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1. Displays block of memory in byte format D start address gt lt end address cr Displays block of memory in word format DW start address gt lt end address gt cr Displays modifies 8086 registers X lt reg gt lt cr gt lt new data gt cr Moves a block of memory contents M lt start address gt lt end address gt lt destination address gt lt cr gt Accepts and displays the data byte at the input port I port address gt cr cr Accepts and displays the data word at the input port IW port address gt cr cr Outputs the data byte to the output port O port address gt cr data lt data gt cr Outputs data word to output port OW port address cr data lt data gt cr G Go Transfers the processor control from the monitor to user N Single Step R Read hex file W Write hex file address cr T Save onto Audio Cassette interface L Load from Audio Cassette interface P Enter PROM Programmer A Enter Assembler Refer Chapter 9 Refer Chapter 10 Refer Chapter 7 program with optional break point G cr start address gt lt breakpoint address gt cr Executes users program single instruction N cr sstart address gt lt start address gt cr R lt bias number gt cr W X lt start address gt lt end address gt cexec T cr file name
2. Factory installed option System firmware is supplied in 2 X 27256 EPROMs at U3 and U2 The other two sockets U5 and U4 are for user expansion 2 2 OanN IZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 2 1 6 Interrupt Selection ESA 86 88 2 features an 8259A Priority Interrupt controller The interrupt sources to 8259A can be selected to be either on board signals or off board signals The selection is as follows JUMPER INTERRUPT SELECTED 8259A INTERRUPT JP8 23 PC3 of U32 8255A JP8 1 2 INTO IRO JP7 2 3 PC3 of U27 8255A JP7 1 2 INTI IRI JP6 2 3 PCO of U27 8255A JP6 1 2 INT2 IR2 JP5 2 3 TxRDY of U13 8251A JP5 1 2 INT3 IR3 JP4 2 3 RxRDY of U13 8251A JP4 1 2 INT4 IR4 JP3 2 3 TIMER 1 of U12 8253 JP3 1 2 INT5 IR5 JP2 2 3 TIMER 2 of U12 8253 IPS 1 2 INT6 IR6 JP1 2 3 NDPINT of U28 8087 JP1 1 2 INT7 IR7 INTO to INT7 are from System connector J1 Factory installation leaves all the jumpers open 2 1 7 8087 installation ESA 86 88 2 has on board provision for 8087 Numeric Data Processor To install it insert the 8087 into the socket labelled U28 No other jumpers or hardware changes are necessary 2 2 Installation of ESA 86 88 2 To install ESA 86 88 2 the following accessories are required a Power Supply 5V 3 0 Amp 30V 100mA 12V 250Ma if PROM Programmer interface is being used Refer chapter 10 for details of this interface b For Serial mode of oper
3. 2 Using the GO command execute the program at location 2000H After the program is executed control returns to the monitor because of the Breakpoint instruction INT 3 3 Examine the contents of the word location RE SULT 201BH It will be 2800 H the average of the given four values 1000 H 2000 H 3000 H and 4000 H Suggestions 1 Try the program on different data AOAOH FF22H BCBCH D4D4 H Incorporate a check for overflow 2 Modify the program so that it computes the average of a set of byte values 3 Modify the program so that a The number of data values is passed as parameter in CX register and b The offset address of TA BLE is passed as a parameter in BX register 4 Rewrite the above program in 8085 code and compare the memory and execution time requirements What happens when the table contains very large values say NOTE 1 If you press RESET key the contents of the user registers are not guaranteed to remain unaltered The INT 3 instruction returns control to the monitor which will then save the complete user context Thus all normal user programs will have INT 3 as the last instruction Example 2 This example also assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the keyboard mode The following program moves a block of data from one area of the memory to another area using the powerful string instructions of 8086 8088 Let us assume that we want to move the data from 0 2100 through 0 210F to the block star
4. Divide Unsigned Byte mode Word mode External op code source Escape Halt Integer divide Byte mode Word mode Integer multiply Byte mode Word mode AH Immediate Regr Regr Regr EA W Regr immediate EA B immediate AX Immediate Reg 8 EA B Reg 16 EA W EA B EA W No operands EA B EA W EA B EA W CMPW CMPSB CMPSW CS CWD DAA DAS DEC B DECW DIV B DIVW DS ES ESC HLT I DIVB IDIVW I MULB IMULW IN INC INT INTO IRET JA JNBE JAE JNB JAE JB JNAE JBE JNA JC JCXZ JE IZ JG JNLE JGE JNL JL INGE JLE JNG JMP JMPS OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Input byte Byte mode Word mode Increment Byte mode Word mode Interrupt type Type 3 Interrupt and over flow Interrupt return Jump if above Jump if not below or equal Jump Intra segment Indirect Jumps Accumulator Port 8 Accumulator DX Accumulator Port 8 Accumulator DX EA B Regr 16 EA W Immediate Short label Short label INB Port 8 INB DX INW Port 8 INW DX INCB INCW INT DATA INT 3 INTO IRET Mnemonic same JMP address jmp Label JMP EA JMP Address JMPS JNC JNE JNZ JNO JNP JNO JNS JO JPE JP JS LAHF LDS LEA LES Jump Intersegment JMPS disp 16 seg 16 JMPS EA Short label Short label Short label is one whose displacement is
5. F If itis not a valid hex character it displays a and on a new line the message Invalid Hex If the received character is valid hex character it is converted to its binary equivalent and displayed on a new line along with the message valid hex value Now the program waits for another character Note that this program is written as an endless loop Hence to recover from this program you must press the RESET key LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 9A 70 1B 00 FE AG CALLS 1B70 OFE00 Get a character 2005 88 C4 MOVB AH AL Preparatory to 2007 50 PUSH AX Check if valid 2008 9A 77 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B77 OFE00 shex 200D 3C FF CMPB AL 0FF Valid hex 200F 58 POP AX Restore ASCII input 2010 74 1B JZ 202D Yes valid hex continue 2012 BO3F MOVB AL 3F NO 2014 9A 50 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B50 OFE00 Output a 2019 9A 5B 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B5B OFE00 Go to newline 201E B80000 MOVW AX 0000 Output the 2021 8E C0 MOVW ES AX message 2023 B84820 MOVW AX 2048 2026 9A 55 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B55 OFE00 202B EB D3 JMP AG 202D 9A 80 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B80 OFE00 Convert to binary value 2032 50 PUSH AX Save the value 2033 B8 0000 MOVW AX 0000 Output the 2036 8E C0 MOVW ES AX message on a 2038 B8 5420 MOVW AX 2054 newline 203B 9A 55 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B55 OFE00 2040 58 POP AX Restore the value 2041 9A 64 IB 00 FE CALLS 1B64 OFE00 And output it 8 7 Oa UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 2046 EB B8 2048 496E 204A 7661 204C 6C69 204E 64
6. FE Al 00 01 9A 69 IB 00 FE CC 9A 88 1B 00 2030 FE 3B 06 00 01 77 10 72 13 B8 00 00 8K CO B8 75 2040 20 9A 55 1B 00 FE CC B8 89 20 EB 03 B8 9D 20 50 2050 B8 00 00 8E_ CO 58 9A 55 IB 00 FE EB A3 OD OA 59 2060 6E 75 72 20 67 75 65 73 73 20 3D 20 00 OD OA 4B 2070 65 79 3D 20 00 OD OA 43 6OF 72 72 65 63 74 20 67 2080 75 65 73 73 21 21 21 21 00 OD OA 54 72 79 20 73 2090 6D 61 6C 6C 65 72 20 76 61 6C 75 65 00 OD OA 54 20A0 72 79 20 6C 61 72 67 65 72 20 76 61 6C 75 65 00 Load the above program and message data from 0 2000 and execute it and have fun 8 4 USE OF 8087 CO PROCESSOR ESA 86 88 2 provides a socket for installing the optional Numeric Data processor 8087 As ESA 86 88 2 is based on 8086 8088 operating in the maximum mode the support for 8087 is direct You have to just install the device in the appropriate socket no other changes are required The following two examples illustrate the use of 8087 After installing the 8087 the following examples can be executed either from the keyboard monitor or from the serial monitor Example 1 The following program assumes that two 32 bit integer data values a and b are given starting from the
7. Outputs a word to the data field or address field with the specified number of prompts Leading Zero blanking is performed if so specified Reads one character from keyboard Forms a word or byte expression from the characters read from the keyboard FFOO 0B12 FFOO OBIC FFOO 0B20 Reg AX word value to be output Reg BH Display field 1 Address field 0 Data field Reg BL No of prompts 0 1 2 or 3 Reg CL Leading zero blanking 1 performed 0 Not perfomed Input None Output parameters Character read from the keyboard is returned in location 0000 005A character is also available in register AL Reg AL Field to which characters are echoed 01 Address field 00 Data field word input FF Data field byteinput Reg AH Number of prompts 0 1 2 0r3 Reg CL Leading zero blanking 1 performed 0 Not performed Output parameters Reg AX value of the expression Location 0000 005A Expression terminating character NOTE 1 Assumes the first character is already available in the location 0000 005A NOTE 2 Expressions must be terminated with a comma period or colon Otherwise the routine is terminated error message is displayed and monitor enters the command entry mode 8 UKB GET ADDRESS Forms an address expression from the characters read from the keyboard The address expression consists of an optional segment value and the offset value separate
8. Terminator 14 US GET ADDR C Same as US GET FEOO ADDR except that 1B9E the first character is assumed to be already available in memory location 0 0066 Oda YZ ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual be output on the console Inputs None Output AL ASCII code of key pressed Inputs AH ASCII character Output AL FF if valid 00 otherwise Inputs AL Valid hex character in ASCII Outputs AL Binary equivalent Input None output AX Word Input CL Terminator CR or Input None Output AX Word Input CL Terminator Inputs ES BX segment and offset of the pointer which is to hold the address gathered from key board AX Default value for segment register which is to be used if user does not enter any segment value Outputs Address gathered from keyboard placed in the pointer location CR or Same as for US GET ADDR CHAPTER 7 ESAM 86 SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER 7 1 INTRODUCTION ESAM 86 the symbolic one line assembler provided with the ESA 86 88 2 is capable of translating the mnemonic instruction codes into machine codes The translated code is immediately loaded into appropriate memory locations This assembler ESAM 86 supports the standard 8086 8088 mnemonics with some minor easy to understand modifications This assembler supports labels Symbolic references also These lables consists of one or two characters However a label can be refe
9. the user s program when the system is operating in either of the two modes keyboard or serial Further this routine prints the string independent of the setting of SW7 Thus this routine can be used to print the desired information even when the system is running in the keyboard mode However to use this routine user program must first initialize the 8255 at U27 to mode O with port A as input and Ports B and C as outputs mode control byte is 90H The details of the routine Print String are given below 11 3 ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Name of the routine Function Calling Address Input Parameters Remarks Print String Print a string The last character in the string must be ASCII NULL i e OOH FC00 1B74 user must access this routine through a for call ie opcode is 9AH ES BX Address of the string to be Printed EXAMPLE 1 User must save the necessary registers before making the far call and restore them afterwards 2 The user program must first initialize the 8255 at U27 3 The last character in the string to be printed must be 00H The following program prints the message ESA The program can be executed from the keyboard mode also NOTE Ensure that the printer is connected to the system over the connector J4 and that it is in ONLINE mode LOCATION CONTENTS INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 0 2000 BA E6 FF MOVW DX 0FFE6 Initialize 8255 2003 BO 90 MOVB AL 90 2005 EE
10. 1 An instruction that is part of a sequence of instructions that switches between stack segments i e changes the SS and SP register contents can not be single stepped 2 If an interrupt occurs prior to the completion of a single stepped instruction or if a single stepped instruction generates an interrupt when the monitor is re entered the CS and IP registers will contain the address of the interrupt service routine Consequently a type 3 breakpoint interrupt instruction CCH should not be single stepped since its execution would step into the monitor EXAMPLES For examples to use this command single step the Example programs given in Chapter 8 and observe the results 4 4 9 READ HEX FILE COMMAND FUNCTION The Read Hex file R command allows the monitor to read hexadecimal object file from paper tape and to load the data read from the file into the memory 4 14 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual FORMAT R lt bias number gt lt cr gt OPERATION 1 To use the Read Hex File command enter R when prompted for command entry when the tape is loaded in the reader and ready enter a carriage return The data read from the file will be written into memory beginning at each record s load address If the file is in the 8086 format and includes an execution start address record the CS and IP registers will be updated with the execution address specified in that record If the file is in the 8080 format and includes an EOF en
11. 2 User s Manual When the assembler ESAM 86 gains control of the system it will display the sign on message ESAM 86 SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER V x y and issue its own command prompt character a on the next line Notice that the sign on message would be the same with either 8086 CPU or 8088 CPU The mnemonics for both the processors are identical Now the user can enter any of the commands supported by ESAM 86 These commands are described in detail in later sections 7 2 2 EXITING FROM ESAM 86 To exit from the ESAM 86 enter EX followed by CR when prompted for a command with the prompt gt Now control of the system returns to the serial monitor which will issue the sign on message and the command prompt The user can invoke the ESAM 86 and exit from it any number of times 7 2 3 STRUCTURE OF ESAM 86 COMMANDS Whenever ESAM 86 is ready to accept a command from the user it will output the character gt as the command prompt at the beginning of a new line The commands entered by the user consist of a two character command mnemonic followed by a list of command parameters This list may consist of zero to three parameters depending on the particular command being used When more than one parameter is required a single comma is used between the parameters as a separator In many contexts a space is also accepted as a seperator A command is terminated by the carriage return Commands are executed one at a time
12. BA6 11 BA7 12 BA8 13 GND 14 BA9 15 BA10 16 BA11 17 BA12 18 BA13 19 BA14 20 BA15 5 8 OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 21 BA16 22 GND 23 BA17 24 BA18 25 BAI19 26 NC 27 NC 28 CRTC 29 NC 30 GND 31 BDO 32 BDI 33 BD2 34 BD3 35 BD4 36 BD5 37 BD6 38 BD7 39 GND 40 GND 41 BD8 42 BD9 43 BD10 44 BD11 45 BD12 46 BD13 47 BD14 48 BD15 49 GND 50 GND J4 CONNECTED TO 8255 at U27 ODD PIN No SIGNAL PIN No SIGNAL 1 P1C4 2 P1C5 3 P1C2 4 P1C3 5 P1CO 6 P1C1 7 P1B6 8 P1B7 9 P1B4 10 P1B5 11 P1B2 12 P1B3 13 P1BO 14 P1B1 15 P1A6 16 P1A7 17 P1A4 18 P1A5 19 P1A2 20 P1A3 21 P1A0 22 P1A1 23 P1C6 24 P1C7 25 45V 26 GND J5 CONNECTED TO 8255 at U32 EVEN PIN NO SIGNAL PIN NO SIGNAL 1 P2C4 2 P2C5 3 P2C2 4 P2C3 5 P2CO 6 P2CI 7 P2B6 8 P2B7 9 P2B4 10 P2B5 11 P2B2 12 P2B3 13 P2BO 14 P2B1 15 P2A6 16 P2A7 17 P2A4 18 P2A5 19 P2A2 20 P2A3 21 P2A0 22 P2A1 23 P2C6 24 P2C7 25 45V 26 GND J3 SERIAL COMMUNICATION OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 5 9 CONNECTOR 9 PIN D TYPE FEMALE PIN NO SIGNAL 1 NC 2 RxD 3 TxD 4 pulled high 5 GND 6 NC 7 RTS 8 CTS 9 NC 5 10 OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual CHAPTER 6 MONITOR ROUTINES ACCESSIBLE TO USER ESA 86 88 2 monitor offers several user callable useful routines both in keyboard and serial modes of operation details of which are given below For programming examples using the same refer to chapter 8 on programming examples The following remarks apply to
