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Epi Info 7 User Manual

1. Syntax EXECUTE lt filename gt EXECUTE lt filename gt lt command line parameters gt EXECUTE NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt e The lt filename gt represents the path and program name for exe filename for registered Windows programs and com filename for MS DOS binary executable files e The lt command line parameters gt represent any additional command line arguments that the program can accept When used the entire string should be enclosed within double quotes e When Wait for Command to Execute modal is specified the command and Analysis should run When Wait for Command to Execute is not specified non modal Classic Analysis should wait until the executed program closes before continuing When EXECUTE is run modally permanent variables are written before the command is executed and reloaded after the command is executed 268 Functions and Operators Comments If the name given is not a program but a file with an extension the three characters after the registered by Windows for displaying the document the correct program to display the file will be activated e WRITEUP DOC might cause Microsoft Word to run and load
2. READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego WRITE APPEND Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project Folder SampleOutput mdb OSWEGO 2 WRITE APPEND Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project _Folder SampleOutput mdb OSWEGO 2 WRITE APPEND Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project _Folder SampleOutput mdb OSWEGO 2 READ C My Project _Folder SampleOutput mdb OSWEGO 2 Example 3 This example shows how to make defined variables into permanent database variables The Oswego data table from Sample PRJ is written to a database called SampleOutput Notice that the defined variable IncubationTime does not exist in Sample PRJ but after the WRITE command has executed it is now a part of the newly created data table Oswego_3 READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE IncubationTime NUMERIC ASSIGN IncubationTime HOURS TimeSupper DateOnset LIST IncubationTime WRITE REPLACE Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project _Folder SampleOutput mdb OSWEGO 3 READ C My Project _Folder SampleOutput mdb OSWEGO 3 LIST GRIDTABLE Example 4 The records from the Oswego Form in the Sample database are exported to an Excel spreadsheet By specifying age sex and incubation time in the WRITE command only those variables will be
3. DEFINE ExpA NUMERIC ASSIGN ExpA EXP Age LIST ExpA Age FILEDATE Description This function returns the date a file was last modified or created If FILEDATE is specified with a file path that lacks a directory the current directory is used If FILEDATE is specified without a file or with a file that does not exist the function returns missing Syntax FILEDATE lt variable gt The lt variable gt represents the complete file path and the name is text format Comments This function is useful when several users are updating a large database Example READ C My_ Project _Folder Sample Sample prj RHepatitis DEFINE NewUpdate DATEFORMAT ASSIGN NewUpdate FILEDATE C epi_info Sample mdb IF FILEDATE C epi_info Sample mdb gt NewUpdate THEN DIALOG This information may be out of date Please check the source TITLETEXT Warning END LIST NewUpdate FINDTEXT Description This function returns the position in a variable in which the string is located Syntax FINDTEXT lt variablel gt lt variable2 gt 327 Functions and Operators The lt variable1 gt represents the string of characters to be found The lt variable2 gt represents the string to be searched Comments If the sting is not found the result is 0 otherwise it is a number corresponding to the position of the string starting fro
4. OUPpPuPryo w EAD C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance Birthday DATEFORMAT Birthday 01 01 2006 HospitalCode NUMERIC HospitalCode 854 Smoke YN Smoke LIST Birthday HospitalCode Smoke 255 Functions and Operators DEFINE DLLObject Description This command allows you to create an ActiveX dynamic link library or executable object Syntax DLL File DEFINE lt variable gt DLLOBJECT lt ActiveX name gt lt class gt WSC File DEFINE lt variable gt DLLOBJECT lt filename gt e The lt variable gt represents the name of the variable to be created e The lt ActiveX name gt represents the internal name of the ActiveX object that contains the class object for DLL files e The lt class gt represents a class name defined within the DLL e The lt filename gt represents the name of the WSC file where the script component resides Comments The ActiveX name may not be the same as the actual name of the dll dynamic link library or executable When an ActiveX object is developed it is given a project name This name is required to create the object The ActiveX object executable or dll must be registered before it can be used Windows Scripting Component WSC objects can also be used Example DEFINE Week DLLOBJECT EIEpiwk Epiweek 256 Functions and Operators Define Group Command Analysis Reference Descript
5. END IF Fever THEN ASSIGN ILL END Set Ill only if one or more symptoms are present The same result could be achieved with this code IF Diarrhea OR Vomiting OR Fever THEN ASSIGN ILL ELSE ASSIGN ILL END Examples Example 1 The Group variable for all records in the data set is assigned the value of Young Adult if the Age variable has a value between but not including 17 and 30 If the value in Age falls outside of this range no value is assigned to Group READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Group TEXTINPUT IF Age lt 30 AND Age gt 17 THEN ASSIGN Group Young Adult END hist Group Example 2 Several different values are assigned to the Group variable depending on the value of the Age variable READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Group TEXTINPUT IF Age lt 30 AND Age gt 17 THEN ASSIGN Group Young Adult END is NGS lt IL 7 UIST ASSIGN Group Minor END IF Age gt 30 THEN ASSIGN Group Adult END LESE Grov Example 3 If the patient ate chocolate or vanilla ice cream the variable IceCream is assigned a value of true Otherwise it is assigned a value of false 276 Functions and Operators KN 277 Functions and Operators KMSURVIVAL Description This command performs the Kaplan Meier Survival Analysis and produces graphs and statistics for one or several groups o
6. e A Weight variable is selected for use in weighted analyses e The Output to Table field identifies a data table to receive output from the command Currently Disabled e Cross Tabulate by Value of identifies the variable to be used to cross tabulate the main variable e Stratify by identifies the variable to be used to stratify or group the frequency data e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 193 Translation Complex Sample Tables Dialog Box Complex Sample Tables Exposure Variable Outcome Yariable Stratify by ev Weight C Matched Analysis Optional Page Settings Primary Sampling Unit Columns Per Page Output to Table C No Line Wrap Cancel Clear e Exposure Variable identifies the variable that will appear on the horizontal axis of the table It is considered to be the risk factor or for all variables e A Weight variable is selected for use in weighted analyses e The Output to Table field identifies a data table to receive output from the command e Outcome Variable identifies the variable that will app
7. command s END e The lt expression gt represents a condition that determines whether or not subsequent commands will be run If the condition evaluates to true the commands inside of the IF block will run If the condition evaluates to false the commands inside of the ELSE block will run instead If no ELSE exists and the condition is false then no commands inside of the IF block are run e The command s represents at least one valid command e The ELSE statement is optional and will run any code contained inside of it when the lt expression gt evaluates to false Comments The IF statement is executed immediately if it does not refer to a database variable any characteristic or attribute that can be measured or if any defined variables have been assigned literal values If the statement YEAR 97 has already occurred then an IF statement dependent on it e g IF YEAR 97 THEN will be executed immediately Examples Example 1 If you select Male for the patient s sex then the fields named Pregnancy and ChildBirth are hidden The example assumes a form exists with the following fields all on the same page Sex Text Pregnancy Yes No and ChildBirth Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the Sex field IF Sex Male THEN HIDE Pregnancy Childbirth END 243 Functions and Operators Example 2 If the date of birth supplied by the user occurs prior to January 1 19
8. Click OK The Form Designer page appears with the new form name and page on the tab at the top left of the page To create fields right click in the workspace to open the Field Definition dialog box Create a New Form in an Existing Project 1 Select File gt New Form The Name the form dialog box opens 2 Type a Form Name 3 Click OK The new form appears in the workspace e Anew form is created in the existing project 25 Form Designer Create Fields in a Form The canvas for the form you are creating will be displayed in the Form Designer window The following steps explain how to add fields to the form 1 With the form loaded right click on the canvas A pop up menu will appear see figure 2 0 File Edit View Insert Format Tools Help i New Project E1 Open Project g Close Project Undo Redo Check Code E Enter Data Project Explorer New Field New Field Group Tabs Page Check Code Cut Copy en Us 7 0 6 87 8 1572 Paste Delete Align as Stack Align as Table Save Selection as Template Creating Fields 2 0 2 Move the mouse over the New Field option A sub menu will appear as shown in figure 2 1 26 Text Unique Identifier Label Title Text Uppercase Multiline Number Phone Number Date Time Date Time Checkbox BOOCEHNMAAERAEE gt EE ry oO Legal Values Codes Comment Legal Relate Gl
9. Description This command performs Cox Proportional Hazards and Extended Cox Proportional Hazards survival analysis This form of survival analysis relates covariates to failure through hazard ratios A covariate with a hazard ratio greater than one causes failure A covariate with a hazard ratio less than one improves survival Some of the subjects may be unavailable prior to failure the term censored is applied to them COXPH is especially constructed to deal with this situation Statistics showing the risk set by group and time can be written to an OUTTABLE for later formatting Syntax COXPH lt time variable gt lt covariate s gt lt time function gt lt censor variable gt lt value gt TIMEUNIT lt time unit gt OUTTABLE lt tablename gt GRAPHTYPE lt graph type gt WEIGHTVAR lt weight variable gt STRATAVAR lt strata variable s gt GRAPH lt graph variable s gt e The lt time variable gt represents a numeric or date variable specifying when failure or censorship occurred e The lt covariate s gt represent a numeric variable a non numeric variable or a variable specified as non numeric by parenthesis Any non numeric variable even a variable specified as non numeric by surrounding with parenthesis is automatically recoded into dummy variables For all but one of the levels of a variable a dummy variable will be created It measures the contribution of its level to the excluded l
10. e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled DIALOG Type List of Values This dialog type displays a combo box of distinct values of the specified variable in the specified database Dialog 2 x Dialog Type C Simple Get Variable List of Values Title Variable Type Text Prompt Show Table 4 ADDFul bd Input Variable Show Variable v GlobalRecordld OK Cancel Clear Help Save Only e Title holds the text of the heading title e Prompt contains the text to be used in the dialog as a message e Input Variable allows you to select a variable from the current data table e Variable Type allows you to select the dialog format to receive the value Options are Text Number Date and Yes No Cancel e Show Table contains a list of available forms or tables in the current project e Show Variable contains a list of available fields that act as selection criteria for the input variable in the current project e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Cancel closes the command generation window without saving or executing a command e Clear empties fields to re enter information 169 Translation Save Only saves the command in the Program Editor but does not run the command Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 170 Translation
11. C No Intercept e The Outcome Variable is the dependent variable for the regression e Other Variables appear in the predictor variables list e Interaction Terms are defined with the Make Interaction button Make Interaction appears if two or more variables are selected from the Other Variables list box If you click Make Interaction the relationship populates the Interaction Terms list box 176 Translation Make Dummy is activated if you select a predictor variable If you select a numeric variable it will be treated as discrete rather than continuous the variable is enclosed in parentheses to indicate that dummy variables are being created If a predictor variable enclosed in parentheses is selected in the list the Make Dummy button changes to Make Continuous Selecting it results in the variable being treated as continuous If you select more than one predictor variable the Make Dummy button changes to Make Interaction Selecting it results in all possible combinations of the selected variables being added to the regression as interaction terms A Weight variable may selected to use in weighted analyses Confidence Limits specifies the probability level at which confidence limits are computed default 05 The Output to Table field identifies a table to receive output from the command Currently Disabled If you select No Intercept the regression is performed without a constant term forcing the regression line thro
12. Syntax YEARS lt varl gt lt var2 gt lt var1 gt and lt var2 gt are represented in date format Comments If the date stored in lt var1 gt is more recent than that in lt var2 gt the result will be the difference in years expressed as a negative number Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE SurveyDate DATEFORMAT ASSIGN SurveyDate 05 15 2001 DEFINE AgeYears NUMERIC ASSIGN AgeYears YEARS BirthDate SurveyDate MEANS AgeYears LIST AgeYears BirthDate SurveyDate 349 Glossary CHK EpiData was developed for data entry as an update of the principles used in the DOSprogram Epi Info v6 It is an all in one program one exe file for Windows 95 98 NT 2000 and Macintosh with RealPc emulation EpiData uses Epi Info v6 format for files Qes Rec and Chk Data can be exported to CSV comma separated data dBase Exceland Stata v4 6 Simple range legal date and enhanced control of logical consistency across variables jumps based on the value of entry and calculations during data entry is easy to define Lists of data and overall frequency tables can be produced Compare two files and get a list of differences in data validate QES EpiData was developed for data entry as an update of the principles used in the DOSprogram Epi Info v6 It is an all in one program one exe file for Windows 95 98 NT 2000 and Macintosh with RealP
13. gt Greater than or equal to lt Less than or equal to lt gt Not equal to LIKE Left side variable matches right side pattern in pattern matches any number of characters matches any one character Table 38 Comparison Operators Syntax Expression lt Operator gt Expression Expression is any valid expression Comments Comparison operators are executed from left to right There is no hierarchy of comparison operators The lt gt operator can be used only with numeric variables For non numeric variables use NOT Example READ C My_ Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance SELECT Age gt 20 LIST Age Disease READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance SELECT Age lt 45 LIST Age Disease READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance SELECT Age gt 38 LIST Age Disease READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance SELECT Age lt gt 77 LIST Age Disease 319 Functions and Operators LIKE Operator Description This operator is used with the SELECT command to locate subsets of information using a wildcard search LIKE can be used only to locate data in text variables and uses asterisks to define the select value It can also be used to create IF THEN statements Syntax SELECT lt variable gt LIKE value SELECT lt variable gt LIKE val SELECT lt vari
14. 4 Click Run Commands The Program Editor runs all the code listed and displays the results in the Output window 163 Translation e Torun individual commands use the cursor to highlight the commands you want to run Click Run Commands 164 Translation Execute File Command Reference This command executes a Windows program in Classic Analysis You can either explicitly name the command e g WinWord exe or one designated within the Windows registry as appropriate for a document with the named file extension C Temp MyDocument doc This provides a mechanism for bringing up whatever word processor or browser is the default on a computer without first knowing its name If the pathname is a long filename it must be surrounded in single quotes If the command takes parameters surround the command and the parameters with a single set of double quotes Do not use single quotes Execute o o x Filename or Command O V Wait for command to execute Gk Cancel Clear e Filename is the file name program name or command to execute Enter a path and program name for EXE and COM files along with any desired command line arguments Saye Only e Wait for command to execute indicates whether the program should run before or after the command is executed e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command
15. Evaluation A process that attempts to determine as systematically and objectively as possible the relevance effectiveness and impact of activities in the light of their objectives F Frequency The count in any given interval The relative frequency is the proportion of weights in each interval G GIS Geographic Information System H Histogram A graphical representation of the frequency of data values within small data ranges which are created by dividing the total range of data into 5 to 20 equal subintervals The most common histogram form is the Bell Curve also known as a Normal Distribution I Interaction The odds ratio OR for a variable varies with the value of another variable M Maximum Highest value in the expression Mean Equal to the average of the data Add all data together and divide by the number of observations Median The measure of central location which divides a set of data into two equal parts A center or mid point of the data Order the data from the smallest to the largest and the center point is the median For odd numbers it is the center number For even numbers it is the average of the center numbers Minimum Lowest value in the expression O ODBC Open Database Connectivity Odds Ratio A measure of association that quantifies the relationship between an exposure and health outcome from a comparative study Also known as the cross product ratio Outbreak Synonymous wi
16. Translation Os D 10 11 12 13 14 From the Aggregate drop down list select Average From the Variable drop down list select the variable GPA In the Into Variable field type AverageGPA Click Apply The code appears in the open field From the Group By drop down list select the variable GENDER In the Output to Table field type DATATABLE1 Click OK The following message appears in the Output window SUMMARIZE AverageGPA Avg GPA TO DATATABLE1 STRATAVAR GENDER Click Read Import The READ dialog box opens Click the Tables checkbox All the tables in your dataset appear in a list Select the summary table DATATABLE1 Click OK The Output window populates with a record count of two for the summary table Use the LIST command to view the summary table 146 Translation Use the GRAPH Command The following steps create a basic graph containing one main variable The GRAPH command opens the Epi Graph application and creates a variety of graph types based on the types of data available in the project Syntax GRAPH lt Variable s gt GRAPHTYPE lt GraphType gt lt OptionName gt OptionValue GRAPH lt Variable s gt lt Crosstab gt GRAPHTYPE lt GraphType gt lt OptionName gt OptionValue GRAPH lt Variable s gt GRAPHTYPE lt GraphType gt XTITLE lt string gt YTITLE lt string gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree us
17. e Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 165 Translation lt filename gt lt program name gt lt fprogram name gt lt command line parameters gt NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt Comments WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt The lt program name gt represents the path and program name for exe filename for registered Windows programs and com any Internet address files along with any desired command line arguments If a parameter is added the whole string should be enclosed within double quotes If EXECUTE is run modally permanent variables are written before the command is executed and reloaded after it is executed If the given name is not a program but a file with an extension the three characters after the registered by Windows for displaying the document the correct program to display the file will be activated G e WRITEUP DOC might cause Microsoft Word to run and load the file on one computer Usually TXT will run NOTEPAD EXE or WORDPAD EXE and image files will appear either in a browser or
18. e Toremove the color select Clear Color from the Background Color box 36 Form Designer Work with Pages in a Form Add a New Page 1 From the Form Designer page panel highlight the form where you want to add a page 2 Click Add Page The page appears in the Form Designer window and at the end of the existing pages listed in the Page Names window Questionnaire for Church Supper Oswego 3 Bato rerne Code Nemes Asye Ses i tp yr 7 Epo v T EmnErttmng EvensCount m Tene Supper Date Onset Bl tweliv v Mm 00 YYYY HHIMMESS a fam D0 YYYY HHM Ssa Lana AB Food Food History Marh Yas or No Food Remi Beverages Baked Hom Mib v v Mathe d Potatoes Cabbage Sahad Desserts Cohen v Vanilia Ice Cream olen an nus Delete a Page 1 From the Form Designer page panel highlight the page you want to delete 2 Click Delete Page The Confirming Deletion pop up opens 3 Click Yes The page is deleted from the list 37 Form Designer Insert a New Page 1 From the Form Designer page panel highlight the page where you want to insert a page 2 Click Insert Page The page appears in the Form Designer window above the selected page in the Page Names window k lovestipatinn Questionnaire for Church Supper Oswego Code Nere Age Ses CJC CL p Time Supper ste Oret MNES Henna SS Aa IM 0D VYVY HHMM SS AB Foods Food History Mark Ye
19. Assign a Date To program a mathematical function use the Program Editor and the ASSIGN command Check Code can be created to calculate and enter the age of a respondent based on the date of birth and the date the survey was completed or the system date of the computer when data were entered This example uses a field called DateOfBirth and a field called Age to demonstrate the use of the ASSIGN command and the function YEARS 1 From the Form Designer click Check Code or select Tools gt Check Code Editor The Check Code Editor opens Select the DateOfBirth field from the Choose Field Block for Action list box Select after from the Before or After Section Click the Add Block button This creates code to run after the DateOfBirth field is entered and accepted Click Assign from the Add Command to Field Block list box The Assign dialog box opens From the Assign Variable drop down select the field where the calculated value should appear For this example select the Age field In the Expression field type the function YEARS Type or click the left parenthesis Do not put a space before it e Statements of a function must be enclosed in parentheses Use the Operator buttons or type them in from your keyboard From the Available Variables drop down list select the DateOfBirth field Type a comma Type the survey date in a MM DD YYYY format or type the function SYSTEMDATE to calculate using the computer clock
20. END SELECT NOT AgeRange WRITE APPEND Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj T1 READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj T1 LIST Age AgeRange 291 Functions and Operators REGRESS Description This command performs multivariate linear regression with support for automatic dummy variables and multiple interactions If a variable has more than two values it is automatically turned into a series of yes no variables called dummy variables one for each extra value Syntax REGRESS lt dependent variable gt lt independent variable s gt NOINTERCEPT OUTTABLE lt tablename gt WEIGHTVAR lt weight variable gt PVALUE lt PValue gt e lt dependent variable gt represents the dependent variable e lt independent variable s gt is an independent variable that can be a numeric variable a non numeric variable or a variable surrounded by parenthesis Any text or yes no variable or a variable surrounded with parenthesis is automatically recoded into dummy variables A dummy variable is created for all but one of the levels of a variable This dummy variable measures the contribution of its level relative to the excluded level Interactions are specified by between variables lt weight variable gt represents a variable describing each data row s contribution to the regression e lt tablename gt is th
21. GOTO Description This command can be used alone or in an IF statement to transfer the cursor to a named variable field Syntax GOTO lt event gt The lt event gt can be a 1 1 page number or a variable Event and Description e 1 Automatically saves the current page if changes have been made and goes to the next page e 1 Automatically saves the current page if changes have been made and goes to the previous page e lt page number gt Automatically saves the current page if changes have been made and goes to the page indicated by the number e lt variable name gt Goes to the variable indicated Automatically saves the current page if changes have been made if the variable is on another page Comments GOTO will be ignored if it is in the Before or After Record event The GOTO command skips all the variables in between unavailable for data entry or Read Only Examples Example 1 The form will skip directly from one field to another based on certain user input The example assumes a form exists that has the following fields DoYouSmoke Yes No PacksPerDay Numeric and HeartDisease Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the DoYouSmoke field IF DoYouSmoke THEN GOTO HeartDisease ELSE GOTO PacksPerDay END Example 2 You will be taken to the second page on the form based upon an answer provided to a question on lung disease The example assumes a form exi
22. GlobalRecordld GlobalRecordid 10 Click OK The related form information appears in the Output window e Data from the two tables can now be used to compute statistics 97 Translation Use the WRITE Command Use to create a new file with selected variables Syntax WRITE lt METHOD gt lt output type gt lt project gt table lt variable s gt WRITE lt METHOD gt lt output type gt lt project gt table EXCEPT lt variable s gt To use the WRITE command open a project using the READ command Follow these steps 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Write The WRITE dialog box opens Write Variables AGE a Output Mode Shee Append Replace Beverages BROWNBREAD CABBAGESAL Output Format CAKES A i CHOCOLATE Microsoft Access 2002 2003 mdb pas 4 ad Connection Information DateOnset m Desserts m FKEY Destination Table Foodltems FRUITSALAD Iv 2 Keep the default setting All unchecked to write all the variables to a new file Note You can also choose individual variables from the file list by clicking on the variable name or select All Except to exclude specific variables 3 From the Output Mode section click the Replace radio button e Replace creates a new file and overwrites any existing variables and records To overwrite or replace data in a tabl
23. ID In this case you will create a Patient ID made up of parts of the patient s last and first name The ampersand amp operator is used to join the two parts together Last Name First Name Patient ID 1 From the Form Designer click Check Code The Check Code Editor opens 2 From the Choose Field Block for Action list box select the field that the code should run after In this example the code needs to run after you enter the first name variable 3 Select after from the Before or After Section 4 Click the Add Block button 5 From the Add Command to Field Block list box click Assign The ASSIGN dialog box opens 6 From the Assign Variable drop down list select the field to contain the concatenated value 7 Create the Expression using the SUBSTRING syntax e SUBSTRING lt variable gt position character e lt variable gt is the field or variable e position is the position of the first character to be extracted from the variable e character is the number of characters to extract In this example the ID variable contains a combination of the first position and four characters of the last name plus the first position and three characters of the first name ASSIGN ID SUBSTRING LName 1 4 amp SUBSTRING FName 1 3 75 Form Designer Assign Variable D Expression SUBSTRING LName 1 4 amp SUBSTRING FName 1 3 Available Variables Operators f And Or Not Yes
24. IST Later 345 Functions and Operators TRUNC Description This function removes decimals from a numeric variable returning the integer part of the number This follows the same logic as rounding toward zero Syntax TRUNC lt variable gt The lt variable gt can be an existing numeric variable a defined variable containing numbers or a numeric constant Comments The result will be returned in numeric format Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj ADDFull DEFINE Trcl Numeric ASSIGN Trci TRUNC ADDSC LIST Trci ADDSC TXTTODATE Description This function returns a date value that corresponds to the string Syntax TXTTODATE lt variable gt The lt variable gt represents a variable in text format Comments The text variable can be in any format that can be recognized as a date e g Jan 1 2000 1 1 2000 Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE Varl TEXTINPUT ASSIGN Varl1 05 20 2006 DEFINE Var2 DATEFORMAT ASSIGN Var2 TXTTODATE Var1 DISPLAY DBVARIABLES 346 Functions and Operators LIST Varl Var2 TXTTONUM Description This function returns a numeric value that corresponds to the string Syntax TXTTONUM lt variable gt The lt variable gt represents a variable in text format Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DE
25. Ill Yes No Vomiting Yes No Fever Yes No and Diarrhea Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the ill field ASSIGN Ill IF Vomiting THEN ASSIGN Ill END IF Diarrhea THEN ASSIGN Ill END IF Fever THEN ASSIGN Ill END Example 8 Several IF commands are used to determine the number of symptoms a patient is presenting with If the number of symptoms is greater than or equal to two the Case variable is assigned true If the number of symptoms is less than two the Case variable is assigned false The example assumes a form exists that has the following fields MajorSymp Numeric Vomiting Yes No Fever Yes No Diarrhea Yes No and Case Yes No ASSIGN MajorSymp 0 IF Diarrhea THEN ASSIGN MajorSymp MajorSymp 1 END IF Fever THEN ASSIGN MajorSymp MajorSymp 1 END IF Vomiting THEN ASSIGN MajorSymp MajorSymp 1 END IF MajorSymp gt 2 THEN ASSIGN Case ELSE ASSIGN Case END 245 Functions and Operators NEWRECORD Description This command saves the current records data and opens a new record for data entry Syntax NEWRECORD Example DIALOG This is the last field in my form NEWRECORD 246 Functions and Operators Analysis Commands ASSIGN Description This command assigns numeric or string expression r
26. Try It Create a bar graph using data from the Sample MDB project 1 Read inthe Sample PRJ project Open Oswego Seventy five 75 records should be listed in the Output window 2 Click Statistics gt Graph The GRAPH dialog box opens 3 From the Graph Type drop down list select Column 4 From the Main Variable drop down list select the variable Age to use for the X Axis 5 Click OK Epi Graph opens Age Distribution 4 2 4 3 8 3 6 3 4 3 2 3 2 8 2 6 Count 2A m COUNT 2 2 2 1 8 1 6 1 44 1 2 1 0 8 Hi 37 M M a O O O O 1011121314151617182021242532333536373840444548505253545758596062636465686970727477 Age 149 Translation 6 The bar graph is now embedded in the Output window and part of the output file e Notice the Graph code that appears in the Program Editor 150 Translation How to Manage Output Header The Header command in Classic Analysis sets up specific headings as part of the output in Analysis Header 2 xi BZUA 0 M Title Option Set Text or Font Beset Title Remove Last Line Title Line fo Body Text Append Text Title cr Cancel Clear Save Ony Help e Title Option permits title lines to be set or changed If you select Reset Title the selected title level will be reset to default titles If you select Remove Last Line the last line of a ti
27. Use the LOGISTIC Command The Logistic Regression command performs conditional or unconditional multivariate logistic regression with automatic dummy variables and support for multiple interactions The dependent Outcome variable must have a Yes No value Records with missing values are excluded from the analyses Independent Other Variables can be numeric categorical or Yes No variables Missing is interpreted as missing 0 is false and any other response is true Independent variables are controlled by the Include Missing setting If Include Missing is used with missing values and true and false dummy variables will be made automatically which contribute Yes vs Missing and No vs Missing Independent variables of text type are automatically turned into dummy variables which compare each value relative to the value lowest in the sort order Date or numeric type Independent variables are treated as continuous variables unless surrounded by parentheses in the command If that occurs they automatically turn into dummy variables which compare each value relative to the lowest value Syntax LOGISTIC lt dependent variable gt lt independent variable s gt MATCHVAR lt match variable gt NOINTERCEPT OUTTABLE lt tablename gt WEIGHTVAR lt weight variable gt PVALUE lt PValue gt Dialog Box 1 From the Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file Select a form or
28. groups Try It For this example use the Classic Analysis Program Editor to create the code 1 Read in the Sample PRJ project Open Oswego 2 Inthe Program Editor window place the cursor under the Read command created Type MEANS Age Do not press the Enter key Leave the cursor on the line of code just created Program Editor Statistics File Edit Fonts i L New Pam JOpen Pom rd Save Pom Print Pgm gt Run Commands READ My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego MEANS AGE Click Run Commands from the Program Editor navigation menu The code turns gray to indicate execution of syntax e Results of the command appear in the Output window Results are the same as those created using the Command Tree dialog boxes 143 Translation Use the SUMMARIZE Command The SUMMARIZE command aggregates data producing an output table showing the descriptive statistics Syntax SUMMARIZE varname aggregate variable varname aggregate variable TO tablename STRATAVAR variable list WEIGHTVAR variable 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt Summarize The Summarize dialog box opens Summarize Weight Output to Table 3 From the Aggregate drop down list select from the available functions to specify how records will be combined The options ar
29. the EXECUTE command can be placed in any command block but is often used with a button A button does not have a Before Entry section Syntax EXECUTE lt filename gt EXECUTE lt filename gt lt command line parameters gt EXECUTE NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE NOWAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt EXECUTE WAITFOREXIT lt filename gt e The lt filename gt represents the path and program name for exe filename for registered Windows programs and com filename for MS DOS binary executable files e The lt command line parameters gt represent any additional command line arguments that the program can accept e When Wait for Command to Execute modal is specified the command should run and Enter should continue running When Wait for Command to Execute is not specified non modal Enter should wait until the executed program closes before continuing When EXECUTE is run modally permanent variables are written before the command is executed and reloaded after it is executed Comments If the name of an executable program e g ENTER EXE MYBATCH BAT or MYWEB HTM is given the program will be run in a separate window The window closes when the program terminates 237 Functions and Operators If the name given is no
30. var4 FORMAT BOH Standard var5 FORMAT BOH Percent var6 FORMAT BOH Scientific var7 FORMAT BOH Yes No var8 FORMAT BOH True false var9 FORMAT BOH On Off varl0 FORMAT BOH VB s LIST dob var2 var3 var4 var5 var6 var7 var8 var9 varl0 Functions and Operators 331 Functions and Operators HOUR Description This function returns a numeric value that corresponds to the hour recorded in a date time or time variable Syntax HOUR lt variable gt The lt variable gt represents a variable in date format Comments If the time is stored in a text variable the function will not be processed and the result will be null Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Local DATEFORMAT ASSIGN Local SYSTEMTIME IST Local DEFINE hourl NUMERIC ASSIGN hourl hour local IST Local hourl HOURS Description This function returns the number of hours between lt var1 gt and lt var2 gt in numeric format Syntax HOURS lt varl gt lt var2 gt lt varl gt and lt var2 gt represent variables in time or date time format Comments If the date stored in lt var1 gt is older than that in lt var2 gt the result will be the difference in hours expressed as a negative number Both variables must contain data in date time or date time format If any of the variables or v
31. y Validate CheckCode Close pj Seve c Print Detine Veriebles p W View testt i use the find code block to navigate and create code blocks i Record 2 all check code needs to appear inside of checkcode blocks H Submvenels Page 1 Page d before E fter Field Admissiondate i Admissondate Date After before fadd code here ae H Admitted Yeso z End After Ho CretcAFax PhoneNurber End Field D CirwcAPhone Phonetumber CiricHowtaNane Tat E Datectvat Date ia f i f f pren Search y Ey fi After a Check Code Block has been created for a form page record or field you can execute commands and insert them within the block 64 Form Designer Delete a Row of Code from the Check Code Editor To delete a row from the Check Code Editor 1 Highlight the text 2 On the keyboard press Delete 3 From the Check Code Editor toolbar click Save e Be sure of all deletions No confirmation prompt or undo button will appear prior to deletion 65 Form Designer Create a Skip Pattern with GOTO You can create skip patterns by changing the tab order and setting a new cursor sequence through a questionnaire or by creating Check Code using the GOTO command Skip patterns can also be created based on the answers to questions using an IF THEN statement 1 Open a form that contains at least three fields 2 Click Check Code The Check Code E
32. 10 Type or click the right parenthesis 11 Click OK Check Code can appear in the Check Code Editor in two ways ASSIGN Age YEARS DateOfBirth SYSTEMDATE ASSIGN Age YEARS DateOfBirth 06 21 2010 12 Click the Save button in the Check Code Editor e Always save Check Code Code will not update unless saved The Save feature also verifies syntax 68 Form Designer Create a Dialog The DIALOG command provides interaction with data entry personnel from within a program Dialogs can display information ask for and receive input and offer lists to make choices In this example you can use the DIALOG command to create a reminder that all fields on page two of the survey must be completed 1 5 From the form click Check Code or select Tools gt Check Code Editor The Check Code Editor opens From the Choose Field Block for Action list box select Page 2 The action should occur after the cursor leaves the page Select after from the Before or After Section Click the Add Block button From the Add Command to Field Block list box select Dialog The DIALOG box opens In the Title field type Alert The Dialog Type radio button should be Simple In the Prompt field type All fields on page two must be completed 6 Click OK The code appears in the Check Code Editor DIALOG All fields on page two must be completed TITLETEXT Alert 7 Click Save in the Check Code Editor 69 Form Des
33. 3 5 8 Compact Database utility to reclaim space All records in the current selection matching the expression are set to deleted status or if PERMANENT is specified physically deleted Unless you select RUNSILENT a confirmation message is displayed Delete Records Axli Permanent Deletion Mark for Deletion p r Records Affected for all C Run Silent Available Yariables a ala a a a i aan i a aa aa e Permanent Deletion causes records to be inaccessible after deletion e Mark for Deletion marks the selected records as to be deleted and permits you to undelete This feature can only be applied to Epi Info 7 projects e The Records Affected for all field specifies which records to delete e Run Silent causes the command to run without any warning or error messages from the Program Editor e The Available Variables drop down allows you to select variables available in the current project e Functions and operators appear within commands and are used for common tasks e g extracting a year from a date combining two numeric values or testing logical conditions e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command 107 Translation e Clear empties the fields to re enter information e
34. 311 Operators 312 Operator Precedence 313 amp Ampersand 314 Equal Sign 314 Addition 315 AND 316 ARITHMETIC 316 COMPARISONS 318 LIKE Operator 320 NOT 320 OR 321 XOR eXclusive OR 322 vi Table Of Contents Functions 324 ABS Function 324 DAY 325 DAYS 325 EXISTS 326 EXP 326 FILEDATE 327 FINDTEXT 327 FORMAT 328 HOUR 332 HOURS 332 LN 333 LOG 333 MINUTES 334 MONTH 334 MONTHS 335 NUMTODATE 335 NUMTOTIME 337 RECORDCOUNT 339 RND 340 ROUND 341 SECONDS 342 SIN COS TAN 342 SUBSTRING 343 SYSTEMDATE 343 SYSTEMTIME 345 TRUNC 346 LIST Trcl ADDSC 346 TXTTODATE 346 TXTTONUM 347 UPPERCASE 347 YEAR 348 YEARS 349 10 Glossary 350 11 Appendix 353 Data Quality Check 353 Date Validation 353 Numeric Data Validation Lower and Upper Bound 354 Legal Values 354 Comment Legal Values 355 Auto Search 355 Skip Logic Patterns 355 Update Data 355 Must Enter 356 Calculated Age 356 Analysis 356 Check for Duplicate Records 356 Delete Duplicate Records 356 Missing Data 357 Check for Completeness 357 vii Getting Started Introduction to Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 is a series of freely distributable tools and utilities for Microsoft Windows for use by public health professionals to conduct outbreak investigations manage databases for public health surveillance and other tasks and general database and statistics applications It enables physicians epidemiologists and other public health and medical officia
35. All Check Code in the fields between the field being left and the one being entered according to tab order will be executed 83 Translation Save a Page or Record The Enter module saves data automatically as you move from page to page Data are also saved when navigating to another record You can move out of a record by tabbing out of the last field of the last page or clicking New Record from the toolbar to open a new record Records can be saved manually There are two ways to save the current record manually 1 Click Save from the toolbar 2 Press Ctrl S from the keyboard Lrelntng fijDechbood fenan fat tom Howpta lta Surveillance Case Repoti Cate DD Personal into Last Wome First Wome we Smith John M Adder omy 5 Main Street Atanits Court buky Code Tip Cade Xa ay S Exoied From Exposed To FULTON 30330 Name odie and etl other data vo tas sangir asta tater we Achana Preimnary Cane Dto Disease tvert Code HEP B 10100 Evert Date Event Pype AiEpe 01 03 2007 1 Onset Date View SNA Geach SNA Dah tow Weet Cave Tear v Biadene jH r enemas S ee Ready 7080 16 28 2011 NJM Saving a record manually is necessary only if you view an unsaved record and want to use the linked records functionality in the dashboard or the maps module from within Enter and want that record to be included 84 Find Records Translation Find can search for a record matching a
36. Archive Folder Ei View Delete M Flag Output Files Exceeding These Limits Age In Days 20 Number of Results fi 00 File Size KB 500 OK Apply Cancel e Output File Prefix contains the first part of the filename of the output files It is used with the Output File Sequence to store output files in the directory e Output File Sequence contains the second part of the filename for output files This number is automatically incremented for each file Along with the Output File Prefix it stores output files in the directory e Results Folder locates the Results index file in the project directory e The Archive Folder allows you to locate the Archive file in the directory e Archive opens the Archive Results window and allows specific output files to be selected and archived to the current directory e Delete opens the Delete Results window and allows you to delete specific files from the directory 158 Translation Age in Days marks output files older than the indicated number of days in the form window if Flags are active If output file limits are placed on number of days it appears in the Flag Files operation Number of Results marks output files in excess of the number indicated in the form window if Flags are active File Size marks output files in excess of the size indicated in the form window if Flags are active Enter output file size limits in this field OK accepts the current
37. Click OK Results appear in the Output window TABLES VANILLA ILL 57 95 a ECA D Scroll down to view the Single Table Classic Analysis 137 Translation Single Table Analysis Point 95 Confidence Interval Estimate Lower Upper PARAMETERS Odds based Odds Ratio cross product 23 4545 5 8410 94 1811 T Odds Ratio MLE 22 1490 5 9280 109 1473 m 5 2153 138 3935 F PARAMETERS Risk based Risk Ratio RR 5 5741 1 9383 16 0296 T Risk Difference RD 65 3439 46 9212 83 7666 T T Taylor series C Cornfield M Mid P F Fisher Exact STATISTICAL TESTS Chi square 1 tailed p 2 tailed p Chi square uncorrected 21 2225 0 0000013505 Chi square Mantel Haenszel 26 8596 0 0000013880 Chi square corrected Yates 24 5370 0 0000018982 Mid p exact 0 0000001349 Fisher exact 0 0000002597 0 0000002597 Try It For this example use the Classic Analysis Program Editor to create the code 1 Read inthe Sample PRJ project Open Oswego 2 Inthe Program Editor window place the cursor under the Read command created Type TABLES Chocolate ill e Do not press the Enter key Leave the cursor on the line of code just created Program Editor i U New Pgm l J Open Pom kel Save Pam m Print Pam _ gt Run Commands READ C My_ Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego ABLES CHOCOLATE ILL 3 Click Run Commands from the Program Editor navigation menu The code turns gray indicating syntax review and execution e Results
