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3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6.0.6 User`s Manual

1. jnt mom Page 97 followed by x y z moments for R Hand R Wrist R Elbow R Shoulder R Hip RIT R Knee R Ankle R Heel R Foot center R Ball of foot L Hand L Wrist L Elbow L Shoulder L Hip LIT L Knee L Ankle L Heel L Foot Center L Ball of foot Tragion Nasion Neck Top C7 T1 SCJ L5 S1 Hip center IT center Ankle center Center of balls of feet Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 98 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 99 REFERENCES Anderson C K Chaffin D B Herrin G D and Matthews L S A Biomechanical Model of the Lumbosacral Joint During Lifting Activities J Biomechanics 18 8 571 584 1985 Anderson C K A Biomechanical Model of the Lumbosacral Joint for Lifting Activities Ph D thesis Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering The University of Michigan 1983 Anderson P A Chanoski C E Devan D L McMahon B L Whelan E P Normative Study of Grip and Wrist Flexion Strength Em ploying a BTE Work Simulator Journal of Hand Surgery 15A 3 420 425 1990 Bazergui A Lamy CX and Farfan H F Mechanical Properties of the Lumbodorsal Fas cia Paper number IA 08 Proceedings of the 1978 Society for Experimental Stress Anal
2. E Top View from Z Axis Task Input Summary Analysis Summary Fatigue Lowback Analysis 3D Lowback Analysis Sagittal Plane Strength Capabilities Shoulder Analysis Anthropometry Balance Seated Balance Standing Forces Locations Moments Posture Spinal Forces and Moments Strength Direction Yectors Print Reports Export Output Summary Figure 11 1 Reports Menu Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 78 information about the analyzed task Included are the company analyst date task name gender per centile anthropometry height weight and task comment For all report screens the output can be toggled between English or Metric units by choos ing Task Input Metric or Task Input English Section 6 2 The windows do not have to be closed to change the units Clicking the right mouse button right clicking on the title bar will open a context menu which is useful for printing and copying 30 3DSSPP Task Input Summary Description 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 1 TASK INPUT SUMMARY REPORT The Task Input Summary Figure 11 2 displays a summary of the data entered under the Task Input Menu items including the 1 Joint angles 2 Hand locations 3 Hand force magnitude and direction and 4 Additional joint forces Company ABC Company Analyst CBW Date 05 22 08 Task Example Job
3. Problems of Determination of Rest Allowances Part 2 Determining Rest Allow ances in Different Human Tasks Applied Er gonomics 4 158 162 1973 Shanne T A A Three Dimensional Hand Force Capability Model for the Seated Operator Un published Ph D thesis Industrial and Opera tions Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 102 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Smith S S and Mayer T G Quantification of Lumbar Function Part 1 Spine 10 8 757 764 1985 Stobbe T The Development of a Practical Strength Testing Program for Industry Un published Ph D thesis Industrial and Opera tions Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1980 Tilley A R The Measure of Man and Woman Human Factors in Design Henry Dreyfuss As sociates 1993 Tracy M Gibson M J Szypryt E P Rutherford A Corlett E N The Geometry of the Mus cles of the Lumbar Spine determined by Mag netic Resonance Imaging Spine 14 186 93 1989 Waters T R Putz Anderson V Garg A Fine L J Revised NIOSH Equation for the Design and Evaluation of Manual Lifting Tasks Ergo nomics 36 7 749 776 1993 Webb Associates Anthropometric Source Book Vol I NASA 1024 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington DC 1978 Wilhelm G A The
4. button and select a new color using the provided dialog box 9 2 ENVIRONMENT Selecting Oblique View Environment displays a dialog box Figure 9 3 which allows the user to select the following display options relevant to en vironment objects This feature is provided to aid the analyst in matching postures to photographs or video images However physical interaction be tween the environment items and the human figure is not calculated nor are analysis results affected by the presence or absence of environment objects Environment Misc Objects Floor Visible Fill Color Y Outline Handheld Object Lean Height 2 in Box Cylinder C Sphere Depth 1 2 in mM Outline Barrier Type C Wall C Table Distance 20 in Azimuth 0 Deg Thickness 2 in Elevation 0 in Apply Cancel Figure 9 3 Oblique View Environment Dialog None Length 40 in Width 20 in Page 67 9 2 1 Floor This object Figure 9 4 has fixed dimensions and is automatically positioned beneath the figure s feet Click on the box to insert or remove the floor from display 9 2 2 Handheld Object Be aware that 3DSSPP always positions the hand held object between the hands with the hands cen tered on the sides of the object if the task being modeled involves an asymmetrically held object the modeled image will not match the actual task The inclusion of the hand held object on the graphics display has no beari
5. Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Limb Angles Deg Hand Forearm Upper Arm Clavicle Upper Leg Lower Leg Foot Hands Left Horz Vert 153 25 9 Horz Deg Yert Deg 90 90 Neutral Locationfin Force 3DSSPP 6 0 1 Maa lb i Angles Degrees Flexion Rotation Bending Pelvic Lateral Tilt Pelvic Axial Rotation Head Neck Flexion Rotation Bending Right Vert 259 Vert Deg 90 Lat 6 7 Magllb 10 0 Lat 6 7 Horz 159 Horz Dea 10 0 30 Licensed to U of M Copyright 2008 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 2 Task Input Summary report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 79 11 2 ANALYSIS SUMMARY REPORT 1 A positive X component indicates a task re quiring a sideways push to the left while a The analysis summary report Figure 11 3 displays negative X component indicates a task re five areas of information Hand Forces Low Back quiring a sideways push to the right Disc Compression Percent Capable Balance and Coefficient of Friction 2 If the task involves pulling towards the body the Y component will be positive if the task involves forward pushing the Y component will be negative 3 If the task involves lifting the Z component 121 Mand Forces of the hand force
6. Torsion About the L5 S1 Normal Y Anterior Posterior Dir Sagittal Plane Shear Force On L5 S1 Disc X Right Side Frontal Resultant Vector Sum of X and Y Plane Shear Force Shear Force On L5 S1 Figure 1 3 Shear forces and torsion on a vertebral disc Erector Spinae Rectus Abdominus and Ab 1 3 3 3D Compression and Torso dominal Force computation for L5 S1 moment equi Muscle Force Optimization at librium are based on the moment arm length data L4 L5 with standard deviation as compiled from studies by McGill Patt and Norman 1988 Reid Costigan amp Comrie 1987 Nemeth and Ohlsen 1986 and Chaffin Redfern Erig and Goldstein 1989 Torso muscle moment arms and muscle orienta tion data for the L4 L5 level have been studied more extensively than at any other lumbar level Hence the three dimensional back compression optimization is computed at L4 L5 lumbar level L4 L5 level torso muscle five on the left side and Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 five on the right side areas moment arms and con tractile force direction data were utilized from stud ies by McGill Patt and Norman 1988 Reid Costigan amp Comrie 1987 Nemeth and Ohlsen 1986 Chaffin Redfern Erig amp Goldstein 1989 Kumar 1988 Tracy et al 1989 and McGill and Norman 1986 Torso muscle tensile forces are computed using the
7. i Parameters Actual Value elbow flexion 687 6 trunk rotation right 95 5 elbow extension 417 4 trunk rotation left 95 6 humeral medial rotation 453 trunk flexion 4750 humeral lateral rotation 308 7 trunk extension 3458 shoulder abduction 622 hip flexion 1810 shoulder adduction 616 hip extension 4927 5 shoulder rotation back 615 knee flexion 968 shoulder rotation forward 756 knee extension 1507 2 trunk bending right 1152 6 ankle flexion 1228 4 AMENA NA IE ma EE r z fr E EE ma Cm trunk bending left 1149 8 ankle extension 7228 4 Cancel Figure 6 12 Dialog of actual population strength values for twenty strengths i 6 6 7 4 3 Standard Deviation The Standard Deviation Dialog Figure 6 13 contains the population standard deviations meas ured for each strength These are used to calculate the percentile strengths of the population and as sume a normal distribution Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Parameters Standard Deviation elbow flexion 169 elbow extension g humeral medial rotation 4 i humeral lateral rotation 7 shoulder abduction 453 shoulder adduction 493 shoulder rotation back y o shoulder rotation forward 2 o m Wt trunk bending right 3 trunk bending left 33 7 Page 35 trunk rotation right 22 9 trunk rotation left 22 9 trunk flexio
8. 8 Human figure 9 1 Color 9 1 3 9 1 4 Model figure types 9 1 1 Hand type 6 8 1 Lighting 9 5 Transparency 9 4 3 Humeral rotation angle see Shoulder HUMOSIM 10 4 Included joint angles 11 13 Increment Body segment angles 6 7 1 Hand loads 6 12 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 106 Hand posture 6 8 Inverse kinematics see Posture entry method Joint angles see Body segment angles or Included joint angles Joint locations Report 11 11 Knee Included angle 11 13 L4 L5 disc 1 3 3 Report 11 4 L5 S1 disc see Disc compression force Definition 1 3 2 Forces and moments 1 3 2 Ligament strain see Ligament strain Location 11 11 Report 11 5 Lateral bending see Body segment angles Leg loads 11 2 4 Length of barrier see Environment objects Barrier Ligament strain L5 S1 11 5 1 Lighting graphic display 9 5 Link lengths see Anthropometry Link weights see Anthropometry Locking mode 6 11 Lower arm angle see Body segment angles Lower leg angle see Body segment angles Lumbar Forces and moments see L5 S1 Lumbodorsal fascia 11 5 1 Maintain hand positions 6 6 5 Maximum permissible limit MPL see NIOSH limits Mean strength 11 6 Model type see Human figure Moments 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Hand 6 13 Report 11 12 Motion see Animation NIOSH limits Action limit AL 1 3 1 1 Disc compression gui
9. Bazer gui et al 1978 and Farfan 1973 Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Compression Force at L5 51 Total Compression Ib Components Erector Spinae Rectus Abdominus Abdominal Hand Loads Upper Body Weight Shear Force at L5 S1 Total Shear lb Components Sagittal Plane Frontal Plane Estimated Ligament Strain 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Licensed to University of Michigan Copyright 2008 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 6 Sagittal Plane Low Back Analysis report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 84 11 6 STRENGTH CAPABILITIES RE PORT The strength capabilities report Figure 11 7 out puts the results of the strength model The Required Moments torque produced by the load and body weight for each joint are calculat ed using a biomechanical model based on a static linkage algorithm and are dependant upon the an thropometry posture and hand load The Population Mean Strengths and their stand ard deviations are computed from empirical mean strength equations The equations are based on ex perimental strength studies by Stobbe 1980 Shanne 1972 Burgraaff 1972 Clarke 1966 Smith and Mayer 1985 Mayer et al 1985 Ki shino et al 1985 Kumar Chaffin and Redfern 1985 and many others 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 The P
10. Knee 3 5 Ankle 3 5 Heel of Foot 3 0 Center of Foot 3 5 Ball of Foot 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 0 3 6 5 7 3DSSPP 6 0 1 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2008 The Regents of the University of Michigan 4LL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 13 Locations report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 92 11 12 MOMENTS REPORT The moments report Figure 11 14 lists the result ant moments produced by the loads and body weight about the main reference axes x y and z at each joint and support surface The moments re ported here do not include the moments produced by the internal muscle forces or abdominal pres sure The X axis extends laterally from the origin 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 with positive to the subject s right The Y axis ex tends from the origin to the front and the back of the body with positive being forward Lastly the Z axis extends vertically from the origin with positive upwards A negative moment value indicates a clockwise moment about the given joint axis a pos itive moment represents a counterclockwise mo ment This definition follows the right hand rule po Rid 3DSSPP Moments Description Task Untitled Task Comment Moments in lb Left x e Hand 0 0 0 0 Wrist 25 7 6 4 Elbow 114 3 28 5 Shoulder 216 1 10 6 L4 L5 1591 8 0 0 L5 51 1697 4 0 0 Ischial Tuberosities Hip 8
11. The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 25 Chapter 5 EDIT MENU COMMANDS The Edit Menus Figures 5 1 and 5 2 contain com mon editing related commands which are applicable to posture manipulation and or animation frame manipulation Edit Task Input Display 3 Views Oblique Ctrl Z Ctrl Y Undo Posture Change Redo Posture Change Ctrl X Ctrl C Ctrl V Cut Frame Copy Frame Paste Frame Figure 5 1 Edit Menu 5 1 UNDO REDO POSTURE CHANGES Selecting Undo Posture returns the posture to the previous posture if it exists The user can undo multiple posture changes and Undo will work for all posture changes whether made by direct manip ulation posture prediction or directly through the Body Segment Angles Dialog The Undo com mand is also available in the 3 Views context menu and in the Body Segments Dialog Selecting Redo Posture replaces the current posture with the most recently undone posture It also allows multiple levels and is only valid if the undo command has been used Redo will work for all posture changes whether made by direct manip ulation posture prediction or directly through the Body Segment Angles Dialog The Redo command is also available in the 3 Views context menu and in the Body Segments Dialog 5 2 UNDO REDO FRAMES Selecting Undo Frame Add removes the re cently added frame
12. The first key should be held while the second key is pressed For example if in structed to hold ALT and press PrtSc print screen the instruction will appear as fol lows press ALT PrtSc 4 If a specific menu sequence is to be fol lowed the sequence will appear in italicized bold faced text with a pipe symbol be tween each item For example to access the Units Selection Dialog the instruction to choose the Task Input Menu and select the Units item would appear as Task Input Units Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 9 Chapter 2 GETTING STARTED 2 1 INSTALLING AND STARTING 3DSSPP 1 Insert media or download and find the in stallation file and double click its icon The file will be named 3DSSPP 600 Setup exe or something very similar 2 Follow the on screen instructions Be sure to read the End User License Agreement 3 To begin working with 3DSSPP double click on the main program icon 3D or the filename 3DSSPP exe If the program has been added to the Start Menu or desktop then it can be started there as well Note If your computer is on a network your account may not have sufficient privileges to install new software If you experience difficulties with installation consult your network administrator Installation of 3DSSPP on a network not just a single workstation req
13. WINDOWS DISPLAY SELECT 5 cisiseacon sec di di de 61 Chapter 8 ORTHOGONAL VIEW 3 VIEWS MENU COMMANDS ccccceccseesseseeeteeneeenee 63 8 1 SHOW FORCES ctor ita e docs 63 SL EDO SS a E SN oo 63 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page x 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 Chapter 9 OBLIQUE VIEW MENU COMMANDS eeceeccessesseseesecseeececeesceaeeseeaecaeeseeneeaeensens 65 91 HUMAN FIGURES ci ESE 66 A MS dl ae eS EE 66 9 1 2 Enable OGG ee i ce is ha IN aa ec aad ra ole ee 66 DA E e E 66 A Rt EE OI aren een meee re Coe Reem ned reer eee re eran Rie eRe Seen ae eeeR ee 67 q ENVIRONMENT a 67 9 2 e e pt la e eet ane reer ere 67 922 Handheld A trait iia Baten earner nmecueats 67 9 23 O 68 ODA ET 68 9 3 CAMERA aida 69 DAS BACECGROUN Dt ESA 69 A O eae 69 oR PE o OI E A E E sl a 70 AS Figure J PATS PARC y iniseehiean nenn e a Gam dae uetus ae auue Zaticaaathanch etl 70 IN O teas 70 Chapter 10 ANIMATION MENU COMMANDS ccecccesesssesseesseeeeeesecaecsseeseeeeeseeeeseeeaeenaeaes 71 10 1 FRAME PARAMETERS FOR BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSES 000 71 10 2 ANIMATION FRAME CONTROL BAR ceeceecessceseesseeseeeeeeeeeeseceseesseeseeseeees 71 10 2 1 Playing Animation Frames situa isiotulauit ito 12 10 2 2 Animation Context Medline 72 0 2 3 Animation Edit BUS SNA e E nels 72 10 2 4 Inserting a String of Blank Frames oooooonnnccnocococccnoncconncconononn nono conocio co
14. angle is 0 degrees When the left forearm is aligned with the negative X axis and the forearm is pointing away from the body to the left side the angle is 0 degrees When either forearm is located in front of the X axis the angle is positive and is measured with respect to the X axis Ifthe forearm crosses behind the X axis then the angle is nega tive This horizontal angle measurement convention holds for the hand lower arm upper arm upper leg lower leg and foot The X Y plane for the hand is created at the wrist joint center for the lower arm at the elbow for the upper arm at the shoulder joint center for the upper leg at the hip joint center for the lower leg at the knee joint center and for the foot at the ankle joint center Hand posturing is cov ered in Section 6 8 Note that the horizontal angle does not have meaning when the body segment link is perfectly vertical it has no projection onto the X Y plane other than a point The horizontal angle need not be entered in this case Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 39 Figure 6 18 Horizontal angle measurements Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 40 6 7 3 2 Vertical Angles Vertical angles are measured between the lower arm and the horizontal X Y plane intersecting the superior joint of the link Th
15. cannot be displayed simultaneously The barrier may be repositioned if it appears to be in contact with the humanoid The Distance Elevation and Azimuth input fields refer to a cylindrical coordinate system with the origin at the center of the feet at the height of the lowest foot The central axis points up vertically and the angle reference line projects straight ahead from the figure Type Three barrier options are available none wall and table Only one barrier can be dis played at a time and the default is no barrier The wall type is oriented vertically and al ways faces the figure The table type is ori ented horizontally with its inner edge always facing the figure Length This field specifies the barrier s left to right horizontal dimension This dimension appears the same and is measured the same for either the wall or the table barrier types Width This field allow the user to specify the barrier s vertical dimension as a wall or its horizontal front to back dimension as a table Thickness This field allows the user to specify thickness of the barrier Distance This input field specifies the radial distance of the barrier from the hominoid s central vertical axis For both the wall and the table this dimension is measured hori zontally from the vertical axis of the cylindri cal coordinate system to the barrier s center see above Azimuth This input field specifies in degr
16. graphical representation of the hominoid s Basis of Support and Center of Pressure The posture is in balance if the center the round dot is within the marked area See the Balance Report Section 11 9 Below the graphic is a verbal indication of the balance condition 3 7 6 Coefficient of Friction Below the balance information is listed the cal culated minimum foot floor Coefficient of Friction This value is only valid when the eternal forces on the body include horizontal components See Sec tion 11 2 5 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 3 8 ANIMATION FRAME CONTROL BAR The Animation Frame Control Bar Figure 3 9 on ly appears in the 3D Dynamic Mode of 3DSSPP operation Section 6 3 In this mode multiple pos tures can be entered and analyzed using 3DSSPP For more information see Chapter 10 3 9 STATUS BAR The Status Bar is at the very bottom of the program window It contains help statement for each of the menu items and may be useful for beginners The Status Bar can be turned on or off see Section 7 3 3 10 REPORT WINDOWS Report windows are generated whenever a report option is selected from the Reports Menu Chapter 11 Changes in units anthropometry load or pos ture will automatically be reflected in any open re port window To close a report window easily simply press the Escape key while the report is the active window or use the standard close command on the window s title b
17. of The University of Michigan a constitutional corporation of the State of Michigan MICHIGAN The term LICENSEE shall mean the person installing the PROGRAM defined below in Paragraph 1 if it is solely for per sonal use by that person on the personal equipment of that person Alternatively if the PROGRAM is being installed on equipment for use by another legal entity such as a corporation limited liability company or partnership then the person installing the PROGRAM by proceeding with the installation certifies that he or she has authority to bind that legal entity to this Agreement and that legal entity shall be considered to be the LICENSEE By installing copying downloading accessing or otherwise using the PROGRAM you and LICENSEE agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement If you or LICENSEE if a separate legal entity do not agree with the terms of this Agreement do not install access or use the PROGRAM instead you should return it to the University of Michigan for a full refund BACKGROUND 1 The University of Michigan through its Center for Ergonomics has developed a proprietary computer program and related documentation known as the 3D Static Strength Prediction Program for use by trained individuals as a job physical stress analysis model in the field of ergonomics hereinafter referred to as PROGRAM and 2 LICENSEE desires to obtain and MICHIGAN consistent with its mission of education and research des
18. velop the revised 1991 lifting equation Waters et al 1993 while the SUL are consistent with the criteria used to develop the 1981 equation Because the 1991 version has moved from a three stage decision matrix to a single lifting index in assessing the risk of low back pain these upper limits were not in cluded as criteria for the 1991 version Further dis cussion concerning the back compression design and upper limits as well as the basis for strength design and upper limits can be found in Occupation al Biomechanics Chaffin 2006 Page 3 1 32 L5 S1 Forces and Moments The Lumbar Disc Compression Force at L5 S1 disc level is calculated as the sum of Erector Spi nae Rectus Abdominus either one active per pos ture abdominal force upper body weight above L5 S1 level and hand load Figure 1 2 Further more forces acting upon the L5 S1 disc are resolved to compute the shear components in the Anterior Posterior and Lateral directions The vector sum of these two shear forces is called the Resultant Shear Force on the L5 S1 disc In addition to the Result ant Shear Force the disc may be subjected to further stress due to those loading and postural conditions which create torsion about the longitudinal axis of the L5 S1 disc often called the Moment about the L5 S1 disc normal Uneven hand loads and or ro tation of the torso from side to side during the task can easily generate an axial rotation moment normal
19. 10 2 Posture Prediction Dialog The Posture Prediction Dialog Figure 6 35 is used to specify the positions of the hands relative to a point on the floor between the ankles Note that the hand orientation helps the com puter decide upon elbow elevation When the palm is prone palm down the elbow tends to be higher in the air The elbow is lower when the hand is semi prone and is very low when the palm is supine palm upward A good rule of thumb is that if there is any doubt about the hand orientation choose neu tral If the palm is not completely pointing down or completely pointing up the best choice is neutral Posture Prediction Hand Orientation fin C Pronated Neutral C Supinated 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 To use posture prediction enter the hand loca tions referenced to the Measurement Coordinate Center The Tab key can be used to move to each entry box Horizontal refers to the distance from the reference point in the forward backward di rection where forward distances are positive and backward distances are negative Vertical refers to the vertical distance from the reference point where positive values are above the point and negative values are be low the point Lateral refers to the side to side distance from the center point where positive values are to the right and negative values are to the left of the subject If the posture is symmetric enter the angles f
20. 7 4 1 Predicted Value The Predicted Value Dialog Figure 6 11 con tains strength values from the strength prediction equations evaluated at the posture used to obtain the actual male and actual female population strength values These values must be hand calculated and the units must be the same as the units used for the actual population strength values Contact 3DSSPP technical support for assistance 6 6 7 4 2 Actual Value The Actual Value Dialog Figure 6 12 contains the mean strength values from the measured popu lation These values are divided by the predicted values to calculate a scaling factor to be applied to the mean strength prediction equations for analyses Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 34 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Parameters Predicted Value elbow flexion 493 9 trunk rotation right 39 9 elbow extension 222 trunk rotation left 39 2 hi humeral medial rotation 455 4 trunk flexion 924 humeral lateral rotation 49 9 trunk extension 2506 ik shoulder abduction 248 hip flexion 4569 shoulder adduction 4405 hip extension 2230 me Em a shoulder rotation back 196 knee flexion 765 shoulder rotation forward 1192 8 knee extension 1896 trunk bending right 132 9 ankle flexion 1701 trunk bending left 32 ankle extension 1701 Cancel Figure 6 11 Dialog of predicted strength values for twenty strengths TET kkk
21. Adduc 216 1 ABDUCT 616 9 1522 99 6 216 1 ABDUCT 665 5 Wise SELF Torso Flex Ext 1748 3 EXTEN 3540 7 1116 1 946 Lat l Bending 0 0 100 Rotation 0 0 ful Hip Flex Ext 916 2 EXTEN 1963 3 788 4 90 8 916 2 EXTEN 1963 3 788 4 90 8 Knee FlexExt 122 1 EXTEN 1467 6 5141 99 6 122 1 EXTEN 1467 6 514 1 99 6 Ankle FlexExt 126 4 FLEXN 1228 2 405 9 99 7 126 4 FLEXN 1228 2 405 9 99 7 3DSSPP 6 0 6 Licensed to chuck Copyright 2011 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 7 Strength Capabilities report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 7 SHOULDER MUSCLE MODEL RE PORT Page 85 This analysis currently requires the use of MATLAB software which must be concurrently running on the computer In addition the The shoulder muscle model report Figure 11 8 MATLAB Optimization Toolbox must be available outputs the results of the shoulder muscle model The model analyzes the left and right shoulder inde pendently Given the reactive forces and moments along with the joint posture the model determines which of the 38 shoulder muscles are active and how much force each is producing This model and report will be enhanced in fu ture releases of Version 6 It is expected that MATLAB will not be required 35 3DSSPP Shoulder Muscle Analysis Description Company Unknown Company Analyst
22. RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 hip The side view gives the best perspective on trunk flexion The front view is best for lateral bending The graphic marker associated with trunk flexion bending is located at the base of the neck Either movement or rotation can be selected Rota tion is centered at the L5S1 Note that within the biomechanical model the trunk is formed by the pelvis and the torso links which are each assigned separate angles based on the entered trunk flexion angle according to an al gorithm derived from empirical data Anderson 1983 The two links are visible in the human graphics in the display view windows 3 5 3 3 Trunk Axial Rotation Trunk axial rotation corresponds to the rotation of the trunk about the axis of the spine To change the rotation value select and move or rotate the solid marker sternum where the clavicles meet Axial rotation is the most difficult of the joint an gles to enter At times the computer may have diffi culty in interpreting the cursor position Therefore it may be necessary to click in several locations to see how the computer interprets the cursor position For this angle trying the different view windows may be helpful if altering axial rotation in one of the views does not appear to work well however in general the top view tends to be more favorable for erect postures whereas the front view tends to be easier to manipulate with stoop post
23. STARTING 3D SSPP cissisc tessncesteissantecscesesdeacesetedenndecdeocnes REGISTRATION 00 ai dia i a io STARTUP SCREENS ia EN eee er ela eee EVALUATION OPERA FION a eS ID STATICVSDYNAMICMODE ta iaa SCREEN AREAS iaa PROGRAMWINDO Witt PROGRAM TITLE BAR xy scsaes tithe ance eapaadinstahcianeni ty nti Eare a maemo MENU BAR 525 cs ees Seca idas ORTHOGONAL VIEW 3 VIEW WINDOWS cecceceecceseeeeeteeeeetecneeeeeneeeees DIRECT MANIPULATION OF POSTURE o cccccoconnncnononnnonononnncncnnnnnnnncnononnccnnnnnss 3 5 1 Moving Joint Markers sic Gods aoe ad Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page vi 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 3 5 2 Rotating Body Segments about a Joint SHIFT Key Use eee 14 3 5 3 Direct Manipulation Hints voagics2 scctiekseasiesesnccecs eecsaestbcc teenie Wabeiectrchsennsteiincds 14 33l MOSS o ad 14 3 5 3 2 Trunk Flexion and Lateral Bending is 14 3 5 3 3 TUN Axial Rota O SS 15 o Hand Positions Socera ne aena n aa reset ae aa oo 15 3 54 Jomt Angle Range PS ia e E a 15 3 6 OBLIQUE VIEW WINDOW da Ni a da iii 15 3 6 1 Manipulate Hominoid VW is 16 3 STATUS WINDOW sind eae Hiatt a a r a mae 16 3 7 1 Anthropometry and Hand Potts dd dba 17 31 2 Hand Locations a i 17 3 7 3 Low Back COMPTESSION ii ia 17 3314 Strength Percent Capable ni ida 18 Sid Balance Analysis AA So A A A E A 18 3 1 6 Coefficient of Friction senieces n oesldha oan a a Mesh
24. Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 11 LOCATIONS REPORT The locations report Figure 11 13 lists the calcu lated locations of each joint hand and supporting surface The locations x y z are referenced to the current measurement coordinate center The default center for standing mode cases is at the center of the feet Center of the ankles projected downward to the floor support of the lowest foot For seated mode cases the default center is at the Seat Refer ence Point SRP The SRP is automatically calcu lated from the intersection of the trunk and upper leg angles and is displaced perpendicular to the BS 3DSSPP Locations Description Page 91 body segments by population factors which are fraction of stature The X axis extends laterally from the origin with positive to the subjects right The positive Y axis extends forward from the origin and the posi tive Z axis extends vertically from the origin with positive upwards This forms a right had coordi nate system Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 09 29 08 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Locations in Hand Wrist Elbow Shoulder Tragion Nasion Neck Top C T1 SCJ E5751 Hip Center IT Center Center of Feet Ball of Foot Center Seat Back Center Seat Reference Forward Seat Center Forward Seat Hip 3 5 Ischial Tuberosities
25. analyze approximately 17 000 reaching and transfer tasks demonstrated by male and females of varying stat ure and age The model is known as HUMOSIM M1 and was the first attempt to model the collected motion database The motions in the database were seated and standing pointing reach motions and seated and standing transfer motions with one or two hands The motions included both reach and return from target locations spread around the reach envelop For the transfers the motions were divided into four phases reach to place the object return to home without object reach to get object and return to home with object The home location was a natu ral hand location in front of the subjects waist For seated driving cases it was a natural steering wheel hand location posture In addition to the HUMOSIM MI model the prediction dialog allows a motion to be predicted using linear interpolation between the body seg ment angles of two entered postures The two en tered postures could also be predicted using the static posture prediction capability of 3DSSPP Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 74 10 4 1 Dialog for HUMOSIM Motion Pre diction Standing or Seated Mode The Predict Reach Motion Dialog using the HUMOSIM model is shown in Figure 10 5 The three graphic displays at the top of the dialog dis play the starting posture the created motion and the ending posture These
26. and balance details for stand ing and seated modes The stability condition as well as intermediate calculation values are listed and are most helpful in validating the balance cal culations To select the type of support seated or standing see the Support Selection Dialog Page 87 11 9 1 Maximum Balance Moments The 3DSSPP uses a top down calculation ap proach forces and moments are summed from the hands down to the pelvis To be balanced the pelvic resultant forces and moments must be offset by forces and moments from the legs and support ing surfaces The model estimates external support ing forces and locations based on total moment 3DSSPP Balance Report Description Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 02 08 10 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height ES Center of Balance Center of Pressure in M Forward to Backward 44 Right to Left 48 Center of Body Mass in Forward to Backward 2 8 Right to Left 3 7 Base of Support fin Dist to Front 3 6 Dist to Back ale Dist to Right 17 Dist to Left lee Residual Support Moments irrlb A if zZ 0 0 22 8 0 0 Maximum Balance Moments firrlb Left x iF Ball 758 8 2055 6 Heel 1234 2 1521 6 Stability Balance Acceptable Leg Loads Left 0 Right 100 Right x T Z 758 8 180 5 0 0 J22 Enel 0 0 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Licensed t
27. but includes all external forces and moments as well as the body part masses The Cen ter of Pressure is shown on the balance graphic as a red dot 11 9 6 Base of Support For balance to be obtained the COP must be contained within a stability region defined by the supporting surfaces Two stability regions are de termined and considered The Basis of Support BOS is a region defined by the size and location Page 89 of the supporting surfaces For example in stand ing mode the feet can only support a posture if the Center of Pressure is within the outline of the feet otherwise the person will fall over However it has been shown that people do not normally let the Center of Pressure get close to the edge of the BOS supposedly as a safety factor Holbein Jenny et al 2007 Therefore a Functional Stability Region FSR has been defined and experimentally deter mined within which people tend to keep the Center of Pressure Between the perimeter of these two regions is a critical region of balance where a per son may feel insecure 11 9 7 Stability Balance Condition The stability balance condition depends upon the location of the Center of Pressure with respect to the Base of Support The output is either Ac ceptable Critical or Unacceptable Acceptable CP Balance The Center of Pressure location is within the FSR and the posture is stable Critical CP Balance The Center of Pressure location is outside the FSR and y
28. can be either tab or comma delimited and the data can be append ed to a file or overwrite data in a file Column Select any combination of output IY Summary Results MW Strength Capabilities W Low Back M Fatigue Report MW Balance Report W Hand Forces M Body Segment Angles M Posture Angles W Joint Locations W Joint Forces W Joint Moments Column Headers TF Include Column Headers m Delimiter E File Mode i Append Overnarite Comma O Tab OF Cancel Figure 11 19 Export Summary Options Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 96 headers can be included as an additional line if de sired 11 16 1 Export Output File Format All selected output values for each analysis are ex ported on one line as text values The following values are always exported at the beginning of the line Analyst company units task name gender 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 follow selected blocks of data values Each block begins with the block abbreviation text string val ue The blocks and abbreviations are as follows Hand Forces hand forces Body Segment Angles seg ang Summary Results summary Strength Capabilities str cap Posture Angles post ang Joint Locations nt loc Joint Forces jnt forces Joint Moments jnt mom and Low Back low back The data values included in each block a
29. hand forces R Elbow Flexion R Force Magnitude R Humeral Rotation R Force Vert Angle R Shoulder Rotation R Force Horz Angle R Shoulder Abduction L Force Magnitude R Hip Flexion L Force Vert Angle R Knee Flexion L Force Horz Angle R Ankle Flexion L Wrist Flexion Body Segment Angles L Wrist Deviation L Forearm Rotation seg ang L Elbow Flexion R Hand Vert L Humeral Rotation R Hand Horz L Shoulder Rotation R Hand Rot L Shoulder Abduction R Forearm Vert L Hip Flexion R Forearm Horz L Knee Flexion R Upper arm Vert L Ankle Flexion R Upper arm Horz Torso Flexion R Clavicle Vert Torso Lateral Bending R Clavicle Horz Torso Rotation R Upper leg Vert R Upper leg Horz Balance R Lower leg Vert R Lower leg Horz balance R Foot Vert COG X R Foot Horz COG Y L Hand Vert Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 L Hand Horz L Hand Rot L Forearm Vert L Forearm Horz L Upper arm Vert L Upper arm Horz L Clavicle Vert L Clavicle Horz L Upper leg Vert L Upper leg Horz L Lower leg Vert L Lower leg Horz L Foot Vert L Foot Horz Head Lateral Bending Head Flexion Head Axial Trunk Lateral Bending Trunk Flexion Trunk Axial Rotation Pelvis Lateral Bending Pelvis Forward Tilt Pelvis Axial Rotation Posture Angles post ang R Hand Flexion R Hand Deviation R Forearm Rot R Elbow Included R Shoulder Vert R Shoulder Horz
30. level with the wrist the joint angle is 0 degrees If the hand is above the wrist the vertical angle is positive if below the angle is negative For both the right and left hand vertical angles the value of the angle increases as 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 the hand moves upward and decreases as the hand moves downward as indicated by Figure 6 32 Be aware that in this convention the origin of the horizontal plane is located at the wrist and is independent of arm angles and overall body pos ture Figure 6 32 Hand segment vertical angle 6 8 2 3 Hand Rotation Angle The hand rotation angle is a measure of the axi al rotation of the wrist about the bones of the fore arm and may be known as wrist supination pronation The angle is a local angle measured with respect to the arm posture and its magnitude is diffi cult to estimate from observation Therefore it is best to enter a value and adjust it until the hominoid appears correct Technically the magnitude is the angle difference between the axis of the elbow and the flexion extension axis of the wrist Figure 6 33 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Figure 6 33 Hand rotation angle Note that if the elbow included angle is 180 the elbow is straight then the Hand Rotation Angle also affects the rotation of the upper arm the hu meral rotati
31. not apply to LICENSEE In no event however will MICHIGAN be liable to LICENSEE under any theory of recovery in an amount in excess of the license royalty paid by LICENSEE under this Agreement B LICENSEE agrees that MICHIGAN has no obligation to provide to LICENSEE any maintenance support or update services Should MICHIGAN provide any revised versions of the PROGRAM to LICENSEE LICEN SEE agrees that this license agreement shall apply to such revised versions C MICHIGAN does not warrant endorse or certify any individual or organization as a trainer for the PRO GRAM or any special strength testing data input or other equipment to be used with the PROGRAM D Ifthe physical media provided hereunder contains any defects upon receipt by LICENSEE LICENSEE shall have thirty 30 days in which to return said defective media and MICHIGAN shall provide a replacement free of charge V WARRANTY OF LICENSEE LICENSEE warrants and represents that it will carefully review the User s Manual and that it is aware of the necessity for training in the field of ergonomics and the underlying biomechanical model of the PROGRAM and of the necessity for having an expert in the field of ergonomics review and interpret data provided in or by the PROGRAM including the User s Manual LICENSEE further warrants and represents that it either has such training or will incorporate the services of individuals with such training in any use or interpretation of data pr
32. since its last save are lost Choose NO to con tinue or YES to invoke the File Save As Dialog and save changes 4 2 OPEN To work with previously defined task parameters posture loads etc saved in 3DSSPP Version 5 0 choose File Open Select the desired file and 3DSSPP will then restore the program to the task settings in force at the time the file was last saved and will add default values for the features new to Version 6 Files older than Version 5 are not sup ported 4 3 SAVE Choosing File Save will save the current task set tings to the file name under which the file was last saved If the task parameters have never been saved choosing File Save opens the same Dialog box used by File Save As Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 20 4 4 SAVE AS Choosing File Save As will allow the current task settings to be saved under a new file name Simply enter the desired file name It will be given the ex tension of tsk for task file If the file name al ready exists a Dialog box appears asking if the ex isting file is to be replaced with the new file Choose the appropriate response If NO the previ ous Dialog box is reopened to allow a new file name to be entered If YES the existing file is overwritten 4 5 SETSTARTUP TASK TO CUR RENT 3DSSPP has the ability to save a set of input and view parameters as the Startup Task Selecting this optio
33. table force on the hips or carrying a backpack force and torque on the shoulder By default joint forces are displayed in the Or thogonal View Windows To turn off the display of these joints uncheck the 3 Views Show Forces Menu option In 3D Dynamic Mode loads will be applied to all selected frames See Chapter 10 6 14 1 Zero Current This button will zero the entered force and torque for the currently selected joint Right Hand Fores EI K Torque in Ib Apply Zero All xP vf 0 2 0 10 Total 0 Cancel Figure 6 41 Advanced Hand Loads Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 54 External Applied Forces and Moments Joint Right Elbow Forces ne HE Zero All Component Y Component Z Component Moments in lb Component Y Component Cancel Figure 6 42 External Applied Forces and Mo ments Dialog Z Component 6 14 2 Zero All This button will clear the entered forces and torques on every joint even those not currently shown This button will not affect hand loads 6 15 RUN BATCH FILE The Run Batch File feature enables automatic anal ysis of tasks specified in a data file It is useful when many biomechanical analyses are to be per formed on data derived from another program The input data file must follow a specific format and must include all of the information normally speci fied for an analysis The result
34. to L5 S1 disc Figure 1 3 For a typical lifting task the low back Erector Spinae muscle produces a contractile force acting at the muscle moment arm distance this varies be tween male and female for the moment equilibri um at L5 S1 level Abdominal force acting at the abdominal moment arm distance which also varies between males and females as well as between pop ulation percentiles also is balancing the moment equilibrium on the Erector Spinae muscle side of the equation i e helping to reduce the required Erector Spinae muscle force According to the model s algorithm for a press down task however the ante rior rectus abdominus muscle would produce a con tractile force to maintain L5 S1 moment equilibri um acting at the muscle moment arm distance which also varies between males and females as well as between population percentiles As docu mented so far the L5 S1 compression algorithm is based on Erector Spinae muscle contraction Rectus Abdominus muscle contraction either one active at any given time the Abdominal Pressure affected by posture and the resultant moment and forces at L5 S1 joint Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 4 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Abdominal Pressure Force Low Back Muscle Force Disk Compression Force Hand Load Figure 1 2 Simplistic diagram of sagittal model low back forces for lifting
35. to field After entering val ues select the Apply or OK buttons to affect the posture change If the posture is symmetric enter the angles for one side and click on the SYMMETRY button to copy the values to the other side of the body A NEUTRAL button can be selected to reset the wrist angles to neutral such that the hand will be in line with the lower arm A hand segment angles can also be altered us ing the INCREMENT buttons Click on the angle value then click on the increment value desired 1 5 10 15 20 25 finally click on the to in crease the value in steps of the increment selected or click on the to decrease the value The pos ture will redraw automatically to provide feedback as to the effect of the incremental posture change Note that when the Maintain Wrist Posture An gles is checked in the Body Segment Angles dialog if the lower arm is reoriented by changing the body Page 47 segment angles or by other means the relative hand orientation to the lower arm is kept constant Thus the hand segment angles will be change as the lower arm is moved The Set to forearm angles button will force the wrist to be straight and the hand will follow the an gle of the forearm 6 8 1 Hand Type The Hand Type box provides for the selection of various grasp types for the hominoid display This does not currently affect biomechanical anal yses Only the open hand is available at this time 6 8 2 Hand Segment
36. to using this feature The Maintain Wrist Posture Angles when checked will maintain the hand posture relative to the forearm when the forearm angles are changed The Hand Angles button will open the Hand Pos m Trunk Angles OK Apply Neutral Stand Undo Redo Flexion 7 Axial Rotation jo Lateral Bending ja Pelvic Lateral Tilt 0 Pelvic Axial Rotation o Head Angles Flexion so Axial Rotation jo Lateral Bending o m Increment Ca C5 10 C 15 C20 C5 O a Cancel Figure 6 17 Body Segment Angles Dialog for 3D Dynamic Mode ture Dialog see Section 6 8 Undo and Redo buttons are available for con venience and function as is standard The NEU TRAL SIT STAND button is also convenient to set the posture angles for either a neutral sitting or standing posture depending upon the current sup port mode Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 38 6 7 2 Body Segment Angle Depictions in Orthogonal View 3 View Windows When and angle entry box in the Body Segment Angles Dialog is selected a graphic depiction of the angle is displayed on the appropriate stick figures in the Three View windows This is a valuable help in understanding the angles and entering them correct ly If a posture is entered such that a joint angle is outside the range of motion for the joint then the joint on the orthogonal view graphic is set
37. views are arranged tiled in the Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 22 desired format the program window is copied to the clipboard by choosing File Copy Application or File Copy Desktop Next the operation is switched to the other Windows application and the Clipboard contents are pasted into the working area Since the pasted 3DSSPP layout is treated as a graphic image it can be manipulated within the other application as necessary to create a custom report Please note that only one display can be cop ied to the Clipboard at one time T Document1 Microsoft Word A x E 4 Normal 24 pt a Times New Roman al 24 al e 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 For example to copy the five view windows and the command bars into a Windows based word processing program Figure 4 3 1 Arrange the windows as desired by clicking and dragging the borders to shrink each win dow and then by clicking and dragging on the title bars 2 Choose File Copy Application ax Type a question for help X Figure 4 3 Sample report layout as printed through the Windows clipboard and a word processor Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 3 Switch to the word processing application if not already running load the word pro cessing application wit
38. would be negative The seated pelvis is normally tilted backward more than estimated by 3DSSPP so an adjustment is required See the Support Selection Dialog Section 6 5 The amount of adjustment varies widely as subjects tend to slump by varying amounts Figure 6 25 Forward tilt of the pelvis Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 7 3 11 Pelvic Lateral Tilt Angle Pelvic lateral tilt is the rotation of the pelvis from side to side Figure 6 26 The axis of rotation is the Y axis Rotation to the right towards the positive X axis is positive and to the left is nega tive 6 7 3 12 Pelvic Axial Rotation Pelvic axial rotation is the rotation of the pelvis about the Z axis From overhead counterclockwise rotation is positive Figure 6 26 Lateral tilt of the pelvis Page 45 6 7 3 13 Head Flexion Angle The head flexion angle is a local angle meas ured with respect to the torso As the torso is moved the head will stay in the same relative posi tion The angle is measure between the axis of the head neck and a line drawn directly forward of the upper torso in a transverse plane at the C7T1 spine level Figure 6 27 Figure 6 27 Head flexion angle Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 46 6 7 3 14 Head Lateral Bending Angle The head lateral bending angle i
39. 0 1 6 ERROR REPORTING Considerable effort has been made to eliminate software errors bugs from this version of the 3DSSPP software prior to release If however a software error occurs at any time during 3DSSPP operations the computer system will display an error message and request to close the application Should this occur please note the posture being analyzed any other programs current ly running and the version of the computer system Then please copy the message in its entirety close the application and contact us as below By providing the above information when problems occur the Center is aided greatly in its efforts to develop useful software of the highest quality The University of Michigan The Center For Ergonomics 1205 Beal IOE Building Ann Arbor MI 48109 2117 SSPPSupport umich edu Phone 734 763 2243 Fax 734 764 3451 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 7 1 7 SPECIAL DEFINITIONS This manual assumes the user is familiar with basic Windows terminology such as icons clipboard Di alog boxes click drag and re sizing windows If this is not the case please refer to the Windows Help for additional details In addition the follow ing definitions will aid in understanding the de scriptions and instructions found in this manual Orthogonal Views 3 View The three posture entry windo
40. 0 Lateral Rotation 0 45 45 Upper leg L551 Forward Tilt 50 0 0 Hip Included 93 93 0 210 Hip Vertical 55 55 0 180 Hip Horizontal 90 90 90 180 Femoral Rotation 0 0 90 90 Lower leg Leg Rotation 15 15 30 30 Knee Included 135 135 15 180 Ankle Included 90 90 15 180 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2010 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 15 Posture report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 94 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 14 STRENGTH DIRECTION VEC from the origin with positive to the subjects right TORS REPORT The Y axis extends from the origin to the front and the back of the body with positive being forward Lastly the Z axis extends vertically from the origin The strength direction vectors report Figure 11 17 os with positive upwards displays the unit vectors for the directions of the strength moments in the main reference global coordinate system The X axis extends laterally 30 3DSSPP Strength Direction Vectors Description Company U of M Analyst CBW Date 02 25 08 Task Example Job Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Moment Direction Vectors x Wrist Flex Ext 0 772 Ulnar Radial Dew 0 612 Forearm Rot 0 171 Elbow Flex Ext 0 612 Shoulder Rot n Bk Fd 0 039 Abduc Adduc 0 983 Humeral Rot 0 179 L551 Flex Ext 1 Lat
41. 0 an gles for the body using the Task Input Body Seg ment Angle command The posture prediction method requires the user to define the location of Ro Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Untitled File Edit BESSOA Display 3 Views Oblique View Animati Description Set Metric Units Set Mode Gravity Support Selection Anthropometry Ctrl 4 Body Segment Angles Ctrl B Hand Posture Pre Set Postures Posture Prediction Locking Mode Ctrl L Hand Loads Advanced Hand Loads External Applied Forces and Moments Ctrl H Ctrl J Run Batch File Figure 6 1 Task Input Menu the hands in three dimensional space using the Pos ture Prediction Dialog 3DSSPP then predicts a pos sible posture based on inverse kinematics and a posture preference algorithm For either method the user may adjust the pos ture further using the direct manipulation method by selecting a joint segment and indicating a new joint position by dragging to the location Or if de sired direct manipulation may be used initially to explore various joint positions without using either of the other posture entry methods 6 1 DESCRIPTION Selecting Task Input Description allows the user to specify the name and other information relative to the task being analyzed and include additional comments about the task Figure 6 2 The name and part of the comment field appear in the analysis report headers 6 2 SET ME