13. CHAPTER 12 COMMUNICATION WITH A HOST COMPUTER SYSTEM 12 1 Introduction 12 2 Installation 12 3 Returning to DOS 12 4 Operational details 12 4 1 Download operation 12 4 2 Upload operation 12 4 3 DOS commands 12 4 4 Status Line 12 4 5 Command recall 12 4 6 Communication 12 4 7 Help 12 5 More about the HEX file 12 5 1 Intel extended HEX format 12 5 2 Using X8086 12 5 3 Downloading EXE files 12 5 4 Downloading COM files 12 6 Demo files APPENDICES APPENDIXA SCHEMATICS APPENDIXB CONNECTOR DETAILS APPENDIXC COMPONENT LAYOUT APPENDIXD ASCII CHARACTER SET APPENDIXE RS 232 CABLE DETAILS APPENDIXF 8087 INSTRUCTION SET APPENDIXG PRODUCT LIST HAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 12 1 12 1 12 1 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 4 12 5 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 7 12 7 12 9 12 10 12 12 12 14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ESA 86 88 2 is a powerful general purpose microcomputer system which can be operated either with 8086 CPU or with 8088 CPU It is generally supplied with 8086 CPU To change it to 8088 user has to just remove the 8086 insert 8088 into that socket and set a DIP switch The 8086 and 8088 are third generation CPUs from INTEL that differ primarily in their external data paths 8088 uses an 8 bit wide data bus while 8086 uses a 16 bit wide data bus ESA 86 88 2 can be operated with either CPU and the only possible difference would be in the speed of execution with 8088 CPU a small speed degradation occu
14. CO 9B DE Cl C7 06 2040 SE 20 10 27 9B DF 06 5E 20 9B DE C9 9B D9 FC 9B 2050 DF 36 60 20 9B Al 60 20 CC Note that 16 locations 205A to 206A ARGI ARG2 ARG3 and ARG4 are used for storing the constants and results 1 Load the above program into the memory 2 Set up the input parameter in the register AL for example to calculate Sin 60 AL 3C H 3 Execute the program and observe the contents of AX with input as AL 3C AX will now be 8660 so Sin 60 0 8660 4 Repeat the program with different input data and observe the output as shown below Input Output Calculated AL AX function 1E 5000 sin 30 2E 7193 sin 46 10 2756 sin 16 56 9976 sin 86 Exercises 1 Observe that above program divides the input by 2 by shifting AX However this will loose the least significant bit if the original value is odd For example with AL 2D shifted AX will contain 16 22 decimal and thus the argument used will be 16H This leads to the calculation of sin 2x22 i e sin 44 as opposed to the desired sin 45 you can run the program with AL 2D and observe that AX 6946 while sin 45 7071 Thus an accurate version should load the original angle value into 8087 and the division by 2 must be performed by the 8087 Change the above program to implement this modification 2 The above program produces a result rounded to 4 digits Notice
15. F9 CC 2040 2050 B8 00 00 8E CO B8 70 20 9A 55 1B 00 FE C6 06 68 2060 20 FF CF 2070 OD OA 49 6E 74 65 72 72 75 70 74 20 66 72 6OF 6D 2080 20 54 69 6D 65 72 20 31 OD OA 00 Now execute the program at 0 2000 control should return to the monitor You should get the message Interrupt from Timerl and then As already noted locations 0 0134 to 0 0137 are used by the on board assembler monitor Hence when the regains control it finds that these locations are altered and issues the message Assembler corrupted Being restarted before issuing the sign on message Thus user can ignore this message when using 8259A Exercise interrupt operations for experimenting with priorities etc UAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Use Timer 2 of 8253 5 as a second interrupt source and program 8259 A for a variety of CHAPTER 9 AUDIO TAPE INTERFACE 9 1 INTRODUCTION The audio tape interface for ESA 86 88 2 is an optional facility and it consists of the necessary hardware and software to allow the user to store data on and read data from any commercial Audio Cassette Recorder The data is stored and retrieved as named files The interface can be operated either from the keyboard Monitor or from the Serial Monitor 9 2 INSTALLATION The interface unit includes a Tone out LED two sockets mar
16. FILE CONVERTER V1 0 Then the system will prompt for the input file name load segment value and origin value in a manner exactly similar to the one described in the previous section The meaning and interpretation of these parameters and the possible error messages are also same as in the previous section However as a COM file is not expected to have a separate stack segment COM2HEX does not display SS and SP values as is done by EXE2HEX program Example The distribution diskette includes a source program DEMO6C ASM which contains the source code for example 6 of section 8 3 DEMO6C HEX is the HEX file created according to the procedure described above These steps are summarized below for the convenience of the user i Use MASM to assemble DEMO6C ASM This process creates the file DEMO6C OBJ ii Link the single file DEMO6C OBJ using the linker LINK available on the system This process creates the DEMO6C EXE file NOTE The LINK program issues the warning No Stack Segment and reports that 1 Error was detected User can ignore this message as COM files never have a stack Segment iii Convert the EXE file to COM file using the standard DOS command EXE2BIN The command sequence is EXE2BIN DEMO6C EXE DEMO6C COM iv Run COM2HEX COM and specify DEMO6C COM as the input file Specify a value of 0 for LOAD SEGMENT and a value of 2000 for the origin value This process creates DEMO6C HEX file V Connect ESA 86 88 2 86 88 2 to t
17. ORG 2000H usually this will be the case because the user RAM in ESA 86 88 2 starts from 0 2000H See the demo program DEMO6M ASM Now the EXE file created by LINK does not start from 2000H Instead it starts from OH and the contents of the file from OH to 1FFFH will be all zeros When such a file is converted to HEX file the HEX file will have zeros in the address range 0 to 1FFFH Downloading such a file will load zeros into the locations 0 to 1FFFH in ESA 86 88 2 memory space an undesirable feature The ORIGIN VALUE can be specified to avoid including this unnecessary data in the HEX file However if user wants to load from origin 0 for example with a load segment value of 200H he she can specify the ORIGIN VALUE to be 0 Thus this feature allows user to delete if required unwanted data from the HEX file Now the system will read the EXE file and check if it is a valid EXE file If the specified input file does not have the EXE file structure the system displays the message IMPROPER EXE FILE and returns to DOS If it is a valid EXE file then it will be relocated using the specified load segment value and the origin value in accordance with the control and relocation information present in the EXE file The system will create an Extended Address Record using the load segment value and write this record on the output file During relocation if the system detects that the file size is greater than 64K it displays the message F
18. Pseudo opcodes which occupy the mnemonic field like the normal opcodes Origin control ORG Word Initialization DW Byte Initialization DB Storage reservation DSP Symbloic constant String constant initialization definition EQU ASC Each of these directives is now discussed briefly D Origin control ORG ORG Value CR ORG Value 1 gt Value 2 gt CR The location counter can be set to a specific value by the use of this directive It will generally be used as the first program entry for the starting location of the assembled code For example ORG 2000H will result in the loading of next instruction assembled to start from location 2000 H The second form of the ORG directive is used to set the location counter as well as the segment value Equivalent to giving the SG command followed by origin setting eg ORG 200 00 CR will make CS reg value as 200 H and location counter is set to 0 2 Symbolic Constant Definition EQU User can define a value for a symbolic constant by using the equate EQU directive label EQU defined constant CR For example the symbol T1 can be defined to be equal to 2000 H by entering T1 EQU 2000 Further the EQU directive allows the user to assign the value of another symbol For example if T1 is already defined as 2000 H then entering T2 EQU T1 defines T2 also as 2000 H CR OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Examples T1 EQU 2000 T1 represents 200
19. These provide three programmable timers One of these Timer 0 is utilized by the system to generate the baud rate clock for the 8251A USART The outputs of the other two timers along with their clock and gate inputs are available on the connector J6 Refer to the connector details at the end of this chapter The I O address assignments can be found in section 5 4 6 NOTE The outputs from Timer 1 and Timer 2 can be used as on board interrupt sources Refer section 2 1 6 OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 5 4 4 Serial Interface controller An 8251A USART at position U13 is used for implementing RS 232 C compatible serial interface 8251A is programmed for asynchronous operation 2 stop bits no parity The baud rate clock is provided by 8253 as explained in the previous section The I O address assignments can be found in section 5 4 6 NOTE 8251A is operated by polling its status register However its TxRdy and RxRdy outputs can act as on board interrupt sources if required Refer section 2 1 6 5 4 5 Programmable Interrupt controller ESA 86 88 2 has an on board Programmable Interrupt controller 8259A at position Ul The INTR output of this device is connected to the INT input of the CPU Interrupt inputs to 8259A can be on board sources or off board sources Ref Section 2 1 6 for details of interrupt source selections The I O address assignments can be found in the next section NOTE The system firmware does not initialize t
20. available using Alt F1 This facility can be used if more information is desired about the command being entered against command prompt 12 6 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 12 5 MORE ABOUT HEX FILES The files uploaded downloaded under the control of XT86 are in the INTEL Extended Hex format which is described below 12 5 1 Intel Extended HEX Format In this format binary values are coded in ASCII For example the binary value 0100 1111 4FH is coded as two ASCII characters A AND F In other words the byte 4FH is represented by two bytes 34H 4 in ASCII and 46H F in ASCII Thus this representation requires twice as many bytes as required by binary representation A file in extended Hex format can consist of upto four types for records Each record begins with a record mark field containing 34H the ASCII code for colon This is followed by a RECORD LENGTH field which specifies the number of bytes of information which follow the RECORD TYPE field The maximum number of record bytes allowed in the record is 255 After the data the record has a CHECKSUM field that contains the ASCII representation of the two s complement of the eight bit sum of the bytes that result from converting each pair of ASCII hexadecimal digits to one byte of binary from and including data field Therefore the sum of all the ASCII pairs in a record after converting to binary from the RECORD LENGTH field to and including the CHECKSUM field
21. breakpointed instruction and displays the message already described It then issues the command entry prompt allowing the user to modify any of the registers memory locations before resuming the execution of the program From the above description it is clear that 1 You cannot breakpoint an instruction in the read only memory and 2 Break point address must be specified each time a program to be breakpointed is executed ERROR CONDITIONS 1 Attempting to breakpoint an instruction in read only memory Examples 1 Transfer control to the program at 2000H relative to the CS register G lt cr gt 01EF E9 2000 lt cr gt 2 Transfer control to the program at location 20 300H and breakpoint the instruction in location 20 3F2H G lt cr gt 01EF E9 20 300 3F2 lt cr gt BR 0020 3F2 AX FSBF BX FFFF CX FFFF DX DFBF SP 0100 BP 4020 SI 6020 DI 6F20 CS 0020 DS 0000 SS 0000 ES 0000 IP 03F2 FL F046 03F2 90 XCHGW AX AX 3 Effect of pressing the KBINTR key G lt cr gt 01EF E9 20 300 lt cr gt Suppose at some point while program is running you pressed the KBINTR key then the system displays 0020 322 AX F5BF BX FFFF CX FFFF DX DFBF SP 0100 BP 4020 SI 6020 DI 6F20 CS 0020 DS 0000 SS 0000 ES 0000 IP 0322 FL F046 0322 90 XCHGW AX AX 4 13 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual 4 4 8 SINGLE STEP COMMAND FUNCTION The Single step N command is used to execute a single instruction of a program After each instruction execut
22. e Set the EPROM configuration if necessary Ref Section 2 1 5 f Install the 8087 NDP if desired Ref Section 2 1 7 g Connect the power supply of required capacity to ESA 86 88 2 and switch on the power h Press the RESET key Now if 8086 is installed the following sign on message will appear on the seven segment display ESA 86 If 8088 is installed the sign on message should be ESA 88 Now ESA 86 88 2 is ready for operation in the keyboard mode 2 2 4 No response in Keyboard mode If the correct sign on message does not appear in the keyboard mode check the following items a If the seven segment display is totally blank check the power supply connections b If the seven segment display shows random pattern check the configuration settings once again NOTE DIP Switch is read only at power ON reset If you change the settings either press the RESET key or switch off and then switch on the power supply If the problem still persists please contact the manufacturer 0AD IZO ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual CHAPTER 3 KEYBOARD MONITOR 3 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the user interaction with the ESA 86 88 2 through the use of keyboard monitor program With the keyboard monitor program both commands and data are entered by pressing the individual keys on the keyboard of the system Most of the keys have combined functions as indicated by their individual legends The system uses an eight digit 7 segm
23. for ending address NEXT 2 0002 1 0021 7 0217 F 217F Ending address 217FH Connect the EXEC microphone of the recorder to MIC of Interface Unit Set the Recorder in record mode Data is being recorded on the tape Transfer is completed Control returns to Monitor 9 4 2 TAPE RD Command Load into memory from Tape This command is used to read information from the tape into the memory To use this command press TAPE RD key when prompted for command entry by the keyboard monitor Now the system will prompt for a file name Enter the filename of upto 4 hexadecimal digits terminated by the Period key i e EXEC key Connect the Earphone of the recorder to EAR jack of the Tape Interface Hardware Set the recorder in PLAY mode The display will be blank The data read from the tape is echoed on the TONEOUT LED Every filename read by the system will be displayed for approximately 2 seconds If the displayed file name is not the specified one display is again blanked with a dot in the address field When the specified 9 6 OAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual file is found the entire display will be blank with four dots in the address field Data is transferred from the tape into the memory As noted already the starting and ending addresses of the memory block are read from the tape itself The checksum recorded on the tape during tape write is read and is compared with the checksum of the actual data transferred If they do
