files can be used to update another site running the same application You could create a file containing the commands required and send it to the site on a floppy disk The user at the other site could then use the GET command to enter the new commands instead of entering them at the keyboard BATCH FILE FORMAT A batch file contains one command per line Each line follows the syntax appropriate to the command used For instance a batch file may contain NAMERI7A
100. TS INTEGER VALUE IN REGISTERS n 1 THRU 5 GMEM SEGMENT PUBLIC ASSUME CS GMEM DS GMEM OFSETS IN ROUTS INT 67H FUNCTION NUMBERS SETPT EQU 0 SET THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE GTVAL EQU 1 GET THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE FLOGCEQU 2 CONVERT OR 1 TO FLOATING POINT SEIRV EQU 3 SET THE RAW VALUE FOR ANALOGS ONLY ASTFP EQU 6 CONVERT AN ASCII STRING TO FLOATING POINT FLOAT EQU 7 CONVERT AN INTEGER TO FLOATING POINT FPTAS EQU 9 CONVERT A FLOATING POINT TO ASCII STRING GTIMSGEQU 10 GET THE TEXT MESSAGE OF A VARIABLE SVMSGEQU 11 SAVE THE TEXT MESSAGE OF A VARIABLE EQU 12 GET THE RAW VALUE FOR ANALOGS ONLY FELT VET VVL TEL TL LLL LB 1 110 BASE DW 65H POINT ID MASKS Y DB 00100000B A DB 01000000B DAS 1 DB 10000000B DB 10100000B R DB 11000000B DR PROG PROC FAR IN DX amp FPACO POINT ID IN AX STI RESTORE INTERRUPT CAPABILITIES PUSH AX MOV AX DX c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 67 CALL POP MOV NEXT INC AX MOV CALL LOOP IRET PROG ENDP BP FLOAT RTES INTEGER IN FLOATING POINT REGISTER AX POINT ID CX 5 COUNTER NEXT REGISTER BP SETPT RTES NEXT EXECUTE A ROUTINE FROM RTES RTES PROC PUSH POP INT PUSH POP RET RTES ENDP LAST B LABEL BYTE INSTL PROC FAR START SUB AX AX MOV MOV SHL SHL JNE MOV ES SI 2 CS CALL MOV ADD INT NEAR ES DS 67H CS DS ES AX ABSOLUTE ADDRESS SI CS BASE NUMBER
101. This feature is controlled by 2 variables named LOGGING and INTERVAL Recording takes place when the variable LOGGING is true and the interval in seconds between successive recordings is defined by the variable INTERVAL These two variables may be located anywhere in the data base and may be controlled manually by rules by time of day scheduling tasks or combinations of these methods The variables to be recorded are defined on line by editing a trend table This table is displayed by the command TREND Once it is displayed the EDIT mode allows you to enter modify or remove up to 40 variable names in the trend table TYPICAL SET UP A typical set up would go as follows Step 1 Type the command TREND lt cr gt The trend table content is displayed It may possibly be empty Step 2 Type the command EDIT lt cr gt or Alt E The cursor positions itself at the location of the first variable There are 4 columns of 10 variables each The lt Tab gt key allows you to move from one column to the next The Dn Arrow gt and Up Arrow gt keys allow you to move from line to line Step 3 Fill the table with the variable names you want to trend pressing lt cr gt after each name is typed Step 4 Press lt gt to exit the EDIT mode and return to command mode c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 28 Step 5 Define the variables LOGGING INTERVAL and EVENTS Since INTERVAL and INTERVAL must contain a number it is preferab
102. ULE AH7 Z7S amp AH7W Z7 T 75 00 amp Z7_T gt 70 00 Z3S Z6S Z8S Z11S RULE AH8 Z8S amp 8 28_7 gt 75 00 amp Z8_T gt 70 00 Z4S Z7S Z12S RULE AH9 Z9S amp AH9 Z9 T 75 00 amp Z9_T gt 70 00 Z5S Z10S c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 189 RULE AH10 Z10S amp AH10 Z10_T gt 75 00 amp Z10_T gt 70 00 Z6S Z9S Z11S RULE AH11 Z11S amp AH11 Z11_T gt 75 00 amp Z1 1_T gt 70 00 Z7S Z10S Z12S RULE 12 7125 121 712 T 75 00 amp 212 gt 70 00 78517115 RULE POWER POWER d5 00 RULE DR56 Z5S Z6S RULE DR78 Z7S Z8S RULE SD1 POWER amp RULE SD2 POWER amp RULE SD3 POWER amp RULE SD4 POWER amp RULE SD5 POWER amp RULE SD6 POWER amp RULE SD7 POWER amp Z7S d5 00 RULE SD8 POWER amp Z8S d5 00 RULE SD9 POWER amp Z9S d5 00 RULE SD10 POWER amp Z10S d5 00 RULE SD11 POWER amp Z11S d5 00 RULE SD12 POWER amp Z12S d5 00 Z1S d5 00 Z2S d5 00 Z3S d5 00 ZAS d5 00 Z5S d5 00 Z6S d5 00 Fo ao eg ne INITIAL VALUES SET Z1_T 70 SET Z2_T 70 SET Z3_T 70 SET Z4_T 70 SET Z5_T 70 SET Z6_T 70 SET Z7_T 70 SET Z8_T 70 SET Z9_T 70 SET Z10_T 70 SET Z11_T 70 SET Z12_T 70 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 190 RTES APPLICATION EXAMPLE BATCH HEATING Upon signal from the push button START an on off valve FILL opens and the liquid fills the tank until the level indicator LEVEL reaches MAX FILL closes HEAT starts and heats up the liquid until TEMP
103. UP gt and lt PGDN gt keys are active to scroll the records one at a time The PGUP and PGDN commands perform the same function c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 42 SELECTING AN ALERT LINE When alerts are displayed using the LIST or TRACE commands you may use the UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys to move a pointer gt along the left edge of the screen and select one the lines This marker selects the alert line as default for the ACK and AEX commands The SEL command does the same thing but provides more flexibility Using the SEL command SEL lt cr gt you simply select the next line If the last line was selected then the next line is the first line again You may also use the command SEL line lt cr gt line being a numeric that specifies the line number This command places the selection mark gt on the line you specified provided there is an alert line at that location The first line is line 4 the last one line 21 For example SEL 4 lt cr gt selects the 1st alert line You may also use the command SEL reg lt cr gt reg being the name of a RTES register whose value is the line number we want to select For example SET ALARM 4 lt cr gt SEL ALARM lt cr gt selects the 4th alert line on the screen Pressing the HOME key cancels current selection The HOME command also cancels any c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 43 current selection c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 44 CHAPTER
104. When the DEBUG feature is on the word DEBUG is displayed in the top right hand corner of the screen in front of the time CASE SIGNIFICANCE Since some lower case characters represent operators 1 o n d s t variable names must be typed using upper case characters only c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 54 SEPARATORS Since the operators provide a form of punctuation separators are not required but are acceptable Separators are spaces and commas THE INFERENCE ENGINE RTES uses a data driven also known as forward chaining inference engine This confers to your application some characteristics that are quite different from conventional computer programs Consider the following program in BASIC or FORTRAN A B C INPUT C INPUT B PRINT It will print 0 whatever value you entered for B and C because when A is calculated the values of B and C have not been established With RTES if A is a rule RULE A B C then A will be evaluated when you enter the rule evaluated again when you set the value of C and evaluated again when you set the value of B If A is displayed it will always reflect the value that results from application of the rule The order in which you have provided the information is not relevant In other words there is no program flow Your application will typically contain several hundreds of rules Only the ones that are affected by a change are triggered The other rules are non existent as
105. able RAIN is a binary variable Generally the symbols used would be an appropriate abbreviation contraction or other easily recognizable form of the facts they represent They constitute a mnemonic representation of the fact These symbols are called names Each variable is assigned a name Each variable name must be unique within the data base RTES allows the user to assign names to the variables These names must start with a letter of the alphabet A to Z must contain only letters numerals and the characters 4 and must not be longer than ten characters RTES will not allow a variable name to be used more than once in the same data base It is however possible to rename variables so that an already existing name can be freed for a new c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 28 use RTES takes care of its own cross referencing of variables If the name of a variable is changed all references to that variable in the rules the tasks and the user defined displays automatically assume the new name Variables are also referred to as points in this manual because they are normally associated with input points and output points found in the data acquisition and control system connected to RTES NUMERIC VARIABLES Numeric variables may represent a real number with a sign positive or negative an integer portion and a decimal portion The range of magnitude of a numeric variable is from 2 4E 78 to 7 2E 75 Numeric var
106. able names 17 1 Configuration file 17 3 User level 17 4 Machine type 17 4 Printer control 17 5 Example configuration file 17 5 System configuration Standard RTES 17 6 RTES OEM 17 7 RTES MAX Jumbo 17 8 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN RTES COMMANDS ARC BUILD CLS COLOR CONF COPY CTEXT DATE DEBUG DEC DEL DOC EDIT END ERASE EU EXEC EXT FILE FPD FREE FTASK FTEXT GET HALT HLP HOME ID L1 L2 L3 LA LET LINE LIST LOC LOOP NAME NOTE Display an analog input definition page Acknowledge the most recent alert Display an alert extension file Define an alert state Calculate the Arc Cosine Create a new customized display page Clear screen Fill an area of the screen Load in new configuration for RTES Copy a file Create a text from a template file Set the calendar Set on or off the dynamic expanded rule feature Set the default number of digits after the decimal point Delete a file Open Close disk file to substitute for printer Enter the edit mode Terminate an active task Remove a task from the system Define engineering unit Define name as a command list Associate name with external code Create a command file Dump a display page to disk Free a variable from being evaluated Load a task from a disk file Load a variable definition file Execute a command file Suspend execution of a task Display an extended help file Return to command mode Display a digital input de
107. after the last is the first and vice versa If the selected variable has been specified as bar graph highlighting is not possible Instead any text within the area occupied by the bar graph plus one more position beyond starts blinking Remember that you must type the under the bar graph area you specify the bar graph variable Once the variable is selected the lt F7 gt and F8 keys may be used to adjust the value If the variable is numeric lt F7 gt will decrease the value by 1 and lt F8 gt will increase the value by one Either key will invert the status if the variable is binary You may directly set the value of the selected variable You simply type the desired value and press lt gt to transfer that value to the selected variable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 40 ON LINE CALCULATOR FACILITY When a variable is selected on a variable definition page customized display page or a debugged rule an expression enclosed in brackets may be entered on the command line The value of the expression will be given to the variable The expression may contain constants operators and or variable names It uses the same syntax as the rules Example Q X43 Y THE LET COMMAND You may assign a value to a variable using an boolean arithmetic expression with the LET command The format is LET name expression LET name i index expression where i is the index operator and index is a constant or a variable that de
108. an 20 The equals or is true terminology is suggested by the format of the expression If the expression yields a numeric result then the left hand side of the rule equals the right hand side of the rule If the expression yields a false or true result binary then the left side of the rule is true if the right side of the rule is true false otherwise RTES does not put any restriction on what operations can be performed to yield a numeric or binary result A binary can be considered numeric in which case it represents the value 0 or 1 A numeric value can in turn be considered as binary in which case RTES looks at the integer portion of the variable only and applies the convention odd true and even false Rules are not applied in any specific order They all apply concurrently Since RTES has its knowledge base continuously on line it is constantly thinking rules can be defined to translate a dynamic situation Example no 3 Let us define the variables A and B and the rules A n B d2 A is true if B is not true for 2 seconds B A d 2 B is true if A is true for 2 seconds The above will result in A going true for 2 seconds then false for 2 seconds and so on B will turn momentarily true at the transitions The results deduced from rules may apply to other rules c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 44 Example no 4 If we add to example no 1 the numeric variables DEEP and VOLUME then the rule VOLUME AREA DEEP will
109. an ASCII 12 decimal The report name may consist of a path such as BSSUMMARY DOC so that it does not necessarily have to be in the default directory While a report is being composed any subsequent PRINT commands cannot be executed It causes the error message Task in progress to be displayed You may specify the pages of a report to be printed The format of the PRINT command to do so is PRINT report name first last lt cr gt Example PRINT PRODUCT REP 3 5 lt cr gt causes pages 3 to 5 of the report PRODUCT REP to be printed PRINTING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE The command summary details the P commands that control the printing of the variable definitions rules scheduled events and task listings The knowledge base print command requests are automatically queued by the system and executed in the order in which they have been received Up to 8 eight commands may be queued If the print queue is full and a knowledge base print command is received it causes the c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 53 error message Print queue full to be displayed When the system prints the knowledge base it automatically performs a form feed every 56 lines and prints an appropriate header at the top of the page The system also performs a form feed at the end of each print job You should position the paper and set the top of form prior to printing PRINTING IN PROGRESS FLAG If the register PRINTS exists the system will set it to 1 while
110. and run HOW TO CREATE A TASK The command TASK allows you to create a new task by name The format of the command is TASK lt gt Example TASK lt gt The name of the task may consist of letters numerals _ and may have up to ten characters Each task must have a different name Provided the name you picked is acceptable RTES creates the task and opens it for editing The work area of the screen is cleared and the cursor is positioned to accept the first instruction You may now type your new task Whenever you have completed typing an instruction you must press cr to tell RTES to check it You may use the editing keys to correct typing mistakes If you want to move from one instruction to another you may do so by using the up arrow and down arrow keys If you modify an instruction you must press lt cr gt to have it re checked otherwise the modification is not implemented If you press lt cr gt on a line that contains only a label the corresponding instruction is deleted if it existed The instructions you type do not necessarily have to be in the proper sequence RTES will arrange them in order of increasing labels Labels may be skipped to allow for easier insertions You may at any time leave the task editing mode by pressing Home You must then use the command OPEN to get back to it c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 73 HOW TO VIEW MODIFY AN EXISTING
111. ariable to be averaged Three registers TRIG F L are required to operate the shift Another three registers T TX D will make a flip flop to generate a trigger at an adjustable time period A register AV will contain the running average task that we will name FAKE will simulate that the variables is changing to generate some data In an actual situation the variable will be linked to actual analog inputs using rules We assume that you have started RTES 1 Define the variables To display a page of registers the second page type 2 lt cr gt To edit the registers type EDIT lt cr gt The white patch is in front of R0017 TRIG lt cr gt F lt cr gt L lt cr gt AO lt cr gt Al lt cr gt A2 lt cr gt A3 lt cr gt 4 lt gt 5 lt gt A6 lt cr gt 7 lt gt 8 lt gt 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 199 A9 lt cr gt 10 lt gt Press Pg Dn gt to go to the next page of registers The white patch will be at R0033 Type AV lt cr gt T lt cr gt TX lt cr gt D lt cr gt Press lt home gt to exit the editing 2 Define the flip flop Type RULE D 1 lt cr gt RULE T TX d D 2 lt cr gt RULE TX Td D 2 lt cr gt You will now see T go to the 0 once per second You may change the period by giving another value to D i e RULE D 10 lt cr gt 3 Define the shift register RULE 20 lt gt RULE L 11 lt cr gt This establishes w
112. ase contains c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 29 CURRENT A E MESSAGE pue R0012 EVENTS 0 00 EVENTI R0013 0 00 2 R0014 0 00 R0015 0 00 A EVENTA When EVENTS is equal to 0 RTES records the events in a file called EVENTI When EVENTS is equal to 3 RTES records the events in a file called EVENTA on drive a When EVENTS is equal to 4 RTES does not record the events in any file The value of EVENTS can be determined by the same means as any other variable i e rule task operator input etc OTHER SYSTEM INFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH LOGGING The following reserved register names will automatically be filled with the appropriate information when they exist You may assign these names to any registers and they will be recognized by the Real Time Expert System and updated every time logging takes place DISK CL Number of available clusters in current drive If using a floppy multiply by 1024 to obtain the number of bytes available If using a hard disk multiply by 4096 to obtain the number of bytes available LOG SIZE Number of characters contained in the events file ESTART MTH Month number 1 12 when the last logging session started ESTART DAY Day of the month when the last logging session started ESTART HR Hour of the day when the last logging session started ESTART_MN Minute when the last logging session started ELAST MTH Month number of the last logged data ELAST DAY Day o
113. ay that the area of a rectangle is the product of the length by the width or that if the temperature is lower than 18 degrees we must turn the heating on we apply RULES Those rules represent PROCEDURAL knowledge A collection of rules is called a KNOWLEDGE BASE RTES allows the representation of such rules as arithmetic and boolean logical expressions Rules represent the knowledge of the system The general format of a rule is RTES contains an inference engine that detects changes in the variables and automatically triggers the evaluation of the rules that are affected by the variables that have changed Whenever something changes in the expression on the right hand side the inference engine applies the rule described by the expression and assigns the result to the variable on the left hand side Example 1 If WIDE HIGH and AREA are three variables then the rule AREA WIDE HIGH will represent that the system knows how to calculate or deduce the area of a rectangle given its width and its height Whenever WIDE or HIGH changes the system will change AREA accordingly The above rule is read AREA equals WIDE times HIGH c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 43 Example no 2 If SUMMER TEMP and ACUNIT are defined variables then the rule ACUNIT SUMMER a gt 20 will represent that the system knows when the air conditioning unit should be on The above rule is read ACUNIT is true if SUMMER is true and TEMP is greater th
114. be FALSE The automatic reset time delay operates likes a pneumatic time delay relay When the input is maintained true for a preset period of time the output function operates Whenever the input changes from false to true the timing function starts all over again Example X Yd3 5 If Y is maintained true for 3 5 seconds then X is true If Y is false X is false If Y is true for any period less than 3 5 seconds Y is false Cumulative timer A r type delay is normally accompanied by a t operation The t operator is immediately followed by a binary operand The t operation returns the same value as that operand The r operator is cancelled out whenever the result of the t operation is TRUE The result of the r type delay operation is the logical TRUE if the trigger has been TRUE for periods of time totalling the specified duration Once the result of the r operation has been TRUE it remains so until a t operation associated with the same rule returns a TRUE result A operation will always return FALSE if the associated t operation returns TRUE The cumulative delay function operates like a motorized timer with a clutch As long as the clutch is engaged the motor runs when the timed input is true If the timed input turns false the motor stops running but keeps the current elapsed time and goes on from there when the timed input turns true again Regardless of how often the timed input switches off and on the
115. ber of the first register in the cascade and the quantity of c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc SET SHIFT 8 172 registers to cascade respectively transition from false to true of reg name the value of each register in the cascade is transferred to the next register Default If name only is entered the rest of the line is recalled and displayed Example SHIFT TIME TICK Access Level 2 Reference 7 3 DETERMINE THE MEMORY USED AND AVAILABLE SIZE Format SIZE lt cr gt The right hand side of the command line displays the number of words used by the tasks and rules and the number of words still available for tasks and rules Access Level 2 SET A VARIABLE TO 1 OR ON START Format START name lt cr gt lt 1 gt lt gt Parameter name the name of the variable to be controlled Example START PUMP lt cr gt Access Level 0 Reference 5 11 MAKE A TASK EXECUTE THE NEXT INSTRUCTION STEP c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 173 Format STEP task_name lt cr gt Parameter task name name of the task The task executes one statement and suspends itself Example STEP AVERAGE lt cr gt Access Level 2 Note The task must be inactive or suspended Reference 8 10 SET A VARIABLE TO 0 OR OFF STOP Format STOP name lt cr gt or lt F2 gt name lt cr gt Parameter name the name of the variable to be controlled Example STOP PUMP lt cr gt Access Level 0 Reference 5 11 ABORT PRINT STP Format STP lt
116. ble you should establish that color before you type lt Alt V gt Example TEMPI REAL 7 2 lt cr gt Typing lt alt R gt generates the word REAL HGRAPH This specifies that the variable is to be represented by a horizontal bar Two more numeric arguments must be used with this specification The first number set the total number of positions to be occupied by the variable Since this variable representation extends from left to right the maximum width is limited to the number of positions from the current cursor location to column 80 The second number represents the full scale value of the variable i e the value that will make the variable cover the total width c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 8 The full scale value is limited to 4095 The actual width of the display will be directly proportional to the value of the variable keeping in mind that the minimum resolution on the screen is one character width Overflow of the variable is not shown if the value increases beyond the defined full scale the display remains at the full scale Unless the color parameter is specified the currently selected foreground color becomes part of the definition As it is not possible to select the color using F1 F2 F3 while defining the variable you should establish that color before you type lt Alt V gt The display of a HGRAPH variable only affects the background color of the area covered it does not overwrite the foreground Example LEVEL HG
117. called HELP HLP and include in that file some general information about your own application When the lt Esc gt is pressed while no variable is selected the system will look for the file HELP HLP and display it If that file does not exist the system cause the error message No variable selected to appear CONTEXT DEPENDENT HELP FILES When a help file is displayed it follows the same rules as the report generator It is therefore c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 23 possible to make the content of a help file modify itself depending on the current situation Variables may be replaced by the current value or associated text paragraphs may be conditionally displayed However what appears on the screen cannot change dynamically MULTI SCREEN HELP FILES A help file may consist of several screens in which case it must be created using your own word processor but should only contain characters that are appropriate to a text file Formatting characters such as bold underline etc are not supported When the system encounters a help file that extends beyond 15 lines it allows you to display the next screen by typing any key or return to your work screen by typing lt Esc gt MOUSE SUPPORT To use the mouse interface you must load your mouse driver before starting RTES This driver comes with your mouse RTES CNF must contain U n nisthe index ofthe Ist of 9 registers Register n returns the pixel Y coordinate Registe
118. cause VOLUME to be equal to the volume of the object defined by the 3 dimensions As long as a variable has not been assigned a new value it assumes the current one Example no 5 If we add to example no 3 the numeric variable C then the rule C C A will cause C to increment every time A changes from 0 false to 1 true HOW TO DEFINE OR EDIT A RULE The key word RULE has a dual purpose If the key word is entered with a variable name followed by the equal sign RTES expects an expression after the equal sign This expression will constitute a new rule The RULE key word may also be used to examine a rule Simply enter RULE followed by the name of the rule RTES displays the corresponding rule if any The cursor automatically positions itself at the beginning of the line Pressing lt gt simply erases the command line when you want to clear the command line In either case once the rule is displayed it can be modified using the editing keys inserting and typing over then re entered The name preceding the equal sign identifies the rule Whenever a rule is entered it automatically replaces any previously defined one with the same identification If in the process of editing a rule the name preceding the equal sign is changed then the rule applies to the new identifier This feature can be used to clone a rule from a similar existing one c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 45 HOW TO REMOVE A RULE The FREE com
119. ce 9 6 DECREMENT THE SELECTED VARIABLE Format DECR lt cr gt Parameter none This command is for applications that use the mouse and the EXEC function to execute commands normally entered via the keyboard Access Level 0 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc DEC DECR 8 146 Reference DELETE A FILE DEL Format DEL file lt gt Parameter file name the path name to be deleted Deletes the specified file The file may be indirectly specified using a file array register Example DEL ALARMS lt cr gt The file ALARMS in the default directory is deleted DEL ARCHIVE lt cr gt path name defined by the file array ARCHIVE is deleted Access Level 0 OPEN CLOSE DISK FILE TO SUBSTITUTE FOR PRINTER DOC Format DOC name lt cr gt Parameter name name of disk file to act as printer output Default If name is not specified this commands closes the current file 1f any that was opened by a previous DOC name command The file may be indirectly specified using a file array register Example DOC REG TXT The file REG TXT in the default directory will substitute for the printer c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 147 until a DOC command is issued DOC FILE The path name specified by the file array FILE will substitute for the printer until DOC command is issued Access Level 3 ENTER THE EDIT MODE EDIT Format EDIT lt cr gt or lt alt E gt This command is valid only if the current