38. Date Format e Date literals in Check Code and Analysis Programs PGMs must use four digit years If not an error message will appear once per session e Date literals with two digit years are treated according to the computer s local settings 71 Form Designer Copy the Value of a Field from a Main to a Related Form Check Code must be created for a value from a field in the main form to appear in a related form i e there may be an ID Number or Name that needs to be visible in the Parent and Child Forms The following instructions assume the Parent and Child Forms already exist The field to be copied needs to exist in the main form or be created in the main form prior to beginning 1 10 11 Note the name of the field on the Parent form whose value will be copied to the Child form Open the Child form Create a new field The new field must be the same field type as the field being copied from the Parent form Select the Read Only option Click OK The new field appears in the form This is where the Parent form values will be assigned and appear in data entry Click Check Code The Check Code Editor appears From the Choose Field Block for Action list box select the variable just created in the Child form Select before from the Before or After Section Click the Add Block button From the Add Command to Field Block list box click Assign The ASSIGN dialog box appears From the Assign
39. Expression OR Logical Expression Logical Expression represents any valid logical expression in Epi Info Example R EAD C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DE FINE IceCream YN 321 IF VANILLA OR CHOCOLATE THE IceCream ELSE ITceCream END FREQ IceCream Functions and Operators VANILLA CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes XOR eXclusive OR Description This operator performs a logical exclusion on two expressions Syntax Logical Expression XOR Logical Expression The Logical Expression represents any valid logical expression in Epi Info 7 for Windows Comments If one and only one of the expressions evaluates to True the result is True However if either expression is Null the result is also Null When neither expression is Null the result is determined according to the following table If And is is expression1 expression2 is Then result 322 Functions and Operators True True False True False True False True True False False False Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Oneicecream YN IF Vanilla XOR Chocolate THEN Oneicecream ELSE Oneicecream END LIST Vanilla Chocolat
40. Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 108 Translation Use the ROUTEOUT Command You can locate output by using the ROUTEOUT command If no directory exists the file is placed in the current project s directory Results accumulate until you execute a CLOSEOUT command Output files can be placed in any folder The ROUTEOUT command selects a path and filename If no output file is selected Classic Analysis uses the default value In each folder Classic Analysis creates a new index table that contains links to the files created 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Output gt RouteOut The ROUTEOUT dialog box opens Route Output PS Output Filename Replace any existing file Cancel Clear Save Only Help j 3 In the Output Filename field enter a file name to locate an existing file e If necessary select Replace Existing File to write over any files with the same name 4 Click OK Create Output on the existing project e Notice the title bar contains the output filename specified in the ROUTEOUT command e The new file is placed in the selected directory with the extension HTM 5 From the Output window toolbar click Open The Browse dialog box opens 6 Locate and select the file created with ROUTEOUT Click Open The Output appea
41. Name Patter Altribuiles C Read Ony Prompt Font Altnbutes C Required C Range Fad Fore C Read Ony Lower Upper g Reqused The Number field is a numeric field with six predefined value patterns You can create a new pattern by typing the pattern into the Pattern field The Phone Number field is a pre determined mask field for phone numbers only Phone extensions or international numbers cannot be used in this field Form Designer Question o Piomgt Field Name Patou Attributes Field Nome Patom C Asad Ony iit Faak HH MM SS AMPM o C Regured Fe Fom Altibutes Ringe C Read Only Lower C Requeed The Date field is an alphanumeric field with pre set date patterns selected from the pattern drop down list It cannot be altered The Time field is an alphanumeric field with pre set time patterns selected from the pattern drop down list It cannot be altered Check Box Field Name Atitibules C Read Ory Prompt Font Requred Fiokd Fora Cancel The Yes No field is a pre determined field in which the only selected values can be yes or no The yes or no answer is stored in the database as a 1 or 0 1 Yes and 0 No When performing Check Code use the or to register a yes or no response Yes and No A Yes No field can also store a missing value represented by The Checkbox field is treated like a Yes No field There is no missing value it only has t
42. PM abbreviation AM displays as A H Hh H HH M Mm M MM MMM S Ss T Tt 263 Functions and Operators abbreviation AM displays as AM One digit year 1997 displays as 7 Yy Last two digits of the year 1997 displays as 97 Full year 1997 displays as 1997 Examples Example 1 A prompt is displayed letting you know that the following commands may take several minutes to complete because of their complexity DIALOG Warning This script may take several minutes to complete TITLETEXT Warning Example 2 The DIALOG command is used to obtain a user supplied date to calculate the patient s age If you do not supply a date press the Cancel button the default ending date contained in the survey data source is used instead READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE UpdateDate DATEFORMAT DEFINE SubmitDate Dateformat ASSIGN SubmitDate EventDate DIALOG Enter a new ending date for survey data UpdateDate DATEFORMAT MM DD YYYY DEFINE NewAge NUMERIC ASSIGN NewAge YEARS SubmitDate UpdateDate GRAPH NewAge GRAPHTYPE Column Example 3 You will see a drop down list of choices The list contains part of the command in this case several counties in the state of Georgia Your selection is temporarily assigned to all records in the form READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE NewCoun
43. Sort Stop using current sort variables e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 130 Translation How to Display Statistics and Records Use the LIST Command The LIST command creates a line listing of the current dataset Select specific variables from the Variables drop down to narrow the list or select the Wild Card to display all the variables Check the All Except box and select from the Variables drop down to exclude variables from the list To navigate LIST GRIDTABLE results use the Tab key to move forward one cell at a time and the Shift Tab keys to move back one cell at a time Navigate through the records and cells using the left right up and down arrow keys Syntax LIST EXCEPT lt variable s gt LIST EXCEPT lt variable s gt GRIDTABLE wa 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt List The LIST dialog box opens Display Mode Printable Exportable Grid C Cer tee Gee on 3 Click OK to accept the default settings The variables
44. To e READ C Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj 0swego FREQ CODE SELECT CODE P55 LIST GRIDTABLE DELETE UNIQUEKEY 1 PERMANENT Missing Data Using the SELECT command this technique allows you to find missing records for specific fields or variables How to e READ C Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj 0swego e SELECT DATEONSET e LIST GRIDTABLE Check for Completeness This technique allows users to find out number of records received verses expected from a specific district or health facility How to e READ C Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj 0swego e FREQ CODE
45. a yes or no answer Syntax TABLES lt exposure gt lt outcome gt STRATAVAR lt variable s gt WEIGHTVAR lt variable gt PSUVAR lt variable gt OUTTABLE lt table gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt Tables The TABLES dialog box opens Output to Table Optional Page Settings 3 From the Exposure Variable drop down list select a variable from the data to indicate a risk factor exists 4 From the Exposure Variable drop down list select a variable from the data to indicate the presence of an outcome Use the 136 Translation e Stratify by drop down list to select a variable to act as a grouping variable e Weight drop down list to select a variable for weighted Classic Analysis e Output to Table field to specify a location for table results e READ command to access the READ command 5 Click OK Results appear in the Output window 6 Scroll down to view the Single Table Classic Analysis Try It Create a 2x2 table using data from the Sample MDB project 1 e o N 6 Read in the Sample PRJ project Open Oswego Seventy five 75 records should be listed in the Output window Click Tables The TABLES dialog box opens From the Exposure Variable drop down list select Vanilla From the Outcome Variable drop down list select ILL
46. and END BEFORE Description This command divides Check Commands to be executed before data entry from those executed after entry All commands in the BEFORE and END BEFORE block are executed before data entry to the field page or form Syntax END BEFORE ENDBEFORE is only used in Check Code Command buttons will not take ENDBEFORE since all code inserted will be executed when you click the button Comments This command enables actions to occur before accessing a form page or field The default time to execute commands associated with a variable is before entry BEFORE must start in the first position of the line and end with END BEFORE Example The following commands represent the Check Code for a variable called Demol BEFORE DIALOG This is Before entry END BEFORE AFTER DIALOG This is After entry END AFTER 236 Functions and Operators EXECUTE Description Executes a Windows or DOS program either one explicitly named in the command or one designated within the Windows registry as appropriate for a document with a named file extension This provides a mechanism for bringing up the default word processor or browser on a computer without first knowing its name The EXECUTE command accepts a series of paths separated by semicolons EXECUTE c epi_info myfile exe d myfile exe If the first is not found the others are tried in succession In Check Code
47. appear in LIST GRAPH and WRITE commands If no variable names are specified after the SORT command the current sort is cleared and subsequent record outputs will be in the order of the original data table If one variable name is given records are sorted using that variable as the key If more than one variable is specified records will be put in order by the first variable then within a group with the same value of variable 1 the ordering will be by variable 2 etc Syntax SORT lt variable gt DESCENDING lt variable gt represents the variable to be sorted by DESCENDING indicates that the sort order is descending if not specified ascending order will be used Comments The parameter DESCENDING must be placed next to the variable to be sorted in descending order Should several variables be sorted in descending order one DESCENDING should be included for each of them Examples Example 1 The data is sorted by Age in ascending order READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego SORT Age LIST Age Sex Ill GRIDTABLE Example 2 The data is sorted by Age in descending order If two or more records have the same value for Age the records are sorted by Ill in descending order If two or more records have the same value for Ill the records are sorted by Sex in descending order READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego SORT Age DESCENDING Ill DESCENDING Sex DESCENDING L
48. exported This example may not work if Microsoft Excel is not installed on the computer 309 Functions and Operators READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE IncubationTime ASSIGN IncubationTime HOURS TimeSupper DateOnset WRITE REPLACE Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project _Folder Oswego xls Extended Properties Excel 8 0 HDR Yes IMEX 1 OSWEGO_ 1 Age Sex IncubationTime READ C My Project _ Folder Oswego xls OSWEGO 1 LIST GRIDTABLE Example 5 The records from the Oswego Form in the Sample database are exported to a text file READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego WRITE REPLACE Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project Folder Extended Properties text HDR Yes FMT Delimited OSWEGO txt 310 Functions and Operators Functions and Operators Introduction Functions modify the value of one or more variables to produce a result 1 e ROUND 2 33333 produces the value 2 Operators are used to combine two items i e the operator combines Varl and Var2 to produce a sum as in Var3 Varl Var2 Functions and operators appear within commands and are used for common tasks that include extracting a year from a date combining two numeric values or testing logical conditions Almost all functions require arguments enclosed in parentheses and sepa
49. field e g GOTO e Check commands for each field are stored in the form in a record associated with a particular field e Commands are inserted automatically through interaction with the dialog boxes Text versions appear in the Check Code Editor when generated by the dialogs Text can also be edited and saved there e Before commands can be inserted into the Check Code Editor a Check Code Block corresponding to a form page record or field can be created Check Code Blocks are created using the following steps gt Select the form page record or field that will receive the commands 62 Form Designer Page 1 Page La before after Admissiondate Date Admitted YesNo gt Select before if the commands will be executed before data entry into the form page record or field Otherwise select after if the commands will be executed after data entry when the cursor leaves the form page record or field 1 Choose Field Block for Action Define Variables a amp View test p H Record Subroutine s 5 Page 1 Page Le before co after Admissiondate Date G Admitted YesNo Clinic AFax PhoneNumber E ClinicAPhone PhoneNumber 4 ClinicHospitalName Text fH Dateofvisit Date X Add Block Admissiondate after gt Click the Add Block button to add a Check Code Block to the Check Code Editor 63 Form Designer
50. fields are arranged in vertical columns right click in the canvas area of the page you want to customize the tab order J Clove Promet Mogo O eh code Tjente Osta larmI P age 1 tom J Pog Open f i Tergiae Fedi Denrogataa Meya Geo_Locaten Medcal Fat T ri L hen Pet Group E tabs 3 b Show Tab Order D Page check c ut age Check Code Start Now Tab Order Orina tab Orde Finady T mus 7080 s20 KUM Manually Change the Tab Order 1 Click Tab gt Show Tab Order to show the current order of field entry 2 Click Tab gt Start New Tab Order to arrange order of field entry according to the defaults 3 Click Tab gt Continue Tab Order to continue the tab order of fields you have selected by left clicking and dragging the selection box over the desired fields All fields within the selection box will be ordered starting with the next field tab number after the last field in your current tab order 32 Form Designer Set a Default Font If set prior to creating fields on the form default fonts facilitate a consistent look to your fields 1 From the Form Designer navigation bar select Format gt Set Default Prompt Font or Set Default Field Font The Font dialog box opens 2 Select a new font font style or size 3 Click OK A new default font is set e The default font settings affect new prompts created using the Field Definition box and not update any exist
51. from Nutritional Survey to match whatever organization captures this data Caution should be used when removing fields or changing field names because this may cause the underlying z score and percentile calculations to no longer work For more information on adding removing and modifying fields see the Form Designer chapter Creating Growth Charts After a child s measurements have been captured you can generate a growth chart that can be used to track an individual child s progress Showing multiple children on a single chart is not supported All growth charting is done using the Visual Dashboard module Nutritional data must first be loaded into the dashboard before any charting can take place Follow the steps below to load the data associated with the Nutrition form into the dashboard Open the Epi Info 7 main menu Click the Visual Dashboard button The Dashboard module appears Right click on the dashboard canvas A context menu appears Select Set Data Source from the right click context menu The Select Data Source dialog appears 5 Click the button next to the Data Source text box A file open dialog appears me ONS 206 Measurement jo OND Translation Navigate to the Epi Info projects folder Open the Nutrition folder within the projects folder Select the Nutrition project Click Open In the Select Data Source dialog select the PatientVisits form Click OK The dialog disappears and the data
52. from a date combining two numeric values or testing logical conditions e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Functions opens the online help file which explains how to use functions and operators e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields to re enter information e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 112 Translation How to Manage Variables Use the DEFINE Command This command creates new variables Syntax DEFINE lt variable gt lt scope gt lt type indicator gt lt prompt gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Define The DEFINE Variable dialog box opens Define Variable 2 x Vanable Name Scope Standard Global Permanent Optional Settings Variable Type DLL Object Definition OF Cancel Clear Save Only Help 2 From the Scope section select one of the following variables e Standard variables remain in a current project and are one variable in that form They can assume new values with each record during a file query e g a LIST or FREQ e Global variables persist throughout program execution They pass values from one form to a related form and do not change du
53. how records marked for deletion deleted will be processed The normal default is to process only the undeleted records OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command Reset clears removes any changes and returns all values to their default settings Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 175 Translation How to Use Advanced Statistics Use the REGRESS Command The REGRESS command performs linear regression and contains support for automatic dummy variables and multiple interactions REGRESS can be used for simple linear regression only one independent variable for multiple linear regression more than one independent variable and for quantifying the relationship between two continuous variables correlation Regression is used when you want to predict one dependent variable from one or more independent variables Syntax REGRESS lt dependent variable gt lt independent variable s gt NOINTERCEPT OUTTABLE lt tablename gt WEIGHTVAR lt weight variable gt PVALUE lt PValue gt Dialog Box Linear Regression Outcome Variable Other Vanables Interaction Terms es v Weight Confidence Limits Output to Table
54. in braces Do not include the lt gt or symbols in the code lt variable s gt Brackets around a parameter indicate the possibility of more than one parameter lt parameter gt Braces around a parameter indicate an optional parameter Do not include the symbols in the code The pipe symbol denotes a choice and is usually used with optional parameters An example is seen in the LIST command An asterisk in the beginning of a line of code as shown in some code examples indicates a comment Comments are skipped when a program is run Quotation marks must surround all text values DIALOG Notice Date of birth is invalid Getting Started System Requirements e Microsoft Windows XP or above e Microsoft NET Framework 3 5 or above e Recommended 1 GHz processor e Recommended 256 MB RAM NOTES Epi Info 7 may be downloaded in two different formats As a zip or a setup file The following explains what scenarios may be best suited for each format ZIP zip file Installation e Can be downloaded to most user desktops and run without requiring administrative or elevated privileges Can be extracted to and run from any folder that the user has read write execute privileges on including thumb drives Assumes that the machine already has Microsoft NET 3 5 and other prerequisites installed Recommended for disconnected laptops and other emergency use if IT support or infr
55. inutel NUMERIC DEFINE Secondl NUMERIC ASSIGN Hourl HOUR VAR3 ASSIGN Minutel MINUTE VAR3 ASSIGN Second1 SECOND VAR3 DEFINE Time2 DATEFORMAT ASSIGN Time2 NUMTOTIME HOUR1 MINUTE1 SECOND1 LIST Var3 Hourl Minutel Secondl Time2 338 RECORDCOUNT Description Functions and Operators This function returns the number of records in the current View In Analysis this takes into account any SELECT statement and value of the Process Deleted setting Syntax R ECORDCOUNT 339 Functions and Operators Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego IF RECORDCOUNT 0 THEN DIALOG No records found QUIT RND Description This function generates a random number between lt var1 gt and lt var2 gt Syntax RND lt min gt lt max gt e The lt min gt represents a number or numeric variable that corresponds to the lowest value of the random number to be generated e The lt max gt represents a number or numeric variable that corresponds to the highest possible value for the random number to be generated Example EAD C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego EFINE Random2 NUMERIC R DEFINE Randoml NUMERIC D D EFINE Random3 NUMERIC ASSIGN Random1l RND 1 100 ASSIGN Random2 RND 1 100 ASSIGN Random3 RND 1 100 LIS
56. is closed Global variables persist during program execution Global variables are also used to store values between changes of data source e g when the READ command is used Global variables in Classic Analysis may not depend directly or indirectly on table fields PERMANENT variables are stored in the Epilnfo Config xml file and retain any value assigned until the value is changed by another assignment or the variable is undefined Permanent variables are shared among Epi Info 7 programs 1 e Menu Enter Classic Analysis etc and persist even if the computer shuts down Permanent variables in Classic Analysis may not have values that depend directly or indirectly on table fields A lt prompt description gt created for a permanent variable will exist for one session and must be re established each time it is used Type Indicators TEXTINPUT Variables of this data type can receive any alpha numeric characters including symbols and the output of functions e g FORMAT NUMERIC Variables of this data type can receive numbers and the output of functions e g TXTTONUM DATEFORMAT Variables of this data type can receive date values including the output of functions e g TXTTODATE and NUMTODATE YN Variables of this data type can receive the Boolean values of for Yes and for No Until an assignment is made YN type variable values are or missing Example E FINE SSIGN E FINE SSIGN E FINE ASSIGN
57. is loaded After completing Step 9 the dashboard will have cached the data in the computer s memory Various types of statistical tools or gadgets can now be added to the canvas to display useful information to the user To add a growth charting gadget follow these steps 1 NDA Right click on the dashboard canvas A context menu appears Select Add NutStat Growth Chart gt CDC 2000 Growth Reference gt Body Mass Index BMI for Age from the list of opens in the context menu A growth charting gadget appears on the canvas Figure 6 5 Growth Chart Properties Patient ID field to use X Gender field must be coded M F Age field months X Body mass index BMI field X Patient ID to chart X Units Customary X J Show legend Use tall chart Black and white curves only Generate Chart Figure 6 5 The growth chart gadget for body mass index for age The gadget must know what fields to use for the patient ID number gender age and body mass index It also must know what patient to produce the charts for because this database contains growth information for multiple children Select VisitPatientID for the Patient ID field Select VisitSex for the Gender field Select AgeMonths for the Age field Select BMI for the Body mass index field Select 1 for the patient to chart 207 Translation Patient ID field to use VisitPatient D A G
58. of the variables to be excluded 270 Functions and Operators Multiline memo variables cannot be used in Frequencies To use a Multiline variable define a new variable and assign to it the value SUBSTRING lt old variable gt 1 255 and use it in the frequency Examples Example 1 The number of ill and healthy people are displayed along with their percentages and the total READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREO LLL Example 2 In this case the variable Desserts is a group variable containing the Yes No variables Chocolate Vanilla and Cakes Running a frequency on a group variable automatically runs a frequency on every variable contained in the group READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ Desserts Example 3 A frequency on two variables is produced In this case BakedHam and Milk READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ BakedHam Milk Example 4 A frequency on every variable in the current data source is produced READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ Example 5 A frequency on every variable in the current data source except Age Code_RW DateOnset Name and TimeSupper is produced READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ EXCEPT Age Code RW DateOnset Name TimeSupper Example 6 A frequency of ill people is produced stratified by sex Using the stratification option will produce two frequen
59. selected a numeric variable is treated as discrete rather than continuous the variable is enclosed in parentheses to indicate that dummy variables are being created If you select a predictor variable enclosed in parentheses the button changes to Make Continuous Selecting it results in the variable being treated as continuous Stratify by identifies the variable if any to be used to stratify data Options opens the graph selection window and allows you to select variables for graphing and graph types OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 187 Try It 10 11 12 13 14 Translation From the Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file Select a form or table From the Analysis Command Tree click Advanced Statistics gt Cox Proportional Hazards The Cox Proportional Hazards dialog box opens From the Censored Variable drop down list select the variable that indicates whether the case is a failure or a censored case From the Value for Uncensored drop down list select the value of the censored variable that indicates a failure From the
60. specific or generic tables is shown 4 If needed type an Output to Table name 5 Click OK The information is displayed in the Output window 123 Translation How to Select Records Use the SELECT Command Use SELECT to view or analyze specific records based on selection criteria Syntax SELECT lt expression gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Select If gt Select The SELECT dialog box opens Select Available Variables OP ee ee ee ee ees ee eee ee ao J orn J ve J no JL msns 2 Use the Available Variables drop down list to select variables from the open dataset 3 Use the Select Criteria field and the Functions and Operators buttons to create selection code 4 Click OK The Record Count in the Output window should alter based on the number of records meeting the new criteria 5 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt List to view the records matching the selection criteria 6 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree Select If folder click Cancel Select to cancel the selection criteria and return the Record Count to all records in the dataset 124 Translation Select a Date Range 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Select If gt Select The SELECT dialog box opens Select Select Criteria BirthDate gt 01 01 1970 AND Birt
61. the date stored in lt var1 gt is older than that in lt var2 gt the result will be the difference in months expressed as a negative number Example READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE AgeMonths NUMERIC ASSIGN AgeMonths MONTHS BirthDate 01 01 2000 LIST AgeMonths NUMTODATE Description This function transforms three numbers into a date format Syntax NUMTODATE lt year gt lt month gt lt day gt e lt year gt represents a numeric variable or a number representing the year e lt month gt represents a numeric variable or a number representing the month e lt day gt represents a numeric variable or a number representing the day 335 Functions and Operators Comments If the date resulting from the conversion is not valid e g December 41 2000 the date is recalculated to the corresponding valid value e g January 10 2001 When lt Year gt ranges between 0 and 29 it is represented as the respective year between 2000 and 2029 Values from 30 to 99 are represented as the respective year between 1930 and 1999 The earliest date that can be recorded is Jan 01 100 Date Day Month Year Created 02 02 1999 02 02 1999 60 01 1999 03 01 1999 15 18 2000 03 18 2001 99 99 99 06 07 0107 20 74 74 08 20 1974 Example READ C My_ Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE dayl NUMERIC DEF
62. the variable data type will be set with the first assignment of data and cannot be changed thereafter DEFINE StateID PERMANENT Example 5 A variable with global scope and of type text is defined DEFINE PatientID GLOBAL TEXTINPUT 233 Functions and Operators DEFINE DLLOBJECT Description This command creates a variable that represents an ActiveX object and a class within an ActiveX DLL dynamic link library file ActiveX EXE executable file or a Windows Scripting Component WSC file Syntax ActiveX DLL File DEFINE lt variable gt DLLOBJECT lt ActiveX name gt lt class gt Windows Scripting Component WSC File DEFINE lt variable gt DLLOBJECT lt filename gt e The lt variable gt represents the name of the variable to be created lt variable gt cannot be a reserved word e The lt ActiveX name gt represents the internal name of the ActiveX object that contains the class object for the DLL or EXE file e The lt class gt represents an internal class name that is defined within the ActiveX component e The lt filename gt represents the name of the Windows Scripting Component WSC file where the script component resides Comments The ActiveX name may not be the same as the actual name of the dll dynamic link library or executable exe file An ActiveX object is given a name when it s developed This name is required to create the object The ActiveX object executable or dll must be reg
63. the weight variable TABLES DISEASE COUNTY WEIGHTVAR COUNT provide the same results as SUMTABLES COUNT DISEASE COUNTY in Epi Syntax TABLES lt exposure gt lt outcome gt STRATAVAR lt variable s gt WEIGHTVAR lt variable gt PSUVAR lt variable gt OUTTABLE lt table gt e lt exposure gt represents the variable in the database to be considered the risk factor or for all variables e lt outcome gt represents the variable in the database considered disease of consequence or for all variables e lt variable gt represents the variable in the database e lt table gt represents a valid table name to be used to store output Comments For every possible combination of values of the strata variables a separate table stratum for variable 1 by variable 2 is produced TABLES BAKEDHAM ILL STRATAVAR SEX produces a table of BAKEDHAM by ILL for each value of sex one for M and one for F TABLES BAKEDHAM ILL STRATAVAR SEX RACE produces a separate table of BAKEDHAM by ILL for each combination of SEX and RACE female black female white male black male white etc If is given instead of a variable name each variable in the dataset is substituted for in turn To analyze each variable by illness status use the command TABLES ILL which produces tables of SEX by ILL AGE by ILL etc It is important to consider using or requesting multidimensional tables if the dataset is large thousands of records s
64. translation file is named SpanishEpi7 mdb lee yeap ea 6 Click Open 7 Select CulturalResources from the Data Source Explorer list Pease choose the language ot culture to import from the fatiowing liat Sparen iaasa 2 Data Source Prowder Micneol Jt OLEDG 4 0 Data Source C Weerw Epi Tet Doaumertr S Connect to Data Source Cate Source Explorer 8 Click OK 9 The newly created language is listed from the list of available languages under the Options gt Language submenu 200 Translation opema 8 Awe Agr one ipgayss ta os wert raslet te at 7 r Sine _ _ wet osava m me Choose a Language After you import the desired language select the language imported to be used with Epi Info 7 Complete the following steps 1 From the Epi Info 7 main menu select Tools gt Options 2 Click the Language tab 3 Select the language desired In this example select Spanish Mexico Information Language change will not take effect until after the application is N L restarted 4 Click Apply For the language to take effect close and reopen Epi Info 7 201 Translation Nutritional Anthropometry This chapter provides an overview on how to use the nutritional anthropometry functions The following topics are included e Introduction to Nutritional Anthropometry in Epi Info 7 e Using the Nutrition project e Using the growth charts i
65. under specified conditions i e when additional information is needed about a particular disease 22 Form Designer Field Properties Select Field types by right clicking on the Form Designer canvas by using the New Field option Each field has a set of available field properties however some options may not be shown or may be disabled grayed out depending on the field type selected e A Required field is mandatory It cannot be used in combination with Read Only because the properties are mutually exclusive If a page contains a Required field the Enter module will not allow further page navigation until a value has been entered To avoid gridlock use this property sparingly e A Read Only field does not allow the placement of the cursor in the field or data entry It is particularly useful for calculated fields that will not be changed directly Read Only cannot be used in combination with Required because those properties are mutually exclusive e Retain Image Size maintains the size of the original image and does not alter the size to fit the image box in the form e The Range property can be applied to Number or Date field types It allows for a specified value between one setting and another Values falling outside a specified range will prompt the user with a warning message in the Enter module Missing values are accepted unless the field is designated Required 23 Form Designer Check Code Program Editor
66. week Epidemiological weeks are usually complete weeks The ministries of health around the world define the day of the week to be considered the first epidemiologic day As a result some countries may consider the first day of the week Sunday while others may consider the first day of the week Saturday or Monday Currently the Epi Info 7 Epi Week function does not allow changing any property to allow users to decide which day of the week is considered to be the beginning of the epidemiologic week We will incorporate this functionality in a future release As a result epidemiologic week s calculations in Epi Info 7 are based on Sunday being the starting day of the week If the year of occurrence is not relevant you can use the Epiweek method instead The advantage of using Epiweek is that the value is returned as a number and it can be stored in a numeric field Epiweek takes one required parameter that must be a date The week is calculated relative to the year of the date provided We calculated the Epidemiological week using the following code ASSIGN week EpiWeek OnsetDate 79 Enter Data Introduction The Enter program displays Forms constructed in Form Designer Enter controls the data entry process using settings and Check Code specified in Form Designer Information entered into the form is stored in MS Access MDB or MS SQL server data tables You can access the Enter program by clicking the Enter Data button on th
67. with corresponding records in the RELATE table will be included in the data Program Specific Features Analysis If the relationship was created in Form Designer Classic Analysis can relate the two tables without need of a key expression Form Designer e Grid tables and relate buttons help create parent child relationships e Grid tables have a prefix of recgrid table Comments To use RELATE at least one table must have been made active with the READ command The table to be linked must have a key field that identifies related records in the other table In Epi Info 7 the keys in the main and related tables or files might not have to have the same name The expressions in the key are the names of variables in the tables that will be used to determine which records match each other More than one key pair multiple keys can be designated separated by AND 293 Functions and Operators After issuing the RELATE command the variables in the related table may be used as if they were part of the main table Where variable names are duplicated in the related tables the variable names will be suffixed with a sequence number In referring to a variable in a related table you may optionally use the form HOUSE AGE to represent the variable AGE in the form HOUSE This will distinguish it from another variable AGE that might be in the main table Frequencies cross tabulations and other operations involving data in both the main and
68. z score for body mass index for age The quotes for this second parameter are also required The full set of valid z score types that can be used for the second parameter include those shown in table 6 2 Not all growth references support all types of z score calculations 1 e BMI may be valid for the second parameter but it is not supported when using the NCHS 1977 growth reference Parameter value Type of z score BMI Body mass index for age HtAge Height for age WtAge Weight for age WtHt Weight for height WtLgth Weight for length HeadCircum Head circumference for age LgthAge Length for age Sst Subscapular skinfold for age Tsf Triceps skinfold for age Table 6 2 The valid values for the second parameter The third parameter is also BMI but does not contain any quotes because this parameter is the name of the column or field in the current data set that contains the child s raw BMI calculation For this example it is assumed that the raw BMI score is stored in a column called BMI The fourth parameter is AgeMonths It is critical to note that this parameter assumes the specified column is numeric and the numbers represent the child s age in months The fifth parameter is Gender It assumes the genders are stored in the database as 1s male and 2s female 210 Translation Different databases may contain different column names than the example above The final three parameters may vary conside
69. 0 95 0 2460 0 9535 0 9970 C I 0 5636 0 9778 1 9257 800 900 Coefficient 0 9879 0 0350 0 3261 1000 S E 0 2114 0 0064 0 1679 Z Statistic P Value 4 6719 0 0000 5 4680 0 0000 1 9419 0 0521 190 Translation Complex Sample Frequencies Tables and Means The Frequencies FREQ Tables TABLES and Means MEANS commands in the Classic Analysis program perform statistical calculations that assume the data comes from simple random or unbiased systematic samples More complicated sampling strategies are used in many survey applications These may involve sampling features i e stratification cluster sampling and the use of unequal sampling fractions Surveys that include some form of complex sampling include the coverage surveys of the WHO Expanded Program on Immunization EPI Lemeshow and Robinson 1985 and CDC s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Marks et al 1985 The CSAMPLE functions compute proportions or means with standard errors and confidence limits for studies where the data did not come from a simple random sample If tables with two dimensions are requested the odds ratio risk ratio and risk difference are also calculated Data from complex sample designs should be analyzed with methods that account for the sampling design In the past easy to use programs were not available for analysis of such data CSAMPLE provides these facilities It can form the basis of a co
70. 0 Growth Reference Type of z score to calculate i e body mass index for age Name of the column that stores the primary measurement i e BMI Name of the column that stores the secondary measurement i e AgeMonths 5 Name of the column that stores the child s gender stored as 1s and 2s me ONS 209 Translation Each parameter is separated by a comma and the entire series of parameters are enclosed in parenthesis If the intention was to calculate body mass index for age using the CDC 2000 Growth Reference where the child s raw BMI is stored in a column called BMI the child s age in months is stored in a column called AgeMonths The child s gender is stored in a column called Gender The function would look like the following ZSCORE CDC 2000 BMI BMI AgeMonths Gender The first parameter is CDC 2000 Notice the quotes that surround it These are required for the first parameter to be accepted It tells the program to calculate the z score using the CDC 2000 Growth Reference The full set of valid references that can be used for this parameter include those shown in Table 6 1 Parameter value Reference cCDC 2000 CDC 2000 Growth References WHO CGS WHO Child Growth Standards 0 5 years WHO 2007 WHO Reference 2007 5 19 years NCHS 1977 CDC WHO 1977 Growth Reference Table 6 1 The valid values for the first parameter The second parameter is BMI which tells the program to calculate a
71. 00 the Enter module provides a warning beep and a warning dialog indicating invalid input However if the date of birth supplied is on or after January 1 1900 the GOTO command is executed instead taking you to the following page The example assumes a form exists with the following fields DOB Date It also assumes a page exists following the page where DOB resides The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the DOB field IF DOB lt 01 01 1900 THEN BEEP DIALOG Warning Invalid date of birth detected ELSE GOTO 1 END Example 3 The date of birth field is validated to ensure correct input The date of birth field must not be less than January 1 1900 must not be greater than the current time and must not be greater than the date of the survey If any of these conditions is not met a warning dialog is displayed and the invalid input erased The example assumes a form exists with that has the following fields DOB Date and SurveyDate Date The code below would appear in the AFTER section of either DOB or SurveyDate depending on whichever one will be filled in last IF DOB lt 01 01 1900 OR DOB gt SYSTEMDATE OR DOB gt SurveyDate THEN BEEP DIALOG Warning Invalid date of birth detected CLEAR DOB END e The backward slash is used to indicate continuation of a long line Example 4 An IF command is used to check if a field has been left blank T
72. 2 gt in numeric format Syntax MINUTES lt varl gt lt var2 gt lt varl gt and lt var2 gt represent variables in time or date time format Comments If the date stored in lt var1 gt is older the one in lt var2 gt the result will be the difference in minutes expressed as a negative number Both variables must contain data in date time or date time format If any of the variables or values included in the formula is not a date the result will be null Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Minl NUMERIC ASSIGN Minl MINUTES timesupper dateonset LIST Minl MONTH Description This function extracts the month from the date Syntax MONTH lt variable gt The lt variable gt represents a variable in date format Comments If the date is stored in a text variable the function will not be processed and the result will be null 334 Functions and Operators Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE CurrMonth NUMERIC ASSIGN CurrMonth MONTH 01 01 2005 LIST CurrMonth MONTHS Description This function returns the number of months between lt var1 gt and lt var2 gt If any of the variables or values included in the formula is not a date the result will be null Syntax MONTHS lt varl gt lt var2 gt lt var1 gt and lt var2 gt represent variables in date format Comments If
73. BEEP The Beep command generates a sound when a function is performed Beep 2 xi There are no options for this command Cancel Save Ony Help e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 171 Translation QUIT The Quit command closes the current data files and terminates the current program closing Analysis Quit 2 x Exit the program Cancel Save Only Help e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 172 Translation Use IF Statements with Permanent or Global Variables e If an IF statement condition depends on global or permanent variables the value is computed immediately and only the true or false branch as appropriate is followed e Ifan IF statement condition depends on a field variable neither branch is followed However computations within the branches are saved for execution as appropriate on each recor
74. CAKES VANILLA CHOCOLATE LIST Exposure 257 Functions and Operators DELETE FILE TABLES Description This command deletes files tables and forms Syntax DELETE filename wildcard RUNSILENT DELETE TABLES tablename filename tablename RUNSILENT SAVEDATA Comments Delete file specifies explicitly or implicitly via wildcards files to be deleted If no files are specified or if some of the specified files cannot be deleted a message is produced unless RUNSILENT is specified Wildcards are not permitted in the suffix Delete table specifies a table to be deleted If the table does not exist or cannot be deleted a message is produced unless RUNSILENT is specified Unless RUNSILENT is specified a confirmatory message is displayed prior to deletion To delete tables with spaces in their names specify both the file and the table even if the table is in the current project The table must be enclosed in single quotes You can read a table with a space in its name delete it causing errors during subsequent procedures To delete a table with space in its name specify the database even if the table is in the current database DELETE TABLES will not delete and produce a message if any of the specified tables are data grid or program Code tables are deleted only if they are not referenced by any view SAVEDATA does not delete the data tables but removes the R
75. EANS lt variable 1 gt lt variable 2 gt STRATAVAR lt variable s gt WEIGHTVAR lt variable gt OUTTABLE lt tablename gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt Means The MEANS dialog box opens Cross abulate by Value of AN K ILL HEIGHT Optional Page Settings 62 0 Columns Per Page 3 From the Means Of drop down list select a variable from the data source e The Cross tabulate by value of drop down list contains a variable to help determine if the means of a group are equal e The Stratify by drop down list contains a variable to act as a grouping variable 140 Translation e The Weight drop down list contains a variable for weighted Classic Analysis e The Output to Table field specifies a location for table results The new table can be accessed using the READ command 4 Click OK The Output window populates with the results Scroll down to view the Mean and Standard Deviation results Try It Use the MEANS command to find the average for a continuous variable 1 Read in the Sample PRJ project Open Oswego Seventy five 75 records should be listed in the Output window 2 Click MEANS The MEANS dialog box opens 3 From the Means of drop down list select Age 4 Click OK Results appear in the Output window MEANS AGE AGE Freque