24. gt lt start address gt lt end address gt cr L cr file name cr P cr A cr OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual 4 4 1 SUBSTITUTE MEMORY COMMANDS FUNCTION The substitute memory byte S and substitute memory word SW commands are used to examine the contents of the selected memory locations If the contents of the memory location can be modified e g a RAM location the contents can optionally be modified FORMAT S address cr new data cr SW address cr new data cr OPERATION 1 Both the commands operate in a similar fashion To use either command enter S or SW when prompted for command entry Then enter the address of the memory location to be examined After the address value is entered enter a comma and a carriage return 2 The monitor will now output the contents of the addressed location followed by a dash the monitor s data entry prompt character and a space to indicate that the addressed location can now be modified 3 To modify the contents of this location enter the new data value Note that when using the SW command the byte contents of the next consecutive memory location addressed memory location 1 are output first followed by the byte contents of the actual location addressed Similarly when updating memory contents using the SW command the first byte entry will be written into the next consecutive memory location and the
25. in the next line Now ESA 86 88 2 is ready for operation in Serial mode NOTE 8 Digit seven segment Display on ESA 86 88 2 will display E Se 86 or E Se 88 2 2 2 NO Response in Serial mode If there is no response from ESA 86 88 2 in Serial mode after installing it as described in the previous section check the following items a Check the RS 232 C cable connections at both the ends Appendix E describes the interface in detail b Check the power supply connections and voltage levels c Check the handshake signals of RS 232 C interface Ref Appendix E d Check the baud rates of ESA 86 88 2 and the device connected to it e If acomputer system is the controlling device check that the driver program is running the RS 232 C cable is connected to the correct port and that the port is working f Check the configuration of ESA 86 88 2 again DIP Switch settings jumpers NOTE DIP Switch status is read only at power ON reset If you change the settings either press the RESET key or switch off and then switch on the power supply If the problem still persists please contact the manufacturer LIA IZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 2 2 3 Installation procedure for keyboard mode of operation a Select the processor 8086 or 8088 Ref Section 2 1 1 b Select Keyboard mode of operation Ref Section 2 1 2 c Select printer if required Ref Section 2 1 3 d Select interrupt sources if required Ref Section 2 1 6
26. is typed the system will display the message Reposition the Recorder and type any key Rewind the tape recorder beyond the expected starting position of the desired file and type any key except the ESC key The system will make another Read attempt Example Read the contents of the file with filename of 123F Assume the tape is positioned such that there are intervening files User response is underlined for the sake of clarity only L File Name 123F Reading from tape File Name 5432 File Name 3432 Found the specified file Loading File loaded OAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 9 3 3 Response to Entry errors Whenever the user types a character which is invalid in the sequence the system will display the message What and will repeat the prompt in response to which the error was detected 9 4 OPERATION FROM KEYBOARD MONITOR The keyboard Monitor of ESA 86 88 2 supports two command keys TAPE WR and TAPE RD for using the audio interface The keys are used as TAPE WR Tape Write Transfer from memory to Tape TAPE RD Tape Read Load into memory from Tape 9 4 1 TWR Command Transfer from memory to Tape This command is used to transfer information from memory onto the tape The information is saved as a named file To use this command press TAPE WR key when the monitor prompts for a command Now connect the microphone of the recorder to the MIC jack of the Tape interface Hardware and set th
27. message HELP appears in the data field with zero prompts The cycle is repeated for ever Note that the following program is written as an endless loop Hence to recover from this program you must press the RESET key 8 5 den ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual LOC 2000 2002 2007 200A 200C 200F 2011 2013 2018 201B 201D 2022 2025 2027 202A 202C 202E 2033 2036 2038 203B 203D 2040 2042 2044 2046 CONTENTS BO 04 9A 00 OB 00 FF B8 00 00 8E CO BB 40 20 BO 01 B4 00 9A 31 OB 00 FF E8 1D 00 BO 01 9A 05 OB 00 FF B8 00 00 8E CO BB 44 20 BO 00 B4 00 9A 31 OB 00 FF E8 02 00 EB C8 B9 FF FF E0 FE C3 7130 50 79 76 79 38 73 LABEL AG DY MI INSTRUCTION MOVB AL 04 CALLS 0B00 OFF00 MOVW AX 0000 MOVW ES AX MOVW BX 2040 MOVB AL 01 MOVB AH 00 CALLS 0B31 OFF00 CALL 2038 MOVB AL 01 CALLS 0B05 OFF00 MOVW AX 0000 MOVW ES AX MOVW BX 2044 MOVB AL 00 MOVB AH 00 CALLS 0B31 OFFO CALL 2038 JMP 2000 MOVW CX 0FFFF LOOPNZ 203B RET DB 71 30 DB 50 79 DB 76 79 DB 38 73 COMMENTS With 4 prompts Blank data field Display FIRE in address field Starting address of array Display address field Zero prompts Delay With 1 prompt Blank address field Address of message HELP Data field selected Zero prompts Delay Repeat Load the above program in locations 0 2000H to 0 203DH and set up the arrays of messages to be displayed
28. more files 5 Access denied 6 Invalid file handle 7 Insufficient Disk Space 8 Unable to continue upload 9 Colon is not present at the start of the Record 10 Invalid data in source file the following Record 11 Checksum Error in the following Record 12 4 3 DOS COMMANDS At the command prompt any valid DOS command can be entered preceded by XT86 environment is saved and the DOS command is executed Then XT86 environment is restored and XT86 command prompt is displayed again epo 12 5 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 12 4 4 STATUS LINE During the session XT86 displays many of the XT86 commands at the bottom line in reverse video for the convenience of user The status line is displayed as Ctrl F1 Help Alt F1 CmdHelp Alt S Commn Esc ClrCmd Alt X Exit F1 F3 1 12 4 5 COMMAND RECALL This feature facilitates recall of the commands already entered by the user upto a maximum of 16 commands Press F3 to recall the previous command All the commands are kept in a circular buffer User may use Up arrow and Down arrow keys to traverse through the sequence of commands in backward or forward direction respectively in a circular fashion User may recall just the previous command character by character by pressing F1 desired number of times Current command being entered can be cleared by using Esc key any time before pressing CR 12 4 6 COMMUNICATION Communication para
29. must be handled separately the reason for which will become clear shortly Sin Z is calculated using the Tangent function FPTAN of 8087 as follows Suppose tan Z 2 Y X Then Sin Z 2XY X Y The FPTAN function of 8087 requires the argument in radians on the top of the stack and returns the result as Y X where X is the top of stack and Y is the next element Further the argument must satisfy 8 12 den ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual O argument lt PI 4 This is the reason we restricted Z to satisfy 0 lt Z lt 90 This restriction can be eliminated at the cost of more computation as follows Let Z be unrestricted Then use the FPREM function of 8087 to reduce the argument to the required range and use the relation Sin PI Z Sin Z In the program given below the argument Z is first divided by 2 preparatory to using the relation described above then converted into radians and then the tangent calculated The resulting values X and Y are used to calculate sin Z The input to the program Z in degrees must be set up in the register AL as a hexadecimal number The output in packed BCD form is available in the register AX A decimal point is to be assumed before the first BCD digit LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 B400 MOV AH 00 2002 DIES SHR AX 1 Z Angle Angle 2 2004 A35A 20 MOVW Argl AX Preparatory for 2007 9B DF065A 20 FLDI Arg sloading into NDP 200C C706 5C 20 B4 MOVW Arg2 Ar
30. recover from the program Example 5 This example also assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in SERIAL mode The following program reads an address value from the user and displays the word at the specified address Note that address is in the form of segment value offset value The address must be terminated by a comma or carriage return If user does not specify a segment value it uses the default value of OH After displaying the contents the program control returns to the monitor UAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 B8 0000 MOVW AX 0000 Set up required 2003 8E C0 MOVW ES AX parameters and 2005 8D IE 4020 LEA BX 2040 CALL the required 2009 B8 0000 MOVW AX 0000 monitor routine 200C 9A 90 IB 00 FE CALLS 1B90 OFE00 2011 C4 IE 4020 LES BX 2040 2015 26 ES Get the data and output it 2016 8BO07 MOVW AX BX 2018 9A 69 IB 00 FE CALLS 1B69 OFE00 201D CC INT 3 Return to monitor The above program uses a pointer consisting of four locations from 0 2040 to hold the address value entered by the user Load the program from 0 2000 to 201D and execute it Now specify a desired address say 0 2000 and observe the contents of that location displayed with the address of 0 2000 it must obviously be 00B8 Try with few other addresses and observe the program behavior Example 6 This example also assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the SERIAL mode The following program pla
31. returns to command entry mode 4 4 MONITOR COMMANDS The Serial Monitor can execute 17 individual commands These commands are summarized in Table 4 1 and are described in detail in the sections which follow In both the table and individual command descriptions the following notation is used V indicates that V is optional V indicates one or more optional occurences of V V indicates that V is a parameter to be entered by the user indicates that one of the two characters is to be entered These symbols are used to clarify the command formats and they are to be neither entered by the user nor output by the system In the description of the individual commands it is assumed that 8086 CPU has been installed However all the commands work in identical fashion even if 8088 CPU is installed The only observable difference would be in the sign on message produced by the system following power ON Reset TABLE 4 1 SUMMARY OF SERIAL MONITOR COMMANDS COMMAND FUNCTION FORMAT S substitute Memory bytes Displays modifies memory byte locations S address cr new data gt cr SW substitute Memory Words Displays modifies memory word locations SW address cr lt new data gt cr OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual D Display Memory bytes DW Display Memory Words X Examine modify Register M Move I Input byte IW Input Word O output byte OW Output Word
32. the contents of any of the 8086 8088 s registers Format ER lt regkey gt lt data gt Operation 1 Toexamine the contents of a register press the ER key when prompted for a command entry 2 Now a dot decimal point appears at the right edge of the address field However unlike in the EB or EW command this prompt now means that a register name entry is required Thus the subsequent hexadecimal keyboard entry will be interpreted as the register name the acronym to the right of the slash sign on the key face rather than as its hexadecimal value OAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 3 When the hexadecimal key is pressed the corresponding register abbreviation will be displayed in the address field the 16 bit contents of that register will be displayed in the data field and a data update prompt dot appears at the right edge of the data field Table 3 5 defines the 8086 8088 register names the hexadecimal key board acronyms the abbreviations appearing in the address field of the display and the sequence in which the registers are examined Table 3 5 8086 8088 Registers acronyms and display abbreviations Register Name Keyboard Acronym Display Abbreviation Accumulator AX A Base BX b Count CX C Data DX d Stack Pointer SP SP Base Pointer BP bP Source Index SI SI Destination Index DI dI Code Segment CS CS Data Segment DS dS Stack Segment SS SS Extra Segment ES ES Instruction Pointer IP IP Flag FL FL 4 Wh
33. the use of any and all User callable monitor routines a Allthe CALLs are intersegment CALL instructions OP code 9AH b Before making such an intersegment CALL DS must have a value of 0 and stack must be able to accomodate at least 12H bytes c The monitor routines are guaranteed to preserve the values of the following registers only DCS 2 DS 3 SS 4 SP 6 1 KEYBOARD MONITOR ROUTINES ACCESSIBLE TO USER Name Functions Calling Address Parameters 1 UKB Displays an array FF00 DISPLAY of characters 0B31 Reg AL Field of Display use address field 0 use data field Reg AH Number of prompts dots 0 1 2 or 3 Reg ES BX Segment offset of the starting address of the array to be displayed NOTE For detail of display format see section 5 4 2 2 UKB Blanks the address FFOO Reg AL Number of BLANK field of the 0B05 prompts 0 1 2 or 3 ADDR display with the FIELD number of prompts specified by the input parameter 3 UKB Blanks the data FFOO Reg AL Number of BLANK field of the 0B00 prompts 0 1 2 or 3 DATAS display with the FIELD number of prompts specified by the input parameter 4 UKB Outputs a byte to FFOO Reg AL Byte value OUT the data field OBOA to be output BYTE with the number of Reg AH Number of prompts specified by prompts 0 1 2 or 3 Oda YZ ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 5 UKB OUT WORD 6 UKB GET amp CHAR This 7 UKB GET EXPRESSION the input parameter
34. 0 H T2 EQU T1 T2 represents 2000 H Y EQU 10 Y represents 10 H 3 Storage Reservation DSP DSP value CR User can reserve certain storage area without initializing it by the use of this command The location counter is updated by the value This can be done in both data and program area eg Assume current value of the location counter is 2360 H Then the directive DSP 20 CR will increment the location counter to 2380 H The locations 2360 H to 237F H are uninitialized 4 Byte Initialization DB label DB value lt value gt CR User can initialize a memory location to a particular value by the use of this command This facility is particularly useful for entering a table of data as part of a program This directive supports upto two constants separated by a comma or space Eg Assume the current value of the location counter is 2240 H Then the directive T1 DB 12 0A4 CR will initialize location 2240 with the value 12H and the location 2241 with the value A4H Further the symbol T1 is made equal to 2240H 5 Word Initialization DW label DW value CR This directive is similar to DB directive except that now a word of memory rather than a byte is initialized Further only one value is permitted with one statement Eg Assume the value of location counter is 2240 H Then the directive TY DW 1240 CR Will initialize the word starting at 2240 H with the value 1240 H 7 8