120. ck scheduler Analog inputs cannot be assigned an alert state Analog inputs may be used as operands in rules and tasks ANALOG OUTPUTS Analog output variables are normally connected to the control portion of the data acquisition subsystem They are interfaced with the outside world using an D A digital to analog converter that receives from RTES a number and converts it into a voltage applied to the equipment controlled A raw value of 0 to 4095 proportional to the analog output value is sent to the D A converter The proportion is calculated using the zero and full scale entered in the variable definition Analog outputs may be controlled using the point control commands and may be evaluated by rules Their values however are not permitted to cause the raw value to go below 0 or beyond 4095 They cannot be controlled by the clock scheduler Analog outputs cannot be assigned an alert state Analog outputs may be used as operands in rules and tasks CONVERTERS USING OTHER THAN 12 BIT RESOLUTION Some A D and D A converters use 14 or 16 bit resolution The device drivers for such interfaces use the R registers instead of the A and Y to transfer to raw value to and from RTES You may then define the rules to convert the input values to engineering units and to convert from engineering units to output values c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 33 ON SCREEN EDITING RTES includes a full screen database editor During an ed
121. contains the proper cluster definitions In the case where your RTES is a slave and the Host Slave network your configuration file should contain some clusters with block id s that are defined in the host s configuration file If you see data displayed in both normal and reverse video and the link is not operating point status values are wrong you would have to examine the data and determine whether it makes sense according to the communication protocol specified for that device For example if the data coming looks like garbage the device s physical characteristics may not be the same as what the driver expects Check the baud rate parity number of stop bits and number of data bits being used by the device Make any necessary changes in the configuration of the device and or configuration file If the physical characteristics are alright you may need to reduce the baud rate or increase the time out constant the T parameter In some cases you may be getting a NAK negative acknowledgement indicating that you are requesting information from or trying to write data to an invalid location on the device Check your configuration file The baud rate may be too high for the length of the cable or the type of environment It may be too noisy PERFORMANCE TIPS c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 97 Many factors can affect the performance of your communication type of computer number and type of I O points on the system the type of
122. cr gt Access Level 0 Note RTES ends the current print jobs and start the next one if any Any text that was already sent to the printer will continue printing c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 174 Reference 14 6 DISPLAY THE STATUS OF THE TASKS TASK Format TASK lt cr gt or lt Alt T gt Access Level 2 Reference 8 11 CREATE A TASK AND OPEN IT FOR EDITING TASK Format TASK name lt cr gt Parameter name name to be assigned to the task May be up to 10 characters from the set A Z 0 9 _ Example TASK CALC _AVGE lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 8 2 ASSIGN A TEXT DESCRIPTOR TO A VARIABLE TEXT Format TEXT name text lt cr gt or lt F9 gt name text lt cr gt Parameters name variable name to be assigned the text text up to 40 characters Example TEXT T_ALARM The temperature is too high lt cr gt Access Level 2 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 175 Reference 5 9 COPY A TEXT FROM ANOTHER VARIABLE TEXT Format TEXT dest source lt cr gt or lt F9 gt dest source lt cr gt Parameters dest destination variable name source source variable name Example TEXT EVENTS B lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 5 9 SET THE TIME OF DAY TIME Format TIME hh mm lt cr gt Parameters hh hour of the day 24 hour clock mm minute of the hour Note This command sets the DOS time Depending on your version of DOS this command may or may not be passed on to your hardware real time clock Example TIME 12 05 lt cr gt
123. creen reserved for the display and the system is ready for the preparation of that display Proceed as indicated in Editing a display HOW TO MODIFY A DISPLAY When a display already exists you may change it in EDIT mode Simply display the page using the PAGE command word followed by the display name This puts the selected page on the screen Example PAGE FORMI cr Then enter EDIT lt cr gt or simply lt alt E gt The system indicates on the top right hand corner of the screen what you are editing The cursor moves to the top left hand corner of the display line 4 column 1 You may now proceed with the editing THE DISPLAY EDITOR When editing a display each displayable character you type is echoed at the cursor location and the cursor moves one position to the right The cr key brings the cursor to the first column of the next line down You may move the cursor around within the display area by using the arrow keys up down left right The display area is from line 5 to line 22 and from column 1 to column 80 If you get to the end of the border the cursor does not move further There is no wrap around between lines The current cursor location line and column is indicated in the upper right hand corner The Insert Replace controlled by the Ins key as well as the Del and lt Backspace gt allow c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 4 you to do line editing The End key however is assigned a new fu
124. ctively The other command words obtained by holding the alt key and pressing the first letter of the word The following task directives are specifically for file handling APP Set record position to end of file ERROR Define a RTES register to report file handling errors GPOS Get current record position OPEN Define a set of files floating point ASCII format BOPEN Define a set of files 32 bit floating point binary format IOPEN Define a set of files 16 bit integer format POS Set record position READ Read a record WRITE Write a record SYNTAX An instruction must start with an integer label that identifies the position of the instruction in the sequence The label and therefore the number of instructions that a task may contain must not exceed the limit shown in Appendix B Configuration The next element must be a command word Then come the optional arguments The elements of the instruction must be separated by spaces or commas The formats of the instructions are label END lt cr gt label HALT lt cr gt label GOTO label lt cr gt label IF logical expression label lt cr gt label LET variable expression lt cr gt label REM text lt cr gt label ONEND label lt cr gt label SET numeric variable value lt cr gt label START binary variable cr label STOP binary lt gt label TRACE register lt gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 75 label WAIT time lt cr gt time
125. d be interfacing with PARAMETERS In addition to the I O assignment several parameters may be defined in the configuration files These are summarized blow c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 60 Serial type drivers baud rate time out constant modem support serial port address interrupt request line block enable option port failure Other drivers I O port address real time clock refresh time out constant If a parameter is missing in the configuration file a default value is assumed BAUD RATE B is the letter representing the baud rate parameter Examples B 300 B 9600 Baud rates may range from 150 to 38400 If your configuration file does not define a baud rate the default 19200 baud is assumed TIME OUT CONSTANT The time out constant defines how long you want RTES to wait for each character in the response from the attached device This time is in milliseconds is M 0 default in RTES CNF Time out constants may range from 1 to 64000 If your configuration file does not define a time out constant a default of 512 is assumed c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 61 Examples 300 32000 MODEM SUPPORT RTES serial drivers control the request to send RS232 signal It is turned high when sending data and turned low when not sending data This allows multidrop applications where several transmitters are wired in parallel and only one of them is enabled at any given time M is the letter representi
126. data acquisition hardware the status of a binary output is physically reflected by the status of the corresponding output point Binary outputs may be controlled by the point control commands evaluated by a rule or they may also be controlled by the clock scheduler and tasks Binary outputs may be assigned an alert state Binary outputs may be used as operands in rules and tasks The TRUE state of a binary output is represented by ON the FALSE state by OFF ANALOG INPUTS The values of analog inputs are normally established by the corresponding channels in the data acquisition subsystem using the evaluation method and parameters specified The data acquisition subsystem uses an A D analog to digital converter to pass on to RTES a number representing the signal connected to the analog channel This number the raw value is from 0 to 4095 RTES uses the raw value and the evaluation method defined for that variable to calculate the engineering value of the signal The evaluation method and parameters may be established by using the EDIT mode or database editing commands see Database Editing c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 31 The evaluation methods are L Linear E a b V Square root E atb sqr V D 100 Ohm RTD J J Type Thermocouple Type Thermocouple Thermocouple 5 S Type Thermocouple T T Type Thermocouple The parameters for L and R methods only are set by
127. deciding the zero reading and full scale reading in Engineering Units Example A load cell is connected to the channel corresponding to the analog input WEIGHT The engineering unit is Ibs The evaluation method is L linear the zero reading is set at 10 and the full scale reading is set at 350 An A D converter reading of 0 corresponds to 10 Ibs a reading of 4095 corresponds to 350 165 When the A D converter reads 500 RTES will calculate the value of WEIGHT in engineering units as 500 350 10 4095 10 51 514 Ibs The thermocouple conversion does not require any parameter since the correspondence between mV and temperature is established by an industry standard formula Note that it is always possible to convert the A D input to engineering units using a different method by defining a register and writing the rule that performs the conversion The engineering unit would then be the value of the register The value of an analog input may be forced using the point control commands If communication is taking place with the data acquisition subsystem then the value would return to the one set by the physical situation monitored The device driver s should not be installed during simulations so that the data acquisition c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 32 subsystem will not interfere Analog inputs cannot be evaluated arithmetically or logically They cannot be assigned a rule They cannot be controlled by the clo
128. device parallel vs serial number of devices being controlled or monitored baud rate at which the devices communicate communication protocol used distribution of devices etc One of the main indications of a performance problem is frequent communication alarms Quite often these communication alarms are due to the baud rate being too high for the type of line you use Reducing the baud rate will reduce the number of communication errors encountered Sometimes communication alarms will occur when the computer is too fast for the device and doesn t allow enough turn around time to receive the response from the device Increasing the time out constant will give the device more time to respond before RTES decides that the device is not responding This often happens when you network several RTES systems running on different speeds and or types of computer For example an AT host communicating with a XT slave will require a large larger time out constant If several devices are multi dropped on a single serial port you may notice a slow update time for individual points The scan time can often be reduced by distributing the devices to be scanned over two or three of the serial ports REAL TIME CLOCK REFRESH Serial Drivers If you are not using a PORTO driver you can install the program RTC EXE to obtain a Real Time Clock Refresh This driver reads periodically every minute the on board clock and refreshes the DOS clock It should only
129. display was not obtained by the LO R A Y or PAGE command other displays are write protected Access Level 2 Reference 5 7 9 2 TERMINATE AN ACTIVE TASK END Format END lt gt Parameter of the task to be terminated Example END lt gt Access Level 1 Reference 8 9 DELETE A TASK FROM THE SYSTEM ERASE Format ERASE name lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 148 Parameter namename of the task to be removed Example ERASE lt gt Access Level 2 Reference 8 11 ERASE ERROR MESSAGE ERMS Format ERMS lt cr gt Parameter none This command is for applications that use the mouse and the EXEC function to execute commands normally entered via the keyboard It erases any error message displayed by the system on line 23 of the screen DEFINE ENGINEERING UNIT EU Format EU name text lt cr gt Parameters namename of the analog point text engineering unit consisting of up to 3 characters Example EU TACH RPM lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 5 10 DEFINE A COMMAND LIST EXEC Format EXEC name expression lt cr gt Parameters name name of the register which is used as c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 149 index to a command list expression expression that determines the value of the index register The value of the index determines which command in the list is to be executed each time the value of the expression changes Example
130. ds the longest graph can only occupy 255 pixels wide or high The color parameter is used to specify both the foreground and background colors The least significant 4 bits in the number are used to specify the foreground color The next 4 bits are used to specify the background color Therefore when you want to specify a foreground background combination you must multiply the background color by 16 and add the foreground color to it For example to get white on bright blue the color value would have to be 151 16 9 7 TEXT Command The TEXT command is used to display static text on the screen The line and column values for the TEXT command may be constants or variables This command uses character coordinates The color parameter may also be a constant or a variable As in the VAR command the color parameter specifies both the foreground and background colors c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 120 SCROL Command The SCROL command is used to scroll a rectangular area of the screen one character to the left The parameters for the SCROL command may be constants or variables This command uses character coordinates The number of lines and number of columns parameters specify the size of the block in characters to be scrolled one character to the left A character occupies a block 8 pixels wide by 8 pixels high Example The following task will display the text of the variable LABEL in blue draw a green box around it and then c
131. ds to the first string element 0 The spec portion for this format consists of the number of elements in the array the name of the array and the number of characters that the text will occupy on the page The number of elements is a constant from 1 to 15 If you indicate 0 as the number of elements then the display system assumes that your array may contain any number of elements The maximum number of characters occupied is 40 since this is the maximum number of characters that the text area of the database can hold Example Say we have written in the database the following NAME CURRENT MESSAGE RO155 MODES 0 00 OFFLINE ROI56 0 00 AUTOMATIC OPERATION RO157 0 00 MANUAL OVERRIDE We have also defined the following variables NAME CURRENT MESSAGE R0111 MODE 0 00 d NAME CURRENT MESSAGE R0122 MOTOR OFF 0 00 d c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 10 We now in the display editor and define the following variable somewhere the screen MODE MOTOR OFF LIST 3 MODES 15 Depending on the value of MODE 0 1 or 2 the variable will be displayed as OFF LINE AUTOMATIC OPERA or MANUAL OVERRIDE The Tab or Arrow Up Down will allow you to select the variable MODE only if MOTOR OFF is true If you want the full word OPERATION to appear change the 15 to 19 in the definition You may assign a color to each of the elements of the array by preceding it with n i
132. e There are some exceptions though Since some lower case characters represent operators a 1 d s t RTES preserves the characters as typed in a line that may involve such operators This includes the RULE command and the IF and LET task instructions In such cases point names must be typed in upper case only SEPARATORS To allow proper interpretation of command lines the various elements arguments must be separated by one or more spaces or commas In the case of an arithmetic or boolean expression since the operators provide a form of punctuation separators are not required but are acceptable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 15 CHAPTER FOUR HOW TO DEVELOP A KNOWLEDGE BASE A TUTORIAL GETTING STARTED The Real Time Expert System RTES is contained in the executable file RTES COM on a low density 5 1 4 inch or 3 1 2 inch diskette If you have not yet installed RTES on your hard disk place your RTES diskette in drive A make an empty directory on your hard disk the default then type COPY A lt cr gt RTES lt cr gt When you exit from RTES the knowledge base files OLEX NAM OLEX PAG OLEX DAT and OLEX LNK will be stored in your working directory EXAMPLE APPLICATION Let s take the example of Controlling a room heater to demonstrate the process of developing a knowledge base The room heater should be turned on when the room temperature drops below a certain minimum temperature and remain on
133. e BUILD H_CONTROL lt xcr gt You are now in edit mode Move the cursor along the top line of display page area using the c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 20 Right Arrow key Notice that at the top of the page the cursor column location is updated as you move the cursor along When the cursor gets to column 30 type ROOM HEATER CONTROL That will be the title of our display page It forms part of the static information on the display Next we ll type the static message for the operator to enter the minimum temperature Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to line 10 column 5 Type Minimum Temperature Now we ll define the variable MIN to be displayed as an integer to the right of the message and that the operator may change its value Press lt Alt V gt At the bottom of the page a message will be displayed that tells the line and column where the variable is to be displayed The cursor will be positioned at the end of this message The define the variable MIN to be displayed as described above type MIN NUMBER lt cr gt The cursor will be returned to where it was before you pressed Alt V and there will be a white block 5 columns wide in that location Next we ll type the static message for the operator to enter the maximum temperature Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to line 11 column 5 Type Maximum Temperature Now we ll define the variable MAX to be displayed as an integer to the right of the message and
134. e col character column of leftmost or lowest position Constante or variable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 178 the name of the variable to be displayed spec display specification color color attribute Constante or variable The variable is dynamically updated Note The screen must be in pixel mode Equivalent to the VAR task directive This command may only be used by a task batch file or EXEC Access Level n a Reference 16 5 CREATE A BATCH FILE USING A SPECIFIC FORMAT FILE XFILE Format f file c_file lt cr gt Parameters f file name containing the format file f file FMT c file name of the destination file Creates a file containing a series of SET and TEXT commands affecting the variables listed in the format file You may specify the destination file indirectly using a file array register Example XFILE PRODUCT TOMI cr XFILE PRODUCT TYPES lt cr gt Access Level 0 Reference 13 3 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 179 DISPLAY DISK RESIDENT PAGE XP Format XP name lt cr gt Parameter name name of file previously created with a PD or FPD command name PIC Example XP EVENTS lt cr gt Access Level 0 Reference 9 18 DISPLAY AN ANALOG OUTPUT DEFINITION PAGE Y Format Y n lt cr gt Parameter n page number Default If n is omitted or too large the first page 1s displayed Note This command allows the subsequent use of lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt and of the ED
135. e 8 8 DISPLAY CONTEXT SENSITIVE HELP FILE HLP Format HLP lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 153 Display the user defined context sensitive help file associated with the currently selected variable Note The HLP command can only be executed from a batch file a task or an EXEC statement lt gt performs the same function while a user page is displayed Access Level n a Reference 9 19 RETURN TO COMMAND MODE HOME Format lt gt Ends editing session Cancels the selection of a variable on the screen Note The HOME command can only be executed from a batch file a task or an EXEC statement lt Home gt performs the same function Access Level n a Reference 9 13 DISPLAY A DIGITAL INPUT DEFINITION PAGE I Format I n lt cr gt Parameter n page number Default If omitted or too large the first page is displayed Note This command allows the subsequent use of lt PgDn gt and lt PgUp gt and of the EDIT command c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 154 Example 1 3 lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 5 2 GET THE RTES SERIAL NUMBER ID Format ID lt cr gt The serial number is displayed at the bottom of the screen Access Level 0 INCREMENT THE SELECTED VARIABLE INCR Format INCR lt cr gt Parameter none Note This command is for applications that use the mouse and the EXEC function to execute commands normally entered via the keyboard Access Level 0 Refer
136. e PAGE INFO lt cr gt Access Level 0 Reference 9 2 9 14 PRINT ALERT HISTORY PAH Format PAH lt cr gt The contents of the buffer is printed Access Level 0 Reference 12 5 DUMP A DISPLAY PAGE TO DISK PD Format PD lt cr gt Dump the current user dispay page in compressed format to a disk file The file name is composed of the display name with the extension Access Level 3 Reference 9 18 INSTALL PRINTER DEFINITION FILE PDEF Format PDEF lt gt Parameter name name of the printer definition file PDF extension is assumed Example PDEF EPSON lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 163 Access Level 0 Reference 14 4 PRINT THE KNOWLEDGE BASE Format lt gt RULEs and other functions are printed Access Level 1 Reference 14 3 NEXT PAGE Format PGDN lt cr gt Same as lt PgDn gt Access Level 0 PREVIOUS PAGE Format PGUP lt cr gt Same as lt PgUp gt Access Level 0 PRINT THE DIGITAL INPUT DEFINITIONS Format lt gt Access Level 1 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc PE PGDN PGUP PI 8 164 Reference 14 3 DEFINE A VELOCITY TYPE PID LOOP PID Format PID cv fb sp trig lt cr gt Parameters variable to be used as the control variable for the loop fb variable to be used as the feedback variable for the loop sp variable to be used as the set point variable for the loop trig an optional variable u
137. e interpreted as a color change It is also possible to a make variable accessible by the operator in which case it may be selected and changed by using the function keys Displays may also be enhanced by using the draw mode This feature allows the drawing of tables boxed titles etc to make the display more readable Customized displays may be used to present information to the user and or to allow data entry You may use the display generator while RTES is operating This means that you can modify or create displays as the need arises while your knowledge base is on line and while other tasks are running HOW TO CREATE A NEW DISPLAY To create a new display you must use the BUILD command word followed by the name you want to give to the new page This name may use any combination of letters and numerals and may contain up to 10 characters Example BUILD FORM 1 lt gt Will create a new page called FORM1 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 3 Each display must be assigned a unique name RTES will not allow display to be created with a name that has already been used for a display That name however may also identify other entities such as variables and tasks For example the display FORMI may be created if there 15 a register called FORMI in the current database but may not be created if there already is a display called FORMI When you enter a valid BUILD command the system clears the portion of the s
138. e maximum temperature be 25 Therefore type 25 lt cr gt The message The heater has been turned on should be displayed in green Because we have not yet connected the analog input to the physical device we can also adjust the room temperature Select the room temperature by pressing c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 23 Tab Then use lt 8 gt to adjust the temperature up one degree at a time Watch what happens to the heater When the temperature reaches 25 the message The heater is off will be displayed in red where the previous message was displayed Now use lt F7 gt to adjust the temperature down one degree at a time When the room temperature reaches 19 degrees the heater will come on again Now you may want to review the control strategy of the heater To review a rule you simply recall the rule by pressing lt gt followed by the variable name and cr In this case you will type lt Alt R gt HEATER lt cr gt Once the rule is displayed you can modify it and re enter it A rule goes into effect as soon as you enter or re enter it Therefore you can test any modifications immediately INTERFACING WITH THE REAL WORLD Now that you have tested your control system you can connect up the I O Subsystem Let s assume you have an Optomux system set up in the following manner connected to COMI at 9600 baud address of analog board is 255 position of temperature sensor on board is 0 address of digital board is
139. e name of the variable For example TEMP This is translated into the following batch command line SET name value where name is the variable name value 15 the current value of the variable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 48 To store the text associated with the variable simply write the name of the variable preceded by asterisk For example PRODUCT This is translated into the following batch command line TEXT name text where name is the variable name text 15 the text currently associated with the variable The batch filename may also be specified indirectly using a variable and a text array Using this method the formats of the FILE and XFILE commands are FILE variable or XFILE name variable where variable points to the beginning of the text array and contains the value of the index into the array The first word in each text message in the array is the name of the batch file The maximum value of the variable for indexing is 255 The FILE and GET or XFILE and GET mechanisms may be a used to transfer data and or results from one application to another One application stores the data using the FILE or XFILE command The other application then retrieves the data using the GET command Of course the names of the variables must be the same in each application The FILE and GET or XFILE and GET mechanisms may also be used to store and obtain the values used in various recipes in the same application DEFAULT FILE ARGU
140. e of a multi screen display c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 11 Pg Dn Display next page of a multi screen display Arrow up Select previous variable on screen for control Arrow down gt Select next variable on screen for control Tab Same as Arrow down Home Cancel selection of variable lt F7 gt Decrement or invert currently selected variable lt F8 gt Increment or invert currently selected variable lt gt Display extended help screen for selected variable or the default extended help screen if no variable is selected lt Alt X gt Display alert extension screen for selected alert condition Most command words are generated by a single keystroke If the command does not require an argument then the keystroke actually executes the command If an argument is required the command word is displayed followed by a space separator and the cursor is positioned where the rest of the command is to be typed in The following keys generate a command word lt alt A gt ALERT lt alt F gt FREE lt alt O gt OPEN lt alt R gt RULE lt alt S gt SCHED lt alt P gt PAGE lt 1 gt START lt F2 gt STOP lt F3 gt SET lt F4 gt PULSE lt F5 gt RUN lt F6 gt HALT lt F9 gt TEXT c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 12 The following keys cause the command word to be displayed and the command to be executed lt alt D gt DEBUG lt alt E gt EDIT lt alt L gt LIST lt alt T gt TASK lt