42. 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 6 User s Manual The University of Michigan Center for Ergonomics October 2012 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 6 User s Manual The University of Michigan Center for Ergonomics QUESTIONS Questions regarding computer hardware and operating systems should be addressed by the analyst s com puter support personnel Questions regarding this software may be addressed to The University of Michigan Office of Technology Transfer 1600 Huron Parkway 2nd Floor Ann Arbor MI 48109 2590 Tel 734 936 1572 Fax 734 998 9630 email um software umich edu www umichergo org Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page ii 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER The program contained on the original distribution disk is the sole property of The Regents of The University of Michigan NO part of the program or this manual may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of The Regents of The University of Michigan with the exception that you may transfer copies of the original program to a hard disk to run or to another disk for backup purposes only THE PROGRAM ON THE ORIGINAL DISTRIBUTION DISK IS PROVIDED AS IS WITH OUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING WAR RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULA
43. 8 Vertical Lateral 6 7 67 m 3D Low back Compression lb L4 L5 r Strength Percent Capable Wrist Elbow Shoulder Torso ES 3 S 88 8 8 8 8 Balance Acceptable Coef of Friction 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2009 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Remove Frame Insert Frame Figure 3 1 Main program window Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 12 program If the task file has been modified from its last saved state an asterisk will appear in the title bar after the filename Clicking the right mouse but ton right clicking on the title bar will open a con text menu with additional commands to manipulate the program window The title bars of the program sub windows as well as report windows also have a context menu which is useful for printing and copy ing see Figure 3 2 AB Side View from X Axis Print Window Print Preview Print Setup Copy Window 0 Figure 3 2 Example Title Bar Context Menu 3 3 MENU BAR Located directly under the program title bar is the menu bar which contains the pull down menus available in 3DSSPP Clicking directly on the menu name activates the menu An alternative method to access the menus via the keyboard is to depress the ALT key and then also depress the let
44. 89 2 29 3 Knee 109 3 29 3 Ankle 109 3 29 3 Heel of Foot 0 0 0 Front of Foot 0 0 0 Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 02 08 10 Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Right zZ A ay z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 7 6 4 0 0 0 0 114 3 28 5 0 0 0 0 216 1 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 889 2 29 3 0 0 109 3 29 3 0 0 103 3 29 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2009 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 14 Moments report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 13 POSTURE REPORT The posture report Figure 11 15 displays the limb and torso angles calculated by vector analysis of the input posture They are the included joint angles often used to describe postures These angles are required as parameters in the empirical strength prediction equations Since the population percent capable values are highly sensitive to variations in the mean strengths and standard deviations these corrected angles are used as independent variables in the empirical strength equations to reduce the mean strength variability Note that the torso and pelvic angles combine to form the entered trunk flexion angle and that a lateral trunk rotation will induce a torso rotation if the trunk is also flexed Page 93 11 13 1 R
45. Angles The hand angles allow manipulation of the wrist flexion and deviation and of the forearm rota tion supination pronation The hand segment is defined from the wrist center to the center of grasp The angles are defined below On C5 S W we Figure 6 30 Hand Postures Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 48 6 8 2 1 Hand Segment Horizontal An gle The horizontal angle is measured while looking down onto the arm such that the hand segment is projected onto the X Y plane at the wrist The an gle formed between the hand segment and the X axis constitutes the horizontal angle Figure 6 31 When the hand segment is aligned with the X axis and the hands are pointing away from and to the side of the body the angle is 0 degrees When the Figure 6 31 Hand segment horizontal angles hand segment is pointing in front of the X axis the angle is positive If the hand segment crosses be hind the X axis then the angle is negative This convention holds for both the right and left horizon tal angles Note that the horizontal angle does not have meaning when the hand segment is perfectly verti cal it has no projection onto the X Y plane other than a point and need not be entered in this case 6 8 2 2 Hand Segment Vertical Angle The vertical angle is formed between the hand segment and the horizontal X Y plane intersecting the wrist When the hand is
46. Body segment angles Clipboard see Printing Using Window s clipboard Copy application 4 13 Copy desktop 4 14 Coefficient of ground friction 11 2 5 Status window 3 7 6 Color Background 9 4 2 Clothing 9 1 3 Environment 9 2 4 Human figure 9 1 Comments task description 6 1 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Compression force see Disc compression force Context pop up menu Animation frame control bar 10 2 2 Oblique view 3 6 Orthogonal view 3 4 Coordinate system 7 5 Center 1 4 7 5 Changing 7 5 Definition 1 4 Forces report 11 10 Cube see Environment object Handheld object Cylinder see Environment object Handheld object Default task Setting 4 5 Resetting to program default 4 6 Description task description 6 1 Digital image see Background Image Direct manipulation see Posture entry methods Disc compression force Analysis summary report 11 2 2 3D low back report 11 4 L4 L5 disc 1 3 3 L5 S1 disc 1 3 2 L5 S1 report 11 5 Limits 1 3 3 1 NIOSH guidelines 1 3 3 1 Sagittal plane low back 1 3 2 11 5 Status window 3 7 3 Optimization algorithm 1 3 3 11 4 Distance see Camera or Environment objects Bar rier Dynamic mode see Mode Elevation see Environment objects Barrier Environment objects 9 2 Azimuth 9 2 3 Barrier 9 2 3 Color 9 2 4 Elevation 9 2 3 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static St
47. E PARAMETERS FOR BIO MECHANICAL ANALYSES Most 3DSSPP parameters are global and apply to all frames Others are local and can be specified for each frame individually The local parameters are listed in Table 10 1 The local parameters are pos ture angles and loads on the body This means that the forces on the body can be changed during a sim ulated motion Nothing else besides posture and loads can be changed from frame to frame Table 10 1 Local Per Frame Parameters Body segment angles Hand posture angles Hand type Hand forces x y Z Hand torques x y z External applied forces and moments 10 2 ANIMATION FRAME CONTROL BAR In 3D Dynamic mode the animation frames are de picted on the Animation Frame Control Bar at the bottom of the program window Figure 10 2 and appear as a frame timeline The frame number is below the timeline and the time in seconds is above Frames may or may not be defined with entered data Upon default startup only frame one will con tain data Each numbered animation frame gener ates a biomechanical analysis specific to the posture and other information contained in the frame To display and analyze a frame simply select it by 35 Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Untitled File Edit Task Input Display 3 Yiews Oblique View RE Reports About C Top View from Z Axis Import Loc File Predict Reach Motion Export AVI File Figure 10 1 Animation Menu Copyright 2012 The R
48. Effects of Gender Wrist An gle Exertion Direction Angular Velocity and Simultaneous Grasp Force on Isokinetic Wrist Torque Master s Thesis Graduate College at the University of Nebraska 1997 Zatsiorsky V M Seluyanov V N Chugunova L G Methods of Determining Mass Inertial Characteristics of Human Body Segments In Contemporary Problems of Biomechanics Edited by C G Chernyi and S A Regirer pp 272 291 CRC Press Massachusetts 1990 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 103 Index to Sections 3 View see Orthogonal View 3D low back see Disc compression force Abdominal force 1 3 2 11 5 Action Limit see NIOSH limits Active window see Printing Active window Adjusting posture Body segment angles see Body segment angles Direct manipulation 3 5 Analyst name task description 6 1 Animation Editing frames 5 2 10 2 3 Frame control bar 10 2 Insert frames 10 2 4 Interpolation 10 4 2 Length 10 4 1 5 10 4 2 2 Predicted 10 4 Ankle Included angle 11 13 Anthropometry 6 6 Center of mass 11 8 Factors see Population factors Gender 6 6 1 Height 6 6 2 Link lengths 6 6 4 11 8 Link weights 6 6 4 11 8 Percentiles 6 6 2 Report 11 8 Weight 6 6 2 Applied forces and moments 6 14 Hand Loads 6 12 6 13 Force display 8 1 Axial rotation see Body segment angles Azimuth see Environme
49. Hand loads case C Company HAN 25 20 85 25 15 80 DES 0 Loads D Suzy Anybody Hand loads case D Company HAN 30 20 85 30 15 80 DES 0 Loads E Suzy Anybody Hand loads case E Company HAN 35 20 85 35 15 80 COM COM COM Do the 3 different percentiles for female with English output COM Note For values of percentile not equal to 3 the height and weight COM data entries are ignored and may be anything readable here set to 0 COM DES 0 Anthro A Suzy Anybody Female 5th Company ANT 1200 DES 0 Anthro B Suzy Anybody Female 50th Company ANT 1100 DES 0 Anthro C Suzy Anybody Female 95th Company ANT 1000 6 16 OPERATION OF 3DSSPP FROM WITHIN ANOTHER PROGRAM Version 6 can be configured such that the 3DSSPP calculations can be used within another program The model calculations are contained in a dll and it requires a special licensed from the University of Michigan Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 59 Chapter 7 DISPLAY MENU COMMANDS The Display Menu Figure 7 1 contains the Dialog boxes for controlling the program display window Automatic tiling of the default five window ar rangement can be enabled or disabled or the pro gram can be tiled on command In addition the Message Bar can be displayed or hidden 7 1 AUTO TILE If the Auto Tile comma
50. Human Figure Environment Camera Background Lighting Figure 9 1 Oblique View Menu Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 66 Selecting Oblique View Human Figure displays a dialog box Figure 9 2 which allows the user to select the following display options relevant to the human figure 9 1 1 Model Type Two graphic models of the human figure are provided The default is to display the Flesh figure model The Wireframe figure model is transparent and shows the surface elements quadrangles used in both figure models 9 1 2 Enable Shoes Oblique View Human Figure Model Type e Flesh O wireframe C None Color Clothing Color Male Shirt Pants Figure 9 2 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 This selection applies shoes to the oblique display of the human model It makes no difference to the calculations or results 9 1 3 Clothing Color These buttons allow the user to change the color of the hominoid s apparel Individual colors can be specified for shirts and pants for both males and females 9 1 4 Skin Color Oblique View Hu Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 The figure s skin can be changed to any color The current skin color is displayed in the color box To change the color click Skin Color
51. MODE nun ea ara n tr E N A EE AE AE AO E RERE 28 CA GRAVY eae A EAS 28 6 5 SUPPORT SELECTION tai 28 6 5 1 Fe t A NO 29 6 5 2 Support Selections rren eesnd asic auntie eas ees Be See iats 29 6 35 93 A paceaGectadun Sdienaateada dans S at 29 6 6 ANTHROPOMETRY ates cas et o le a 30 OG A a 8 rea ace E talent oa 30 6 6 2 Height and Weight ids i isch veils vanced veawelee teased eb tra E R sed 30 0 0 3 A a casas tee E wane macacnua songs T E cee aes 31 6 6 4 Basic Anthropometry Values iii toa dde 31 6 6 5 Mamtain Hand POSITIONS siise tiini ia 31 6 6 6 Modify Population Factors ui ci 31 6 6 6 1 Open Population Ple 1 EA batas 31 6 6 6 2 Reset to Default Population cit id ies 31 A o so cssjcptaisscantners nptsasantargevduntiatoets stead ASEE EEES stand 32 6 6 7 Population Anthropometric Factors ooooooconocococococcnonononnnconnoconocono cono ncon nono nccnnnos 32 00 e el o o e E re 33 6 6 7 2 File Manipulation octet oes acct Ses Co seuteen ys Blass Wd acces cbclaus Mae deeneya Seeaine onde 33 6 6 7 3 Feet and Hand Dimensions acc eiielenoay des ceael eaten 33 6 6 7 4 A ten otsetebets a ER a E 33 A Predicted Alte vais nn O 33 OF Ad Actal A A A 33 6 6 7 4 3 Standard Deviation da 34 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page viii 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 6 6 7 5 Body Weight and Salsa id aa 35 6 6 7 6 Posture Range of Motion Limits ooooonnccnnncinocononcnonncconc
52. PSIS Joint Center 34 36 L Shoulder Joint Center 37 39 L Acromion Skin Surface 40 42 L Elbow Joint Center 43 45 L Lat Epicon of Humer Skin Surface 46 48 L Wrist Joint Center 49 51 L Grip Center Virtual point 52 54 L Hand Skin Surface 55 57 R Shoulder Joint Center 58 60 R Acromion Skin Surface 61 63 R Elbow Joint Center 64 66 R Lat Epicon of Humer Skin Surface 67 69 R Wrist Joint Center 70 72 R Grip Center Virtual point 73 75 R Hand Skin Surface 76 79 L Hip Joint Center 79 81 L Knee Joint Center 82 84 L Lat Epicon of Femur Skin Surface 85 87 L Ankle Joint Center 88 90 L Lateral Malleolus Skin Surface 91 93 L Ball of Foot Virtual point Page 73 Skin Surface Joint Center Joint Center 94 96 L Metatarsalphalangeal 97 99 R Hip 100 102 R Knee 103 105 R Lat Epicon of Femur Skin Surface 106 108 R Ankle Joint Center 109 111 R Lateral Malleolus Skin Surface 112 114 R Ball of Foot Virtual point 115 117 R Metatarsalphalangeal Skin Surface Bold named values are required for 3DSSPP 10 4 PREDICT REACH MOTION The Animation Predict Reach Motion command can be used to predict and enter a reach type motion as a sequence of frames The prediction is based upon data collected and analyzed at the U of Michi gan Center for Ergonomics under the Human Mo tion Simulation www HUMOSIM org research project Faraway et al 2000 and 2003 A func tional regression approach was taken to
53. R Humerus Rotation R Hip Included R Hip Vert R Hip Horz R Femur Rotation R Lower leg Rot R Knee Incl R Ankle Incl L Hand Flexion L Hand Deviation L Forearm Rot L Elbow Incl L Shoulder Vert L Shoulder Horz L Humerus Rotation L Hip Incl L Hip Vert L Hip Horz L Femur Rotation L Lower leg Rot L Knee Incl L Ankle Incl Head Flexion Head Axial Rotation Head Lateral Bending Trunk Flexion From L5 S1 Adjusted Trunk Axial Rotation Adjusted Trunk Lateral Bending Pelvis Flexion Pelvis Axial Rotation Angle Pelvis Lateral Bending Angle L5S1 Tilt Angle Joint Locations jnt loc followed by x y z locations for R Hand R Wrist R Elbow R Shoulder R Hip RIT R Knee R Ankle R Heel R Foot center R Ball of foot L Hand L Wrist L Elbow L Shoulder L Hip LIT L Knee L Ankle L Heel L Foot Center L Ball of foot Tragion Nasion Neck Top C7 T1 SCJ L5 S1 Hip center IT center Ankle center Center of balls of feet Joint Forces jnt forces followed by x y z forces for R Hand R Wrist R Elbow R Shoulder R Hip RIT R Knee R Ankle R Heel R Foot center R Ball of foot L Hand L Wrist L Elbow L Shoulder L Hip L IT L Knee L Ankle L Heel L Foot Center L Ball of foot Tragion Nasion Neck Top C7 T1 SCJ L5 S1 Hip center IT center Ankle center Center of balls of feet R Seat Edge L Seat Edge Back Rest Joint Moments
54. R PURPOSE The entire risk as to the performance of the program and interpretation of the output from the pro gram is with the user The University of Michigan assumes no responsibility or liability of any kind for errors in the program errors in the output from the program or for any consequential or inci dental damages that may arise from use of the program All display screens used by the program are copyrighted by the University of Michigan No screen or part thereof may be used in any publication or promotion without the express written consent of The Regents of The University of Michigan U S GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS The PROGRAM and documentation are provided with restricted rights Use duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivisions c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at 252 227 7013 Contractor Manufacturer is The University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 Copyright 2011 The Regents of The University of Michigan Windows XP Windows Vista and Windows 7 are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corpora tion Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 Page iii End User License Agreement PROGRAM 3D Static Strength Prediction Program TM Software IMPORTANT READ CAREFULLY This Agreement is a legal agreement between LICENSEE and The Regents
55. Reference Point SRP The tilt of the seat back is determined by the exten sion of the torso If the torso is flexed then the seat back is positioned as if the torso was erect If the torso is flexed then the seat back will provide no support 6 5 3 Seating Parameters Here the user can change the pelvic tilt The program estimates the pelvic tilt assuming a stand ing posture Additional tilt as when seated can be added Suggested normal values are displayed The default values are 0 degrees for standing and 15 degrees for seated Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 30 6 6 ANTHROPOMETRY Selecting Task Input Anthropometry opens the Anthropometry Dialog Figure 6 5 Use this Dia log to enter the desired anthropometry for the anal ysis 6 6 1 Gender The gender entry chooses between male and female anthropometry factors and strength data 6 6 2 Height and Weight This entry selects the method to be used to set 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 the anthropometry either 95th 50th 5th population or data entry to input a specific height and weight The default is the 50th percentile If the method to be used is data entry move the cursor to the input fields and enter the height and weight If one of the percentiles is selected then the input fields contain the selected percentile height and weight The default population heights and wei
56. SERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 Page ix 613 ADVANCED HAND LOADS cis ata 53 il Zero Allpa uror A 53 6 14 EXTERNAL APPLIED FORCES AND MOMENTS c cccccsseeseeseesseeteenseenee 53 A AE gage ac ETET AEE E E 54 6 142 Zeto AU roenn E E E E T E E NR REA R 54 Gls RUN BATCA FTE lead 54 BAS B t h File Format e Sa 54 IA First A ada ee cides tas Stason e a a a hae Sere Mee 54 AS LL Command Str ct re sete se cites ect ae enue coats 54 6 15 2 ANTHROPOMEITRY Command aia 55 0 153 AUTOR XPOR COMMON ee aA 55 6 154 COMMENT Comma d dos 55 6 15 5 DESCRIPTION Command as 55 015 6 EXPORT COMME di anes tocmena ies 55 6 15 7 FRAME Command ssaa A Mises ae RA 56 6 15 8 HANDLOADS Comm scsi tiniet eee atta eae 56 6 15 9 PAUSE Oni e casa 56 6 15 10 POSTUREPREDICTION Command cdococccnocconnconcnnnonnnonnnonnco nooo ncon nono nonnnnnnnnnnos 56 6 15 11 SEGMENT ANGLES Command cccccsscssecssesscesscsescssecnsecseesseesseeeeeeaees 57 6 15 12 SEGMENT ANGLES Command for Version 5 Angle Definitions 57 6 15 13 Exampl A al rales 58 6 16 OPERATION OF 3DSSPP FROM WITHIN ANOTHER PROGRAM 58 Chapter 7 DISPLAY MENU COMMANDS ismael 59 TL AUTO TIELE cirian a AN 59 Regs MEENOW si hoe a ed ints ei hao ad 59 7 3 STATUS BAR airneo rerent enn a aE n a aea taaa eE ENEE AA ARE IEA 59 TA STRENGTH LIMITS 000 oa 60 7 5 MEASUREMENT COORDINATE SYSTEM ORIGIN ccccccccssesseeeeeeteenseenes 60 76
57. Several suggested alternative gravity values are provided Note that changing the gravity value will not affect external forces on the body only the force caused by the weight of the body s links 6 5 SUPPORT SELECTION This command opens the Support Selection Dialog which controls standing and seated support parame ters Figure 6 4 Use this Dialog to choose either a standing analysis or a seated analysis In the standing mode the program automatically estimates support forces for the feet in order to balance the bodyweight and other forces on the body In the seated mode the program can estimate additional support forces in cluding forces supporting the ischial tuberosities of the pelvis the back of the upper legs above the knees and the back of the torso When in seated mode the center of the meas urement coordinate system defaults to the Seat Ref erence Point SRP The SRP is automatically cal culated from the intersection of the trunk and upper leg angles and is displaced perpendicular to the body segments by population factors which are fractions of stature Acceleration of Gravity 32 185 tus Earth Gravity v Apply Cancel Figure 6 3 Gravity Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Feet Support Both feet supported Left foot supported Right foot supported Ed Seating Parameters A
58. TRIC ENGLISH UNITS This command toggles the units used for data entry and analysis results between the Metric and English systems The current units are switched to the units specified in the displayed command The default is English units Any open windows will be updated immediately Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 28 Task Description Task Name Name of Task Analyst Name Geoff Bitson Comments Example from new line Cancel Figure 6 2 Task Description Dialog 6 3 SET MODE This command toggles between the 3D Static and 3D Dynamic entry mode The 3D 3DD program icon at the top left corner of the program windows changes to indicate the current mode 3D Static mode limits the input to a single task posture analy sis with a more limited set of posture angles It is comparable to previous versions of the 3DSSPP The 3D Dynamic mode offers the ability to enter multiple posture frames as in an animation of a task In addition new abilities to posture the head shoulders wrists and legs are included as well as many other features When switching from Dynamic to Static Mode the body segment angles not enabled in Static Mode will be set to default values 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 4 GRAVITY This menu item will open a Dialog box that allows the user to alter the gravity factor that 3DSSPP uses in its calculations Figure 6 3
59. The main Dialog Figure 6 8 is used to enter the Link Length Link Mass and Link Center of Mass values The link lengths and link masses are fractions to be multiplied by the stature or body weight The centers of mass are the fraction of the link length from the proximal to distal joint Lengths 065 Head Radius Edit Means and StDev Range of Motion Edit ROM Limits Factors Name Production 6 0 3 OK lo o 052 Neck Length Open Save Save s Cancel 0 1 51 Forearm Reset to Default Factors fo 877 Upper Arm Masses Centers of Mass o SCJ To Shoulder 0 0062 Hand 0 3624 Hand 0 231 7 L551 to Shoulder 0 01 73 Forearm 0 41 72 Forearm 0 0856 Hip to last 0 0287 Upper Arm 0 5269 Upper Arm 0101 an 0 4175 Torso and Head 0 89 L551 to Shoulder lo 080295 1551 to1T E 0 1104 Pelvis 05 Pelvis 6 32 C7T1 to SCJ o1 271 Upper Leg 0 607 Upper Leg o 2574 Upper Leg lo 0426 Lower Leg fo 5909 Lower Leg lo 2287 Lower Leg 0 0142 Foot lo 571 Foot Feet Hands Strength Means Angles Body Weight and Stature 357 C7T1 To SCJ Predicted Value Actual Value Standard Deviation Switch Factors C Female Male Figure 6 8 Main Population Edit Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 6 7 1 Gender There are two sets of anthropometric factors one for m
60. Unknown Date 08 12 08 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Muscle Force Predictions Total Joint Loads Right Left Right Left Force lb Force lb z Force Ib Z Force Ib Z Upper Latissimus Dorsi 48 3 14 2 48 3 14 2 Middle Deltoid 0 7 0 1 0 7 0 1 Lower Latissimus Dorsi 12 9 42 12 9 42 Anterior Deltoid 90 5 21 3 90 5 Levator Scapulae 65 0 14 0 65 0 14 0 Posterior Deltoid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Omohymoid 159 16 1 15 9 16 1 Coracbrachialis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pectoralis Major 0 8 0 1 0 8 0 1 Infraspinatus 138 1 138 1 Pectoralis Major II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Infraspinatus II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pectoralis Minor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subscapularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhomboid Minor 64 7 34 4 64 7 Subscapularis Il 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhomboid Major 39 9 26 9 39 9 Subscapularis Ill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Upper Serratus Anterior 108 3 20 0 108 3 Supraspinatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Middle Serratus Anterior 0 4 0 1 0 4 Teres Major 84 1 84 1 Lower Serratus Anterior 0 4 0 1 0 4 Teres Minor fe 27 ao Zap Stemocleidomastoid 0 0 0 0 0 0 Biceps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sternohyoid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Biceps Il 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subclavius 0 0 0 0 0 0 Triceps 91 2 sh 91 2 g2 Trapesius 0 0 0 0 0 0 Triceps II 75 3 8 5 75 3 8 5 Trapesius Il 0 0 0 0 0 0 Triceps III 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trapesius III Brachialis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trapesius IV 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brachioradialis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Force lb 21 3 Moment in l
61. Unless otherwise exempt there from LICENSEE agrees that it will be responsible for any sales use or excise taxes imposed by any governmental unit in this transaction except income taxes E LICENSEE acknowledges that the PROGRAM is of United States origin Licensee agrees to comply with all applicable international and national laws that apply to the PROGRAM including the United States Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by the United States Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 Page v TABLE OF CONTENTS Copyright and Disclaimer is End User License Are MEM AA A Chapter 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 Chapter 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 Chapter 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 INTRODUCTION usual tn bn PURPOSE OF MEAN DALE dto AAN ba ado BARR DUDO ile Vater sei eee AE 13 Statie Strength Model cc ttuces an nstcnteuky do aad suits cay iis 1 3 1 1 SDL and SUL Strength Dims di 1 3 2 ES Forces and Moments e O 1 3 3 3D Compression and Torso Muscle Force Optimization at L4 L5 o 1 3 3 1 Low Back Compression Limita as MEASUREMENT COORDINATE SYSTEM ccccesscssessceeeecceeeeeeeseeaeeaecaeeeeenee REMOTE OPERATION A Rese eae ina ERROR REPORTING uta io latin SPECIAL DEFINITION Sitio SPECIALE TYPEFACES ceruice a E Es GETTING STARTED 00 aana a a ae INSTALLING AND
62. Views Menu 8 1 SHOW FORCES Selecting 3 Views Show Forces allows the user to toggle the display of joint and hand forces in the Orthogonal View Windows 8 2 COLORS Selecting 3 Views Colors brings up a Dialog box Figure 8 2 that allows the user to change the color of elements in the Orthogonal View Windows To change any color simply click the corresponding button and use the Color Selection Dialog box to choose a new color Orthogonal View Cobre x F Figure 8 2 3 Views Colors Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 64 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 65 Chapter 9 OBLIQUE VIEW MENU COMMANDS The Oblique View Menu Figure 9 1 contains the Dialog boxes for controlling the display attributes of the Oblique View Window While the orthogo nal views are useful for viewing vertical and hori zontal angles for data entry they do not offer an accurate means of comparing the final posture to photographs or video of the actual worker perform ing the task 3DSSPP provides this user defined oblique view utilizing a Graphic Human Model This view simplifies the process of comparing the modeled posture to photographs and aids in accu rately representing the actual task In the Oblique View Wi