35. 020 lt cr gt 4 4 4 MOVE COMMAND FUNCTION The Move command is used to move a block of data from one area of the memory to another area 4 8 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual FORMAT M lt start address gt end address gt destination address cr OPERATION 1 To use the Move command enter M when prompted for command entry Now enter the three required parameters separated by commas The three parameters are the start and end addresses of the memory block to be moved and the start address of the destination block Note that as with the D Display Memory command end address is relative to the segment value specified with start address or implied with the start address i e the contents of CS register if no segment value is specified Consequently no segment value is permitted with the end address and with each command execution a maximum of 64K bytes can be moved After entering the three parameters enter the carriage return 2 Now the monitor moves the contents of the memory block from start address to end address to consecutive memory locations beginning at destination address After moving the block of memory monitor returns to the command entry mode Notes Since a move is performed one byte at a time M command can be used to fill a block of memory with a predefined constant To do this use S command to move the constant into the start address Then use M command with a destination add
36. 04 MOVB CL 0004 AX to be rotated by 4 bits 2008 D3CS8 RORW AX CL 200A D2CC RORB AH CL Lower nibble in AH and upper nibble in AL 200C D7 XLAT ASCII code of upper nibble in AL 200D 86 E0 XCHGB AH AL Swap the two bytes 200F D7 XLAT ASCII code of lower nibble in AL 2010 CC INT 3 2011 3031 AT DB 30 31 2013 3233 DB 32 33 2015 3435 DB 34 35 2017 3637 DB 36 37 2019 3839 DB 38 39 201B 4142 DB 41 42 201D 4344 DB 43 44 201F 4546 DB 45 46 8 3 Oa UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 1 Enter the above program and data into locations 2000H 2020H 2 using the Examine Register XAX command enter a hex value say 2BH into AL register 3 Using GO command execute the above program 4 Using X command examine the contents of AX register It will be 3242H ASCII representation of 2BH Suggestions 1 Try the above program for different hex values 2 Write a program to convert ASCII code to EBCDIC code Example 4 This example also assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the serial mode This program searches through a byte array for a specified value The parameters to be passed are as follows ES and BX Address of the array segment and offset CX Length of the array AL Value to be searched for The result ofthe search is returned via AL register as follows FFH Value found in the table 00H Value not found in the table LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 4B DECW BX Adjust BX for initial entry into loop 200
37. 1 43 SR INCW BX Update array pointer 2002 26 ES 2003 3807 CMPB BX AL Compare array element with the value in AL 2005 EOFA LOOPNE SR Continue search if CX not equal toO and array element not equal to AL 2007 7403 JE 200C If value found return true 2009 B000 MOVB AL 00 Value not found return 0 in AL 200B CC INT 3 Breakpoint to return to monitor 200C BOFF RT MOVB AL 0FF Value found Return FF in AL 200E CC INT3 Return to monitor 1 Enter the above program from locations 2000H 200EH 2 Now set up a byte array as follows from locations 2200H 220FH den ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual LOCATION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2200 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Now set the values of the following registers as follows ES 0220H BX 0H CX 10H AL 2FH 4 Execute the program starting at location 2000H After the program is executed control returns to monitor Now examine AL register Its contents should be 00 indicating that the value was not found in the table 6 Repeat the experiment with the same values of ES BX and CX but with AL 40 After the program is executed AL will have FF indicating that the value was found in the table 7 Repeat the experiment with some other values in AL and verify that the program works properly eu 8 3 USE OF MONITOR ROUTINES As noted in chapter 6 several useful routines fro
38. 2 INSTALLATION 1 Turn off power to ESA 86 88 2 trainer 2 Attach the hardware module to ESA 86 88 2 over the connector J5 using the 26 core ribbon cable supplied with the module 3 Connect the black red yellow and blue wires coming from the four pin polarized connector on the programmer module to the corresponding coloured point of ESA power supply as shown below 10 1 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Colour of wire Supply to be connected RED 5V BLACK GROUND YELLOW 12V BLUE 30V If a separate supply is used for programmer module ensure that its common is connected to the common of the power supply used for the trainer 4 Turn On the power and press the RESET KEY now the PROM programming system is ready for operation CAUTION i Spurious application of programming voltage to EPROM while ESA 86 88 2 is being switched ON OFF may cause damage to the EPROM To avoid this insertion removal of EPROM should be done only when ESA 86 88 2 is powered ON ii Make sure that the selected type is correct for the EPROM inserted in ZIF socket iii Avoid attempting to program already damaged devices gt Warning Failing to take any of the above precautions may lead to the damage of the device in use as well as the system 10 3 Operation from Serial Monitor To invoke the programmer system from the Serial Monitor type P when prompted for a command Now the PROM programmer software gains control of the system and it wi
39. 2 of section 8 3 Must be assembled using X8086 as described in section 12 5 2 to create FHELPX HEX 4 FHELPX ASMSource program for Example 2 of section 8 3 Must be assembled using X8086 as described in section 12 5 2 to create FHELPX HEX 5 DEMONDP2 ASM Source program for Example 2 of section 8 4 Must be assembled using MASM with R option DEMONDP2 HEX is created according to the procedures described in section 12 5 3 12 14 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual tor After Sales Service and Spares please contact our authorised service centre Integrated Services and Consultancy Second Floor 37 EMBEDDED HOME 36th Cross II Block Rajajinagar BANGALORE 560 010 India Fax 91 80 3325615 Phone 91 80 3521165 e mail esaindia vsnl com ELECTRO SYSTEMS ASSOCIATES PVT LTD 4215 JK Complex First Main Road Subramanyanagar P O Box 2139 BANGALORE 560 021 INDIA Fax 91 80 3325615 Telephone 3323029 3322924 e mail esaindia vsnl com
40. 20 2050 4865 2052 7800 2054 ODOA 2056 5661 2058 6C 69 205A 6420 205C 4865 205E 78 2E 2060 5661 2062 6C75 2064 653D 2066 2000 MI M2 JMP AG DB 49 6E DB 76 61 DB 6C 69 DB 64 20 DB 48 65 DB 78 00 DB 0D 0A DB 56 61 DB 6C 69 DB 64 20 DB 48 65 DB 78 2E DB 56 61 DB 6C 75 DB 65 3D DB 20 00 Load the above program and message data into locations 0 2000 through 2067 For the convenience of the user the contents are listed below LOCATION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2000 9A 70 1B 00 FE 88 C4 50 9A 77 1B 00 FE 3C FF 58 2010 74 1B BO 3F 9A 50 1B 00 FE 9A 5B 1B 00 FE B8 00 2020 00 8E CO B8 48 20 9A 55 1B 00 FE EB D3 9A 80 1B 2030 00 FE 50 B8 00 00 SE CO B8 54 20 9A 55 1B 00 FE 2040 58 9A 64 1B 00 FE EB B8 49 6E 76 61 6C 69 64 20 2050 48 65 78 00 OD OA 56 61 6C 69 64 20 48 65 78 2E 2060 56 61 6C 75 65 3D 20 00 1 Execute the above program from 0 2000 2 Now enter a non hex character say Z Observe the message to be Invalid Hex 3 Now enter a valid hex character say F Observe the display to be valid hex value OF 4 Try with afew other characters to ensure that the program is behaving as expected You can press the RESET key to
41. 203D 206B 2000 206D ODOA M2 206F 4B65 2071 793D 2073 2000 2075 ODOA M3 207 43 6F 2079 7272 207B 65 63 207D 7420 207F 6775 2081 65 73 2083 7321 2085 2121 2087 2100 2089 ODOA M4 208B 5472 208D 7920 208F 736D 2001 616C 2003 6C65 2005 7220 2007 7661 2000 6C75 209B 6500 209D ODOA M5 UAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual CALLS 1B88 OFE00 CMPW AX 0100 JNBE 2047 JB 204C MOVW AX 0000 MOVW ES AX MOVW AX 2075 CALLS 1B55 OFE00 INT 3 MOVW AX 2089 JMP 204F MOVW AX 209D PUSH AX MOVW AX 0000 MOVW ES AX POP AX CALLS 1B55 OFE00 JMP ST DB 0D 0A DB 59 6F DB 75 72 DB 20 67 DB 75 65 DB 73 73 DB 20 3D DB 20 00 DB OD OA DB 4B 65 DB 79 3D DB 20 00 DB 0D 0A DB 43 6F DB 72 72 DB 65 63 DB 74 20 DB 67 75 DB 65 73 DB 73 21 DB 21 21 DB 21 00 DB 0D 0A DB 54 72 DB 79 20 DB 73 6D DB 61 6C DB 6C 65 DB 72 20 DB 76 61 DB 6C 75 DB 65 00 DB 0D 0A 8 10 209F 5472 DB 54 72 20A1 79 20 DB 79 20 2043 6C6l DB 6C 61 20A5 7267 DB 72 67 20A7 65 72 DB 65 72 20A9 2076 DB 20 76 20AB 616C DB 61 6C 20AD 75 65 DB 75 65 20AF 00 DB 00 For the convenience of the user the contents are listed below LOCATION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2000 B8 00 00 8E CO BB 5D 20 9A 55 1B 00 FE 9A 70 1B 2010 00 FE 3C 1B 75 16 B8 00 00 8E CO B8 6D 20 9A 55 2020 1B 00
42. 27256 U4 and U5 E0000 EFFFF U2 and U3 F0000 FFFFF 27512 U4 and U5 C0000 DFFFF U2 and U3 E0000 FFFFF RAM area Device No Address range in Hex U8 and U9 00000 OFFFF U6 and U7 10000 1FFFF Optional battery backup provision is available for U6 U7 U8 U9 RAMs Use 1 2V X 2 Ni Cd cells and connect them as per the polarity at the battery terminal points Two berg pins named BT Refer Appendix C for Component layout diagram 5 3 Peripheral clock A separate 6 144 MHz Crystal is used to generate peripheral clocks of 3 072 MHz and 1 536 MHz frequencies The 3 072MHz clock is used for the 8251A USART and 1 536 MHz clock is used for the 8253 5 Programmable interval timer The 3 072 MHz clock is available on the bus connector 5 4 I O Addressing and I O Map I O decoding is implemented using U23 and U24 This section describes I O devices provided on ESA 86 88 2 5 4 1 Parallel I O ports ESA 86 88 2 provides two 8255A programmable peripheral interface devices One 8255A at position U27 resides on the lower data bus and the other 8255A at position U32 resides on the upper data bus Each 8255A consists of three 8 bit input output data ports designated as ports A B and C and one write only control port All the ports can be addressed individually eg Port A of 8255 at U32 or corresponding pairs of ports eg Port A of 8255 at U27 and Port A of 8255 at U32 can be addressed as one 16 bit wide port The I O address assignmen
43. 70H Starting address of destination ES 10H 0280H 40 Now use move command by the following key sequence MV 0 2100 NEXT 217F NEXT 280 40 EXEC However the complete procedure can be simplified by specifying the address directly as shown by the following key sequence MV 0 2100 NEXT 2100 7 F NEXT REG ES 10 40 EXEC As already mentioned the above examples are for the purpose of illustration only With experience the user can find a variety of situations where proper use of REG and keys can greatly simplify the entry of address data values 3 11 USER PROGRAMMABLE FUNCTION KEYS OAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual ESA 86 88 2 provides 7 user programmable function keys F1 to F7 When a User programmable function key is pressed monitor transfers control to a program whose address is assumed to be available in certain pre specified RAM locations as shown in Table 3 6 NOTE that these addresses are pointers in the form CS IP Following power ON Reset the monitor initializes these locations to the starting addresses of routines given by Table 3 7 The user can make use of these keys to control transfer to his program by making changes in the locations given in Table 3 6 Note that F7 is always a user programmable key NOTE Power ON or pressing RESET key will reinitialize these keys to the default values TABLE 3 6 ADDRESS KEY Location holding IP value Location holding CS value F1 190 191 192 193 F2 194 195 196 1
44. 88 2 User s Manual 6 ADD 7 AND 8 CALL 9 CALLS 10 CBW 11 CLC 12 CLD 13 CLI 14 CMC 15 CMP UAD ADD Destn amp source with carry word mode Add Destn amp source Byte mode Add Destn amp source word mode And source Destn Byte mode And Source Destn Word mode Call to subroutine Indirect call Call interior Calls Segment routine Convert Byte to word Clear carry flag Clear direction flag Clear interrupt flag Complement carry flag Compare Destn amp source Byte mode QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual EA W Reg Reg EA W AX D16 EA W D16 EA B Reg Reg EA B AL D8 EA B D8 EA W Reg Reg EA W AX D16 EA W D16 EA B Reg Reg EA B AL D8 EA B D8 EA W Reg Reg EA W AX D16 EA W D16 Disp 16 EA Drsp 16 or Seg 16 EA Regr Regr Regr EA B EA B Regr Regr Immediate EA B Immediate 7 11 ADCW ADDB ADDW ANDB ANDW CALL Address or CALL Label CALL EA CALL address CALLS disp 16 Seg 16 CALLS EA CBW CLC CLC CLD CLI CMC CMPB 16 CMPS 17 CS 18 CWD 19 DAA 20 DAS 21 DEC DIV DS ES ESC HLT IDIV IMUL OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Compare Destn amp source word mode Compare destn amp source strings Byte mode Word mode Decimal adjust for addn Decimal adjust for subtraction Decrement Byte mode Decrement word mode
45. 88 2 User s Manual RETS no operand RETS data 16 ROLB EA B 1 ROLB EA B CL ROLW EA W 1 ROLW EA W CL RORB EA B 1 RORB EA B CL RORW EA W 1 RORW EA W CL SAHF SALB EA 1 SALB EA CL SALW EA SALW EA CL SARB EA B 1 SARB EA B CL SARW EA W 1 SARW EA W CL SBBB EA B Reg SBBB Reg EA B SBBB AL Data8 SBBB EA B Data SBBW EA W Reg SBBW Reg EA W SBBW AX D16 SBBW EA W D8 SBBW EA W D16 SCASB SCASW SHRB EA CL SHRW EA 1 SHRW EA CL SS STD STD STOS SUB TEST WAIT XCHG XLAT XOR UAD Set Direction Flag Byte Mode Word mode Store AX AL into string Subtract Byte Mode Word mode Logical Compare Byte Mode Word Mode Wait till TEST PIN not asserted Exchange Byte Mode Word Mode Table look up Translation Logical inclusive OR Byte Mode Word Mode QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual STI STOSB STOSW SUBB EA B Reg SUBB Reg EA B SUBB AL D8 SUBB EA B D8 SUBW EA W Reg SUBW Reg EA W SUBW AX D16 SUBW EA W D16 TestB EA Reg AL D8 EA D8 TestW EA Reg AX D16 EA D16 WAIT XCHGB Reg EA B XCHGW Reg EA W Reg Reg XLAT XORB EA Reg XORB REG EA XORB AL D8 XORB EA D8 XORW EA Reg XORW Reg EA XORW AX D16 XORW EA D16 CHAPTER 8 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES 8 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter we will describe some programming examples which can be run on the ESA 86 88 2 system These examples range from fairly s
46. 97 F3 198 199 19A 19B F4 19C 19D 19E 19F F5 1A4 1A5 1A6 1A7 F6 1A8 1A9 1AA 1AB F7 1AC 1AD 1AE 1AF TABLE 3 7 FUNCTION KEY ROUTINE COMMENT F1 BLANK CHECK OPTIONAL EPROM F2 READ PROGRAMMER F3 PROGRAM COMMANDS F4 VERIFY Refer Chapter 10 onPROM PROGRAMMER SYSTEM F5 TAPE READ OPTIONAL AUDIO CASSETTE INTERFACE COMMANDS F6 TAPE WRITE Refer chapter 9 on Audio Tape interface F7 Err User programmable function key Optional for proper operation the optional hardware should be installed OAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual CHAPTER 4 SERIAL MONITOR 4 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the commands supported by the Serial Monitor program It is designed to operate with a CRT Terminal Host Computer that has been connected to the serial interface RS 232 C connector J3 refer to chapter 5 on Hardware for details The system on power ON goes to serial mode of operation if the switch position 8 of the on board DIP switch is OFF or the system can be changed from keyboard mode to serial mode of operation any time by putting the same switch OFF and pressing the RESET key Refer chapter 2 for further details The serial transmission baud rate is set through on board DIP switches The details of its setting for different baud rates are given in Chapter 2 Installation and configuration 4 2 GENERAL OPERATION Following power ON or whenever the RESET key is pressed the monitor jumps to an initialization routine The routi