141. e of state logging N no alert state Example ALERT HIGH 1 lt gt An alert will be initiated 1f HIGH is TRUE c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 141 ALERT HIGH N lt cr gt The previously defined alert condition for HIGH is cancelled Access Level 2 Reference 5 10 12 2 CALCULATE THE ARC COSINE ARC Format ARC angle cos lt cr gt Parameters angle register that will receive the angle in radians cos register that contains the cosine Example ARC ARCOS RATIO lt cr gt Whenever RATIO changes its arc cosine will be placed in ARCOS Access Level 2 Reference 7 6 CREATE A CUSTOMIZED DISPLAY PAGE BUILD Format BUILD lt gt Parameter unique alphanumeric with a maximum of 10 characters from the set A Z 0 9 _ Example BUILD INFO lt cr gt A new display page named INFO is created and open for editing Access Level 2 Reference 9 1 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 142 CLEAR SCREEN CLS Format CLS lt cr gt The active portion of the screen is erased This command is mainly used in conjunction with the Ln and M monitoring commands to view new streams of data more comfortably Access Level 1 FILL AN AREA OF THE SCREEN COLOR Format COLOR line col color lt cr gt Parameters line the pixel line of a dot in the area to be filled col the pixel column of a dot in the area to be filled color the color to fill the area with The screen must be in pixel graphics mode All t
142. e selected pattern lt alt N gt Allow editing of the page Name The cursor returns to its original position on the screen when lt cr gt is pressed to enter the edited name or when lt Home gt is pressed in which case the old name is restored lt alt R gt Remove variable at current coordinates RTES displays the variable and requests to type lt C gt upper case for confirmation If any other key is pressed the command is ignored lt alt V gt Define or edit variable at current coordinates If a variable exists at the coordinates RTES displays its specification at the bottom of the screen and places the cursor so that editing of the variable may take place If there is no variable at the coordinates RTES allows you to define one During the variable definition sub mode some more special keys are active cr Enter variable If successful leave the variable definition sub mode lt Home gt Leave variable definition sub mode without change lt alt B gt Type out the word BINARY c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 14 lt alt L gt Type out the word LIST lt alt N gt Type out the word NUMBER lt alt R gt Type out the word REAL lt alt T gt Type out the word TEXT lt alt V gt Type out the word VGRAPH CASE SIGNIFICANCE Both upper and lower case characters are available Variable names must be upper case If lower case characters are used in a command as command word or argument RTES generally interprets them as upper cas
143. e specified by the data word received 07 READ EXCEPTION STATUS RTES responds with the value of the first 8 O registers O001 to O008 I5 FORCE MULTIPLE COILS RTES sets the specified O registers at the specified values 16 FORCE MULTIPLE REGISTERS RTES sets the specified R registers at the specified values 17 REPORT SLAVE ID c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 89 RTES returns two bytes Both FFhex This driver supports dial up modems c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 90 OMRON The serial port at the PLC must be set up for 7 data bits even parity 2 stop bits There are six types of clusters Read IR area I clusters to RTES I registers Read HR area G clusters to RTES R registers Read DM area A clusters to RTES R registers Write IR area O clusters from RTES O registers Write HR area S clusters from RTES R registers Write DM area Y clusters from RTES R registers Each cluster is defined as follows First Qty Station Register Alarm Enable First Ist RTES Registers Qty Number of register read written maximum 16 Station OMRON station number Register Ist register in the OMRON PLC Alarm RTES ALARM Register must be larger than 512 Enable RTES communication enable register 1 2047 Note 1 IR always transfer 16 1 bit registers Note 2 Write operations do not work in RUN mode c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 91 SIEMENS PLC This driver is compatible with the C
144. e used to create expressions within the expression For example 2 3 4 becomes 5 4 then 20 The brackets define the addition as an independent expression within which the rules of precedence apply The result of that expression is a new operand integrated into the overall calculation c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 46 With RTES brackets can be used and nested as required to produce the appropriate effect In some situations brackets could be redundant and may only help in clarifying the intent RTES will maintain the brackets as entered For example it does not cause any harm to write 2 3 4 There are other considerations to be kept in mind when writing a rule Certainly the succession of operands and operators must be valid the open and closed brackets must be paired etc These rules constitute proper syntax RTES will detect syntax errors and reject expressions containing such errors An error message as specific as it can possibly be will be issued in such cases Table of allowed operators Symbol Operation Key to produce the symbol 1 Arithmetic p Power p e Exponential i S Sine g c Cosine e l Logarithm base 10 26 X Logarithm natural T Y Square root lt Ctrl S gt prints as sqr Multiplication or lt Shift 8 gt Division n T Addition or lt Shift gt Subtraction or lt Hyphen gt 2 Relational Logical Equal gt Greater Than lt Shift dot gt lt Less Than lt Shift com
145. ecuted next c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 81 MISSING INSTRUCTIONS If a task is directed to execute an instruction by IF or GOTO and there is no instruction with the label specified it simply executes the next existing instruction after the missing one If none is found the task terminates Example 1 IF GO 5 3 1 The above task will loop continuously until the variable GO is TRUE At that time it will attempt to execute the instruction with the label 5 Since the last label used is 3 the task will terminate If there was an instruction with label greater than 5 it would gain control This is particularity important to consider when you are editing a task while it is still executing You may during the editing remove certain instructions or direct the task to an area where there is nothing more to do In the latter case the task will simply terminate In the former situation the task may execute certain statements that it would not normally had the modification been complete In such situations it is recommended to terminate the task make the changes then re activate it Of course there is no need for such precautions if the changes are not of a nature that will detrimentally alter the flow of execution It is perfectly feasible to change a constant for instance in a task while the task is running MONITORING TASK STATUS If the command word TASK is used without specifying a task name RTES provides a d
146. efinitions Print a report Print the content of line 4 to 20 of the screen Print all scheduled events Print a task listing Pulse an output or register Print the analog output definitions Display a register definition page Define analog input range Assign a new name to an existing task Display an existing rule Initiate or resume execution of a task Save revised files on disk Define Recall a scheduled event Set the value of a variable to a constant Define Recall a cascade of registers Display the memory used and available Set a variable to 1 or ON Make a task execute the next instruction Set a variable to 0 or OFF Abort current print command Display the status of the tasks Create a task and open it for editing Assign a text descriptor to a variable Copy a text from another variable Set the current time Display alarm history Display the trend table Display status of all tasks Display a text in pixel mode Define analog input conversion type 18 19 18 20 18 20 18 20 18 20 18 21 18 21 18 21 18 22 18 22 18 22 18 22 18 23 18 23 18 24 18 24 18 24 18 25 18 25 18 25 18 26 18 26 18 26 18 27 18 27 18 27 18 28 18 28 18 28 18 29 18 29 18 30 18 30 18 31 18 31 18 31 18 32 18 32 18 32 18 33 18 33 18 33 18 34 18 34 18 34 18 35 XFILE XP Display a variable in pixel mode Create a batch file Display an extended page Display an analog output definition page 18 35 18 36 18 36 18 37
147. egister DLOGSS exists when RTES is loaded its status will control the logging of the alert events When DLOGSS is true the alert events are appended to a disk file pointed to by the register LOGS If the register LOGS does not exist the alert events are not recorded to disk The name of the alert file is pointed to by the RTES register LOGS The register LOGS acts as an index to a family of files in the text area associated with the register The value of LOGS is used to select the file into which the events are recorded If the value of LOGS points to an empty text area or the register LOGS is not defined the events will not be recorded to disk Example The database contains R0012 LOG 0 00 ALARM ROO13 0 00 ALERT2 ROO14 0 00 ALERT3 ROO15 0 00 A ALARMS ROO16 0 00 When LOGS is equal to 0 RTES records the events in a file called ALARM1 When LOGS is equal to 3 RTES records the events in a file called ALARMS on drive a When LOGS is equal to 4 RTES does not record the events in any file The value of LOGS be determined by the same means as any other variable i e rule task operator input etc In order to use these registers you must define them see EDITING THE DATA BASE then exit the RTES and reload it so that the variable is seen upon program loading Each alert event logged in an alert file consists of the current date and time followed by the alert message then followed by the alert status ME
148. el LINE start line start column end line end column line thickness color lt cr gt label VAR line column variable specification lt cr gt label TEXT line column color text lt cr gt label SCROL top line left column number of lines number of columns cr label COLOR line column color lt cr gt GRAPH Command The GRAPH command places the screen in high resolution graphics mode If using the EGA driver this command will read the graphics display file PCX format 640 by 350 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 118 resolution pointed to by the display register into the video buffer area LINE Command The LINE command is used to draw a line between two specified pixels The start end line column values of the LINE command use the pixel coordinates These values may be variables or constants If the line or column values are less than the minimum or greater than the maximum RTES will only draw the line to the minimum or maximum values In the LINE command the line thickness value indicates how many line thicknesses the line will be For example the instruction LINE 10 0 199 639 3 COLOR will draw a diagonal line that is 3 times as thick as the diagonal line drawn by the instruction LINE 10 0 199 639 1 COLOR The same result can be generated by the following instructions LINE 10 0 199 639 1 COLOR LINE 11 02006391 COLOR LINE 12 0 202 639 1 COLOR The line thickness value must be a constant The color value indicates the color that
149. els the block enable option for that block and communication goes on as if the block enable register were always true PORT FAILURE E n specifies n as the index of a register that will be set to true when an error is detected at the serial port framing parity interrupt switched off If you do not specify E in the configuration file such errors are not reported I O PORT ADDRESS This only applies to drivers loaded on PORTO B is the letter representing the port address If your configuration file does not define a port address a default value will be assumed The default port addresses will vary with each type of device For example the default port address for PAMUX is 256 100H The port address is specified as a decimal number Example B 1024 for400hex REAL TIME CLOCK REFRESH This feature is only available for drivers loaded in PORTO You may use RTC EXE to perform this function if you are not using PORTO for interfacing R is the letter representing the real time clock refresh The default value is 0 indicating that no refresh from the real time clock is to occur or that there 15 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 64 real time clock in the system The value 1 allows the driver to get the current time from the real time Example R 1 I O ASSIGNMENT In addition to the above general characteristics parameters the configuration file must include a description of how RTES associates its variables with
150. en it is not active as a host To inhibit activity as a host you must not have any clusters defined in the PORTn CNF file or you must turn off the enable registers of all the clusters that are defined Under these conditions the driver may receive unsolicited messages from a host using a subset of the Modbus RTU protocol The Modbus commands supported are The configuration file PORTn CNF may include N id to specify the slave ID 1 to 255 Default is 255 This driver does not support broadcast commands The following commands are supported 01 REQUEST COIL STATUS c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 88 RTES responds with the status of the O registers specified in the command Coil 1 is 0001 2 is O002 etc 02 REQUEST INPUT STATUS RTES responds with the status of the I registers specified in the command Input 10001 is 1001 input 10002 is I002 etc 03 READ OUTPUT REGISTERS RTES responds with the numeric values signed integers of the R registers specified in the command Register 40001 is R0001 register 40002 is R0002 etc 04 READ INPUT REGISTERS RTES responds with the numeric raw values 0 to 4095 of the A registers specified in the command Register 30001 is A001 register 30002 15 A002 etc 05 FORCE SINGLE COIL RTES sets the specified O register at the value specified by the least significant bit of the first data byte received 06 PRESET SINGLE REGISTER RTES sets the specified R register at the valu
151. en press lt Alt E gt to go into the edit mode The name area of the first point will be highlighted To assign the name MIN to the first register and the name MAX to the second register type c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 19 MIN lt cr gt MAX lt cr gt Before we get out of edit mode let us define the text to be used to display the status of the heater in our display page in our user interface We ll define the following messages The heater is off The heater has been turned on The first message will be displayed in red when the heater is off The second message will be displayed in green when the heater is on First we will assign the name H MESSAGE so we reference these messages To do this type 55 lt gt Then we need to define the text messages in the array first message in the array is the one associated with the name Press Up Arrow gt lt Tab gt lt Tab gt to highlight the message area associated with H MESSAGE Then type M The heater is off lt cr gt V The heater has been turned on lt cr gt We have now finished assigning the point names and defining the text messages that will be used To get out of edit mode press Home BUILDING A DISPLAY PAGE We can now define the display page where the operator can enter the minimum and maximum temperatures for control and where the status of the heater is displayed We ll call the page H CONTROL To create the display page typ
152. ence TURN ON OFF THE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL MONITOR FOR PORTO LO Format LO lt cr gt Toggles on off the monitoring Access Level 0 Reference 15 25 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 155 Note Drivers associated with PORTO do not usually display the exchange of data between the computer and the device 1f any This commands is provided to make any driver on PORTO to identify itself TURN ON OFF THE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL MONITOR FOR PORT1 L1 Format Ll lt cr gt Toggles on off the monitoring Access Level 0 Reference 15 25 TURN ON OFF THE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL MONITOR FOR PORT2 L2 Format L2 lt cr gt Toggles on off the monitoring Access Level 0 Reference 15 25 TURN ON OFF THE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL MONITOR FOR PORT3 L3 Format L3 lt cr gt Toggles on off the monitoring Access Level 0 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 156 Reference 15 25 TURN ON OFF THE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL MONITOR FOR PORT4 L4 Format L4 lt cr gt Toggles on off the monitoring Access Level 0 Reference 15 25 ASSIGN A CALCULATED VALUE TO A VARIABLE LET Format LET name expression lt cr gt Parameters name name of the variable to be calculated expression a boolean arithmetic expression Example LET RATE A B C lt cr gt Access Level 0 Note This is different from a RULE since it does not create a permanent relationship between name and expression Reference 5 13 DRAW A LINE IN PIXEL MODE LINE Format
153. ension The external page command XP allows you to display a page previously saved on disk with the PD command without making it part of your current set of memory resident displays The format of the XP command is XP name lt cr gt where name is the page name without the PIC extension The PD and PL commands provide an effective way to export import pages from one RTES based system to another or to duplicate a page within the same system Simply copy the PIC files make sure that your target system contains the same variable names and load those files onto the new system You may also use PD and PL to re organize your displays RTES stores the memory image of the display pages in one file named OLEX PAG Dump all your displays using the PD command then exit RTES and delete OLEX PAG When you re start RTES it does not contain any displays You may now create the display pages using the build command in the order you want and load into these pages the original PIC files using the PL command The FPD command operates the same way as PD but saves the page in a format that is substantially faster to load with the PL or XP command The PD command stores the definitions of the variables in ASCII format so that the PIC file may edited with a word processor The FPD command saves the definition of the variables in internal binary mode RECALL OF LAST DISPLAY After you have displayed anything else besides a user defined page press lt
154. er QUANTITY Number of consecutive points channels in the cluster 1 TO 16 SITE Address on the modbus unit 0 255 POSITION Position of the first point channel on the MODBUS unit 0 64000 ALARM Index of the RTES register that will be set if a communication error occurs with this cluster 512 2047 The first 512 RTES registers are not allowed for this function ENABLE RTES communication enable register 1 2047 In the following C1 C2 Etc represent the cluster specifications an p is the number of clusters To define the binary input clusters from registers 40 to RTES registers C1 C2 C3 Cp To define the binary output clusters from RTES O registers to 40 registers O p C1 C2 C3 Cp To define the analog input clusters from 40xxx registers to RTES R registers G p C1 C2 C3 Cp To define the analog output clusters from RTES R registers to 40xxx registers S p C1 C2 C3 Cp To define the analog input clusters from 30xxx registers to RTES R registers A p 1 2 3 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 86 MODICON MODBUS RTU The serial port of the PLC must set at even parity 1 stop bit 8 data bits HOST OPERATION Each cluster is specified by 6 numbers FIRST QUANTITY SITE POSITION ALARM ENABLE FIRST First RTES point channel in the cluster QUANTITY Number of consecutive points channels in the cluster 1 TO 16 SITE Address on the modbus unit 0 255 POSITION
155. er words the statuses of channels 5 to 10 inclusive on OPTOMUX base 255 will be reflected in the RTES digital input points I4 to I9 Any communication problems will be flagged in RTES register R6 RTES will read this input cluster continuously since the enable register index is 0 PROTOCOL ANALYZER RTES has a built in protocol analyzer It displays on demand the data exchanged via the serial ports Each serial port can be accessed individually This protocol analyzer is toggled on and off with the Ln commands where n represents the driver PORT number L1 is used with the PORTI driver L2 is used with the PORT2 driver L3 with the PORT3 driver and LA with the PORTA driver You enter the command to turn the protocol analyzer on you enter the command again to turn it off c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 67 When the protocol analyzer is toggled on RTES displays the outgoing data in normal video white on black The incoming data is displayed in reverse video black on white Note that the Ln command only control the display The communication itself is not affected by these commands Also the protocol analyzers are automatically turned off whenever you use the CONF command This feature is very handy for debugging communication problems The Ln command also tells the device driver to display its identification on line 2 of the screen The LO command also makes the device driver installed on PORTO identify itself There is usually no pr
156. ers L 0 is the default setting For example if GPRINTER CNF is not found an Epson FX 80 type printer is assumed Other parameters may also be defined to allow the use of other types of printers capable of producing pixel graphics The following parameters may be used R append CR LF to the end of output string Format 0 1 0 CR LF to end of string default c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 122 for Epson 80 1 no do not append CR LF to end of string default for HP LaserJet IIT C convert binary number to ASCII string Format C 0 or 1 0 do not convert binary word to ASCII string Use a binary number to indicate the number of data bytes being sent default for Epson FX 80 1 yes convert binary word to ASCII string Use an ASCII string to indicate the number of data bytes being sent default for HP LaserJet S start graphics mode sequence Format 1 nis the number of bytes in the setup sequence B1 Bn are the decimal values of the ASCII bytes in the setup sequence For example the Epson FX 80 printer uses 6 93 27 51 24 The HP LaserJet III uses 5 17 27 69 27 38 108 49 79 27 42 114 48 70 27 42 114 48 65 E end graphics mode sequence return to text mode Format E n B1 Bn nis the number of bytes in the end sequence B1 Bn the decimal values of the ASCII bytes in the end sequence For example the Epson FX 80 printer uses E 2 27 64 The HP LaserJet III
157. ers are defined by 5 numbers FIRST QTY POS ALA ENABLE The A and Y clusters are defined by 6 numbers c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 94 FIRST QTY POS ALA ENABLE PAD The G and S clusters are defined by 6 numbers FIRST QTY POS ALA ENABLE TYPE FIRST is the Ist RTES register in the cluster index 0 to 2047 QTY is the number of variables to transfer For I and O blocks QTY is 1 to 16 bits For blocks QTY is 1 to 15 words 7 if real For Y and S blocks QTY is 1 to 7 words 3 if real POS isthe offset ofthe first V variable 0 to 1023 ALA is the RTES timeout alert register 0 to 2047 ENABLE is the RTES enable register 1 to 2047 or 0 for continuous scan TYPE is 0 for integer or 1 for real numbers floating point PAD is the number of rightmost bits that TI reserves and are not part of the analog value including the overrange flag See your TI manual for details This driver supports dial up modems c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 95 TROUBLESHOOTING COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS In case of difficulty with your communication you may find here some suggestions on various causes If RTES is not sending data it could be due to one of the following reasons 1 the CTS signal is expected M 1 and not present 2 there was no configuration file loaded 3 the configuration file did not have any clusters defined 4 all enable registers are off 5 an error was detected in the configuration file
158. ers receive integers from the A B PLC registers words and use them as value for the R variables Yclusters send the values of the R variables as integers to the A B PLC registers I and O cluster definitions consist of 6 numbers FIRST QUANTITY STATION WORD ALARM ENABLE A and Y cluster definitions consist of 7 numbers FIRST QUANTITY STATION WORD ALARM ENABLE TYPE FIRST Index of the first RTES point channel in the cluster 0 255 QUANTITY Number of consecutive points channels in the cluster 1 to 16 STATION station number selected at the PLC in decimal WORD Address of the first data word in decimal FOR DIGITAL I O S EACH 16 PLC WORD REPRESENTS UP TO 16 RTES POINTS THE LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT CORRESPONDS TO THE LOWEST NUMBERED c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 82 RTES POINT IN THE CLUSTER FOR ANALOG 5 EACH PLC WORD REPRESENTS AN RTES INPUT OR OUTPUT ONLY THE 12 LEAST SIGNIFICANT BITS ARE USED ALARM Index of the RTES register that will be set if a communication error occurs with this cluster 0 2047 ENABLE Index of any RTES enable register TYPE 0 for transferring decimal numbers 1 for transferring as AB counters BCD c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 83 PLC5 This driver operates in protocole with no parity 1 stop bit 8 data bits There are 6 types of clusters Iclusters receive data from a PLC word and place each bit of the word in a RTES I register The r
159. es to corresponfing line task cancels the flag to make it ready for request You may write a task using your own word processor and save it as a DOS text file The first line of that file must contain only the name of the task c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 86 You can import such files into RTES with the FTASK command For instance if the DOS text file T1 TXT contains AVERAGE 10 LET AV A1 A2 A3 3 12 WAIT 20 13 GOTO 10 When you execute the RTES command FTASK T1 TXT lt cr gt RTES will create a task called AVERAGE containing the 3 above lines The FTASK command should not be used when RTES is executing time critical activities since it puts the multitasking environment on hold while the file is read and interpreted REPORT GENERATOR WITH TASKS Two new directives have been added to the RTES tasks DOC and PRINT Although they basically perform the same functions as the RTES commands of the same name the way they operate is quite different The similarities are DOC filename opens creates a destination file to append text to c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 87 DOC opens creates a destination file pointed to by filename the text array variable filename DOC closes the destination file PRINT sends the text in filename source to the filename previously opened file via an interpreter that
160. esigns Inc 8 196 RO56 0 00 RO57 0 00 058 0 00 059 0 00 RO60 0 00 RO61 0 00 RO62 0 00 RO63 0 00 RO64 0 00 LISTING OF TASK RECORD 001 OPEN 1WMC 3 002 IF M1 M2 M3 002 003 IF M1 010 004 IF M2 020 005 IF M3 030 009 GOTO 002 010 SET WMC 0 00 011 APP 1 012 WRITE 1M1_X 013 IF M1 013 014 GOTO 002 020 SET WMC 1 00 021 APP 1 022 WRITE 1 2 023 IF M2 023 024 GOTO 002 030 SET WMC 2 00 031 APP 1 032 WRITE 1 033 IF M3 033 034 GOTO 002 LISTING OF TASK SQC 001 OPEN 2RMC 3 002 LET RMC 3 00 010 APP 2 011 GPOS 2READ POS 012 IF READ_POS lt 10 00 060 013 LET TX 0 00 014 LET TY 0 00 015 LET TZ 0 00 020 LET READ_POS READ_POS 10 00 021 LET SIZE 10 00 025 POS 2READ POS 027 READ 2X c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 197 030 LET TX TX X 031 LET TY TY Y 032 LET TZ TZ Z 035 LET SIZE SIZE 1 00 036 IF SIZE gt 0 00 027 040 LET TX TX 10 00 041 LET TY TY 10 00 042 LET TZ TZ 10 00 045 LET FLAGSIRMC TX lt 12 00 TY gt 25 00 TZ gt 13 50 060 LET RAC RMC 1 00 061 IF RMC gt 0 00 010 062 WAIT 10 00 063 GOTO 002 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 198 RTES Application example DATA AVERAGING This example is a step by step instruction to develop a system that maintains a running average of a variable over a time window We are going to define set of 11 registers AO A10 that will keep the current value and the 10 most recent values of the v
161. extension file associated with the alert displayed at the line number specified by the value of reg Once an alert extension file is displayed there is a difference between a short file that only occupies one screen and a longer file For a short file pressing any key returns you to the previous page c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 38 For a long file you must press the lt gt key to return to the previous display any other key displays the next page of the file If you reach the last page then pressing any key returns you to the previous screen If you are using the mouse to control the screen via EXEC statements then the AEX command gets you to the next page of the file if any The HOME command returns you to the previous screen CREATING AN ALERT EXTENSION SCREEN You can write your own alert extension files using your favorite word processor provided you save them on disk as DOS text files It is important to give this file the same name as the variable it is to be associated with followed by the extension The command NOTE allows you to enter up to 15 lines of text in a file e g NOTE MODE AEX lt cr gt The above command will create a disk file called MODE AEX It will erase the screen and allow you to type up to 15 lines of text During this creation session you may use the editing keys replace insert backspace arrow left arrow right delete The cr key moves you to the next line