63. ale and one for females The gender but tons are used to view and allow the entry of factors for each set 6 6 7 2 File Manipulation The Factors Name entry box and buttons near the top of the Dialog can be used to enter a name for a new set of factors and to save the factors in a file for later use The name of the factors is dis played on appropriate 3DSSPP output screens and reports 6 6 7 3 Feet and Hand Dimensions The FEET and HANDS buttons in the Lengths box open Dialogs for entering various feet and hand dimension Figures 6 9 and 6 10 More hand di mensions will be added in the future Population Editor Feet Foot Dimensions Floor to Ankle Heel to Toe Foot Breadth Heel Breadth Heel to Ankle Toe Dimensions Greater Toe Tip to Ankle Greater Toe Lateral Fifth Metatarsal to Ankle Fifth Metatarsal Lateral Cancel Figure 6 9 Dialog for feet dimensions ol oo a o ol ol ol M o 3 f of w Af aim A o Page 33 Hand Factors Hand Dimensions 0 05 Wrist to Grip Center 0 108 Wrist to Finger Tip Figure 6 10 Dialog for hand dimensions 6 6 7 4 Strength Means The strength means box contains three buttons which open Dialogs for entry of predicted joint strength values actual joint strength values and standard deviations of the joint strengths There are separate values for males and females as directed by the gender selection buttons on the main editor Dialog 6 6
64. am of the strength model Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 lation strengths These strengths have been com piled from a collection of strength studies described and referenced in the text as well as from some ad ditional studies offering updated experimental joint strength capabilities of industrial and civilian popu lations See the Strength Capabilities Report Section 11 6 Results from this model demonstrate a strong correlation with average population static strengths r 0 8 1 3 1 1 SDL and SUL Strength Limits NIOSH recommended limits for percent capa bles percent of the population with sufficient strength are used in the program by default Other limits may be set by the user Section 7 4 The 3DSSPP Strength Limits are named Strength Design Limit SDL and Strength Upper Limit SUL and correspond to the NIOSH Action Limit AL and Maximum Permissible Limit MPL These values are documented in the Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting NIOSH 1981 The SDL designation is delimited in the pro gram bar graphs by the green to yellow transition and is set at 99 for men or 75 for women The SUL designation on the other hand is delimited by the yellow to red transition and is set at 25 for men or 1 for women The SDL guidelines are consistent with the bio mechanical and psychophysical criteria used to de
65. and the Redo Frame Add will add the frame back These commands are applica ble to the animation frames in the 3D Dynamic Mode and can also be accessed from the Animation Frame Control Bar context menu Edit Task Input Display 3 Views Oblique Undo Frame Add Ctrl Z Redo Frame Add Ctrl V Ctrl X Ctrl C Ctrl V Cut Frame Copy Frame Paste Frame Figure 5 2 Edit Menu 5 3 FRAME CUT COPY AND PASTE The Frame Cut Copy and Paste commands are applicable to the animation frames in the 3D Dynamic Mode They can also be accessed from the Animation Frame Bar context menu Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 26 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 27 Chapter 6 TASK INPUT MENU COMMANDS The Task Input Menu Figure 6 1 contains the Dia log boxes for specifying a description of the analy sis task the main program controls and the three major inputs required to use 3DSSPP the worker anthropometry posture and load exertions for the task to be analyzed There are three methods by which postures can be entered into 3DSSPP the body segment angle method the posture prediction method and the di rect manipulation method The body segment angle method requires the analyst to specify about 3
66. ange of Joint Motion Limits The Posture Report also lists the range of mo tion limits for each direction of joint rotation Ifa posture is entered such that a joint angle is outside the range of motion for the joint then the text of the values on the report and the joint marker on the or thogonal view graphics are set to red The calcula tion of some angles may be indeterminate for cer tain postures for example Shoulder Humeral Rota tion when the Elbow Included angle nears 180 de grees In this case exceeded limits may be ignored as an anomaly Rotation limits can be altered by the user see Section 6 6 7 6 3DSSPP Posture Description Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 02 12 10 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 68 9 in Weight 185 0 lb Comment Limb Angles degrees Torso Angles degrees Calculated Range of Motion Calculated Range of Motion Posture Angles Limits Posture Angles Limits Left Right Min Max i Wrist 9 Mes Min Max Flexion 0 0 63 0 Flexion Extension 90 0 180 Extension 0 0 0 66 Axial Rotation 0 90 390 Ulnar deviation 0 0 0 38 Lateral Bending 0 90 90 Radial deviation 0 0 21 0 Torso Arm Flexion Extension 41 90 180 Forearm Rotation 0 0 90 90 Axial Rotation 0 45 45 Elbow Included 154 154 15 180 Lateral Bending 0 40 40 Shoulder Vertical 78 78 D 180 E Pelvis Shoulder Horizontal 79 79 100 180 i i Forward Rotation 10 90 90 Humeral Rotation 54 54 90 9
67. anipu lation The Locking Mode Dialog is shown in Fig ure 6 36 6 12 HAND LOADS The Hand Loads Dialog is used to enter loads at the hands Figure 6 37 Please note that in 3DSSPP hand load refers to the load being applied TO the hand not the load applied by the hand A ver bal description of the action of each hand in re sponse to the load exerted on it is displayed to con firm the correct entry Separate force magnitudes and directions are entered for each hand The force directions may be entered using direct manipulation Section 3 3 1 Right Applied Load Magnitude 10 00 lb Angle Degrees Vertical 90 Horizontal Cees E a Right Effort Description By Angle Entry Lift Push Forward Exert Left PushDown Pull Back C Egert Right Cancel Figure 6 37 Hand Loads Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 52 The magnitude and angle values can be altered using the INCREMENT buttons Click on the val ue to change then click on the increment value de sired 1 5 10 15 20 25 and finally click on the to increase the value in steps of the increment selected or click on the to decrease the value The biomechanical output values will update imme diately In 3D Dynamic Mode loads will be applied to all selected frames See Chapter 10 6 12 1 Horizontal Hand Force Angle Illustrating the hand load force as a vector with
68. ar Remove Frame Frame __Insert Frame Frame Figure 3 9 Animation Frame Control Bar Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 19 Chapter 4 FILE MENU COMMANDS The File Menu Figure 4 1 contains the file man agement and printing options for 3DSSPP Addi tional file management functions are available through Windows When any of the file management Dialog boxes are opened for the first time in any 3DSSPP ses sion the files displayed are located in the working directory Once a file is saved or opened in a di rectory other than the working directory the direc tory used last becomes the default directory for the remainder of the session 30 Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 1 SEN Edit Task Input Display 3 Views Oblique New Open Save Save As Set Startup Task to Current Reset Startup Task Print Preview Print Setup Print Active Window Print Application Print Desktop Copy Active Window Copy Application Copy Desktop Exit Figure 4 1 File Menu 41 NEW Selecting File New resets all task parameters to their default values Section 4 5 and changes the file name in the main title bar to UNTITLED If the current file was not previously saved then a Dialog box appears asking if the current file should be saved if the file is not saved any changes to that file
69. arameters Only part of the output is displayed on the screen at any one time Posture The different angles about the joints of the body describing the orientation of the body in space Reactive Load Reaction force or moments pro vided by the body s musculoskeletal system to the resultant load Record One set of task parameters Resultant Load The load in force or moments acting upon the body Task Parameters Data describing the task in cluding the force magnitude and direction anthropometry and postural angles 1 8 SPECIAL TYPEFACES THE FORMAT DESCRIBED BELOW IS USED THROUGHOUT THE MANUAL TO INDICATE IF OR WHEN INFORMATION SHOULD BE ENTERED OR A KEY PRESSED TO DESCRIBE MESSAGES THAT APPEAR ON THE SCREEN AND OUTLINE EXAMPLES USED WITHIN THE MANUAL 1 If instructed to type information the infor mation will appear in capital letters For ex ample if a task description is to be typed the instruction will appear as follows type CART PUSHING TASK 2 If one key is to be pressed the key to be pressed will appear in bold faced text For example if the TAB key is to be pressed the instruction will appear as follows press TAB Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 8 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 3 If two keys are to be pressed at the same time the keys to be pressed will appear in bold faced text with a plus sign between them
70. arrish M Anderson C Gustin L Mooney V Quantification of Lumbar Function Part 4 Spine 10 10 921 927 1985 Kramer J F Nusca D Bisbee L MacDermid J Kemp D Boley S Forearm Pronation and Supination Reliability of Absolute Torques and Nondominant Dominant Ratios Journal of Hand Therapy 7 1 15 20 1994 Kumar S Moment Arms of Spinal Musculature determined from CT Scans Clinical Biome chanics 3 137 44 1988 Kumar S Chaffin D B and Redfern M Isometric and Isokinetic Back and Arm Lifting Strengths Device and Measurement J Biome chanics 21 1 35 44 1988 Mayer T G Smith S S Keeley J Mooney V Quantification of Lumbar Function Part 2 and Part 3 Spine 10 8 765 772 and 10 10 912 920 1985 McGill S M and Norman R W Partitioning of the L4 L5 Dynamic Moment into Disc Liga mentous and Muscular Components during Lifting Spine 11 666 78 1986 McGill S M and Norman R W Effects of an Anatomically Detailed Erector Spinae Model of L4 L5 Disc Compression and Shear J Biome chanics 20 591 600 1987 McGill S M Patt N Norman R W Measurement of the Trunk Musculature of Ac tive Males using CT Scan Radiography Impli cations for Force and Moment Generating Ca pacity about the L4 L5 Joint J Biomechanics 21 329 41 1988 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Work Practices Gui
71. b Force lb Moment ir lb Note Press button to update report values The analysis can take up to a minute to complete Matlab must be installed Left Shoulder Output Right Shoulder Output 5 5 Optimization terminated magnitude of directional derivative in Dptimization terminated magnitude of directional derivative in searchl direction less than 2 options TolFun and maximum searchl direction less than 2 options TolFun and maximum constraint violation is less than options TolCon constraint violation is less than options TolCon 3DSSPP 6 0 1 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2008 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 8 Shoulder Muscle Model report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 86 11 8 ANTHROPOMETRY REPORT The anthropometry report Figure 11 9 displays anthropometric data including the link lengths the center of gravity distances and the link weights The lower arm shown in the first row combines the hand and lower arm links Hence the hand weight is included in the link weight The center of gravity distance for the elbow is similarly adjusted As not ed by the citation the L5 to shoulder link includes the head and neck weight but not the head and neck length the length displayed is that of the L5 S1 to 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 the center between the shoulders The Hip to L5 link
72. conncconocnnncnnncconncnns 35 6 7 BODY SEGMENT ANGLES nana 35 6 7 1 Body Segment Angle Dialog A A A A ds 36 6 7 2 Body Segment Angle Depictions in Orthogonal View 3 View Windows 38 6 7 3 Body Segment A r 38 Om WHOTIZON ALAMOS 20s o 38 O32 Vertical A E a Mie dinncantss 40 6 7 3 3 Upper Arm Humeral Rotana is ds 40 6 7 3 4 Upper Leg Femoral ROOM it A 40 6 7 3 5 Clavicle Horizontal Anel iio 42 6 17 3 60 Clavicle Vertical Anglen sil 42 6 1 3 7 Trunk Flexion Arles 43 6 7 3 8 Trunk Lateral Bending Angle ni ia 43 6 7 3 9 Trunk Axial Rotation Angle ninio iii di 44 6 7 3 10 Pelvic Forward Rotation Ande 44 6 7 3 11 Pelvic Lateral lA idad 45 A No AA aa ets ge aa acta Mian aes 45 Os Selo Tle ade xa A O 45 6 7 3 14 Head Lateral Bending Ale ais 46 6 7 3 15 Head Axial Rotation Amoles o 46 6 8 HAND POSTURE a A sate E neds 47 6 81 Hand PE o ina 47 6 8 2 Hand Segment Amelia 47 6 8 2 1 Hand Segment Horizontal Angle mitra emasd 48 6 8 2 2 Hand Segment Vertical Angle ii a iio 48 60 23 Hand Rotation ANGIC artist R re 48 6 PRE SET POSTURES aa 49 ELO POSTURE PREDICTION enpero o a as 49 6 10 1 Introduction to the Inverse Kinematics Method of Posture Prediction 49 6 10 2 Posture Precio 50 6 11 LOCKING MODE acc 50 6 12 HAND LOADS aie esata a a R o 51 6 12 1 Horizontal Hand Forcs AdolO aid ti ii 52 6 12 2 Vertical Hand Forces Arale a 32 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RE
73. ction Standing or Seated Mode The Predict Reach Motion Dialog for linear interpolation is shown in Figure 10 7 The three oblique windows at the top of the dialog display are the same as for the HUMOSIM model dialog and serve the same purpose The interpolation parame ters are below the display windows 10 4 2 1 Initial and Final Postures The initial and final motion postures are set using previously defined frames The previ ously defined frames must be the currently se lected frame and the immediately following frame If the immediately following frame is not defined then the created motion is simply a duplication of the starting frame 10 4 2 2 Motion Length The motion length sets the time duration of the motion and can be specified in seconds or by the number of frames 3DSSPP uses 25 frames per second Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 76 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Predict Reach Motion Standing Handling C Frame e rn Frame CT Motion Interpolation fobiqeview yy fobiqeview yf y obliqueview OK Cancel Ka lt 1 gt 1 DI Ha Initial Posture Final Posture Current Frame 0 Next Frame 1 Motion Length onds 1 00 Frames E Figure 10 6 Predict Reach Motion using interpolation 10 5 EXPORT AVI FILE This command will create an avi video file of the frames in the Animation Bar A filename dialog
74. d Company Name A typical descrip tion command line is as follows DES 0 Task Name Analyst Name Just some comments Company 6 15 6 EXPORT Command The EXPORT command initiates an analy sis and exports the results to the export file The data exported and the format are controlled by the Export Output Summary Report com mand Section 11 16 The exported filename will be the batch filename with the extension exp This command has no data items EXP Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 56 6 15 7 FRAME Command The FRAME command specifies the pro gram s current frame Subsequent batch com mands will operate on this frame If the frame command is not used in a batch file then all commands will apply to the current frame be fore starting the batch file Parameters for the FRAME command include n move n frames forward n move n frames backward n move to frame n FIRST move to first frame LAST move to last frame There must be spaces between the command and the parameter There must also be a space be tween the operator or and the frame number n FRM LAST FRM 1 FRM 5 6 15 8 HANDLOADS Command The HANDLOADS command is used to input the magnitude and direction of the loads on each hand for the subsequent analyses The magnitude data items are floating point values and the angle data items are integers The val ues must be specified
75. dditional Pelvic Forward Rotation 0 degrees 0 standing 15 sitting 25 wheelchair Page 29 r F Back rest center height above seat m ok _ Cancel Figure 6 4 Support Selection Dialog 6 5 1 Feet Support The user can specify which feet are supported If two feet are chosen then the program will auto matically determine the load in each foot Other wise the full load is placed in the chosen foot The case of No foot support is only valid when the subject is seated In this case the feet are assumed to be dangling from the seat 6 5 2 Support Selection When seated mode is selected the user can choose whether or not to include front seat pan sup port and whether or not to include support from a back rest If the front seat pan support is selected then forces are applied to the back of the upper legs from the front edge of the seat pan This might be the case of an office type chair The length of the seat pan is set by population factors which are a fraction of stature If the front seat pan support is not selected then the backs of the upper legs are not supported This might illustrate the use of a stool If the back rest is chosen then the program will estimate the support applied to the torso by the back rest The back rest will only provide support if there is a negative X torso resultant moment The height of the back rest can be adjusted as low as 7 5 inches from the Seat
76. de for Manual Lift ing Technical report number 81 122 U S Dept of Health and Human Services NIOSH Cincinnati Ohio 1981 Page 101 Nemeth G and Ohlsen H Moment Arm Lengths of Trunk Muscles to the Lumbosacral Joint Ob tained in Vivo with Computed Tomography Spine 11 158 60 1986 Ogden C L Fryar C D Carroll M D Flegal K M Mean Body Weight Height and Body Mass Index United States 1960 2002 Report number 347 Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics National Center for Health Sta tistics Hyattsville Maryland 2004 O Sullivan L W Gallwey T J Forearm Torque Strengths and Discomfort Profiles in Pronation and Supination Ergonomics 48 6 703 721 2005 Parkinson M B Chaffin D B and Reed M P Center of Pressure Excursion Capability in Per formance of Seated Lateral Reaching Tasks Clinical Biomechanics 21 26 32 2006 Pheasant S Bodyspace Anthropometry Ergo nomics and the Design of Work Taylor amp Fran cis 2001 Reid J G Costigan P A and Comrie W Prediction of Trunk Muscle Areas and Moment Arms by use of Anthropometric Measures Spine 12 273 5 1987 Roebuck J A Anthropometric Methods Design ing to Fit the Human Body Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 1995 Roebuck J A Kroemer K H E Thomson W G Engineering Anthropometry Methods Wiley Interscience New York 1975 Rohmert W
77. delines 1 3 3 1 11 2 2 1 Strength guidelines 1 3 1 1 11 2 3 1 Maximum permissible limit MPL 1 3 1 1 Oblique view 1 7 3 6 9 Context menu 3 6 Opening files see File Operations Orthogonal view 1 7 3 4 Force vectors 8 1 Colors 8 2 Context menu 3 4 Pelvic Forward rotation angle 6 7 3 10 Adjustment 6 5 2 From trunk flexion 3 5 3 2 Lateral tilt angle 6 7 3 11 Reported 11 13 Percent capable see Strength percent capable Percentiles see Anthropometry Population factors 6 6 6 6 6 7 Weight and stature 6 6 7 5 Population strength 1 3 1 11 6 Altering 6 6 7 4 Posture report 11 13 Posture entry methods Body segment angle entry 6 7 Direct manipulation 3 5 Inverse kinematics 1 3 3 5 1 6 10 1 Posture prediction 6 10 Pre set posture 6 9 Printer 4 8 Printing Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 107 Active window 4 9 Application 4 10 Desktop 4 11 Preview 4 7 Reports 4 9 11 15 Setup 4 8 Using Window s clipboard 4 15 Pronation see Hand posture Rotation Prone see Hand orientation Quitting program see Exit Range of Joint Motion Limits 3 5 4 6 6 7 6 11 13 1 Rectus abdominus muscle 1 3 2 11 5 Reactive load 1 7 Reactive moments 1 3 1 Redo 5 1 5 2 Reports 11 3 10 Printing 4 7 to 4 11 Printing multiple reports 11 15 Units 6 2 see also Exporting output summary Resulta
78. der to satisfy LICENSEE S obligations under this Agreement LICENSEE is authorized to copy the PROGRAM for backup purposes only IN TITLE AND OWNERSHIP A No ownership rights of MICHIGAN in the PROGRAM are conferred upon LICENSEE by this Agreement B LICENSEE acknowledges MICHIGAN S proprietary rights in the PROGRAM and agrees to reproduce all copyright notices supplied by MICHIGAN on all copies of the PROGRAM and on all PROGRAM outputs and copies of PROGRAM outputs IV DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY A THE PROGRAM IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE MICHIGAN DOES NOT WARRANT Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page iv 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE PROGRAM WILL MEET LICENSEE S REQUIRE MENTS OR THAT OPERATION WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE MICHIGAN shall not be liable for special indirect incidental or consequential damages with respect to any claim on account of or arising from this Agreement or use of the PROGRAM even if MICHIGAN has been or is hereafter advised of the possibility of such damages Because some states do not allow certain exclusions or limitations on im plied warranties or of liability for consequential or incidental damages the above exclusions may
79. displays can be set to display either the oblique figure or one of the 3 View figures Figure 10 6 The starting and end ing postures can be predicted or specified from pre viously created frames Using the middle display the user can play and adjust the motion being creat ed before inserting the motion frames into the frame timeline Below the three display windows are the parameters required for the motion prediction W Predict Reach Motion Standing Handling _ Initial Frame Interpolation Obliqueview Cancel Predicted Motion Sd Obliqueview X obliqueview v 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Final Frame Front View ObliqueYiew Topview Front view Side View Figure 10 6 Figure graphic choices Final Frame 14 lt 0 lt 1 gt D IE Reach Type TwoHanded One Handed Neutral One Handed Prone with Object C without Object Offset Between Hands in X irer Y 0 00 zZ 0 00 Box Angle 0 Initial Posture im Location X s Y fo 2i as Selected Frame 0 Motion Length Fimal Posture in Location x5 vfz Zz E Next Frame 1 Predict Time Specify Time Seconds uz Frames sz Figure 10 5 Predict Reach Motion standing dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 When the OK button is selected the frames
80. double optimization technique of Bean Chaffin and Shultz 1988 First an upper bound on muscle intensity the ratio of muscle force to physiological cross sectional area is found by minimizing the maximum muscle intensity such that the moment equilibrium conditions are satisfied and second the muscle forces satisfying the moment conditions and muscle intensity bounds which minimize the mus cular contribution to spinal compression force are determined L4 L5 joint resultant moments after the abdominal force effect and joint forces in three dimensions over the tilted L4 L5 disc torso muscle moment arms lateral and anterior posterior and muscle areas are the inputs to the three dimensional torso muscle force optimization routine The rou tine outputs the resultant muscle contraction forces at the L4 L5 level and the disc compression force as Page 5 the vector sum of muscle ten muscles contractile forces abdominal force upper body weight above L4 L5 level and the hand loads Depiction of torso muscle areas and orientation with respect to the L4 L5 disc is shown in Figure 1 4 The initials L and R before the muscle labels represent the Left in the X quadrant and Right in the X quadrant sides of torso The vec tor sum of Anterior Posterior Shear Force and Lat eral Shear Forces represents the Total Shear Force 1 3 3 1 Low Back Compression Limits NIOSH recommended limits are use for evalua tion the bac
81. e Oblique View Window Section 3 3 9 4 BACKGROUND Selecting Oblique View Background allows the user to set the background of the Oblique View Window for the task being analyzed to either a solid color or a digital image Figure 9 6 9 4 1 Image Click on Browse to load a digital image file and set it as the background for the oblique window The Windows file input dialog will appear Select an image file and click Open Currently supported file types include gif ico and jpeg Be sure the Use Image box is checked and select Apply The digital image will appear in the background of the oblique window The Graphic Human Model will be visi ble on top of the image Choose either Center or Stretch to adjust the view of the image Display Offset Horizontal Offset fo in Vertical Offset lo in Default View Cancel Figure 9 5 Oblique View Camera Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 70 Oblique View Background 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 m Image Use Image Position C Center Fit Window Browse F Color Use Color Figure Transparency 0 OK Apply Cancel Figure 9 6 Oblique View Background Dialog 9 4 2 Color If a background image is not selected then the back ground is set as a solid color The solid color can be changed by clicking on Select Color The Win do
82. e forces acting on the vertebral disc Shear forces on the vertebral disc are due to the upper body weight posture and the horizontal hand forces When appropriate and known one standard deviation is displayed The L5 S1 disc compression force analysis is based on a model using the contraction forces from the Erector Spinae and Rectus Abdominus muscles Although this yields acceptable results for symmet ric lifts in the sagittal plane such results may un derestimate the disc compression force generated in asymmetric lifting Because asymmetric lifts re quire recruitment of additional torso muscles large asymmetric muscle activities and loads may be cre 30 3DSSPP Sagittal Plane Lowback Analysis Description Company U of M Analyst CBW Date 02 25 08 Task Example Job Page 83 ated about the spine In these cases the use of the 3D Low back Analysis is recommended For fur ther details on the L5 S1 model refer to Section 1 3 2 11 5 1 Estimated L5 S1 Ligament Strain At the bottom of the report the estimated L5 S1 ligament strain for the gender selected is displayed This represents the strain in the lumbodorsal fascia which is attached between the L5 and S1 vertebrae and plays a major role in resisting forward flexion Since the observed elastic limit for the lumbodorsal fascia is 30 estimated L5 S1 ligament strain val ues which exceed 30 may indicate risk for injury See Anderson et al 1985 Anderson 1983