76. ECStatus property from the table Space is not reclaimed until the Compact utility is run Analysis will not delete the current project MDB or any table in use by the current form Example DELETE TABLES Backup2005 258 Functions and Operators DELETE RECORDS Description This command deletes selected records Syntax DELETE PERMANENT RUNSILENT DELETE expression PERMANENT RUNSILENT Comments All records in the current selection are set to deleted status or if PERMANENT is specified physically deleted A confirmation message is displayed unless RUNSILENT is selected This applies to Access tables and may not be used when using related tables Use Epi Info 3 5 3 Compact Database utility to reclaim space after deleting tables Examples Example 1 The code below will permanently erase all records in the current data source where the AgeInDays variable contains a value greater than five Permanent deletions cannot be undone DELETE AgeInDays gt 5 PERMANENT Example 2 The code below will mark all records in an Epi Info 7 database for deletion The UNDELETE Command can restore records that have been marked for deletion DELETE 259 Functions and Operators DIALOG How to Use the DIALOG Command Description This command provides interaction with the user from within a program Dial
77. Epi Info 7 User Manual Table of Contents Contents 1 Getting Started Introduction to Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 Tools Overview Analysis Map Options General Conventions Used in this Manual Navigate Epi Info 7 Tech Support and Contact Information Acknowledgements 2 Form Designer Introduction Navigate the Form Designer Workspace Available Field or Variable Types Field Properties Check Code Program Editor How To Create a New Project and Form Edit a Field in a Form Set a Field or Prompt Font Change Workspace Settings Set the Tab Order Set a Default Font Align Fields Insert a Background Image or Color Work with Pages in a Form Save Page as Template Create a Mirror Field Create an Option Box Create Legal Values Create a Comment Legal Codes Create Codes with Existing Table Match Fields Insert a Line as an Image Insert an Image in a Record Editing Related Forms Delete an Existing Data Table Without Deleting the Form Check Code Overview Create a Skip Pattern with GOTO Create a Dialog Use Autosearch Set a European Date Format Concatenate Fields Create Check Code for Option Box Fields COON KP WWNHNN 15 16 17 23 24 25 25 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 40 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 56 57 60 61 62 62 66 69 70 71 74 77 Table Of Contents How to use EpiWeek Function 79 3 Enter Data 81 Introduction 81 How To 83 Enter Data in a Form 83 Save a Page or Record 84 Find Recor
78. FINE Varl TEXTINPUT ASSIGN Varl 12345 DEFINE Var2 NUMERIC ASSIGN Var2 TXTTONUM Var1 LIST Varl Var2 DISPLAY DBVARIABLES UPPERCASE Description This function returns a string text variable that has been converted to uppercase Syntax UPPERCASE lt variable gt The lt variable gt represents a variable in text format 347 Functions and Operators Comments Only lowercase letters are converted to uppercase all uppercase letters and non letter characters remain unchanged Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE LastName2 TEXTINPUT ASSIGN LastName2 UPPERCASE LASTNAME LIST LastName2 LASTNAME YEAR Description This function extracts the year from a date Syntax YEAR lt variable gt The lt variable gt represents a variable in date format Comments The date argument is any expression that can represent a date If the date variable contains null null is returned Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE CurrentYear NUMERIC ASSIGN CurrentYear YEAR 01 01 2006 LIST CurrentYear 348 Functions and Operators YEARS Description This function returns the number of years from lt var1 gt to lt var2 gt in numeric format If any of the variables or values included in the formula is not a date the result will be null
79. Folder Ecoli EColi prj FoodHistory SELECT DateofInterview gt 04 15 2011 AND Sex F Female OR DateofInterview gt 05 15 2011 AND Sex M Male LIST GRIDTABLE Example 2 A subset of the data contained in the Food History data table is selected In this case only records where the patient s first name is Pam are selected to be in the subset Note that Huber is not case sensitive and the SELECT command would have also selected HUBER and huber READ C My Project _Folder Ecoli EColi prj FoodHistory SELECT LastName Huber LIST GRIDTABLE 297 Functions and Operators Example 3 A subset of the data contained in the Food History data table is selected In this case only records where the patient s last name starts with the letters Sch and ends with the letter r are selected to be in the subset READ C Epi_ Info Refugee mdb Patient SELECT LastName LIKE Sch r LIST LastName Example 4 A subset of the data contained in the Oswego data table is selected In this case only records where the patient is ill are selected to be in the subset READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego SELECT Ill LIST Name Age Ill Example 5 A subset of the data contained in the Oswego data table is selected In this case all records except those that do not have a value for the TimeSupper variable the field wa
80. For multi national applications it may be safer to use the NUMTODATE function If you are not sure conduct experiments and examine the results 117 Translation How to Use Undefine The Undefine command in Classic Analysis removes a defined variable from the system UNDEFINE Ea Variable Name Save Only OK Clear Help Cancel e Variable Name indicates the name of the variable to be removed from the data table e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel command generation window without saving or executing a command e Clear empties fields so that information can be re entered e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 118 Translation Use the ASSIGN Command This command assigns the result of an expression or the field value to a variable Variables are usually created with the DEFINE command and subsequently assigned a value Syntax ASSIGN lt variable gt lt expression gt lt variable gt lt expression gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Assign The ASSIGN dialog box opens m EPER E2 ER EREI ILE Lob J ao J orn J ve no J Missing 2 From the Assign Variable drop down list select the variable to have a value assigned 3 In t
81. Gl Gl a Form Designer Figure 2 1 The list of field types that you can add to your form 3 Select a Field or Variable Type from the list G e Text Ep Info 7 Form Designer CATPSCodellips Info T Build Detug Propects CholeraChoters 5 a Ble Ede View imet Format Took Hep GiNew Project G4 Open Project gi Close Project Undo Redo Z Check Code I Enter Date oh ens izaen 8142011 CAPS NUM NS Figure 2 2 The field definition dialog box for Text fields 27 Form Designer 4 Type in the Question or Prompt for the field 5 Press the Tab key on the keyboard The cursor jumps to the field and automatically filled it in for you based on the prompt 6 Click OK The field is created and displayed on the canvas At the most basic level that s all there is to adding fields simply select the type of field you want to add give it a prompt and you re done The steps above outlined how to create a text field Other field types are also available including number fields which restrict the user to entering just valid numbers date fields checkboxes and drop down lists Delete a Field 1 Right click on the field The pop up menu opens 2 Click Delete The field is removed from the form Warning The field and any data previously collected are deleted from the form and database Deletions occur immediately There is no prompt to verify the deletion before it occurs and the on
82. INE Zip2 TEXTINPUT ASSIGN Zip2 FORMAT ZipCode ooo00 DISPLAY DBVARIABLES 120 Translation How to Use Recode The Recode command allows grouping of data for age and other variables or changing code from one system to another e To insert a line in the table select the row and press Ctrl Insert e To delete a line in the table select the row and press Ctrl Delete e Delete any blank rows prior to selecting OK or Save Only Recode Dates must be in MM DD YYYY Format e The From drop down identifies the variable whose values are to be recoded e The To drop down identifies the variable slated is to receive the recoded values e Value blank other identifies the bottom of a range of values a single value or all remaining values slated to be recoded Enclose text in quotation marks The word LOVALUE may be used to indicate the smallest value in the database HIVALUE may be used to indicate the largest To recode a single value instead of a range use only this column To recode all unspecified values leave this column and the To column blank e To Value if any identifies the top of a range of values that will be recoded e Recoded Value identifies the value to be assigned to the destination variable for the specified values of the source variable Enclose text in quotation marks 121 Translation Fill Ranges allows you to redefine recoded ranges of equal distribution OK accepts the current sett
83. INE monthl NUMERIC DEFINE yearl NUMERIC ASSIGN dayl day BirthDate ASSIGN monthl month BirthDate ASSIGN yearl year BirthDate define date2 DATEFORMAT ASSIGN date2 NUMTODATE yearl monthl1 dayl LIST monthl dayl yearl date2 BirthDate GRIDTABLE 336 Functions and Operators NUMTOTIME Description This function transforms three numbers into a time or date time format Syntax NUMTOTIME lt hour gt lt minute gt lt second gt e lt hour gt represents a numeric constant or variable representing hours e lt minute gt represents a numeric constant or variable representing minutes e lt second gt represents a numeric constant or variable representing seconds 337 Functions and Operators Comments Time must be entered in 24 hour format Invalid dates will be recalculated to the respective valid time If the number of the hour exceeds 24 the resulting variable will have a date time format and the default day 1 will be December 31 1899 Hour Minute Second Time Created 00 00 00 12 00 00 AM 00 00 90 12 01 30 AM 15 84 126 04 26 06 PM 25 00 00 12 31 1899 1 00 00 AM 150 250 305 01 05 1900 10 15 05 AM 15999 7500 8954 09 21 1901 07 29 14 AM Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE Var3 DATEFORMAT ASSIGN Var3 SYSTEMTIME DEFINE Hourl NUMERIC DEFINE
84. IST Age Sex Ill GRIDTABLE 301 Functions and Operators SUMMARIZE Description This command creates a new table containing summary statistics for the current dataset or its strata Syntax SUMMARIZE varname aggregate variable varname aggregate variable TO tablename STRATAVAR variable list WEIGHTVAR variable e Available aggregates are COUNT MIN MAX SUM FIRST LAST AVG VARiance and STandardDEViation Sum Avg Var and StDev available only for numeric fields COUNT may be used without a variable in parenthesis to indicate that a count of the number of records in the table or strata is desired You can also use COUNT with a variable in parenthesis to indicate that the number of records in the table or strata with non missing values of the specified group is desired FIRST and LAST are based on the current sort order Comments Classic Analysis creates a new table or appends to an existing table tablename containing variables varname which represent aggregates of variables in the current data source aggregate variable The aggregates are computed for each group of records determined by the STRATAVARs which are also included in the table Available aggregates are COUNT MIN MAX SUM AVG VARiance and STandardDEViation Sum Avg Var and StDev available only for numeric fields COUNT may be used without a variable in parenthesis to indicate that a count of the num
85. In the Check Code Editor the choices are numeric choice 1 position 1 choice 2 position 2 and choice 3 position 3 2 Open the Check Code Editor 3 From the Choose Field Block for Action list box select TestOptions 4 Select after from the Before or After Section 5 Click the Add Block button 6 From the Add Command to Field Block list box click If The IF dialog box opens 7 From the If Condition field type Test Options 1 77 Form Designer 8 Remember that the number 1 in this instance represents a text value called choice 1 It must be enclosed in quotes 9 Click the Code Snippet button in the Then section A list of available commands appears 10 From the command list select GoTo The GOTO dialog box opens 11 Select Question2 12 Click OK F Condition TestOptions 1 censors oui ae lt gt ee 7 And Or Yes No Missing Then GOTO Question2 PEE a Assign Autosearch Clear Dialog Execute Hide Unhide 10 Click the Code Snippet button in the Else section A list of available commands appears 10 From the command list select GoTo The GOTO dialog box opens 11 Select Question1 12 Click OK 13 Click OK The code appears in the Check Code Editor 78 Form Designer How to use EpiWeek Function Epi Info 7 allows the use of the Epi Week function which allows users to the epidemiologic
86. LIST command You can use the GRIDTABLE or the UPDATE option but not both The syntax appears as follows with the pipe symbol between the two options LIST EXCEPT lt VarNames gt GRIDTABLE UPDATE ny The combination of backslash and asterisk in the beginning of a line of code and an asterisk and backslash as shown in some code samples indicates a comment Comments are skipped when a program is run Quotation marks must surround all text values as in DIALOG Notice Date of birth is invalid There are various types of operators discussed in this appendix The following types are provided Arithmetic Operators are used to perform mathematical calculations Assignment Operators are used to assign a value to a property or variable Assignment Operators can be numeric date system time or text Comparison Operators are used to perform comparisons Concatenation Operators are used to combine strings Logical Operators are used to perform logical operations and include AND OR or NOT Boolean Operators include AND OR XOR or NOT and can have one of two values true or false 312 Functions and Operators Operator Precedence If several operations occur in an expression each part is evaluated and resolved in a predetermined order called Operator Precedence Parentheses can be used to override the order of precedence and evaluate some parts of an expression before others Operati
87. No Missing Help 8 Click OK The code appears in the Check Code Editor window 9 Click Save 10 Test the code in the Enter Data module The example functions as such Last Name Smith First Name Meg Patient ID SmitMeg The Patient ID field being calculated is Read Only Last Name First Name Patient ID Smithfield Meggan SmitMeg 76 Form Designer Create Check Code for Option Box Fields Any form of Check Code can be added to option box variables Code can be added to any line choice present in the option boxes Use the Check Code Editor to create complex Check Code for option box variables For this example the check code created uses the GOTO command Check Code was used to create the following scenario If the answer to TestOptions is choice 1 the cursor will jump to Question 2 If the answer to TestOptions is choice 2 or 3 the cursor will jump to Question 1 Check the tab order before creating the Check Code to ensure that the tab order is correct Test Options Question 1 ooo Choice 1 C Choice 2 Question 2 o C Choice 3 1 Create an Option Box in a form Note the name of the variable a The variable is named TestOptions b Each text line that represents a choice in the form represents a numeric position in the Check Code Editor Since the positions are text values they must be enclosed in quotes c For example there are three lines choices that can be made in the variable TestOptions
88. Only e When data are entered into the original field the value of that field will be reflected in the newly created mirror field e Mirror fields can be copied and pasted to subsequent pages e Command buttons cannot be selected as source fields to mirror 46 Form Designer Create an Option Box Option boxes should be used when the choices presented to you are mutually exclusive If you make more than one choice use checkboxes To create an option box field 1 2 Open the page where you want the Option Box field to be placed From the page that requires an Option Box field right click on the canvas The pop up menu will appear Move the cursor over the New Field option A sub menu will appear Select Option as the field type The Option dialog box appears In the Number of Choices field enter a number the option definition fields will increase with an increase in the number of choices Select Right or Left for the placement of the Option box radio button Type the option information in each field Click OK The Option box appears in the form 47 Form Designer Create Legal Values A Legal Values field is a drop down list of choices on the questionnaire These items cannot be altered by the user during entry The only values for entry are the ones in the list To create a Legal Values field 1 a Po T e p 8 9 Open the page where you want the field to be placed Right click o
89. Page Names window type a name you want to use for the template 40 Form Designer 4 Click OK The template will be displayed on the Project Explorer tree under Pages 5 To insert a template left click on the template you want to use and drag it to the canvas area The template page will be inserted as the last page of the form jji i i FEePec PEt li TECER uu pii i Ree w Questionnaire for Church Supper Oswego Code nr AF Foods Food Rema Baked Hares Senach Nere Sen E ve E Time Supper Cate Omet Jae fa rrRART Food History Mark Yes or No Beverages Mile Vanila ice Cream 41 Form Designer View a Data Dictionary The Data Dictionary displays form s and defined variables for an open project Fields or variables are sorted and displayed by page number in the form with defined variables appearing at the end of the listing Information retrieved from the form includes Page Number Prompt Field Name Variable Type Format and Special Info 1 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Tools gt Data Dictionary The Variables table is displayed in the form window CI creck Code Satur habe Porri frome Deta Tabie fp20 Cetete Data f atte G T Evento 4 ho Eran Dato t Optera for Church Supper Oswego Name Age yeas Tene Appt uenen Ove Gout mn Dai4 DO V
90. Record traeiete Line Listing Debord tet Map Edt Form sos Patere 1D Nutritional Survey iA Patern Irfcrmatian Unt Nene att Nene ie Date s Seth Oce E M Male 11 11 2001 PR S Vy yy taes Record Information Crested fy teod Crewtes Date J Doe Site Location Dinie OHS 70 83 WINN i CA Figure 6 2 The Nutrition data entry form Using the Nutrition Form After the Nutrition Form is displayed Figure 6 2 data can be entered modified and deleted in the same manner as other Epi Info 7 forms Each record in the Nutrition form represents a single child The form also contains the optional capability to geocode the child s home address into latitude and longitude coordinates when you press the Get Coordinates button See the Enter Data chapter to learn more about the data entry process Although the data entry form contains only one record per child each child may have been measured at multiple points in time Capturing each of the child s measurements is essential to generate statistics and graphs The Nutrition form has a related form called PatientVisits to store measurement information A child record may have one or more associated visit records Clicking the Enter Measurement Data button will present you with the PatientVisits form Figure 6 3 204 Translation f Te e Ahane pedak merkadera Toot He 4 Bact jQpen Form bed Seve ae Pret GB find New Recort iode bete Line Linttng di De
91. T Randoml Random2 Random3 340 Functions and Operators ROUND Description This function rounds the number stored in the variable to the closest integer Positive numbers are rounded up to the next higher integer if the fractional part is greater than or equal to 0 5 Negative numbers are rounded down to the next lower integer if the fractional part is greater than or equal to 0 5 Syntax ROUND lt variable gt The lt variable gt can be an existing numeric variable a defined variable containing numbers or a numeric constant Comments The results are returned in numeric format Differences Between TRUNC and ROUND Value TRUNC ROUND 0 123456 0 0 7 99999999 7 8 45 545 45 46 Example READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ AGE DEFINE Decade NUMERIC ASSIGN Decade ROUND AGE 10 1 IST AGE Decade 341 Functions and Operators SECONDS Description This function returns the number of seconds between lt var1 gt and lt var2 gt in numeric format Syntax SECONDS lt varl gt lt var2 gt lt varl gt and lt var2 gt represent variables in time or date time format Comments If the date stored in lt var1 gt is older than that in lt var2 gt the result will be the difference in seconds expressed as a negative number Both variables must contain data in date time or date time format If any of the var
92. Table Fields drop down lists Select one field from the form fields drop down list The following text fields are created in your View Select the table text fields you wish to link for each view field Required drop down field link ne OC Manage Linked Fields View Fields RegionCode v 4 Click Link to add the matches to the Associated Link Fields list box 54 Form Designer Manage Linked Fields View Fields Table Fields Associated Link Fields RegionCode DistrictCode e Links can be deleted by selecting from the list and clicking Unlink e Fields removed from the Link list box return to the Form and Table Fields drop down lists Click OK to accept the Match Field selection The Code Table selection appears in a grid format for review Click OK to accept the selection or click Back to return to the Match Field dialog box and edit the code table selections 55 Form Designer Insert a Line as an Image 1 Open a field definition dialog box for a Label Title field on the page you want to insert the line 2 Inthe Question or Prompt field hold the SHIFT key and type an underscore to create a line 3 Click Font for Prompt The Font dialog box opens 4 Select a font size and bold 5 Click OK 6 Create a Field Name for the variable 7 Click OK The line appears in the form 8 The line can be resized moved copied and pasted as needed 56 Form Designer Insert an Imag
93. Table field to specify a location for table results The new table can be accessed using the READ command 133 Translation 4 Click OK Results appear in the Output window Try It For this example use the Classic Analysis Command Tree to generate the FREQ command 1 Read inthe Sample PRJ project Open Oswego Seventy five 75 records should be listed in the Output window 2 Click Frequencies The FREQ dialog opens 3 From the Frequency of drop down list select ILL 4 Click OK Results appear in the Output window FREQ ILL ILL Frequency Percent Cum Percent Nes 46 61 33 61 33 No 29 38 67 100 00 o Total _75100 00 e 100 00 95 Conf Limits Yes 49 38 72 36 No 27 64 50 62 e The Frequency column provides the count of individuals that were ill and not ill The Percent column indicates the percentage of who were ill or not ill e The 95 Confidence Limits are a range of values that indicates the likely location of the true value of a measure meaning in this instance that the number of ill could be as low as 49 38 or as high as 72 36 Note that the Yes Ill percentage of 61 33 falls within the 95 Confidence Limits range of values based on the data Try It For this example use the Classic Analysis Program Editor to create the code 1 Read inthe Sample PRJ project Open Oswego Seventy five 75 records should be listed in the Output window 134 Translation 2 Inthe Program Edit
94. Text Entry Input Variable Length Gk Cancel Clear Saye Only Title holds the text of the heading title Prompt contains the text to be used in the dialog as a message Input Variable allows you to select a variable from the current data table Variable Type allows you to select the dialog format to receive the value Formats include Text Number Date and Yes No Cancel This field defaults to any previously assigned types If the Variable Type is Text the Dialog Type drop down allows you to select Text Entry Multiple Choice Variable List Form List Database List File Open and File Save Database List options are not restricted to databases but can include any file type The Multiple Choice selection opens another set of dialog boxes to set up the choice selection Pattern and or Length create the pattern or size that allows input to follow when entered into the variable Pattern options are based on Variable and Dialog Type selections Number Type patterns consist of pound signs and can contain one decimal place with a boundary Date pattern options are DD MM YYYY MM DD YYYY or YYYY MM DD OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Cancel closes the command generation window without saving or executing a command Clear empties fields to re enter information 168 Translation e Save Only saves the command in the Program Editor but does not run the command
95. Time Variable drop down list select the variable that indicates at which time the failure or censorship occurred From the Time Unit drop down list select the unit in which the time variable is expressed if needed From the Test Group Variable drop down list select the discrete variable used to divide cases into groups e Inthe Cox model there is no essential difference between the group variable and other predictor terms For this reason using the group variable is optional From the Other Variables drop down list select the predictor variables e If you select any predictor variables Make Dummy will be activated Selecting will allow a numeric variable to become discrete rather than continuous the variable is enclosed in parentheses to indicate that dummy variables are created If a predictor variable enclosed in parentheses is selected in the list the Make Dummy button changes to Make Continuous Selecting it makes the variable continuous If you select more than one the Make Dummy button changes to Make Interaction Selecting it results in all possible combinations of the selected variables being added to the regression as interaction terms Click Graph Options The Cox Graph Options dialog box opens From the Plot Variables drop down list select a graph type From the list box select a variable s to graph Clear the Customize Graph checkbox Click OK The Cox Proportional Hazards dialog box opens Click OK Results ap
96. To navigate to the Form Designer Program Editor click the Check Code button on the top menu or select Tools gt Check Code Editor from the Form Designer navigation menu The Check Code Editor window contains three working areas e Choose Field Block for Action e Add Command to Field Block e Program Editor The Program Editor can be closed and the form opened by clicking OK Cancel or the close X button o Malte leek ee siian sw j 1 The Choose Field for Block Action tree allows you to select fields and sets when the actions designated by the Check Commands occur during data entry 2 The Program Editor window displays the code generated by the commands created from the Choose Field Block for Action or Add Command to Field Block window Code can also be typed and saved directly into the Program Editor 3 The Add Command to Field Block window displays all the available check commands used in the Form Designer program 4 The Message window alerts you of any check command problems 24 Form Designer How To Create a New Project and Form From the Epi Info main menu select Create Forms or select Tools gt Create Forms The Form Designer window opens Select File gt New Project The New Project window opens Type a project file name Tab to or select the Form Name field Type a Form Name for the new form e Use only letters and numbers e Do not start a form name with a number e Do not use any spaces
97. Use Related Forms To use RELATE the READ command must open at least one form table The form table to be linked requires a key field that relates records in the two forms tables and can be used to join them together The keys in the main and related tables or forms do not require the same name If the table was created in Form Designer and the data entry completed using Enter Classic Analysis can establish a relationship automatically using the Global Record ID and Foreign Key variables created by Epi Info 7 If the relationship was created in another program that uses different keys the key variables in both files must be identified Relationships are represented by double colons Classic Analysis can establish relationships using multiple keys Currently only Epi Info 7 projects can be related in Classic Analysis After issuing the RELATE command the variables in the related table may be used as if they were part of the main table Variable names are duplicated in the related tables variable names will be suffixed with a sequence number Frequencies cross tabulations and other operations involving data in the main and related tables can be performed The WRITE command can create a new table containing both sets of data More than one table can be related to the main table by using a series of RELATE commands Relate keys can contain mathematical or string concatenation expressions Epi Info 7 functions can be used to determine rela
98. Vanil la Eaters by Sex WEIGHTVAR Count Example 5 An Epi Curve showing the incubation time for an unknown pathogen is displayed Note that the DIALOG parameter ensures the graph window does not appear Instead the graph is generated and sent to the Analysis output window This option can be useful when running automated scripts since it does not require user interaction to continue processing commands READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Incubation NUMERIC ASSIGN Incubation MINUTES TimeSupper DateOnset 60 GRAPH Incubation GRAPHTYPE Epi Curve XTITLE Incubation Period Hours YTITLE Number of Cases 274 Functions and Operators IF THEN ELSE Description This command defines conditions and one or more consequences which occur if the conditions are met An alternative consequence can be given after the ELSE statement The ELSE will be executed if the first set of conditions is not true If the condition is true the first statement is executed If the statement is false the statement is bypassed If an ELSE statement exists it is executed instead THEN is part of the If Condition statement It starts the section of code executed when the If condition is true Syntax IF lt expression gt THEN command s END IF lt expression gt THEN command s ELSE command s END e The lt expression gt represents a condition that determines whethe
99. Variable drop down list select the new variable In the Expression area type the field name from Step 1 e Ifthe Child Form already has a field with the same name as the one being copied from the Parent Form it is important to distinguish the parent s field name This field name must be prefixed by the Parent Form s name followed by a period in the Assign expression Demographics PatientID Click OK The code appears in the Check Code Editor e Ifthe Child form does not have a field with the same name as the one being copied from the Parent form the Check Code may appear as follows 72 Form Designer ASSIGN VisitsPatientID PatientID e Ifthe Child form already has a field with the same name as the one being copied from the Parent form it is important to distinguish the Parent s field name In this example Visits is the name of the form for the child while Demographics is the name of the form for the parent The Check Code will appear as follows ASSIGN Visits PatientID Demographics PatientID 12 13 Click Save 73 Form Designer Concatenate Fields If you write field concatenation code in Check Code Editor future records will be programmed The code will not go back and populate previously entered data If previously entered data need to be concatenated use concatenation commands from the Analysis module Concatenate Fields with the Ampersand amp Operator This example illustrates how to join da
100. Variables of this data type can receive any alpha numeric characters including symbols and the output of functions e g FORMAT e NUMERIC Variables of this data type can receive numbers and the output of functions e g TXTTONUM e DATEFORMAT Variables of this data type can receive date values including the output of functions e g TXTTODATE and NUMTODATE e YN Variables of this data type can receive the Boolean values of for Yes and for No Until an assignment is made YN type variable values are or missing Examples Example 1 A variable is defined without lt scope gt lt type indicator gt and lt prompt description gt Standard scope thus becomes the default scope As no type is specified the variable can be assigned number date text or Boolean data However once assigned a value the data type of the variable becomes the data type of the value that has been assigned and may not be changed DEFINE BodyMassIndex NUMERIC Example 2 A variable with standard scope and of type YN is defined DEFINE DoYouSmoke YN IF DateSmokingStarted THEN ASSIGN DoYouSmoke ELSE ASSIGN DoYouSmoke END Example 3 A variable with standard scope and in date format is defined DEFINE DateOfBirth DATEFORMAT 232 Functions and Operators Example 4 A variable with permanent scope is defined but with no lt type indicator gt As described in Example 1
101. WN NUMAN Veryi n numerd tyren Strg 10 08 WARNING ADO Ri Minda opi t ATON THAN OF i wyer que ques 4 After you translate each of the rows contained in the table install the MDB file and run Epi Info 7 using the language translated into the MDB file Use an Existing LANGUAGE MDB Database You must have an MDB file which contains the completed language translation to complete this section 1 From the Epi Info 7 main menu select Tools gt Options 2 Click the Language tab 3 Select Import Translations 198 Translation Please choose the language or culture to import from the following list m4 4 The Import Language Database window opens Select a language from the Please choose the language or culture to import from the following drop down list For this example select Spanish Mexico Options 33 Spanish Costa Rica Spanish Dominican Republic Spanish Ecuador Spanish E Salvador Spanish Guatemala Spanish duras Spanish Nicaragua Spanish Panama Spanish Paraguay Spanish Peru Spanish Puerto Rico Spanish Spain Spanish United States Spanish Uruguay Spanish Venezuela Swedish Swedish Finland Swedish Sweden Syriac Syria Tajik Cyrillic Tajikistan Tamazight Latin Algeria 199 Translation 5 Click on the Connect to Data Source button Select the location of the MDB file In this example the
102. YWW HAMMAR SS AN MM DO YY HMA Food History Mark Yes or Nok fosd Barns emim Enhed ram na v erh Coffer Mashed Potatoes ener gt Cabbage aad Vanita low Cream Dosa nen 42 Form Designer e Page Number values are developed each time a page is added from the Form Designer Page panel e Column values for Prompt Field Type Name and Variable type are developed when fields are created from the Field Definition dialog box e Format column values include selected patterns for number and date fields and sorted for combo boxes e Special Info column values include all properties available from the Field Definition dialog box Properties include Read Only Legal Value Repeat Last Code Table Groups Required Range and Image Size The Special Info column also holds the defined variables values of Standard Global or Permanent The Special Info column includes information on related fields to indicate whether they contain one record or an unlimited number of records This is developed when the related field is created The default is Unlimited Records If the Return to the Parent Form after One Record has been Entered box is checked the format will appear as one record Note To view a data table located in another form gt Click Select Form The Select Form drop down menu opens gt Locate a form gt The Data Dictionary for the selected form opens Note that only the Data Dictio
103. Your input is temporarily assigned to each record in the form READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE NewAge NUMERIC DIALOG Enter patient age NewAge 9 ASSIGN Age NewAge LIST Age 265 Functions and Operators DISPLAY Command Generator How to Use the DISPLAY Command Description This command displays table form and database information Syntax DISPLAY lt option gt lt sub option gt OUTTABLE lt tablename gt e The lt option gt determines the type and source of information displayed e The lt tablename gt represents the name of the data output table to receive results optional e The lt sub option gt refers to the type of displayed information 1 Option DBVARIABLES displays information about variables Sub option DEFINE displays only defined variables Sub option FIELDVAR displays only table view variables for the current READ and RELATE tables Sub option LIST followed by a list of variable names displays only the specified variables 2 Option DBVIEWS displays information about forms and other Epi Info 7 specific tables in a database The sub option is the path of the database Omitting the sub option displays information for the current project database 3 Option TABLES displays information about tables in a database whether Epi Info 7 specific or generic The sub option is the path of the database Omitting the sub option d
104. a date the result will be null Syntax DAYS lt varl gt lt var2 gt The lt variable gt is in a date format Comments If the date stored in lt var1 gt is more recent than that in lt var2 gt the result is the difference in days expressed as a negative number Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE SickDays NUMERIC 325 Functions and Operators ASSIGN SickDays DAYS 04 18 1940 DateOnset LIST SickDays GRIDTABLE EXISTS Description This function returns True if a file exists Otherwise it returns False Syntax EXISTS lt variable gt lt variable gt represents the complete file path and name in text format Comments If you do not have permission to access the file a False may be returned Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE varl TEXTINPUT ASSIGN varl C epi_info epimap exe IF EXISTS Varl then DIALOG Hello END IF Exists C Epi_ Info EpiInfo mnu then DIALOG File epiInfo mnu exists END Description This function raises the base of the natural logarithm e to the power specified Syntax EXP lt variable gt Comments This variable can be an existing numeric variable a defined variable containing numbers or a numeric constant 326 Functions and Operators Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego
105. a points are replaced with bubbles A Bubble chart can be used instead of a Scatter chart if your data has three data series Examples Example 1 A graph showing the age of all survey respondents is displayed READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego GRAPH Age GraphType Column Example 2 A pie chart showing age categories is displayed 273 Functions and Operators READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE AgeCategory TEXTINPUT RECODE Age TO AgeCategory LOVALUE 0 Unknown O 10 vo oY 10 20 Wii 2OY 20 30 Zi 30 30 50 YS 5O 50 70 Weil P0 70 HIVALUE gt 70 END GRAPH AgeCategory GRAPHTYPE Pie TITLETEXT Church Supper Attendees Example 3 A scatter graph is displayed showing age by time of supper READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego GRAPH TimeSupper Age GRAPHTYPE Scatter XY Example 4 A graph showing the number of ill persons and vanilla eaters is displayed using the form for the Oswego outbreak investigation READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ Vanilla Ill STRATAVAR Sex OUTTABLE VanillaOut READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj VanillaOut SELECT Vanilla OR Ill SET Missing DEFINE Vanilla2 YN DEE EN Ele yan IF Ill THEN ASSIGN I112 Sex END IF Vanilla THEN ASSIGN Vanilla2 Sex END GRAPH 1112 Vanilla2 GRAPHTYPE Bar TITLETEXT Number of Ill Persons and
106. able gt LIKE v SELECT lt variable gt LIKE v e The select variable must be a text type The value can be a whole or partial text value Text variables must be enclosed in quotes Comments The results appear in the Output window Use LIST to view the selected records Examples READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE Sick NUMERIC IF Disease LIKE h THEN ASSIGN Sick 0 SELECT Disease LIKE h LIST Age Disease DateAdmitted Sick GRIDTABLE NOT Description This operator reverses the True or False value of the logical expression that follows 320 Functions and Operators Syntax NOT Expression The expression represents any valid logical expression in Epi Info Comments If the value of an expression is True Not returns the value False If the expression is False Not lt expression gt is True Example R DE EAD C My_Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FINE NoVanilla YN IF NOT Vanilla THEN ELSE FRI END NoVanilla NoVanilla EQ NoVanilla Vanilla VANILLA NOVANILLA Yes No Yes OR Description This operator returns True if one or the other or both expressions are True If either expression evaluates to True Or returns True If neither expression evaluates to True Or returns False Syntax Logical
107. able to receive output from the command Results can be sent to an output table for graphing Currently Disabled e If No Intercept is selected the regression is performed without a constant term forcing the regression line through the origin 181 5 Click OK Results appear in the Output window Try It 1 Read in the project Sample PRJ Open Oswego Translation 2 Click Logistic Regression The LOGISTIC dialog box opens 3 From the Outcome Variable drop down list select ILL 4 From the Other Variables drop down list select BROWNBREAD CABBAGESAL WATER MILK CHOCOLATE and VANILLA 5 Click OK Results appear in the Output window Unconditional Logistic Regression Odds T 95 I erm Ratio C BROWNBREAD 1 7803 0 3932 8 0614 Yes No CABBAGESAL 1 1342 0 2818 4 5647 Yes No WATER Yes No 1 1122 0 2670 4 6326 MILK Yes No 0 1342 0 0068 2 6635 CHOCOLATE 1 0975 0 3024 3 9829 Yes No VANILLA 26 0016 5 4707 123 5818 Yes No CONSTANT A i Convergence Converged Iterations 5 Final 2 Log Likelihood 69 2504 Cases included 74 Test Statistic D F P Value Coefficient 0 5768 0 1259 0 1063 2 0086 0 0930 3 2582 2 1277 0 7706 0 7104 0 7280 1 5246 0 6577 0 7953 0 9733 Z p Statistic Value 0 7485 0 4542 0 1772 0 8593 0 1460 0 8839 1 3174 0 1877 0 1415 0 8875 4 0968 0 0000 2 1861 0 0288 182 Translation Score 28 0180 6 0 0001 Likeli
108. ables dialog box opens Select a table from the list Click OK 10 Follow the instructions to make the associations in the Match Fields section 52 Match Fields Form Designer Text fields created from your form are displayed on this dialog From the right hand side of the screen select a value from the drop down list At least two fields must exist one holds the selection code and one or more receives the value of the code s The first field holds the selection code in a drop down menu and all subsequent ones are Read Only which populates based on assignments set in the code table 1 Select the required drop down field to be linked to the code table Once you select a link the OK button becomes active The following text fields are created in your View Select the table text fields you wish to link for each view field Required drop down field link Match Fields l a Region ET Preview Table Manage Linked Fields View Fields Table Fields Y v Link Associated Link Fields 2 Click Preview Table to view the link association You can see the table and determine if you want to keep your selection Select Back to return to the Match Fields dialog box 53 Form Designer The grid below displays the fields from the selected table Click Back to go to the Match Fields screen Di t tC j AB88 HE213 3 Create additionallinks for the other fields using the Form and
109. ain menu and is changed by setting the LANGUAGE under Tools gt Options How to e Translate Epi Info e Create a New LANGUAGE MDB Database e Use an Existing LANGUAGE MDB Database e Choose a Language 195 Translation How To Translate Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 is designed for easy translation into languages other than English All the English phrases that can safely be translated are contained in a table in the language database Commands and other reserved words in the Analysis and Check Command programming languages should not be translated however you can translate the screen prompts that lead to their generation Each Epi Info 7 component object has its own row in a translation database Each language has its own database and needs to be installed into Epi Info 7 Multiple languages can be installed loaded at one time You will need a translated MDB file for the new language The Epi Info User Community and the Epi Info Team will develop translation files as Epi Info 7 is distributed to the field Language translations will be available through the Epi Info website Currently there are two ways to use Epi Info 7 with a language other than English e If you do not have a language translation file to use create a new language MDB database for the language of your choice For more information see the Create a New Language mdb Database section e If you obtained a Language database install it with the lates
110. alues included in the formula is not a date the result will be null Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE hourl NUMERIC 332 Functions and Operators ASSIGN hourl HOURS Timesupper Dateonset LIST hourl LIST hourl Timesupper Dateonset LN Description The function LN returns the natural logarithm logarithm in base e of a numeric value or variable If the value is zero or null it returns a null value Syntax LN lt variable gt The lt variable gt can be an existing numeric variable a defined variable containing numbers or a numeric constant Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Natlogofage NUMERIC ASSIGN Natlogofage LN AGE LIST Age Natlogofage LOG Description This function returns the base 10 logarithm decimal logarithm of a numeric value or variable If the value is 0 or null it returns a null value Syntax LOG lt variable gt The lt variable gt can be an existing numeric variable a defined variable containing numbers or a numeric constant Comments The results will be numeric Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Declog NUMERIC ASSIGN Declog LOG Age LIST Age Declog 333 Functions and Operators MINUTES Description This function returns the number of minutes between lt var1 gt and lt var
111. and MERGE commands can operate on many different types of data Each type requires a different table specification and some types required additional information in a file specification Table specifications usually consist of a data type contained in double quotes a space a file path which may be enclosed in single quotes and must be if it includes a space a colon and a table name The various file types that can be used are e Epi Info 7 Forms and Tables e Microsoft Access 97 2003 and MS Access 2007 e Microsoft Excel 97 2003 and Excel 2007 e SQL Server Server name and Database name will be required when accessing tables within an SQL Server database 287 Examples Functions and Operators Text Files There are two basically different forms of text files Both forms have only one table per file so there is no need to specify a table Both forms put the data for one record on a single line The difference is in how the fields are indicated One form called delimited uses designated characters to separate fields The second form shown in the fourth example is called fixed because each field occupies the same positions in each line All character positions through the last field must be accounted for even if they do not contain useful data the command generator will automatically generate filler fields as required Even if the first line of the file contains field names HDR YES the names specified in field defin