162. f the month of the last logged data ELAST HR Hour of the day of the last logged data c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 30 ELAST MN Minute of the last logged data c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 31 CHAPTER TWELVE THE ALERT SYSTEM OVERVIEW The alert system provides a method to make the user aware of a specific situation regardless of what page is on the screen at the time To that effect a variable used as binary represents the condition we want to monitor and the text associated with that variable is the message we want to display We then tell the system if we want the alert condition to be on when the variable is false or true When the status of the variable matches the one defined as alert the message is displayed on the bottom line of the screen preceded by the variable name and followed by the flashing word MESSAGE Should several alert conditions exist simultaneously the bottom line will display the most recent alert message Alert messages may be acknowledged by the user When an alert is acknowledged it allows the next youngest unacknowledged message to occupy the bottom line Should all alerts be in the acknowledged state then the bottom line will continue to display the most recently acknowledged message When the condition that causes the alert no longer exists the alert is said to be CLEARed and does not compete any longer for the bottom line It is also possible to display the list of all active
163. f the variable point to be controlled hh mm Time of the event on 24hr clock action ON to start OFF to stop REMOVE to cancel this event Default If name only is specified any scheduled events associated with this variable are displayed Example SCHED COFFEE 10 15 ON lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 10 1 SELECT A VARIABLE OR AN ALART LINE SEL Format SEL lt cr gt selects the next variable or alert SEL name lt cr gt selects the variable or alert name SEL line lt cr gt selects the alert at the screen line specified SEL reg lt cr gt selects the alert at the screen line specified by the value of the variable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 171 Parameters Example Access Level Reference name name of the variable line a number between 4 and 21 reg the name of a RTES register SEL SET POINT cr 0 SET THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE TO A CONSTANT Format Parameters value Example Access Level Reference SET name value lt cr gt or lt F3 gt name value lt cr gt name name of the variable desired constant SET TOTAL 38 6 lt cr gt 0 5 11 DEFINE RECALL A CASCADE OF REGISTERS Format Parameters exp The two registers immediately following reg name in the list of registers SHIFT reg_name exp lt cr gt reg name the name of the register that causes the cascade to operate a boolean expression using the same syntax as a rule are assumed to contain the register num
164. far as the inference engine is concerned Consider the following RULE A B C RULE D E C RULE C X Y If B changes A is triggered If E changes D is triggered But if X or Y changes then C is triggered then if the value of C has changed A and D will be triggered Changes occur when a new value is received through the data acquisition interface A change c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 55 also occur because of an operator command a task a batch file that is being executed In any instance a change is extremely infrequent compared to speed at which the rules are evaluated In general the response time of your application will be dictated by the speed at which information is exchanged with the outside world Should this not be the case it would indicate that the computer that you are using is particularly slow for your application You may consider using a faster computer and or distributing your application over 2 or more networked computers see NETWORK DRIVERS EXAMPLES AND TYPICAL APPLICATIONS The following examples assume that the variables used have been previously defined using the data base editing facility of RTES 1 Establishing that a variable is between two limits The variable IN will be TRUE if VALUE is less than MAX and greater than MIN otherwise it will be FALSE IN VALUE lt MAXaVALUE gt MIN or IN VALUE lt MAX amp VALUE gt MIN 2 Establishing that a variable is outside of two limits The variable OU
165. fines an offset from the named variable Spaces have been typed for clarity they do not need to be present Example R0065A 0 00 RO066B 0 00 LET R0067C 0 00 yields 22 LET ROIO2X 1200 AiF X Y yields C 22 RO1IOY 10 00 RO202F 200 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 41 LET command is particularly useful when included in a batch file or used in connection with the EXEC facility see the chapter on Algorithms for further information OVERRIDE It should be noted that if the variable being controlled is otherwise evaluated by a rule or a task or is obtained from the data acquisition interface the actual value will override the one entered THE E COLUMN The column labelled E on the variable display pages indicates which function is associated with each of the variables The symbols used are c lank no function ARC arc cosine BITS convert decimal to bits SHIFT trigger for a shift register FDEC convert bits to decimal EXT external LOOP loop control PID PID loop control RULE Time of Day Scheduler EXEC command list 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 42 CHAPTER SIX RULES GENERAL DEFINITIONS When we say that the desk is 5 foot long or that the temperature is 18 degrees we state facts Those facts assign a value to a variable by virtue of an observation or a measurement The knowledge contained in those facts is DECLARATIVE On the other hand when we s
166. finition page Get the RTES serial number Turn On Off the protocol monitor for PORTI Turn On Off the protocol monitor for PORT2 Turn On Off the protocol monitor for PORT3 Turn On Off the protocol monitor for PORT4 Assign a calculated value to a variable Draw a line in pixel mode Display the current active alerts Locate a variable by name Define a loop Turn on off the inference engine monitor Assign a name to a variable Create edit a text file 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 2 18 2 18 3 18 3 18 3 18 4 18 4 18 4 18 5 18 6 18 6 18 6 18 7 18 8 18 8 18 8 18 9 18 9 18 9 18 10 18 11 18 11 18 11 18 12 18 12 18 13 18 13 18 13 18 14 18 14 18 14 18 15 18 15 18 15 18 15 18 16 18 17 18 17 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 OPEN PA PAGE PAGE PAH PD PDEF PE PGDN PGUP PI PID PL PO PR PRINT PRTSC PS PT PULSE PY RANGE RULE RUN SAVE SCHED SET SHIFT SIZE START STEP STOP STP TASK TASK TEXT TEXT TIME TRACE TREND TS TXT TYPE Display a digital output definition page Open a task for editing Print the analog input definitions Display the names of the display pages Display a page Print alarm history Dump a display page to disk Install printer definition file Print the rules currently in the knowledge base Next page Previous page Print the digital input definitions Define a velocity type PID loop Load a display page from disk Print the digital output definitions Print the register d
167. first line only contains the task name For instance LISTING OF AUTOEXEC should now be AUTOEXEC Save each Tn TXT file after editing as a DOS TEXT FILE 5 Using your word processor read 5 as a DOS TEXT FILE not a DOCUMENT 6 At the front of each point name insert SCHED lt space gt For instance if the S TXT file contains the following line 51 10 24 OFF it should now read SCHED S1 10 24 OFF c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 209 7 Save S TXT on disk as DOS TEXT FILE not a DOCUMENT LOADING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE IN YOUR NEW RTES 1 Start up your new target RTES 2 Type the RTES command FTEXT V TXT lt cr gt This command will load all the variable names and the texts associated with them While this operation is in progress the multitasking environment is suspended The cursor only returns to the beginning of the line when the operation is completed 3 Type the RTES command GET E TXT lt cr gt this command will load all the rules loop definitions and cascade definitions While this operation is in progress the word READING is displayed at the top left hand of the screen Wait for that indicator to disappear before going to the next step 4 Type the RTES command GET S TXT lt cr gt this command will load all the schedule definitions While this operation is in progress the word READING is displayed at the top left hand of the screen Wait for that indicator to disappear before going
168. formance The E parameter defines the id of an RTES register This Register is the first of a group of registers defined as follows TAYOUT ARCNET INTERFACE REGISTERS Rnnn TOKEN NO TOKEN SHOW MUST BE ON THEN Ln TO ACTIVATE BELOW RI RECEIVE INHIBIT POR POWER ON RESET RECON RECON FLAG TA TRANSMIT AVAILABLE TATMO TA TIME OUT MULTIPLE 3mS INPRO OF REQUESTS IN PROCESS ROVFL INPUT BUFFER OVERFLOW OCCURRENCE COUNTER OBUFC OF BYTES IN OUTPUT BUFFER DONE OF MESSAGES IN OUTPUT BUFFER IBUFC OF BYTES IN INPUT BUFFER PEND OF MESSAGES IN INPUT BUFFER Note E nnnn 1 The first register TOKEN indicates 1 if the ARCNET card does not receive the token after a period of time of 15 mS This situation may occur when the card is defective or when there is no other node on the network or there is another node with the same ID The second register SHOW tells the driver wether or not to update the other registers The value of this register is read on startup when you type the CONF command and when you type the Ln command If SHOW is 0 or any even number then the other registers RI to PEND are not updated and you may use them for any other purpose If SHOW is 1 or any odd number the RI to PEND registers are updated regularly by the ARCNET driver Names used are for illustration purposes You may use any names you want for these registers their function is not affected Example configuration file
169. from temperature sensing device is 0 volts In this example it would be the temperature reading when the input was 0 volts Let s assume it to be 45 degrees To define the zero value you press lt Tab gt to highlight the zero value area for the first analog point and then type 45 lt cr gt to define the zero value Next we need to define the full scale value In this example it would be the temperature reading when the output from the temperature sensor is 5 volts Let s assume the value to be 300 degrees To define the full scale value you press lt Up Arrow gt lt Tab gt to highlight the full scale value area for the first analog point and then type 300 lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 18 to define the full scale value We have finished defining the room temperature sensor To get out of edit mode and back to command mode press lt gt Next we can define the binary output point for turning the heater and off Type O lt cr gt to go to the first binary outputs page Then press lt Alt E gt to go into the edit mode The name area of the first point will be highlighted To assign the name HEATER to the first binary output point type HEATER lt cr gt Press lt Home gt to get out of edit mode and back to command mode Next we can define registers for the minimum and maximum temperatures between which the heater will operate Type R lt cr gt to go to the first registers page Th
170. g from and to engineering units The R variables act as analog they transmit or receive their integer portion from 0 to 4095 OPTOMUX commands supported Since many of the OPTOMUX brain board functions are not applicable to RTES OPTO_NET only handles a subset of the OPTOMUX command dictionary It basically performs the data transfer functions These are the commands supported c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 108 Command Function RTES response 1f differ from OPTOMUX Power up Reset Set turn around delay ACK but no action D Set watchdog delay ACK but no action F Identify module type G Configure positions H Configure as inputs T Configure as outputs y Write analog outputs Force digital outputs on 2 Analogs Read inputs Digitals Force outputs off M Analogs Read and average inputs same as 1 Digitals Read status 5 Update analog outputs Any other command causes OPTO NET to respond with a NAK NOTE REGARDING EXCHANGE OF DATA IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM When exchanging data between RTES nodes the blocks of data are not transferred in any specific order If your application must regard a set of data as one entity a data base record for instance it is important to transmit the whole set within the same block so that it is received as one block This would eliminate the possibility of some of the information to be associated with other pieces of information that form part of the previously t
171. gap in the line numbering if that gap exists To delete a line you must still unter the line number witthout anything after it INDEXING WITH THE LET TASK DIRECTIVE c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 76 The LET task directive allows the use of the indexing operator on the left hand side of the equate It must be followed by a variable name to be used as index The result of the expression on the right hand side of the equate is assigned to the variable that the left hand side points to using the base name and the value of the index Example LET XiJ A B If X is R0015 and J is equal to 10 the value A B is assigned to R0025 If J is equal to 0 then A B is assigned to R0015 FILE HANDLING Using tasks you may read and write disk based record oriented files The following task instructions allow you to define the files alter the read write position to the beginning of any record and exchange data between the RTES registers and the disk file The format of the data depends on the type of open statement used When using the OPEN statement the data in the disk file is kept in text format each number occupies 11 positions including two decimals The numbers are separated by commas Each record is terminated by a carriage return line feed Files created by this process are compatible with most spread sheets and commercial data base software When using the BOPEN statement the data in the disk file is kept in 32 bit binary format There
172. ght the sentence SELECTION MADE when DONE is true We place the cursor at the letter S and press lt alt V gt Note that the area to be highlighted is 14 characters long DONE HGRAPH 14 1 lt gt COLOR is a numeric variable It may evaluate to an integer between 0 and 9 A series of 10 consecutive registers starting at COLORS have the following texts associated with them BLACK BROWN RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE PURPLE GRAY WHITE The variable COLOR may now be specified as COLOR LIST 10 COLORS 6 lt cr gt The display will show the name of the color corresponding to the value of COLOR 0 black 1 brown etc PUMPSTAT is a variable assuming the values 4 or 2 The word PUMP appears on the screen at the coordinates where the following definition is entered PUMPSTAT HCA 4 lt cr gt You may then associate PUMPSTAT with another binary variable PUMP see RULES so that PUMPSTAT is 4 when PUMP is false and 2 when PUMP is true The word PUMP on the screen will then show red if PUMP is false and GREEN if PUMP is true LIST OF DISPLAY PAGES On startup of RTES the first customized display page is displayed and the first operator accessible variable is selected You may move from one display page to the next using the lt Pg Dn gt and lt Pg Up gt keys The order of the display pages is the order in which they are created c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 16 using the BUILD command The Pg Dn and Pg Up key functions
173. her text files for you own use such as a memo pad comments etc An appropriate file name extension is recommended to help you identify those files later on and distinguish them from the HLP files For instance IDEA MEM or c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 22 BUDGET CMT would be appropriate names USING THE EXTENDED HELP Help screens may only be displayed for variables that have been defined in a user page see Display Generator with the allow attribute When such a variable is selected using lt Tab gt Dn Arrow Up Arrow gt pressing lt Esc gt causes the note file with the same name as the variable to be read from disk and displayed You may then return to the original page and selected variable by pressing any key except Ctrl gt of course which would return control to the operating system If a file with the same name as the variable is not found the error message No help available on this subject is displayed at the error line Note that help files must be in the current default directory When using a batch file to display the extended help file you use the command HLP This is the method you would use when the operator station does not have a lt Esc gt key or when you want to use a function key to display the alert extension file The HLP command cannot be executed from the command line DEFAULT HELP FILE You may create using the NOTE command or your favorite word processor a file
174. here the shift registers start and how many there are SHIFT TRIG T lt cr gt This makes the register TRIG a trigger for the shift registers defined by the next 2 variables F and L 4 Make AV the arithmetic average of Al to 10 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 200 RULE AV A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A 10 10 lt cr gt 5 The FAKE task To define a new task type TASK FAKE lt cr gt Now type the task 1 SET AO 100 lt cr gt 2 WAIT 2 lt cr gt 3 LET 0 0 0 5 lt gt 4 IF A0 gt 0 2 lt cr gt 5 GOTO 1 lt gt Press lt Home gt to exit the task editing 6 Run the FAKE task To start the FAKE task type RUN FAKE lt x lt cr gt 7 Looking at the results The lt Pg Up gt and lt Pg Dn gt keys will allow you to flip between the register pages you have used You will notice that as the primary variable AO is changed by FAKE the previous values are pushed down the next ten registers every time TRIG changes from 0 to 1 Simultaneously AV reflects the average of the past 10 values c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 201 RTES Application example A DATA LOGGER This example is a step by step instruction to develop a small data logger We are going to define a set of 3 variables that will be recorded in a disk file at a regular adjustable interval The recording will be done by a task that we will name LOG A second task that we will name FAKE will simulate that one of the variab
175. hree parameters may be constants or variable names The area filled is the one enclosing the dot specified with the same color as the dot Note This command cannot be executed from the keyboard It may be part of a task or a batch file or it may be an EXEC statement Access Level n a Reference 16 7 REDO THE CONFIGURATION CONF c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 143 g Format CONF lt cr gt Cancels any parameters defined in the previous RTES CNF and PORTn CNF Implements the configuration defined by the new contents of the CNF files Initializes all the device drivers Note This may cause a communication error if the command is issued while a driver was receiving data from the device Unless the communication fault registers are re defined the error would clear by itself Access Level 3 COPY A FILE COPY Format COPY source dest lt cr gt Parameters source full path name of the file to be copied dest full path name of the destination file Copies the source file to the destination file If the destination file already exists it is deleted and a new one created Both source and destination may be indirectly specified using file array registers Example COPY EVENTS A EVENTS lt cr gt The file called EVENTs in the default directory is copied to drive A COPY EVENTS BACKUPS lt cr gt The path name specified by the array EVENTS is copied to the path name specified by the array BACKUPS c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc
176. iables are listed in the R pages for Register the A pages Analog Inputs and the Y pages Analog Outputs A numeric variable may be used as binary RTES considers its integer value only and applies the rule t even FALSE odd TRUE BINARY VARIABLES Binary variables can only assume the values FALSE or TRUE Arithmetically these values correspond to 0 and 1 respectively RTES uses the OFF ON terminology for binary outputs and the OPEN CLOSED terminology for binary inputs Binary variables are listed in the I pages Binary Inputs and the O pages Binary Outputs c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 29 HOW TO DISPLAY THE VARIABLES RTES internally identifies all variables with an index within each category LO R A Y The variables are kept in pages each containing 16 variables You display these pages by entering the letter corresponding to the desired category followed by the page number If the page number is omitted RTES displays the first page of that category Once page of variables is the screen the Pg Dn and Pg Up gt keys allow you to flip through the other pages within the same category Example R 3 lt cr gt causes the 3rd page of R variables to be displayed This shows variables R033 to R048 Pressing Pg Dn once will then cause the display of page 4 showing variables R049 to R064 The display shows the identifier number
177. ies of 4 numbers in decimal separated by commas spaces and or line feeds The first number is the ASCII value to be translated the other 3 numbers are the ASCII characters sent to the printer in place of the first one If a character is only translated into one or two characters the remaining numbers in the set must be 0 s Any text between a semicolon and the end of line is considered a comment Up to 255 translations may be accommodated Total 1020 numbers The file is loaded by the command FONT The format of the command is PDEF name lt cr gt Once a PDF file is loaded it entirely replaces the existing default translations The default character translation table is 09 09 0 0 HORIZONTAL TAB must be defined 12 12 0 0 FORM FEED must be defined 13 13 10 0 LF AFTER CR 242 103 116 101 243 108 116 101 251 115 113 114 130 101 8 39 131 97 8 94 136 101 8 94 133 97 8 96 138 101 8 96 greater than or equal less than or equal square root accent grave a circonflex e circonflex a accent accent c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 55 140 105 8 94 circonflex 141 105 8 96 accent 147 111 8 94 0 circonflex 149 111 8 96 accent 150 117 8 94 u circonflex 151 117 8 96 su accent 135 99 8 44 c cedille 128 67 8 44 C CEDILLE Any of the above if needed must be included in the user defined PDF file NOTE Any character with an ASCII value less than 32 or greater than 122 must
178. ightmost bit goes to the first register in the cluster Oclusters send the value of a series of up to 16 O registers as one word to the specified PLC word Aclusters receive the values of PLC words as 12 bit integers and uses them as raw values for the specified RTES A registers Yclusters send the raw values of the Y registers to PLC words Gclusters receive the values of PLC words as 16 bit integers and uses them as values for the specified RTES R registers Sclusters send the values of the R registers to PLC words as 16 bit integers Cluster definitions consist of 7 numbers FIRST QUANTITY STATION FILE NUMBER OFFSET ALARM ENABLE FIRST Index of the first RTES point channel in the cluster 0 255 QUANTITY Number of consecutive points channels in the cluster 1 to 16 STATION station number selected at the PLC in decimal FILE NUMBER The B file number to used for transfer OFFSET Offset within the file of the first data word in decimal ALARM Index of the RTES register that will be set if a communication error occurs with this cluster 0 2047 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 84 ENABLE Index ofthe RTES enable register This driver supports dial up modems c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 85 MODICON MODBUS PLUS Note you must load the SA85 driver as well as this driver Each cluster is specified by 6 numbers FIRST QUANTITY SITE POSITION ALARM ENABLE FIRST First RTES point channel in the clust
179. ign a name to it using the database editing facility Move the cursor to the location where you want to show the variable That position will be the left most or bottom position occupied by the dynamic value or status Press lt alt V gt This causes a prompt to appear at the bottom of the page The prompt VARIABLE AT LINE y COL x gt indicates the selected coordinates and waits for a variable specification You then type the variable definition using the following format name access type spec color lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 6 name 15 the name of the variable to be displayed access is an option that allows function key control typeis an identifier that selects the method of representation You may use BINARY NUMBER LZI REAL HGRAPH VGRAPH LIST TEXT VCA HCA spec is a further specification that varies with the type you have selected color specifies the color attribute to be used for display This parameter may be a constant or the name of a variable that will evaluate to the color attribute The color attribute is the decimal value of a binary mask that defines the foreground color background color intensity and blink Refer to the HCA VCA type below for the details of the relationship between the value of this attribute and the color it produces The only parameter that is necessary is name the others are optional as will be shown below and are defaulted 1f omitted If is not present
180. iguration files are built and provided the interconnection wiring allows it it would suffice to activate the enable registers at one of the nodes to make it the HOST The enable parameter can only be 0 at one of the nodes which would make that node the HOST You may define up to 255 blocks of each type Example Say we want the host to receive 8 register values from a slave and place them at R0009 to R0016 The host communicates to the slave s via its COM2 at 9600 baud Communication errors will set 0001 There is no enable register In PORT2 CNF we will have B 9600 I 1 8 8 6 0 0 0 Note that the block id has been chosen arbitrarily as 6 In order for a slave to respond it must have a block of the form O 1 32 8 6 0 20 0 In the above example whenever the host requests the values of the registers in block 6 it will c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 100 receive from this slave the values of the 8 registers at R0033 R0033 to R0040 The host will then place those values at R0009 to R0016 A host sends register values to a slave using a similar set up with the O block at the host and the corresponding I block at the slave This driver supports dial up modems USING THE NETWORK DRIVER TO COMMUNICATE WITH ANOTHER INTELLIGENT SYSTEM You may substitute the host driver with your own software program to make RTES communicate with other computer based systems The following description of the protocol used by the RTES h
181. ined a register array syntax is FDEC destination array n CR destination is the name of the R register to contain the resulting decimal number array is the name of the first I O or R register to be included in the calculation N is the number of register to include in the array 1 to 16 Example FDEC X STATUS 5 R0080 X 31 00 D R0095 STATUS 1 00 R0096 1 00 R0097 3 00 R0098 1 00 R0099 1 00 The BITS command breaks up a decimal number into a series of bits The syntax is BITS array source n cr array is name of the first of the n or registers that will be set or cleared Source is the R register that contains the decimal number to be decomposed N is the number of registers in the array Example BITS X1 VALUE 3 10016 CLOSED B 10018 X2 OPEN I0019 X3 CLOSED R0100 VALUE 5 00 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 70 Note that the bit value of register is derived from its positive integer value Odd is 1 and Even is 0 A negative value is 0 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 71 CHAPTER EIGHT TASKS OVERVIEW A task is a list of instructions An instruction generally consists of a number called the label followed by a key word called the command then followed by arguments such as a label variable name value expression etc Example SET UNIT 23 5 set the value of variable UNIT at 23 5 2 START FIRST force the value of FIRST t