47. BLE FOR BHE Upper data Lower data Swap bus buffer bus buffer buffer 8086 HIGH X X NO NO NO LOW LOW LOW YES YES NO LOW LOW HIGH NO YES NO LOW HIGH LOW YES NO NO 8088 HIGH X X NO NO NO LOW LOW HIGH NO YES NO LOW HIGH LOW NO NO YES X Dont Care The combinations not shown above never occur 5 2 Memory addressing ESA 86 88 2 has four 28 pin JEDEC compatible slots U2 U3 U4 U5 dedicated to PROM These sockets can be collectively configured for 27128 27256 or 27512 The total PROM capacity would be respectively 64K 128K or 256K bytes Two of the sockets U2 and U3 are used by the system and the other two sockets U4 and U5 are available to the user for expansion For details regarding PROM configuration refer to section 2 1 5 on Memory selection ESA 86 88 2 provides on board static RAM of 128K bytes 4 X 32K via four 28 pin JEDEC compatible slots U6 U7 U8 and U9 Two of these sockets are usually populated to give 64K Bytes of RAM and the other two sockets are available to the user for expansion The RAM area starts from 0 0000H The area from 0 0000 to 0 1FFFH is used by the system for interrupt vectors stack and Assembler data tables Thus user RAM starts from 0 2000H 5 2 OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual All the on board memory is accessed with Zero wait states 5 2 1 Memory Map PROM Area PROMS Selected Device No Address Range in Hex 27128 U4 and U5 F0000 F7FFF U2 and U3 F8000 FFFFF
48. DX MOVW DX 0FFFB MOVB AL 00 Low byte of count OUTB DX MOV B 2068 00 Set up a byte to Zero as a flag OUTB DX High byte of count STI Enable interrupts CMPB 2068 80FF Has flag changed because of interrupt No wait for interrupt Interrupt has occurred Return to Monitor JNZ W1 INT3 Now we must write a service routine at 2050H Let us write a routine which will display the message Interrupt from Timer 1 LOC CONTENTS LABEL 2050 B80000 2053 8E C0 2055 B87020 2058 9A 55 1B 00 FE 205D C6 06 68 20 FF 2062 CF LOC CONTENTS LABEL 2070 0D 0A 49 6E 2074 74657272 2078 75 7074 20 207C 66 726F 6D 2080 205469 6D 2084 65722031 2088 0D 0A 00 UAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual INSTRUCTION COMMENTS MOVW AX 0000 MOVW ES AX MOVW AX 2070 CALLS 1B55 OFE00 Set up parameters for calling monitor routine to display the message MOVB 2068 0FF Change the flag RTI Return from interrupt INSTRUCTION COMMENTS DB 0DH 0AH Interrupt from Timer 1 ODH OAH 00 For the convenience of the user the codes are listed below LOCATION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2000 BC 00 30 C7 06 34 01 50 20 C7 06 36 01 00 00 BA 2010 F4 FF BO 13 EE BA Fo FF BO 48 EE BO 03 EE BO DF 2020 EE BA FF FF BO 70 EE BA FB FF BO 00 EE C6 06 68 2030 20 00 EE FB 80 3E 68 20 FF 75
49. FB 2005 FB 2005 EB FB 2007 FF gt UAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual STI NOP NOP XCHGW AX AX POP CX ILLEGAL OPERAND XCHGW AX AX POP CX POP CX XCHGW AX AX A2 MOVB AL BL MOVB AL BL POP CX A456 CLD 56 CLD STI JMP QW ILLEGAL OPERAND STI JMP A2 JMP A2 ILLEGAL OPCODE NOTE 1 Underlined ones indicate that are overwritten over the original lines 2 Error message output because in the second line there in no space after It must be a space if there is no label 3 The assembler stores only the first two characters of a label Hence the indication at address 2004 4 Label QW not previously defined so error 5 If the code in the addressed location is not a valid 8086 8088 code then it is disassembled as illegal opcode 7 2 4 4 DI COMMAND DI ADDRI ADDR2 cr When this command is issued the codes from address 1 to address 2 are disassembled and displayed along with the machine codes on the console Note Addrl Addr2 are offset values only The segment value is always set using the SG command EXAMPLE gt DI 2000 2007 lt cr gt 2000 90 NOP 2001 59 POP CX 2002 88 00 MOV AL BL 2004 FC CLD 2005 EB FB JMP 2002 2007 FF ILLEGAL OPCODE gt NOTE To obtain a hard copy of a program in disassembled form attach the printer and give DI Command 7 3 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE CONVENTIONS Each source line can be upto a maximum of 80 characters terminated by a carriage R
50. First location Contents of Location 2000 New value 55H Command prompt Move Command Start address 2000H End Address 20FEH F 20 F E 20F E NEXT 2 GO CX 2 Destination 2000 1 2001H 0 EB AX 20 0 EB AX 200 1 2001 ER BX 2000 to 20FFH 55H 3 10 USE OF REG AND KEYS The hex keypad includes REG and keys which can be used in a variety of combinations to simplify the address data entry This section illustrates some of the typical uses of these keys Once familiar user can find many other situations where these keys can be effectively used 3 10 1 USE OF KEY This key allows the user to add two hexadecimal values This function thus simplifies relative addressing by allowing the user to readily calculate an address location relative to a base address Further during the data entry arithmetic expression results can be easily stored To illustrate the use of this key consider the programming example 1 of section 8 2 Here at address 200EH the instruction is as follows Location Contents Instruction 200E E2 F8 LOOP AW Suppose we want to examine the instruction at the target address of Loop instruction One way is to calculate the address manually as 10H F8H 08H and examine the contents of 2008H However we can directly specify the address using the following key sequence EB 2010 FFF8 NEXT Thus the address is directly specified as 2010H FFF8H Note that short Jump s
51. ILE TOO LARGE FOR CONVERSION and returns to DOS If the relocation process is completed successfully the system will write the relocated information on the output file as records in HEX format Then it will obtain the CS and IP values from the EXE file relocate them and then create a start address record using the relocated CS and IP values Then an end address record is generated and written to the output file If the system fails in writing to the disk file it displays the message DISK WRITE FAILURE and returns to DOS After completing the process of writing it closes the HEX file During the entire process the hex records being created are displayed on the screen also The system will then extract SS an SP values from the EXE file relocate them and then display them on the console IF required these values can later be used to set the SS and SP registers separately Please note that DS an ES registers are supposed to point to an area called Program Segment Prefix when the EXE file is given control under MS DOS However when the conversion to HEX structure is performed for downloading the information into ESA 86 88 2 the Program Segment Prefix has no relevance and thus the system ignores these values b After converting an EXE file into a HEX file as described above user can install and run the XT86 and download the HEX file into the memory of ESA 86 88 2 as per the procedures already described c After downloading the file user m
52. INSTALLATION 2 1 Configuration of ESA 86 88 2 2 1 1 Processor selection 2 1 2 Operational mode selection 2 1 3 Printer Enable Disable 2 1 4 Baud rate selection 2 1 5 Memory selection 2 1 6 Interrupt selection 2 1 7 8087 installation 2 2 Installation of ESA 86 88 2 2 2 1 Installation procedure for Serial mode of operation 2 2 2 No response in Serial mode 2 2 3 Installation procedure for Keyboard mode of operation 2 2 4 No response in Keyboard mode CHAPTER 3 KEYBOARD MONITOR 3 1 Introduction 3 2 General operation 3 3 Monitor Commands 3 4 Examine Byte and Examine Word Commands 3 5 Examine Register command 3 6 Input Output Commands 3 6 1 Input byte and Input word commands 3 11 3 6 2 Output byte and output word commands 3 7 Step Command 3 8 Go Command 3 9 Move Command 3 10 Use of REG and keys 3 10 1 Use of key 3 10 2 Use of key 3 10 3 Use of REG key 3 11 User programmable function keys CHAPTER 4 SERIAL MONITOR 4 Introduction 4 2 General operation 4 3 Structure of monitor commands 4 3 1 Parameter entry 4 3 2 Use of operators and register in specification of Parameters 4 3 3 Response to Errors 4 4 Monitor commands 4 4 Substitute Memory commands 4 4 2 Display memory commands 4 4 3 Examine modify Register command 4 4 4 Move command 4 4 5 Input Byte and Input word commands UAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual PAGE 1 1 4 4 6 Output Byte and Output word comma
53. LLATION 2 1 Configuration of ESA 86 88 2 ESA 86 88 2 microcomputer trainer is versatile and can be configured in a number of ways as determined by the settings of a DIP switch and other jumpers Refer to the component layout diagram in Appendix C to locate the DIP switch and the jumpers This chapter describes all the configuration options and the installation procedures 2 1 1 Processor selection ESA 86 88 2 can be operated either with an 8086 CPU or with an 8088 CPU Install the desired CPU 8086 or 8088 in the socket position U29 Then set the SW8 of the DIP switch as shown below SWS of DIP Switch Processor OFF 8086 ON 8088 Factory installed option 2 1 2 Operational mode selection ESA 86 88 2 can be operated either in the serial mode or in Hexadecimal keypad mode In the serial mode the trainer is connected to a CRT terminal or to a host computer system like PC compatible through an RS 232 C interface In the keypad mode the trainer is operated through Hexadecimal Keypad The selection of the desired mode of operation is done as follows SWA of the DIP Switch Operational mode OFF Serial mode ON Hexadecimal keypad mode Factory installed Option Chapter 3 describes the commands available in keypad mode and chapter 4 describes the commands available in the serial mode 2 1 3 Printer Enable Disable ESA 86 88 2 firmware includes the driver program for centronics compatible parallel printer interface This dri
54. OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 6 String constant Initialization ASC ASC String This directive allows the user to enter a string of characters and have these characters translated to ASCII Codes and stored in the memory The string can have a maximum of 40 characters only The string must be enclosed by a pair of single quote characters or by a pair of tilda characters Eg Assume the value of the Location Counter is 2240 H Now ASC ESA CR will initialize locations 2240H 2241H and 2242H respectively with 45H 53H and 41H NOTE The assembler in this case will overwrite the original line with the string displayed in opcode field 7 3 3 OPERAND FIELD After the Label and Mnemonic fields we have the operand field This field holds the operands as required by the particular instruction This assembler supports all the standard addressing modes of 8086 8088 Section 7 3 5 summarises the notation for all the addressing modes When a numerical value is expected in the operand field the user must supply it in hexadecimal notation Further numbers should always start with a digit Thus the value A5H should entered as 0A5 Note that the suffix H is not entered When a label is used in the operand field it must have been already defined i e forward references are not allowed 7 3 4 ADDRESSING MODES The ESAM 86 assembler supports all the addressing modes of 8086 8088 The syntax to be followed for the various addr
55. OUTB DX 2006 BA E4 FF MOVW DX 0FFEA 2009 BO 01 MOVB AL 01 200B EE OUTB DX 200C B8 00 00 MOVW AX 00 Set up string address 200F 8E CO MOVW ES AX 2011 BB 20 20 MOVW BX 2020 2014 9A 74 1B 00 FC CALLS 1B74 0FCOO Far call to print 2019 CC INT 3 Return to Monitor 2020 OD 0A DB OD 0A String terminated 2022 45 53 DB 45 53 by NULL 2024 41 0D DB 41 0D 2026 0A 00 DB 0A 00 11 4 ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual CHAPTER 12 COMMUNICATION WITH A HOST COMPUTER SYSTEM 12 1 INTRODUCTION As already noted ESA 86 88 2 operating in the serial mode can be connected to either a CRT terminal or a host computer system When a computer system is the controlling element it must be executing a driver software to communicate with ESA 86 88 2 XT86 is such an optional communication package which allows the user to establish a communication link between the ESA 86 88 2 trainer and a PC compatible computer system The link is established between asynchronous serial ports of the computer COM 1 COM2 and ESA 86 88 2 XT86 is supplied as a EXE file on a 3 DSHD diskette and can be executed on a PC compatible computer system under PC DOS MS DOS operating system A suitable RS 232 C cable has to be used for connecting ESA 86 88 2 to a PC XT AT compatible system XT86 fully supports all the commands of ESA 86 88 2 Further it allows the contents of a disk file to be downloaded from the computer system into the memory of ESA 86 88 2 User can develop ass
56. PREFACE This is the user s manual for ESA 86 88 2 microprocessor trainer This manual describes the hardware and software components of ESA 86 88 2 and gives the interface information necessary for expanding the system This manual describes in detail the features offered by the Keyboard monitor program Serial monitor program and the one line Assembler Disassembler package The optional features Audio cassette interface EPROM programmer Interface Centronics parallel printer interface are also described in this manual Complete schematics and related drawings are provided in the appendices Please note that this volume is a user s guide for ESA 86 88 2 and as such does not deal elaborately with the features of 8086 8088 processor and related peripherals and their programming Details regarding these can be obtained from the following INTEL publications iAPX 86 186 USER S MANUAL 8086 FAMILY USER S MANUAL MICRO SYSTEMS COMPONENT HANDBOOK VOL I AND II While every effort has been made to present the information in an accurate and simple fashion we do welcome suggestions for improving the quality and usefulness of this manual Please address all your correspondence to ELECTRO SYSTEMS ASSOCIATES PVT LTD 4215 J KCOMPLEX FIRST MAIN ROAD SUBRAMANYANAGAR PO BOX 2139 BANGALORE 560 021 INDIA Phone 3322924 3323029 Fax 080 3325615 e mail esaindia vsnl com CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURATION AND
57. T86 is running If the problem persists please contact the manufacturer 12 3 RETURNING TO DOS User can terminate XT86 and return control to DOS by typing Alt X when the program is waiting for a keyboard input 12 4 OPERATIONAL DETAILS The complete command set of the ESA 86 88 2 is transparent and is fully supported by XT86 refer to chapter 4 for the serial monitor mode commands Press Ctrl F1 for help for command In addition XT86 supports the file download upload and other commands which are explained below NOTE During parameter entry the system expects the alphabetic characters to be in upper case Thus it is convenient to use the key board with the CAPS LOCK on 12 4 1 DOWNLOAD OPERATION This feature allows downloading of the contents of an object code file into the memory of ESA 86 88 2 NOTE The object code file must a HEX file with records in INTEL Extended HEX format Please refer to the relevant INTEL manuals for the definition of INTEL Extended 16 Bit HEX format Most of the cross assemblers for 8086 8088 do produce object code files which are HEX files with records in Intel Extended HEX format To perform download operation type Ctrl D in response to the command prompt The system will now prompt for the name of the disk file from which the information is to be downloaded The prompt is as follows 12 3 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Download filename HEX Enter the file name w
58. YSTEMS ASSOCIATES PVT LTD BANGALORE Alt S Set Communication Parameters Ctrl F1 Help Alt F1 Command Help Esc Clear Command F1 Previous Command Character lt F3 gt Command Recall Ctrl U Upload Command Ctrl D Download Command Command DOS Shell Command ALt X Exit Press any key to Continue e XT86 checks for the presence of communication ports COMI amp COM2 If both ports are not available it will display the message No serial port present as reported by BIOS and exits to DOS Otherwise XT86 will read the communication parameters from file XT86 INS and initializes the communication port XT86 searches current directory for file XT86 INS If search fails it will search the path given by the DOS environment variable INIT If the file is not present following message is displayed XT86 INS is not found Serial parameters are set to COMI 9600 8 2 None Do you want to change Yes No If option No is selected the communication parameters Serial Port COMI Baud 9600 Data bits 8 Stop bits 2 Parity None are set If option Yes is selected the communication parameters can be interactively modified as described in section 12 4 6 Now XT86 attempts to establish communication between the computer and ESA 86 88 2 If successful the command prompt Appears on the screen Subsequently during the power on of RESET of the trainer the sign on message ESA 86 88 2 MONITOR Vx y appears