112. arate table of disease by exposure for each possible confounder combinations In the simplest case this could mean separate male and female tables if sex is the potential confounder If Age Sex and City are confounders separate tables would be made for each possible combination of age group sex and city The Mantel Haenszel weighted odds ratio relative risk summary Chi square and p value combine results from different strata to remove confounding caused by the variables used for stratification If tables are entered for male and female confounding by sex is removed The degree of confounding can be judged by comparing the crude and weighted odds ratios if they are identical there was no confounding by sex The Approximate Cornfield and Greenland Robins and Exact confidence limits provide additional measures If the weighted odds ratio or relative risk not for case control studies has confidence limits that do not include 1 0 there is a statistical association with 95 confidence between the disease and the exposure without confounding by the stratifying factor If the odds ratio or relative risks for strata in a series of stratified tables for the tests are not similar then interaction between the stratifying factor and the risk factor are present Logistic regression or other multivariate methods may be indicated or the number of subjects is too small to draw definite conclusions Alternatively it may be advisable to present th
113. arch is used as an alert to potential duplicate records However the Autosearch command does not restrict users from entering duplicate records How To e See the AutoSearch section Skip Logic Patterns Skip patterns can be created by changing the tab order and setting a new cursor sequence through a questionnaire or by creating Check Code using the GOTO command Skip patterns can also be created based on the answers to questions using an IF THEN statement How To e See the Skip section Update Data This technique allows users to search for existing records and re enter or update data How To e See the Data Entry sections Must Enter A Must Enter Required field is a mandatory field Since the properties are mutually exclusive Required cannot be used in combination with Read Only Ifa page contains a Required variable the Enter module will prevent further page navigation until a value has been entered Use this property sparingly to avoid gridlock How To e See the Must Enter section Calculated Age If possible always use the Years command to calculate from the birth and the data entry date How To e See the YEARS function Analysis Check for Duplicate Records Using Frequency check for duplicate records How to e READ C Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj 0swego e FREQ CODE e SELECT CODE P55 e LIST GRIDTABLE Delete Duplicate Records e Helps you delete or remove duplicate records How
114. astructure is unavailable Setup msi file Installation e Traditional setup mechanism that deploys Epi Info 7 to the location required by IT policy e Allows network administrators to centrally manage and push Epi Info 7 including updates and patches to users using Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager e Ensures that the machine s configuration matches the software s minimum requirements e Pre compiles and registers Epi Info 7 components on the machine which enables certain components to run faster e Requires administrative or elevated privileges during installation e Recommended for centrally managed IT environments Getting Started Navigate Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 modules can be opened individually by accessing the main menu after the application is installed Double clicking the Launch Epi Info 7 icon on the desktop will open the Epi Info 7 main menu where all programs and utilities can be accessed The Epi Info 7 main menu also provides the Epi Info 7 version number and application date information which is needed to contact technical support Create Mapi Epi taio Website Exit Visuel Dashboard emus 7080 10 20 2011 NUM Selecting from the navigation menu opens modules and provides access to utilities and custom settings e File allows you to Exit Epi Info 7 e View allows you to show the status bar and view the program log e Tools allow you to access the main Epi Info 7 mod
115. atc Regression a Kaplan Meier Survtvat 4 Corpi Sample Frequences ES gt Bun Commands 3 Complies Sangle Tables 2 Conples Sache Maans gt Oto NUM 3 17 2011 1 The Command Explorer contains a list of available commands separated into folders by command type Commands are generated edited and executed Selecting a command opens the corresponding dialog box for that command function or statistic to run 2 The Program Editor displays the commands and code created using the Classic Analysis Command Tree Commands can also be typed directly into the Program Editor Programs or PGM files written in Classic Analysis can be stored in the current PRJ or as text files Saved programs can be run against new data or shared with others 3 The Output window acts as a browser and displays information generated from commands run in Program Editor The buttons allow you to navigate through program scripts that run and display in the output screen 89 Translation 4 The Message window alerts you if any problems occur with any executed commands 90 Translation How to Manage Data Use the READ Command To analyze data it must be read or imported into Classic Analysis The READ command allows you to select a project and or data table to run statistics The READ command is used almost every time you open Classic Analysis Warning Never manipulate the Form table in a software application
116. ate Ill and Age are listed using the grid format READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego LIST Sex Vanilla Chocolate Ill Age GRIDTABLE 279 Functions and Operators LOGISTIC Description This command performs conditional or unconditional multivariate logistic regression with automatic dummy variables and support for multiple interactions Syntax LOGISTIC lt dependent variable gt lt independent variable s gt MATCHVAR lt match variable gt NOINTERCEPT OUTTABLE lt tablename gt WEIGHTVAR lt weight variable gt PVALUE lt PValue gt e The lt dependent variable gt represents the dependent variable e The lt independent variable s gt represents an independent variable that can be a numeric variable a non numeric variable or a variable surrounded by parenthesis Any text or yes no variable or a variable surrounded with parenthesis is automatically recoded into dummy variables A dummy variable is created for all but one of the levels of a variable The variable measures the contribution of its level relative to the excluded level Interactions are specified by between variables e The lt weight variable gt represents a variable to specify the contribution each data row has to the output e The lt match variable gt represents a variable to specify the different groups for a conditional analysis If a match variable is specified a conditional analysis will be performed e The
117. ats in MS Access Excel SQL server and ASCII It offers simple and intuitive tools to produce many forms of useful statistics and graphs for epidemiologists and other public health professionals For more information see Introduction to Analysis Map The mapping component of Epi Info 7 Map can be accessed by clicking on the Create Maps button on the main menu or through the Tools Create Maps option located on the top menu Epi Info 7 Map shows data from multiple data formats by relating data fields to shape files or through point locations containing X and Y coordinates in various symbols colors and sizes Choropleth and Case Based are supported For more information see Introduction to Map Getting Started Options General Sets background images default database formats and map service keys for mapping and geocoding Language Translates completed Epi Info 7 programs into non English languages by creating and importing translation definition files Translation can be done without changing the names of files and individual translations can be installed or uninstalled without affecting the main programs Switching from one language to another can be done from the main menu Analysis Displays the current values of Analysis option settings and provides various options that affect the performance and output of data in Analysis Settings are used whenever the Classic Analysis module is used Plug ins All of the analysis i
118. base 198 Choose a Language 201 6 Nutritional Anthropometry 202 Introduction 202 Using the Nutrition Project 202 Opening the Nutrition Form 202 Using the Nutrition Form 204 Customizing the Nutrition Forms 206 Creating Growth Charts 206 Using the Nutrition Functions 209 The ZSCORE Function 209 The PFROMZ Function 211 7 StatCale 213 Introduction 213 How to Use StatCale 214 Opening StatCalc 214 Analysis of Single and Stratified Tables 215 Population Survey or Descriptive Study 220 8 Command Reference 222 Introduction 222 Check Commands 223 ASSIGN 223 AUTOSEARCH 225 BEEP 227 CLEAR 228 COMMENTS 230 DEFINE 231 DEFINE DLLOBJECT 234 AFTER and END BEFORE 235 BEFORE and END BEFORE 236 EXECUTE 237 GOTO 239 UNHIDE 241 IF THEN ELSE 243 NEWRECORD 246 Analysis Commands 247 9 Table Of Contents ASSIGN 247 BEEP 249 CANCEL SELECT or SORT 250 CLOSEOUT 251 COXPH 252 DEFINE 254 DEFINE DLLObject 256 Define Group Command Analysis Reference 257 DELETE FILE TABLES 258 DELETE RECORDS 259 DIALOG 260 DISPLAY 266 EXECUTE 268 FREQ 270 GRAPH 272 Program Specific Feature 273 IF THEN ELSE 275 KMSURVIVAL 278 LIST 279 LOGISTIC 280 MEANS 281 MERGE 283 PRINTOUT 285 QUIT 286 READ 287 RECODE 289 REGRESS 292 RELATE 293 ROUTEOUT 295 RUNPGM 296 SELECT 297 SET 299 SORT 301 SUMMARIZE 302 TABLES 303 TYPEOUT 305 UNDEFINE 306 UNDELETE 307 WRITE 308 Functions and Operators 311 Introduction 311 Syntax Notations
119. ber of records in the group is desired or with a variable in parenthesis to indicate that the number of records in the group with non missing values of the specified group is desired This command solves some recurring problems for programmers One is computing percents it is difficult to get a denominator Another is determining the earliest or latest date in a list of relevant dates or the highest or lowest of a series of measurements Many problems can be solved with the OUTTABLE from a TABLES or FREQ command or with self joins but this provides a straightforward method to achieve these results Note Multi line memo fields are not permitted Example READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj EvansCounty SUMMARIZE Average Age Avg AGE Average DBP Avg DBP Number Records Count AGE Std_Age StDev AGE Std_DBP StDev DBP TO SUMMARY TABLE READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Summary Table LIST 302 Functions and Operators TABLES Description This command cross tabulates specified variables in two or three dimensions Values of the first variable appear across the top of the table while those of the second variable appear in the left margin of the table Unique values of additional variables are represented as strata Normally cells contain counts of records matching the values in the corresponding marginal labels If a WEIGHTVAR parameter is given the cells represent sums of
120. ble in the database using Ill as the outcome variable for table READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego TABLES Ill Example 4 A 2x2 table is generated and saved to a separate table in the Sample database using the OUTTABLE parameter READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego TABLES Vanilla Ill OUTTABLE T1 READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj T1 LIST GRIDTABLE Example 5 A 2x2 table is generated showing obesity and disease outcome The analysis is weighted by the value contained in the COUNT column READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Lasum TABLES OB OUTCOME WEIGHTVAR COUNT Example 6 A complex sample table is generated using a stratified cluster survey READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Epil0 TABLES Prenatal VAC STRATAVAR Location WEIGHTVAR POPW PSUVAR Cluster 304 Functions and Operators TYPEOUT Description This command inserts text a string or file contents into the output Typical uses might include comments or boilerplate Syntax TYPEOUT text lt font property gt TEXTFONT lt color gt lt size gt e lt text gt represents the text to be displayed e lt font property gt represents the properties Underline Bold or Italic separated by commas e lt color gt represents Aqua Lime Red Black Silver Maroon Blue Navy Teal Fuchsia Olive White Grey Purple Yell
121. c 2 Survival Probability 0 35 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 1 o n 2 o i o H o 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Time Test Statistic D F P Value Log Rank 27 2477 1 0 0000 _ Wilcoxon 11 6304 1 0 0007 _ 185 Translation Use the COXPH Command The COXPH command performs Cox Proportional Hazards survival analysis This form of survival analysis relates covariates to failure through hazard ratios A covariate with a hazard ratio less than one suggests improved survival for the level being compared with the reference level COXPH output includes regression coefficients test statistics with p values hazard ratios and cumulative survival plots What distinguishes survival analysis from most other statistical methods is the presence of censoring for incomplete observations In a study following two different treatment regimens analysis of the trial typically occurred well before all patients died For those still alive at the time of analysis the true survival time is known only to be greater than the time observed to date These observations are called censored Two other sources of incomplete observation are patients lost to follow up and the appearance of an event other than the event being studied Survival analysis requires censored and time variables the units of time and the groups being compared Syntax COXPH lt time variable gt lt covariate s
122. c emulation EpiData uses Epi Info v6 format for files Qes Rec and Chk Data can be exported to CSV comma separated data dBase Exceland Stata v4 6 Simple range legal date and enhanced control of logical consistency across variables jumps based on the value of entry and calculations during data entry is easy to define Lists of data and overall frequency tables can be produced Compare two files and get a list of differences in data validate REC EpiData was developed for data entry as an update of the principles used in the DOSprogram Epi Info v6 It is an all in one program one exe file for Windows 95 98 NT 2000 and Macintosh with RealPc emulation EpiData uses Epi Info v6 format for files Qes Rec and Chk Data can be exported to CSV comma separated data dBase Exceland Stata v4 6 Simple range legal date and enhanced control of logical consistency across variables jumps based on the value of entry and calculations during data entry is easy to define Lists of data and overall frequency tables can be produced Compare two files and get a list of differences in data validate 95 Confidence Limits A range of values for a variable that indicates the likely location of the true value of a measure A Association Statistical relationship between two or more events characteristics or other variables Average Average of the values in the numeric expression C Case In epidemiology a countable instan
123. ce in the population or study group of a particular disease health disorder or condition under investigation Sometimes an individual with the particular disease Case Based An advanced display process that allows users to show different symbols based on levels of classification e g Confirmed Probable Discarded Suspected Chi Square A test of statistical significance used to determine how likely an observed association between an exposure and a disease could have occurred because of chance alone if the exposure was not actually related to the disease Tests for the presence of a trend in dose response or other case control studies where a series of increasing or decreasing exposures is being studied Conditional Probability Estimate of the probability of survival of a defined group at a designated time interval Control In a case control study comparison group of persons without disease Count Number of values in the expression or number of selected rows D DLL Dynamic Link Library E Elementary outcomes All possible results of a random experiment Epi Info Epi Info for Windows Epidemic The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time Epidemiology The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems
124. cies In this case males and females READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ Ill STRATAVAR Sex Example 7 A weighted frequency is conducted For each record the value stored in Count is used to represent that record s weight READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Lasum FREQ Outcome WEITGHTVAR Count Example 8 A complex sample frequency is run using the Epil data set READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Epil SET STATISTICS COMPLETE FREQ VAC PSUVAR Cluster 271 Functions and Operators GRAPH Description This command produces graphs from data in Classic Analysis Syntax GRAPH lt variable s gt GRAPHTYPE lt graph type gt lt option name gt option value GRAPH lt variable s gt lt crosstab gt GRAPHTYPE lt graph type gt GRAPH lt variable s gt GRAPHTYPE lt graph type gt XTITLE lt string gt YTITLE lt string gt The lt variable s gt represents the main variable s to be graphed The lt crosstab gt represents a variable to be used to classify the main variable s The lt graph type gt represents one of the graph types described below STRATAVAR lt variable gt generates a graph for each value of VarName When saving a template the template stores the current graph s background including the main title and the subtitle if it exists However if the sub title is stratified under One Graph for Each Value of in the dialog s
125. creen it will be filtered out WEIGHTVAR lt variable gt weights each record by the value of lt VarName gt WEIGHTVAR lt agg func gt lt variable gt allows multiple records referring to the same values of the main variable crosstab variable if any and strata variable if any are represented by the aggregate of VarName Permissible AggFunc values are MIN minimum MAX maximum AVG average STDEV standard deviation SUM SUMPCT percent based on total of VarName COUNT number of records or PERCENT percent based on number of records TITLETEXT lt string gt represents a title for each page of graphs This title is in addition to the title for each graph which is set by customization DATEFORMAT lt format string gt is used when a main variable is a date variable to determine the format in which it will be displayed Uses the same coding scheme as the FORMAT function XTITLE lt string gt YTITLE lt string gt are used to pass X and Y axis labels from the GRAPH command 272 Functions and Operators Program Specific Feature Multiline memo fields cannot be graphed To use a Multiline variable define a new variable assign to it the value SUBSTRING lt old variable gt 1 255 and use it in the graph The following are the graph types capable of being generated by the GRAPH command along with type specific information series refers to the values of a main variable for a specific value of any c
126. ction Selecting it adds all possible selected combinations to the regression as interaction terms Make Interaction appears if you select two or more variables from the Other Variables list box Interaction Terms are defined with the Make Interaction button Click Make Interaction The relationship populates the Interaction Terms list The Output to Table field identifies a data table to receive output from the command Results can be sent to an output table for graphing Currently Disabled If No Intercept is selected the regression is performed without a constant term forcing the regression line through the origin 5 Click OK Results appear in the Output window 178 Translation Try It 1 Read in the project Sample PRJ Open BabyBloodPressure 2 Click Linear Regression The REGRESS dialog box opens From the Outcome Variable drop down list select SystolicBlood e w From the Other Variables drop down list select AgeInDays on From the Other Variables drop down list select Birthweight 6 Click OK Results appear in the Output window Linear Regression Variable Coefficient Std Error F test P Value AgeInDays 5 888 0 680 74 9229 0 000002 Birthweight 0 126 0 034 13 3770 0 003281 CONSTANT 53 450 4 532 139 1042 0 000000 Correlation Coefficient r 2 0 88 Source df Sum of Squares Mean Square F statistic Regression 2 591 036 295 518 48 081 Residuals 13 79 902 6 146 Total 15 670 938 179 Translation
127. d In a cohort study the exposed and unexposed are selected and the number of ill in each group is subsequently ascertained A cross sectional study starts with neither illness nor exposure determined and ascertains both during the study In cohort studies the relative risk may be calculated from the results In case control studies the odds ratio may be used as an approximation of the relative risk if the disease is rare in the general population from which cases and controls are selected Fewer than one case in 20 individuals might be taken as a starting point Thus in a foodborne outbreak selecting cases and controls from those who ate at a particular restaurant in a given week the odds ratio could not be used to approximate relative risk if half of the individuals became ill The odds ratio would however be an indicator of the degree of association between illness and the consumption of a particular food For the results to be valid the outcomes in each record must be independent of those in other records The values for one individual do not predict those for another Confounding must be removed by stratifying on confounding variables Single 2 by 2 Tables Two by two tables are frequently used in epidemiology to explore associations between exposure to risk factors and disease or other outcomes The table in StatCalc has Exposure on the left and Disease across the top Not all textbooks and articles use the same conventions Car
128. d In the second case non computational commands e g READ SELECT SORT HEADER and ROUTEOUT are never executed 173 Translation SET Description This command provides various options that affect the performance and output of data in Classic Analysis These settings are utilized whenever the Classic Analysis program is used Syntax SET lt parameter gt lt value gt lV Show Lomplete Prompt IV Show Selection Criteria show laraphics IV Show Percents Z Show Hyperlinks Z Show Tables in Output None f Minimal Intermediate Advanced e Representation of Boolean Values allows you to determine how values in the Epi Info 7 projects line list are displayed for Yes No and Checkbox fields Boolean Values are stored in the database according to the convention used by that database Epi Info 7 converts the line listing displayed in analysis according to the selection in this menu e HTML Output Options are not available in this version of Epi Info 7 174 Translation Statistics settings are not available in this version of Epi Info 7 The grayed out display indicates analysis statistics are advanced The None Minimal and Intermediate settings will be available in a future release Precision setting is not available in this version of Epi Info 7 Include Missing Values allows you to determine if you want missing values to be included if statistical calculations are made Process Records selects
129. d sorted listed or manipulated with a series of commands functions and operators Available statistics include frequencies means and more advanced processes 1 e Kaplan Meier Survival Classic Analysis and Logistic Regression Classic Analysis can be accessed by clicking Classic from the Epi Info main window or by selecting Tools gt Analyze Data gt Classic It reads data files created in Form Designer and other types of databases e g MS Access MS Excel SQL Server and ASCII Classic Analysis can also produce graphs to present graphic representations of data Classic Analysis provides access to existing data directly or through forms created in Form Designer It reads data from files and tables created in Epi Info 7 Microsoft Access Microsoft Excel SQL Server and ASCII 88 Translation Navigate the Classic Analysis Workspace The Classic Analysis module contains four areas the Classic Analysis Command Tree Program Editor Classic Analysis Output window and the Message Area file r tp Info 7 Analysen _ iy Commands View Jools Help Output Epelome hitmi a Oma j Read J Feiste 2 Vite Eport 2 Merge a Octete Fe Tabie j Delete Records Undelete Reconts ay Venables 3 Define a OelineGroup 4 Undefine a Assign 2 Recode a Oepiay gt Swn Epi Info fle f t forts _ New Pgm j Open Pom bed Gove Pom Print Pgm D idro Sate Unea Aegpesso 9 Log
130. d is saved in the Program Editor and run simultaneously The current form file location Record Count and Date appear in the Classic Analysis Output window the READ command appears in the Program Editor e Click Save Only to save the command in the Program Editor The command does not run and the Record Count is not displayed 92 Translation Read a Microsoft Excel File 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Read The READ dialog box opens 2 From the Data Formats drop down list select either MS Excel 97 2003 Workbook or MS Excel 2007 Workbook 3 In the Data Source field click on the ellipsis LJ button to browse and select the workbook xls or xlsx to import into Classic Analysis 4 Click Open e First Row Contains Field Names is checked by default If the first row of the spreadsheet does not contain field names deselect the checkbox 5 Click OK 6 Select a Worksheet from the list provided in the Data Source Explorer 7 Click OK The Record Count and file information appear in the Classic Analysis Output window 93 Translation Read a Microsoft Access File From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Read The READ dialog box opens From the Data Formats drop down list select either MS Access 2002 2003 mdb or MS Access 2007 acedb In the Data Source field click on the ellipsis LJ button to browse and select the file to import into Classic Analysis Click OK Select a da
131. data table Inside each form fields called variables in Analysis are created to hold data The Check Code Editor component of the Form Designer can be used to add intelligence to a form e g allowing for skip patterns hiding fields from view and performing math calculations It can also be used to implement data validation checks Functions are provided for importing files from Epi Info 3 5 x aligning fields and placing a layout grid on the workspace Fields can also be grouped for display and used in Classic Analysis or Visual Dashboard Form Designer Navigate the Form Designer Workspace To open Form Designer click Create Forms from the Epi Info 7 main menu or select Tools gt Create Forms from the main page navigation menu ext Lepercete Mitre Urag Idertiver Prone harte Nasdy ells 7989 1AM NUN O The Form Designer page panel allows you to insert pages controls and templates into a form 2 The Make Edit Form window is the form survey or questionnaire design space Fields are created edited and designed from this area of the application using the Field Definition dialog box You can customize the work space by selecting fonts colors and grid options Surveys can be customized by creating code tables or Check Code Form Designer Available Field or Variable Types The following explains the field and variable types available in Form Designer Field or variable types ca
132. dentifier type creates values unique to a specific record Lepal Values Field Name Altibules C Read Only C Required Date Source Comment Legal Question o Prompt Field Name Altributes O Read Oriy C Required Data Source Prompt Font The Legal Values field type creates a drop down list of values The Comment Legal Values field type creates a drop down list of values with a comment associated with each value Only the value and not the comment associated with the value is saved to the database 21 Form Designer Codes Related View Hutton Fiets Nome Field Name Related View Altrivatet Altrithaes C Read Only Prompt Font Accennble always C Required Field Font Condecn Select fieldis to be linked to Avadable V anabe Dota Source _ Return to the parent foem after one recon has been entered a L_Carcel J The Codes field creates a linked drop down list where the selected value populates other fields on the form The Relate field creates relationships between your main form parent form with sub forms child forms only within the same PRJ Related forms are relationships between the main or parent form with sub or child forms which are linked to a parent form automatically by unique keys generated by the application They are made accessible through buttons in the form Buttons can be created on a conditional basis to become available only
133. ditor opens 3 Select the first field from the Choose Field Block for Action list box 4 Select after from the Before or After Section 5 Click the Add Block button This creates code to run after the first field is entered and accepted 6 Click GoTo from the Add Command to Field Block list box The GOTO dialog box opens 7 Select a field for the cursor to jump to after you enter the first field The code will run after the cursor leaves the field 8 Click OK The code appears in the Check Code Editor 9 Click Save 10 Click Close to return to the form e To test the skip pattern open the form in the data entry module Use the tab key to ensure that upon leaving the field with the GOTO command the cursor goes to the specified field Create a Skip Pattern Using IF THEN and GoTo Use IF THEN statements to create skip patterns based on the answers to questions in the survey or questionnaire This example creates code which states that if the person answered Yes to being ill then the cursor jumps to a field that asks for the diagnosis If the person answered No the cursor subsequently jumps to or skips to the field for vaccination information 1 Click Check Code The Check Code Editor opens 2 From the Choose Field Block for Action list box select the field which contains the action For this example select Ill 3 The action needs to occur after data are entered into the Ill field Select after from the Befor
134. ds 85 4 Classic Analysis 88 Introduction 88 Navigate the Classic Analysis Workspace 89 How to Manage Data 91 Use the READ Command 91 Use Related Forms 96 Use the WRITE Command 98 Use the MERGE Command 99 Delete File Table 104 Delete Records 107 Use the ROUTEOUT Command 109 Use the CANCEL SORT Command 111 Undelete Records 112 How to Manage Variables 113 Use the DEFINE Command 113 How to Use Undefine 118 Use the ASSIGN Command 119 How to Use Recode 121 Use the DISPLAY Command 123 How to Select Records 124 Use the SELECT Command 124 Use the IF Command 127 Use the Sort Command 129 CANCEL SORT 130 How to Display Statistics and Records 131 Use the LIST Command 131 Use the FREQ Command 133 Use the TABLES Command 136 Use the SUMMARIZE Command 144 Use the GRAPH Command 147 How to Manage Output 151 Header 151 TypeOut 153 Closeout 156 Printout 157 Storing Output 158 How to Use User Defined Commands 160 Define Command CMD 160 Run Saved Program 161 Execute File 165 How to Create User Interaction 167 DIALOG 167 BEEP 171 QUIT 172 SET 174 Table Of Contents How to Use Advanced Statistics 176 Use the REGRESS Command 176 Use the LOGISTIC Command 180 Use the KMSURVIVAL Command 183 Use the COXPH Command 186 Complex Sample Frequencies 192 Complex Sample Means 193 Complex Sample Tables 194 5 Translation 195 Features 195 How To Translate Epi Info 7 196 Create a New LANGUAGE MDB Database 196 Use an Existing LANGUAGE MDB Data
135. dults CLEAR Age END Example 2 The code below prevents an invalid date from being saved to the current record by erasing it as soon as it is detected The example assumes a form exists with the following fields DOB Date and SurveyDate Date The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the SurveyDate field IF DOB gt SurveyDate OR SurveyDate gt SYSTEMDATE THEN CLEAR DOB SurveyDate DIALOG Invalid date detected Please try again END 228 Functions and Operators Example 3 The code below prevents an invalid date from being saved to the current record by erasing it as soon as it is detected By using a GOTO command to move the cursor back to the SurveyDate field you are forced to keep entering data until valid data are detected The example assumes a form exists with the following fields DOB Date and SurveyDate Date The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the SurveyDate field IF DOB gt SurveyDate THEN CLEAR SurveyDate GOTO SurveyDate DIALOG Survey date invalid Please try again END 229 Functions and Operators COMMENTS Description In Check Code and Classic Analysis the combination of backslash and asterisk in the beginning of a line of code and an asterisk and backslash at the end as shown in some code samples indicates a comment Commented lines are not executed This allows you to enter user defined comments to identify tasks describe variable names
136. e e Average used only on numeric fields e Count 144 Translation e First based on sorts order e Last based on sorts order e Maximum e Minimum e StdDev Standard Deviation e StdDev Pop e Sum only used on numeric fields e Var Variance only used on numeric fields e Var Pop 4 From the Variable drop down list select from the variables in the dataset 5 Inthe Into Variable field type a name to title the summarized variable 6 Click Apply The code appears in the open field e If grouping is necessary use the Group By drop down list to select a variable to group the aggregated data e Ifaweight variable exists use the Weight drop down list to select a variable to weight the aggregated data 7 Inthe Output to Table field type a name for the new data table 8 Click OK The following message appears in the Output window Output table created location listed 9 Click Read Import The READ dialog box opens 10 Click the All radio button All the tables in the dataset appear in a list 11 Locate and select the summary table just created 12 Click OK The Output window populates with the Record Count for the summary table 13 Use the LIST command to view the summary table Try It 1 Read in the Sample PRJ project Open ADDF ull Three hundred and fifty nine 359 records should be listed in the Output window 2 Click Statistics gt Summarize The SUMMARIZE dialog box opens 145
137. e data by smoking status creates two tables one for smokers and one for nonsmokers FT WA The odds ratio for each table is 1 0 and the Mantel summary odds ratio is 1 0 The crude odds ratio and the Mantel summary odds ratio are quite different 4 0 and 1 0 concluding that smoking was a confounding factor and there appears with this over simplified analysis to be no association odds ratio 1 0 between alcohol and MI Note that the odds ratio in the two strata are the same 1 0 there is no interaction or effect modification between smoking and alcohol In other words the effect of alcohol on MI is the same for smokers and nonsmokers When the effect varies in the different strata the odds ratios are different interaction or effect modification is present To view and create a Stratified Analysis Summary of 2 by 2 Tables take the following steps 1 From the StatCalc application main page select Tables lt 2 x 2 2 x n gt A blank table opens in the StatCalc application window 2 Enter the data from the above Nonsmokers sample table in the first Strata tab Strata 1 218 Functions and Operators 3 Click on Strata 2 4 Enter the data from the above Smokers sample table 5 The Stratified Analysis Summary of 2 Tables window gets populated as you enter data 219 Functions and Operators Population Survey or Descriptive Study Assumptions e The sample to be taken must be a simple random or
138. e use the Replace selection e Append adds new variables and records to the end of existing data 98 Translation Using the drop down list select the desired Output Format e Available output formats are the same as ones that can be imported using the READ command i e MS Access MS Excel SQL Server and Flat ASCII file Click the ellipsis LJ button in the Connection Information field to specify file name and location Click OK Establish a name for the Destination Table or select a table name from the drop down list if the table already exists Click OK e To see the data use the READ command to open the newly created project e The WRITE command will not create a form and cannot create a data table to work with a form To preserve forms use the MERGE command e Not all output formats support all possible input formats Use the MERGE Command Use the MERGE command to join records MERGE is only supported if the READ data source is an Epi Info 7 project A merge requires a key called the GLOBAL RECORD ID which represents an internal matching variable inside both sets of data Syntax ME RGE lt table specification gt lt key s gt lt type gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to opena PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Data gt Merge The MERGE dialog box opens 99 Translation Data Fomats Da
139. e Epi Info main menu It can also be accessed from the Tools gt Enter Data sub menu option In Form Designer you can access Enter Data by clicking the Enter Data button This button is a convenient method to switch between designing a form and entering data to test your form design Enter can be used to enter new data modify existing data or search for records When data are entered into a form the data table inside the project is populated The Find function allows records to be located based on a series of matched variables As data are entered the cursor moves from field to field page to page and saves data as you move to a new page If you try to exit a page before data is saved you will be prompted to save the data Yes or No Navigation is provided for using the New Record button and navigation buttons for next B previous GD first and last GBD records When entering data into a child form you will also have the Back button to take you back to the parent form 81 Translation Navigating the Enter Workspace Open Enter by clicking Enter Data from the Epi Info main menu The Enter Data screen consists of four main areas Sons Rapal Surveillance 1 The Page panel lists all pages associated with the current form 2 The Linked Records panel is used to conduct contact tracing It contains information about which records have exposed to or from the current record 3 The Canvas shows the current pa
140. e Oneicecream GRIDTABLE 323 Functions and Operators Functions Do not put a space before the first parenthesis Functions take the value of one or more variables and return the result of a calculation or transformation ABS Function Description The ABS function returns the absolute value of a variable by removing the negative sign if any Syntax ABS lt variable gt e The lt variable gt can be an existing numeric variable a defined variable containing numbers or a numeric constant Comments Results will be numeric ABS Value Function 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0025 0 0025 Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Age2 NUMERIC DEFINE Age3 NUMERIC ASSIGN Age2 Age 1 ASSIGN Age3 ABS Age2 LIST Age Age2 Age3 324 Functions and Operators DAY Description The DAY function extracts the day from the date Syntax DAY lt variable gt The lt variable gt is in date format Comments If the date is stored in a text variable the function will not be processed and will be null Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE CurrentDay NUMERIC ASSIGN CurrentDay DAY 01 15 2007 LIST CurrentDay DAYS Description The DAYS function returns the number of days between lt var2 gt and lt var1 gt If any of the variables or values included in the formula is not
141. e Save Program dialog box opens Save Program 2 xi Project File Program Comments Statistics Author Date Created 9727 201 1 6 52 43 AM Date Updated 1 11 2012 9 03 05 AM z Delete Text File OK Cancel Clear Help 2 Inthe Program field type a name for the program 3 In the Author field type a name or initials 162 Translation 4 Inthe Comments field type a description of the program 5 Click OK e When code is saved it is written to a special table in the current mdb called Programs e A saved program can be executed with the RUNPGM command or opened in the Program Editor e From the Save Program dialog box click Text File to save code to a text file Open and Run a Saved PGM 1 From the Program Editor select File gt Open Pgm or click the Open Pgm icon The Read Program dialog box opens Open Program 2 xI Project File Info Projects S ample S ample prj oe Program Comments Yv A Author Date Created Date Updated i Delete Text File OK Cancel Clear Help Delete Test Fie K c c f _ He 2 From the Program drop down list select a saved Pgm e Information about the program automatically populates the open fields in the dialog box e To open a program that was saved externally click Text File to view all available pgm files 3 Click OK The program code opens in the Program Editor e Code can now be run edited or saved
142. e T1 contains all of the recoded data READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE AgeRange TEXTINPUT RECODE AGE TO AgeRange OVALUE 0 lt 0 0 3 gt 0 3 3 6 gt 3 6 6 9 gt 6 9 9 12 gt 9 12 12 15 gt 12 15 15 18 gt 15 18 18 21 gt 18 21 290 Functions and Operators 21 24 gt 21 24 24 27 gt 24 27 END SELECT NOT AgeRange WRITE APPEND Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My_Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Tl READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE AgeRange TEXTINPUT RECODE Age TO AgeRange 27 30 gt 27 30 30 33 gt 30 33 33 36 gt 33 36 36 39 gt 36 39 39 42 gt 39 42 42 45 gt 42 45 45 48 gt 45 48 48 51 gt 48 51 51 54 gt 51 54 54 57 gt 54 57 END SELECT NOT AgeRange WRITE APPEND Epi7 Provider Microsoft Jet OLEDB 4 0 Data Source C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj TI READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE AgeRange TEXTINPUt RECODE Age TO AgeRange 57 60 gt 57 60 60 63 gt 60 63 63 66 gt 63 66 66 69 gt 66 69 69 70 gt 69 70 70 HIVALUE gt 70
143. e in a Record 1 Open a field definition dialog box for an Image field on the page you want to insert the Image 2 From the New Field drop down list select Image 3 Enter the Question or Prompt in the Image dialogue box If the image does not have to be resized click the Retain Image Size checkbox 3 Click OK The Image box appears in the form Image boxes can be resized by selecting the grid and dragging the blue bounding boxes Note This is only a place holder on the form The actual image is entered into the record from the Enter Data module during the data entry process 57 Form Designer From the Form Designer navigation menu select File gt Enter Data The newly created image field displays in the Enter Data window Click the Image Field The Select the Picture File dialog box opens Select an image file Click Open The selected image appears in the field Ss Ee em Oy mee nm erm m 58 Form Designer Create a Related Form Related forms are relationships between the main or parent form with sub or child forms They are used for one to many relationships i e patient record visit records Related forms are linked to a parent form automatically by unique keys generated by the application Related Forms are made accessible through buttons in the form When a Related Form Button is selected it will open the first page of the related form Buttons can be accessible on a c
144. e or After section 66 Form Designer 4 Click the Add Block button This creates code to run after the first field is entered and accepted 5 Click If from the Add Command to Field Block list box The IF dialog box opens 6 From the Available Variables drop down list select the field to contain the action For this example select Ill The selected variable appears in the If Condition field 7 From the Operators click 8 From the Operators click Yes The If Condition field will read I1 7 Click the Code Snippet button in the Then section A list of available commands appears 8 From the command list select GoTo The GOTO dialog box opens 9 Select the field for the cursor to jump to based on a Yes answer from the list of variables For this example select Diagnosis 10 In the GOTO dialog box click OK to return to the IF dialog box 11 Click the Code Snippet button in the Else section A list of available commands appears 12 From the command list select GoTo The GOTO dialog box opens 13 Select the field for the cursor to jump to based on a No answer from the list of variables For this example select Vaccinated 14 In the GOTO dialog box click OK to return to the IF dialog box 15 Click OK The code appears in the Check Code Editor The example code appears as IF Ill THEN GOTO Diagnosis ELSE GOTO Vaccinated END IF 16 Click Save from the Check Code Editor 67 Form Designer
145. e results appear in the window 220 Functions and Operators Population survey or descnptive study using random not cluster sampling Population size 500 0 Sa ee Expected frequency 10 Confidence limits 6 zZ Notes Sample size determination is only a rough guide based on assuming a specific value for the true population proportion the variability in the sample estimate and its confidence limit Many other factors i e cost number of available subjects rate of nonresponse and the accuracy of answers and data transcription must be considered in study design 221 Functions and Operators Command Reference Introduction Epi Info 7 is easy to operate in interactive mode but complex or repeated operations require saving the steps as programs Programs similar to scripts in other software can be used to set up menus guide and limit the data entry process restructure data and do analyses In Form Designer and Classic Analysis programming consists of interacting with a series of dialogs that produce the actual program statements Experienced users may want to edit the statements or type them directly in the Program Editor For this reason the details of command syntax are provided and include a definition of each command and its operation because a single command e g EXECUTE may be found in Form Designer Classic Analysis and Visual Dashboard Commands are in module based chapters with notation of diffe
146. e stratum specific estimates separately Experts in logistic regression recommend you thoroughly explore the data using stratified analysis before undertaking the regression analysis If the number of confounding factors is fairly small and the odds ratios are homogeneous from stratum to stratum stratified analysis may be all you need Example A study of bladder cancers cases used randomly selected controls to explore the history of artificial sweetener use in the two groups 216 Functions and Operators Bladder Cancer j 1 From the StatCalc application main page select Tables lt 2 x 2 2 x n gt A blank table opens in the StatCalc application window 2 Enter the data from the above sample table 3 Results will be generated as the different values in the cells are populated Srat 9 E I eef e 0 0002 The odds ratio of 1 02 and the confidence limits that include 1 0 fail to provide evidence of any association between sweetener use and bladder cancer cited by Schlesselman p 38 39 217 Functions and Operators Example Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Myocardial Infarction MI Confounding Due to Smoking Hypothetical Data from Schlesselman p 182 The following case control study indicates an apparent association between alcohol consumption and MI with an odds ratio of 2 26 ba i G Smoking is known to be associated with MI and alcohol consumption Stratifying th