182. intelligent Maybe this is what we want or need for practical reasons In this optic the Real Time Expert System is certainly headed in the right direction After all if a machine were to act exactly like an intelligent human being it might not be possible to get an answer from it when you asked a question In addition to reacting automatically to changes the Real Time Expert System exhibits many of the features generally associated with AI systems It is capable of performing symbolic computations it may represent variables as numerical as well as text strings it allows the use of sophisticated heuristic reasoning it includes the mechanisms for the solution of incompletely stated problems But the Real Time Expert System is not a programming language There is no such thing as compiling a program or linking modules or any activity traditionally associated with software development when using the Real Time Expert System It is therefore ideally suited for the development of expert control algorithms by non computer people and offers a high degree of friendliness to the end users with very little training We see the Real Time Expert System as a practical solution to the problems created by the ever increasing complexity of instrumentation and process controls RTES was first introduced in 1985 It has since saved millions of dollars to its users by offering a low system development costs and enhancing productivity We are sure that it
183. is transmitted as a 0 and odd number as a 1 When used as binary data only the integer part of a number is considered and negative numbers are considered 0 G and S blocks exchange full floating point numbers Each output block O or S in the host must have a corresponding input block I or G with the same length and the same id in one and only one of the slaves The general form of a block is register quantity id alarm enable type register is the first register index of the block where the data is to be transferred quantity is the number of registers to transfer Once the first register is established the quantity may make the block overlap on the next page The maximum number of register values that may be transferred is 16 per block c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 99 id is the identification number of the block Valid id s are 0 to 255 for each block type alarm is the index of the register to be set in case a communication error or time out occurs when this particular block is transferred enable is the index of the register that will control transmission type the type of RTES register type to transfer data to or from according to the following chart 0 R 1 2 O 3 A engineering unit 4 Y engineering unit 5 A raw value 6 Y raw value The alarm and enable parameters are only used by the HOST but are present for consistency in all configuration files The assumption is that once the conf
184. it so that the variables are seen upon program loading You may use these registers in rules tasks displays reports etc It is possible to overwrite the value of these registers using the SET command This could be useful to test your knowledge base However the system will eventually set them back to the current values if applicable RTES does not necessarily have to see all the registers It will use the ones it finds ACK RTES maintains this register to contain the quantity of acknowledged alerts ALARMS RTES maintains this register to contain the quantity of currently active alerts acknowledged and unacknowledged BL Defines text array for user help bottom left of screen BR Defines text array for user help bottom right of screen COSS Defines disk file for change of state logging CFn Defines array for lt Ctrl Fn gt key n 1 to 10 DCOS Controls output of change of states to disk file DISK CL Reports the number of available disk cluster in the default drive or the drive c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 129 defined by the V parameter RTES CNF DLOGS Controls output of alert events to disk file Fn Defines array for Fn key n 1 to 10 HCOS Controls output of change of states to historian INTERVAL Used by the trend recording facility LOG Defines disk file for alert event logging LABEL Defines text array for user page titles LOGGING Used by the trend recording facility PAGES Contains the display page number c
185. it Session 9 13 Examples 9 13 List of display pages 9 14 User defined screen title 9 15 User defined operator s instructions 9 16 User defined function keys 9 16 Control of operator accessible variables 9 17 Disk resident displays 9 18 Recall of last display 9 19 Extended help facility 9 19 Creating an extended help screen 9 20 Using the extended help 9 20 Default help file 9 2 Context dependent help files 9 21 Multi screen help files 9 2 CHAPTER TEN TIME OF DAY SCHEDULER Time of day scheduler 10 1 Defining a schedule event 10 1 Display scheduled events 10 1 Print scheduled events 10 2 CHAPTER ELEVEN TREND RECORDING Overview 11 1 Typical set up 11 1 Events file 11 2 Other system information associated with logging 11 3 CHAPTER TWELVE THE ALERT SYSTEM Overview 12 1 How to define an alert 12 1 Alert acknowledge 12 2 Alert status variables 12 3 Display current active alerts 12 3 Logging alert messages on the printer 12 3 Logging alerts on disk 12 4 Alert historian 12 5 Alert extension facility 12 6 Creating an alert extension screen 12 6 Using the alert extension 12 6 Context dependent alert extension files 12 7 Multi screen alert extension files 12 7 Change of state logger 12 7 CHAPTER THIRTEEN BATCH COMMAND FACILITY Overview 13 1 Batch file format 13 1 Batch file execution 13 2 Automatically created batch command files 13 3 name FMT file format 13 4 Default FILE argument 13 5 CHAPTER FOURTEEN REPORT GENERAT
186. iting session the cursor may be placed where the change or addition is to take place New characters may then be typed over or inserted and unwanted characters may be deleted The cr key is then pressed to indicate that a new piece of information is to be entered RTES then checks the new entry for validity If the new information is rejected an error message is displayed You may then correct your input or abandon in which case the original information is re instated This editing method is available for all the information associated with variables This includes names text messages alert states conversion factors and parameters for analog points You start an editing session with the EDIT command You end the editing session when you press the Home key When a change is made you may record it immediately on the disk with the SAVE command Otherwise then the change will be recorded on disk when the lt Ctrl gt and Home keys are pressed to terminate RTES It should be remembered that if the system shuts down abnormally because of a power failure or a re boot before the SAVE command is used the changes will be lost This also provides a way out if the changes made need to be discarded STARTING A DATABASE ON SCREEN EDITING SESSION Display a page containing the variable s to be edited using the database display commands O R etc Enter the EDIT command The format of this command is EDIT lt cr gt or l
187. kground 8 bright 128 blink To combine colors and or characteristics the above numbers must be added up accordingly For instance blinking yellow on white background would be obtained with a value of 2 4 16 32 64 128 246 If the sum formed does not contain any of foreground numbers then the foreground is black If it does not contain any of the background number then the background is black Blue green red yields white To illustrate the above a value of 7 is white on black 112 is reverse video controls the color attribute of a specified number of lines on a row according to the value of the variable VCA must be followed by a positive integer indicating the number of rows The positive integer value of the variable is interpreted as a color in the same way as for the HCA ERROR CONDITIONS If an error is detected in the variable specification an appropriate message is displayed and more editing is allowed If the specification is valid then the system returns to page editing You may also return to page editing without entering the specification by pressing lt Home gt or by pressing lt cr gt with the cursor in the left most position of the displayed specification immediately after the prompt gt MODIFYING A VARIABLE SPECIFICATION It is often necessary to change the specification of a variable that has been placed on a display It is also useful to know what the specification is without necessarily
188. le the resolution is 340 by 720 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 116 Character Coordinates When using the CGA EGA or graphics adapter cards commands that use character coordinates have minimum line and column values of 0 Line 0 is the uppermost or top line of the display Column 0 is the leftmost column of the display The maximum line value depends on the number of pixel lines used for character The maximum column value is 80 Column 80 is the right most line of the display area CGA characters are 8 pixel lines high Therefore the maximum character line is 24 HGA characters are 12 pixel lines high Therefore the maximum line value when using the Hercules graphics adapter cards is 28 EGA and VGA character height depends on the video mode or vertical resolution The table below shows the lines per character for the various vertical resolutions available Vertical Resolution Number of lines per character 200 8 350 12 480 16 Reserved Areas of the Screen As with the customised display pages certain portions of the screen are reserved for RTES system information The reserved areas are the top System title and time of day line and bottom Alert message line These areas are not useable by the graphics commands When using the CGA driver character coordinate lines 0 and 24 are not usable Usable pixel coordinate lines are 8 to 191 When using the EGA driver character coordinate lines 0 and 24 are not usable Usable
189. le n at the current read write position After completion of the write operation the read write position is automatically at the beginning of the next record You may keep track of it by executing a GPOS after executing the WRITE label READ n reg lt gt reads the values of the consecutive registers 1 is defined by the OPEN statement starting at reg name from file n at the current read write position After completion of the read operation the read write position is automatically at the beginning of the next record You may keep track of it by executing a GPOS after executing the WRITE NOTES A series of consecutive read write operations automatically access file n sequentially since the read write position is incremented after each operation There is no close statement RTES closes the file in the DOS sense after every file access If you re use a file number n in another open statement within the same task or within a different task the new file specification takes effect and replaces the previous one A family of files defined by an open statement in a task may be used by other tasks The same files may be referenced by several open statements of the same type under different file numbers For each family of files a separate read write position is maintained An example of how to use these file handling capabilities is described in the application notes at the end of this manual HOW TO C
190. le to use registers for all three Step 6 Define an interval in seconds For instance SET INTERVAL 30 lt cr gt or RULE INTER VAL 60 lt cr gt Step 7 Define a filename for the events file in the text area of the register EVENTS Step 8 Initiate recording by making LOGGING true For instance START LOGGING lt cr gt The system will now create or open for appending if it already exists the events file in the current directory and write to it a header consisting of the date time and variable names being logged Then at the interval of time defined the values of the variables preceded by the current time are recorded Step 9 You may end recording by making LOGGING false For instance STOP LOGGING lt cr gt When ending a logging session the systems writes to the events file the date and time when logging ended EVENTS FILE The events file is a text file Headings are enclosed in quote marks and values are in decimal format with leading zeros suppressed It is compatible with most popular spread sheets as imported data The name of the events file is pointed to by the RTES register EVENTS The register EVENT acts as an index to a family of files in the text area associated with the register The value of EVENTS is used to select the file into which the events are recorded If the value of EVENT points to an empty text area or the register EVENTS is not defined the events will not be recorded to disk Example The datab
191. left gt Move the cursor one position to the left Arrow right gt Move the cursor one position to the right End Move cursor to the end of the line or to the beginning if it was at the end This feature may be used to effectively reduce the amount of typing required to operate RTES For instance a previous command line may be modified into a new command by changing a few characters FUNCTION KEYS Some keystrokes perform specific functions These include the labelled keys and other character keys used in conjunction with the alt in lieu of shift Most of these functions will vary depending on what is executed at the time Function keys F1 to lt F10 gt may be re assigned to execute various user defined functions while a user defined page is displayed See the chapter on user interface customization for details The following keys are active at all times lt alt H gt Display the on line help lt ctrl Home gt Write changes to disk and return to operating system lt Prt Se gt Print active portion of the screen lines 4 to 20 RTES is normally in command mode unless editing of some sort is performed The command mode is characterized by the cursor being located on the second line of the screen In this mode the following function keys are defined lt gt End of input Erase everything to the right of the cursor and submit the type line command to the command interpreter Pg Up Display previous pag
192. les is changing to generate some data In an actual situation the set of variables may be linked to analog inputs using rules The file produced can be imported into spreadsheet programs We assume that you have started RTES 1 Define the variables To display a page of registers type R lt CR gt To edit the registers type EDIT lt CR gt The white patch is in front of R0001 Type Vi1 lt cr gt V2 lt cr gt V3 lt cr gt Press the lt arrow down gt 4 times to leave some room then type FILE lt cr gt NREC lt cr gt DELAY lt cr gt Press the lt arrow up gt 3 times to bring the patch to FILE then press the lt Tab gt key twice to move to the text area then type the file name c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 202 DATA PRN lt cr gt DATA PRN must be on the same line as FILE Press lt home gt to exit the editing 2 The LOG task To define a new task type TASK LOG lt cr gt Now type the task 1 OPEN 1 FILE 3 lt cr gt 2 WAIT DELAY lt cr gt 3 WRITE 1 Vi lt cr gt 4 GPOS 1 NREC lt cr gt 5 IF NREC lt 100 2 lt cr gt 6 END lt cr gt Press lt Home gt to exit the task editing 3 The FAKE task To define a new task type TASK FAKE lt cr gt Now type the task 1 SET V1 100 lt cr gt 2 WAIT 2 lt cr gt 3 LET V1 V1 0 5 lt cr gt 4 IF V1 gt 0 2 lt cr gt 5 GOTO I lt cr gt Press lt Home gt to exit the task editing 4 Define DELAY c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 203
193. ll the elements of the loop in a single dynamic display ADAPTIVE CONTROL APPLICATIONS Since the loop tuning parameters as well as the error s and the manual auto switch are registers their values may be used in rules tasks and batch command files In particular rules may be devised to continuously recalculate in real time the values of the loop coefficients so that the loop is controlled optimally throughout the operating range of the controlled variable This allows you to automatically adapt the loop tuning parameters to various operating conditions You might also want to use the Manual Auto register to prevent loop operation beyond a certain range Make sure however that you have a way to regain control of the loop once the operation is within the range CASCADING LOOP CONTROL APPLICATIONS In order to cascade loops you simply have to express using a rule or a task the set point ofa loop as a function of the output of another loop c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 62 CASCADING REGISTERS SHIFT REGISTERS It is often useful to treat a series of variables as a block where upon occurrence of a certain event the values are shifted from one variable to the next For instance it may be necessary to keep track of consecutive values of the same variable at different times RTES provides this facility by allowing the definition of cascading registers The block of registers involved in the cascade is established by identifyi
194. lue of a variable 1 GTVAL getthe value of a variable 6 ASTFP convertan ascii string to floating point 7 FLOAT convertan integer to floating point 9 floating point to ascii string It is convenient to establish the following equates in your program to improve readability SETPTEQU 0 GTVAL EQU 1 ASTFPEQU 6 FLOAT EQU 7 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 111 FPTASEQU 9 4 Point identification RTES recognizes 5 types of variables Within each type the variables are numbered starting from zero index The 3 most significant bits identify which variable type is referred to Var type Mask high byte Y 00100000B A 01000000B I 10000000B O 10100000B R 11000000B For instance the register R0006 is identified as 005 5 Floating Point register A 32 bit floating point register is reserved to communicate via INT 67H You interface with it by using FLOAT ASTFP or FPTAS When converting to and from ASCII you must use a buffer situated in the data segment that RTES uses when it enters your driver The address of such buffer is located for your convenience at offset 0 of a table pointed to by SI This buffer is 80 byte long This is how you access this buffer DS is the original data segment Free DS for your own use PUSH DS POP ES Get a buffer in the RTES data segment MOV BX ES SI Store character AL in this buffer MOV ES BX AL INC BX c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc
195. ma gt gt Greater Than Or Equal lt Ctrl G gt prints as gte lt Less Than Or Equal lt Ctrl L gt prints as 3 Logical orn Logical NOT apostrophe or n X is equivalent to nX amp ora Logical AND lt Shift 7 gt or a X amp Y is equivalent to XaY Logical OR lt Shift 1 gt or o c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 47 is equivalent to XoY 4 Delays d Auto reset Cumulative r t Terminate 8 48 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 5 Miscellaneous m Largest positive integer m 1 Index a Open bracket me Close bracket m PRECEDENCE OF THE OPERATIONS RTES performs the operations in the decreasing order of precedence shown in the table below Index Power and Exponential Sine and Cosine Logarithm base 10 and natural Integer Square root Multiplication Division Addition Subtraction Relational Logical Not Delay Logical And Logical Or HOW OPERATORS ARE USED IN EXPRESSIONS Arithmetic operators The power operator returns the value of the operand or expression immediately preceding the p raised to the power of the operand or expression immediately following the p For example the expression 2p3 yields the value 8 which is equal to 2 raised to the power 3 If you do not have a math coprocessor the power must be an integer value c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 49 The exponential operator returns the exponential of the operand or expression immediately
196. making a change to it c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 13 such cases you may place the cursor at the starting coordinates of a variable This is the left most or bottom position of the highlighted area showing the position occupied by the variable Once at that position press lt alt V gt and the system will display the prompt as well as the variable specification as entered or as defaulted by the system when the specification made use of default parameters Once the line is displayed it may be edited just like a command line The revised line must be re entered by pressing cr Note that any characters at the right of the cursor when cr is pressed are ignored Therefore if the middle of the line only has been changed make sure you bring the cursor to the end of the line by using the arrow right or End key before pressing lt cr gt If an error is detected in the revised specification the original is not erased and more editing is allowed If the new specification is valid then it replaces the previous one and the system returns to page editing You may also return to page editing by pressing Home or by pressing cr with the cursor in the left most position of the displayed specification SPACE RESTRICTIONS Variables are not allowed to share the same area of the screen Once a variable has been specified to occupy a certain area on the page if another variable is specified that would overlap with a previ
197. mand is used to delete an existing rule from the knowledge base The format of the command is FREE name lt cr gt or lt AIt F gt name lt cr gt where name is the name of the variable currently evaluated by the rule to be removed STRUCTURE OF THE EXPRESSION The expressions consist of operands variables and constants and operators arranged so that the operations are performed in a specific order on the operands to yield a result Most operators require two operands etc some only require one operand not square root etc In a string of operations the result of a previous operation becomes an operand for the next one For example 2 3 4 becomes 6 4 then 24 In order to simplify the notation certain operations are performed before others It is said that some operators have precedence over others For example 2 3 4 becomes 2 12 then 14 In this case the multiplication is performed before the addition although it is physically located after The operator has precedence over the operator Such rules of precedence are mostly governed by common usage For instance we all learned in Grammar School that arithmetic operations are done in the order multiplication division addition subtraction My Dear Aunt Sally RTES follows the same conventions but extends them to more operator types Whenever the operations need to be performed in a different order than the one dictated by the rules of precedence brackets ar
198. most recent value of TEMP RULE TO TEMP At every transition of TX from false to true the value of T5 will be replaced by that of T4 T4 by T3 etc It is therefore possible to refer to the variables T1 to 5 as the previous values of TEMP 1 minute ago 2 minutes ago etc TO to T5 may be displayed for dynamic trending and used in calculations Note that the values of FC and QC may be changed at will or even established by some rules so that the location and quantity of registers involved in a cascade can be defined by the process itself as well as the variable associated with the first register of the cascade ARC COSINE The ARC function returns the arc cosine angle in radians The ARC command has the following format ARC angle cos lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 64 angle register that will receive the angle in radians cos register that will contains the cosine Example ARC ARCOS RATIO lt cr gt A new angle will be placed in ARCOS each time the value of RATIO changes COMMAND LISTS The EXEC function allows you to treat the text associated with a list of registers as RTES commands to be executed under the control of a variable The EXEC command has the format EXEC name expression lt cr gt name name of the register which is used as index to a command list expression expression that determines the value of the index register Example EXEC INDEX 1 T lt 1 2 T gt 0 amp T lt 100 3 T gt 99 lt cr gt
199. motor will c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 52 eventually accumulate a time equal to the preset value and the output will operate Once the output has operated the only way to deactivate it is to disengage the clutch causing the accumulated time to go back to zero In RTES the clutch action is represented by the t operator that should always be used in a rule that uses the r delay Example X Yr12 3tZ Provided Z is false the timing function r accumulates the time during which Y is true When that time reaches 2 3 seconds in one or in many shots X becomes true and the timing function ends If Y turns false while Z is false then X does not change state and the time accumulated remains frozen If Z is true then X is false and the accumulated time is reset to 0 regardless of the state of Y Variable indexing During the evaluation process each variable in the expression is replaced by its value or status Indexing allows you to decide which variable to use at evaluation time An indexed variable has of the form NAMEIEXPR At evaluation time the value of the expression EXPR is first established This expression could be a constant variable name or any valid combination leading to an arithmetic result The integer portion of the result is then added to the identification number of the variable NAME The value of the new variable formed is then fetched If EXPR happens to yield a negative result then it is defaulted to 0
200. mple RANGE TEMP 40 300 lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 5 10 RENAME A TASK REN Format REN old new lt cr gt Parameters old current name of the task new new name of the task Example REN RAMP STEP lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 8 11 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 169 DEFINE RECALL A RULE RULE Format RULE name exp lt cr gt or lt Alt R gt name exp lt cr gt Parameters name variable to be evaluated by the rule exp a boolean arithmetic expression Default If only name is specified the rule associated with that variable is displayed Example RULE TOTAL A B C lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference Chapter 6 INITIATE OR RESUME EXECUTION OF A TASK RUN Format RUN lt gt or lt F5 gt name lt cr gt Parameter name name of the task to start or resume execution Example RUN lt gt Access Level 1 Reference 8 8 SAVE REVISED FILES ON DISK SAVE Format 5 lt gt Note that when you exit the Real Time Expert System using Ctrl Home gt any revised OLEX files are automatically written back to the disk This command is useful c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 170 during development as there is the possibility of a power failure that would abnormally shut down your computer and loose your work Access Level 2 DEFINE RECALL A SCHEDULED EVENT SCHED Format SCHED name hh mm action lt cr gt or lt Alt S gt name hh mm action lt cr gt Parameters name Name o
201. mpletion of the current instruction If the task was suspended or waiting it is terminated as soon as the END command is issued ONEND STATEMENT The ONEND statement in a task introduces a line number that will gain control whenever a task is terminated for any reason As control is passed to that line the ONEND is cancelled so that the task would actually terminate the next time it executes an END or is terminated externally If the ONEND statement defines a line number that does not exist control is passed to the next consecutive line number that exists If a task is suspended at the time it is terminated the task re activates as it starts executing at the ONEND statement This feature is useful in cases where a task must perform some cleanup before terminating orderly shutdown Once the ONEND line has gained control an ONEND statement may again be executed so that termination of the task follows the same mechanism This could be used to make a task re synchronize re start at a specific line number by terminating it Example 1 ONEND 100 100 STOP PUMP ONE STEP AT A TIME TASK EXECUTION You may make a task step through one line at a time with the STEP command When you type STEP task lt gt the task executes one line and suspends itself waiting for the next STEP command or a RUN command If the task had previously executed a TRACE command the register defined by that command shows the line number to be ex
202. n the cluster format address hardware address of the OPTOMUX board where the counter is position position 0 15 of the counting input on the board alarm index of the register that will indicate a non or bad response from the counter enable index of the register that controls the communication with this counter If the register is on 1 or odd value RTES will attempt communication with this counter the counter will be ignored otherwise Any register starting at R0002 may be used If you use 0 a enable register does not apply RTES communicates with the counter continuously This register is not affected by the C option the enable register is never returned to 0 automatically Example We want to count the false to true transitions of the input located at position 5 of board address 200 The count will be read into register R0150 R0151 will be used to start stop the counter R0152 will be used to clear the counter Communication alarm will be annunciated at register R0005 There is no enable register The configuration file will include G 1 149 0 200 5 4 0 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 79 MITSUBISHI SERIES A PLC USING COMPUTER INTERFACE AJ71C24 The PLC serial communication port must be set at 8 DATA BITS NO PARITY 1 STOP BIT CHECKSUM OPTION SELECTED WRITE DURING RUN ALLOWED Set switches as follows SWIIOFF RS232 SW12 ON SW13 PER BAUD RATE DESIRED SW gt lt i SW15 SW16 OFF SW17 OFF SW18