59. a file name as shown below File Name The file name consists of a maximum of 4 characters each of which must bea valid hexadecimal digit Some examples are shown below Valid File names Invalid File names 14B3 134G G is not a hexadecimal digit A214 FA3Z Z is not a hexadecimal digit ASAS5 FF 1 is not a hexadecimal digit F123 22TT T is not a hexadecimal digit Enter the desired file name and terminate it with a carriage Return Now the system will prompt for the starting address of the memory block to be saved on the tape Buffer start Enter the starting address in segment offset form and terminate the address entry with a Carriage Return If no segment value is entered the current value of the user s code segment register is used Now the system will prompt for the ending address of the memory block Buffer end Note that Buffer end address consists of only offset information No segment value is allowed with the end address Thus at atime a maximum of 64K bytes can be transferred to the tape Further note that this value must be greater than or equal to the offset of the starting address Enter the desired end address and terminate it with a Carriage Return Now the system will display the message Press any key after setting up the Recorder Ensure that the Recorder is connected to the interface via the MIC jack only Set up the Recorder in record mode Now type any character except the ESC key which will return c
60. address of the failed PROM location is displayed in the address field and FAIL message is displayed in the data field After a short delay the data field will display the PROM data as most significant byte and the source data as least significant byte f In either case i e after successful or unsuccessful programming press any key to return control to the monitor 10 4 2 VRFY COMMAND a This command is used to verify the contents of a PROM against a source b The parameters and their interpretation is completely similar to that of the PROG command c Ifthe verification is successful the 16 bit checksum is displayed in the data field Now press any key to return control to the monitor d If the verification fails then the parameters at the failed location are displayed as in the PROG command Now if NEXT key is pressed verification continues with the next location Any other key will terminate verify mode e However once again any key must be pressed to return control to the monitor 10 4 3 BLNK COMMAND a This command is used to check if a specified range in the PROM is blank contains OFFH 10 9 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual This command requires the following three parameters in that order type Same as in PROG Command PROM Start The absolute starting address of the PROM PROM End The absolute ending address of the PROM b The parameters must satisfy certain relations as explained in the section 10 3 3 o
61. addressed by the IP register 3 Ifan alternate starting address is required enter the start address 4 To begin program execution enter a carriage return Control is now transferred from the monitor to the user program 5 To exit from the executing program and to return control to the monitor press either the system reset RESET key or the KBINTR key If the RESET key is pressed control is transferred to the monitor program and the appropriate 8086 8088 registers are reinitialized If the KBINTR is pressed the program is interrupted the serial monitor is re entered and all of the 8086 8088 registers are saved The monitor now outputs the commercial at sign 9 followed by the address of the next program instruction to be executed when the KBINTR key was pressed the displayed address consists of the current contents of the CS code segment register a colon and the current contents of the IP instruction pointer register The address is followed by the display of all processor registers a disassembled line of next program instruction followed by a command prompt You can resume the program again from this point at which you interrupted it by entering the GO command followed by a carriage return 4 4 7 1 BREAKPOINT FACILITY The GO command permits the optional specification of the breakpoint address The effect is as if the KBINTR key is pressed when the program reaches the breakpoint address In otherwords when progr
62. adecimal key board enter the data byte or word to be output 6 After entering the data press the key to output the byte or word to the port and to terminate the command or press the key if additional data is to be output to the addressed port Notes As mentioned in the previous section the I O ports provided on ESA 86 88 2 their addresses and usage are explained in detail in chapter 5 on Hardware Examples Example 1 Output a byte to the port FFFDH Key Address field Data field Comment RESET ESA 86 System Reset 5 OB BP s Output Byte Command F F F FF F FFF D FFFD Port Address FL FFFD 3 FFFD 03 data byte to be output ST DX 6 FFFD 36 MV SI Command termination prompt 3 13 QUAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Example 2 Outputting 2 bytes of count data to Timer 0 of 8253 The port address is FFF9 Key Address field Data field Comment RESET ESA 86 System Reset 5 OB BP Output byte command F F F FF F FFF 9 OW DS FFF9 Output port address FFF9 Data entry prompt A SS FFF9 OA Output first byte FFF9 0 EB AX FFF9 00 Output second byte command termination prompt 3 7 STEP COMMAND FUNCTION This command is used for single step execution of a program In other words this step ST command permits program instructions in memory to be executed individually With each instruction executed control is returned to the monitor from the program being executed Forma
63. alled as explained in the section 10 2 EXAMPLE From keyboard read the contents of 2732 PROM into memory locations 0 2000 to 0 3FFE Key Pressed Display Comments Address Field Data Field RESET ESA 8 6 Assuming 8086 is installed TRFER 2132 typ Transfer command type prompt NEXT 0000 PrS PROM Start NEXT 0000 PrE PROM End F OOOF PrE F OOFF PrE F OFFF PrE NEXT FFFF BSS Buffer start segment 0 0000 BSS NEXT 0000 BSO Buffer start offset 2 0002 BSO 0 0020 BSO 0 0200 BSO 0 2000 BSO EXEC 1234 Successful transfer EXEC ESA 8 6 Return to monitor NOTE Use Examine Byte or Examine word command to read the memory contents Observe that the data is available in successive even locations ie 0 2000 2002 2004 etc EXAMPLE 2 From Serial monitor program the contents of location 0 2000 to 0 3FFE into a 2764 starting AT 1000H User s entry is underlined only for clarity P ESA 86 88 PROM PROGRAMMER V 1 0 P V B R E P PROM Type 2732 Buffer Start 0000 2000 Buffer End 3FFE PROM Start 0000 Any change of the above parameters Y N Y 10 11 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual PROM type 2732 2764 Buffer start 0000 2000 Buffer End 3FFE PROM start 0000 1000 Programming in Progress Checksum 1724 e P R V B E ESA 86 88 87 MONITOR Vx y 10 12 Hen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual CHAPTER 11 PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE 11 1 INTRODUCTION ESA 86 88 2 provi
64. am reaches the breakpoint address control goes to the monitor and all registers are saved Further the monitor outputs the message br followed by the commercial at sign 9 followed by the address of the breakpointed instruction this address is displayed as the current contents of CS register a colon and the current contents of IP register This message is followed by the display of all processor registers a disassembled line of next program instruction followed by command prompt If a subsequent GO command is entered followed by a carriage return execution resumes at the break pointed instruction 4 12 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual To use this facility enter a comma after optionally specifying an alternate start address and then enter the breakpoint address followed by a carriage return Note that no segment value is permitted with breakpoint address Thus the default segment value for the breakpoint address is either the start address segment value if specified or the current CS register content if a segment value is not specified with start address orif no alternate start address is given The breakpoint facility is implemented as follows The monitor saves the instruction at the breakpoint address and replaces it with an interrupt instruction before transferring control to the user s program When the program reaches the breakpoint address control is returned to the monitor The monitor saves all registers restores the
65. amp Number of data bytes 06 Assume the USBA currently valid is 0200 Then the data is to be loaded as shown below 0200 0010 BA_ 0200 0011 FF 0200 0012 FF 0200 0013 B0 0200 0014 40 0200 0015 90 Start Address Record RECE REC LOAD REC CS IP CHECK MARK LEN ADDRESS TYPE SUM d 04 0000 03 XXXX XXXX XX The start address record is used to specify the execution start address for the object file This record can appear anywhere in the HEX file If the start address record is not present CS and IP values will remain what they were before downloading Example Record 04 00 00 03 02 00 01 00 F6 04 00 00 03 02 00 01 00 F6 00 checksum validity After loading CS 0200 and IP 0100 12 8 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual End of File Record RECD REC ZERO REC CHECK MARK LEN TYPE SUM man 00 0000 01 RR This is a record of fixed structure and is used to specify the end of the HEX file 12 5 2 Using X8086 The most direct way of creating a file to be downloaded into ESA 86 88 2 is to use a cross assembler for 8086 8088 which can generate the object code in Extended Hex format X8086 is such a package available from us as an option X8086 is a powerful cross assembler for 8086 8088 It can run on any PC XT AT compatible system and supports all the standard mnemonics pseudo opcodes and addressing modes of 8086 8088 It includes a Linker that allows the generation of object code in Extended Hex fi
66. and also to specify the use of the contents of any 8086 8088 register as address data values For example suppose we wish to specify an address whose segment is ES 10H and whose offset is BX 30H One way is to calculate these values as shown below Assume ES 0270H and BX 0080H Segment value ES 10H 0280H Offset value BX 30H 0050H Then the address can be specified as 0280 0050 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual However ESA 86 88 2 serial monitor supports the direct specification of such an address value as shown below ES 10 BX 30 The system will automatically evaluate such expressions and use the correct values These operators can be used to considerably simplify the specification and checking of relative addresses also These uses are described in greater detail in section 3 10 4 3 3 RESPONSE TO ERRORS Whenever an error is detected the command is aborted the symbol is output on the command line a carriage return and linefeed are issued and the command prompt character is output at the beginning of the new line Command execution occurs only after a command terminator a comma or a carriage return depending on the command is entered Hence a command entry can be cancelled any time before the terminator is entered by committing an error That is enter any character that is not legal for the entry expected The monitor detects this error aborts the command displays symbol and
67. and only one command is allowed with in a command line Any command is interpreted only after the Carriage Return is entered Thus user can correct entry errors using the Backspace CNTL H key The following are the command mnemonics supported by ESAM 86 SG Set Code Segment Register LC Label clear DA Disassemble and Assemble DI Disassemble EX Exit from ESAM 86 The commands are described in detail in the following sections Parameter Entry As in the case of the serial monitor hexadecimal number system is used However for byte entry a maximum of 2 characters and for word entry a maximum of 4 characters are to be entered However note that all numbers must begin with numerical Thus a leading zero must be used if the number starts with A to F For eg ACH must be entered as QACH Response to Errors When an error is detected during command entry the command is aborted appropriate error message is issued and command prompt character gt is output at the beginning of a new line 7 2 OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 7 2 4 DESCRIPTION OF ESAM 86 COMMANDS 7 2 4 1 SG COMMAND SG lt value gt lt CR gt This command is used to set the value of the code segment register Once this value is set it remains valid for the current session NOTE At the beginning of a fresh session initialize the value of code segment since it is not initialized to any default value 7 2 4 2 LC COMMAND LC lt CR gt Thi
68. are EXAMPLE 1 A Byte Input from port FFEOH Key Address field Data field Comment RESET ESA 86 System Reset 4 IB SP Input Byte Command F F F FF Port address E FFE 0 FFEO 3 FFEO Xx Input Data Byte Command termination prompt Example 2 Word Input from port FFEO Key Address field Data field Comment RESET ESA 86 System Reset 8 IW CS Input word command F F F FF E FFE Port address 0 FFEO FFEO XXXX Input Data Word Command termination prompt 3 6 2 OUTPUT BYTE AND OUTPUT WORD COMMANDS FUNCTION The output Byte OB and output Word OW commands are used to output a byte or word to an output port Format OB lt port address gt data lt data gt OW lt port address gt data lt data gt Operation 3 12 Od NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 1 To use either command press the corresponding hexadecimal key when prompted for command entry 2 When either key OB or OW is pressed a decimal point appears at the right edge of the address field indicating that a port address entry is required 3 Using the hexadecimal keyboard enter the desired port address As mentioned already no segment value is permitted with the port address 4 After entering the port address press the key Now a decimal point appears at the right edge of the data field This indicates that the data byte OB command or data word OW command to be output can now be entered 5 Using the hex
69. are initialized i e the earlier values are lost However if the INTR key is pressed monitor gets the control all of the 8086 8088 registers are saved and the monitor prompts for a command entry As all the register values are saved by pressing the GO key now you can resume the execution of the program from the point at which you halted it by pressing the INTR key If the user program has an INT 3 instruction opcode CCH and it is executed control returns to the monitor and all the registers are saved Usually this is the method by which user programs return control to monitor Ref chapter 8 on programming examples OAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Breakpoint facility The GO command permits the optional specification of a breakpoint address The effect is as if the KB INTR key is pressed when the program reaches the breakpoint address In other words when program reaches the breakpoint address control goes to the monitor all registers are saved and the monitor prompts for command entry To use this facility press the NEXT key after entering the starting address and then enter the breakpoint address No segment value is permitted with breakpoint address Thus the default segment value is either the starting address segment value if specified or the current contents of the CS register if no segment value is specified with the starting address After entering the break point address press the Key on The break p