147. e table to store the residuals If no table name is present no residuals are produced e lt PValue gt represents the size of the confidence intervals may be specified as percent or decimal if greater than 5 1 PValue is used The default is 95 Comments REGRESS uses the least squares method for determining coefficients Example READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj BabyBloodPressure REGRESS SystolicBlood AgeInDays Birthweight 292 Functions and Operators RELATE Description This command links one or more tables to the current dataset during analysis using a common identifier to find matching records The identifier may span several fields in which case values in each of the fields must match Syntax RELATE lt table specification gt lt key s gt ALL e The lt table specification gt represents the type and name of a data table to be read as the Related file e The lt key s gt represent one or more expressions that designate keys on which the match or relate will be performed When multiple expressions are used they are connected with AND These following are in the form lt ExpressionCurrentTable gt lt ExpressionRelateTable gt e The ALL represents records in the table s already READ or related for which there is no corresponding record in the RELATE table will be included in the data with null values for variables in the RELATE table If absent only records
148. e the READ command to open an Epi Info 7 PRJ file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt Graph The GRAPH dialog box opens e The default graph selection is Bar 147 Translation Graph Type Independent Axis Dependent Axis Series Label Label Bar of Each Value of Main Variable s Show Value of One Graph for Each Value of Weight Variable Interval Date Format First Value 3 From the Graph Type drop down list select a type of graph from the list 4 From the Main Variable s drop down list select the X Axis value to graph Use the e Show Value Of drop down list to select an aggregate when multiple records need to be displayed as a group e Weight Variable drop down list to select a variable for weighted Classic Analysis e Bar for Each Value Of drop down list to select a variable to generate multiple series from a single data source each with a different color or style e One Graph for Each Value of drop down list to select a variable to generate a multiple series from a single data source each displayed on a separate set of axes e X Axis Label box to type a label to appear in the graph 5 Click OK Epi Graph opens 148 Translation 6 View the graph Graphs can be saved by clicking on the floppy disk icon located on the top right hand side of the graph 7 The graph is now embedded in the Output window as part of your output file
149. e type to display the Comment Legal value dialog box 5 Enter the Question or Prompt for the Comment Legal field 6 Click the ellipses to the right of the Data Source box 7 Click Create New to enter the Comment Legal values separated with hyphen for the field Existing tables can also be used to create Comment Legal fields 8 Enter the first value i e 1 Male Press Tab to advance to the next value Values will appear in alphabetical order unless you select Do Not Sort Comment Legal Set Up Code Legal Links Question or Prompt Data Source Gender Comment Legal values for Gender gender St om Sain Gender Attributes Reed 0n C Required Field Font Data Source Do not sort 9 Click OK 10 From the Field Definition box click OK The new field appears as a drop down list of values 49 Form Designer Codes A Codes field allows you to choose a value from a drop down list Based on the value selected another field s is populated with predetermined values At least two fields must exist one which holds the selection code and another to receive the value of the code The first field holds the selection code in a drop down list while subsequent ones are Read Only which populates based on assignments set in the code table Create a New Code Table Code tables provide values to select from a drop down list When a value is selected in Code fields from a drop do
150. eTable gt e The lt MergeType gt may be APPEND UPDATE or RELATE If no type is specified APPEND and UPDATE are performed For matching records UPDATE replaces the value of any field in the READ table whose name matches in the MERGE table with the value from the MERGE table unless it has a missing value For unmatched records APPEND creates a new record in the READ table with values only for those fields which exist in the MERGE table e Currently Merge is only supported when the READ and MERGE data source is an Epi Info 7 project Comments APPEND adds unmatched records in the Merge table to the currently active dataset Only fields found in both datasets are added UPDATE replaces fields of records in the active table with those in the Merge table if the key expressions match Only fields found in both datasets with a non empty value in the Merge table are replaced RELATE moves the unique key of the current table to the foreign key of the related table to make a permanent relationship The related Merge table must be an Access Epi2000 table The READ table and the RELATE tables must be Epi Info forms READ C My_Project_Folder Sample Sample pr 283 Functions and Operators Example MERGE C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance GlobalRecordId GlobalRecordid 284 Functions and Operators PRINTOUT Description This command sends the contents of the current output file the one visib
151. ear on the vertical axis of the table e Stratify by identifies the variable to be used to stratify or group the frequency data e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 194 Translation Translation Features Translation of Epi Info 7 programs help files and exercises into non English languages is formulated by placing the translated phrase of all English phrases used in the programs in an MS Access MDB database This database can be placed in any directory accessible by Epi Info 7 It is recommended that you create a Translation subdirectory under the main directory of Epi Info usually Epi Info 7 All translation MDB database files can be placed under Epi Info 7 Translation to make them easy to install and distribute You can have additional translated phrases help files and exercises placed in sub directories named after the relevant language e g SPANISH Translation can be done without changing file names and individual translations can be installed or uninstalled without affecting the main programs Switching from one language to another can be made from the m
152. efully observe the labels and transpose data items if necessary Given a yes no or other two choice question describing disease and another describing exposure to a risk factor StatCale produces several kinds of statistics that test for relationships between exposure and disease Generally an association is suggested by an odds ratio or relative risk larger or smaller than 1 0 The further the odds ratio or relative risk is from 1 0 the stronger the apparent association Statistical significance can be assessed by p values for the Chi square tests that are small lt 05 if often used Fisher exact test with a small p value or confidence limits for the odds ratio that do not include 1 0 215 Functions and Operators The expected value of a cell is the product of the marginal totals for that cell divided by the grand total for the table If any expected value is less than five it is recommended you use the Fisher Exact test results and the Exact confidence limits If the numbers in the table are all large the other tests should indicate nearly the same result Stratified Analysis of 2 by 2 Tables If confounding is present associations between disease and exposure can be missed or falsely detected A confounding factor is one that is associated with the disease and the exposure Age is a frequent confounder although any factor other than the main exposure being considered can be treated as a confounder Stratification means making a sep
153. ender field must be coded M F VisitSex X field months AgeMonths X mass index BMI field BMI Patient ID to chart Show legend Use tall chart Black and white curves only Generate Chart Figure 6 6 The growth chart gadget for body mass index for age after completing step 7 8 Click the Generate Chart button The chart will appear as shown below Figure 6 7 CDC 2000 Body mass index for age Male ID 1 N N N N N w Ww O N gt D co O N Body mass index BMI co 16 14 0 30 60 30 120 150 180 210 240 Age months Figure 6 7 The growth chart 208 Translation 9 To collapse the panel and show only the chart click the up arrow at the top right corner of the properties panel You can use the down arrow to expand the properties panel It is important to note some aspects of the growth charting capabilities First there must be a patient ID field to identify a single person within the database In the example above we charted all of the records from the patient with an ID value of 1 Second the field storing gender information must code that information as M and F The dashboard has data recoding capabilities that can be used to change gender information to other formats No matter what format represents male and female it can be converted In the example above it was in the right format so no conversion was necessary Third the field stori
154. ening the Nutrition Form To open the Nutrition project 1 From the Epi Info 7 menu click the Enter Data button The Enter module loads 2 From the toolbar click the Open Form button The Open Form dialog box appears 202 Translation 3 Click the ellipsis button next to the Current Project text box A Select a Project dialog box appears To open a form you must select an Epi Info 7 project first 4 Navigate to the Projects subfolder A list of projects appears as shown in Figure 6 1 Organize New folder a My_Archive a Name W My_E mail_Storage p Chekcis m My_IXOS_Storage Ecoli oli dE My_Large_ Workspace J Hv Ji NCPHI_DISSS B JohnSnow d Legioneliosis 11 2 2011 2 24 Gia Network 3 L Lyme 11 2 2011 2 24 J Mumps 10 31 2011 9 d Nutrition 10 31 2011 9 L Sample 10 31 2011 12 Epilnfo7 m Configuration J 3 a Logs di Output a Projects mY Resources ab Templates r File name v Project Files prj x Figure 6 1 The Projects subfolder 5 Select the Nutrition folder Click Open A list of project files appears 6 Select the Nutrition project file Click Open The Open Form dialog reappears with a list of available forms to select 7 From the list of forms highlight Nutrition 8 Click OK The Nutrition form appears in the Enter Data window as shown in Figure 6 2 203 Translation file Git View Teoh rip J Open Foon bel Seve aa Pret PARNA New
155. er to the same object 313 Functions and Operators amp Ampersand Description This operator forces text string concatenation of two expressions Text concatenation operator connects or concatenates two values to produce a continuous text value Syntax lt expression gt amp lt expression gt The lt expression gt represents any valid logical expression Whenever an expression is not a string it is converted to a String subtype If both expressions are Null the result is Null However if only one expression is Null that expression is treated as a zero length string when concatenated with the other expression Any expression that is Empty is also treated as a zero length string Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE NameVar TEXTINPUT ASSIGN NameVar LastName amp FirstName LIST NameVar LastName FirstName Equal Sign Description This operator assigns a value to a variable or property Comparison operator also used as an equal to the result of comparison operators is usually a logical value either true or false Syntax lt variable gt lt operator gt lt value gt e The lt variable gt represents any variable or any writable property e The lt value gt represents any numeric or string literal constant or expression Comments 314 Functions and Operators The name on the left side of the equal sign can be a simple scalar variable
156. esults to a variable It may be a database variable in a form or data table or a user defined variable created by the DEFINE command in a program Syntax ASSIGN lt variable gt lt expression gt LET lt variable gt lt expression gt ASSIGN and LET may be omitted lt variable gt lt expression gt e The lt variable gt represents a variable in a database or a defined variable created in a program e The lt expression gt represents any valid arithmetic or string expression Program Specific Feature If the right side of the assignment does not contain a field variable one in a database table or a variable that depends on a field variable the assignment is made immediately DEFINE YEAR NUMERIC ASSIGN YEAR 2000 The following code contains two view variables ONSETDATE and EXPOSUREDATE DEFINE INCUBATION NUMERIC ASSIGN INCUBATION ONSETDATE EXPOSUREDATE In this example INCUBATION is only calculated during current dataset processing It is calculated for each record and may be used similar to a dataset variable in procedures i e TABLES FREQ and GRAPH Prior to and after processing a dataset INCUBATION will have a missing value although it could be assigned a value with another statement e g INCUBATION 999 The value is calculated each time a record that meets the conditions of SELECT is read from the dataset Any legal expression can be used
157. evel A covariate may be followed by a time function This causes COXPH to run the Extended Cox procedure e The lt time function gt represents a numeric expression involving the time variable e The lt censor variable gt indicates whether the event is a failure or a censor e The lt value gt indicates which value of the CensorVar represents failure e The lt strata variable s gt represents a list of variables indicating the different levels of strata e The lt weight variable gt represents a variable to specify the contribution each data row has on the output e The lt time unit gt represents a value for labeling the time axis e The lt tablename gt represents a valid table name The lt graph type gt generates one of the indicated graphs 252 Functions and Operators 1 Survival Probability shows the adjusted survival curves 2 Observed shows the observed survival curves 3 Survival Observed shows the adjusted and observed survival curves 4 Log log Survival shows the logarithm of the negative of the logarithm of the adjusted survival curve 5 Log log Observed shows the logarithm of the negative of the logarithm of the observed survival curve 6 Hazard Function shows the adjusted hazard function 7 None e The lt graph variable s gt represent a list of variables used to generate survival curves Graph variables that are covariates or strata variables create curves adjusted by the covariates at all
158. f subjects being followed in a clinical study At any given time some of the subjects may be censored not having information available on their status KMSurvival is especially constructed to deal with this situation Statistics showing the risk set by group and time can be written to an OUTTABLE for later formatting Syntax KMSURVIVAL lt time variable gt lt group variable gt lt censor variable gt lt value gt TIMEUNIT lt time unit gt OUTTABLE lt tablename gt GRAPHTYPE lt graph type gt WEITGHTVAR lt weight variable gt e The lt time variable gt represents the variable specifying the time of the event e The lt group variable gt represents the variable that indicates to which treatment or control group the subject belongs e The lt censor variable gt represents the variable to describe an event as failure or censored e The lt value gt represents the value of the censor variable indicating uncensored failure e The lt time unit gt represents a value for labeling the time axis e The lt graph type gt represents the following gt Survival Probability is the observed survival over the different groups gt Log Log Survival is the log of the negative log of the survival probability gt None does not produce a graph If no graph type is specified the default Survival Probability curve is plotted e The lt weight variable gt represents a variable in the database that specifies
159. fers Range property The Range property can be applied to Number or Numeric types The Range allows for a specified value between one setting and another Values falling outside a specified range will prompt the user with a warning message in the Enter module Missing values are accepted unless the field is also designated Required How to Use Form Designer to open the data entry form e Select Oswego from C Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj Oswego e Right click on the Age field e Select Properties option from the popup menu e Click on Range option e Enter the Lower and Upper values Legal Values A Legal Values field is a drop down list of choices on the questionnaire These items cannot be altered by the person entering data The only values legal for entry are the ones in the list How to e See the Legal Value section Comment Legal Values Comment Legal variables are similar to Legal Values Comment Legal fields are text fields with a code typed in front of text with a hyphen so that in populating fields the code is entered instead of the text In the Classic Analysis module the statistics are displayed with the codes only How To e See the Comment Legal section Auto Search During data entry fields with Autosearch Check Code are automatically searched for one or more matching records If found a match can be displayed and edited or be ignored and data entry can continue on the current record Autose
160. ge 4 The Toolbar at the top of the screen contains buttons to navigate through the records create new records open the Dashboard open the mapping module save the current record and print the current page 82 Translation How To Enter Data in a Form 1 From the toolbar select File gt Open Form or Recent Forms e Selecting Open Form will display the Open dialogue box The ellipsis button allows you to search for the project prj file you want to open 2 Select a project A list of forms available within that project appears 3 Select a form from the list of available forms The selected form opens 4 Place the cursor in the first data entry field 5 Enter data into each field Use the Tab or Enter key to move to the next field Moving from one field to another will execute Check Code e As records are navigated data are saved automatically After completing the last field on a page the cursor automatically jumps to the next page in the sequence e Field properties that were defined in Form Designer e g Read Only Required Range are enforced during data entry e Drop down lists and code tables created in Form Designer are enforced e Multiline Fields automatically scroll when filled with text to hold up to 1 gigabyte of information e Plain text fields automatically scroll when filled with text to hold up to 128 characters per field Note Check Code will execute as you move through the fields
161. ght 703 Example 4 A patient ID field is automatically generated using the patient s last name gender and middle initial The example assumes a form exists with the following fields ID Text LastName Text Sex Text and MI Text The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the last of the above fields to be entered ASSIGN ID LastName amp amp Sex amp amp MI amp 224 Functions and Operators AUTOSEARCH Description AUTOSEARCH causes Enter to search for records with values in the specified fields that match ones in the current record If a match is found it can be displayed edited or ignored and the current record can continue to be entered Syntax AUTOSEARCH lt field s gt e The lt field s gt represents one or more fields to search Comments The results are displayed as a spreadsheet If you have more records than can be viewed in a single screen a scroll bar appears to the right of the spreadsheet Use the mouse to see the additional matched records To quickly navigate to one of the matched records returned double click the intended row Alternatively move the cursor to the desired row and press Enter or click OK Navigating to a matched record will discard any data entered to the new record All fields will show data from the selected record The record number indicator at the lower left will show the record number of the selected record To avoid selecting any of t
162. graphics program An HTM file will bring up the default browser Epi Info _7 Enter exe sample prj oswego Epi Info _7 OUT120 htm Example EXECUTE C EXECUTE C EXECUTE C windows notepad exe c Testl txt 166 Translation How to Create User Interaction DIALOG How to Use the DIALOG Command The DIALOG command provides user interaction from within a program Dialogs can display information ask for and receive input and offer lists to make choices Dialog 2 x Dialog Type Simple Get Variable List of Values Title Prompt Zi OK Cancel Clear Save Ony Help DIALOG Type Simple e Title holds the text of the heading title e Prompt contains the text to be used in the dialog as a message e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Cancel closes the command generation window without saving or executing a command e Clear empties fields so information can be re entered e Save Only saves the command in the Program Editor but does not run the command e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 167 Translation DIALOG Type Get Variable This form of dialog displays a combo box of databases or form variables Dialog 2 xI M Dialog Type Simple Get Variable List of Values Title Variable Type Text b Prompt Dialog Type
163. gt lt time function gt lt censor variable gt lt value gt TIMEUNIT lt time unit gt OUTTABLE lt tablename gt GRAPHTYPE lt graph type gt WEIGHTVAR lt weight variable gt STRATAVAR lt strata variable s gt GRAPH lt graph variable s gt Dialog Box Cox Proportional Hazards Value for Uncensored Time Unit Predictor Variables Interaction Terms 186 Translation The Censored Variable indicates whether the case is a failure or censored The Time Variable indicates at which time the failure or censorship occurred Test Group Variable is a discrete variable used to divide cases into groups for comparison In the Cox model there is no essential difference between the group variable and other predictor terms For this reason its use is optional A Weight variable is selected for use in weighted analyses The weight variable applies to all aggregation clauses Confidence Limits indicate the probability level at which confidence limits should be computed default 05 The Output to Table field identifies a data table to receive output from the command Currently Disabled Value for Uncensored is the value of the censored variable that indicates a failure Time Unit is the unit in which the time variable is expressed Predictor Variables populates the predictor variables list If a predictor variable is selected Make Dummy is active If
164. gt 80 90 90 99 gt 90 99 99 HIVALUE gt 99 END LIST Age AgeRange Example 2 The RECODE command is used to generate an age range The ELSE clause ensures that any values not captured in the recoding process are assigned a default value In this case any values greater than 60 are assigned Senior READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE AgeRange TEXTINPUT RECODE Age TO AgeRange LOVALUE 0 lt 0 0 10 gt 0 10 10 20 gt 10 20 20 30 gt 20 30 30 50 gt 30 50 50 65 gt 50_ 65 ELSE Senior END LIST Age AgeRange Example 3 The RECODE command is used to generate a detailed age range from 0 to 70 in increments of three Note that a single RECODE command is limited to approximately 12 conditions because of query size limitations inherent in the Access database format The desired age categories would require more than 12 recodes To work around this problem only 10 recodes are done at a time and are separated by a series of SELECT WRITE and READ commands The first WRITE command creates a new temporary table or overwrites an existing one that stores only records that contain recoded values The remaining records are not written out because of the SELECT command Each subsequent block of recoded values is written to the same file using the APPEND parameter By the time the code is done executing the tabl
165. hDate lt 01 01 1979 ES EN ES FA es ee O oa e e n 3 From the Available Variables drop down list select a date variable e In this example DateVar is a date variable used in the data table The DateVar has to be a date field or be converted into a date field using the NUMTODATE or TXTTONUM functions 4 Inthe Select Criteria field create the date range selection code by using the greater than gt less than lt and AND operators Note Unless the date literal is enclosed in braces or pipe symbols literal dates in PGMs are always in U S date format European date format DD MM YYYY literals must be enclosed in braces i e 23 11 2007 ISO date literals YYYY MM DD must be enclosed in pipe symbols i e 2007 11 23 Create the following example using the project called Sample PRJ and the data from Surveillance READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance SELECT BirthDate gt 01 01 1970 AND BirthDate lt 01 01 1979 125 Translation Use the CANCEL SELECT Command SELECT CANCEL SELECT Command Generator CANCEL SELECT Command Reference 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Select If gt Cancel Select The CANCEL SELECT dialog box opens Cancel Select Stop using current select criteria 2 Click OK The selection criteria are removed from the data and the original record count is restored 126 Translation Use the IF Command The IF co
166. he Expression field create the assignment syntax based on the needed data 4 Click OK The code appears in the Program Editor 119 Translation Try It In the following example the zip code field is a number To use the zip code in a map a new zip code variable must be defined and assigned text values 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open the Sample PRJ project 2 From the form section click Surveillance Click OK 3 Click Variables gt Display Click OK The variables information appears 4 Click Variables gt Define The DEFINE dialog box opens 5 In the Variable Name field create a new variable named Zip2 6 Click OK 7 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Assign The ASSIGN dialog box opens 8 From the Assign Variable drop down list select Zip2 9 In the Expression field type the syntax FORMAT ZipCode 00000 e In this example the FORMAT function is used to convert the format of the values of the variable ZipCode into the text format Text values are always surrounded by double quotes and are assigned to the new Zip2 variable 10 Click OK The code appears in the Program Editor 11 Use the DISPLAY command to view variable information Program Editor File Edit Fonts P New Pom j Open Pgm ld Save Porn g Print Pam gt Run Commands READ C My_ Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DISPLAY DBVARIABLES DEF
167. he example assumes a form exists with the following field LastName Text The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the LastName field IF NOT LastName THEN BEEP DIALOG Last name field should not be blank END Example 5 Multiple IF commands are used to generate more than two possible outcomes The example assumes a form exists with the following fields AgeType Text AgeYears Numeric and Age Numeric The code below would appear in the AFTER section of AgeType or Age depending on which one will be filled in last IF AgeType Days THEN ASSIGN AgeYears Age 365 25 END IF AgeType Months THEN ASSIGN AgeYears Age 12 END IF AgeType Years THEN ASSIGN AgeYears Age END 244 Functions and Operators Example 6 The AND operator requires both Sex to be F and Pregnancy to be true in order for the GOTO command to be executed The example assumes a form exists with the following fields Sex Text Pregnancy Yes No and ChildBirth Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of either Sex or Pregnancy depending on which one is filled in last IF Sex F AND Pregnancy THEN GOTO ChildBirth END Example 7 Several IF commands are used to determine if a patient is ill If any one of the symptoms listed in the form are true the field ill is assigned true The example assumes a form exists that has the following fields
168. he matched records press Esc or click Cancel to return to the current new record Data entry will continue for the new record Fields displayed from a search are determined as follows e Ifa single field is the key field it will be displayed with as many other fields as possible e Multiple key fields if any will be displayed before any others Example The AUTOSEARCH command is used to find duplicate entries during data entry In this example duplicates are identified by a matching first and last name as ina name based registry system The example assumes a form exists with the following fields FirstName Text and LastName Text The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the second field to be filled in by the user AUTOSEARCH FirstName LastName 225 Functions and Operators Note When searching on multiple fields put the AUTOSEARCH command in Check Code for a field after all the key values have been entered In the example above both FirstName and LastName are key fields and LastName is the last of the key fields to be entered The AUTOSEARCH command should appear in the Check Code for LastName 226 Functions and Operators BEEP Description This command causes the computer to generate a beep sound It is often used to emphasize a customized message or warning dialog during data entry Syntax BEEP Comments Command must be typed into the Program Editor since it is not available using the Comma
169. hood Ratio 29 8484 6 0 0000 Use the KMSURVIVAL Command The KMSURVIVAL command performs Kaplan Meier KM Survival Analysis The objective of this methodology is to estimate the probability of survival of a defined group at a designated time interval KM uses a non parametric survival function for a group of patients their survival probability at time and does not make assumptions about the survival distribution What distinguishes survival analysis from most other statistical methods is the presence of censoring for incomplete observations In a study following two different treatment regimens analysis of the trial typically occurred well before all patients died For those still alive at the time of analysis the true survival time was known only to be greater than the time observed to date These observations are called censored Two other sources of incomplete observation are patients lost to follow up and the appearance of an event other than the event being studied Survival analysis requires censored and time variables the units of time and the groups being compared Syntax KMSURVIVAL lt TimeVar gt lt GroupVar gt lt CensorVar gt lt Value gt TIMEUNIT lt TimeUnit gt OUTTABLE lt TableName gt GRAPHTYPE lt GraphType gt WEITGHTVAR lt WeightVar gt Dialog Box 1 From the Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file Select a form or tab
170. iables or values included in the formula is not a date the result is null Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Secl NUMERIC ASSIGN Secl SECONDS Timesupper DateOnset LIST Timesupper DateOnset Secl SIN COS TAN Description These functions return the respective trigonometric value for the specified variable Syntax SIN lt variable gt The lt variable gt can be an existing numeric variable a defined variable containing numbers or a numeric constant Comments The variable is interpreted as the angle in radians To convert degrees to radians multiply by pi 8 1415926535897932 divided by 180 Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE SinA NUMERIC DEFINE SinB NUMERIC 342 Functions and Operators DEFINE CosA NUMERI DEFINE TanA NUMERI ASSIGN SinA SIN AG ti ASSIGN SinB SIN AGE 3 14 180 LIST SinA CosA TanA SinB ASSIGN CosA COS AG Fl ASSIGN TanA TAN AG Fl SUBSTRING Description This function returns a string that is a specified part of the value in the string parameter Syntax SUBSTRING lt variable gt First Length e The lt variable gt represents a variable in text format e The First represents the position of the first character to extract from the file e The Length represents the number of character
171. ic Information form clicking the Enter Measurement Data button will take you to all of the measurements associated with that particular child and no others For a visual explanation of the relationship see Figure 6 4 Note that the blue squares represent records in the Demographic Information form and the red squares represent records in the Visit Information form 205 Translation Child 1 Child 2 Child 2 Child 2 Measurement Data for 6 15 1998 Child 2 Measurement Data for Child 1 Child 1 Child 1 Measurement Measurement Measurement Data for Data for Data for 1 3 2000 1 6 2001 1 5 2002 Data for 6 15 1997 6 11 1999 Figure 6 4 The relationship between a child s base record blue top and their measurement records red bottom If you want to see child 1 s measurement information on 1 6 2001 navigate to child 1 s record in the Demographic Information form Click Enter Measurement Data and navigate to the record that has 1 6 2001 as the date of measurement Customizing the Nutrition Forms The data entry forms Figures 6 2 and 6 3 can be customized to include or exclude anything that is shown For example if the nutritional surveys are being conducted at a school new fields could be created to capture the child s teacher and their grade Or if geocoding the child s address into latitude and longitude is not necessary those fields could be deleted The form s title could also be changed
172. identified as Number Only The numeric mask should be a text string e g HHH or tHt that indicates the type of data to be entered indicates a digit gt Ifno lt entry type gt is specified the input variable is interpreted as a number if possible If the value is not a valid number but is a valid date it is interpreted as a date Otherwise an error occurs 260 Functions and Operators lt value gt represents a value in a drop down list of choices Each value included in the command will be shown as a single item in the list lt file type selection gt controls the type of files that are displayed for selection It consists of alternating description and filter elements separated by vertical bars The description is displayed for you to select The corresponding filter element selects the files If this element is left blank all files can be selected Syntax is created using the File Open and File Save options from the Dialog Format drop down menu List of Values Form DIAI DIAI LOG lt prompt gt lt variable gt lt list type gt TITLETEXT lt title gt LOG lt prompt gt lt variable gt DBVALUES lt table name gt TITLETEXT lt title gt The lt list type gt are DATABASES and DBVIEWS Comments The Simple form of DIALOG places a dialog box on the screen using the text provided with an OK button The Get Variable form of DIALOG displays the text prompt a
173. ighted letter on the menu If you select a calculation using the keyboard the calculation appears immediately e Ifyou select the Sample size and power calculation the following calculation options appear Population Survey Cohort or Cross Sectional Unmatched Case Control e Use the tab key or return key to move around the different cells available for data entry 4 Enter data for each calculation type Calculations are performed when you enter data 5 To modify values already entered use the Tab key or click on the cell and enter the new information e Right click and select the Print option in order to print the results e Right click and select the Save as Image option to save a screen shot of your results as an image file 214 Functions and Operators Analysis of Single and Stratified Tables These tables are similar to those produced in Classic Analysis Both single and stratified 2 by 2 tables can be analyzed to produce odds ratios and risk ratios relative risks with confidence limits several types of chi square tests Fisher exact tests Mantel Haenszel summary odds ratios and chi squares and associated p values Assumptions The values in the cells must be counts representing the number of records meeting the specifications in the marginal and stratum labels A case control study is one in which the ill and well individuals are selected and the number of exposed and unexposed is subsequently ascertaine
174. igner Use Autosearch During data entry fields with Autosearch Check Code are automatically searched for one or more matching records A match can be displayed and edited or be ignored Data entry can continue on the current record Autosearch can alert you to potential duplicate records not prevent them from being entered 1 2 Open a form Click Check Code The Check Code Editor opens From the Choose Field Block for Action list box select the field to be searched Select After from the Before or After Section Click the Add Block button From the Add Command to Field Block list box click Autosearch The Autosearch window opens Select the variable s to be searched during data entry This selection should match the variable selected from the Choose Field Block for Action list box Click OK The code appears in the Check Code Editor window Click Save Click Close to return to the form e When a duplicate record is entered from the data entry module the Autosearch dialog box opens with all the matching records listed e To view the potential duplicate record double click the arrow that appears next to the record The field where the potential duplicate was entered is cleared e Alternatively click Cancel to remain on the current record and accept the duplicate value Note For more information on using Autosearch please see the Autosearch topic in the Command Reference 70 Form Designer Set a European
175. imply that such names as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act may be used freely by anyone Getting Started Technical Support For new versions of the software and answers to commonly asked questions please visit the Epi Info website at http www cdc gov epiinfo Technical assistance is provided by e mail or telephone Information for obtaining Epi Info technical assistance is provided on the title page The Epi Info WebBoard provides a forum for user questions and answers Join the group by creating a user account at http phconnect org group epiinfo Follow the instructions to join Contact Us Please send comments and suggestions for future versions to Epi Info Hotline epiinfo cdc gov 404 498 6190 voice Form Designer Introduction Epi Info 7 may use the Microsoft Access database format or a SQL server database to create projects Each project contains one or more forms and each form may have one or more data tables Form Designer allows you to place prompts and data entry fields on one or more pages within the form Since this process also defines the database s that are created Form Designer can be regarded as the database design environment The form and the data table are located inside an Epi Info 7 project An unlimited amount of forms may be contained inside a project When data are entered into a form through the Enter module it will be populated into the form s corresponding
176. in the current data set effectively batch processing all of the rows and adding percentiles to each of them 211 StatCale Introduction StatCalc is an epidemiologic calculator that produces statistics from summary data Three types of calculations are offered e Statistics from 2 by 2 to 2 by 9 tables similar to those produced in Analysis Both single and stratified 2 by 2 tables can be analyzed to produce odds ratios and risk ratios relative risks with confidence limits several types of chi square tests Fisher exact tests Mantel Haenszel summary odds ratios and chi squares and associated p values e Sample size and power calculations include Population Survey Cohort or Cross Sectional and Unmatched Case Control Study e Chi square for trend by the Mantel extension of the Mantel Haenszel summary odds ratio and chi square This tests for the presence of a trend in dose response or other case control studies where a series of increasing or decreasing exposures is being studied 213 Functions and Operators How to Use StatCale Opening StatCalc 1 From the Epi Info 7 main menu select StatCale 2 Select one of the following calculations using the up and down arrow keys or click Sample Size amp Power Chi Square for Trend Tables 2X2 2Xn Poisson rare event vs std or Binomial proportion vs std e You can also select calculations by pressing the corresponding key on the keyboard that matches the highl
177. in the dataset appear in a grid table inside the Output Window e Grid output is not embedded An Output file is not created 131 Translation Create a Web Format List 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt List The LIST dialog box opens From the Display Mode section select the Printable Exportable radio button Click OK The List appears in the Output window in a web table format Web display mode creates an embedded output file 132 Translation Use the FREQ Command The FREQ command produces a frequency table that shows how many records have a value for each variable the percentage of the total and a cumulative percentage The command FREQ creates a table for each variable in the current form other than unique identifiers This command is used to begin analyses on a new data set Syntax FREQ lt variable s gt FREQ EXCEPT lt variable s gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file 2 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt Frequencies The FREQ dialog box opens Frequencies Weight 3 From the Frequency of drop down list select a variable from the data table e Click the All Except checkbox to exclude variables e Use the corresponding drop down lists to select a Weight variable or a Stratify by variable from the data source e Use the Output to
178. ince it may produce more tables than needed in terms of time paper and other costs Press Ctrl Break to exit from a lengthy procedure 303 Functions and Operators For 2x2 tables the command produces odds and risk ratios For these values to have their accepted epidemiological meanings the value representing presence of the exposure and outcome conditions must appear in the first row and column of the table Epi Info yes no variables are automatically sorted properly The STATISTICS setting controls the detail to which the statistics are reported For tables other than 2x2 Chi square statistics are computed If an expected value is lt 5 the message Chi square not valid appears The mid p and Fisher exact are preferred especially in this case Multiline memo variables cannot be used in tables To use a Multiline variable define a new variable and assign to it the value SUBSTRING lt old variable gt 1 255 and use it in the table Examples Example 1 A 2x2 table is generated showing coronary heart disease CHD by Catecholamine Level CAT READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj EvansCounty TABLES CAT CHD Example 2 A 2x2 table is generated showing coronary heart disease CHD by Catecholamine Level CAT stratified by an age group variable of type yes no READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj EvansCounty TABLES CAT CHD STRATAVAR AgeG1 Example 3 A 2x2 table is generated for every varia
179. ing field fonts in the form e The default font is set at the Form Designer level and not just the form level The default font will appear in all forms fields created with Form Designer e Default fonts can be overwritten using Font for Prompt option in the Field Definition dialog box 33 Form Designer Copy Cut and Paste Fields 1 Left click hold and drag a rectangle around the fields to be copied or cut 2 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Edit gt Copy or Cut from the drop down list 3 Click in the new section of the form or select a new page in the project 4 Select Edit gt Paste The copied fields appear in the form Note You can also use the right click pop up menu to copy cut or paste instead of using the Edit menu Note If copied to the same page the copied fields will be placed directly over the original fields Drag the new fields to a new position on the page The new field will have the same name as the original with a number 1 appended to the name If the name already has a number appended to it it will be incremented by one or have an additional number appended to it 34 Form Designer Align Fields Fields can be aligned vertically or horizontally 1 Click and hold the left mouse button to draw a rectangle around the fields to be aligned 2 Select Format gt Alignment gt As Stack vertical alignment or Format gt Alignment gt As Table horizontal arrangemen
180. ings and data and closes the form or window Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Cancel command generation window without saving or executing a command Clear empties fields so information can be re entered Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 122 Translation Use the DISPLAY Command This command displays table form and database information Syntax DISPLAY lt option gt lt sub option gt OUTTABLE lt tablename gt From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file e Ifa PRJ file is not opened only language is shown for selected variables From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Display The DISPLAY dialog box opens Display 2 lft Information for Variables Views Tables From Variables currently available v Output to Table Lo Cancel Clear Save Only Help From the Information for section select one of the following form data options e Variables displays information about all of the variables in the dataset the defined field and selected variables e Forms displays the forms in the current dataset or a selected dataset Information about forms and other Epi Info specific tables is shown e Tables displays information about tables in a database Information about tables and other Epi Info
181. ion This command allows you to create temporary group variables Syntax DEFINE lt variable gt GROUPVAR lt variable 1 gt lt variable 1 gt e lt variable gt represents the new group variable being defined e lt variable 1 gt represent the existing variables to which the new group variable will be equivalent Program Specific Feature Field variables not defined variables must be in the group Variables in the group may be from different pages of the same or different forms in any combination They may themselves be group variables but each variable will be represented in the new group only once no matter how many times it appears in the variable list or in group variables in the variable list If the group variable being defined exists and is not a group variable an error message is displayed and the command is not processed If it is a group variable the new variable list replaces the existing variable list until the next READ or MERGE command or until it is redefined again Group variables cannot be undefined Comments This command is useful when there are many variables so that the use of is impractical or invalid Group variables can be used in the LIST and WRITE commands and in some statistical commands e g FREQ TABLES and MEANS Group variables cannot be used in Complex Sample commands Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Exposure GROUPVAR JELLO