203. n the text woe definition page The character n represents the color per the following chart 1 blue 9 bright blue G blinking blue 2 green A bright green H blinking green 3 B bright cyan I blinking cyan 4 C bright red J blinking red 5 magenta D bright magenta K blinking magenta 6 yellow E bright yellow L blinking yellow 7 white F bright white M blinking white 8 grey In the above example JIMANUAL OVERRIDE will use the blink red color when MODE is equal to 2 This method of assigning a color to the displayed element supersedes the color parameter If you did not precede the text with n and you did not include the color parameter then the display system will use the white foreground and black background If you have indicated as the number of elements a number from 1 to 30 the display system will automatically limit the value of the variable from 0 to n 1 and roll over when decrementing or incrementing the variable with the F7 and F8 keys Typing lt alt L gt generates the word LIST NOTE The LIST format is not compatible with previous versions of RTES If you are using a knowledge base developed with an earlier version of RTES you must c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 11 1 Edit your display to make sure that the list length does not exceed 15 2 Dump the display using the PD command 3 Reload your display in the new system using the PL command TEXT This specifies that the variable must
204. nction it toggles the Draw Mode on and off When the Draw Mode is on the bottom left hand of the display shows the pattern selected along with its identification number for reference You may change the selection by incrementing or decrementing the pattern identification number with the lt F7 gt and F8 keys Using the arrow keys you may then trace the selected pattern on the display Note that the pattern type 1 is a space When you trace with pattern type 1 selected you simply erase the path of the cursor Controlling the draw mode with End and the cursor with the arrow keys you may draw erase or simply move around as you see fit Pattern type 3 single line and type 4 double line consist of a family of patterns that are automatically selected depending on the direction of the movement and the adjoining patterns to create corners intersections tee s etc Basically the pattern is selected to blend in with the lines around it Single and double lines may be mixed These types of patterns may be used to draw rectangles or grids When drawing a rectangle you should start somewhere in the middle of any side rather than a corner This will illustrate how the patterns are generated and with a little practice you will soon master more complicated shapes The display editing mode contains two sub modes to allow the editing of the display name and the insertion or modification of dynamic variables within the display
205. nd other special symbols as shown on the keys The following characters are exceptions shift displays the french e accent grave shift displays the french e accent aigue shift displays the french In addition some characters are generated by using the ctrl key in lieu of shift This includes Y square root ctrl S7 2 greater than or equal lt ctrl G gt lt less than or equal lt ctrl L gt The above characters are changed to sqr gte and Ite when they are sent to the printer Accents for foreign languages are handled using the dead key method The accent is typed first but is not echoed then the vowel is typed which causes the complete character to be displayed Should the character typed after the dead key be incompatible with the accent the dead key is ignored and the character is displayed At print time RTES sends to the printer the vowel followed by a backspace ASCII 08 then followed by the accent LINE EDITING The keys used for line editing are Ins Toggle between character insert and replace mode The bottom right hand of the screen indicates the current status with a 7 or R respectively lt Backspace gt Move content of the current input line one place to the left from the cursor position lt Del gt Move content of the current input line one place to the left from the position immediately to the right of the cursor c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 10 Arrow
206. nding on the value of F3 pressing lt F3 gt causes the corresponding text to be passed to the command line In the case of F3 3 the command line will display STOP PUMP and you must type the rest including a cr You may also precede the text with This causes any previous text on the command line to be ignored CONTROL OF OPERATOR ACCESSIBLE VARIABLES Whenever a new page is displayed by RTES the first operator accessible variable is selected This feature may be suppressed by including in RTES CNF the term F 0 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 19 The next operator accessible variable be selected using Tab or Down Arrow previous operator accessible variable may be selected using Up Arrow The order of operator accessible variables depends on their position in the display Rows have precedence over columns For example if you have operator accessible variables at the following coordinates line 3 column 25 line 4 column 45 and line 3 column 50 the first operator accessible is the variable at line 3 column 25 the second is the variable at line 3 column 50 and the third is the variable at line 4 column 45 Once a variable is selected you may change its value using lt F7 gt and lt F8 gt provided you have not otherwise defined these function keys by typing a number on the command line or by using the on line calculator Selection of an operator accessible variable on a page may be cancelled using the
207. ng the first register in the cascade the one with the lowest identification number and the quantity of registers in the cascade Another register will cause the shift to take place when its value changes from false to true DEFINING A REGISTER CASCADE To define a cascade you define the rule that controls the trigger register but you use the command word SHIFT in lieu of RULE RTES automatically reserves the two registers immediately following the trigger register to contain the number of the first register in the cascade and the quantity of registers in the cascade If either register is null or negative the cascade does not operate EXAMPLE We want the readings of temperature analog input TEMP at 1 minute intervals to be displayed in a series of registers ROOI2T0 0 00 TEMPERATURE NOW R0013 T1 0 00 TEMP 1 MINUTE AGO R0014 T2 0 00 TEMP 2 MINUTES AGO R0015 0 00 TEMP 3 MINUTES AGO ROO16 T4 0 00 TEMP 4 MINUTES AGO R0017 T5 0 00 TEMP 5 MINUTES AGO c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 63 The registers defining the cascade will be RO100 TX 0 00 TRIGGER 12 00 REFERS TO ROO12 1ST REGISTER R0102 QC 6 00 R REFERS TO LENGTH OF CASCADE We now tell the system that TX is the trigger of a cascade SHIFT TX Md30 The following rule together with the previous one will cause TX to change from 0 to 1 false to true every minute RULE M TX d30 The following rule will cause TO to contain the
208. ng the modem support parameter type The default value for M is 0 indicating that the clear to send signal does not need to be checked A value of 1 indicates that the clear to send signal should be set before sending occurs The clear to send signal is not normally checked before the driver transmits If your application requires that you can only send if the clear to send is present then you must include in your configuration file M 1 If M is greater than 1 then it defines the index of a register used for the operation of a dial up modem This feature is supported by some selected devices drivers See DIAL UP MODEMS and the discussions on the individual device drivers for details SERIAL PORT ADDRESS AND INTERRUPT REQUEST LINE When you load your driver the PORT number you specify on the command line selects the default serial port address and interrupt request line IRQ that the driver will use The default port selections and interrupt request lines are PORT defaults as port 1016 3F8 hex and IRQ 4 COMI 2 defaults as port 760 2F8 hex and IRQ 3 COM2 PORT3 defaults as port 824 338 hex and IRQ 2 COM3 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 62 PORTA defaults as port 568 238 hex and IRQ 5 You may however change these defaults by including in your configuration file which port address and IRQ line you want to use P is the letter representing the port Q is the letter representing the IRQ The po
209. ntains the floating point value of the variable This allows several variables to be associated with the same external code The external code must be a memory resident program TSR The starting address of the external code should be placed at the interrupt 65H vector location offset in 0000 0194 and CS in 0000 0196 prior to RTES being started up Your external code can exchange information with RTES with the use of software INT 67H For detailed information on using these resources see the Drivers chapter of the manual SAMPLE EXTERNAL CODE The following program listing in 8086 Assembler illustrates the structure of an external program to be used in conjunction with the EXT command c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 66 On startup this program checks to see if anything already exists at interrupt vector 65H If the location contains data the normal exit is taken If the location is empty the starting address of the external code to be executed is placed there The program then informs the operator with the message Sample external program The program then uses the terminate and stay resident exit to DOS The resident portion of the program executes each time the INT 65H instruction is issued This occurs whenever the register associated with an EXT function is evaluated This sample program takes the value of register associated with the EXT function and places the integer portion of the value in the next 5 registers AND PUTS I
210. ntation d d Floating point numbers G and S blocks The d d field consists of a series of 4 bytes per register value The first byte transferred is the least significant The most significant byte is transferred last 4th byte 3rd byte 2nd byte 1st byte The four bytes represents the value of the register in 32 bit floating point format The most significant bit leftmost 1s the sign 0 means positive means negative The next 7 bits represent a hex exponent with excess 64 The rightmost 24 bits are 6 hex digits representing the left justified mantissa The decimal point is assumed between the exponent and the mantissa A null is always represented by 4 null bytes Binary values I and O blocks Two bytes are sent representing 16 registers right justified 0 filled to the left 1f less than 16 registers were requested or sent The two bytes are sent twice for further error checking DLE as data Whenever a DLE occurs in the data field it is repeated Error checking byte bec The last byte of the message is a checksum character It is obtained by performing an exclusive or of all the bytes in the message between the starting STX and the DLE c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 103 The STX and the DLE are not included in the error checking byte Duplicate DLE s are not included in the error checking A DLE in the data field is sent twice but it is xor ed only once The error checking byte is null at
211. o a disk file pointed to by the register COSS If the register COSS does not exist the change of state events not recorded to disk The name of the alert file is pointed to by the RTES register COSS The register COSS acts as index to a family of files in the text area associated with the register The value of COSS is used to select the file into which the events are recorded If the value of COSS points to an empty text area or the register COSS is not defined the events will not be recorded to disk see the example for LOGS above Any variable type I O or R may be designated for change of state logging by placing an E in the Alert column A change of state message consists of the current time in hh mm ss xx format the variable name and a 10 character message describing the new status of the variable This message is defined by the first character in the message field if the new status is OPEN or by the second character in the message field if the new status is closed These characters are the digits 0 9 or A F and they index the first 10 characters in the text fields of the last page of registers For example the standard size version of RTES uses registers R2033 to R2048 Example NAME CURRENT A E MESSAGE 10001 LK1 OPEN E 35ocircuit breaker LK1 NAME CURRENT MESSAGE R2033 OPEN R2034 NORMAL R2035 BAD R2036 CLOSED R2037 FAULT c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 41 R2038 TRIP 1 The
212. o acknowledge an alert event The ACK command may be used in different ways c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 33 lt gt acknowledges the alert the line selected If there no selected line then it is the youngest alert displayed at the bottom of the screen that is acknowledged Pressing lt F10 gt issues this form of the ACK command lt gt acknowledges the alert you identify by the name of the alert variable e g lt gt ACK line lt cr gt acknowledges the alert currently displayed at the line number you indicate The argument line is a constant from 4 to 21 ACK reg lt cr gt acknowledges the alert currently displayed at the line number corresponding to the value of the RTES register reg For example SET ALARM 4 lt cr gt ACK ALARM lt cr gt acknowledges the alert displayed on line 4 ALERT STATUS VARIABLES The Alert System maintains 2 variables ALARM and ACK ALARMS contains the number of variables currently in the alert state contains the number of those variables that have been acknowledged Therefore the difference between ALARMS and ACKS is the number of unacknowledged alerts currently in the system As with other system variables ALARMS and ACK must be seen on system startup to be used Therefore after you define these 2 variables you must exit RTES and reload it so that these variables are seen upon program loading c 1992 2005
213. o the counter The driver sets this register back to 0 when it has zeroed the counter c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 73 addressis the decimal base I O port address of the pcl 720 board mode is the number 0 1 2 3 4 or 5 that selects the operating mode of the counter counter is the number 0 1 or 2 indicating which of the 3 counters on the board you are using Example We want register 0017 to get the count from counter 0 of board address 512 200h 0018 will the control register 0019 will be the reset register The counter will operate in mode 2 Our configuration file will contain G 1 16 512 2 0 RTES will contain the following 0017 COUNT 4567 00 R0018 ST SP 1 00 R0019 RESET 0 00 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 74 SIXNET This driver interfaces RTES with the 6IBMN Sixnet network controller card It assumes that the 6IBMN has been configured using the Sixnet utility IOTEST L filename CFG RUN This driver uses PORTO CNF for configuration The following parameters are allowed DIGITAL INPUTS Each cluster may consist of up to 8 contiguous digital input channels Each cluster is defined by a set of 5 numbers first quantity station position alarm first 15 the index of the first RTES I register of the group quantity is the number of I registers and input channels in the cluster station is the sixnet station number where the input channels are located This is used only to establi
214. o true 3 WAIT 2 5 suspend execution for 2 5 seconds When the task runs the instructions are executed Normally the execution process steps through the instructions in the sequential order of their labels There are however certain instructions that may modify that sequence by telling the execution process which instruction to execute next Such branching may be unconditional or conditional They provide the facilities to produce loops and decisions Example 4 IF TOTAL gt 0 10 conditional branch 5 GOTO 1 unconditional branch RTES allows the definition and simultaneous execution of several such tasks Each task is identified by name and may be individually created modified initiated suspended or terminated while the rest of the system and the other tasks continue operating In fact RTES even allows you to modify a task while it is running You should use your own judgement in this situation especially if the modifications affect the order in which the instructions are executed c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 72 The instructions that a task may execute fully interface with the knowledge base It may perform time dependent functions to support the knowledge base or simply define values and set conditions Tasks may also be used independently from the knowledge base to provide a simple yet powerful form of programming language a fingertip alternative to BASIC for most little programs that one may need to write
215. o use 15 not available You may already have loaded the driver or you may have loaded another driver on that port Drivers that do not use serial communication are usually assigned to PORTO and cannot be assigned to the other ports Drivers that use serial communication cannot be assigned to PORTO CONFIGURATION FILES RTES recognizes which drivers are in memory and initializes them according to the information found in a text file that you create called the configuration file There must be a configuration file for each of the ports used The contents of each of the configuration files will depend on the driver that is going to use it Typically you will define the PC port address you will be using if other than standard the baud rate if applicable and at which locations the data will be exchanged between RTES and your device The configuration files have the same name as the assigned ports with the CNF extension i e PORTO CNF PORTI CNF PORT2 CNF and PORT3 CNF For instance if we have loaded the driver OPTOMUX and assigned it to PORTI then you must create a file named PORTI CNF where you will write the information concerning the OPTOMUX network that you are using and how you want the physical points channels to be mapped to the RTES database You can use the word processor of your choice or the RTES NOTE command to create and edit your configuration files Each configuration file must be saved as a DOS TEXT FILE and
216. only if the operands on both sides of the operator are TRUE The result of the OR operation is TRUE if and only if at least one of the operands on either side of the operator is TRUE The result of the NOT operation is TRUE if and only if the corresponding operand is FALSE If an operand used in a logical operation is a numeric then it is considered TRUE if its integer value is odd FALSE if its integer value is even Delay operators RTES allows two types of delays Automatic reset and Cumulative In either case the operator is immediately preceded by a binary operand called the trigger and immediately followed by a numeric operand constant variable or expression called the duration This duration is expressed in seconds The minimum duration of a delay is 0 1 second If a delay duration evaluates to less than 0 1 second it defaults to that value The maximum duration of a delay is 3600 seconds one hour If a duration evaluates to more than 3600 it defaults to that value c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 51 The resolution of the delay clock tic is 0 045 second An expression can only use one delay operation of either type Automatic reset time delay The result of the d type delay operation is the logical TRUE if the trigger is TRUE and has been consistently TRUE for the specified duration If the trigger changes state and never remains TRUE for the specified amount of time the result of the d operation will always
217. ontinuously erase the box and redraw the box c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 121 1 2 VAR 1030 LABEL TEXT LABEL 40 1 3 LINE 108 180 135 18012 4 LINE 180 180 180 56012 5 LINE 180 560 108 560 1 2 6 LINE 108 560 108 180 1 2 7 GOTO 3 COLOR COMMAND The COLOR command is used to change the color of a block of pixels A block of pixels is defined as a group of connected pixels of the same color The line and column parameters specify the location of any pixel in the block The color parameter specifies the new color for the block The color of holes within the block will not be changed All parameters may be either constants or variables SCREEN DUMP The non system areas of the graphics display may be dumped to a dot matrix Epson FX 80 type printer or a HP LaserJet III printer by pressing lt PrintScreen gt lt PrtSc gt non black pixels are written to printer Therefore if you have a colored foreground on a colored background you will not be able to distinguish between the two when the display is dumped to the printer The configuration file GPRINTER CNF allows you to define which printer you have as your LPT1 device You may also use the configuration file to define the character sequences used to output pixel graphics to your printer if you are not using one of the two supported types The L parameter defines which printer type you want to use L 0 for Epson FX 80 type printers L 1 for HP LaserJet III type print
218. or 0 to indicate that you have or not respectively a numeric coprocessor and that you want RTES to use it default is 0 D 1 or 0 to include or not respectively the date in the change of state messages default 1s 0 E n defines register index n as error register to report DOS error number associated with the GET command F 1 or 0 to select or not respectively the automatic selection of the first variable on the screen default is 1 H 1 or 0 to display or not display respectively the help line default is 1 where n is the maximum number of binary input pages to display where n is the index of the first of 4 RTES R registers used for clock synchronization c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 132 L 0 1 2 or 3 user level M 0 to 3 machine speed default is 0 O n where n is the maximum number of binary output pages to display P 1 to 1000 inference engine priority default is 100 This parameter should always be at its default value unless you are using RTES for simulations that would make the inference engine particularly busy in which case you could use a lower value Values higher than 100 are reserved for future applications R n wheren is the maximum number of R register pages to display S 1 or 0 to use or not to use respectively the RTES internal printer control default is 1 T 1 or 0 Normally when RTES converts a value to an integer NUMBER or LZI format it changes any negative number
219. ord PID instead of LOOP and reserve a 6th variable after the Auto Manual to store the extra error reading OPTIONAL TRIGGER REGISTER The PID and LOOP definition command line accept an optional it does not have to be there 4th argument the name a R register that operates as follows When that register changes value the loop or pid is evaluated but the calculation is not in any way affected by the value of the register only the current parameters of the loop are used in the c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 61 actual calculation This register is intended to be used in applications where it may be possible that the change in the feed back is not significant enough to return a different value through the A D converter but an error exists and you want to force the process to try and correct it You should be aware that if the feed back does not change it may be because communication is not occurring or the hardware is otherwise defective In this situation you may very well cause the output to wind up and overshoot once the communication is normally established DISPLAYING A LOOP If only the CV name is used in the LOOP or PID command the other parameters are displayed on the line With the DEBUG option on the variables involved will be dynamically displayed along with the P I D and M variables You may then tune the loop by changing the parameters with the SET command or the lt F7 gt and F8 keys You may also group a
220. ost slave network drivers is intended for computer programmers who wish to write such programs The physical characteristics of the interface are serial 1 start bit 8 data bits 1 stop bit no parity The baud rate is set by the B parameter in PORTn CNF The following characters have a special significance lt STX gt decimal 02 lt DLE gt decimal 16 lt ETX gt decimal 03 Initiating a transfer send data The node acting as HOST processes the O and Y blocks according to the control parameter and the status of the command register For each block it sends the following bytes c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 101 lt 5 gt SorO the upper case character i the block id d d data DLE lt gt bec an error checking byte After the following message is sent it expects the following response lt STX gt A i the block id lt DLE gt lt ETX gt lt bec gt Initiating a transfer request data The node acting as HOST requests the input blocks automatically according to the control parameter in the configuration file and the status of the command register For every block it sends the following message lt STX gt Gorl i the block id lt DLE gt lt ETX gt lt bec gt After sending the above message it expects the following response lt STX gt A i d d Data lt DLE gt lt ETX gt lt bec gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 102 Data represe
221. otocol analyzer capability associated with drivers on PORTO DIAL UP OPTION FOR RTES DEVICE DRIVERS The dial up option allows to communicate with a device via a dial up modem using the AT commands This option is activated by including in the configuration file PORTn CNF the definition M n where n is from 2 to 2044 The n parameter defines the first of a block of 4 RTES registers used as follows HOOK you turn this register on to start a dial up sequence you turn it off to hang up If the connection fails this register is turned off by the driver You may place in the message area of this register a modem setup string of your choice If you leave this message area blank the modem uses the default string ATEQL3MV1DP TEL you set this register to the register number that contains in the message area the telephone number to be dialled TALK this register is turned on by the driver when the connection is established Note that both HOOK and TALK must be on to communicate through the telephone connection PASS this register contains in the message area the password to be used for a security device This password is used if the value of PASS is 1 or odd c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 68 Example The configuration file contains 16 the first register is R0017 R0017 R0018 R0019 R0020 R0032 HOOK 0 optional modem setup string TEL 32 points to NUMBER TALK 0 PASS 0 SECRET NUMBER 0 5551212 COMMONLY USED DEVIC
222. ous one it is rejected Variables are not allowed to extend beyond the page Should a combination of starting coordinates and specification cause the area to be occupied to extend beyond the boundaries of the display the specification 1s rejected If an area of the page is occupied by a variable it is not possible to place characters in that area A variable on the other hand may overwrite any text that was previously placed in its field It should be noted that the displays generated by the bar graphs do not actually affect the text but merely highlights the space it occupies It is therefore possible to place a text somewhere on the screen and then define a bar graph that will highlight all or part of it A particularly interesting application of this feature is to specify a binary variable as a bar graph HGRAPH and assign to it the width of a certain sentence with a full scale of 1 When the variable is true the sentence stands out in reverse video c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 14 DELETING VARIABLE FROM A PAGE It may be necessary to remove a variable that has been defined at the particular location on the page In this case place the cursor at the starting coordinates of the variable to remove then press lt alt R gt The system will display the specification of the variable and request a confirmation Typing C upper case will confirm the deletion any other character will just cancel the request to delete and return
223. perly selected from the array even if PAGES is not defined For example c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 17 NAME CURRENT A E MESSAGE RO513 LABEL 0 00 CONTROL SYSTEM R0514 0 00 1 0515 0 00 2 RO516 0 00 0517 0 00 0518 0 00 PAGES The top line will display PAGE 1 when the Ist user page is displayed PAGE 5 when the 5th user page is displayed The 4th user page will not have a title If the variable LABELS is not defined RTES displays the product s name at the top of the screen USER DEFINED OPERATOR S INSTRUCTIONS Line 22 of the screen is normally reserved for some explanations about the use of function keys If your configuration file RTES CNF does not specify 0 then line 22 will display how some function keys are normally used If you specify 0 in RTES CNF then the content of that line may be defined by two text arrays called BR for the right hand 40 columns and for the left hand 40 columns If you want to use the variables BR and BL you must define them in the registers area and re start RTES so that it recognizes them on startup The indexes of the arrays are the values of BR and BL You may change the values as you wish command rule batch task As long as there is a user page displayed the variables BR BL will operate dynamically as if they had been defined as a text array of 40 columns color is always yellow BR and