83. ees the angular position of the barrier s center with respect to a reference line projecting straight out in front of the hominoid from the feet center point Facing the hominoid from the front positive azimuth values move the barrier to the viewer s right the figure s left in a circular arc centered on the cylindrical coordinate system s vertical axis Negative azimuth values move the barrier around to the viewer s left The range of azimuth val ues is 180 to 180 degrees Elevation For both the wall and the table this input field asks for the dimension measured vertically from the origin to the barrier s top surface 9 2 4 Color Environment items can be displayed in any col or including a separate color for the outline Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 9 3 CAMERA For viewing the figure the human graphic display uses a camera metaphor Viewing position is changed by moving toward or away from the figure changing radius circling around the figure to the right or left changing rotation or circling up and over or down and under the figure change in verti cal tilt As this movement occurs the camera re mains directed on the figure s hips and always up right e g does not roll In addition the figure can be made to appear larger or smaller by increasing or decreasing the camera s focal length
84. egents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 72 14400 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 0 8 ON A Reno Fane __Insert Frame Figure 10 2 Animation Frame Control Bar clicking with the mouse The right and left cursor arrow keys can be used to scroll through the frames as well Use the SHIFT key to select multiple frames The loads can be changed for a selection of frames The frames shown on the Frame Control Bar are color coded Green frames are key frames en tered by the user Pink frames are predicted using interpolation Orange frames are predicted using the Reach Motion Prediction algorithm Undefined frames are blank 10 2 1 Playing Animation Frames The defined or entered frames can be viewed like an animation by using the player on the left side of the Animation Frame Control Bar The player controls include Go to Start Step Backward Play Backward Pause Play Forward Step Forward and Go to Last They behave as expected 10 2 2 Animation Context Menu The Animation Frame Control Bar context menu will appear when the bar is right clicked Figure 10 3 This menu allow the editing of the frame time line including Other animation related commands are also available as buttons Section 10 2 3 or in the Animation Menu Cut Ctrl x Copy Ctrl C Paste Ctrl Remove Frame Add Frame Insert Frame Import Loc File Predict Motion Figure 10 3 Ani
85. ent angle definition for the legs This com mand is has been retained to support older batch files New batch files should use the JO6 command to specify the posture All of the val ues are integers and the data items are input in the order of left side right side and trunk Specifically Forearm left horizontal forearm left V upper arm left horizontal upper arm left vertical upper leg left vertical lower leg left vertical forearm right horizontal forearm right vertical upper arm right horizontal upper arm right vertical upper leg right vertical lower leg right vertical trunk flexion trunk rotation and trunk bending JOI 85 25 10 80 145 70 70 20 5 85 140 70 40 5 10 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 58 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 15 13 Example Batch File 3DSSPPBATCHFILE COM DES 0 Sample Batch Suzy Anybody Nothing very meaningful Company AUT 0 PAU 0 ANT 1 3 64 2 115 0 JOA 110 10 40 85 25 10 80 20 15 90 35 90 70 95 O 70 10 40 70 20 5 85 20 15 90 40 90 70 85 0801010 0 O 040 510 O OF HAN 15 20 85 22 15 80 EXP COM COM COM Enable auto export and do 5 different hand loads AUT 1 DES 0 Loads A Suzy Anybody Hand loads case A Company HAN 15 20 85 15 15 80 DES 0 Loads B Suzy Anybody Hand loads case B Company HAN 20 20 85 20 15 80 DES 0 Loads C Suzy Anybody
86. es 18 3 8 ANIMATION FRAME CONTROL BAR ssssssessessssssssssissesresessesrosssreressesresesse 18 Zg AS BAR es ec o Aa a a Na ts 18 3 107 REPORT WINDOWS ccseatis Ges a o E 18 Chapter 4 FILE MENU COMMANDS 00 Ta ii 19 LL NENA ence aN 19 EZ OPEN in A 19 43 SA E 19 44 SAVE AS omeen end tai a g oalnca ale Paki ooe walneal dy T midlets 20 455 SET STARTUP TASK TO CURREN Tipus ra Ave diate ire oss 20 46 RESEP STARTUP TASK until ik 20 AT PRINT PRE VIEW sd 20 48 PRINTS Wt See Oe ge DE te ere Lear ee eee reer Ne ee eee 21 49 PRINTACTIVE WINDOW odiado da 21 4 10 PRINT APPLICATION a tbn a do 21 AIL PRINFDESKTOPS onirico o n ans omens E TEER 21 4 12 COPY ACTIVE WINDOW s oc ae at antec era os lata 21 413r CORY APPLIC AVION a Ri meena ee 21 4 14 COPY DESKTOP a adeas ordinate evassa vette So a RERE R R 21 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 Page vii 4 15 PRINTING USING THE WINDOWS CLIPBOARD cooccciccconcnnninnnooninnncnnconnonnos 21 AO A a sesctast aa a bhdbocd iis a pa tecedeaaeeve nd 23 Chapter 5 EDIT MENU COMMANDS sscd c 28 ic euccctcare a DANS 25 Sl UNDO REDO POSTURE CHANGES css 25 32 UNDOREDO FRAMES as ideados 25 So JFRAME CUT COPY AND PASTE eS 25 Chapter 6 TASK INPUT MENU COMMAND eccccccssecssesssesecesecesecssesseeesesecssecsecsseeseenaeees 27 6 1 DESCRIPTION iS AAA 27 6 2 SET METRIC ENGLISH UNITS 20d E R Ai 27 6 3 SET
87. et within the BOS The posture is stable but the person will not feel secure Unacceptable CP Balance The Center of Pres sure is outside the BOS and posture cannot be maintained 11 9 8 Center of Pressure Graphic The balance report includes a graphical depic tion of the COP COG BOS boundary and the sup porting surfaces The graphic is also included in the Status Window of the main screen The COP appears as a small red dot The COG appears as a small yellow dot Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 90 For the standing case the graphic shows the feet and the green BOS region The images of the feet will change as the posture of the lower extremity is changed and the BOS will automatically adjust For the seated case the graphic shows the pelvis and feet if feet support has been selected in the Sup port Selection Dialog The BOS region is depicted by the outer edge of the green band It will adjust according to the type of seat support selected The small black dots show the location of the ischial tuberosities which are the lowest most bone surfac es of the pelvis The images of the pelvis and feet will change as the posture of the lower extremity is changed and the BOS boundary will automatically adjust 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 10 FORCES REPORT The forces report Figure 11 12 lists the resultant forces produced by the loads and body we
88. f the actual posture being modeled since the actual posture can be af fected by individual factors such as differences in body type postural preference and training as well as environmental factors such as the nature of the object being handled workplace obstructions trac tion and the feet floor interface and worker apparel To minimize these effects only experienced work ers should be observed performing the tasks in ques tion Should additional posture modifications be necessary the program contains easy to use meth ods for altering the initial predicted posture to more closely represent the posture observed in the work place 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 1 3 1 Static Strength Model A technical discussion of the static strength model used in the program is provided in Chapter 6 of Occupational Biomechanics 4th Edition by Chaffin Andersson and Martin 2006 published by J Wiley amp Sons Inc 605 Third Ave New York NY 10158 The 3DSSPP strength model is a top down model starting with the forces and moments applied to the hands and ending with the forces and moments applied to the floor by the feet in the basic standing case Figure 1 1 illustrates many of the force and moment vectors calculated by the model The reactive moments at each joint required to maintain the posture are compared to worker popu RRFOOT WAN gt 7 UVaFOOT RL Foot w A k VLFOOT Figure 1 1 Diagr
89. fter the gender height and weight have been set un check the use default values box and enter the basic values desired 6 6 5 Maintain Hand Positions If the Maintain Hand Positions box is checked when the anthropometry is changed then the hand locations of the former posture will be unchanged in the new posture Note that for the hands to be in the same location the posture must change if the body segment lengths have changed 3DSSPP auto matically performs a posture prediction after the anthropometry is changed 6 6 6 Modify Population Factors The MODIFY POPULATIONS FAC TORS button is used to select an alternate set of anthropometry values including Stature body weight link lengths link weights link centers of gravity and strength The Population Dialog is shown in Figure 6 6 The values are for a US indus trial population as determined by the University of Michigan Center For Ergonomics Sources includ Page 31 Male Factors Open Population File Reset To Default Edit Population Factors Figure 6 6 Population Factors Dialog ed Dempster 1955 Drillis and Contini 1966 Chaf fin 1972 Tilley 1993 De Leva 1996 Pheasant 2001 Durkin and Dowling 2003 and others Note that the Population used in an analysis will be saved with the task data when an analysis is saved The current program Population will be set to this Population when the saved task is recalled Use the RESET TO DEFAULT button to reset the c
90. gents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Figure 6 40 Vertical hand force vector angles with right horizontal angle of 0 and left hori zontal angle of 180 6 13 ADVANCED HAND LOADS In addition to the Hand Loads Dialog 3DSSPP pro vides the Advanced Hand Loads Dialog Figure 6 41 for component entry of hand loads To enter either a force or a torque for either hand just enter the component forces or component torques and SSPP will automatically compute the total torque or force The coordinate system is defined with the X axis extending laterally with positive to the subjects right The positive Y axis extends forward and the positive Z axis extends vertically This forms a right had coordinate system and the forces and mo ments are defined accordingly In 3D Dynamic Mode loads will be applied to all selected frames See Chapter 10 Adyanced Hand Load Left Hand Force Ib Torque in lb Total 10 Total Total Page 53 6 13 1 Zero All This button will clear all the entered hand load forc es and torques 6 14 EXTERNAL APPLIED FORCES AND MOMENTS The External Applied forces and Moments Dialog box is used to enter loads at joints other than the hands Figure 6 42 Torques and forces can be applied to any listed joint Elbows Shoulders L5S1 Hips Knees Ankles Use this functionality to simulate situations like leaning against a
91. ghts are taken from the 2005 2008 NHANES study http www cdc gov nchs nhanes htm of US civilians ages 18 through 70 Extreme anthropometries have not been validat ed The data entry values acceptable for height are 53 81 inches 132 206 cm and for weight are 100 306 pounds 45 4 139 kg Body mass distributions are not altered for obese subjects and will lead to erroneous estimates of biomechanical factors Anthropometry Gender Male Height and Weight C 95th e 50th O Sth C Data Entry Height 68 9 in Weight 185 Shoe V Enable Shoes lb Shoe Height fi 0 in F Maintain Hand Positions Modify Population Factors OK Apply Cancel Figure 6 5 Anthropometry Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 6 3 Shoes This section of the Dialog controls the addition of shoes and sets the shoe height The shoe height is included in all location measurements and appro priate calculations The default height is set at 25 mm Pheasant 2001 6 6 4 Basic Anthropometry Values This section of the Dialog lists the basic link length and weight values which will be used in the analysis The default basic values depend upon the chosen gender body height and body weight If the gender height or weight are changed then the basic values will be reset to their default values To alter the basic values a
92. h an appropriate docu ment 4 Position the cursor in the word processor at the desired location and paste the Clipboard contents into the document To copy an individual window including re ports to the word processor 1 Select the desired window or select a current ly displayed report 2 Choose File Copy Active Window 3 Switch to the word processing application if not already running load word processing application with an appropriate document 4 Position the cursor in the word processor at the desired location and paste the Clipboard contents into the document Once the desired 3DSSPP data is pasted into the word processor comments or a report body can be added and the entire report package printed at one time through the word processing application 4 16 EXIT Selecting File Exit will end the program If the current task parameters have been changed since the last save a Dialog box will appear asking if changes to the file should be saved Choose the ap propriate response if YES the file is saved if the task parameters have never been saved the File Save As Dialog box will appear if NO the pro gram terminates and the recent changes to the file are lost and if CANCEL the program continues running with the file currently opened Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 23 Page 24 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Copyright 2012
93. he user Section 7 4 The SDL designation is delimited by the green to yellow transition in the bar graphs and is set at 99 for men or 75 for women The SUL designa tion on the other hand is delimited by the yellow to red transition and is set at 25 for men or 1 for women These values are discussed in Section 1 3 1 1 11 2 4 Leg Load and Balance The lower left corner of the screen reports the balance condition for the input posture The percentage load refers to the fraction of total weight body and load supported by that leg For example if the task involves a forward leaning pos ture with the right foot forward then the right foot might be expected to bear a greater fraction of the overall load Conversely for a lateral bending left posture the upper torso weight and hand loads would be borne primarily by the left foot In addition to calculating the percent load on each foot the program calculates the center of pres sure COP of the forces applied to the supporting surfaces For standing these are the front and heel of the feet and for sitting these are the ischial tu berosities and back of the thighs or the feet The center of pressure is compared to the Basis of Support and the Functional Stability Region not delimited on the graphic to determine if the bal ance condition is either ACCEPTABLE CRITI CAL or UNACCEPTABLE See Section 11 9 for definitions and the detailed balance reports Copyrig
94. hould be inter preted with care Refer to Section 1 3 for technical details on the algorithms used to determine the disc compression forces and the following sections for the NIOSH guidelines used to establish the strength capability and disc compression limits 11 2 2 1 Compression Limits The 3DSSPP compares the low back compres sion values to the NIOSH recommended limits Section 1 3 3 1 In the bar graphs the Back Com pression Design Limit BCDL is delimited in the bar graphs by the green to yellow transition and the Back Compression Upper Limit BCUL is delim ited by the yellow to red transition 11 2 3 Percent Capable The upper portion of the screen below the re port header is devoted to the strength capability of the selected gender at the major joints The dis played value for each joint is the lowest value ob tained from the strength capabilities calculated for the joint actions on the left and right side of the body The torso value is the smallest of axial rota tion strength lateral bending strength and flexion extension strength All of the strength capability percentages can be viewed in the Strength Capabili ties report described in Section 11 6 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 2 3 1 Strength Limits SDL and SUL are the Strength Design Limit and the Strength Upper Limit and by default corre spond to the NIOSH Action Limit and Maximum Permissible Limit Other limits may be set by t
95. ht 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Left Required Percent MYC Population Strength 5 25 Percentile Wrist Flex Ext 51 31 Ulnar Rad Dev 43 26 Forearm Rot 0 0 Elbow Flex Ext Shoulder Humeral Rot Rot n Bk Fd Abdue Adduc Flex Ext Lat l Bending Rotation Torso Flex Ext Flex Ext 8 Flex Ext 10 Right Required Percent MYC 50 5 25 50 24 51 31 24 20 43 26 20 0 0 0 0 63 8 10 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Licensed to University of Michigan Copyright 2008 The Regents of the University of Michigan 4LL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 4 Fatigue report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 82 11 4 3D LOW BACK ANALYSIS RE PORT The predicted disc compression force shown in the analysis summary screen are detailed in 3D Low Back Analysis Figure 11 5 The report lists the L4 L5 disc compression force and can be compared to the NIOSH BCDL of 3400 newtons or 770 pounds and BCUL of 6400 newtons or 1430 pounds See Appendix III for details on the NIOSH guidelines The 3D Low Back Analysis linear program 136 3DSSPP 3D Lowback Analysis Description Company U of M Analyst CBW Date 02 25 08 Task Example Job 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 ming optimization algorithm calculates the L4 L5 disc rotated moments and forces and optimizes the resultant disc compression force on the disc as a result of a three dimensional analysis of the con trac
96. ht 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 2 5 Required Coefficient of Ground Friction Standing Support Any horizontal or lateral external forces will require corresponding opposite forces from the sup porting surface The ratio of horizontal forces to the sum of body weight and all external vertical forces is the required minimum coefficient of ground friction at the feet This value is useful in analyzing pushing and pulling tasks for risk of falls due to slippage It is the coefficient of static fric tion between the floor and the shoe soles required to prevent slippage given the posture and loads on the body The actual coefficient of friction is depend ant upon the type of shoe and floor surfaces and their conditions RS 3DSSPP Fatigue Description Company U of M Analyst CBW Date 02 25 08 Task Example Job Page 81 11 3 FATIGUE REPORT The Fatigue Report Figure 11 4 displays the cal culated percent of maximum voluntary contraction MVC of the required effort at each joint Percent ages are calculated for three population strength capabilities 5 25 and 50 percentile corresponding to very weak weak and average strength workers These values can be used with frequency and dura tion information to estimate localized muscular fa tigue See Rohmert 1973 and other more recent work Gender Male Percentile 50th Heig
97. ht and weight 95 is 0 50 is 1 and 5 is 2 If the percentile integer is 3 then the height and weight are set according the next two data items The third data item is the entry for Height and the last data item is the entry for Weight These are both floating point values If the percentile data item is not 3 then the third and last data items are not used in the analysis and should be entered as zeros ANT 0 3 65 5 150 2 6 15 3 AUTOEXPORT Command The AUTOEXPORT command causes all subsequent ANT HAN JOA JOI and PPR commands to be followed by an analysis and exportation of result to the export file The da ta item is an integer digit representing the de sired state of the command On is 1 and off is 0 AUT 1 6 15 4 COMMENT Command The COMMENT command is used to docu ment the batch file and can be used as often as desired in the batch file It is ignored by 3DSSPP An ordinary comment command might be entered as follows COM Anything you want to type to document your file Page 55 6 15 5 DESCRIPTION Command The DESCRIPTION command is used to set the analysis units and the three documenta tion fields which are normally entered under the Task Description Dialog The first data item is an integer either 0 or 1 which sets the analysis units English is 0 and metric is 1 The remaining four data items are strings which must be enclosed in quotes They are the Task Name Analyst Name Analysis Com ment an
98. ick on the field or use the TAB key to move from field to field The field sequence using the TAB key is to move through the left side first then the right side and finally the trunk and head angles After entering values select the Apply or OK buttons to affect the posture change If the posture is symmetric enter the angles for one side and click on the SYMMETRY button to copy the values to the other side of the body A body segment angle can also be altered using the increment buttons Click on the angle value then click on the increment value desired 1 5 10 15 20 25 finally click on the to increase the value in steps of the increment selected or click on the to decrease the value The posture will re draw automatically to provide feedback as to the effect of the incremental posture change Note that Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 m Limb Angles Forearm Upper Arm Upper Leg Lower Leg Trunk Angles OK Flexion mn ew Axial Rotation o Apply Lateral Bendin A Neutral Stand m Increment U n do Redo Cancel m Limb Angles Left Right Horz Vert Horz Wert Forearm Upper Arm Clavicle Upper Leg Lower Leg Foot the body segment angle changed is the angle high lighted in the Limb Angles Trunk Angles or Head Angles section prior
99. ics algorithm is based upon regression equations it yields the average posture a person would tend to take as a function of the hand locations and other task param eters Obviously because of behavioral experien tial and training differences between individuals not everyone will assume the same posture when the hands are at the same location However pre dicting a posture from known hand locations is al ways a good starting point for an analysis since the preferred posture generated by inverse kinematics Neutral Stand Neutral Sit Ctrl L Standing Lift Hand Loads Advanced Hand Loads External Applied Forces and Moments Stoop Lift Squat Lift Forward Push Backward Pull Ctrl H Ctrl J Run Batch File Figure 6 34 Pre Set Posture Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 50 algorithm is typically a reasonable posture for the sake of analysis Once the starting posture is specified the pos ture can be fine tuned through manipulating or moving individual body joints or segments Thus in most cases the general procedure employed when using the inverse kinematics method will be to first specify a starting posture by setting the loca tions of the hands and then adjusting the posture by manipulating other joints of the body No matter how much the rest of the body is manipulated the hands will remain in the same position 6
100. ight in the direction of the main reference axes x y and z at each joint or surface The forces reported do not include the internal muscle forces or abdominal pressure The X axis extends laterally from the origin with positive to the subject s right The Y axis extends from the origin to the front and the back of the body with positive being forward Last ly the Z axis extends vertically from the origin with positive upwards This definition follows the right hand rule E 3DSSPP Forces Description Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 02 08 10 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Left aT Hand 0 0 0 0 Wrist 0 0 0 0 Elbow 0 0 0 0 Shoulder 0 0 0 0 L4 L5 0 0 0 0 L5 S1 0 0 0 0 Forward Seat Edge Ischial Tuberosity Backrest Hip 0 0 0 0 Knee 0 0 0 0 Ankle 0 0 0 0 Heel of Foot 0 0 0 0 Front of Foot 0 0 0 0 Force Ib Due to Body Weight and External Applied Loads Right Z x T EZ 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 11 1 0 0 0 0 11 1 14 2 0 0 0 0 14 2 19 2 0 0 0 0 19 2 107 0 112 1 65 8 0 0 0 0 65 8 88 2 0 0 0 0 88 2 95 7 0 0 0 0 95 7 89 8 0 0 0 0 89 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 8 5 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2009 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 12 Forces report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static
101. ility to analyze multiple tasks or a sequence of frames Note that the 2D Mode of operation a subset of the 3D Mode is no longer supported Despite the name Dynamic Mode the mechanical calculations are still STATIC The future plan is to add dynamic calculations where the movement ve locities and accelerations can be calculated from the animation frames Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 11 Chapter 3 SCREEN AREAS and DIRECT POS TURE MANIPULATION 3 1 PROGRAM WINDOW 3 2 PROGRAM TITLE BAR The program window Figure 3 1 contains the At the top of the main program window is the main 3DSSPP application with title bar menu bar view __ program title bar which contains the program title windows animation frame control bar and status the name of the postural data file currently in use bar and standard Windows control buttons for the entire EE Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Untitled File Edit Task Input Display 3 Views Oblique View Animation Reports About E Top View from Z Axis cS ss EE Front View from Y Axis eS Jas B Side View from X Axis o e ss ES Untitled Task SJ Ba 305spP Status Untitled Task Frame 0 oe s r Anthropometry gt Hand Forces Ib Hand Locations fin Gender Male Percentile 50th Lett 10 0 Right 10 0 Left Right Ht in 68 9 We lb 185 0 Ma 158 158 i 25 8 25
102. in the following order Left magnitude left vertical angle left horizon tal angle right magnitude right vertical angle and right horizontal angle HAN 15 5 20 85 22 2 15 80 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 15 9 PAUSE Command The PAUSE command causes a pause after all subsequent analyses The data item is an integer representing the desired length of the pause in milliseconds If the integer given is 0 then a message window is displayed instructing the user to click to continue PAU 0 6 15 10 POSTURE PREDICTION Com mand The POSTUREPREDICTION command performs a posture prediction using the hand locations as in the programs posture prediction command The values to be entered and their order are Left hand horizontal location left hand vertical location left hand lateral location right hand horizontal location right hand vertical loca tion right hand lateral location and Hand Orienta tion The units can be either inches or cm and will be interpreted depending upon the units mode of the program when the batch file is run The Hand Ori entation value must be either 0 1 or 2 correspond ing to pronated neutral and supinated PPR 15 8 25 8 6 7 15 8 35 8 6 7 1 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 15 11 SEGMENTANGLES Command The SEGMENTANGLES command is used to enter the posture segmen
103. iomechanical Analysis of Shoulder Loading and Effort During Load Transfer Tasks Ph D thesis Biomedical Engi neering University of Michigan Ann Arbor 2005 Dickerson C R Chaffin D B and Hughes R E A Mathematical Musculoskeletal Shoulder Model for Proactive Ergonomic Analysis Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Bio medical Engineering 10 6 389 400 2007 Dickerson C R Hughes R E and Chaffin D B Experimental Evaluation of a Computational Shoulder Musculoskeletal Model Clinical Bio mechanics 23 886 894 2008 Diffrient N Tilley A Bardagjy J Humanscale 1 2 3 Henry Dreyfuss Associates The MIT Press Cambridge Massachusetts ISBN 0 262 54027 4 1974 Drillis R and Contini R Body Segment Param eters Report number 1166 03 Office of Vo 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 cational Rehabilitation Dept of Health Educa tion and Welfare NY Univ School of Engi neering and Science New York 1966 Durkin J L and Dowling J J Analysis of Body Segment Parameter Differences between Four Human Populations and the Estimation Errors of Four Popular Mathematical Models Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125 515 522 2003 Faraway J J Statistical Modeling of Reaching Motions using Functional Regression with End point Constraints Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 14 31 41 2003 Faraway J J Data Based M