182. ions and Operators LIST Age Newvar AND Description This operator performs logical conjunction on two Boolean expressions If both expressions evaluate to True the AND operator returns True If either or both expressions evaluate to False the AND operator returns False Syntax Logical Expression AND Logical Expression Comments The expression is any valid logical expression in Epi Info Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Smoke DEFINE Result TEXTINPUT IF Age gt 75 AND Sex 2 THEN ASSIGN Result Senior SELECT Result Senior LIST Result Age Sex In this case the value of Senior is assigned to all records that meet both criteria Age gt 65 and Sex 2 ARITHMETIC Description These basic arithmetic operators can be used in combination with other commands The result is a numeric value Syntax Expression lt Operator gt Expression e Expression is a numeric value or a variable containing data in numeric format 316 Comments Functions and Operators The results are expressed in numeric format The basic mathematical operators that can be used in Epi Info are as follows Addition Basic arithmetic operator used for addition the result of an arithmetic operator is usually a numeric value i e EX 3 3 Subtraction Used for subtraction or negation Basic arithmetic operator used for subtraction or negation the result
183. ions and Operators READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE varl NUMERIC ASSIGN varl 1250 MOD 100 DEFINE var2 NUMERIC DEFINE var3 NUMERIC DEFINE var4 NUMERIC DEFINE var5 NUMERIC DEFINE var6 NUMERIC ASSIGN var6 5 2 LIST varl var2 var3 var4 var5 var6 COMPARISONS Description These comparison operators can be used in If Then and Select statements in Check Code and Analysis programs Yes No variables can only be tested for equality against other Yes No constants and Operator Description Equal to Comparison operator used for equal to the result of comparison operators is usually a logical value either True or False EX Al B1 Greater than comparison operator Compares a value greater than another value the result of comparison operators is usually a logical value either True or False Comparison operator used for comparing a value greater than another value the result of comparison operators is usually a logical value either True or False EX Al gt B1 Less than comparison operator Compares a value less than another value the result of comparison operators is usually a logical value either True or False Comparison operator used for 318 Functions and Operators comparing a value less than another value the result of comparison operators is usually a logical value either True or False EX Al lt B1
184. isplays information for the current project database Examples Example 1 The DISPLAY command is used to show the tables forms and variables from an existing data source READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DISPLAY TABLES DISPLAY DBVIEWS DISPLAY DBVARIABLE n Example 2 All forms in the Sample database are displayed DISPLAY DBVIEWS C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj 266 Functions and Operators Example 3 All tables in the Sample database are displayed DISPLAY TABLES C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Example 4 All variables in Oswego are written to a new table in the Sample database called VarInfo READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DISPLAY DBVARIABLES OUTTABLE VariInfo 267 Functions and Operators EXECUTE Description This command executes a Windows program one explicitly named in the command or one designated within the Windows registry as appropriate for a document with a named file extension This provides a mechanism for bringing up whatever word processor or browser is the default on a computer without first knowing its name If the pathname is a long filename it must be surrounded in single quotes If the command takes parameters surround the command and the parameters with a single set of double quotes Do not use single quotes Program Specific Feature Link and Activate are not valid command names
185. istered before it can be used Windows Scripting Component WSC objects can also be used Examples Example 1 A variable is created that points to a class object within the Epiweek DLL file This variable can subsequently be used to find the Epi Week for any given date DEFINE Week DLLOBJECT EIEpiwk Epiweek Example 2 A variable is created that points to a class object within the GetGlobalUniqueID WSC file You can use this variable to assign a field a unique ID DEFINE Global _ID DLLOBJECT GetGlobalUniqueID WSC 234 Functions and Operators AFTER and END BEFORE Description This command divides Check Commands to be executed after data entry All commands in the AFTER and END AFTER block are executed after entering data to the field page or form Syntax AFTER AFTER BEFORE is only used in Check Code Command buttons will not take END AFTER since all code inserted will be executed when you click the button Comments This command enables actions to occur after accessing a form page or field The default time to execute commands associated with a variable is after entry AFTER must start in the first position of the line and end with END AFTER Example The following commands represent the Check Code for a variable called Demol BEFORE DIALOG This is Before entry END BEFORE AFTER DIALOG This is After entry END AFTER 235 Functions and Operators BEFORE
186. itions will be used The text file driver actually reads the file into the database so changes made to the file after the READ will not be saved and changes made through Epi Info will not be saved to the text file unless it is rewritten with the WRITE REPLACE command which is available only in CSV format Example 1 If the file form was previously accessed the Oswego Form is read READ config Sample prj Oswego Example 2 The Oswego Form is read Unlike in example 1 the full path to the database file is specified RI EAD C M Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj Oswego Example 3 If a space appears in the table name in Access it must be enclosed in square brackets RI EAD C Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 MyData Table Name with Spaces Example 4 An Excel spreadsheet is read RI EAD C Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 PlagueData xls Plague 288 Functions and Operators RECODE Description This command is used to change some or all the values of a variable New values can be stored in the same variable or in a new one It can also be used to convert a numeric variable into a character variable or the reverse or to create a new variable based on recoded values of an existing variable Syntax RECODE lt variablel gt TO lt variable2 gt valuel value2 lt recoded value gt valuel HIVALUE lt recoded value gt OVALUE value2 lt recoded value gt value3 lt rec
187. ize or move the related button e To edit the relate options for that button place the cursor on the relate button Right Click gt Properties The Related Form Button dialog box will open 59 Form Designer Editing Related Forms Related form pages can be edited by selecting the page under the form in the Project Explorer pane The screen below shows how the button Hepatitis opens the related form view RHepatitis To edit the related page click on Person and Clinic Info under the form RHepatitis e Epi Info 7 Form Designer C El7080 Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj Surveillance Case Report E x Related View Button Case Info Hepatitis Suspect Source Imported Status Suspect x Updated Date L Neuro Info L Tick Info E RMeningitis L Agent L Laboratory oa s L Immunization History Disease Specific Info if applicable 60 Form Designer Delete an Existing Data Table Without Deleting the Form To delete an existing data table without deleting the form perform the following steps 1 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Tools gt Delete Data Table The Form Designer warning message appears 2 Click Yes The data table associated with your form is deleted The form remains intact A new data table will be made next time you use it in Enter e Ifthe data table is deleted any entered data associated with
188. ke permanent changes Unless explicitly specified global and permanent variables will not be written To write only selected variables the word EXCEPT may be inserted to indicate all variables except those following EXCEPT 308 Functions and Operators If the output file specified does not exist the WRITE command will attempt to create it Either APPEND or REPLACE must be specified to indicate that an existing file table by the same name will be erased or records will be appended to the existing file table If not all of the fields being written match those in an existing file during an APPEND the unmatched fields are added to the output table Examples Example 1 The Oswego data table 75 records from Sample PRJ is written to a database called SampleOutput The destination table name is called Oswego_1 The second READ command reads the newly created data table EAD C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego RITE REPLACE Epi 2000 C Epi_ Info SampleOutput mdb Oswego 1 EAD C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego 1 n Le Example 2 The Oswego data table 75 records from Sample PRJ is written to a database called SampleOutput three times The APPEND method ensures that each WRITE command appends the entire data set several times After all three WRITE commands have been run the Oswego_2 table inside SampleOutput mdb will contain 225 records
189. le 2 From the Analysis Command Tree click Advanced Statistics gt Kaplan Meier Survival The Kaplan Meier Survival dialog box opens 3 From the Censored Variable drop down list select the variable that indicates whether the case is a failure or a censored case 4 From the Value for Uncensored drop down list select the value of the censored variable that indicates a failure 5 From the Time Variable drop down list select the variable that indicates at which time the failure or censorship occurred 6 From the Test Group Variable drop down list select the discrete variable used to divide cases into groups 183 Translation 7 Click OK Results appear in the Output window Try It a So Fo PF amp A Survival Probability graph is produced by default Use the Graph Type drop down list to select the Log Survival graph type or None to view the results in a table Read in the Sample PRJ project Open the Addicts table Click KAPLAN MEIER SURVIVAL The Kaplan Meier Survival dialog box opens From the Censored Variable drop down list select Status From the Value for Uncensored drop down list select 1 From the Time Variable drop down list select Survival_Time_Days From the Test Group Variable drop down list select Clinic Click OK Results appear in the Output window 184 Translation Sas 0 9 ji 0 85 0 8 0 754 0 7 0 654 H o O in a Clinic 1 Clini
190. le in the output window or some other specified file to the default printer Syntax PRINTOUT lt filename gt Example The output file Oswego txt is sent to the printer READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego WR TIER REPLACHK Hext Ce Epi_Info Oswego ue rates PRINTOUT C Epi_ Info Oswego txt 285 Functions and Operators QUIT Description This command closes the current data files and terminates the current program closing Classic Analysis Syntax QUIT Program Specific Features Quit will stop the execution of a program and close Classic Analysis If there is no QUIT at the end of a PGM program Classic Analysis continues to run and offer user interaction Example You are presented with a dialog box asking if you want to close Analysis Selecting Yes closes Classic Analysis DEFINE Results YN DIALOG Do you wish to close Analysis Results YN IF Results THEN CUMS END 286 Functions and Operators READ Description This command makes one or more forms the active dataset It also removes any previously active datasets and associated defined variables and dataset specific commands e g RELATE SORT SELECT or IF statements Syntax READ lt table specification gt FMT lt file format gt UID lt username gt PWD lt password gt END The lt table specification gt and FILESPEC are referred to in the following paragraphs The READ RELATE
191. ls to rapidly develop a questionnaire or form customize the data entry process and enter and analyze data Epi Info 7 is free of charge and can be downloaded from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC website at http www cdc gov epiinfo Epi Info Tools Form Designer Create the questionnaire form or form to collect and view data Enter Enter data and show existing records in the form Classic Analysis Run statistical analyses lists tables graphs charts etc Map Create maps from Map Server or ShapeFiles Options User custom configuration of Epi Info General Set default values for data format Map server etc Language Use Epi Info 7 tools in languages other than English Analysis Set default Boolean values HTML output format etc Plug ins Import new Dashboard Gadgets and Data Sources Additional Utilities StatCalc Epidemiologic calculators for statistics of summary data Getting Started Epi Info 7 Tools Overview Form Designer The Form Designer module can be accessed by clicking on the Create Forms button on the main menu or through the Tools Create Forms option available from the top menu The Form Designer module allows you to place prompts and data entry fields on one or more pages of a form Since this process also defines the database s that are created Form Designer can be regarded as the database design environment The Check Code editor within Form Designer custo
192. lt tablename gt represents a table where the residuals are stored If no table name is present no residuals are produced e The lt PValue gt represents the size of the confidence intervals this may be specified as percent or decimal If greater than 5 1 PValue is used The default is 95 Comments LOGISTIC uses the Newton Rhapson method for maximizing likelihood Example To do an unconditional regression run the following READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego LOGISTIC Ill BrownBread CabbageSal Water Milk Chocolate Vanilla 280 Functions and Operators MEANS Description This command is used to compute descriptive statistics for a continuous numeric variable When used with a cross tabulation variable it also computes statistics showing the likelihood that the means of the groups are equal The mean of a yes no variable is the proportion of respondents answering yes Syntax MEANS lt variable 1 gt lt variable 2 gt STRATAVAR lt variable s gt WEIGHTVAR lt variable gt OUTTABLE lt tablename gt e lt variable 1 gt represents a numeric variable to be used to calculate means or for all numeric variables e lt variable 2 gt represents any variable used for cross tabulation optional e lt variable s gt represent variable s to be used for stratified analysis e lt variable gt represents a variable containing the frequency for the event e lt tablename gt represents a
193. ly way to recover the field is by using the undo feature 28 Form Designer Edit a Field in a Form To edit a field right click on the field The Field Definition dialog box appears for that field variable If a data table has not been created in Form Designer or if no records exist in it use the Field Definition dialog box to change names field types and patterns Once the data table contains entries the field name cannot be changed but the field type can Form Designer will attempt to transfer the data into the new type In some cases however it will discard incompatible data items Changing the type of a text field to a numeric field will transfer numeric data but Form Designer cannot handle certain numbers i e M0111 and will assign a missing value Since both contain text a text field can safely be changed to a multi line field Delete an Existing Data Table without Deleting the Form 1 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Tools gt Delete Data Table The Form Designer warning message appears 2 Click Yes e Ifthe data table is deleted any entered data associated with the form is deleted from the project Before accepting the warning be absolutely sure you do not need the data previously entered 29 Form Designer Set a Field or Prompt Font Default prompt and field fonts can be overwritten using Field Font and Prompt Font buttons in the Field Definition dialog box Prompt Fon
194. m Picture files gif jpeg ipa aE XML files xml 153 Translation The Text or Filename field contains the text or file name to be inserted in the output file Bold B displays type fonts in bold style text Italic italicizes type fonts Underline u underlines type fonts Font Size A sets the type text font size Font Color A Blue allows you to apply a color to the type text Type a filename or click the ellipse to locate a file e g HTM JPEG XML OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 154 Translation Use the ROUTEOUT Command The ROUTEOUT command enables you to locate output If no directory exists the file is placed in the current project s directory Results accumulate until a CLOSEOUT command is executed Output files can be placed in any folder The ROUTEOUT command selects a path and filename If no output file is selected Analysis uses the default value In each folder Analysis creates a new index table that contains links to the files created 1 From the Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file Fro
195. m for Public Health Professionals CDC Core Team in alphabetical order Jos Aponte Harold Collins John Copeland James Haines McKing Consulting Asad Islam Team Leader Gerald Jones Erik Knudsen David McKing McKing Consulting Roger Mir David Nitschke Carol Worsham Special thanks to Sara Bedrosian Doug Bialecki Karl August Brendel III Andy Dean Robert Fagan Gabriel Rainisch Donald Chris Smith Enrique Nieves Getting Started Suggested citation Dean AG Arner TG Sunki GG Friedman R Lantinga M Sangam S Zubieta JC Sullivan KM Brendel KA Gao Z Fontaine N Shu M Fuller G Smith DC Nitschke DA and Fagan RF Epi Info a database and statistics program for public health professionals CDC Atlanta GA USA 2011 Additional thanks to EIS Epi Info 7 Workgroup Sudhir Bunga Timothy Cunningham Nancy Fleischer Alyson Goodman Asha Ivy Jeffrey Miller Timothy Minniear Chairperson Diane Morof Cyrus Shahpar Danielle Tack Christopher Taylor Ellen Yard PHPS Epi Info 7 Workgroup Tegan L Callahan Sarah Elkerholm Coby E Jansen Amy V Neuwelt Cristina M Rodriguez Hart Tina J Sang Anna S Talman Chairperson Angela s Tang Sharron H Wyatt Getting Started Special thanks to past contributions Previous versions produced in collaboration with the World Health Organization WHO Geneva Switzerland by Andrew G Dean Jeffrey A Dean Denis Coulombier A
196. m the Analysis Command Tree click Output gt RouteOut The ROUTEOUT dialog box opens Route Output 2 xi Output Filename sss J Replace any existing file Cancel Clear In the Output Filename field enter a file name to locate an existing file e If necessary select Replace Existing File to write over any files with the same name Click OK Create Output on the existing project e Notice the title bar contains the output filename specified in the ROUTEOUT command e The new file is placed in the selected directory with the extension HTM From the Output window toolbar click Open The Browse dialog box opens Locate and select the file created with ROUTEOUT Click Open The Output appears in the Output window e The saved Output file can be opened by any application that can read an HTML file 155 Translation To end the ROUTEOUT command choose one of the following options e From the Output folder click Closeout e READ in a new project e Close Epi Info Closeout The Closeout command closes the current output file Close Output 21x Stop routing output to the designated file Cancel Save Only Help e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancelcloses the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Help opens the Help topic associated with
197. m the SET command indicating a value of a setting except PROCESS and HYPERLINKS which will be used for the duration of the statistical command only Comments Records may be included or excluded from the count by using SELECT statements Those marked as deleted in Enter will be handled according to the current setting for SET PROCESS If more than one variable name is given FREQ makes a separate table for each variable Confidence limits for the binomial proportions are produced If a WEIGHTVAR is specified the value of the WEIGHTVAR variable is treated as a count of instances of the variable being computed in the frequency i e in the following command a record containing the value 30 for AGE and 15 for COUNT would give a result equivalent to 15 individuals of age 30 FREQ AGE WEIGHTVAR COUNT If STRATUM is specified a separate frequency is produced for each stratifying variable value FREQ ILL STRATAVAR SEX produces a table showing ILL Yes No Unknown for males and another for females The same numbers can be obtained using TABLES ILL SEX but the latter produces results in one table rather than in separate tables and produces statistics to test for an association between ILL and SEX FREQ makes a table for each variable in the current form other than unique identifiers It is often used to begin analyses of a new data set To do frequencies of all variables except a few use FREQ EXCEPT VarName s followed by the names
198. m the left The first character is 1 If the result is 0 the test was not found Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE Varll NUMERIC VAR11 FINDTEXT M LASTNAME LIST LASTNAME Varll FORMAT Description This function changes the format of one variable type to text in a specified format If no format is specified it returns text and converts a number to text Syntax FORMAT lt variable gt Format Specification The lt variable gt represents a variable in any format and the Format Specification can represent any of the following 2 Format Specification Description Date Formats General Date 11 11 1999 05 34 Long Date System s long date format Medium Date System s medium date format Short Date System s short date format Long Time System s long time format 328 Functions and Operators Medium Time System s medium time format Short Time System s short time format Number Formats General Number No thousand separator Currency Thousand separator plus two decimal places based on system settings Fixed At least Standard HAHH HH Percent Number multiplied by 100 plus a percent sign Scientific Standard scientific notation Yes No Displays NO if number 0 else displays Yes True False False if number 0 On Off True if number lt gt 0 Displays 0 if nu
199. mber 0 else displays 1 Custom Format Allows for the creation of customized formats Table 39 Format Specification 329 Functions and Operators Comments Output may vary based on the specific configuration settings of the local computer Format Time Long Time MyStr Format Date Long Date yStr Format MyTime h m s Returns 17 4 23 MyStr Format MyTime hh mm ssAMPM Returns 05 04 23 PM MyStr Format MyDate dddd mmm yyyy Returns Wednesday Jan 27 1993 If format is not supplied a string is returned MyStr Format 23 Returns 23 User defined formats yStr Format 5459 4 0 00 Returns 5 459 40 yStr Format 334 9 0 00 Returns 334 90 MyStr Format 5 0 00 Returns 500 00 MyStr Format HELLO lt Returns hello MyStr Format This is it gt Returns THIS IS IT yStr Sermat This ism gt yw THIS IS IT vel 10 ct Gc K a 330 Epi_Info Refugee MDB Patient Examples READ C DEFINE var2 DEFINE var3 DEFINE var4 DEFINE var5 DEFINE var6 DEFINE var7 DEFINE var8 DEFINE var9 DEFINE varl 0 UMERIC UMERIC UMERIC UMERIC UMERIC N N N N N Y N Boolean var2 FORMAT BOH Currency var3 FORMAT BOH fixed
200. mizes data entry providing many commands and functions It enables operators to validate data as they are entered auto calculate fields provide skip patterns and deliver messages to the data entry user For more information see Introduction to Form Designer Enter The Enter module can be accessed by clicking on the Enter Data button on the main menu or through the Tools Enter Data option available from the top menu Enter displays the form that was constructed in Form Designer It can construct a data table control the data entry process using the settings and check code specified in Form Designer and provide a search function to locate records that match values specified for any combination of variables or fields on the form In Enter the cursor moves from field to field and page to page automatically saving data Navigation buttons provide access to new previous next first and last records and to their related tables For more information see Introduction to Enter Analysis Analysis is the Epi Info 7 tool that allows you to manipulate manage and analyze data The Analysis module offers two interfaces Classic and Visual Dashboard Both of these interfaces can be accessed by clicking on the Classic or Visual Dashboard button on the main menu or through the Tools Analyze Data option available from the top menu These data may have been collected using Epi Info 7 or another type of database Currently Analysis can read data form
201. mmand assigns the value of an expression to a variable The variable may be a database variable in a form or Data Table a user defined variable created by the DEFINE command or a system variable Examples Example 1 The patient s age is calculated using the date of birth and the date the survey was last updated The example assumes a form exists with the following fields DOB Date SurveyDate Date and Age Numeric The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the second date field to be filled in by the user IF NOT BirthDate AND NOT SurveyDate THEN ASSIGN Age YEARS BirthDate SurveyDate END Example 2 The code below will automatically set the checkbox field Minor to true when the value of the field Age is below 18 The example assumes a form exists that has the following fields Minor Checkbox and Age Numeric The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the Age field 223 Functions and Operators IF Age lt 18 THEN ASSIGN Minor END Example 3 A field is assigned the value of a mathematical expression that is used to calculate body mass index The example assumes a form exists with the following fields BMI Numeric Weight Numeric and Height Numeric The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the last field to be entered Note that Weight and Height in this formula are being measured in pounds and inches respectively ASSIGN BMI Weight Height Hei
202. mmand defines a condition True causes the THEN code block to be executed false causes the ELSE code block if present to be executed pes oe Oe ee eS ES E ee o e J e sr und y e The If Condition field specifies the condition to determine which statement that follows it is executed e The Available Variables field allows you to select variables available in the current project e The Then button is part of the If Condition statement It starts the section of code executed when the If condition is true e The Else button is part of the If Condition and works as follows If the condition is true the first statement is executed If false the statement is bypassed and if an else statement exists it is executed instead 127 Translation Functions and operators appear within commands and are used for common tasks e g extracting a year from a date combining two numeric values or testing logical conditions OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Functions opens the online Help file which explains the functions and operators Currently Disabled Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 128 Tra
203. mple Sample prj Oswego MEANS Age Example 2 The MEANS command is used to compare two means An independent t test and one way analysis of variance ANOVA is performed READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj EvansCounty MEANS CHL CHD Example 3 The average number of cigarettes smoked between males and females is determined READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Smoke MEANS NumCigar Sex STRATAVAR Strata WEIGHTVAR SampW PSUVAR PSUID 282 Functions and Operators MERGE Description This command merges records in one dataset with those in another the Global Record Identifier contained in every Epi Info 7 project to establish the match between records Records in the second dataset that do not have matching keys can be appended to the end of a dataset Records in the second dataset that do have matching keys can be used to update records in the main dataset Records in the second dataset can be used as the parent in defining an Epi Info 7 parent child relationship after records have been merged into the parent and child forms Syntax MERGE lt table specification gt LINKNAME lt text gt lt key s gt lt type gt e The lt table specification gt represents the type and name of a data table to be read as the Merge file The lt key s gt represent the Global Record Identifier on which the match or relate will be performed These are in the form lt ExpressionCurrntTable gt lt ExpressionMerg
204. mplete survey system with an understanding of sampling design and analysis 191 Translation Complex Sample Frequencies Dialog Box Complex Sample Frequencies Frequency of Stratify by 35 i E 37 65 Total Weight 57 100 Primary Sampling Unit Output to Table A Weight variable is selected for use in weighted analyses The Output to Table field identifies a data table to receive output from the command Frequency of identifies the variable s whose frequency is computed All Except indicates that all the variables except those selected will have frequencies computed Stratify by identifies the variable to be used to stratify or group the frequency data OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 192 Translation Complex Sample Means Dialog Box Complex Sample Means Means of Cross tabulate by Yalue of Stratify by PCW v Weight Optional Page Settings Columns Per Page NoLine Wrap Primary Sampling Unit Output to Table e Means of identifies the variable whose mean is to be computed
205. n be created using the Field Definition dialog box To open the Field Definition dialog box right click in a form Each field or variable has its own properties available when selected however some options may not be shown or may be disabled grayed out depending on the variable or field type selected Field or Variable Type Properties can also be selected abel Title Questar of Promega Field Name Maximum Number of Characters Attributes C Read Ory C Required O The Text variable field is an alphanumeric field that holds 255 characters A maximum field size can be set to save space If the size will be more than five the value must be typed in The Label Title field allows you to specify titles or instructions on the form It does not have Check Code is not searchable and is not in the tab order list Form Designer Text Uppercase Multiline Question or Prompt Field Name Field Name Masamum Number of Characters Altrbutes Read Only C Required The Text Uppercase field is a forced uppercase field All information typed in this field will appear in uppercase A maximum field size can be set to save space If the size is more than five you must type in the value The Multiline field is an alphanumeric field with the capacity to store up to 1 gigabyte of information in the field or approximately two million characters Number Phone Number Question of Prompt Field Name Field
206. n the Visual Dashboard e Using the nutrition functions Introduction Epi Info 7 contains several nutritional anthropometry tools that you can use to collect analyze and graph child growth data Among these tools are a data entry form to calculate z scores and percentiles as data are entered growth charting capabilities in the Visual Dashboard and several nutrition functions in Classic Analysis that you can use to add z scores and percentiles to existing sets of data Four growth references are available for use CDC WHO 1978 CDC 2000 WHO Child Growth Standards and the WHO Reference 2007 Except for the Nutrition project all nutritional anthropometry tools in Epi Info 7 allow you to easily select the growth reference Users familiar with Epi Info 3 may notice the absence of the NutStat module The tools outlined above will replace it Using the Nutrition Project The Nutrition Project is a special data entry form that can be opened in the Enter module You can type in a child s age height weight and other measurements for each clinic or doctor s office visit As you enter the measurements the appropriate z scores and percentiles are automatically calculated and added to the data set The WHO Child Growth Standards are used to calculate z scores for children 0 to 2 years of age and the CDC 2000 reference is used to calculate z scores for children 2 years of age and older For more information see www cdc gov growthcarts Op
207. n the Visual Dashboard module is done using gadgets which always appear by default Currently the record count data filtering data recoding and formatting gadgets are automatically incorporated in the Visual Dashboard module Additional gadgets can be added with future releases of Epi Info 7 Getting Started Conventions Used in this Manual This section describes typographic conventions used in this document Example of Explanation Convention Boldface type Emphasizes heading levels column headings and the following literals when writing procedures Names of options and elements that appear on screens Keys on the keyboard User input for procedures Italic type Accentuates words or phrases that have special meaning or are being defined f S Hyperlink Provides quick and easy access to cross referenced topics Hyperlinks are highlighted in blue and may be underlined File gt Print Used to identify menu choice and command selection Getting Started Syntax Notations The following rules apply when reading this document and using syntax ALL CAPITALS Epi Info 7 commands and reserved words are shown in all capital letters lt parameter gt Information to be supplied to a command or function Parameters are enclosed with less than and greater than symbols Each valid parameter is described following the statement of syntax for the command Parameters are required by the command unless they are enclosed
208. n the canvas The pop up menu will appear Move the cursor over the New Field option A sub menu will appear Select Legal Values as the variable type to display the Legal value dialog box Enter the Question or Prompt for the Legal Values field Click the ellipses button to the right of the Data Source box Click Create New to enter the legal values to answer the question Existing tables can also be used to create legal values Enter the first value i e Married Press Enter or Tab to advance to the next value Values will appear in alphabetical order unless you select Do Not Sort Corot sot Create New Lise Esatng C Denit sat JC ema Click OK From the Field Definition box click OK The new field appears in the form as a drop down list of values 48 Form Designer Create a Comment Legal Comment Legal fields are similar to Legal Values They are text fields with character s typed in front of the text with a hyphen During data entry the character and the text i e M Male are displayed However only the character value is stored in the table i e M In the Classic Analysis module statistics will be calculated if all values are numeric To create Comment Legal fields 1 Open the page where you want the field to be placed 2 Right click on the canvas The pop up menu will appear 3 Move the mouse over the New Field option A sub menu will appear 4 Select Comment Legal as the variabl
209. name for a table to be created Comments The MEANS command has two formats If only one variable is supplied the program produces a table similar to one produced by FREQUENCIES plus descriptive statistics If two variables are supplied the first is a numeric variable containing data to be analyzed and the second is a variable that indicates how groups will be distinguished The output of this format is a table similar to one produced by TABLES plus descriptive statistics of the numeric variable for each value of the group variable Multiline memo variables cannot be used in MEANS To use a Multiline variable define a new variable and assign to it the value SUBSTRING lt old variable gt 1 255 and use it in the means The f test which is generated from MEANS is a generalization of the t test The t test only works with two groups while the f test works with any number of groups MEANS produces the following statistical tests e Parametric e ANOVA for two or more samples e Student s t test for two samples e Non parametric 281 Functions and Operators e Kruskal Wallis one way analysis of variance for two or more samples e Mann Whitney U Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for two samples Examples Example 1 Descriptive statistics for the age variable are displayed including the number of observations the total the mean variance standard deviation 25 median 75 maximum minimum and mode READ C My Project Folder Sa
210. nary for the selected form opens 2 To open the Data Dictionary as an HTML page inside the browser window click View Print as Web Page Note From the browser the data can be printed with File gt Print or saved with File gt Save As 43 Form Designer 3 Right click on the HTML page to show the pop up menu You can export the data directly to an Excel spreadsheet Dota Dictionary C EI7O80 Ep Info T 15 2011 9 30 47 AM Variable Prompt Fiekd Type ore Format type 5 Click Close to exit the Data Dictionary 44 Form Designer Create a Group In the Classic Analysis or Visual Dashboard module statistics can be run on a group of variables as a whole or on the individual variables inside the group 1 Left click hold and drag a rectangle around the fields slated to be grouped A line rectangle appears around the selected fields 2 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Insert gt Group The Group Properties dialog box appears 3 Type a group name in the Question or Prompt box 4 Click Font to change the font type and size 5 Click OK to accept the group options The fields appear in the group box e Move the group by clicking and holding the group name with the mouse e Resize the group box by double clicking inside the group to change the cursor to the resize arrows If the new size includes additional fields they become members of the group Edit a Group The followi
211. ncy Percent Cum Percent 5 To view the Descriptive Statistics scroll down the Age listing e Notice the mean age of individuals in the dataset is 36 8 141 Translation Obs Total Mean Variance Std Dev 75 0000 2761 0000 36 8133 460 1809 21 4518 Minimum 25 Median 75 Maximum Mode 3 0000 16 0000 36 5000 58 0000 77 0000 11 0000 Try It For this example use a numeric variable and a Yes No variable to determine the MEANS for a group 1 Read in the Sample PRJ project 2 Click MEANS The MEANS dialog box opens From the Means of drop down list select Age From the Cross Tabulate by Value of drop down list select ILL Click OK Results appear in the Output window o oF or To view the Descriptive Statistics scroll down the Age listing e Notice the Mean Age of those answering yes to ill is 39 2 Those answering no to ill is 32 9 Descriptive Statistics for Each Value of Crosstab Variable Obs Total Mean Variance Std Dev No 29 0000 955 0000 32 9310 423 7094 20 5842 Yes 46 0000 1806 0000 39 2609 477 2638 21 8464 Minimum 25 Median 75 Maximum Mode No 7 0000 15 5000 35 5000 52 0000 69 0000 11 0000 Yes 3 0000 17 5000 37 0000 59 5000 77 0000 15 0000 Other available statistics include e ANOVA a Parametric Test for Inequality of Population Means e Bartlett s Test for Inequality of Population Variances 142 Translation Mann Whitney Wilcoxon Two Sample Test Kruskal Wallis test for two
212. nd Tree Example The computer emits a beep when invalid data is detected in the Age field This code should appear in the AFTER section of the Age field IF Age gt 5 THEN BEEP DEAT OC UD om n oem en ciaiclemae COn SR FOr chumliciaenmomjicram ohne 227 Functions and Operators CLEAR Description CLEAR sets the field named to the missing value as if it had been left blank The command is used to clear a previous entry when an error has been detected or a change occurs More than one field may be specified CLEAR is frequently followed by a GOTO command which places the cursor in position for further entry after an error Note More than one field can be used with the CLEAR command Syntax CLEAR lt field s gt e The lt field gt represents the name of a field on the form If more than one field is specified a space will separate them Comments CLEAR will delete the value only for the current record CLEAR cannot be used in grid tables In Classic Analysis you must clear a variable to use the ASSIGN command to assign it a value of null Examples Example 1 The code below prevents invalid data from being saved to the current record by erasing it as soon as it is detected The example assumes a form exists with the following field Age Numeric The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the Age field IF Age gt 18 THEN BEEP DIALOG Do not include records for a
213. nd provides a means for entering a value If YN is specified Yes No and Cancel buttons are presented and the specified variable is set to or If TEXTINPUT or no entry type is specified an entry field for user response is provided with OK and Cancel buttons The variable is assigned the value of the input with a missing value if Cancel is chosen The Get Variable form of the DIALOG command can also display a file selection dialog If READ is used only existing files are displayed If WRITE is used and an existing file is selected you will see the Overwrite prompt The Multiple Choice form of DIALOG displays the text prompt and provides a combo box for selecting among the values with OK and Cancel buttons The variable is assigned the value of the input with a missing value if Cancel is chosen Variable will text type The Date form of the DIALOG command uses a special control for accepting input Each section of the date year month and day can be increased or decreased independently using the drop down calendar Using this control it is impossible to select an invalid date 261 Functions and Operators The List of Values form of DIALOG displays a combo box of databases or form variables with OK and Cancel presented The variable is assigned the value of your input with a missing value if Cancel is chosen Variable will be text type The VARIABLE VALUE form of DIALOG displays a combo box of distinct values of
214. ng steps delete the group ungroup variables or change the group name 1 Right click on the group name Select Properties The Edit Group window opens 2 Change the Group Name by typing a new name in the Group Name field 3 Click OK The group appears with the selected edits 4 To delete a group box right click anywhere on the box to open the pop up box Click Delete to delete the group box Note This will not delete your fields 45 Form Designer Create a Mirror Field A mirror field is used to mirror or echo data from another field onto one or more pages of a project They can be used across pages but cannot be included in Related Forms To create a mirror field 1 2 Open a project that contains at least two pages From the page that requires a mirror field right click on the canvas The pop up menu will appear Move the mouse over the New Field option A sub menu will appear Select Mirror as the variable type The Assign Variable to Mirror Field dialog box opens Enter a value in the Question or Prompt box This will populate the Field Name when you tab or click out of the Question or Prompt box Click the drop down box for the Assigned Variable in the Attributes Group to show a list of variables that can be mirrored Select the variable to be mirrored Field and Prompt font may also be edited in this group Click OK The new variable appears on the current page e Mirror fields are Read
215. ng the age values must store those age values in months Similar to gender the dashboard can convert ages stored in days and years into months Fourth these properties can be changed and the chart re generated However changing the chart to anything other than body mass index for age or to use a reference other than the CDC 2000 Reference is not possible Another chart would have to be added if we wanted to show i e height for age using the WHO reference Finally the growth charts can also be used with non Epi Info 7 projects including projects that do not have the z scores and percentiles already calculated Using the Nutrition Functions There may be cases where you have already collected the nutritional data in another program e g Microsoft Excel and want to add the z scores and percentiles to it Re entering all of this data into the Epi Info 7 Nutrition project in order to add the scores would be inefficient and time consuming Epi Info 7 s Analysis module contains two specialized functions ZSCORE and PFROMZ that you can use to add z scores and percentiles to an existing set of data very quickly If the reader is not familiar with using analysis program editor code or functions reading the Analysis chapter s is highly recommended The ZSCORE Function The ZSCORE function takes a series of parameters and returns a z score based on those parameters These parameters include the Growth reference set to use i e the CDC 200
216. nslation Use the Sort Command The Sort command allows you to specify a sequence for records to appear when using the LIST GRAPH and WRITE commands Sort Order Ascending Descending Attendphone Remove from Sort BirthDate Caselnfo W Comment County CountyName DateAdmitted Demographic Died Disease Entered Ethnicity EventCode e The Available Variables field allows you to select variables available in the current project e Sort Order allows variables to be sorted in ascending A to Z or descending Z to A order If the order is not specified the sort order will be ascending To sort one or more variables in descending order the descending parameter must be after each variable e Select Remove from Sort to remove the variables selected from the list e Sort Variables contains a list of variables selected for the sort e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields so that information can be re entered e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 129 Translation CANCEL SORT How to Use the CANCEL SORT command The Cancel Sort command in Classic Analysis cancels a previous SORT command Cancel
217. nthony H Burton Karl A Brendel Donald C Smith Richard C Dicker Kevin M Sullivan Thomas G Arner and Robert F Fagan e Manual by Andrew G Dean Juan Carlos Zubieta Kevin M Sullivan Cecile Delhumeau Ralph H Lord Jr Shonna Luten and Shannon Jones e Tutorial exercises by Juan Carlos Zubieta Consuelo M Beck Sagu G Allen Tindol Karen DeRosa Jinghong Ma and Shannon Jones Division of Epidemiology and Analytic Methods Epidemiology and Analysis Program Office Office of Surveillance Epidemiology and Laboratory Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 1600 Clifton Road Mail Stop E 38 Atlanta GA 30333 This manual and the programs are in the public domain and may be freely copied translated and distributed All are available at www cdc gov epiinfo Epi Info Help Desk for Technical Assistance epiinfo cdc gov 404 498 6190 voice Getting Started Additional Acknowledgements StatClac algorithms and formulas provided by OpenEpi com Aberration detection algorithms provided by the CDC s Early Aberration Reporting System EARS For more information on EARS visit http emergency cdc gov surveillance ears Equations Acknowledgements We thank Drs David Martin and Harland Austin for use of their source code for computing exact and mid p exact statistical tests and confidence intervals for the odds and rate ratios Thanks to reviewers of this chapter who provided comments and to