70. as in the P command Further the following prompt appears Verify Continue Y N If N is typed control returns to start of PROM Programmer system If Y is typed verify operation continues with the next byte Thus the operation of this command is quite similar to the operation of the P command except that here the PROM is just verified not programmed 10 3 3 B command This command is used to check if a specified range in the PROM is blank contains OFFH 10 5 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual This command requires the following three parameters Type Same as for P command PROM Start The absolute starting address of the PROM PROM End The absolute ending address of the PROM The parameters must satisfy the following relations i PROM start lt Absolute last address of the PROM ii PROM End lt Absolute last address of the PROM and gt PROM Start The parameter display and modification procedures are menu driven and are similar to those of the P command The PROM is checked for blank values in the specified range and if it is blank then the following message is displayed PROM is blank Control returns to PROM Programmer System If a location in the specified range is not blank the following message is displayed PROM is not blank This message will be followed by the absolute PROM address of the first non blank location as shown below First non blank at address XXXX X is any hex digit Note that o
71. at error is not detected until the n or key is pressed When an error is detected the characters Err are displayed with the command prompt character in the address field OAD NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual EXAMPLES Example 1 Examining a series of Memory Byte Locations starting from the location 10 50 segment offset Key Address field Data field Comment Reset ESA 86 System Reset 0 EB AX Examine byte command 1 ER BX 1 Segment address 0 EB AX 10 10 Segment offset separator 5 5 OB BP 0 EB AX 50 Offset value of the first memory location to be examined 50 Xx Memory data contents 51 Xx Next memory location and data contents 52 Xx Next memory location and data contents PREV 51 Xx Content of PREV location Command terminator Example 2 Examining and modifying memory word location 1AAH relative to the CS register Recall that if no segment value is specified the default value is the current contents of the code segment register CS Key Address field Data field Comment RESET ESA 86 System Reset 7 EW DI Examine Word Command 1 ER BX 1 A 1A 3 7 Oda NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual SS ISS ISS ISS 1AA 1AA XXXX 1AA 000F 1AA OOFF 1AA OFFA 1AA FFAA Memory data contents Data updated command termination prompt To check that the data was updated successfully press the EW key and enter the address 1AA Press the key and note tha
72. ation CRT terminal with RS 232 C interface OR Host system like PC Compatible with the driver software for host system Refer chapter 12 for details LIA IZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 2 2 1 Installation procedure for Serial mode of operation a Select the processor 8086 or 8088 Ref Section 2 1 1 b Select Serial mode of operation Ref Section 2 1 2 c Select printer if required Ref Section 2 1 3 d Set the desired baud rate Ref Section 2 1 4 e Select interrupt sources if required Ref Section 2 1 6 f Select EPROM configuration if necessary Ref Section 2 1 5 g Install 8087 NDP if desired Ref Section 2 1 7 h Connect ESA 86 88 2 to the CRT terminal Host system through an RS 232 C cable Appendix E describes the RS 232 C interface requirements over the connector J3 Refer Appendix C for locating the connectors If a terminal is being used turn on the terminal Ifa computer system is being used turn on the system and execute the driver program Ref Chapter 12 for details 1 Connect the Power Supply of required capacity to ESA 86 88 2 and turn on the power j Press the RESET Key on ESA 86 88 2 Now the following sign on message should appear on the screen if 8086 has been installed ESA 86 Serial monitor V x y If 8088 has been installed the sign on message should be ESA 88 Serial monitor V x y V x y indicates version x and revision y The sign on message is followed by the command prompt
73. between locations 127 to 128 from the current value of IP Load AH from flags Load Pointer Reg EA W Using DS Load effective Reg EA W address Load Pointer Reg EA W using ES For the above 3 instructions mode II is not allowed LOCK LODS LOOP LOOP LOOPZ LOOPNE LOOPNZ UAD Lock bus Load string Source string Byte mode Word mode LOOP Short label Loop if equal disp 8 bits or loop if zero Loop if not equal disp 8 or not zero QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual LAHF LDS LEA LES LOCK LODSB LODSW LOOP disp 8 LOOPE disp 8 LOOPNE Disp 8 MOV Move source destn Word mode SR cannot be CS Register MOVS MUL NEG NOP Actually coded as XCHGW AX AX NOT OR OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Move String Byte mode Word mode Multiply unsigned Byte mode Word mode Negate Byte mode Word mode No operation Logical not Byte mode Word mode Logical INCLUSIVE OR Src Destn Byte mode AH addr 16 Addr 16 AH EA B Reg Reg EA B AH CH BL DL D8 AH CH DH BH EA B D8 AX addr 16 EA W Reg Reg EA W AX D16 DI EA W D16 EA B EA W EA B EA W No operands EA B EA W EA B Reg Reg EA B AL D8 7 15 MOVB MOVW MOVSB MOVSW MULB MULW NEGB NEGW NOP NOTB NOTW ORB OUT POP Word mode Output one port Byte mode Word mode pop destn
74. d Appendix C has the component layout diagram The design details are discussed in the following order a CPU b Memory addressing c TO addressing and Peripheral clock d Wait State logic e Interrupt system f 8087 Co processor NDP g Bus expansion h Connector details 5 1 CPU ESA 86 88 2 can work either with 8086 CPU or with 8088 CPU In either case the CPU is configured for operation in the maximum mode 5 1 1 CPU Reset An on board RESET key can provide a RESETIN signal to the clock generator 8284A The RESET output from 8284A is used to reset the CPU and rest of the system This signal is available on the bus connector also and can be used to reset the off board peripherals 5 1 2 CPU CLOCK A 24 MHz crystal oscillator is the clock source for 8284A clock generator 8284A divides this frequency by three and produces a 5 MHz clock with 33 duty cycle as required by 8086 8088 Further 8284A provides a 4 MHz PCLOCK with 50 duty cycle Both these clock outputs are available on the bus connector 5 1 3 CPU ADDRESS BUS Latches 74LS 373s at U22 U21 and U20 are used to latch the address with the help of ALE signal These latches are always enabled since there is no provision for external bus master Also note that BHE status signals SO S1 and S2 are also latched As the CPU operates in maximum mode the 8288 bus controller directly decodes the status signals to provide all the control signals 5 1 4 Correcte
75. d BHE 8086 processor generates a BHE signal on pin 34 and this signal is used to access the devices residing on the upper data bus However 8088 processor always drives a high signal on pin 34 as its access is always over the lower data bus To accommodate this difference a corrected BHE signal is used in rest of the system This corrected BHE signal is either the latched BHE signal for 8086 or the inverted latched AO signal for 8088 OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual This selection is accomplished by tristate buffer 74LS125 at U41 the enable signals for which are derived from the setting of SW4 of the DIP switch Recall from chapter 2 that this switch setting indicates the selection of 8086 8088 CPU Thus if 8086 is selected the LS125 will inhibit inverted AO and pass latched BHE signal as corrected BHE signal On the other hand if 8088 is selected the LS 125 will inhibit latched BHE which will be always high and pass the inverted AO signal as the corrected BHE signal 5 1 5 CPU DATA BUS Bidirectional buffers 74LS245s at U18 U16 and U17 are used to buffer the CPU data bus Note that one buffer 74LS245 at U17 is used as swap buffer to route the upper data bus to lower data bus when 8088 is selected The enable signals for the bus are derived from corrected BHE A0 DEN from 8288 bus controller and 86 Sel and 88 sel signals This logic implemented by 74LS32 at U40 is as follows CPU DEN AO CORRECTED ENA
76. d by colon when segment FFOO 0B29 Oda YZ ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Reg ES Reg BX Segment and offset value of the pointer location into which the address value gathered from keyboard is placed Reg AX Default value for the segment value of the address expression to be used when the user does not enter a segment value value is entered The expression is displayed in the address field Reg CL Number of prompts 0 1 2 and 3 Output parameters address value gathered from keyboard returned in the location specified by the first two input parameters Location 0000 005A Expression terminator a comma or a period NOTE 1 Assumes 0000 005A that the first character of the expression is already available in the location NOTE 2 Address expressions must be terminated with a comma ora period If not the routine is aborted error message is displayed and monitor returns to command entry mode 6 2 SERIAL MONITOR ROUTINES ACCESSIBLE TO THE USER Name Functions Calling Address Parameters 1 US OUT Output an ASCII FEOO Input AL ASCII CHAR character to the 1B50 character console 2 US OUT Output a string of FEOO Input ES segment STRING ASCII characters 1B55 where string is located to the console AX offset of string Assumes the string is terminated by ASCII NULL 00H 3 US OUT Output a carriage FEOO None CRLF return and Line 1B5B feed to the console 4 US OUT Output a b
77. d of file record the IP register is updated with the execution address specified in the EOF record Note that the a segment value is not used with the 8080 file format The data read is written into memory locations relative to the segment value of zero and when an EOF record execution address is specified the CS register is not changed When an optional bias is specified itis added to each record s load address ERROR CONDITIONS 1 Tape checksum error 2 Attempting to load data into non existent or read only memory EXAMPLES Example 1 Read a file and load the data into memory 256 decimal bytes above the load addresses specified in the file R100 lt cr gt 4 4 10 WRITE HEX FILE COMMAND FUNCTION The Write Hex File W command allows a block of memory to be output in either 8086 or 8080 hexadecimal object file format to a paper tape punch FORMAT W X lt start address gt lt end address gt lt exec address gt lt cr gt OPERATION 1 To use the Write Hex File command enter W for 8086 file format or WX for 8080 file format and enter start address and end address of the memory block to be output Note that no segment address value is permitted with end address start address segment value is implied and that if no segment value is specified with start address the current CS register value is used When the carriage return is entered the following information is punched on the paper tape e Six inches of leader 60 null charact
78. des the user the facility to obtain a hard copy via centronics compatible parallel printer interface Any centronics compatible parallel printer could be connected to ESA 86 88 2 using this feature However to get properly formatted listing specially during DI command it is advisable to use 80 132 column printer This facility could be used only from serial mode of operation 11 2 INSTALLATION AND OPERATION To install the printer interface gt Switch OFF the power supply gt Configure the system to serial mode of operation SW4 OFF gt Attach the printer SW7 ON of on board DIP SWITCH gt Connect the 26 PIN connector PIN 26 GND to J4 of ESA 86 88 2 The other end of connector must be connected to the printer NOTE 1 The connector cable could be obtained from ESA as an option 2 If the user decides to build one himself the connector requirements could be obtained from section 11 6 and 11 7 However note that the cable must be short enough such that it does not load the signals from 8255 gt Switch ON the power Supply You should get the proper sign on message gt Now if the command prompt does not appear check the installation the connector or Online Ready indicator on the printer gt When the command prompt appears the printer is assumed to be attached to ESA 86 88 2 gt To detach the printer put the switch SW7 of on board DIP switch OFF and press RESET When the printer is attached what ever character i
79. displayed Failure at memory location XXXX where X is any hex digit Control returns to the start of PROM Programmer system 10 3 5 E command This command is used to terminate the PROM Programming software and return control to the Serial Monitor The sign on message of the Monitor is again displayed followed by its command prompt on the next line 10 4 OPERATION FROM KEYBOARD MONITOR The Keyboard of ESA 86 88 2 has four keys which can be used to invoke the functions of the PROM Programming System The keys and their functions are Key Function PROG Program a PROM VRFY Verify a PROM BLNK Blank check a PROM TRFER Read a PROM It should be noted that the above function keys are redefinable by the user Ref Chapter 3 10 7 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Following power on reset the system initializes these keys to point to appropriate routines in the PROM Programmer System If the keys are subsequently redefined by the user they must be restored to their default values for using the PROM Programming System Parameter Entry The following information is common to all the commands Whenever a parameter entry is required the system will display a message in the data field which indicates the type of parameter to be entered and it will display the default value in the address field with a dot To retain this value user can press NEXT or EXEC as required Otherwise user can enter the new value and then press NEXT or EXEC as req
80. e Recorder in record mode and enter the file parameters from the hex keypad of ESA 86 88 2 The parameters are entered as follows Filename NEXT starting address NEXT Ending address EXEC Filename a string of upto 4 hexadecimal digits Starting address segment offset The starting address of the block of data to be transferred to the tape Note that this address is in segment Offset form Ending address Offset The ending address of the block of data to be transferred to the tape Note that no segment value is permitted with the ending address Now data will be transferred on to the tape After the data a checksum byte is also written onto the tape During the transfer the display will be blank and the TONE OUT LED will be ON After transferring the data control returns to the MONITOR OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual IMPORTANT If the recorder is not ready and you press the EXEC key data is still sent out and this data will not be recorded on tape Hence ensure that the recorder is ready before pressing the EXEC key Example To store the contents of location 2000 to 217F on tape with a file name 123F Key pressed Display Comment Address field Data field RESET ESA 86 System Reset with 8086 CPU TAPE WR T Tape write command 1 0001 Prompt for filename 2 0012 3 0123 Filename 123F F 123F NEXT Prompt for starting address 0 0000 0 0 0 0 2 0002 0 0020 0 0200 Starting address 0 2000H 0 2000 Prompt