104. ion Ib L4 L5 Strength Percent Capable Wrist Elbow Shoulder Torso Hip Knee Ankle Anthropometry Hand Forces Ib Hand Locations in Gender Male Percentile 50th Left 10 0 Right 10 0 Left Right Ht in 68 9 Wt lb 185 0 Horizonta 158 15 8 Vertical 25 8 258 Lateral 6 7 6 7 713 99 Balance Acceptable Coef of Friction 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2009 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 3 9 Results Status window Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 18 3 7 4 Strength Percent Capable The Strength Percent Capable box lists a sum mary of the strength analysis for the major joints strengths The vertical black line indicates the cal culated value which is also printed to the right of the bar The green region depicts an acceptable strength requirement value while the red depicts an unacceptable strength requirement Note that when there is a left and right joint or multiple strengths for a joint the most limiting value is displayed The default limit value between the green and yel low regions is the NIOSH action limit value and the default limit between the yellow and red regions is the NIOSH upper limit See the Analysis Sum mary Report Section 11 2 3 Note that the limit values can be set by the user 3 7 5 Balance Analysis On the right side of the Summary Window is a
105. ires to grant a license to use the PROGRAM subject to the terms and conditions set forth below The parties therefore agree as follows I LICENSE MICHIGAN hereby grants to LICENSEE a non exclusive non transferable right to install and use the PRO GRAM on one CPU at a time in executable form only and subject to the terms and conditions of this Agree ment If the PROGRAM is being installed and used on behalf of an educational entity then LICENSEE shall have the right to install and use multiple copies of the PROGRAM for academic training or educational pur poses II LIMITATION OF LICENSE AND RESTRICTIONS A LICENSEE shall not use print copy translate reverse engineer decompile disassemble modify create de rivative works of or publicly display the PROGRAM in whole or in part unless expressly authorized by this Agreement B LICENSEE agrees that it shall use the PROGRAM only for LICENSEE S sole and exclusive use and shall not disclose sell license or otherwise distribute the PROGRAM to any third party without the prior written consent of MICHIGAN LICENSEE shall not assign this Agreement and any attempt by LICENSEE to as sign it shall be void from the beginning LICENSEE agrees to secure and protect the PROGRAM and any copies in a manner consistent with the maintenance of MICHIGAN S rights in the PROGRAM and to take appropriate action by instruction or agreement with its employees who are permitted access to the PRO GRAM in or
106. is moved Upon pressing the left mouse button the marker is selected the cursor changes to a set of cross hairs Moving the mouse Page 13 will now move the joint while the posture adjusts When the mouse button is released the cross hairs vanish and the joint is no longer selected Joints with hollow markers cannot be selected They may not be directly movable or they may be locked Section 6 11 Figure 3 5 Selecting marker to Move Left Hand 3 5 1 Moving Joint Markers Moving joint markers as described above in vokes the program s Posture Prediction command which is an inverse kinematics algorithm with some posture preference information included see Sec tion 6 10 Moving joints using direct manipulation is similar to the Posture Prediction command with the addition of the constraint of the joint being moved The default constraints are the locations of the hands and feet Joint locations can be selected and moved in any of the three Orthogonal View windows howev er one window is usually better than the others de pending upon the direction of desired movement Some practice may be required Joints can only be moved to locations that are Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 14 physically possible The algorithm is constrained by body segment lengths and joint range of motion Balance is not considered and must be monitored by the user If a joint is moved beyond a po
107. is time instead of pro jecting the link line of the arm onto the plane we simply measure the angle between the link and the plane When the body segment is level with the joint the link is on the plane and the joint angle is 0 degrees If the link is above the plane then the ver tical angle is positive if below then the angle is negative Figure 6 19 This vertical angle measurement convention holds for the hand lower arm upper arm clavicle upper leg lower leg and foot The measurement plane is the same as for the horizontal angle meas urement in each case Note that hand posturing is covered in Section 6 8 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 7 3 3 Upper Arm Humeral Rotation The shoulder joint is capable of three degrees of freedom The upper arm horizontal and vertical angles define the direction of the upper arm but not the axial rotation about the upper arm bones humeral rotation 3DSSPP automatically deter mines the humeral rotation from the relationship between the lower and upper arms 6 7 3 4 Upper Leg Femoral Rotation The hip joint like the shoulder is capable of three degrees of freedom The upper leg horizontal and vertical angles define the direction of the upper leg but not the axial rotation about the upper leg bone femoral rotation 3DSSPP automatically de termines the femoral rotation from the relationship between the lower and upper legs Copyright 2012 The Regents of The Un
108. its tail in the grip center of the hand and its arrow pointing in the direction of the force the hand load horizontal angle is the angle between the X axis and the force vector when viewing the figure from over head i e when the force vector is projected onto the X Y plane If the vector is directed forward of a vertical plane at the hand the angle has a range of 0 to 180 degrees If the vector is directed behind a vertical plane at the hand the angle has a range of 0 to 180 degrees For both hand vectors 0 lies along the positive X axis Refer to Figures 6 38 and 6 39 for clarification Figure 6 38 Positive horizontal hand force vec tor angles 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Figure 6 39 Negative hand force vector hori zontal angles Note that the horizontal angle does not have meaning when the force direction is perfectly verti cal it has no projection on to the X Y plane other than a point and need not be entered in this case 6 12 2 Vertical Hand Force Angle Assuming the hand force vector tail is in the grip center of the hand the angle between the vec tor and the horizontal X Y plane is the hand force vertical angle If the vector is directed above the horizontal plane the angle has a range of 0 to 90 degrees Should the vector be directed below the horizontal plane the angle ranges from 0 to 90 de grees Refer to Figure 6 40 for additional clarifica tion Copyright 2012 The Re
109. iversity of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 41 Figure 6 19 Vertical angle measurements Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 42 6 7 3 5 Clavicle Horizontal Angle The clavicle angles allow the shoulder joint itself to move with respect to the torso Adjustment of the clavicle angles is only available in the 3D Dynamic Mode The clavicle horizontal angle is the angle formed between the clavicle and the lateral dimen sion of the torso when viewing down the spine Thus it is an angle local to the spine If the clavicle is rotated forward of the torso then the angle is pos itive if the clavicle is rotated backward then the angle is negative This convention holds for both the right and left clavicle horizontal angles Figure 6 20 Figure 6 20 Clavicle horizontal angles 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 7 3 6 Clavicle Vertical Angle The clavicle vertical angle is measured between the clavicle and the transverse plane intersecting the sternoclavicular joint The transverse plane is per pendicular to the spine and so the angle is a local angle When the clavicle is above the SCJ the forearm vertical angle is positive if below the an gle is negative Figure 6 21 Figure 6 21 Clavicle vertical angles Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D S
110. k compression values in 3DSSPP The Back Compression Back Compression Design Lim it BCDL and the Back Compression Upper Limit BCUL correspond to the NIOSH Action Limit AL and Maximum Permissible Limit MPL The limiting values are documented in the Work Prac tices Guide for Manual Lifting NIOSH 1981 Figure 1 4 Low back forces and moments Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 6 The BCDL guidelines are consistent with the biomechanical and psychophysical criteria used to develop the revised 1991 lifting equation Waters et al 1993 while the BCUL are consistent with the criteria used to develop the 1981 equation In the 3DSSPP the BCDL is delimited in the bar graphs by the green to yellow transition and the BCUL is delimited by the yellow to red transition Because the 1991 version of the Lifting Guide has moved from a three stage decision matrix to a single lifting index in assessing the risk of low back pain these upper limits were not included as criteria for the 1991 version Further discussion concerning the back compression design and upper limits as well as the basis for strength design and upper limits can be found in Occupational Biomechanics Chaffin 2006 1 4 MEASUREMENT COORDINATE SYSTEM 3DSSPP uses a Cartesian coordinate system of X Y and Z axes The directions of the axes are de fined with respect to the center of the pelvis The X axis extends la
111. l Bending 0 Rotation 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 6 0 259 0 966 0 259 Hip Flex Ext Knee Flex Ext Ankle Flex Ext 0 96 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Licensed to University of Michigan Copyright 2008 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 17 Strength Direction Vectors report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 15 PRINT REPORTS COMMAND A series of reports can be printed using the Reports Print Reports command Figure 11 18 The se lected reports will print in the order they are listed Use File Print Setup to change printers or printer options The Select All and Select None buttons can speed the selection of desired combinations of re ports Select All Open Reports None Task Input Summary Analysis Summary Fatigue Lowback Analysis 3D Lowback Analysis Sagittal Plane Strength Capabilities Shoulder Analysis Anthropometry Balance Forces Locations Moments Posture Strength Direction Vectors cova Figure 11 18 Print Reports Dialog 0 o o E fo o I Page 95 11 16 EXPORT OUTPUT SUMMARY Through Reports Export Output Summary se lected data generated by 3DSSPP can be saved as an external text file for export to and further analy sis in spreadsheet or other application software Figure 11 19 Other than this data no reports can be exported as text files The text file
112. mation Context Menu 10 2 3 Animation Edit Buttons Two buttons are available at the right end of the bar to help add and delete frame from the timeline These are in addition to the editing commands available in the context menu Section 10 2 2 10 2 4 Inserting a String of Blank Frames A special command is available to insert a se ries of frames into the timeline Place the mouse cursor between two frames and click on the down ward arrow the appears The box shown in Figure 10 4 will allow frames to be inserted at the point of the arrow Clicking on the arrow and dragging it to the right will automatically insert frames and do a line ar interpolation between the original two frames Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 T 0 Frames 0 00 Seconds o0 Ta Figure 10 4 Animation frame insert function 10 3 IMPORT LOCATION FILE The Animation Import LOC File command al lows the entry of a special file of frames of body joint center locations X Y Z The format must be as follows Value Anatomical Location Attribute Skin Surface Skin Surface Skin Surface 1 3 Top Head 4 6 L Head 7 9 R Head 10 12 Head origin Virtual point 13 15 Nasion Skin Surface 16 18 Sight end Virtual point 19 21 C7 T1 Joint Center 22 24 Sternoclavicular Joint Joint Center 25 27 Suprasternale Skin Surface 28 30 LS5 S1 Joint Center 31 33
113. n 514 4 VW trunk extension 1090 hip flexion 494 hip extension 774 knee flexion 2 pos kkk knee extension 5 ankle flexion f4 ankle extension 408 i Figure 6 13 Dialog of population strength standard deviations for twenty strengths 6 6 7 5 Body Weight and Stature The EDIT MEANS AND STANDARD DE VIATIONS button opens the Dialog in Figure 6 14 These values are the current population height and body weight values used for 5th 50th and 95th percentile males and females The 3DSSPP program default values are discussed in Section 6 6 2 G Population Weight Stature Distribution 5th Percentile Mean 95th Percentile Height ER 1751 i873 Male Weight 801 83 9 126 2 Height 1493 161 6 172 7 Female Weight 50 3 72 7 115 Cancel Figure 6 14 Dialog for entry of population height and body weight values 6 6 7 6 Posture Range of Motion Lim its The EDIT ROM LIMITS button opens the Dialog in Figure 6 15 These values are the current posture range of motion limits Alternative values can be entered 6 7 BODY SEGMENT ANGLES When using the body segment angles method for entering postures 3DSSPP can model virtually any posture if the user enters the appropriate body seg ment angles described below Care has been taken to make body segment an gle entry as consistent as possible Nonetheless the degrees of freedom require special attention for proper entry Depending on what i
114. n Program Version 6 0 5 Section 6 2 as well as the number of the current selected frame In Static Mode Section 6 3 it will simply indicate Frame 0 3 7 1 Anthropometry and Hand Forc es The Anthropometry box lists the selected val ues used in the current analysis The Forces box list the magnitudes of the hand forces Note that additional forces and torques may also be included in the analysis yet not listed here 3 7 2 Hand Locations The Hand Locations box lists the current calcu lated hand location The location is calculated us Page 17 ing kinematics given the current posture angles and the anthropometry body segment lengths The center of reference for the measures can be set by the user Section 7 5 In standing mode it defaults to the center of the ankles projected downward to the lowest floor surface In seated mode the default 1s the Seat Reference Point 3 7 3 Low Back Compression The first data bar graph shows the current 3D Low Back Compression value The vertical black line indicates the calculated value which is also printed to the right of the bar The green region depicts an acceptable value and the red is unac ceptable The limit value between the green and yellow regions is the NIOSH compression limit and the limit between the yellow and red regions is two times this limit See the Analysis Summary Report Section 11 2 2 E 3DSSPP Status Untitled Task Frame 0 3D Low back Compress
115. n Program Version 6 0 5 Tiling 3 3 7 2 Auto tiling 7 1 Top down model 1 3 1 Torque see Moments Hand 6 13 Transparent see Human figure Type see Environment objects Barrier or Handheld objects Typefaces 1 8 Undo 5 1 5 2 Units English metric 6 2 Unlocking body segments see Locking mode Vectors force see Hand loads Vertical tilt see Camera Wall see Environment objects Barrier Weight see Anthropometry Width see Environment objects Barrier or Handheld objects Zoom see Print preview see also Camera Focal length Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
116. n will cause 3DSSPP to save all current parameters including joint angles colors window positions reports open hand loads etc in a startup task file This file will be opened automatically whenever 3DSSPP loads Use this option to create a default workspace with commonly used parame ters For example if the you wish to always work with a different colored background or to start with a certain posture then just create a new task and click Set Startup Task to Current 4 6 RESET STARTUP TASK Use this option to restore the startup task to the fac tory defaults the same startup parameters that come with a new install of 3DSSPP 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 4 7 PRINT PREVIEW Selecting File Print Preview opens the Windows Print Preview display Figure 4 2 Print Preview displays the contents of the currently active window as it would be printed were the File Print option selected The following options are relevant to 3DSSPP Print Prints the displayed window Zoom in Zoom out Three levels of magnifica tion are possible 25 50 and 100 25 allows the entire page to be seen while 100 allows any text to be clearly read Zooming in increases the magnification while zooming out decreases the magnification Close This option exits the Print Preview screen and returns to the prior view DE Status Untitled Task G Close Zoom In Zoom Out Figure 4 2 Print Previe
117. nd is checked then the standard 3 over 2 arrangement of the view windows will be reset when ever the program window is sized If an alternative arrangement of the view windows is desired then the Auto Tile feature should be disabled To enable or disable simply click on the command 35 Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Untitled _ 7 2 TILENOW If the Tile Now command is selected the view win dow tiling will be reset to the standard 3 over 2 ar rangement 7 3 STATUS BAR This command controls the appearance of the Mes sage Bar The Message Bar displays various help and error messages It is displayed if the command is checked and hidden if it is not checked To check or uncheck simply click on the command File Edit Task Input 3 Views Oblique View Animation Reports About Y Auto Tile Tile Now Status Bar Strength Limits Measurement Coordinate Center Windows Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 60 7 4 STRENGTH LIMITS The strength limits shown on the screens and used in the reports are set in the Strength Limits Dialog Figure 7 2 The default values are from NIOSH Section 1 3 1 1 Custom upper and lower limits for males and female can easily be entered 7 5 MEASUREMENT COORDINATE SYSTEM ORIGIN The center of the measurement coordinate system can be set using the Measurement Coordinate Sys Strength Percentile Limits NIOSH recommended C Cu
118. nding angle with stooped and non stooped torsos Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 44 6 7 3 9 Trunk Axial Rotation Angle The trunk axial rotation angle is defined as the rotation of the torso about the axis formed by the line segment from the L5 S1 disc to the center of the shoulders The rotation should be measured as the left shoulder location relative to the X axis If the left shoulder is rotated behind the X axis the angle is positive Figure 6 24a If the left shoulder is rotated in front of the X axis the angle is nega tive Figure 6 24b In other words for counter clockwise rotation the angle is positive and vice versa The range of motion for this angle is limited to 90 degrees b Figure 6 24 Trunk positive axial rotation a and negative axial rotation b 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 7 3 10 Pelvic Forward Rotation Angle Pelvic forward rotation is estimated by an algo rithm within the 3DSSPP However the angle can be altered in the Support Selection Dialog Section 6 5 It is measured as the forward tilt of the pelvis about the centers of the hips Figure 6 25 Draw a line from the center of the hips to the L5S1 and de termine the angle between it and vertical The axis of rotation is the Y axis Forward rotation is posi tive for the purpose of the program Dialogs and reports Internally according to the right hand rule it
119. ndow the human figure may be viewed from any distance and view angle Additionally a camera focal length can be simulat ed which changes the perspective in the scene This is very useful when comparing the modeled posture to photographs taken with different focal length lenses since different focal lengths produce differ ent perspective distortions These can be matched by setting the focal length to match the camera us ing the Oblique View Camera command The Oblique View Window can also enhance posture evaluation and realism if environment ob jects are used 3DSSPP provides three different kinds of objects that can be placed in the figure s immediate environment a hand held object cube sphere or cylinder a barrier vertical wall or hori zontal table and a floor The barrier can be user defined for length and width as well as positioned using a cylindrical coordinate system centered on the human figure 3DSSPP automatically fits the handheld object to the space between the figure s hands and always centers the hands on the sides of the hand held object If the task being modeled involves an asymmetrically held object the oblique view image will not match the actual task This is a function of the graphics display and has no bearing on the biomechanical analyses 9 1 HUMAN FIGURE Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Untitled File Edit Task Input Display 3 Views iS Animation Reports About Top View from Z Axis
120. ng on the biomechani cal analyses and is only included for realistic ap pearance Type Four object options are available none cube cylinder or sphere The object is automatically positioned at the midpoint of the hands and scaled to fill the space between the hands The default is no object Height With this field the vertical dimen sion of the handheld object is specified in inches or centimeters depending on the units currently selected The vertical dimension is measured from the bottom to top of the ob ject at its largest cross section Depth With this field the horizontal forward backward dimension of the handheld object can be specified in inches or centimeters depending on the units currently selected The horizontal dimension is meas ured from the front of the object farthest side from the figure to its back closest side to the figure along a line that lies in the global horizontal plane and is perpendicular to the line connecting the hand centers In the three dimensional display typically appears as the depth of the object when the figure is viewed from the side Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 68 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 30 Untitled Task Figure 9 4 Example of Oblique View environment 9 2 3 Barrier A barrier represents either a wall or a table as a thin plate of user defined thickness A wall and a table
121. no canc conc T2 10 3 IMPORT LOCATION FILE ie aa 73 10 4 PREDICT REACH MOTION sis 73 10 4 1 Dialog for HUMOSIM Motion Prediction Standing or Seated Mode 74 TOA UST Reach Lype einser alls cite a aoe a a a a aise ocean yauedenenes 75 10 4 1 2 Offset Between Hands SS 75 DOA T3 BOX Anele ne e E A a E a 75 10 4 1 4 Initial and Final Postures ace 75 10 4 1 5 gt Motion Length sachs Sd td oca 75 10 4 2 Dialog for Interpolation Motion Prediction Standing or Seated Mode 75 10 4 2 1 Initial and Final Postures lA Nr 75 10 422 Motion Length ii A an os e a ADA a 75 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 Page xi 100 EXPORT AWD FILE 00 ASA 76 Chapter 11 REPORTS MENU COMMAND csccssssssstsesesssencssccncesccsscecseseecceesencnsesncessensens 77 11 1 TASK INPUT SUMMARY REPORT a ES 78 Wi ANALYSIS SUMA sacar sdccestesea co e a a G kei 79 E ody ERAN OT CCS letra ss a feels ee aac E eae ne east 79 11 2 2 Disc Compression FT OTe G55 ef sv A aah meas eed ees 80 112241 Compression Tamil hae avtnes a ten Soh havea 80 112 3 PerconoCapable tala EA 80 VIERTEN A sidss Gedo he 80 11 24 Eeg Load and Balance seul tao ados 80 11 2 5 Required Coefficient of Ground FrictiOM cooonoccnnocinonoconcconnnonncnnnccnnoconcnonncoos 81 UD e GER EL OER hes act alee AAA St 81 11 4 3D LOW BACK ANALYSIS REPORT ccsscscssscscssccsesesesseccsesenc
122. nt load moment 1 7 Rotation see Camera SDL SUL see NIOSH limits SRP see Seat reference point Sagittal plane 8 Low back report 11 5 Saving data see Files Seat see Support selection Pan 6 5 2 Seat reference point 6 5 6 5 2 Seated mode see Support mode Segment locking see Locking mode Shear forces 1 3 2 1 3 3 11 4 11 5 Shoes 9 1 2 Height 6 6 3 Shoulder Included angles 11 13 Location 11 11 Muscle model 11 7 Slips and falls see Coefficient of ground friction Sphere see Environment objects Handheld object Standing mode support see Support mode Static mode see Mode Static strength model 1 3 1 Status bar 3 9 7 3 Strength Data base 1 3 1 11 6 Direction vectors 11 14 Model 1 3 1 Limits see NIOSH limits Changing 7 4 Strength percent capable Analysis summary report 11 2 3 Concept 1 3 1 11 6 Limits see NIOSH limits Reported 11 6 Status window 3 7 4 Supination see Hand posture Rotation Supine see Hand orientation Support mode 6 5 Support Selection 6 5 Back rest 6 5 2 Feet 6 5 1 Seat type 6 5 2 Seat pan 6 5 2 Seated mode 6 5 2 Standing mode 6 5 2 Symmetry Body segment angles 6 7 1 Hand posture 6 8 Posture prediction 6 10 2 Table see Environment objects Barrier Task name task description 6 1 Thickness see Environment objects Barrier Tile now 7 2 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 108 3D Static Strength Predictio
123. nt objects Back compression force see Disc compression force Back compression design limit see NIOSH limits Back compression upper limit see NIOSH limits Background Color see Color Image 9 4 1 Back rest 6 5 2 See also Support selection Balance Basis of support 11 9 6 Center of Body Mass 11 9 4 Center of Gravity 11 9 4 Center of Pressure 11 2 5 Calculation of 11 9 1 Conditions 11 9 7 Functional stability region 11 9 6 Reports 11 9 Status window 3 7 5 Barrier see Environment objects Batch files operation 6 15 Command structure 6 15 1 2 Example file 6 15 13 Body segment angles 6 7 Angle descriptions 6 7 3 Clavicles angles Horizontal 6 7 3 5 Vertical 6 7 3 6 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 104 Dialog box 6 7 1 Femoral rotation 6 7 3 4 Head angles Axial rotation 6 7 3 15 Flexion 6 7 3 13 Lateral bending 6 7 3 14 Horizontal angles 6 7 3 1 Humeral rotation 6 7 3 3 Increment 6 7 1 Neutral 6 7 1 Pelvic angles Forward rotation 6 7 3 10 Lateral tilt 6 7 3 11 Trunk angles Axial rotation 6 7 3 9 Calculated torso 6 7 3 7 Direct manipulation 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 3 Flexion 6 7 3 7 Lateral bending 6 7 3 8 Vertical angles 6 7 3 2 Camera 9 3 Distance 1 7 9 3 Focal length 1 7 9 3 Rotation 1 7 9 3 Vertical tilt 1 7 9 3 Center of gravity see Balance Center of mass see Anthropometry Center of pressure see Balance Clavicles see