224. pixel coordinate lines are 14 to 335 When using the driver character coordinate lines 0 and 28 are not usable Usable pixel coordinate lines are 13 to 339 GRAPHICS COMMANDS The graphics commands are c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 117 Enter graphics mode and get a graphics display from disk if using the EGA driver LINE Draw a line VAR Display a variable dynamically TEXT Display a character string static SCROL Scroll a section of the screen to the left COLOR Change the color of a block of pixels other task command words can be used in tasks that generate a high resolution graphics display They are described in full detail in the Tasks chapter The commands LINE VAR TEXT SCROL and COLOR are only executed when the screen is in high resolution graphics mode The command GRAPH causes the screen to enter high resolution graphics mode Otherwise they cause the task to terminate SYNTAX The general syntax of graphics commands follows the same rules as that for the other task commands For example an instruction must start with an integer label that identifies the position of the instruction in the sequence the next element must be a command word then come the optional arguments Spaces or commas must separate the elements of the instruction When the color argument is optional a color of white is the default The formats of the graphics instructions are label GRAPH display register cr lab
225. play see note on page 9 9 regarding the LIST format 13 Execute the following RTES commands DOC S TXT lt cr gt open a file called S TXT on the current directory PS lt cr gt write the scheduled events 14 Wait for PRINTS to switch to 0 indicating that the system has finished writing to the disk 15 Execute the RTES command DOC lt cr gt close the S TXT file 16 Exit RTES with lt Ctrl Home gt 17 Using the DOS delete or erase command delete the files OLEX NAM OLEX DAT OLEX LNK and OLEX PAG DEL OLEX NAM lt cr gt DEL OLEX DAT lt cr gt DEL OLEX LNK lt cr gt DEL OLEX PAG lt cr gt EDITING THE TEXT FILES If you have used RTES version C901 1xx or later to create your TXT files you only need to edit S TXT skip to 5 below 1 Using your word processor read as a DOS TEXT FILE not a DOCUMENT 2 Make the following global replace R changes to RULE lt space gt L changes to LOOP lt space gt C changes to SHIFT lt space gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 208 X changes to EXEC lt space gt E changes to EXT lt space gt A changes to ARC lt space gt For instance if the E TXT file contains the following line R JA B C it should now read RULE A B C 3 Save E TXT on disk as a DOS TEXT FILE not a DOCUMENT 4 Using your word processor read the Tn TXT as a DOS TEXT FILES not DOCUMENTS one at the time Erase LISTING OF from the first line so that the
226. ponding to the start address of the program the second word is the code segment where the offset is located The start address of the user program must be placed into one of the following locations normally used by device drivers all numeric data is in Hexadecimal 0000 0180 offset Interrupt vector 60h 0000 0182 cs 0000 0184 offset Interrupt vector 61h 0000 0186 0000 0188 offset Interrupt vector 62h 0000 018A 0000 0200 offset Interrupt vector 80h 0000 0202 cs 0000 0204 offset Interrupt vector 81h c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 110 0000 0206 Ist set 180 182 is normally used by a PORTO device driver such as PAMUX or RTC The 2nd set 184 186 is normally used by a PORTI driver The 3rd set 188 18A is normally used by a PORT2 driver The 4th set 200 202 is normally used by a PORT3 driver The 5th set 204 206 is normally used by a PORTA driver RTES generates these interrupts on a regular basis so that the external code will get a chance to execute C Integrity Your program must preserve all segment registers It must not contain any long loops that will keep the processor unduly busy since this will affect the performance of RTES 3 Interface with RTES Int 67H allows your external program to access some of the resources of RTES When invoking INT 67H the value of BP base pointer must contain the function number to be performed The function numbers are 0 SETPT set the va
227. r and auto manual switch Default If only cv is entered in the command line the other 2 parameters are displayed if the LOOP exists Example LOOP VALVE FLOW NOM_FLOW lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 7 1 TURN ON OFF THE INFERENCE ENGINE MONITOR M Format M lt cr gt Toggles on off the display of the activities of the inference engine While the monitoring is on the screen shows the names of the variables as they are evaluated by the inference engine c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 159 SELECTED THE VARIABLE POINTED TO BY THE MOUSE MS Format MS lt cr gt Parameter none This command is for applications that use the mouse and the EXEC function to execute commands normally entered via the keyboard Access Level 0 Reference ASSIGN A NAME TO A VARIABLE NAME Format NAME Xn lt gt Parameters X LO R A or Y n variable number name name to be assigned to the variable Must contain only letters and digits start with a letter and have a maximum of 10 characters from the set A Z 0 9 2 Example NAME R10 TOTAL lt cr gt Assign the name TOTAL to the register 10 Access Level 2 Reference 5 9 CREATE EDIT A TEXT FILE NOTE Format NOTE name lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 160 Parameter name the path name of the disk file to be created or edited Example NOTE MEMO TXT lt cr gt Note This feature allows the editing of text files that are 15 lines or less If you call
228. r n 2 returns the pixel X coordinate Register n 3 returns status of Left button Register n 4 returns status of Right button Register n 5 returns status of Middle button when used Register n 6 set to 0 for invisible cursor set to 1 for visible cursor Register n 7 returns the character Y coordinate Register n 8 returns the character X coordinate Register n 9 returns the identity of the variable located at the cursor with the following convention 0 no variable at the location 00001 to 09999 register number 10001 to 19999 digital input number 10000 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 24 20001 to 29999 digital output number 20000 30001 to 39999 analog input number 30000 40001 to 49999 analog output number 40000 Regardless of the value of Register n 6 RTES hides the cursor whenever it changes anything on the screen c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 25 CHAPTER TEN TIME OF DAY SCHEDULER TIME OF DAY SCHEDULER It may be desired to turn a variable on or off at specific times of the day RTES allows you to define such events thanks to a built in scheduler Any variable may be controlled several times over a 24 hour period and several variables may be scheduled to operate according to their own individual schedule Up to 10 scheduled events can be defined DEFINING A SCHEDULE EVENT The SCHED command allows you to enter or remove an event in the schedule The format of the command is SCHED name hh mm action lt cr gt or lt Alt S g
229. ransmitted record In particular if some of the information is binary but not all it would be necessary to translate the binary information into a number 0 or 1 and make it part of the G or S block Example A slave reads a temperature and sends it to the host along with the time at which the temperature was read The data consists of temp hr min If these 3 numbers are not send within the same block RTES may see a new value of temp while hr and min are the ones for the previous value of temp USING EXTERNAL CODE WITH RTES c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 109 1 Introduction Although the rules and object oriented language tasks of RTES allow the execution of user defined algorithms you may want to incorporate into RTES a user defined program RTES is designed to run device drivers consisting of external programs that are memory resident You may replace one or more of these drivers with your own program s 2 Requirements In order to make RTES run a user defined program you must make sure that the program complies with certain criteria as explained below A Memory resident The user defined program must be memory resident and loaded into memory before you start up RTES This is accomplished by the use the terminate and remain resident DOS directive B Start address The start address of your program is composed of 2 sixteen bit words loaded into 2 consecutive memory locations The Ist word is the offset corres
230. re not using 5 Wait for PRINTS to switch to 0 indicating that the system has finished writing to the disk 6 Execute the RTES command DOC lt cr gt close the V TXT file 7 Execute the following RTES commands DOC E TXT lt cr gt open a file called E TXT on the current directory PE lt cr gt write the rules loops cascade registers 8 Wait for PRINTS to switch to 0 indicating that the system has finished writing to the disk 9 Execute the RTES command DOC lt cr gt close the E TXT file 10 Each task must be written to a file You may type TASK lt cr gt to obtain the list of tasks currently defined Choose file names such as T1 TXT T2 TXT etc since the actual name of the task will be on the disk file The procedure for each task is as follows with n 1 2 3 DOC Tn TXT lt cr gt file called Tn TXT on the current directory PT task _name lt cr gt write the task called Wait for PRINTS to switch to 0 indicating that the system has finished writing to the disk DOC lt cr gt close the Tn TXT file 11 Produce a list of the current display pages with the PAGE lt cr gt command and copy it or print it out with the PRTSC lt cr gt command 12 For each display page that you have built and you want to keep c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 207 Display the page Type PD lt cr gt This command creates a disk file called name PIC where name is the name you have given to the dis
231. rectory To use an interface driver you must A Create a file called PORTx CNF x being the port number using your word processor or the RTES facility to include the communication port characteristics and the I O assignments according to the instructions included in the appropriate section of this manual for the driver you are using c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 8 B Load the driver in memory BEFORE you run RTES by typing driver name p lt cr gt where driver name is the name of the driver you want to use p is the optional port number 1 or 2 that you are connecting your I O subsystem to For example if you are using OPTOMUX on 2 type OPTOMUX 2 lt cr gt STARTING RTES AUTOMATICALLY ON POWER UP It is often a good idea to arrange for RTES to start automatically when the computer is powered up or at recovery from a power failure To do so you must create an AUTOEXEC BAT in the root directory of your C drive Make sure that there is no diskette left in A drive otherwise DOS will try and boot from The format of such AUTOEXEC BAT might be for example PATH C CD RTES or any directory you have set up OPTOMUX 2 assuming you use OPTOMUX on COM2 PAMUX assuming you also use PAMUX RTES c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 9 CHAPTER THREE KEYBOARD EXTENDED CHARACTER SET RTES allows the use of all printable characters This includes upper and lower case letters numerals punctuation a
232. rt of the PLC must be set for Parity ODD Stop bits 1 Data bits 7 This driver uses the following clusters IRead bits from a PLC V word into the I registers OWrite bits from the O registers into a PLC V word ARead analog values from the PLC V words into the A registers as raw values Y Write analog values converted from the Y registers into the PLC V words GRead numeric values from the PLC V words into the R registers SWrite numeric values from the R registers into the PLC V words Note 1 Analog values in the PLC are 11 bits starting at bit n The n least significant bits are not used The number of bits n depends on the analog input modules used This driver allows you to skip those bits to suit your application when reading and writing analog values Note 2 Numeric values transferred are positive integers or real floating point numbers depending on the TYPE selected Floating point numbers use two consecutive V words Note 3 Depending on the speed of the PC you are using you may have to specify M 1 in RTES CNF Note 4 Binary data must start at a PLC word boundary Binary data is always transferred in 16 bit chunks When reading RTES only uses the quantity of bits specified in the cluster definition When writing 16 bits are sent 0 filled when not used Bits are numbered from right to left the least significant bit in the PLC word corresponds to the lowest number I or O register in the cluster The I and O clust
233. rt value you specify must be the decimal representation of the port number Example 1024 for 400hex The interrupt request line numbers may range from 2 to 15 Example Q 7 As with all parameters the port and IRQ selected in the configuration file take effect after the driver has been loaded in memory and does not affect the name of the configuration file The file name remains PORTn CNF with the n you entered on the command line when you loaded the driver PORTI CNF if you did not specify BLOCK ENABLE OPTION Most device drivers allow you to decide wether or not a given block of information will be exchanged with the device at a given time This is done by associating with that block a register When that register is true then communication takes place In most cases you may want to control that register on and off But for some applications you may want that register to switch automatically to false once the communication has taken place so that the transfer of data only takes place once You control this option with the C parameter in the configuration file C 0 means that you control on and off the communication enable registers c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 63 C 1 means that you want the driver to turn the communication enable register off after the exchange has taken place The default is C 0 The block enable register may be any RTES R register except the first one index 0 Using 0 as block enable canc
234. s c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 115 If the graphics driver is not installed the task containing graphics commands will end when execution of a graphics command is attempted SCREEN RESOLUTION When in graphics mode the screen has two coordinate systems pixel coordinates and character coordinates Pixel Coordinates When using the CGA graphics adapter cards the maximum line value is 199 and the maximum column value is 639 For example the resolution is 200 by 640 The bottom left hand corner is line 0 column 0 Line 199 is the top line on the display Column 639 is the right most column on the display For example the instruction LINE 00 199 639 1 C draws a diagonal line from the bottom left hand corner of the display to the top right hand corner of the display When using the EGA or VGA graphics adapter cards the screen resolution is determined by the video mode selected at the time the driver is loaded The table below shows the video modes available for the standard EGA and VGA cards Video Resolution Adapter type mode Horizontal Vertical 13 320 200 14 640 200 EGA VGA 16 640 350 EGA VGA 18 640 480 VGA The maximum line value is one less than the resolution values For example the maximum line value is 349 and the maximum column value is 639 when the resolution is 350 by 640 When using the Hercules graphics adapter cards the maximum line value is 347 and the maximum column value is 719 For examp
235. s or cause certain activities to take place c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 2 THE MAJOR FEATURES OF THE REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM In addition to creating the proper environment for the definition and effective use of a knowledge base the Real Time Expert System incorporates several features that make it an easy to learn easy to use complete process control system The Real Time Expert System includes On line definition and editing of variables facts and rules using full screen editing techniques On line creation and modification of dynamic display pages On line logical programming editor Conversion of analog data to engineering units Concurrent execution of logical programs Time of day scheduler Alarm generator PID loop control algorithm Trend recording Report generator Cascading Registers Change of State Logger THE REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE It would be hard to decide whether or not the Real Time Expert System is an AI product since there are many different definitions of such products and there is certainly no unanimity on the subject It is clear that the question first posed in 1950 Can machines think is still c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 3 unanswered It is also obvious that more and more we tend to confuse intelligence with knowledge and that we become comfortable with the concept that machines that are knowledgeable are considered
236. s to 0 The display range is from 0 64000 You may change RTES to interpret integers as 2 s complement by specifying in RTES CNF the parameter T 1 This causes any integer greater than 32767 to be interpreted as a negative number The display range becomes 9999 to 32767 Note that the negative sign occupies one of the display positions This option also applies to numbers received via device drivers U n to set up a block of registers starting at id n for mouse monitoring and control V 0 ton to indicate which drive will be used to return DISK CL see TREND RECORDING V 0 is for drive A 1 for drive B etc The default is the current drive Y n where n is the maximum number of analog output pages to display USER LEVEL There are 4 user levels They are listed in the table below c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 133 level description 0 operator 1 operator with view 2 programmer 3 special functions Each level defines the commands that the user has access to Level 0 gives the user the ability to use the knowledge base but not to modify it Level 1 gives the user the ability to use and view the knowledge base but not to modify it Level 2 gives the user the ability to use all but the professional level commands This level allows the user to define and maintain the knowledge base Level 3 allows access to special commands FTASK FTEXT only used to transfer a knowledge base between different versions of RTES The default
237. sed to force the loop evaluation Defines a pid loop with control variable cv feedback fb and set point sp This command assigns the 6 registers immediately after sp to become respectively P coefficient I coefficient D coefficient previous error auto manual switch and error at time 2 Default If only cv is entered in the command line the other 2 parameters are displayed if the PID exists Example PID VALVE FLOW NOM_FLOW lt cr gt Access Level 2 Reference 7 2 LOAD A DISPLAY PAGE FROM DISK PL Format PL name lt cr gt Parameter name name of the PIC file containing a previously dumped display page c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 165 Example PL FORM lt cr gt Access Level 3 Reference 9 18 PRINT THE DIGITAL OUTPUT DEFINITIONS Format PO lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 14 3 PRINT THE REGISTER DEFINITIONS Format PR lt cr gt Access Level 1 Reference 14 3 PRINT A REPORT Format PRINT report_name first last lt cr gt Parameters report name disk file to be used by the report generator first first page number to be printed last last page number to be printed Default If first and last are not specified the complete report is printed Example PRINT A PROGRESS REP lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc PO PR PRINT 8 166 PRINT PRODUCT REP 3 6 lt cr gt Access Level 0 Reference 14 1 PRINT THE SCREEN PRTSC Format PRTSC lt cr gt or lt PrtSc gt Lines 4 to 20 of
238. sh whether the station is on line position is the bit position of the first input channel in the bit map that you defined using the SIXNET set up program alarm RTES communication alarm register 0 2047 NOTE Inputs channels are arranged in groups of 8 arranged as bytes When you define the position and the quantity for a given cluster all the bits used must remain within the same byte DIGITAL OUTPUTS Each O cluster may consist of up to 8 contiguous digital output channels Each cluster is defined by a set of 5 numbers first quantity station position alarm first 15 the index of the first RTES O register of the group c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 75 quantity is the number of O registers and output channels in the cluster station is the sixnet station number where the output channels are located This is used only to establish whether the station is on line position is the bit position of the first output channel in the bit map that you defined using the SIXNET set up program NOTE Outputs channels are arranged in groups of 8 arranged as bytes When you define the position and the quantity for a given cluster all the bits used must remain within the same byte ANALOG INPUTS Each A cluster may consist of up to 16 contiguous analog input channels Each cluster is defined by a set of 6 numbers first quantity station position alarm enable first 15 the index of the first RTES register of the
239. sition of the first output 0 to 7 D A CONVERTER BOARDS Each set of consecutive channels is defined by a Y cluster The cluster definition consists of 4 numbers REG POS BOARD CHANNEL REG is the index of the 1st RTES Y register to be used QTY is the number of consecutive channels BOARD is the address of the board in decimal CHANNEL is the starting channel to read on the board 0 to 31 of consecutive channels to read c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 71 PAMUX This driver uses PORTO CNF as configuration file The base address of the AC28 device is defined with the B parameter The default is 256 or 100Hex Each cluster is specified by 4 numbers for digital clusters and 5 numbers for analog clusters They are FIRST QUANTITY BASE POSITION ALARM FIRST first RTES point channel in the cluster 0 256 QUANTITY number of consecutive points channels in the cluster 1 8 for digital 1 16 for analog BASE the byte offset where the cluster is defined board address POSITION Position of the first point channel within the base 0 7 for digital 0 15 for analog Note When using quad modules the position can only be 0 OR 4 ALARM RTES alarm register index Used for analogs only When using analog boards RTES must gain access to the on board dual ported memory Should access not be granted due to board failure or power off the register defined as alarm is set to 1 This register must not be present in the digital cl
240. starter RTES configuration file that will allow you full access privilege Later on you will modify RTES CNF to suit your own requirements KTCTB BIN used by RTES to linearize thermocouple analog inputs READ ME a text file you may print or type giving the most recent information about the c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 6 version of RTES you are going to use may not exist EGA EXE driver for EGA VGA screens in pixel mode CGA EXE driver for CGA screens in pixel mode HGA EXE driver for Hercules displays in pixel mode device drivers EXE RTES EXE the RTES root program 13 Remove the RTES diskette from drive A and put a write protect sticker on the notch to make sure that you will not accidentally erase or overwrite its content You will have to remove this sticker only if you want to install RTES on another system At this stage you do not need your RTES original diskette any longer until such time when you want to install it on another system or un install it from this system Please store the diskette in a safe place away from dust humidity and extreme temperatures RUNNING RTES Your directory RTES is now ready to run RTES with the following procedure 1 Make sure the directory you want to use is the default by typing CD RTES lt cr gt 2 Start up RTES by typing RTES lt cr gt 3 If you are a first time user of RTES you may want to proceed with the sample session How to create a knowledge base using RTES
241. subsystem See the DEVICE DRIVERS section of this manual When RTES is connected to a data acquisition and control subsystem your application will activate the electrical circuitry and operate the moving parts of the system Make sure you have properly tested your application rules tasks etc and provided proper emergency shutdown before you actually apply power to your process or machinery If you must make changes to your application while on line make sure you will not temporarily create an unsafe situation c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 5 CHAPTER TWO INSTALLATION AND START UP PROCEDURE HARD DISK This procedure of assumes that your system has a floppy disk drive A and a hard disk C and that DOS version 2 11 or more recent is installed on drive In the following description cr represents the key on your keyboard marked CR or Enter INSTALL THE RTES PROGRAM ON YOUR HARD DISK 1 Boot up your system 2 Create a directory on drive C Call that directory RTES MD RTES lt cr gt 3 Make the directory your default by typing CD RTES lt cr gt 4 Place the RTES original product diskette in drive A and close the drive Install the License block on the printer port of your computer 5 Copy the relevant files from the RTES diskette to your new directory using the DOS command COPY A name lt cr gt The following files are usually present in the RTES diskette RTES HLP the RTES help facility RTES CNF a
242. t alt E gt The top right hand of the screen will indicate Editing POINT NAMES and the cursor will be positioned at the first variable on the page c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 34 SPECIAL KEYS In addition to the line editing keys arrow left arrow right backspace delete insert end the following keys have special functions during database editing The Dn Arrow gt and Up Arrow keys allow movement from one variable to the next The lt Tab gt key allows you to change the field being edited This will be used to edit the alert states text descriptors etc The top right hand of the screen indicates which field is being edited and the specific area of the screen where the editing will take place is highlighted Whenever the lt Tab gt key is pressed the next field is selected on the same variable The cr key causes the new entry to be checked and if valid entered in the database When the cr key is pressed its position in the field being edited is not relevant The characters to the right of the cursor are retained as part of the entry When the entry is accepted the same field of the next variable is automatically selected for editing The Pg Dn and Pg Up gt keys allow you to change the page ENDING A DATABASE EDITING SESSION The session may be ended at any time and the system returned to command mode by pressing the Home key If the session was ended while still modifying an element before
243. t name hh mm action lt cr gt where name is the name of the variable to be controlled hh mm is the time when the event is to take place using a 24 hour clock action is one of 3 choices ON if the variable is to be turned on OFF if the variable is to be turned off REMOVE if the event is to be cancelled When a scheduled event has been defined it remains in effect until it is removed If the variable already is at the state dictated by the event then it remains in that state When a variable is the object of one or more scheduled events the E column on the variable definition page contains an S for schedule It cannot be evaluated by any other method such as a rule cascade or loop c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 26 DISPLAY SCHEDULED EVENTS The command SCHED name lt cr gt causes the events associated with the named variable to be displayed This display has the following format name hh mm action name hh mm action etc If events associated with the displayed variable are added or removed the display is immediately updated PRINT SCHEDULED EVENTS The command PS lt cr gt causes all the scheduled events to be printed in chronological order c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 27 CHAPTER ELEVEN TREND RECORDING OVERVIEW When the Real Time Expert System is used for data acquisition and control a trend recording facility is provided to write to disk at regular intervals the values of selected variables