218. ny field value or combination of field values If a form has more than 255 fields and more than one associated data table only the first data table will be used for the FIND As a result only the fields in the first table will be listed in the field list and only the field values in the first table will be displayed in the results grid Advanced search features can be used in the Find window e When using Find from the Enter module date fields can only be searched with the date format MM DD YYYY e Find is linked to the process setting for including deleted or undeleted records in the Classic Analysis module Find will include both deleted and undeleted records when the statement SET PROCESS BOTH is issued in Classic Analysis Deleted records only for SET PROCESS DELETED and Undeleted records only for SET PROCESS UNDELETED To Find Records Matching a Specified Criteria 1 From the toolbar select the Find icon The Find Records window opens Last Wome Smith addres 5 Main Street County ae FULTON Nome oc Fey pemes Gnd ari other Gate io tes sarge Guta tater are Achanat trent Tepe 1 Onset Date ase eae arty Code Bert lt 10100 Tint Nome John Atanta Iip ode oe 30330 M 7080 10 28 2011 NJM 85 Translation 2 Select one or more field names from the Choose Search Fields section Ready 7080 1wa WJM 2 Enter search criteria and click Search Resul
219. o and ChildBirth Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the Sex field IF Sex M THEN HIDE Pregnant HIDE ChildBirth ELSE UNHIDE Pregnant UNHIDE ChildBirth END Example 2 The field that has the HIDE command will be hidden The example assumes a form exists with two pages and the following fields LungDisease Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the LungDisease field IF LungDisease THEN HIDE END Example 3 Questions relating to pregnancy will not be displayed if the patient is a male The example assumes a form exists with the following fields Sex Text Pregnant Yes No Complications Yes No and ChildBirth Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the Sex field 241 Functions and Operators IF Sex M THEN HIDE Pregnant ChildBirth Complications END Note When hiding a field it is important that be unhidden with an If Then Else if the value entered is changed 242 Functions and Operators IF THEN ELSE Description This command defines conditions and one or more consequences which occur when the conditions are met An alternative consequence can be given after the ELSE statement to be realized if the first set of conditions is not true The ELSE statement is optional Syntax IF lt expression gt THEN command s END IF lt expression gt THEN command s ELSE
220. o Classic Analysis according to the date format found in Regional Settings and stored in a neutral format Excel files prepared with one date format often do not import properly on machines with a different date format Date fields in forms are displayed in European American or ISO format as specified in Form Designer by the following Classic Analysis commands LIST LIST GRIDTABLE TABLES and FREQ Date fields in forms are displayed according to the date format found in Regional Settings in the following Classic Analysis commands DISPLAY and GRAPH Date fields in tables without forms are displayed according to the date format found in Regional Settings Date fields written to Excel or Text files are written according to the date format in Regional Settings Date literals in Form Designer Check Code or Classic Analysis Programs and date type permanent variables in the Epilnfo Config xml file should be in American format unless enclosed in braces or pipe symbols European date format DD MM YYYY literals must be enclosed in braces i e 23 11 2007 ISO date literals YYYY MM DD must be enclosed in pipe symbols i e 2007 11 23 Dates formatted with the FORMAT function are formatted according to the date format found in Regional Settings when no format is specified as a second argument Dates converted from text with TXTTODATE are converted to a neutral format according to the date format found in Regional Settings
221. oded value gt ELSE lt recoded value gt END e The lt variable1 gt represents the donor variable where the values are e The lt variable2 gt represents the receiver variable where recoded values will be Comments Text values must be enclosed in quotation marks numeric date yes no values must not All recoded values must be of the same type Numeric ranges are separated by a space hyphen and space as in 1 5 Negative values are permitted 1 e 10 9 and 8 The words LOVALUE and HIVALUE may be used to indicate the smallest and largest values representable in the database The word ELSE may be used to indicate all values not falling in the preceding ranges Recodes take place in the order stated if two ranges overlap the first in order will apply Analysis cannot RECODE more than about 12 levels of values If this is a problem do as many recodes as possible write a new table READ it and do more recodes Examples Example 1 The RECODE command is used to generate an age range 289 Functions and Operators READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE AgeRange TEXTINPUT RECODE Age TO AgeRange LOVALUE 0 lt 0 0 10 gt 0 10 10 20 gt 10 20 20 30 gt 20 30 30 40 gt 30 40 40 50 gt 40 50 50 60 gt 50 60 60 70 gt 60 70 70 80 gt 70 80 80 90
222. of an arithmetic operator is usually a numeric value i e EX 3 1 Multiplication Asterisk Basic arithmetic operator used for multiplication the result of an arithmetic operator is usually a numeric value Division Basic arithmetic operator used for division the result of an arithmetic operator is usually a numeric value Exponentiation Modulus or Remainder MOD Arithmetic operators are shown in descending order of precedence Parentheses can be used to control the order in which operators are evaluated The default order however frequently achieves the correct result While it is possible to do date math with dates considered as a number of days e g IncubationDays SymptomDateTime ExposureDateTime the behavior of the database services underlying Epi Info makes it more efficient to use time interval functions e g IncubationDays MINUTES ExposureDateTime Symptom DateTime 24 60 For doing date math the following rules apply Date Date produces Date Date Date produces Days Date Date not permitted Date Date not permitted Date Date not permitted Date Number produces Date Number Date produces Number The last two rules apply as well to other math operations The zero day for date math is December 30 1899 317 Example ASSIGN var2 1 1 ASSIGN var3 2 1 ASSIGN var4 1 1 ASSIGN var5 8 4 Funct
223. of the command appear in the Output window 138 Try It Translation e Results are the same as those created using the Command Tree dialog boxes A program or PGM can be saved and run repeatedly against a dataset for continuously updated statistics and analyses 1 To see an example of a PGM read in the Sample PRJ project Open Oswego From the Program Editor click Open Pgm The Read Program dialog box opens From the Program drop down list select Statistics Click OK The PGM opens in the Program Editor Click Run Commands The Program Editor runs the code and output is placed in the Classic Analysis Output window Use the scroll bar to review all the results computed to the Output window 139 Translation Use the MEANS Command The MEANS command can obtain an average for a continuous numeric variable Since Yes equals 1 and No equals 0 the mean of a yes no variable is the proportion of respondents answering yes For this situation use the FREQ command It has two formats If only one variable is supplied the program produces a table similar to one produced by FREQUENCIES with descriptive statistics If two variables are supplied the first is numeric containing data to be analyzed The second indicates how groups will be distinguished The output of this format is a table similar to one produced by TABLES with descriptive statistics of the numeric variable for each group variable value Syntax M
224. ogs can display information ask for and receive input and offer lists for making choices Syntax Simple Form DIALOG lt prompt gt TITLETEXT lt title gt e lt prompt gt represents the text to be displayed as message e lt title gt represents the text to be used as the caption for the dialog window If lt title gt is omitted in the Dialog command Analysis will be displayed on the dialog box s title bar Get Variable Form DIALOG lt prompt gt lt variable gt lt entry type gt TITLETEXT lt title gt DIALOG lt prompt gt lt variable gt lt value 1 gt lt value 2 gt lt value 3 gt lt value n gt TITLETEXT lt title gt DIALOG lt file type selection gt lt variable gt READ TITLETEXT lt title gt DIALOG lt file type selection gt lt variable gt WRITE TITLETEXT lt title gt e lt variable gt represents the variable to store value entered e lt entry type gt represents a reserved word and or mask that defines the type of input to be accepted and stored in the variable The following are valid entry types gt TEXTINPUT specifies the input as text gt YN specifies the input as Boolean gt DATEFORMAT lt date mask gt specifies the input as a date if a date mask is not specified the system short date is used gt lt numeric mask gt specifies the input as numeric This option is
225. onditional basis to become available only under specified conditions through Check Code 1 e to show a special form for a particular disease 1 2 Open the page where you want the Related Form Button to be placed From the page that requires a Related Form Button right click on the canvas The pop up menu will appear Move the cursor over the New Field option A sub menu will appear Select Relate as the field type to display the Related Form Button dialog box Enter the Question or Prompt for the Related Form Button From the Related Form drop down box select Create new form to create a new form or select from the list of existing forms e The dialog box will show the Accessible always button selected The Only When Certain Conditions are True selection is not available in this version of Epi Info 7 gt Accessible always will create a related button in the form that is active at all times during data entry gt Only When Certain Conditions are True will be available ina future Epi Info release However a conditional statement can be created using Check Code see Check Code Check Code can be associated with the button to create a condition statement Select Return to the Parent Form after One Record has been Entered to allow only one record to be entered in the related table and return the cursor to the parent form after it is entered Click OK The Related Form button appears on the Parent Form e Left Click to res
226. ons within parentheses are always performed before those outside Within parentheses however normal Operator Precedence is maintained If expressions contain operators from more than one category arithmetic operators are evaluated first comparison operators next and logical operators last Comparison operators all have equal precedence they are evaluated in the left to right order in which they appear Arithmetic and logical operators are evaluated in the following order of precedence Arithmetic Comparison Logical Negation Equality Not Exponentiation Inequality lt gt And Multiplication and Less than lt Or division Integer division Greater than gt Xor Modulus arithmetic Mod Less than or equal to lt 5 Addition and Subtraction 4 Greater than or equal to gt String concatenation amp Is Table 37 Arithmetic and Logical Operators If addition and subtraction multiplication and division occur together respectively in an expression each operation is evaluated as it occurs from left to right The string concatenation operator amp is not an arithmetic operator but in precedence it does fall after all arithmetic operators and before all comparison operators The Is operator is an object reference comparison operator It does not compare objects or their values it checks only to determine whether two object references ref
227. or an element of an array Properties on the left side of the equal sign can only be those writable properties at run time Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Newvar NUMERIC ASSIGN Newvar Age LIST Newvar Age Addition Description This operator provides the sums of two numbers Basic arithmetic operator used for addition the result of an arithmetic operator is usually a numeric value Syntax expressionl lt operator gt expression2 Comments Although the operator can be used to concatenate two character strings the amp operator should be used for concatenation to eliminate ambiguity and provide self documenting code If operator is used there may be no way to determine whether addition or string concatenation will occur The underlying subtype of the expressions determines the behavior of the operator in the following way If Then Both expressions are numeric Add Both expressions are strings Concatenate One expression is numeric and the Add other is a string If one or both expressions are Null expressions the result is Null If both expressions are Empty the result is an integer subtype However if only one expression is Empty the other expression is returned unchanged as a result Example READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Newvar NUMERIC ASSIGN Newvar Age 5 315 Funct
228. or code blocks for documentation and to assist with trouble shooting or debugging Syntax gt Seexe gt ad e The lt text gt represents any alphanumeric text as a comment or a block of code slated to be ignored Comments The character must be placed in the first column of a line to be recognized as comment mark For comments longer than one line the characters should be added at the end of the code Use comments to disable commands Examples Example 1 Comments are used to note the date of the code s generation date purpose and author Written by Jason D Veloper MPH 06 30 2010 The block of code below uses the YEARS function ay ASSIGN AGE YEARS DOB SYSTEMDATE Example 2 Comments are used to disable certain commands from executing The next few lines are incomplete and are commented for later DEFINE PatientID Numeric Note need to determine ID should be a Text type variable LIST ToDo need to add the variables to list Ay 230 Functions and Operators DEFINE Description This command creates a new variable In Check Code all user defined variables are saved in the DEFINEDVARIABLES section Syntax DEFINE lt variable gt lt scope gt lt type indicator gt e lt variable gt represents the name of the variable to be created The name of the newly defined variable cannot be a reserved word For a list of reserved words see the List of Reserved Words sec
229. or window place the cursor under the Read command created Type FREQ ILL e Do not press the Enter key Leave the cursor on the line of code just created Program Editor File Edit Fonts i New Pgm j Open Pgm ld Save Pgm m PrintPgm gt Run Commands READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego FREQ ILL 3 Click Run Commands from the Program Editor navigation menu The code turns green indicating syntax review and execution e Results of the command appear in the Output window e Results are the same as those created using the Command Tree dialog boxes Try It A program or PGM can be saved and run repeatedly against a dataset for continuously updated statistics and analyses 1 Read inthe Sample PRJ project Open Oswego Seventy five 75 records should be listed in the Output window Click Open from the Program Editor The Read Program dialog box opens From the Program drop down list select Statistics oe S Click OK The PGM opens in the Program Editor 5 Click Run The Program Editor runs the code and output is placed in the Classic Analysis Output window e Use the scroll bar to review all the results computed to the Output window 135 Translation Use the TABLES Command The Tables command examines the relationship between two or more categorical values For 2x2 tables the Tables command produces odds and risk ratios A 2x2 table is created when each selected variable has
230. orm or window e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 161 Translation Save and Open a Program PGM Commands entered into Classic Analysis generate lines of code in the Program Editor and can be stored in the current data source mdb file or SQL server Programs can be saved internally within the project or externally as a text file with a pgm7 file extension Saved programs that can be run as data are updated Programs can be saved as text files and shared without sharing data tables or projects Example of Code Created in the Program Editor Program Editor Statistics File Edit Fonts a New Pam Open Pgm Save Pgm jam PrintPgm gt Run Commands ttt Statistics pgm ttt This program demonstrates some of the commands in Analysis TYPEOUT The first step in Analysis is to READ data TEXTFONT Blue 4 READ Projects Sample Sample prj Oswego TYPEOUT The next few commands perform simple analyses such as a line LISTing FREQuency an LIST FREQ ILL READ Projects Sample Sample prj AgeWithCount FREQ Age WEIGHTVAR Count il Save Code as a PGM 1 From the Program Editor Navigation bar click the Save Pgm icon Th
231. ot recommended Once field type is defined the variable type cannot be changed An error will occur if you attempt to assign data of a different type to the variable Comments A custom variable defined in Epi Info 7 might not have a predefined data type if the lt type indicator gt is omitted when the variable is defined If the variable does not have a predefined type and has not been used the variable will accept a value in any of the four data types Text Number Date Yes No Boolean that is assigned to the variable the first time Thereafter the variable takes on the data type of the value assigned and it s data type cannot be changed However omitting field type is not recommended An error will occur if you attempt to assign data of a different data type Various functions can be used to manipulate data changing data type of values to match the data type of the variable Some of these functions include FORMAT TXTTONUM TXTTODATE and NUMTODATE Variable Scope e STANDARD variables retain their value only within the current record and are reset when a new record is loaded Standard variables are used temporarily behaving like other fields in the database In Classic Analysis Standard variables lose their values and definitions with each READ statement 254 Functions and Operators GLOBAL variables retain values across related forms and when the program opens a new form but are removed when the Classic Analysis program
232. outside of Epi Info 7 The database may become corrupt and render the form unusable 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree Data folder click Read The READ dialog box opens Read a eel Recent Data Sources x Database Type Microsoft Excel 2007 Workbook xisx z Data Source none Show Data Source Explorer Cancel Clear Save Only Help 91 Translation e The Database Type field indicates the database file to be loaded PRJ MDB XLS Specify the data format for the data to be read Unless otherwise specified output files created from these data are stored in this destination folder e The Data Source field indicates the file location path If you use an SQL Server database the Data Source field will require server and database names 2 The Recent Data Sources field provides a list of recently accessed databases in Classic Analysis or Visual Dashboard By selecting one of the data sources available on the list you do not need to provide Database Type or Data Source information Only data tables or forms will need to be selected again If you are reading an Epi Info 7 project file from the Data Source section select the Forms checkbox to view available forms in the project or select the Tables checkbox to view all project tables 3 From the Forms section select a form in your project This reads the data table associated with your form 4 Click OK The READ comman
233. ow or Green Color can also be represented by hexadecimal digits 4 with pairs of digits representing the amount of red green and blue on a scale of 0 255 Comments TYPEOUT with a text string is similar to TITLE except that TYPEOUT places the text once when the command is encountered HEADER appears at the top of each segment of output until cleared If no text in quotation marks follows the TYPEOUT command TYPEOUT sends the file contents specified to the current output It can be in text or HTML Examples Example 2 Displays the word Confidential underlined and in bold TYPEOUT Confidential BOLD UNDERLINE 305 Functions and Operators UNDEFINE Description This command removes a defined variable and any assigned values from the system Syntax UNDEFINE lt variable gt e The lt variable gt represents a defined variable Program Specific Feature Permanent variables cannot be undefined from the Undefine dialog box To undefine a permanent variable type the syntax into the Program Editor and run the command Comments A variable that already exists in the database cannot be undefined To remove a database variable from the database use the WRITE command with the EXCEPT modifier Example UNDEFINE NewVar 306 Functions and Operators UNDELETE Description This command will mark logically deleted records as normal Syntax UNDELETE UNDELETE e
234. pear in the Output window 188 Try It 10 11 12 13 Translation Read in the Sample PRJ project Open the Addicts table Click Cox Proportional Hazards The Cox Proportional Hazards dialog box opens From the Censored Variable drop down list select Status From the Value for Uncensored drop down list select 1 From the Time Variable drop down list select Survival_Time_Days From the Test Group Variable drop down list select Clinic From the Predictor Variables drop down list select Methadone_dose_mg day and Prison Record Click Options The Cox Graph Options dialog box opens From the Plot Variables drop down list select Survival Observed From the list box select Clinic Clear the Customize Graph checkbox Click OK The Cox Proportional Hazards dialog box opens Click OK Results appear in the Output window 189 0 95 ia a i 0 84 Translation Lal 0 75 0 7 0 6547 o pS in O h 9 uo g m Clinic 1 E Clinic 2 2 b Survival Probability o ul 0 35 0 3 0 25 0 2 0 1 0 05 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time Cox Proportional Hazards Term Hazard Ratio Clinic 2 1 Methadone dose_ mg day_ Prison_Record Convergence Converged Iterations 5 2 Log Likelihood 1347 2015 Test Statistic D F Score 54 9131 3 Likelihood Ratio 62 6726 3 0 3724 0 9656 1 3856 P Value 0 0000 0 000
235. possible combinations of these graph variables If a variable is numeric it is plotted at its average value Otherwise the graph variable splits the data into separate groups each with its own curve Comments COXPH uses the Breslow method to handle ties in the data Example In this example we will use the Anderson dataset from a clinical trial of leukemia p R atients to compare the treatment and placebo group survival EAD C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Anderson COXPH STIME Rx Status 1 TIMEUNIT Weeks PVALUE 95 3 GRAPH Rx GRAPHTYPE Survival Probability 253 Functions and Operators DEFINE Description This command creates a new variable Syntax DEFINE lt variable gt lt scope gt lt type indicator gt e lt variable gt represents the name of the variable to be created e lt scope gt is the level of visibility and availability of the new variable and must be one of the reserved words STANDARD GLOBAL or PERMANENT If omitted STANDARD is assumed and a type indicator may not be used e lt type indicator gt is required and cannot be used if lt scope gt is omitted lt type indicator gt is the data type of the new variable and must be one of the following reserved words NUMERIC TEXTINPUT YN or DATEFORMAT If omitted the variable type will be inferred based on the data type of the first value assigned to the variable However omitting field type is n
236. project The prefix for output files and a starting sequence number can be changed from the Storing Output command located in the Output folder If no path is specified or if the directory does not exist the output file is created in the directory of the current project Example The output generated by running the commands below is sent to the file Outbreak1 htm in the C My_Project_Folder folder READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego ROUTEOUT C My Project Folder Outbreakl htm REPLACE S T ET STATISTICS COMPLETE ABLES Vanilla Ill STRATAVAR Sex MEANS Chocolate Ill c 7 OSEOU T 295 Functions and Operators RUNPGM Description This command runs a stored Classic Analysis program This command is similar to an INCLUDE file or subroutine in other systems Syntax RUNPGM lt file name gt lt program gt RUNPGM lt file name gt e The lt file name gt represents the path and filename for the MDB or PGM file where the program is stored If the path or filename contains a space it must be enclosed in single quotes If the program to be run is in the current project the path need not be supplied e The lt program gt represents the Program name If the program name contains a space it must be enclosed in double quotes This is not used for text files Comments Since the filename can include any path and database name the program to be execu
237. r or not subsequent commands will be run If the condition evaluates to true the commands inside of the IF block will run If the condition evaluates to false the commands inside of the ELSE block will run instead If no ELSE exists and the condition is false then no commands inside of the IF block are run e The command s represents at least one valid command e The ELSE statement is optional and will run any code contained inside of it when the lt expression gt evaluates to false Comments An IF statement is executed immediately if it does not refer to a database variable if characteristic or attribute that can be measured or if any defined variables have been assigned literal values If the statement YEAR 97 has already occurred then an IF statement dependent on it such as IF YEAR 97 then is executed immediately IF Age gt 15 THEN ASSIGN Group ADULT ELSE ASSIGN Group CHILD END It is important to cover all the conditions in IF statements to avoid gaps in the logic and results Sometimes it is important to have an ELSE condition that covers conditions not included in other IF clauses This effect is best achieved by setting the variable initially to something other than missing 275 Functions and Operators DEFINE ILL YN ASSIGN ILL IF Vomiting THEN ASSIGN ILL END IF Diarrhea THEN ASSIGN ILL
238. rably depending on what database is being read However the first two parameters will only ever accept the limited set of inputs displayed in Tables 6 1 and 6 2 To run this calculation the ZSCORE function must be paired with an ASSIGN command For example ASSIGN BMIZ ZSCORE CDC 2000 BMI BMI AgeMonths Gender The above code tells Analysis to assign the z score for body mass index for age using the CDC 2000 Growth Reference to the BMIZ column It will do this for every row in the current dataset effectively batch processing all the rows This should only take a few seconds even on very large data sets The PFROMZ Function The second Nutritional Anthropometry function included with Epi Info 7 is called PFROMZ You can use it after a z score has been calculated and convert the z score into a percentile It is simple to use Simply pass in the column name that contains a z score as a parameter and the corresponding percentile is returned For example PFROMZ BMIZ The above code assumes the BMIZ column contains the z scores for body mass index for age Note that the PFROMZ function does not need to know the reference z score type gender etc of the data To use it effectively it must be combined with the ASSIGN command For example ASSIGN BMIP PFROMZ BMIZ The above code tells Analysis to assign to the BMIP column the percentile associated with the values stored in the BMIZ column It will do this for every row
239. rated by commas If arguments are required do not place any spaces between the function name and the left parenthesis Syntax rules must be followed Quotes that must enclose text strings are displayed in question or prompt dialog boxes Parentheses must enclose arithmetic expressions and can explicitly control the order of operations Parentheses also enclose function arguments Syntax Notations The following rules apply when reading this manual and using syntax Syntax Explanation ALL CAPITALS Epi Info commands and reserved words are shown in all capital letters similar to the READ command lt parameter gt A parameter is information to be supplied to the command Parameters are enclosed with less than and greater than symbols or angle brackets lt gt Each valid parameter is described following the statement of syntax for the command Parameters are required by the command unless enclosed in braces Do not include the lt gt symbols in the code lt variable 1 gt Brackets around a parameter indicates that there can potentially be more than one parameter lt parameter gt Braces around a parameter indicate that the parameter is optional Do not include the 311 Operators Functions and Operators Syntax Explanation symbols in the code The pipe symbol is used to denote a choice and is usually used with optional parameters An example is in the
240. rates a sound Syntax BEEP Example If the number of records in the database is greater than 1 000 a beep is generated and a dialog box appears READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance IF RECORDCOUNT gt 4 THEN BEEP DIALOG Database greater than 4 records END 249 Functions and Operators CANCEL SELECT or SORT Description This command cancels a previous SELECT or SORT command Cancel Select Stop using current select criteria Comments The Cancel Select and Cancel Sort commands automatically close the current output file Example The commands below should be run one by one to better understand how the cancel sort and cancel select commands function EAD C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego R SELECT Ill LIST Age Idl Sex SELECT SORT Age LIST Age Ill Sex SORT 250 Functions and Operators CLOSEOUT Description This command closes the current output file It is normally used after a ROUTEOUT command when all the information to be included in the ROUTEOUT file has been produced Syntax CLOSEOUT Example EAD C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego R ROUTEOUT C My Project Folder Outbreakl htm REPLACE TABLES Vanilla Ill STRATAVAR Sex MEANS Age Ill CLOSEOUT 251 Functions and Operators COXPH
241. related tables can be performed To preserve the linked structure the WRITE command may be used to create a new table More than one table may be related to the main table or related table by using successive RELATE commands Example The records from the RHepatitis data tables are related to the Surveillance data table 2 EAD C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance RELATE RHepatitis GlobalRecordId FKEY 294 Functions and Operators ROUTEOUT Description This command directs output to the named file until the process is terminated by CLOSEOUT Output from commands e g FREQ and LIST is appended to the same output file as it is produced Syntax ROUTEOUT lt filename gt REPLACE APPEND e The lt filename gt represents an HTM document where the output will be stored If no directory is specified use the directory of the current project e The REPLACE APPEND keyword controls what happens to an existing file with the same name If REPLACE is specified any existing file of the same name is deleted prior to writing If APPEND is specified new output is appended to any existing file with the same name Comments Epi Info 7 sends output to an HTML document that any browser can be read If no output is selected Epi Info 7 creates a new file typically called OUTXXX HTM where XXX is a sequential number Output files are placed in the same directory as the current
242. rences that may exist between program implementation Some commands are only available in one or two programs Check Commands are saved in Form Designer and executed in Enter Classic Analysis commands are generated edited executed and may be saved with the Program Editor from Classic Analysis Functions and operators appear within commands and are used for common tasks i e extracting a year from a date combining two numeric values calculating duration between two dates or converting numbers to text and vice versa 222 Functions and Operators Check Commands ASSIGN Description This command assigns the result of an arithmetic or string expression to a variable Syntax ASSIGN lt variable gt lt expression gt ASSIGN lt variable gt lt defined DLLOBJECT gt lt script function gt lt parameters gt e The lt variable gt represents a variable in a database or a defined variable created in a program e The lt expression gt represents any valid arithmetic or string expression e The lt defined DLLOBJECT gt represents any variable defined as a DLL object e The lt script function gt represents the name of a class or method inside the DLL or WSC that returns the desired value to be assigned e The lt parameters gt represent one or more optional function parameters to be passed into the DLL or WSC do not include the or lt gt symbols in the code parenthesis are required Comments This co
243. representative A systematic sample e g every fifth person on a list is acceptable if the sample is representative Choosing every other person from a list of couples however would not give a representative sample because it might select only males or only females e The question being asked must have a Yes No or other two choice answer leading to a proportion of the population those answering Yes as the final result Example Suppose you want to investigate whether the true prevalence of HIV antibody in a population is 10 A random or systematic sample of the population is planned to estimate the prevalence A 95 confidence that the true proportion in the entire population will fall within the confidence interval calculated from the sample is desired In StatCalc enter the population size of 5 000 the estimate of the true prevalence 10 and 10 as the Confidence Limit Worst Acceptable value The application will show the sample size for several different confidence levels including the desired 95 1 From the StatCale application main page select Sample size amp power The following calculation options appear Population survey Cohort or cross sectional Unmatched case control 2 Select Population Survey The Population Survey or Descriptive Study Using Random Not Cluster Sampling window opens 3 Enter the Population Size of 5 000 4 Enter the Expected Frequency of 10 5 Enter the Confidence Limits as 6 Th
244. ring a file query 113 Translation e Permanent variables are stored in the Epilnfo Config xml file or system registry and retain any value assigned until changed by another assignment or until the variable is undefined They are shared among Epi Info 7 programs and persist even if the computer is shut down and restarted 3 From the Variable Type drop down list select one of the following types Date Numeric Text or Yes No 4 Optional Variable Type is required and cannot be used if lt scope gt is omitted lt type indicator gt is the data type of the new variable and must be one of the following reserved words NUMERIC TEXTINPUT YN or DATEFORMAT If omitted the variable type will be inferred based on the data type of the first value assigned to the variable However omitting field type is not recommended 5 Click OK Define a Group To define a group take the following steps 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Define Group The DEFINE GROUP dialog box opens 2 In the Group Variable field type a name 3 From the Variables list box select the variables to be included in the group 4 Click OK Convert a Number to Text Numbers can be converted to text using the FORMAT function FORMAT changes the format of one variable type to another Syntax FORMAT lt variable gt lt format specifcation gt Example The Format function can be used to convert a numeric po
245. rosstab and strata variables e Line graphs connect X Y points with lines The main variables are the X and Y variables Each series is represented by a different style of line Both variables must be numeric To generate a line graph with categorical data generate a Bar graph and use customization e Column graphs use vertical bars to represent the count or weight for each value of the main variable s Each series results in an additional vertical bar at each point the bars are distinguished by their style e Bar graphs use horizontal bars to represent the count or weight of each value of the main variable s Each series creates an additional horizontal bar at each point e Epi Curve use vertical bars to represent the count or weight for each value of the main variable Each series creates an additional vertical bar at each point The main variable must be numeric This graph differs from the bar graph because adjacent bars represent equal ranges of the main variable e Pie in which each series is represented by a circle and each value of the main variable has a slice of the circle proportional to the value associated with it e Area is similar to a line except that the area below the line contains a solid fill e Scatter graphs display X Y points as a scatter gram The main variables are X and Y variables Each series is represented by a different style of point e Bubble graphs are a variation of a Scatter chart in which the dat
246. rs in the Output window e The saved Output file can be opened by any application that can read an HTML file To end the ROUTEOUT command choose one of the following options e From the Output folder click Closeout 109 Translation e READ in a new project e Close Epi Info 7 110 Translation Use the CANCEL SORT Command Syntax CANCEL SORT Command Generator CANCEL SORT Command Reference 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Select If gt Cancel Sort The CANCEL SORT dialog box opens Cancel Sort x Stop using current sort variables Lox Cancel Save Only Help 2 Click OK The selection criteria are removed from the data and the original record count is restored 111 Translation Undelete Records The UNDELETE command causes all logically deleted records in the current selection matching the expression to be set to normal status This applies only to Epi Info 7 forms and may not be used when using related tables Undelete Records Records Affected for all C Run Silent Available Variables og i i andi UL aU a Co Jon J Yee Jhon e The Records Affected for all field contains the expression for which records to undelete e The Available Variables field allows you to select available variables in the current project e Functions and operators appear within commands and are used for common tasks e g extracting a year
247. s It is possible to read a table with a space in its name and then delete it resulting in errors during subsequent procedures DELETE TABLES will not delete and produce messages if any of the tables specified are data grid or program Code tables are deleted only if they are not referenced by any form Delete Delete O Files Table Data Format Epi Info 7 Project Database Blank for current x m Table Name ADDFul x C Run Silent e Data Format specifies the data source format of the file containing the table to be deleted e Database Blank or Current specifies the name and location of the dataset containing the table to be deleted e Table Name specifies the name of the table to be deleted e Run Silent causes the command to run without any warning or error messages from the Program Editor e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields to re enter information 105 Translation e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 106 Translation Delete Records Delete Records may not be used with related tables For DELETE and DELETE TABLES space will not be reclaimed You can run the Epi Info
248. s left blank during data entry will be selected to be in the subset READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego SELECT NOT TimeSupper LIST TimeSupper DateOnset Sex Ill Example 6 A subset of the data contained in the Oswego data table is selected Two SELECT commands have a cumulative effect so that the two expressions are equivalent to SELECT Age gt 30 AND Sex Male Only records where the age is greater than 30 and the sex is male will be selected READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego SELECT Age gt 30 SELECT Sex Male LIST Age Sex Example 7 A subset of the data contained in the Oswego data table is selected Two SELECT commands have a cumulative effect making the two expressions equivalent to SELECT Age gt 30 AND Age lt 20 Only records where the age is greater than 30 and less than 20 are selected Because these two conditions are mutually exclusive the LIST command produces no output A CANCEL SELECT command may be issued to clear the current selection criteria READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego SELECT Age gt 30 SELECT Age lt 20 LIST Age Sex 298 Functions and Operators SET Description This command provides various options that affect the performance and output of data in Classic Analysis These settings are utilized whenever you use the Classic Analysis program Synta
249. s or Nok Food Remi faked Hares v Spnach Mashed Fotatoen v Cabbage Salad v Desserts Cater Vanilis ice Cream Ea cm sea s8 Delete a Page 1 From the Form Designer page panel highlight the page you want to delete 2 Click Delete Page 3 Click Yes The page is deleted from the list 38 Form Designer Name a Page 1 Right click the page from the Page Names window The Page Name dialog box opens 39 Form Designer Save Page as Template Using page templates allows you to develop a library of pre formatted pages that can be used in any form or applications being built This makes it easy for you to rapidly customize data collection forms Templates may also be useful in reordering the pages in a form save each page as a template then drag each template to the canvas in the order you want the pages to appear 1 From the Form Design page panel highlight the page you want to save asa template 2 Click Save Page as Template Questionnaire for Church Supper Oswego id 8 Code Name d Sex 5 a peo Male v E taci Beteng 4 E EvarCowiy pi Time Supper Date Onset a TE hhi m MEDDA HHIMME SS pm DO YYVY HAMMES A 5 Loum LOUKEM A Foods Food History Mark Yes or No Food Pera Beverages Milk Bates Ham v v Maihed Patatos oe Cabbage Saint v Vatsla bce Creamm v Roxdy 7080 1037201 NUM 3 Inthe
250. s to extract Comments This function cannot be used with non string variables Example READ C My Project _Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE Textl TEXTINPUT ASSIGN Textl James Smith DEFINE LName TEXTINPUT ASSIGN LName SUBSTRING Textl 7 5 LIST Textl LName SYSTEMDATE Description This function returns the date stored in the computer s clock Syntax SYSTEMDATE 343 Functions and Operators Comments The SYSTEMDATE cannot be changed assigned from Classic Analysis To use the SYSTEMDATE for computations a new variable must be defined 344 Functions and Operators Example To calculate next week s date READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE TodayDate DATEFORMAT ASSIGN TodayDate SYSTEMDATE 7 LIST TodayDate SYSTEMTIME Description This function returns the time stored in the computer s clock at the time the command is executed Syntax SYSTEMTIME Comments The SYSTEMTIME cannot be changed from Classic Analysis assigned To use the system time for computations a new variable must be defined Example To calculate a time two hours after the current time READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE Later DATEFORMAT ASSIGN Later SYSTEMTIME IST Later ASSIGN Later SYSTEMTIME 120
251. settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Apply accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Cancel exits the dialog box without saving or executing a command 159 Translation How to Use User Defined Commands Define Command CMD The User Define Command allows you to create a block of code that can be invoked by name like a subroutine This is useful for sequences of commands that will be called more than once Information x e 1 This feature will be available in a future version of Epi Info e This command will be available in a future version of Epi Info 7 160 Translation Run Saved Program Command Reference The Run Saved Program command in Classic Analysis transfers control to the second program returning to the first automatically beginning with the line following the RUN statement A program being run from another program is similar to an INCLUDE or subroutine in other systems Run Saved Program Ioj x Filename Program zj Cancel Clear e Filename indicates the database or text file containing the program If the path or filename contains a space it must be enclosed in double quotes If the program to be run is in the current project the path does not need to be supplied Save Only e Program indicates the program name if it s in the database e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the f
252. shboerd 6 Map ort Foren Visit information Patient 4 Nutritional Survey Name Doe J Anmut COC Recommended Growth References Fag Date of Memurement Percortine Z score CE ma MT tor age 7224 WT tor Age 7067 Age montns 001 00 WT for KT Height Anches 22 00 T heuroert weomr pounds 011 00 Head cireuenterence jacet toena Commerts The COC recoewmenoes sesaits ase tee WHO Cult Growth Sesngorus ftv chllorer ages OJ peers of and tre COC 2000 Growth Refrence for chisean 7 19 yeri cit See wwicdt pon prowtteherts for more inforesfion ers 7083 Wyant oo Figure 6 3 The PatientVisits data entry form The patient s name sex date of birth and ID number automatically appear when you open the form These values link the records in this form to the child s nutritional record in the Nutrition form As you type values into the visit form e g date of measurement age in months height weight etc the z scores and percentiles automatically calculate You can add measurement records by clicking the New Record button on the Enter toolbar Clicking the lt Back button closes the visit information form and returns you to the Nutrition form Figure 6 2 You must understand the relationship between these two forms For each record in the Demographic Information form Figure 6 2 there may be one or more linked records in the Visit Information form Figure 6 3 If one is viewing record 1 in the Demograph
253. sign data of a different data type Various functions can be used to manipulate data changing data type of values to match the data type of the variable Some of these functions include FORMAT TXTTONUM TXTTODATE and NUMTODATE Variable Scope e STANDARD variables retain their value only within the current record and are reset when you load a new record Standard variables are used as temporary variables behaving like other fields in the database In Classic Analysis Standard variables lose their values and definitions with each READ statement 231 Functions and Operators e GLOBAL variables retain values across related forms and when the program opens a new form but are removed when you close the Enter program Global variables persist while the program is executed Global variables are also used in Classic Analysis to store values between changes of data source e PERMANENT variables are stored in the Epilnfo Config xml file and retain any value assigned until the value is changed by another assignment or the variable is undefined They are shared among Epi Info programs i e Enter Classic Analysis etc and persist even if the computer is shut down Permanent variables in Classic Analysis may not have values that depend directly or indirectly on table fields A lt prompt description gt created for a permanent variable will exist for one session and must be re established each time it is used Type Indicators e TEXTINPUT