124. o Unprotected Copyright 2009 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 10 Standing balance report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 88 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Description Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 02 08 10 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height Center of Balance r Center of Pressure in Forward to Backward 15 9 Right to Left 0 0 Center of Body Mass in Forward to Backward 14 0 Right to Left 0 0 SY Base of Support in Front Boundary 25 5 Left Boundary 7 0 Right Boundary 7 0 M Stability Balance Acceptable Residual Support Moments in lb y Leg Loads x Y z 0 0 0 0 0 0 Left 50 Right 50 Maximum Balance Moments irrlb Left Right A Y TE A Y z IT 25731 428 3 0 0 2573 1 428 3 0 0 Seat Front 2244 1 794 6 0 0 2244 1 794 6 Ball of Foot 1985 2 1164 3 0 0 1985 2 1164 3 0 0 3DSSPP 6 0 3 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2009 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 11 Seated balance report magnitudes They are reported as the Maximum 11 9 2 Leg Loads Balance Moments Note that the calculation of the external support forces is an indeterminate problem The reported Leg Load is the percentage of to with multiple po
125. of the predicted motion will be inserted into the frame timeline after the currently selected frame 10 4 1 1 Reach Type The reach type is either two handed one handed neutral or one handed prone Two handed is as holding a two handled tote box One handed neutral would be like holding an open jar of pickles or a vertical pole One handed prone would be like lifting a lunch pail by the handle in front of you with your palm down or like lifting a horizontal pole 10 4 1 2 Offset Between Hands The offset between hands is the distance between the hands when predicting a two hand ed transfer The X offset must be positive The Y and Z values can be positive or negative and direct the location of the right hand with re spect to the left 10 4 1 3 Box Angle When using two hands this parameter can be used to simulate the rotation of the box with respect to the human figure The rotation in degrees can be either positive or negative 10 4 1 4 Initial and Final Postures The initial and final motion postures can be set by specifying a target hand location or by using previously defined frames The previ ously defined frames must be the currently se lected frame and the immediately following frame Page 75 10 4 1 5 Motion Length The motion length sets the time duration of the motion and can be specified in seconds or by the number of frames 3DSSPP uses 25 frames per second 10 4 2 Dialog for Interpolation Motion Predi
126. om 1 1 PURPOSE OF MANUAL The primary purpose of this manual is to document 1 The task parameters inputs to the program and how they are measured 2 The entry of the task parameters 3 The program options 4 The program outputs 1 2 CAUTION 3DSSPP should not be used as the sole determinant of worker strength performance or job designs based on that performance Other criteria and professional judgment are required to properly design safe and productive jobs Be sure to read the End User Li cense Agreement at the beginning of this manual 1 3 BACKGROUND 3DSSPP is most useful in the analysis of the slow movements used in heavy materials han dling tasks since the biomechanical computations assume that the effects of acceleration and mo mentum are negligible Such tasks can be evaluated best by dividing the activity into a sequence of static postures and ana lyzing each individual posture To aid in posture entry an inverse kinematics algorithm was developed from research on the pre ferred postures of individuals manipulating loads with known hand positions This behavioral based algorithm is intended to provide a first approxima tion of the posture based on the specified hand posi tions and torques and forces on the hands and joints Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 2 However the inverse kinematics algorithm may not yield a posture representative o
127. on angle When the elbow is bent this angle is given by the orientation of the forearm with respect to the upper arm When the elbow is not bent the humeral rotation is unknown In this case one half of the hand rotation angle is applied to the upper arm and one half to the lower arm 6 9 PRE SET POSTURES Selecting Task Input Pre Set Posture displays a list of postures Figure 6 34 that can be selected and applied to the hominoid These can be used as a starting point when entering postures via the body segment angles or other methods Hand Posture Pre Set Postures Posture Prediction Locking Mode Page 49 6 10 POSTURE PREDICTION 6 10 1 Introduction to the Inverse Kine matics Method of Posture Pre diction Choosing Task Input Posture Prediction indi cates the inverse kinematics method of posture entry is to be used The concept of inverse kinematics is that if the positions of the hands relative to the feet can be specified the positions of the other body joints and segments can be computed from algorithms based upon behavioral data This means that in order to specify a posture all that needs to be done is for the analyst to enter the positions of the hands and the program will automatically predict the locations of the other body segments and joints This predic tion is based on these hand locations the anthro pometry of the worker and the load at the hands However because the inverse kinemat
128. opulation Strength Means depend upon the gender and posture They are not stratified by height or weight anthropometry because the corre lation is weak Also there is currently insufficient data to stratify the strength means by age The Percent Capable is the percentage of the population with the strength capability to generate a moment larger than the resultant moment It is cal culated as a function of the resultant moment mean strength and standard deviation of the mean strength using a normal distribution as follows Percent Capable D Z 2 m f o exp x7 2 dx where Z Required Moment at joint Mean Strength Std Dev of Strength m Ri 3DSSPP Strength Capabilities Description Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 10 01 12 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 68 9 in Weight 185 0 Ib Comment Left Right Required Population Strength Required Population Strength Moment Muscle Mean SD Cap Moment Muscle Mean SD Cap in lbo Effect inlbo inlb 2 in Ib Effect nlb inlb 4 Wrist Flex Ext 17 6 EXTEN 67 2 Bild EEE 17 6 EXTEN 72 3 shi EL UlnarfRadialDey 19 9 RDLDEY 90 5 ai ERLE el RDLDEY 97 4 Shee Ele Forearm Rot 0 0 ELF 0 0 ggi Elbow FlexExt 88 5 FLEXN 527 4 129 6 100 0 88 5 FLEXN 567 1 1394 100 Shoulder Humeral Rot 34 0 LATERL 639 9 1451 100 34 0 LATERL 688 0 156 0 100 Rot n Bk Fd 13 BACKWD 612 3 1792 100 13 BACKWD 658 4 192 7 100 Abduc
129. or the right hand and click on the SYMMETRY but ton to copy the values to the left side 6 11 LOCKING MODE One way to enhance the direct manipulation posture entry method is by using segment locking This fea ture allows certain body segments of the modeled posture to be locked preventing the inverse kine Hand Location Left Right Horizontal he 116 Vertical 24 24 Lateral z A lt Symmetry Cancel Figure 6 35 Posture Prediction Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Locking Mode No Locking Lock Legs Lock Legs and Trunk Lock Arms and Trunk Figure 6 36 Locking Mode Dialog matics algorithm from changing the joint angles of those segments For example if the legs are in the desired posture the legs should be locked before manipulating the hand positions If the legs are not Hand Loads Left Applied Load Magnitude 10 00 lb Angle Degrees Vertical 90 Horizontal Increment so Left Effort Description By Angle Entry C Lift C Push Forward Exert Left C Push Down Pull Back C Exert Right sso 20 Page 51 locked the legs will be re predicted and the joint angles changed by the inverse kinematics algo rithm Other segments and combinations can be locked The locked joint markers change to hollow circles which cannot be selected for direct m
130. otion Prediction Journal of Passenger Cars Electronic and Elec trical Systems Proceedings of SAE Digital Hu man Modeling for Design and Engineering Con ference Montreal Canada pp 722 732 2003 Farfan H F Mechanical Disorders of the Low Back Lea and Febiger Philadelphia 1973 Hallbeck M S Flexion and Extension Forces Generated by Wrist Dedicated Muscles Over the Range of Motion Applied Ergonomics 25 6 379 385 1994 Holbein M A and Chaffin D B Stability Lim its In Extreme Postures Effects of Load Posi tioning Foot Placement and Strength Human Factors 39 3 456 468 1997 Holbein Jenny M A McDermott K Shaw C Demchak J Validity of Functional Stability Limits as a Measure of Balance in Adults Aged 23 73 Years Ergonomics 50 5 631 646 2007 Kerk C J Chaffin D B Keyserling W M Stability as a Constraint in Sagittal Plane Hu man Force Exertion Modeling Occupational Ergonomics 1 1 23 39 1998 Kerk C J Chaffin D B Page G B Hughes R E A Comprehensive Biomechanical Model Using Strength Stability and COF Constraints to Predict Hand Force Exertion Capability under Sagittally Symmetric Static Conditions IIE Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Transactions 26 3 57 67 1994 Kishino N D Mayer T G Gatchel R J McCrate P
131. ovided in or by the PROGRAM VI TERMINATION If LICENSEE at any time fails to abide by the terms of this Agreement MICHIGAN shall have the right to imme diately terminate the license granted herein require the return or destruction of all copies of the PROGRAM from LICENSEE and certification in writing as to such return or destruction and pursue any other legal or equitable remedies available VI MISCELLANEOUS A This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Michigan Should LICEN SEE for any reason bring a claim demand or other action against MICHIGAN its agents or employees arising out of this Agreement or the PROGRAM licensed herein LICENSEE agrees to bring said claim only in the Michigan Court of Claims B THIS AGREEMENT REPRESENTS THE COMPLETE AND EXCLUSIVE STATEMENT OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN MICHIGAN AND LICENSEE AND SUPERSEDES ALL PRIOR AGREE MENTS PROPOSALS REPRESENTATIONS AND OTHER COMMUNICATIONS VERBAL OR WRIT TEN BETWEEN THEM WITH RESPECT TO USE OF THE PROGRAM THIS AGREEMENT MAY BE MODIFIED ONLY WITH THE MUTUAL WRITTEN APPROVAL OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENT ATIVES OF THE PARTIES C The terms and conditions of this Agreement shall prevail notwithstanding any different conflicting or addi tional terms or conditions which may appear in any purchase order or other document submitted by LICEN SEE LICENSEE agrees that such additional or inconsistent terms are deemed rejected by MICHIGAN D
132. r is se lected the cursor changes to a set of cross hairs Moving the mouse will now rotate the body seg ment proximal to the selected joint location about the proximal joint Note that all segments distal to the rotated segment will rotate also This is not in verse kinematics but rather simple forward kine matics The root of the human graphic model is the center of the hips 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 NA 7 gt 3 Be Rotate Left Hand Figure 3 6 Selecting marker to Rotate Left Hand 3 5 3 Direct Manipulation Hints 3 5 3 1 Moving Hips The most straightforward manner for altering bending postures from stoop to squat or to straight ening the legs is by moving the hip center location The left and the right hip can only be moved in tan dem when the hips are selected the right and left hip are selected simultaneously The position of the hips can only be altered in two dimensional sagittal plane space and is easiest to manipulate in the side view To stoop more raise the hips and to squat more lower the hips To increase the bend in the legs adjust the hips downward conversely to straighten the legs move the hips upward 3 5 3 2 Trunk Flexion and Later Bend ing Trunk flexion corresponds to the forward bend ing of the trunk and lateral bending corresponds to side to side bending The center of rotation is the Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS
133. re listed below in order of inclusion height and body weight Summary Results summary L5 S1 Compression L4 L5 Compression Wrist Summary Cap Elbow Summary Cap Shldr Summary Cap Torso Summary Cap Hip Summary Cap Knee Summary Cap Ankle Summary Cap Coef of Friction Load on Left Foot Bal Condition 0 Acceptable 1 Criti cal or 2 Unaccepta ble Strength Capabilities str cap R Wrist Flex Ext R Wrist Ulnr Rad Dev R Forearm Rot R Elbow Flex Ext R Shldr Humeral Rot R Shldr Fwd Bkwd R Shldr Adduc Abduc R Hip Flex Ext R Knee Flex Ext R Ankle Flex Ext L Wrist Flex Ext L Wrist Ulnr Rad Dev L Forearm Rot Immediately thereafter L Elbow Flex Ext L Shldr Humeral Rot L Shldr Fwd Bkwd L Shldr Adduc Abduc L Hip Flex Ext L Knee Flex Ext L Ankle Flex Ext Torso Flex Ext Torso Lat Bend Torso Axial Rot Low Back low back L5 S1 Compression L5 S1 Comp SD L5 S1 Sagittal Shear L5 S1 Forward Shear L4 L5 Compression L4 L5 Forward Shear L4 LS Lateral Shear followed by the result ant shear X Y ad Z forces for each of the following R Erector Spi R Rectus Abdo R Internal Ob R External Ob R Latis Dorsi L Erector Spi L Rectus Abdo L Internal Ob L External Ob L Latis Dorsi COP X Fatigue Values COP Y Stability fatigue Left load 50 25 and Right load 50a values for each R Wrist Flexion Hand Forces R Wrist Deviation R Forearm Rotation
134. rength Prediction Program Version 6 9 16 1 Export Output File Format ata RETETEN CES E EE AEA ERTE AAA S EEA EEI E EA A A A dekto Sections garene eene n E E a T ela athe Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The University of Michigan s 3D Static Strength Prediction Program 3DSSPP is based on over 35 years of research at the Center for Ergonomics regarding the biomechanical and static strength ca pabilities of the employee in relation to the physical demands of the work environment This manual provides the user of the 3D Static Strength Predic tion Program with an instructional reference for properly applying the 3DSSPP to aid in the evalua tion of the physical demands of a prescribed job For a complete discussion of occupational biome chanics and details on the mathematical models see Occupational Biomechanics 4th Edition by Chaf fin Andersson and Martin 2006 published by J Wiley amp Sons Inc 605 Third Ave New York NY 10158 This is an excellent reference The 3DSSPP can aid the ergonomics analyst as a design and evaluation tool in both proactive and reactive analysis of workplaces and work tasks It can be a valuable quantitative tool to illustrate the benefits of an ergonomic intervention It is often used for instructional purposes in the classroom plant floor and board ro
135. rength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Floor 9 2 1 Handheld object 9 2 2 Erector spinae muscle 1 3 2 11 4 11 5 Error reporting 1 6 Exit 4 16 Export output summary 11 16 File format 11 16 1 Fatigue 11 3 Feet Balance 11 9 Center of feet as coordinate system center 7 5 Direct manipulation 3 5 Ground friction 11 2 5 Load on feet 11 10 Location 11 11 Shoes 9 1 2 Support 6 5 1 File Operations 4 1 to 4 4 Flesh see Human figure Model type Floor see Environment objects Focal length see Camera Force Hands see Hand loads Report 11 10 Forearm angles see Body segment angles Frontal plane 8 Gender see Anthropometry Graphic human model see Human figure Gravity 6 4 Hand forces see Hand loads Handheld object see Environment objects Hand loads Arrow display 8 1 Arrow colors 8 2 Page 105 Dialog 6 12 Descriptor 6 12 Force vectors 6 12 1 Magnitude 6 12 Torques 6 13 Vector components 6 13 11 2 1 Hand locations Direct manipulation 3 5 3 4 Measurement 1 4 Status window 3 7 2 Hand orientation see Posture prediction see Hand posture Hand position see Hand locations Hand posture Horizontal angle 6 8 2 1 Rotation angle 6 8 2 3 Type 6 8 1 Vertical angle 6 8 2 2 Height see Anthropometry Stature entry 6 6 2 Hand object height 9 2 2 Population value 6 6 7 5 Hips Included angle 11 13 Direct manipulation 3 5 3 1 Hominoid see Human figure Horizontal plane
136. represents the pelvic bone and surrounding muscles to the L5 S1 disc Finally the center of gravity distances are measured from the end of the link which is internally closest to the feet the proxi mal end for the upper extremity and the distal end for the lower extremity Near the end of the report is the name of the population used for the analysis as set in the An thropometry Dialog Section 6 6 r 28 3DSSPP Anthropometry Description Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 02 24 11 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 68 9 in Weight 185 0 Ib Comment Link Length in CG to Proximal End Weight Ib Distance in Hand Grip Center 3 4 2 7 11 Hand With Fingers a4 27 1 1 Lower Arm 10 4 43 3 2 Upper Arm 12 9 6 8 5 3 L5 to Shoulder Center 16 0 n a n a L5 To Shoulder Head and Neck n a 14 2 Tka L5 and Above n a n a 96 6 Hip to L5 3 8 19 20 4 Hip to Hip 7 0 n a n a Upper Leg 17 7 10 8 245 Lower Leg 15 8 Sl 73 Foot 10 5 6 0 2 6 Diaphragm Moment Arm 6 0 n a n a Population Production 6 0 3 3DSSPP 6 0 5 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2010 The Regents of the University of Michigan 4LL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 9 Anthropometry report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 9 BALANCE REPORT The balance reports Figures 11 10 and 11 11 dis play the body support
137. rtin B J Occupational Biomechanics 4th edition John Wiley amp Sons New York 2006 Chaffin D B Redfern M S Erig M Goldstein S A Lumbar Muscle Size and Locations from CT Scans of 96 Women of age 40 to 63 Years Clinical Biomechanics 5 1 9 16 1990 Chaffin D B Faraway J J Zhang X and Wool ley C B Stature Age and Gender Effects on Reach Motion Postures Human Factors 42 3 408 420 2000 Chaffin Schultz and Snyder 1972 Clarke H H Muscle Strength and Endurance in Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 100 Man Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs pp 39 51 1966 Clauser C E McConville J T and Young J W Weight Volume and Center of Mass of Seg ments of the Human Body Report number AMRL TR 69 70 Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories Wright Patterson Air Force Base Ohio NASA CR 11262 1969 De Leva P Adjustments to Zatsiorsky Seluyanov s Segment Inertia Parameters J Biomechanics 29 9 1223 1230 1996 Delp S L Grierson A E Buchanan T S Maximum Isometric Moments Generated by the Wrist Muscles in Flexion Extension and Ra dial Ulnar Deviation Journal Biomechanics 29 10 1371 1375 1996 Dempster W T Space Requirements of the Seat ed Operator Report number WADC TR 55 159 Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories Dayton Ohio 1955 Dickerson C R A B
138. s a local angle with respect to the torso As the torso is moved the head will stay in the same relative position The angle is measured between the axis of the head neck and the projection of the same axis on the sag ittal plane of the torso Figure 6 28 Bending to the left is negative and to the right is positive The range of motion for head lateral bending is limited to 40 degrees b Figure 6 28 Head lateral bending angle 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 7 3 15 Head Axial Rotation Angle The head axial rotation angle is a local angle measured with respect to the torso As the torso is moved the head will stay in the same relative posi tion The rotation is about the axis of the head neck Figure 6 29 If the head is directed forward and symmetrical with respect to the torso then the rota tion angle is zero Rotation to the right is negative and to the left is positive b Figure 6 29 Head positive axial rotation a and negative axial rotation b with torso rota tion Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 8 HAND POSTURE Selecting Task Input Hand Posture opens the Hand Posture Dialog Figure 6 30 To manipulate the wrist simply enter the hand segment angles ac cording to the definitions below To enter a value in a specific field click on the field or use the TAB key to move from field
139. s being de scribed the reference planes for some of these an gles differ The program will in certain cases disal low an input if its error checking algorithm decides that the input exceeds a joint s range of motion The angle definitions are given below Note that the horizontal angles do not have Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ofj o E TIT a ca a a pa m Torso Angles degrees 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Head Flexion Extension Axial Rotation Lateral Bending Torso Flexion Extension Axial Rotation Lateral Bending Pelvis Forward Rotation Lateral Rotation Te TTP VE TE TE L5S1 Forward Tilt if meaning when the arms or legs are perfectly verti cal and need not be entered in this case 6 7 1 Body Segment Angle Dialog Choosing Task Input Body Segment Angles indicates that the body segment angle method for posture entry is to be used and displays the Body Segment Angle Entry Dialog The Dialogs for the 3D Static and 3D Dynamic modes are shown in Figures 6 16 and 6 17 The 3D Dynamic Mode in cludes additional angles to posture the clavicles feet and head To use the body segment angle method for pos ture entry simply enter the body segment angles Figure 6 15 Posture Range of Motion Limits Dialog according to the definitions below To enter a value in a specific field cl
140. s of the analyses are output to an export file Section 11 17 A log file is also produced Both file locations default to the folder containing the batch file 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 15 1 Batch File Format 6 15 1 1 First Line of File The first line of all batch files must be 3DSSPPBATCHFILE 6 15 1 2 Command Structure All lines must have one and only one com mand The command must begin with a com mand name upper case only and must end with the terminating character ff No charac ters should follow the terminating character Blanks are used to delimit all commands data items and the terminating character At least one blank must be used additional blanks for visual organization are acceptable The legal commands and their abbrevia tions are as follows ANTHROPOMETRY ANT AUTOEXPORT AUT COMMENT COM DESCRIPTION DES EXPORT EXP FRAME FRM HANDLOADS HAN SEGMENTANGLES JOA SEGMENTANGLES V5 JON POSTUREPREDICTION PPR PAUSE PAU Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 15 2 ANTHROPOMETRY Command The ANTHROPOMETRY command is used to set the gender and anthropometry val ues for the subsequent analyses The first data item is an integer representing the gender Male is 0 and Female is 1 The second data item is an integer representing the percentile for heig
141. s will be negative a posi tive Z component indicates a task using a The forces on the hand are listed as the vector downward push components of the load projected onto the X Y and Z axes and also as the resultant magnitude 3DSSPP Analysis Summary em Description Company Unknown Company Analyst Unknown Date 02 24 11 Task Untitled Task Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 68 9 in Weight 185 0 lb Comment Percent of Population Capable 3 Wit hss Ebw i Shoulder 99 Torso 94 Hip 30 Knee 99 Ankle dal 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 o 3D Low back Compression Ib L4 L5 770 1430 1874 Leg Loads Left 50 Right 50 Balance Acceptable Minimum Coef of Friction 3DSSPP 6 0 5 Licensed to Unprotected Copyright 2010 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Figure 11 3 Analysis Summary report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 80 11 2 2 Disk Compression Force The 3D low back compression force at L4 L5 is displayed below the hand forces Both a numeric value and a bar graph are shown The disc compres sion force predictions are compared with the Back Compression Design Limit BCDL 770 pounds or 3400 newtons and the Back Compression Upper Limit BCUL 1430 pounds or 6400 newtons as specified by NIOSH The back compression results s
142. similar to us ing a zoom lens 3DSSPP provides the camera met aphor for more exact matching of hominoid pos tures to photographs or video Selecting Oblique View Camera displays a dialog box Figure 9 5 which allows the user to select the following model viewing options Focal Length This field specifies the camera s focal length High focal length values magnify and flatten the image low values make the image small er and distorted Distance This field specifies the radial distance of the camera s film plane to the center of the fig ure s hips Vertical Tilt This field specifies the vertical angle of the camera in degrees Vertical tilt is a measure of the angle from the horizontal plane at which the object is being observed Ranging from 89 to 89 0 is at waist level looking at the object and 89 is directly overhead looking down on the object Oblique View Camera Camera Location Camera Angle Focal Length 50 mm Distance 90 in so _ Vertical Tilt 20 Degrees Rotation 20 Degrees Page 69 Rotation This field specifies the angle from a vertical plane separating the left and right halves of the object from which it is being observed Ranging from 180 to 180 degrees 0 degrees is looking di rectly at the front of the figure while 90 degrees is looking at the figure s left side observer s right side The camera view can be adjusted using the mouse by clicking and dragging in th
143. ssesncseseeaees 82 11 5 SAGITTAL PLANE LOW BACK ANALYSIS REPORT ceeceecceseeeteeseeeeeees 83 11 5 1 Estimated L5 S1 Ligament Strain ceecssccesnccsetscseccssccesncesesscseccssecesncees 83 11 6 STRENGTH CAPABILITIES REPORT 0 84 11 7 SHOULDER MUSCLE MODEL REPORT 0 0 ecceceecceseesceeeseeseeseeseeseeeeeeeeneens 85 11 ANTHROPOMETRY REPORT a324ccecscnd cnaie kainate a RE N 86 11 9 BALANCE REPORTS SEATED AND STANDINO 0ocococcconicnconnonnnonnconninnninnonos 87 11 9 1 Maximum Balance Moments 87 119 2 Leg Loads iuern tennin eneston ara ao SE E ESEO AAA EES AEA Aa ERES EERS 88 11 9 3 Residual Support Moments c ccsccssssresessscscetecsesscssensssesesasessasensnccsacseacess 89 11 9 4 Center of Body Mass Calculation viii dde 89 11 9 5 Center of Pressure Calculations ld as aid 89 11 96 Base OF SUP POL csi ia28ctvnareasseieadcasen dap datcanaiadeaseds anaes iaelaceasclorpieditolnadiaees 89 11 9 7 Stability Balance CONAM A 89 11 9 8 Cent rof Pressure rap i 89 TAO FORCES IRE PO e 90 TAT LOCATIONS REPORT o e a e cohol a eos 91 11 12 MOMENTS REPORT ia dates 92 11 49 POSTURE REPORT ae nde cs cs id 93 11 13 1 Range of Joint Motion Limits asno alitas teatre aa dica 93 11 14 STRENGTH DIRECTION VECTORS REPORT ccccccccsecsseeeeseceseesseeeeseees 94 FEIS PRIN REPORT COMMAND 0 DE a a a 95 11 16 EXPORT OUTPUT SUMMAR Y a Alias 95 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page xii 3D Static St
144. ssible location then the figure ceases to move until the curser is returned to a feasible location If the hips are moved then all of the joints be tween the hands and feet may be adjusted Moving selected joints above the hips will only affect the upper body and moving selected joints below the hips will only adjust the lower body In standing mode the position of the floor on the screen is always the same Therefore if one foot is lifted off the ground and then the other is lifted the body will drop to the floor The floor is defined to be located at the level of the lowest foot Both feet are always assumed to be supported even when positioned at different levels For one foot support see Support Selection Section 6 5 Note that by default the hand locations are measured with respect to the center of the ankles at the lowest floor in standing mode Thus if one foot is moved then the origin of the measurement is moved and the numerical hand locations will change but the relative location of the hands to the stationary foot will be maintained To change the measurement center see Measurement Coordinate System Origin Section 7 5 3 5 2 Rotating Body Segments about a Joint SHIFT Key Use If the SHIFT key is pressed while the mouse cursor arrow is moved over a solid joint marker a different popup message will appear and describe an available rotation about a joint Figure 3 6 Up on pressing the left mouse button the marke