244. the lt cr gt key was pressed then the original information is retained for that element in lieu of the incomplete entry During a lengthy editing session it is a good idea to save the changes on disk from time to time by using the SAVE command VALID ENTRIES The table below summarizes acceptable forms for each field c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 35 Alpha numericUp to 10 characters A Z 0 9 8 Must start with A Z Alert State Character 0 false 1 true E either record change of state N neither cancel alert state consult the chapter on alerts for more details Text Alpha numericUp to 40 characters Eng Unit Alpha numericUp to 4 characters Conversion Character L linear r square root D 100 Ohm RTD type J K R S T thermocouple Zero Real number 000001 to 9999999 Full scale Real number 000001 to 9999999 Note RTES does not accept scientific notation DATA BASE EDITING BY COMMANDS You may also enter or change the elements associated with a variable without that variable being on the screen This is particularly useful if you decide to build your data base using a batch command file that you create with a word processor You assign a name to a variable with the NAME command The format of this command is NAME Xn lt gt Where Xn is the variable identifier and name is the new name to be assigned to the variable Example NAME 5 TOTAL lt cr gt c 1992 2005
245. the alert condition state is 0 for FALSE alert condition 1 for TRUE alert condition E tolog the change of state toremove a previously existing alert condition consult the chapter on alerts for more details For analog variables you may define the engineering units range and conversion type using the database editing commands You define the engineering unit with the EU command The format of the command is EU name text lt cr gt name is the name of the analog variable text is the text representing the engineering units for the variable You define the range with the RANGE command The format of the command is RANGE name zero full lt cr gt name is the name of the analog variable Zero is the zero value for the variable full is the full scale value for the variable You define the conversion type with the TYPE command The format of the command is TYPE name x lt cr gt name is the name of the analog input variable X is the conversion method or thermocouple type to be used for the variable c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 38 CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES BY COMMANDS The START STOP SET and PULSE force a variable to take the desired value or state START STOP and PULSE are normally used with binary variables They may also be used with numeric variable when they assume a binary function The START command forces a variable to the TRUE state The STOP command forces a variable to the FALSE state The PULS
246. the data it sends to and receives from the device data acquisition and control subsystem PLC etc RTES variables are assigned to specific channels on the external devices by specifying clusters Each cluster is a series of contiguous RTES variables generally up to 16 attached to a series of contiguous I O channels of the same type on the device For example we may want to receive the temperature readings from the thermocouples connected to channels 0 through 3 the OPTOMUX board address 55 decimal on the analog inputs A001 through A004 There are four standard cluster types corresponding to the four types of physical I O points They are I for binary input clusters O for binary output clusters A for analog input clusters and Y for analog output clusters Other cluster types may exist depending on the purpose of the device driver and or the type of device For example the driver uses clusters to define counters a special feature of the OPTOMUX s brain boards I O assignments have the general form C2 Cp where is the cluster type 1 I A or Y p is the number of cluster definitions to follow 2 represent the cluster definitions which will be specific for each different driver Cluster definitions specify where in the RTES database the physical I O are mapped For example this is how you would specify that the first digital input point on a device is mapped
247. the math coprocessor are used without the math coprocessor RTES returns the value of the operand without performing any operation on it For example the expression e10 will return the value 10 rather than 22026 5 Expressions that overflow evaluate to numbers that are too large to be represented in the computer return a value of 0 Relational operators Note that greater than or equal sign is obtained on the screen by typing lt ctrl G gt and less than or equal is obtained with lt ctrl L gt Since these characters are not normally available on printers RTES replaces them at print time by gte and Ite respectively Relational operations compare algebraically the values of the two operands on either side of the c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 50 operator The result of the operation is logical TRUE if the relation is verified and logical FALSE if the relation is not verified If a binary variable is used as operand in a relational operation it is considered as a numeric with the value of 0 if FALSE or 1 if TRUE Logical operators The AND operator is either a or amp The OR operator is either o or The NOT operator is n if it is preferred to place it before the operand or apostrophe if it is preferred to place it after the operand Both notations can be used concurrently and are interchangeable The result of a logical operation is a logical TRUE or FALSE The result of the AND operation is TRUE if and
248. to be displayed as a string from the text array H MESSAGE Press lt Alt V gt At the bottom of the page a message will be displayed that tells the line and column where the variable is to be displayed The cursor will be positioned at the end of this message To define the variable TEMP to be displayed as described above type HEATER LIST 2 H MESSAGE 40 lt cr gt The cursor will be returned to where it was before you pressed Alt V and there will be a white block 40 columns wide in that location We have now defined all the variables to be displayed We can exit out of edit mode and back to command mode To exit from the edit mode press c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 22 lt Home gt When we do so the white blocks are replaced by the current values of the variables being displayed DEFINING THE RULE Next we have to define the rule describing when the heater will turn on By default all other conditions define when the heater is off To enter the rule for HEATER type RULE HEATER TEMP lt MIN HEATER amp TEMP lt MA X lt cr gt TESTING AND DEBUGGING THE RULE Now to test that everything is working okay we enter values for the minimum and maximum temperatures Select the minimum temperature by pressing lt Tab gt Then you need to type the number followed by lt cr gt Let s set the minimum temperature to 20 Therefore type 20 lt cr gt Next select the maximum temperature by pressing lt Tab gt Let s make th
249. to the next step 5 For every task that you had saved in a Tn TXT file type the RTES command FTASK Tn TXT lt cr gt 6 For each screen that you want to import create a screen with the appropriate name using the BUILD command i e BUILD name lt cr gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 210 exit the edit mode with the lt Home gt key and import the screen using the PL command i e PL name lt cr gt 7 You need now to redefine your alert change of state conditions by editing the variable pages as described in the manual 8 If you are using analog inputs and outputs you must redefine the analog input TYPEs in the A pages and the ZERO and FULL in the A and Y pages as described in the manual 9 Your knowledge base conversion is now completed Save it on disk with the RTES SAVE command or by exiting RTES with lt Ctrl Home gt c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 211 SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEM RTES MAX WinRTES By using the software purchased under this license the user becomes a licensee and agrees to the following terms and conditions 1 2 6 The licensee is authorized to make copies of this software for back up purposes only The licensee is authorized to make copies of the accompanying manual as required for internal use only The licensee is authorized to operate the software purchased under this license on a single computer only with not more than one screen and not more than one
250. ts own addresses or you may impose which addresses will correspond to the RTES register pages 1 Automatically assigned OPTOMUX addresses To operate in this mode make sure that PORTn CNF does not contain anything except the B and M parameters In this mode of operation each RTES page is automatically an OPTOMUX address The 16 pages correspond to address 0 to 15 The 16 O pages correspond to address 16 to 31 The 16 A pages correspond to address 32 to 47 c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 107 The 16 Y pages correspond to address 48 to 63 The 128 R pages correspond to address 64 to 191 The first variable on the page corresponds to OPTOMUX position 0 2 User defined addressing In this method you decide which OPTOMUX addresses will correspond to which RTES pages To define the addresses for the RTES pages you include for each page type a definition line in PORTn CNF that has the form t n p a p a p a where tis the page type I O A Y or G for R pages n is the number of pages you want to use as OPTOMUX boards each p a couple is the page index and the OPTOMUX address that the page corresponds to Note that the page indexes start at 0 For instance the page you would display with the command I 5 has the index 4 Notes Any RTES variable may be configured as input or output The I and O variables act as binary The A and Y variables act as analog they transmit or receive their raw values RTES convertin
251. ts the data in a separate file for each machine the data is in spreadsheet format for further off line analysis A task continuously looks at the last 10 readings from each machine sliding window calculates the average on those 10 readings compares those averages to set limits and flags a machine as required The flag may be used to alert operators stop production and or adjust the machine appropriately DATA BASE LAYOUT NAME CURRENT AE MESSAGE 1001 1 OPEN 1002 M2 OPEN 1003 M3 OPEN 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 OPEN 1012 OPEN 1013 OPEN 1014 OPEN 1015 1016 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 195 ROIZMI X ROI8 MI Y ROI MI Z RO20 R021 R022 M2_X R023 M2_Y R024 M2 Z RO25 RO26 RO27 M3 X RO28 M3 Y RO29 7 RO30 RO31 R032 NAME RO33 RMC RO34 WMC H RO35 ROO35 RO36 R0036 RO37 RO38 RO39 RO40 READ_POS RO41 SIZE R042 TX R043 TY RO44 TZ RO45 X RO46 Y R047 Z R048 NAME R049 FLAGS ROSO MC 1F RO51 MC 2F ROS2 MC 3F 053 RO54 055 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 CURRENT AE MESSAGE 0 00 0 00 MI DAT 0 00 M2 DAT 0 00 M3 DAT 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 CURRENT AE MESSAGE 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 c 1992 2005 FAI D
252. uration parameters are loaded when the driver is installed To change printer configuration parameters the computer must be rebooted and the graphics driver re installed INSTALLATION The high resolution graphics generators are external memory resident drivers that must be loaded prior to RTES being loaded The color graphics driver to be used with VGA and EGA graphics cards is called EGA EXE The monochrome graphics driver to be used with CGA VGA and EGA graphics cards is called CGA EXE The monochrome graphics driver to be used with Hercules graphics cards is called HGA EXE c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 124 To install a graphics driver type the name of the driver without the extension response to the DOS prompt For example EGA lt cr gt will load the color graphics driver c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 125 For the color graphics driver you may pass the video mode number as a parameter default video mode is 16 640 by 350 16 color For example EGA 18 lt cr gt load the color graphics driver in 640 by 480 16 color high resolution graphics mode EXAMPLE Dynamic Trend Recording The following example shows how to create a dynamic trend of a variable anywhere on the screen The area to contain the trend is encircled by a box The size and location of the area to be used can be determined by the user on the fly The rules are used to scale the variable into the defined area The task TREND
253. urrently on the screen 1 2 16 It contains 0 if the screen is not currently displaying a display page PAGES will contain the display page number that was on the screen when you display an extended help file PCOS Controls output of change of states to printer PLOGS Controls output of alert events to printer PRINT Set to 0 if RTES is not currently printing a report Set to 1 if RTES is currently printing a report READINGS Set to 0 if RTES is not currently executing a GET command Set to 1 if RTES is executing a GET command SEL RTES will maintain it to show the identification number of the currently selected variable using the following conventions 0 no variable selected 00001 to 09999 register number 10001 to 19999 digital input number 10000 20001 to 29999 digital output number 20000 30001 to 39999 analog input number 30000 40001 to 49999 analog output number 40000 SYSPG maintained by RTES at a value that indicates what is being displayed The value c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 130 of SYSPGS is set by RTES whenever the screen changes display The values of SYSPGS are as follows Register definition pages R LO Active alarms LIST User display PAGE Sheduler SCHED A pages Y pages On line help lt Alt H gt Not used List of display pages PAGE lt cr gt 10 Trend definition 11 Alarm historian TRACE 12 Not used 13 Alarm extension file AEX or extended help file HLP
254. user level 15 0 MACHINE SPEED This parameter may be used to increase the throughput of your system for the serial ports and the print spooler provided the compter you are using can handle it The lowest speed factor is used with the slowest computer The highest speed is used with the fastest computer The higher the speed factor the higher the number of clock tics per second used by the scheduler If the speed factor is too high the response to keyboard inputs is noticeably reduced The maximum speed factors that may be used with each computer are shown below We recommand that you keep the M parameter at its default value unless you have been advised otherwise in the documentation relative to the device drivers your are using The default machine speed is 0 The M parameter can be located anywhere in the configuration file PRINTER CONTROL RTES normally uses LPT1 or LPT2 whichever is found and buffers its output to the printer sending the characters provided the printer is not busy spooler This implies that it actually reads the printer port status c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 134 In some applications you may want to let your operating system DOS or network handle the printer control For instance you could have your printer on a serial port or at a file server In this case you may specify 5 0 in RTES CNF to tell RTES to pass on the printing to your operating system via the DOS interface mechanism EXAMPLE
255. usters I clusters read binary inputs from the PAMUX boards to I registers O clusters write binary outputs from O registers to the PAMUX boards A clusters read analog inputs from the PAMUX boards to A registers Y clusters write analog outputs from Y registers to the PAMUX boards c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 72 PCLAB INPUT OUTPUTS Each cluster is specified by 4 numbers FIRST QUANTITY BASE POSITION FIRST first RTES point channel in the cluster 0 256 QUANTITY number of consecutive points channels in the cluster 1 8 for digital 1 16 for analog BASE the decimal address of the PCLAB board POSITION Position of the first point channel within the board I clusters read binary inputs from the PCLAB boards to I registers O clusters write binary outputs from O registers to the PCLAB boards A clusters read analog inputs from the PCLAB boards to A registers Y clusters write analog outputs from Y registers to the PCLAB boards COUNTERS Counters are defined as G blocks You may define up to 64 counters Each counter is defined by a set of 4 numbers register address mode counter registeris the index number 1 of the 1st of 3 RTES registers that will handle the interface with the counter The Ist register is used to read the counter The 2nd register is an off on switch that you turn on to read the count and off to stop reading the count The 3rd register is a reset switch You set it to 1 when you want to write a 0 t
256. uting a batch command file and to 0 when the execution is over This register may used as a flag to make sure that a batch file has been executed before going to the next one The GET command has two formats GET filename Or GET variable The filename format lets you access the batch file directly The variable format c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 46 lets you access the batch indirectly from a text array associated with the variable The value of the variable is an index pointing to the batch filename which is the first word in the text string for each text message in the array AUTOMATICALLY CREATED BATCH COMMAND FILES A particular use of the batch files is to enter a set a data specific to a case into the knowledge base Such batch files consist of a series of SET commands and occasionally some TEXT commands pertaining to a set a variables For example let us consider the variables PRODUCT MASS VOLUME TEMP You may be using or studying several products that each have some specific mass volume and temperature but using the same knowledge base It is possible to have the following batch file called RUBBER TEXT PRODUCT RUBBER 1234 SET MASS 1 2 SET VOLUME 3 6 SET TEMP 72 and another batch file called WOOD TEXT PRODUCT ACACIA WOOD SET MASS 8 SET VOLUME 5 SET TEMP 122 Such files may be automatically created using the FILE command and a single pre defined format file named DATA FMT
257. variable must be a register Rxxxx RTES automatically assigns the next 5 register after name3 to become respectively the P I D E and M variables These 5 registers may be assigned any names RTES will use their current values to perform the algorithmic loop control calculation The 4th variable E will be used to store the previous error The fifth variable M is the AUTO MANUAL switch When M is FALSE the loop is in auto mode When M is TRUE the loop is manual mode and is not controlled It is recommended to use a Yxxx variable as the CV since this type of variables is bounded by the zero and full scale value This prevents the loop control algorithm from wandering across a very wide range if the loop tuning parameters are not adequate or if the loop is not responding to the control for some mechanical reason If you want the control variable to be a register you should associate that register to an analog output using a rule and use the analog output as the CV VELOCITY TYPE PID LOOP CONTROL The PID control algorithm used in the method described above is known as the position form Some control systems require a more elaborate form called the velocity form PID It uses the two previous values of the error but allow a constant difference between feedback and set point if the integral term is not used The calculation is CV CV P E Ep I E D E 2 Ep Epp To make RTES use the velocity form define your loop using the key w
258. will be used to draw the line When using monochrome drivers the color value if non zero is interpreted as white as white A zero value is interpreted as black The color driver uses only the least significant 4 bits of the color value for drawing Therefore if the color value is greater than 16 the color used is the value of the remainder when the number is divided by 16 The color value may be a variable or a constant The special feature of the LINE command is the characteristic that each time a line is redrawn it is XORed with what is already there For example the instructions c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 119 LINE 10 12 20 121 C LINE 10 12 20 121 C will first cause a line to be drawn on the display and then the line to be erased VAR Command The VAR command is used to define a variable to be displayed dynamically on the screen at the defined line and column The line and column specifications use the character coordinates They must be constants The VAR command need only be executed once per variable after the GRAPH command The VAR variable specification follows the same format as that used in the Customised User Displays with the following exceptions 1 Variables cannot be operator selectable 2 VGRAPH and specifications use the pixel coordinates for the total number of positions to be occupied by the full scale value and the maximum number that can be used for the positions is 255 In other wor
259. will continue to find many more useful applications that justify its existence we hope that it will inspire and encourage the development of other similar products that will help humanity cope with the vast amount of knowledge that will be available in the centuries to come HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL If you are using the Real Time Expert System in conjunction with an existing knowledge base all you really need to know is how to use some of the function keys specifically the ones associated with the control of variables in addition to Pg Up and Pg Dn to find your way through the displays You will find all the information in the KEYBOARD section The knowledge base should include all the displays and assistance you need to operate the system If you intend to develop or maintain a knowledge base containing one or more applications then you should read the complete manual c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 4 Refer to the COMMANDS section of this manual to get complete information on the use of each specific command After you have used the commands a few times the on screen HELP facility lt Alt H gt will be sufficient to refresh your memory SAFETY WARNING At some point you will want to connect your computer to the process or machinery that it will be controlling This is accomplished with a physical connections between your computer and the equipment RTES will need a device driver to talk to your data acquisition and control
260. with the specific task that executed the statement and will contain an error code at the end of each file handling operation An error code 0 means that the operation was successful An error code of 6 means that a READ was attempted past the end of the file There are no other error codes defined at present Once an open statement has been executed file n is active and you may manipulate its records Note that file n is actually a family of files defined by the open statement Which of the files is physically accessed will depend on the value of the register used in the open statement at the time the operation takes place When the read write position is changed it is changed for all the files in the family Also all the files in the same family automatically have the same record length label POS n reg_name lt cr gt sets the read write position of file n at the beginning of the record number contained in reg name The first record is 0 so that if reg name has a value of 0 the read write position is at the beginning of the file label GPOS n reg lt gt returns in reg name the current read write position of file n c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 78 label APP n lt cr gt places the read write position at the end of file n past the last record label WRITE n reg lt gt takes the values of the 1 consecutive registers 1 is defined by the OPEN statement starting at reg name and writes them to fi
261. word CLOSED will be included in the change of state message when the contact feeding input LK1 is OPEN and the word TRIP when the contact is closed You may use an inlieu of the character 0 F that specifies th COS descriptor to tell the system not to log the event Example BREAKER OPEN E 23MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER The above will log the event with descriptor 3 when BREAKER changes from open to close and descriptor 2 when BREAKER changes from closed to open BREAKER OPEN E 3MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER The above will log the event with descriptor 3 when BREAKER changes from open to close and will not log the event when BREAKER changes from closed to open If an alert variable is changed to a change of state variable an entry is made in the COS log indicating the current status of the variable You may choose to include the date in the change of state message To do so include in RTES CNF D 1 You may override the location of the change of state descriptors by including in RTES CNF the parameter Q id of the first of 16 registers that will define the change of state descriptions The TRACE command allows the display of the historical file in reverse chronological order The format of the command is TRACE lt cr gt When the historian is on the screen arrows pointing up and or down inform you that there are more records above or below The lt PG
262. ws the device driver to detect a communication failure RTES communication enable register Any RTES register in except the first one which has an index 0 may be used as communication enable register Using 0 is a convention to indicate that you do not want to define a register for this function and that the communication defined by this particular block is to take place c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 66 continuously If you define a non zero register index then you must turn that register on 1 or odd value for the communication to take place Depending on the C parameter in this configuration file that register will remain on until you switch it off C 0 or will be switched off automatically after the block of information has been transferred C 1 For example the OPTOMUX driver cluster definition requires 6 parameters in the following order FIRST QUANTITY BASE POSITION ALARM ENABLE Together BASE and POSITION indicate the location of the points in the OPTOMUX network BASE is the address of the OPTOMUX base or card 0 255 and POSITION is the position of the first channel on the OPTOMUX base Example I 1 3 6 255 5 5 0 The above line means that there is 1 digital input cluster the first point starts at I4 RTES digital input number 4 there are 6 points in the cluster the input points are found on the OPTOMUX base with address jumpered to 255 and the first point is located at channel 5 on the OPTOMUX board In oth
263. ynamic display of the task activities This shows all the defined tasks and their current status inactive active waiting or suspended This command is also issued by pressing lt alt T gt The command word TS also performs the same function c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 82 HOW TO CHANGE THE NAME OF A TASK The REN rename command allows you to assign a new name to an existing task The format of the command is REN old name new_name lt cr gt Example REN RAMP STEPS lt cr gt The new name must comply with the rules for a task name HOW TO REMOVE A TASK FROM THE SYSTEM The ERASE command allows you to remove all trace of a task as if it had never been created The format of the command is ERASE lt gt Example ERASE STEPS lt cr gt Caution must be exercised with this command since there is no elegant way to recover from it If the lost task happens to have been saved on disk you could stop your computer with a soft boot or a power off and restart with your old data base If the task was executing when you erase it it terminates at the end of the current instruction then disappears NOTE REGARDING THE USE OF THE X COMMAND Any text used in this command will be used by the Real Time Expert System just as if it had been typed on the command line Caution should be exercised because provided the syntax is correct the command will be executed You may for instance modify a rule or cancel it enter or
264. your device if necessary or change the configuration file You can check out the integrity of your serial port by jumpering the transmit and receive pins together at the computer end You should see each byte that is being transmitted being echoed If c 1992 2005 FAI Designs Inc 8 96 you don t replace your serial port card To check the integrity of the communication cable disconnect the cable at the device end and jumper together the transmit and receive lines of the cable If your cable is intact you will see each byte that is being transmitted echoed back If you don t see any data being received replace the cable If you see data being received but it s not the same data being transmitted check that the cable is grounded properly You may also use the software supplied by the manufacturer to test your device For example you can use OPTOSCAN to checkout your OPTOMUX equipment When checking your configuration file make sure that your device specifications are correct For example do you have the proper device or card addresses for the physical I O channels If you are trying to address a device that does not exist in your network you will not get a response If you see data displayed in reverse video only we must assume that your device is acting as the master and expecting RTES to respond at the appropriate time If RTES is not responding check that there is a configuration file for the port in your default directory and that it

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