254. sion field create the assignment syntax based on needed data 4 Click OK The code appears in the Program Editor 102 Translation Try It In the following example the zip code field is a number To use the zip code in a map a new zip code variable must be defined and assigned text values 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open the Sample PRJ project 2 From the Form section click Surveillance ice Click OK aN Click Variables gt Display gt Variables currently available 5 Click OK The variables information appears 6 Click Variables gt Define The DEFINE dialog box opens 7 Inthe Variable Name field create a new variable named Zip2 8 Select Text for Variable Type 9 Click OK 10 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Assign The ASSIGN dialog box opens 11 From the Assign Variable drop down list select Zip2 12 In the Expression field type the syntax FORMAT ZipCode 00000 e Inthis example the FORMAT function converts the format of the values of the variable ZipCode into text format Text values are always surrounded by double quotes and assigned to the new Zip2 variable 10 Click OK The code appears in the Program Editor 11 Use the DISPLAY command to view variable information Program Editor File Edit Fonts 3 T New Pgm Open Pgm kel save Pom om Print Pam gt Run Commands P READ C My Projec
255. stal code or zip code field to a text type variable for mapping e The READ command opens a new file that contains a numeric field called zipcode To use Epi Map with the zipcode values change the values to text 114 Translation e The DEFINE command creates a new variable called NewZip The variable NewZip will hold the values of zipcode in a text format The code appears in the Program Editor as DEFINE NewZip e The ASSIGN command formats the variable NewZip with the values of ZipCode and the format of text Text values are enclosed in quotes The code appears in the Program Editor as ASSIGN NewZip FORMAT ZipCode 00000 e The variable NewZip can now be used as a geographic variable in Epi Map because it is a text type variable that contains numeric data Try It For this example use the Classic Analysis Program Editor to create the code 1 Read in the Sample PRJ project Open Oswego Seventy five 75 records should be listed in the Output window 2 In the Program Editor window place the cursor under the created Read command Type DEFINE MyAge TEXTINPUT e Do not press the Enter key Leave your cursor on the line of code you just created 3 In the Program Editor window type the following ASSIGN MyAge FORMAT Age 00 4 From the Program Editor navigation menu click Run Commands The code will turn gray to indicate a syntax review 5 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Statistics gt Lis
256. standard deviation of a theoretical distribution of sample means of a variable around the true population mean of that variable Strata A population subgroup defined by any number of demographic characteristics e g age gender race etc Sum Total of the values in the numeric expression V Variable Any characteristic or attribute that can be measured Variance A measure of the dispersion shown by a set of observations Appendix Data Quality Check Date Validation The Date field is an alphanumeric field with pre set date patterns selected from the pattern drop down list It cannot be altered The date field offers Range property which can be applied to Date variable types Range allows for a specified value between one setting and another Values falling outside a specified range will prompt you with a warning message in the Enter module Unless the field is designated Required missing values are accepted How to e Use Form Designer to open the data entry form Select Oswego from C Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample prj Oswego Right click on the Date Onset field Select Properties option from the popup menu Click on Range option Enter the Lower and Upper date Numeric Data Validation Lower and Upper Bound The Number field is a numeric field that has six predefined value patterns e g xxx xx A new pattern can be created by simply typing the pattern into the Pattern field The Number field of
257. sts that has two pages and the following fields LungDisease Yes No The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the LungDisease field IF LungDisease THEN GOTO 2 END 239 Functions and Operators Example 3 You will be taken to the page immediately following the one they are on currently The example assumes a form exists that has two pages and the following fields DOB Date on page 1 The code below would appear in the AFTER section of the DOB field IF NOT DOB THEN GOROm im END 240 Functions and Operators UNHIDE Description HIDE This command hides a field from the form and prevents data entry UNHIDE This command makes a field visible and returns it to the status before it was hidden Syntax HIDE lt field s gt UNHIDE lt field s gt e The lt field s gt represents one or more valid field names Comments If no field name is specified the current field the one to which the Check Code block pertains is assumed Text fields can be hidden or unhidden to position messages on the screen and the display of alternate messages Label Title fields cannot be hidden Examples Example 1 Questions relating to pregnancy will not be displayed if the patient is male The ELSE section of the IF command allows the fields to be unhidden if you go back and change your answer in the Sex field The example assumes a form exists with the following fields Sex Text Pregnant Yes N
258. t Click OK The records appear e Notice that the values in MyAge are all two characters with a leading 0 before each single digit year The leading zero is present because of the 00 format specification 7 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Display Click OK The variable types appear e The variable MyAge now contains the values of Age and the format type of Text Program Editor Code SCREEN SHOT TO BE ADDED 115 Translation Use IF Statements with Permanent or Global Variables If the condition of an IF statement depends on global or permanent variables the value is computed immediately and only the true or false branch as appropriate is followed If the condition of an IF statement depends on a field variable neither branch is followed However computations within the branches are saved for execution as appropriate on each record In the second case non computational commands e g READ SELECT SORT HEADER and ROUTEOUT are never executed 116 Translation Handle Date Fields Date formats are often determined by default computer settings To access Regional Settings in a Windows environment click Start gt Control Panel gt Regional and Language Options Date fields in forms are entered in European American or ISO format as specified in Form Designer They are stored in the database in a neutral format Date fields in Excel and Text files are read int
259. t _Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DISPLAY DBYARIABLES DEFINE Zip2 TEXTINPUT ASSIGN Zip2 FORMAT ZipCode ooo00 DISPLAY DBYARIABLES 103 Translation Delete File Table Delete Files The file s specified explicitly or implicitly via wildcards are deleted If no files are specified or if any specified files cannot be deleted a message is produced unless you select Run Silent Wildcards are not allowed in the suffix Delete 2 ee Delete Files Table View File Name Run Silent Cancel Clear Save Only Help e File Name contains the name of the file to be deleted e Run Silent causes the command to run without any warning or error messages from the Program Editor e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields to allow information to be re entered e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 104 Translation Delete Table The specified table is deleted If the table does not exist or cannot be deleted a message is produced unless you select Run Silent To delete tables with spaces in their names specify the file and the table even if the table is in the current project The table must be enclosed in single quote
260. t a program but a file with an extension the three characters after the registered by Windows for displaying the document the correct program to display the file will be activated 1 e WRITEUP DOC might cause Microsoft Word to run and load the file on one computer Usually TXT will run NOTEPAD EXE or WORDPAD EXEO and image files will appear in a browser or in a graphics program An HTM file will bring up the default browser You will not need to supply the location or even the name of the program that will be run These details are stored in the Windows registry for common file extensions The same concept applies to Internet addresses URLs Give a URL Universal Resource Locator that ends in HTM or begins with HTTP http www cdc gov epiinfo and Windows brings up the default browser connects to the Internet if possible and goes directly to the site indicated Examples Example 1 A text file on the C drive is opened The operating system will select an application to open the file EXEICULE C2 Vlog files txt Example 2 An executable file is run EXECUTE C Windows Notepad exe Example 3 Windows Internet Explorer is run and passed http www cdc gov epiinfo as a command line parameter Because WAITFOREXIT is specified Enter will not allow you to continue entering data until the browser window is closed EXECUTE WAITFOREXIT http www cdc gov epiinfo 238 Functions and Operators
261. t and Field Font are applied per field To apply fonts to future fields set a default font for the project using the Format menu 1 From the Field Definition dialog box click Prompt Font or Field Font The Font dialog box opens 2 Select a font font style and sizes 3 Click OK The Field Definition dialog box appears 4 Click OK The font is applied to the question prompt or field 30 Form Designer Change Workspace Settings Use the Format settings to customize the Form Designer workspace 1 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Format The drop down menu opens allowing you to customize your workspace 2 Select Format gt Grid Settings to open the grid settings dialog box e Check the Snap to Grid box to force fields in the form to snap to the grid nearest the field edge e Check the Show Grid box to see the grid as the workspace background e Use the up and down arrows in the character widths between grid lines field to alter the displayed widths between grid lines e Select either the Snap prompt to grid or Snap entry field to grid radio button depending on whether you want prompts or fields aligned 3 Click OK The Form Designer page appears with new settings 31 Form Designer Set the Tab Order Initially the order in which the cursor visits fields is set automatically based on each field s position in order from right to left then top to bottom If another tab order is desired when
262. t version of Epi Info 7 For more information see the Use an Existing Language mdb Database section Create a New LANGUAGE MDB Database Make sure your Windows Locale setting is set with your local language locale before following these steps You will need Microsoft Access to translate the phrases to your language 1 From the Epi Info 7 main menu select Tools gt Options 2 Click the Language tab 3 Click the Create Translation File button 196 Translation PR Es Te le TOET FT erg De gors dete el ST a ons _ et ieee 4 A new window will pop up asking you to establish the name of the language MDB file being created We recommend using the name of the language to be included in the MDB database For this example name the file SpanishEpi7 MDB Save the file to any location prp eum gO Lo Line o Documents gt Documents library ow hums Mave i type Masson Acce biia ride Fetters 5 Click Save 6 The message A Translation File is Ready for Use will be displayed The MDB file has been created and ready to be translated 197 Translation Epi Info Ci Translation file is ready for use 1 Use Microsoft Access to open the SpanishEpi7 mdb file Open the Cultural Resources table 3 The phrases contents in the RESOURCEVALUE column need to be translated from English into the corresponding language to AsNHOARD NITEXIWENU ADO TAL MAMI IL RAL VARIABLE VIAS
263. t with rows The selected fields align based on the selection 35 Form Designer Insert a Background Image or Color Insert a Background Image on a Form 1 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Format gt Background The Background dialog box opens From the Background Image section click Choose Image The Background Image box opens Locate the image file Click Open The selected image appears in the Background Image dialog box Image formats include bitmap bmp picture ico and JPEG jpg Use the Image Layout drop down selection to customize the image on the screen None Tile Center and Stretch From the Image and Color section use the radio buttons to Apply to all pages or Apply to the current page only Click OK The image appears in the form e To remove the image select Clear Image from the Background Image box Insert a Background Color to a Form 1 From the Form Designer navigation menu select Format gt Background The Background dialog box opens From the Background Image section click Change Color The Color dialog box opens Select a background color from the palette or select Define Custom Colors to enter a more specific color request Click OK The selected color previews in the background box From the Image and Color section use the radio buttons to Apply to all pages or Apply to the current page only Click OK The color appears in the form as a background
264. ta Source C Epi7 Epi Info 7 0 8 19 Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample py Show All Show Views ADDFull ADDFull1 AgeWithCount AgeWithCount2 Anderson BabyBloodPressure BabyBloodPressure3 codeAge Type code Bacterial Species codeCntycode codeDisCodes Key From the Data Formats drop down list specify the other Epi Info 7 project to be read Other data sources will be supported in a future release Inthe Data Source field click the Browse LJ button The Merge File Name dialog box opens Select the project file that contains the data to be merged Click Open The MERGE dialog box populates with available tables or worksheets Merge a data table or worksheet The Build Key button activates Click Build Key The RELATE BUILD KEY dialog box opens e There must be a variable in the Current Table that corresponds to a one in the Related Table i e Patient ID 100 Translation Build Key Dialog Available Variables Current Table s Operators vy And Or Yes No Missing Related Table 9 From the Available Variables drop down list select the current table merge 10 11 12 13 14 variable Click OK The Current Table field shows the selection From the Available Variables drop down list select the related table merge variable Click OK The Related Tables field shows the selection Click OK
265. ta from two fields and assign it into a third field using the amp operator In this case Patient Full Name will be assigned the concatenation of First Name and Last Name 1 From the Form Designer click Check Code The Check Code Editor opens 2 From the Choose Field Block for Action list box select the field that the code should run after In this example the code needs to run after you complete the Last Name field 3 Select after from the Before or After Section 4 Click the Add Block button 3 From the Add Command to Field Block list box click Assign The ASSIGN dialog opens 4 From the Assign Variable drop down list select the field to contain the concatenated value 5 Create the Expression using the amp operator e ASSIGN TargetField FieldA amp FieldB amp amp FieldZ e In this example ASSIGN PatientFullName FirstName amp LastName e Ifin Enter FirstName was entered the name Carl and LastName was entered the name Gao the result of PatientFullName would be CarlGao There are no spaces between the names To add a space between the names simply modify the ASSIGN statement by adding a blank space in quotes between the first and last names as in the following statement ASSIGN PatientFullName FirstName amp amp LastName 74 Form Designer Concatenate Fields with the Substring Function This example illustrates how to join parts of two variables to create a unique text
266. ta table from the list provided in the Data Source Explorer Click OK The Record Count and file information appear in the Classic Analysis Output window Read an ASCII Text File 6 7 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Read The READ dialog box opens From the Data Formats drop down list select Flat ASCII File In the Data Source field click the ellipsis LJ button to browse Click the ellipsis button again Select directory of the file to import into Classic Analysis Click OK Select the file from the list provided in the Data Source Explorer Click OK Note There are two forms of text files Since both have only one table per file you do not have to specify a table Both put the data for one record on a single line The difference is in how the fields are indicated 94 Translation Read an SQL Server Database 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Read The READ dialog box opens 2 From the Data Formats drop down list select Microsoft SQL Server Database 3 In the Data Source field click the ellipsis LJ button to browse 4 When the Connect to SQL Server Database dialog opens specify the server name and database name to connect and import into Classic Analysis 5 Click OK 6 From the list provided in the Data Source Explorer select a data table 7 Click OK The Record Count and file information appear in the Classic Analysis Output window 95 Translation
267. table 2 From the Analysis Command Tree click Advanced Statistics gt Logistic Regression The LOGISTIC dialog box opens 180 Translation Logistic Regression Outcome Variable Interaction Terms E Match Variable Output to Table C No Intercept 3 From the Outcome Variable drop down list select a variable to act as the dependent variable for regression 4 From the Other Variables drop down list select the variable s to act as the predictors e If you select any predictor variables Make Dummy will be activated Selecting one will allow a numeric variable to become discrete rather than continuous the variable is enclosed in parentheses to indicate that dummy variables are created If a predictor variable enclosed in parentheses is selected the Make Dummy button changes to Make Continuous Selecting it makes the variable continuous If you select more than one the Make Dummy button changes to Make Interaction Selecting it adds all possible selected combinations to the regression as interaction terms e Make Interaction appears if two or more variables are selected from the Other Variables list box Interaction Terms are defined with the Make Interaction button Click Make Interaction The relationship populates the Interaction Terms list e Match Variable identifies the variable indicating the group membership of each record e The Output to Table field identifies a data t
268. ted can be stored in a different database Examples Example 1 The program editor code contained in the Statistics pgm file is run RUNPGM C MyProject Folder Sample Sample prj Statistics 296 Functions and Operators SELECT Description This command allows an expression to be specified that must be true to process a record It can also be called a data filter If the current selection is Age gt 35 then only those records with age greater than 35 are selected SELECT used alone without an expression cancels all previous SELECT statements SELECT statements are cumulative until canceled Therefore Select Age gt 34 Select Sex Male will choose males over the age of 34 Cancel Select before doing Select Sex Female because you will get only records that are male and female or none at all Syntax SELECT lt expression gt e The lt expression gt represents any valid Epi Info 7 expression Comments SELECT expressions are cumulative so that the two expressions SELECT Age gt 35 SELECT Sex F are equivalent to SELECT Age gt 35 AND Sex F Examples Example 1 A subset of the data contained in the Food History table is selected In this case only records where the patient is female and interviewed after 04 15 2011 or where the patient is male and interviewed after 06 01 2011 are selected to be in the subset Note the use of parentheses to show relationships READ C My Project _
269. th epidemic Sometimes the preferred word because it may escape sensationalism Alternatively a localized as opposed to generalized epidemic Outliers The number of data values that are much smaller or larger than the rest of the data values P P Value The probability that an observed association between an exposure and a disease could have occurred because of chance alone if the exposure was not actually related to the disease PGM Files Commands entered into Classic Analysis generate lines of code in the Program Editor and can be stored in the current PRJ file Programs can be saved internally within the project or externally as a text file with a pgm7 file extension This makes a neat package of data and programs that can be copied to another system or sent by email for use elsewhere R Random experiment The process of observing the outcome of a chance event Ratio The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another Risk The probability that an event will occur e g an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or age Risk Ratio A comparison of the risk of some health related event e g disease or death in two groups S Sample space The set or collection of all elementary outcomes Standard Deviation A statistical summary of how dispersed the values of a variable are around its mean The average of all distances of each data point from the mean Standard Error of the mean The
270. that combines functions or literal values and operators 1 e amp and MOD Boolean expressions are not supported in assign commands Standard variables that depend on database fields must be saved to a table using WRITE before they can be edited using LIST UPDATE 247 Functions and Operators Comments Temporary variables must be defined before being used and will accept any type of data i e text numeric or date Once they have been assigned a non missing value or an expression their type cannot change If an attempt is made to assign an invalid expression to a variable it retains any previous assignment Examples Example 1 The ASSIGN command is used to assign values to defined variables and database variables Note that literal values e g 42 other variables and functions can be used on the right side of the operator READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance DEFINE State TEXTINPUT ASSIGN City Atlanta ASSIGN State GA ASSIGN Address City amp amp State DEFINE Now DATEFORMAT ASSIGN Now SYSTEMTIME DEFINE Duration NUMERIC A D SSIGN Duration YEARS 01 01 1998 ReportDate EFINE Ill YN ASSIGN Ill ASSIGN Age 42 ASSIGN Occupation Doctor Fi LIST Address City State Duration Now Ill Occupation Age GRIDTABL 248 Functions and Operators BEEP Description This command gene
271. the specified variable in the specified database The variable is assigned the value of input with a missing value if Cancel is chosen The variable will be of the same type as the database variable Date Mask System Time Format an System Long Date Digit placeholder Entry required Decimal placeholder The actual character used is the one specified as the decimal placeholder in the computer s international settings Thousand separator The actual character used is the one specified as the thousands placeholder in the computer s international settings Digit placeholder Entry optional 1 Custom Formats One or two digit day Two digit day Single digit day values are preceded by a zero 262 Functions and Operators Ddd Three character weekday abbreviation dddd Full weekday name One or two digit in a 12 hour format Two digit hour in a 12 hour format Single digit values are preceded by a zero One or two digit hour in 24 hour format Two digit hour in a 24 hour format Single digit values are preceded by a zero One or two digit minute Two digit minute Single digit values are preceded by a zero One or two digit month number Two digit month number Single digit values are preceded by a zero Three character month abbreviation MMMM Full month name One or two digit seconds Two digit seconds Single digit day values are preceded by a zero One letter AM
272. the contribution or each data row to the output Example The commands below show a comparison between two groups READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Addicts MSU IW Suiewawell Waliwnes Denis Clinic Siecnews ij WIEMRUIN aN 278 Functions and Operators LIST Description This command does a line listing of the current dataset If variable names are given LIST displays only these variables LIST displays all variables of all active records LIST EXCEPT displays all variables of all active records except those named Syntax LIST EXCEPT lt variable s gt LIST EXCEPT lt variable s gt GRIDTABLE e The asterisk is used to represent all variables e The lt variable s gt represents one or more variable names e The keyword GRIDTABLE specifies that data is displayed as a grid for viewing only instead of HTML format Comments Adding an EXCEPT Variable list excludes all the named variables from a LIST or LIST If the dataset has been sorted with the SORT command the records are listed in sorted order Otherwise they are listed in an order determined by the database Examples Example 1 All variables are listed using the grid format READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego LIST GRIDTABLE Example 2 The Age variable is listed using the web HTML format READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego LIST Age Example 3 The variables Sex Vanilla Chocol
273. the file on one computer On another machine however DOC might correspond to Corel WordPerfect Usually TXT will run NOTEPAD EXE or WORDPAD EXEO and image files will appear in a browser or in a graphics program An HTM file will bring up the default browser Examples Example 1 The EXECUTE command is used to start the Enter module The command line parameter is used to load the Oswego Form from the Sample database EXECUTE C Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 Enter exe Example 2 The output file generated in this case Outbreak1 htm is opened in the computer s default web browser EAD C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego OUTEOUT C Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 Output Outbreakl htm REPLACE SET STATISTICS COMPLETE TABLES Vanilla Ill STRATAVAR Sex EANS Chocolate Ill CLOSEOUT EXECUTE C Epi Info 7 Epi Info 7 Outbreakl htm 269 Functions and Operators FREQ Description FREQ produces a table from the table s specified in the last READ statement showing how many records have each value of the variable Exact Confidence limits for each proportion are included Syntax FREQ lt variable s gt lt settings gt FREQ EXCEPT lt variable s gt lt settings gt e lt variable s gt represents one or more variable names Group variables may be used e lt settings gt represent clauses fro
274. the form are deleted from the project Be absolutely sure you do not need the records WARNING This function should be used only if you want to delete the data All data will be deleted 61 Form Designer Check Code Overview To create Check Code open the Program Editor by selecting the Check Code button located on the toolbar or select Tools gt Check Code Editor from the Form Designer navigation menu Check Code validates data entry and enters data faster and more accurately With advance planning code can be created to perform calculations skip questions based on prior answers prompt the user with dialog boxes and populate fields across pages and records Basically Check Code is a set of rules for you to follow while entering data It helps eliminate errors that can occur when you enter large amounts of information Check Code is created using the Check Code Editor e Check Commands must be placed in a block of commands corresponding to a variable in the database Special sections are provided to execute commands before or after you display a form page or record e Comments preceded by two forward slashes may be placed within blocks of commands e Commands in a block are activated before or after you make an entry in the field By default commands are performed after an entry has been completed with lt Enter gt lt PgUp gt lt PgDn gt or lt Tab gt or another command causes the cursor to leave the
275. the module being used Currently Disabled 156 Translation Printout Command Reference The Printout command sends the current output file or another file specified by the user to the default printer This differs from the print button on the output window because a command is generated that causes printing whenever it is run Print Output 24x Filename to print leave blank for current SE Cancel Clear Save Only Help e If Filename is selected the file will print If blank it prints the current output e The ellipses to the right of the filename opens a Windows dialog box and allows you to search the computer for the program or command to execute e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window e Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code e Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command e Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered e Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 157 Translation Storing Output The Storing Output command defines how output files are stored in the current project directory with a name composed of a prefix and a sequence number Storing Output Ioj x Output File Prefix Output File Sequence ft Results Folder C NEI7083 E pi Info Epi Info Output ae View Archive Delete
276. the software testers Epi Info s Nutrition Project File replaces NutStat Acknowledgements Special thanks to Kevin Sullivan Ph D Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA Nathan Gorstein WHO Phillip Neibrug M D M P H Norman Staehling M S Ronald Fichtner Ph D and Frederick Trowbridge M D CDC for their assistance in preparing the Epi Info 6 manual upon which portions of this manual are based Notes These programs are provided in the public domain to promote public health We encourage you to provide copies of the programs and the manual to friends and colleagues The programs may be freely translated copied distributed or even sold without restriction except as noted below No warranty is made or implied for use of the software for any particular purpose Epi Info is a trademark of the CDC Please observe the following requests The programs can be translated and the examples altered for regional use but must be distributed in essentially the form supplied by CDC Epi Info is written in C NET and runs on version 3 5 of the Microsoft NET Framework Microsoft Windows Word and Visual Basic are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp Trade names are used for identification or examples no endorsement of particular products is intended or implied The use of trade names or trademarks in this manual does not
277. tion e lt scope gt is optional and is the level of visibility and availability of the new variable lt scope gt must be one of the reserved words STANDARD GLOBAL or PERMANENT If omitted STANDARD is assumed and a type indicator cannot be used For information on defining a variable as a DLL OBJECT see the DEFINE DLLOBJECT command e lt type indicator gt is required and cannot be used if lt scope gt is omitted lt type indicator gt is the data type of the new variable and must be one of the following reserved words NUMERIC TEXTINPUT YN or DATEFORMAT If omitted the variable type will be inferred based on the data type of the first value assigned to the variable However omitting field type is not recommended Once field type is defined the variable type cannot be changed An error will occur if you attempt to assign data of a different type to the variable Comments A custom variable defined in Epi Info 7 might not have a predefined data type if the lt type indicator gt is omitted when the variable is defined If the variable does not have a predefined type and has not been used the variable will accept a value in any of the four data types Text Number Date Yes No Boolean that is assigned to the variable the first time Thereafter the variable takes on the data type of the value assigned and it s data type cannot be changed However omitting field type is not recommended An error will occur if you attempt to as
278. tionships It may be easier however to write out a new file in which the complex key is included as a single variable Use this single variable as a key PRJ File RELATE Syntax Use READ to open the first PRJ file and RELATE to open the second and create the relationship READ C My Project Folder Sample Sample prj Surveillance RELATE RHepatitis GlobalRecordId GlobalRecordId Try It Epi Info 7 has a related database in the Sample PRJ file which contains two forms Surveillance and RHepatitis The variable GLOBAL RECORD ID is the internal Epi Info 7 identification key located in more than one form in the project 1 Readin the Sample PRJ project Open Surveillance 2 Click RELATE The RELATE dialog box opens 3 Select RHepatitis The Build Key button activates 4 Click Build Key The RELATE BUILD KEY dialog box opens Make sure the Current Table radio button is selected 96 Translation From the Available Variables drop down list select GLOBALRECORDID Select the Related Table radio button From the Available Variables drop down list select GLOBALRECORDID Click OK The Related Tables field populates o aoa NN Q A Click OK The RELATE dialog box opens and the Key field populates with the join information Data Formats Epi Info 7 Project Data Source C Epi7 Epi Info 7 0 8 19 Epi Info 7 Projects Sample Sample py m Show OAI Use Unmatched ALL
279. tle level will be removed e Title Line indicates which level of titles or body text is affected by the command and settings e Append Text adds a new line of text to an existing header If not selected the current title is replaced e Title indicates the text in the header title e Bold B displays header fonts in bold style text e Italic italicizes header fonts e Underline u underlines header fonts e Font Size A gt sets the text font size e Font Color ABue v allows you to apply a color to the header text e OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window 151 Translation Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled 152 Translation TypeOut The TypeOut command in Classic Analysis inserts text either a string or the contents of a file into the output Typical uses may include comments or boilerplates Selecting Filename opens the Windows File Explorer to allow you to select a file to be included in your output Open a file to use in the output window 3 GFJ USB DR E G Libraries E Documents a Music Pictures E Videos jM Computer Ties hifi HTML files htm nt
280. to accept the Build Key designations The MERGE dialog box opens Make Update and Append selections from the corresponding checkboxes For matching records Update replaces the value of any field in the READ table whose build key matches the MERGE table For unmatched records Append creates a new record in the READ table with values only for those fields that exist in the MERGE table For most merges select Update and Append records If you select both options records containing the same selected merge variables will be updated overwritten if there is new information All other records will be appended added to the end of the data table 15 From the Merge dialog box click OK If the MERGE table is the same project as the READ table the Record Count in the Output window updates to reflect any new records added to 101 Use the ASSIGN Command Translation This command assigns an expression result or the field value to a variable Variables are usually created with the DEFINE command and assigned a value Syntax ASSIGN lt variable gt lt expression gt 1 From the Classic Analysis Command Tree click Variables gt Assign The ASSIGN dialog box opens Assign Assign Variable Expression Available Variables OK Cancel Operators EA E aaa E S And Or Yes No Missing 2 From the Assign Variable drop down list select the variable to have a value assigned 3 Inthe Expres
281. ts appear in a grid in the Find window e Click Reset to begin a new search Note that more than one field can be searched at a time e Click Back to return to the Enter workspace 4 Open a record by double clicking the arrow on the chosen row The record displays in the Enter Data workspace 86 Translation TABO IWA MUM Enhance Searches with Find 1 When searching a numeric or date field the accepted search format for the field is displayed to the right of the entry field Embedded text items in multiline and text fields can be found by searching for word where word is the text string being sought This type of search is called a Wild Card search In a Wild Card search the asterisk represents any letter or string of letters i e a search for DIAGNOSES heart would identify all records for a large text field called DIAGNOSES which contained the word heart Dates and numeric fields can be searched using less than or greater than values lt gt Only OR can be used to search for matches based on more than one criteria Searches are not case sensitive and are designed to be more inclusive than exclusive Spelling variations are automatically accommodated 87 Translation Classic Analysis Introduction Classic Analysis manipulates manages and analyzes data It acts as a statistical toolbox providing many ways to transform data and perform statistical Classic Analysis Data can be selecte
282. ts the field s to receive the codes based on the value of the selection field Enter the codes for each field Press the Tab key to move to the next field or to the next row if at the end of a row Click OK to accept the codes for each field Click OK to close the Field Definition dialog box and place the fields in the form To test the code table open the Enter module and verify that both fields populate based on the drop down list selection 51 Form Designer Create Codes with Existing Table A code table can be used for more than one field in a form i e values of agree and disagree If you click on the Data Source ellipsis button after creating a new Codes field an option to Use Existing is displayed Follow the steps below to set up an existing code table for a different Codes field To create a Codes field using an existing code table 1 2 3 on o Open the page where you want to place the code table field Right click on the canvas The pop up menu will appear Move the mouse over the New Field option A sub menu will appear Select Codes as the variable type The Field Definition dialog opens for the field Enter the Question or Prompt for the field Select the field s to be linked from the Select field s to be linked to above field list box To select multiple fields hold down the CTRL key and click each field Click on the Data Source ellipsis button Click Use Existing The T
283. ty TEXTINPUT DIALOG Select a county NewCounty Fulton Baldwin DeKalb Cobb ASSIGN CountyName NewCounty LIST CountyName Example 4 A drop down list of choices is displayed Each list item is retrieved from the X_COORD column of the SohoDead data table READ C My_ Project_Folder Sample Sample prj SohoDead DEFINE Coordinates TEXTINPUT 264 Functions and Operators DIALOG Select Coordinates Coordinates DBVALUES SohoDead X COORD TITLETEXT Coordinates Example 5 A dialog box prompts you for an image file in JPG or bitmap format Upon choosing the file the full path and filename of the file are saved to the specified variable DEFINE FileName TEXTINPUT DIALOG Image files bmp jpg Allfiles FileName READ TITLETEXT Get image files Example 6 A dialog box is displayed that allows you to enter a number An input mask is used to force your input to three whole digits and one decimal digit Your input is temporarily assigned to each record in the form READ C My Project_Folder Sample Sample prj Oswego DEFINE NewAge NUMERIC DIALOG Enter patient age NewAge ASSIGN Age NewAge LIST Age Example 7 A dialog box is displayed that allows you to enter a number An input mask is used in order to force your input to either one or two whole digits and one decimal digit The 9 represents an optional digit
284. ugh the origin OK accepts the current settings and data and subsequently closes the form or window Save Only saves the created code to the Program Editor but does not run the code Cancel closes the dialog box without saving or executing a command Clear empties the fields so information can be re entered Help opens the Help topic associated with the module being used Currently Disabled How to Use 1 From the Analysis Command Tree use the READ command to open a PRJ project file Select a form or table From the Analysis Command Tree click Advanced Statistics gt Linear Regression The REGRESS dialog box opens 177 Translation Linear Regression Interaction Terms Confidence Limits Output to Table C No Intercept 3 From the Outcome Variable drop down list select a variable to be the dependent variable for regression 4 From the Other Variables drop down list select the variable s to be the predictors If you select any predictor variables Make Dummy will be activated Selecting one will allow a numeric variable to become discrete rather than continuous the variable is enclosed in parentheses to indicate that dummy variables are created If a predictor variable enclosed in parentheses is selected the Make Dummy button changes to Make Continuous Selecting it makes the variable continuous If you select more than one the Make Dummy button changes to Make Intera
285. ules Form Designer Enter Classic Analysis the Visual Dashboard and Maps The Tools menu also enables you to set default options which include Language Translations Getting Started e StatCalcis a sample size calculator e Help provides access to the online help videos an Epi Info discussion forum instructions on how to contact the Help Desk and an About Epi Info page Clicking the menu buttons allows easy access to the most used modules Form Designer Enter Classic Analysis the Visual Dashboard Maps the Epi Info website requires Internet connection and the ability to exit the application Getting Started Tech Support and Contact Information CDC provides funding for the Epi Info Help Desk which offers free technical support to all Epi Info users from 8 30 a m to 4 30 p m If you have any questions or issues with Epi Info systems contact the Epi Info Help Desk Epi Info Help Desk 404 498 6190 Epi Info E mail epiinfo cdc gov Website The latest version of the Epi Info software shapefiles for Epi Map comprehensive tutorials and translations can be downloaded from the Epi Info website Epi Info User Community Website The Epi Info User Community Website provides a forum for user questions and answers Join the group by creating a user account at http www phconnect org group epiinfo Complete the instructions for joining Acknowledgements Getting Started A Database and Statistics Progra
286. wn list based on that choice another field populates from a set of predetermined values New code tables can be created or existing code tables can help create code table selections When a list of values is specified an entry must match one of a specified list of values or be rejected To create a new code table 1 Open the page where you want the code table field to be placed 2 Right click on the canvas A pop up menu will appear 3 Move the mouse over the New Field option A sub menu will appear Select Codes as the variable type 4 The Field Definition dialog opens for the field Enter the Question or Prompt for the field Codes x Question or Prompt Field Name District Attributes Read Only Prompt Font E Required Field Font Select field s to be linked to DistrictCode 50 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 Form Designer Select the field s to be linked from the Select field s to be linked section To select multiple fields hold down the CTRL key and click each field Click on the Data Source ellipsis button p Question or Prompt Field Name District Attributes _ Read Only Prompt Font Field Font Select field s to be linked to Click Create New A spreadsheet opens for you to enter the values for the Codes field and Linked fields The left most column displays the selection field you chose in Step 4 Each column to the right lis
287. wo values Form Designer Pi eaten a naras Command Button Question ce Prompt G The Option field creates radio button selection fields for the form It is for mutually exclusive choices only one choice can be made If more than one choice is required use the Checkbox option The Command Button creates an executable button on the form For example execute Classic Analysis or another program e g Microsoft Excel Imape 8 Mirror Question of Prompt Question o Prompt Field Name Alteutes O Assigned Vanable Prompt Font The Image field allows an image to be inserted per record i e patient rash or bacteria picture The accepted image file types are Graphics Interchange Format GIF Joint Photographic Expert Group JPG or JPEG Windows Bitmap Format BMP Windows Icon File Format ICO Windows Metafile Format WMPF and Enhanced Metafile Format EMF The Mirror type field only works with multiple pages in a form i e if a Patient ID is on page one the value of Patient ID can be mirrored onto another page using the mirror field It will be Read Only 20 Date Time Field Name Altiules C Read Ory O Required Potter MMOD YYYY HH MM SS AM Form Designer Unique tdentitior Fiedd Nama Abtibubes The Date Time field is an alphanumeric field with pre set date time patterns selected from the pattern drop down list It cannot be altered Ge The Unique I
288. x SET lt parameter gt lt value gt The lt parameter gt lt value gt represents various elements on the form Any number of elements may be used in a single SET statement lt Text gt In Boolean variables NO will be represented as lt Text gt lt Text gt Variables with missing values will be represented as lt Text gt lt Text gt In Boolean variables YES will be represented as lt Text gt lt Text1 gt Sets displayed text for Yes No and Missing to Text1 Text2 and Text3 respectively A Y wam Deleted records are not Smt DELETED Only deleted records are included BOTH Deleted records are included DELETED YES or Deleted records are included NO or Deleted records are not included a ONLY Only deleted records are 299 Functions and Operators included MISSING or ON Include missing values for analysis or OFF Do not include missing values for analysis Program Specific Feature In the command generator selecting Save All generates a SET command which contains all current settings Selecting Save Only or OK generates a SET command which contains only changed settings To force a SET command to be generated for a current value of a setting change its value and change it back again Example SET MISSING 300 Functions and Operators SORT Description This command allows a sequence to be specified for records to
289. xpression Comments Undelete or expression causes all logically deleted records in the current selection matching the expression to be set to normal status This applies only to Epi Info 7 forms and may not be used when using related tables Example UNDELETE AgeInDays gt 5 307 Functions and Operators WRITE Description The WRITE command sends records to an output table or file in the specified format Specifications include which variables are written variable order and the type of file to be written Syntax WRITE lt METHOD gt lt output type gt lt project gt table lt variable s gt WRITE lt METHOD gt lt output type gt lt project gt table EXCEPT lt variable s gt e lt METHOD gt represents either REPLACE or APPEND e lt project gt represents the path and filename of the output e lt variable s gt represents one or more variable names e lt output type gt represents the following allowable outputs MS Access 97 2003 MS Access 97 lt path gt 2003 MS Access 2007 MS Access 2007 Excel 97 2003 MS Access 97 lt path gt 2003 Excel 2007 MS Access 2007 SQL Server Server Name amp Database Name Comments Records deleted in Enter or selected in Classic Analysis are handled as in other Analysis commands Defined variables may be written to allow you to create a new Epi Info 7 file to ma

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