145. ssible solutions if any tal pelvic resultant force supported by each leg It is calculated based upon the estimated support forc es from Section 11 9 1 It most often is only appli cable to standing support cases Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 9 3 Residual Support Moments The loads on the lower extremity joints are cal culated bottom up starting with the estimated exter nal forces from Section 11 9 1 To be in balance the total moments at the pelvis must be zero Ex cess pelvic resultant moments that cannot be offset by the moments from the supporting forces are re ported as residual support moments Again these must be zero to be in balance The magnitude and direction of the residual support moments indicated the magnitude and direction of the balance problem 11 9 4 Center of Body Mass Calcula tion The Center of Body Mass is defined as the cen ter of body mass projected downward and can also be called Center of Gravity CoG In 3DSSPP this is calculated for the body part masses only not in cluding the mass of objects which might be in the hands No external forces or moments are included The Center of Body Mass is shown on the balance graphic as a yellow dot 11 9 5 Center of Pressure Calculation The Center of Pressure COP is defined as the center of the supporting forces It is calculated sim ilar to the COG
146. stom Limit Yalues 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 tem Origin Dialog Figure 7 3 Changing the center will alter all of the entered displayed and reported location values The default center for standing mode cases is at the center of the feet Center of the ankles projected downward to the floor support of the lowest foot For seated mode cases the de fault center is at the Seat Reference Point SRP Center locations other than the default can be set using the Dialog Lower limit Upper limit Male 25 1 Female A Figure 7 2 Strength Limits Dialog Measurement Coordinate System Origin Center Location Default Center of ankles projected to lowest Floor surface Default v C Body part Offset from default Apply 0 00 0 00 0 00 Coordinate Y Coordimate 2 Coordinate Figure 7 3 Measurement Coordinate System Origin Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 7 6 WINDOW DISPLAY SELECT The Window command Figure 7 4 can be used to hide or display the main program windows If a window is accidently closed by selecting a title bar box then it can be re displayed using this com mand Sy Auto Tile Tile Now v Status Bar Measurement Coordinate Center Windows Figure 7 4 Windows Display Select Copyright 2012 The Regents of The Universit
147. t angles as listed in the Segment Angles Menu Dialog for subse quent analyses See the next command for compatibility with Version 5 batch files All of the values are integers and the data items are input in the order of left side right side and trunk Specifically Hand left horizontal hand left vertical hand left rotation forearm left hor izontal forearm left vertical upper arm left horizontal upper arm left vertical clavicle left horizontal clavicle left vertical upper leg left horizontal upper leg left vertical lower leg left horizontal lower leg left vertical foot left hori zontal foot left vertical hand right horizontal hand right vertical hand right rotation forearm right horizontal forearm right vertical upper arm right horizontal upper arm right vertical clavicle right horizontal clavicle right vertical upper leg right horizontal upper leg right verti cal lower leg right horizontal lower leg right vertical foot right horizontal foot right verti cal head flexion head rotation head lateral bending neck flexion neck rotation neck lat eral bending trunk flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral bending pelvis rotation and pelvis lateral bending JOA 110 10 40 85 25 10 80 20 15 90 35 90 70 95 0 70 10 40 70 20 5 85 20 15 90 40 90 70 85 0 80 10 10 0 0 0 40 5 10 0 04 Page 57 6 15 12 SEGMENTANGLES Command for Version 5 Angle Definitions 3DSSPP Version 5 used different body seg m
148. tatic Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 7 3 7 Trunk Flexion Angle The trunk flexion angle is the angle between the projection of the trunk axis the center of the hips to the center of the shoulders onto the Z Y plane and the positive Y axis Figure 6 22 When standing straight the trunk angle is 90 degrees If the trunk is level with the horizontal plane ground the angle is 0 If the trunk is flexed below the horizontal plane the angle is negative The range of motion for this angle should be such that the angle between the trunk and the upper legs is between 40 and 100 degrees Note that within the biomechanical model the trunk is formed by the pelvis and the torso links which are each assigned separate angles based on the entered trunk flexion angle according to an al gorithm derived from empirical data Anderson 1983 The two links are visible in the human graphics in the display view windows Figure 6 22 Trunk flexion angle Page 43 6 7 3 8 Trunk Lateral Bending Angle The trunk lateral bending angle is formed be tween the trunk axis and the Z Y plane If the torso is bent towards the positive X axis the angle is pos itive If the torso is bent toward the negative X axis the angle is negative Referring to Figures 6 23 a and b note that this convention holds whether the torso is bent or erect The range of motion for lat eral bending is limited to 40 degrees b Figure 6 23 Lateral be
149. te Center and the direc tions of the coordinate axes Right clicking inside the Oblique View Win dow will bring up a context menu of commonly used commands Figure 3 8 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 16 35 Untitled Task 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Figure 3 7 Oblique View Window 3 6 1 Manipulate Hominoid View The oblique view of the hominoid can be ma nipulated from the Oblique View Menu see Chap ter 9 by using the context menu as above or using the mouse with the following commands Note that CLICK alone always refers to left clicking Move hominoid within window CLICK DRAG Rotate hominoid RIGHT CLICK DRAG CTRL CLICK DRAG Zoom in out camera focal length SHIFT CLICK DRAG HORIZONTAL Move camera closer or farther away SHIFT CLICK DRAG VERTICAL ROTATE MOUSE WHEEL 3 7 STATUS WINDOW This window is positioned in the lower right hand corner of the standard program window It lists miscellaneous input data and summary results Figure 3 9 The title bar contains the defined name of the task from the Task Description dialog Je Human Figure Environment Center Figure Ctri E Standard Zoom Vantage Point Model Type Camera Background Light Figure 3 8 Oblique View Context Menu Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Predictio
150. ter underlined 35 Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Untitled File Edit Task Input Display 3 Views Oblique View Animation Reports About E Top View from Z Axis f 5 X RE Front View from Y Axis 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 in the menu name The menus and menu options are described in the following chapters 3 4 ORTHOGONAL VIEW 3 VIEW WINDOWS The three orthogonal view posture entry windows display the posture being modeled in the top front and right side views Figure 3 3 The posture is displayed using stick figures so that joint angles are easily seen Each Orthogonal View Window has its own title bar which contains the direction of the view and has buttons on the right side for control ling the sizing of that window either convert to a button or enlarge to full screen for easier posture manipulation close is not allowed The title bar also indicates what coordinate axis lines up with the view The view is from the positive direction of the axis The body segments of the hominoid can be di rectly manipulated by clicking any joint and drag ging it to a new location When the mouse cursor is over a selectable joint it will change from an arrow into a hand The name of the joint currently pointed to will be displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the main window and in a pop up message near the cursor 2 E x 20 Side View from X Axis Figure 3 3 Orthogonal View 3 View Windo
151. terally left to right hip center with positive to the hominoid s right The positive Y axis extends forward horizontal and the positive Z axis extends vertically with positive upwards This forms a right had coordinate system The center of the measurement coordinate sys tem can be set using the Measurement Coordinate Center Dialog Section 7 5 The default center for standing mode cases is at the center of the feet Center of the ankles projected downward to the floor support of the lowest foot For seated mode cases the default center is at the Seat Reference Point SRP The SRP is automatically calculated from the intersection of the trunk and upper leg an gles and is displaced perpendicular to the body seg ments by population factors which are fraction of stature 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 1 5 REMOTE OPERATION 3DSSPP may be operated remotely by another pro gram This permits value added software vendors to use the 3DSSPP as a biomechanical engine in their products In this case 3DSSPP must still be licensed from the University of Michigan and may be operated as a stand alone analysis tool Value added vendors wishing to implement the 3DSSPP engine must purchase a special license from the University of Michigan University of Michigan Software Technology Management Office Wolverine Tower Room 2071 3003 South State Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 1280 Tel 734 936 0435 Fax 734 936 133
152. tile forces expected from ten major muscles in the lumber region upper body weight above the disc and the hand forces Refer to Section 1 3 3 for a diagram of the torso cross section at the L5 L4 lumbar level depicting the ten muscles taken into account in this three dimensional back compression algorithm and additional technical details on the algorithm Gender Male Percentile 50th Height 69 1 in Weight 176 4 lb Comment Muscles Muscle Forces Ib Result L Erector Spi 285 R Erector Spi 277 Shear x L Rectus Abdo R Rectus Abdo L Internal Ob F Internal Ob L External Ob R Extemal Ob L Latis Dorsi 61 R Latis Dorsi 61 io oo OO OO OO oo fe fe L4 L5 Disc Mom Arms in x T Ue EE Ue rE Compression Ib Total 707 Wd Se Shear Ib LESS 46 1 4 46 14 Components Total 52 13 Anterior Posterior a E dl El fas EA Lateral 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Licensed to University of Michigan Copyright 2008 The Regents of the University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERWED Figure 11 5 3D Low Back Analysis report Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 11 5 SAGITTAL PLANE LOW BACK ANALYSIS REPORT The sagittal plane low back analysis report Figure 11 6 displays low back data for the gender select ed Positive muscle force values or segment weights indicate the downward direction of th
153. ting File Print Application prints the 3DSSPP main program window Figure 3 1 as dis played at the time of selection Printing begins without any further user input relying instead on the default print settings The process may be inter rupted by clicking on CANCEL in the print status box that appears onscreen Page 21 4 11 PRINT DESKTOP Selecting File Print Desktop prints the contents of the screen at the time of selection using the default print settings The process may be interrupted by clicking on CANCEL in the print status box that appears onscreen 4 12 COPY ACTIVE WINDOW Selecting File Copy Active Window will place a picture of the selected window to the Windows clipboard Once copied the picture can be pasted into drawing and publishing applications 4 13 COPY APPLICATION Selecting File Copy Application will place a pic ture of the 3DSSPP program window on the Win dows clipboard Once copied the picture can be pasted into drawing and publishing applications 4 14 COPY DESKTOP Selecting this menu option will copy a picture of the entire screen including visible programs other than 3DSSPP to the Windows clipboard Once copied the picture can be pasted into drawing and publishing applications 4 15 PRINTING USING THE WINDOWS CLIPBOARD In this printing method the Windows Clipboard is used as a translator between 3DSSPP and another Windows application typically a word processor After the 3DSSPP
154. to red See the Posture Report for range of motion limits 6 7 3 Body Segment Angles Most of the body segment angles are measured as global angles with respect to the horizon of the en vironment The hand lower arm upper arm clavi cle upper leg lower leg and foot are all similarly described by two angles a horizontal angle and a vertical angle The trunk and head are each similarly de scribed using three angles flexion lateral bend and axial rotation They will be defined individually The pelvis is allowed to tilt forward backward or laterally and is described using global angles The rotation of the pelvis about the vertical axis is not entered because the forward direction of the pelvis defines the front of the hominoid or the positive Y axis The pelvis is the graphic root of the structure 6 7 3 1 Horizontal Angles Horizontal angles are measured between the body segment or link and the X axis while looking down onto the figure from overhead Figure 6 18 Technically the angle is measured between the X axis and the projection of the link onto the horizon tal X Y plane at the superior joint of the link 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 For example the angle formed between the pro jected lower arm and the X axis constitutes the fore arm horizontal angle When the right forearm is aligned with the positive X axis and the forearm is pointing away from the body to the right side the
155. uires a special license 2 2 REGISTRATION In order to use 3DSSPP beyond the evaluation peri od the user must enter a name and registration code This should have been provided with your purchase of 3DSSPP The name and code must be entered the first time the program is used or when the program is first used after the evaluation period A correct name and registration code will only need to be entered once When a major revision of 3DSSPP is released however a new name and code may be required To purchase a license and receive a registration number see our website www umichergo org 2 3 STARTUP SCREENS Before the data entry windows appear three prelim inary screens of general information are displayed which should be read carefully if the program is being used for the first time After each screen is read either press ENTER or click on the OK but ton to continue After the final information screen the program will load 2 4 EVALUATION OPERATION Users without a proper registration code can run 3DSSPP but for a limited number of days After the evaluation period a registration code must be purchased and entered Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 10 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 2 5 3D STATIC VS DYNAMIC MODE The 3DSSPP can be run in two modes The 3D Static Mode is very similar to previous versions of the program 3D Dynamic Mode add the ab
156. ures It may be useful to utilize the Undo program feature Section 5 1 3 5 3 4 Hand Positions If the locations of the hands in three dimension al space are known then the best method for speci fying the hand locations is to choose Task Input Posture Prediction to use the Posture Prediction Dialog However sometimes the hand locations are not known In this case the user may want to set the hand locations by selecting each hand with the mouse and moving them to the desired locations in an appropriate orthogonal view The opposite hand Page 15 will remain in the same location but the rest of the body will be predicted Therefore the hand posi tions should be set before altering the rest of the body To select and move both hands at the same time hold down the control key Ctrl select one of the hands with the left mouse button and move the mouse 3 5 4 Joint Angle Range Errors If a posture is entered such that a joint angle is outside its range of motion then the joint on the or thogonal view graphic is set to red See the Posture Report for range of motion limits 3 6 OBLIQUE VIEW WINDOW The Oblique View Window is the lower left hand view window Figure 3 7 and by default displays a shaded flesh human graphic figure with a surface made of over 7000 polygons The title bar displays the task title as entered under the Task Input De scription Menu Also displayed is an indicator of the Measurement Coordina
157. urrent population factors back to the program de fault values 6 6 6 1 Open Population File The OPEN POPULATION FILE button is used to select a population file using the Windows Open File Dialog The anthropometric values con tained in the file are used in place of the program default values 6 6 6 2 Reset to Default Population The RESET TO DEFAULT button reinstates the program default anthropometric values Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 32 6 6 6 3 Edit Population The EDIT POPULATION FACTORS button is used to create new population files A password is required to use this command and it is not recom mended for normal program users Figure 6 7 The population factors are critical to the accuracy of the biomechanical analyses Most users should ignore the next section and skip to Section 6 7 Factors Editor Access Code Cancel Figure 6 7 Population Edit Access Dialog Population Editor Male Factors 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 6 6 7 Population Anthropometric Fac tors The 3DSSPP population anthropometric factors are set in the Population Editor Dialogs These Di alogs are used to create new population factor files which can be used in place of the default population factors in 3DSSPP The user should consult the text Occupational Biomechanics Chaffin 2006 for information about population anthropometric fac tors
158. w Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Clicking the right mouse button right clicking inside one of the 3 View Windows will bring up a context menu of commands commonly used while entering postures Figure 3 4 Le Undo Direct Manipulation Ctrl Z Redo Direct Manipulation Ctrl Y Body Segment Angles Ctrl B Pre Set Postures Posture Prediction Locking Mode Ctrl L Support Selection Figure 3 4 Orthogonal View 3 View Context Menu The windows within a program are sometimes referred to as tiles and the act of arranging the win dows is called tiling The tiling of the three Orthog onal View Window and the other two windows is controlled under the Display Menu To automatical ly fit all five main windows inside the primary pro gram window just press Ctrl T or select Display Tile Now See Chapters 7 and 8 for additional com ments and more details on display options 3 5 DIRECT MANIPULATION OF POSTURE To manipulate the posture through the Orthogo nal View Windows select the joint to be manipu lated by placing the mouse cursor on one of the round solid joint markers on the Orthogonal View Windows The cursor changes from the normal ar row to a pointing finger when the cursor is over a marker and a descriptive popup message appears Figure 3 5 The message describes the action to take place when the cursor
159. w display Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 4 8 PRINT SETUP Selecting File Print Setup displays the Windows Dialog box It will vary depending upon the ver sion of windows It will allow various printer op tions to be set 4 9 PRINT ACTIVE WINDOW Five printing options are possible in 3DSSPP Print ing analysis screens and individual windows using the Print Active Window command printing a se ries of reports using the Print Reports command generating custom reports using the Copy to Clipboard commands and a word processing pro gram printing the Windows desktop or printing the 3DSSPP main program window The first option will be discussed here Instructions for printing a series of reports can be found in Section 11 16 Printing by copying to the clipboard is found in Section 4 14 The final two printing options are found in Sections 4 10 and 4 11 In each case print ing is handled through Windows which does not support printing more than one window at a time Please consult the Windows documentation for ad ditional details on these options To print a specific view or report window make sure it is the active window the window with the highlighted title bar The selected window can be verified using the File Print Preview command To print the window choose File Print Active Window 4 10 PRINT APPLICATION Selec
160. will allow the entry of a filename and location Note that the frame rate is 25 per second and that avi viewers may not play the avi at that rate Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 77 Chapter 11 REPORTS MENU COMMANDS The Reports Menu Figure 11 1 contains the many analysis options available in 3DSSPP A task input summary report is also available which lists all of the input data entered by the user Two additional options include commands for printing reports and exporting output data to a file When a report is selected the report data is dis played in a new window over the posture entry win dows which may be manipulated as any other win dow For example its contents can be printed through File Print Active Window or be copied to the clipboard or the window can be re sized Changes in units anthropometry load or pos ture will automatically be reflected in any open re port windows Remember that although running additional reports may appear to close an existing report window by hiding the previous report win dow no existing report windows are closed by this action To close individual report windows use the control menu on the report window s title bar Each report contains a header block with basic 30 Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Untitled Fie Task Input Display 3 Views Oblique View Animation Mie
161. ws colors dialog will appear and a new color can be selected or created 9 4 3 Figure Transparency The transparency of the figure can be controlled to all the digital photo image to appear through the figure Adjust the slider to achieve the desired ef fect 9 5 LIGHTING The Lighting Dialog Figure 9 7 controls the shad ing of the hominoid Automatic shading can be selected by checking the Use fixed 3 point lighting scheme button The light intensity can then be chosen for the desired effect The Single Point lighting is another option to control the positioning of a single light source illuminating the hominoid Oblique View Lighting m Lighting Options Use single point light source Front Back Front Center Back Left Right r Top Battom Left Top Center C Center C Right Bottom Use three point light source Reset To Defaults to Figure 9 7 Oblique View Lighting Dialog Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 71 Chapter 10 ANIMATION MENU COMMANDS The Animation Menu Figure 10 1 contains com mands to enter a series of frames into 3DSSPP The frames are assumed to be a sequence of pos tures forming an animation of a motion but they could just be a collection of static postures The menu is only available in 3D Dynamic mode Section 6 3 10 1 FRAM
162. ws displaying the posture being modeled in top right side and front views Oblique View The window displaying a figure in the posture modeled from a user defined orientation In new files this is the lower left hand window Vertical Tilt Referring to the camera metaphor of the oblique view this is a measure of the angle from the horizontal plane at which the object is being observed Ranging from 89 to 89 degrees 0 degrees is at waist level looking at the object and 89 degrees is direct ly overhead looking down on the object Rotation Also referring to the camera metaphor of the oblique view this is a measure of the angle from a vertical plane separating the left and right halves of the object at which it is being observed Ranging from 180 to 180 degrees 0 degrees is looking directly at the front of the figure while 90 degrees is look ing at the figure s left side Focal Length Also referring to the camera met aphor of the oblique view this simulates the effect of the camera focal length on the im age for better posture matching with photo graphs Long focal lengths magnify and flat ten images while short focal lengths shrink and distort images Distance Referring to the camera metaphor of the oblique view this is the distance from which the figure is observed Input Field The section of the screen highlight ed or underlined by the cursor Model Output All of the output with respect to one set of task p
163. y of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 61 Page 62 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Copyright 2012 The Regents of The University of Michigan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6 0 5 Page 63 Chapter 8 ORTHOGONAL VIEW 3 VIEWS MENU COMMANDS The 3 Views Menu Figure 8 1 contains the Dialog boxes for controlling the display attributes of the three Orthogonal View Windows These windows may be rearranged and manipulated as desired by the analyst The Orthogonal View Windows consist of three views top view horizontal plane front view frontal plane and right side view sagittal plane When a new task file is opened the default layout locates the top view in the top left window the front view in the top center window and the side view in the top right window The figures rep resenting the posture being modeled are drawn to scale according to the selected anthropometry and include force direction arrows when applicable force vectors which are perpendicular to the plane of the screen are not drawn These are the only windows in which direct manipulation can be used to adjust the modeled posture in addition direct manipulation can only be used when the figures are displayed as stick fig ures 30 Univ of Michigan s 3DSSPP 6 0 0 Untitl Fie Task Input Display ESEA Oblique View 4 or 2 v Show Forces c Top View from Z Colors Figure 8 1 3
164. ysis Meeting Wichita KS 1978 Bean J C Chaffin D B Schultz A B Biomechanical Model Calculation of Muscle Contraction Forces A Double Linear Programming Method J Biomechanics 21 59 66 1988 Beck D J An Evaluation of Inverse Kinematics Models for Posture Prediction Computer Aided Ergonomics and Safety Conference Tam pere Finland 1992 Bjornstrup J Estimation of Human Body Seg ment Parameters Statistical Analysis of Re sults from Prior Investigations Technical re port ISSN 0906 6233 LIA 96 7 Laboratory of Image Analysis Institute of Electronic Systems Aalborg University June 1996 Burgraaff J D An Isometric Biomechanical Model for Sagittal Plane Leg Extension Un published MS Thesis Industrial and Operations Engineering College of Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC National Center for Health Statistics NCHS National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur vey Data Hyattsville MD U S Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010 http www cdc gov nchs nhanes nhanes _ question naires htm Chaffin D B Biomechanical Modeling for Simu lation of 3D Static Human Exertions Chapter in Computer Applications in Ergonomics Occu pational Safety and Health Elsevier Publishers B V 1992 Chaffin D B Andersson G B J and Ma

3D Static Strength Prediction Program Version 6.0.6 User`s Manual

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