81. e contents of the existing file If no error occurs the system will prompt for the segment address as follows Segment Address The user has to enter segment from which the program has to uploaded After this the system will prompt for starting address of the program as follows Start Address Enter the starting address terminated by CR A maximum of four hex digits are allowed for the starting address Now the system will prompt for the ending address as follows 12 4 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual End Address Enter the ending address terminated by lt CR gt A maximum of four hex digits are allowed for the ending address After obtaining the filename starting address and the ending address the system will gather the data in the specified address range of the ESA 86 88 2 reformat the data into INTEL 8 Bit HEX records and store the data in the specified file Uploading in progress XXXX While the uploading is going on the system will display the starting address XXXX of each record being uploaded Once the uploading is complete XT86 will let the user specify another address range User may specify a new address range or enter lt Esc gt to terminate uploading operation The following error messages may appear during upload and download operations 1 Invalid function number This is XT86 internal error therefore contact ESA 86 88 2 technical support for assistance 2 File not found 3 Path not found 4 No
82. easserting the RDY1 signal to 8284A Thus one wait state is introduced whenever an I O cycle is executed The preset input pulled up to VCC can be controlled by off board devices memory or I O to introduce as many wait states as required This line designated as EXTRDY is available on the system connector Jl When this line is pulled low ready input to 8284A is de aserted and when this line is high or open there is no influence on the ready line This scheme permits the off board devices to introduce wait states if required or operate with one wait state for I O cycles 5 6 Interrupt System 5 6 1 Hardware Interrupts The 8086 8088 CPU has two hardware interrupt inputs called NMI and INT The NMI Non Maskable Interrupt as already mentioned is connected to the KBINTR key of the Keyboard Display module The NMI service routine saves all the CPU registers and returns the monitor to the command prompt mode The INT maskable interrupt is connected to the INTR output of 8259A Ref section 2 1 6 for details of interrupt selections 5 6 2 Internal Interrupts INT3 can be used by user programs to return control monitor Other internal interrupts are available to user 5 7 8087 Numeric Data Processor On board provision is made for 8087 coprocessor The CPU can be either 8086 or 8088 and to install 8087 no hardware changes are necessary With power off install the 8087 carefully into the socket U28 Refer the component layout diagra
83. eating a HEX file is extremely simple when X8086 is used 12 9 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 12 5 3 Downloading EXE files If the source program in assembly language is assembled using the Macro Assembler MASM and then linked using the Microsoft Linker the resulting object code file will have EXE file structure Such an EXE file has two parts e Control and relocation information e The load module itself This structure is designed for convenience in executing the files on a PC compatible computer system under PC DOS MS DOS operating system Please refer to the Technical Reference Manual of DOS for complete details regarding EXE file structures Thus to get absolute object code from EXE files one has to determine the load segment from where the load module is to be located and then relocate it appropriately using the control and relocation information present in the EXE file This process is accomplished by the LOADER program on the computer system Because of these factors downloading EXE files into ESA 86 88 2 an altogether different execution environment is not a convenient procedure and user is encouraged to utilize X8086 cross assembler However EXE files with total size less than 64K can be downloaded as described in the following steps a Convert the EXE file to HEX file using the file converter package EXE2HEX COM This file is included on the distribution diskette To invoke the file converter type EXE2HEX fol
84. ecord Note that a segment address value is not permitted with execution address or end address and that the start address segment value is used only to define the starting address of the memory block and that it is not punched on the tape The Write Hex File command can be cancelled or stopped at any time by entering control characters from the console device Control C cancels the command and prompts for new command entry Control S stops the output but does not cancel the command Control Q resumes output that has been stopped The only console input allowed following a Control S is either a Control Q or a Control C Additional information regarding Intel object file formats is available in the MCS 80 85 Absolute Object File Formats Technical Specification ERROR CONDITIONS 1 Specifying a value for end address that is less than the offset value of start address Examples Example 1 Output the memory block bounded by 04H and 06DDH relative to the current CS register to an 8086 file with an execution address of CS 040H W4 6DD 40 lt cr gt Example 2 Output the memory block bounded by FF200H and FF2FFH to an 8080 file with a starting load address of 0100H and an execution address of O11AH WX FF10 100 LFF 11A lt cr gt 4 16 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE This chapter gives the hardware design details of ESA 86 88 2 Appendix A gives the complete schematics Appendix B gives the connector details an
85. ected appropriate error message is issued in the mnemonic field on next line and location counter is not updated and the old line is displayed again If there are no errors the assembled machine code is immediately loaded into the memory the valid source statement and its codes overwrite the previous Mnemonic and codes and the location counter is updated The instruction at the new value of the location counter is disassembled and displayed along with the codes on the next line and the process continues 7 3 OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual NOTE The source line entered by the user is analyzed only after a carriage return is entered Thus user can correct the entry errors using the Backspace CNTL H key If the user doesn t wish to change the displayed instruction he can enter the carriage return The location counter will be updated the instruction at the new value of the location counter is disassembled and displayed along with the codes on the next line And the process continues If the user enters followed by CR then XT 86 environment is saved and the DOS command is executed Then XT 86 environment is restored and XT 86 command prompt is displayed again Note Do not attach the printer when using this command since the disassembled line will be overwritten by a valid user source statement EXAMPLE gt DA 2000 lt cr gt 2000 FB 2000 90 2001 90 2001 90 2001 59 2002 90 2002 88 00 A2 2004 59 2004 FC A4 2005
86. ed control is returned to the monitor from the program being executed FORMAT N lt cr gt lt start address gt lt start address gt lt cr gt OPERATION 1 To use the single step command enter N with cr when prompted for command entry 2 Now the monitor will output the current contents of instruction pointer IP register and the instruction byte pointed to by the IP and CS register 3 If the execution of an instruction at an address other than the displayed address is required enter start address if start address does not include a segment address current contents of CS register are used if start address includes a segment value both CS and IP registers are modified 4 Now enter a comma The addressed instruction is executed and control returns to the monitor The monitor saves all the registers displays them and disassembles and outputs the next instruction On the next line it displays the address of the next instruction IP register contents and the byte at that address Each time a comma is entered the addressed instruction is executed and the address and instruction byte contents of the next instruction to be executed along with all registers and disassembly of next opcode are displayed A new start address can be specified after executing any instruction 5 A carriage return after executing an instruction terminates the command and returns the monitor to command entry mode RESTRICTIONS
87. embly language programs on the PC compatible computer system cross assemble them using a suitable cross assembler to generate object code files and them use XT86 to download these object code files into ESA 86 88 2 for execution Thus the extensive development facilities available on the PC compatible systems can be used to complement the facilities available on ESA 86 88 2 Further XT86 allows uploading of data from the memory of ESA 86 88 2 to the disk file of the computer Thus this facility can conveniently be used to save user programs 12 2 INSTALLATION NOTE Make sure that you have made a back up copy of XT86 EXE before proceeding with the installation The detailed installation procedure is as follows a Configure ESA 86 88 2 for serial mode of operation and set the serial port of ESA 86 88 2 for 9600 Baud and No parity Refer sections 2 1 2 and 2 1 4 b Connect the computer system to ESA 86 88 2 over the COM1 COM2 serial port Refer to Technical Manual of your system for details regarding the signal definitions on COM ports The signal definitions of the RS 232C port of ESA 86 88 2 can be found in Appendix E c Insert the diskette containing the file XT86 EXE into the available drive and run the program by typing XTS86 or XT86 B to select Black and White mode if computer system has a CGA monitor d Now the following message appears on the screen 12 1 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual XT86 Version x y ELECTRO S
88. en the register contents are displayed with a dot at the right edge of the data field the contents of this register can be modified if desired To do this enter the new value from the keyboard This new value will be displayed in the data field and the register contents will be updated when either the or Key is pressed 5 If the key is pressed the command is terminated and the command prompt character is displayed If the key is pressed the abbreviation and contents of the next according to the order of Table 3 5 register are displayed and opened for optional modification Note that the sequence is not circular and thus pressing the key when the flag FL register is displayed will terminate the command EXAMPLES Examplel Examining and Modifying a Register Key Address field Data field Comment Reset ESA 86 System Reset ERAR Examine Register command osos ds 0000 Data segment register contents ENES dS 0001 0 OAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual EB AX ds 0010 Register updated command termination prompt Example 2 Examining a series of Registers Key Address field Data field Comment Reset ESA 86 System Reset 1 ER BX Examine Register command B TES ES 0000 Extra segment Register contents IP 0000 Instruction pointer register contents i FL 0000 Flag Register contents E Command Termination prompt 3 6 INPUT OUTPUT COMMANDS There are 4 commands available for Input Output of B
89. ent LED display to communicate with the user This display is divided into two groups of four characters each The group on the left generally used for the display of address values is referred to as the address field and the group on the right generally used for the display of data values is referred to as the data field The keyboard display interface to the system is described in detail in chapter 5 This chapter is described assuming that the CPU installed is 8086 However all the information provided here is valid without any changes even if 8088 CPU is installed The only observable difference would be in the sign on message displayed following a power ON RESET 3 2 GENERAL OPERATION Following power ON or whenever the Trainer RESET key is pressed the monitor initializes the ESA 86 88 2 and displays the monitor sign on message ESA 86 if 8086 is installed ESA 88 if 8088 CPU is installed and the command prompt character in the most significant digit of the address field Whenever the Trainer RESET key is pressed all information about any previous user program is lost However the contents of the user portion of the RAM are not disturbed Initially the 8086 8088 registers are set to the values shown in Table 3 1 Table 3 1 Register Initialization Register Value Hex CS Code Segment DS Data Segment ES Extra Segment SS Stack Segment IP Instruction Pointer FL Flags SP Stack Pointer Further in
90. ent value either entered by the user or the default CS value is shifted left by four bits and added to the offset value to form the 20 bit physical address Data is also entered as hexadecimal value most significant character first The data field is limited to either two characters for byte values or four characters for word values If more characters are entered only the characters currently displayed in the field are valid Thus byte values are treated modulo 256 and word values are treated modulo 64K Data values also can be specified as the contents of an appropriate 8086 8088 register 3 3 MONITOR COMMANDS Ten individual commands can be executed using the keyboard monitor These commands are summarized in Table 3 4 Individual commands are described in detail in the sections which follow OAD NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual In both the table and the individual command descriptions the following notation is used X Indicates a keyboard key V Indicates that V is optional V Indicates one or more optional occurrences of V V Indicates that V is a parameter to be entered by the user Hexadecimal key 0 EB AX ER BX GO CX ST DX IB SP OB BP MV SI EW DI IW CS OW DS SS ES IP FL QUAD Command Acronym EB ER GO ST IB OB MV EW IW OW none none none none none none Name Examine Byte Examine Register Go Single Ste
91. er the specified filename So user need not enter them again Terminate the filename entry with the Carriage Return Now the system will display the message Reading from tape Ensure that the Recorder is connected to the interface via the EAR jack only Setthe Recorder in the PLAY mode OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual As the system searches for the desired file the data read from the tape is echoed onto the TONE OUT LED Further every file name read by the system during the search is displayed on a new line as shown below xxxx will be actual value read File Name xxxx When the specified file is found the system will display the message Found the Specified file Loading As already noted the start and end addresses of the block are read from the tape itself Further a checksum byte recorded on the tape during Tape write operation is also read The checksum byte is compared with the checksum calculated from the actual data read from the tape If the file is loaded without any errors the following message is displayed File Loaded Now the control returns to the Monitor If any errors occur during the read process the system will display the message Read Error Errors can occur because of excessive tape speed variations noise problems etc After displaying the error message the system will ask Retry Y N If you want to retry the loading process type Y Typing N will return control to the Monitor If Y
92. ers e An extended address record 8086 format only e The data contents of the memory block bounded by start address and end address inclusive 4 15 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual e Anend of file EOF record e Six inches of trailer 60 null character Optionally an execution address can be specified prior to entering the carriage return This is the memory address that is loaded into the CS and IP registers IP register only with 8080 format when the tape is read with the R command Depending on the format selected when execution address is specified either an execution start address record containing execution address is punched immediately following the tape leader 8086 format or the offset address value of execution address is punched in the EOF record 8080 format When using the 8086 format W command the start address segment value CS register value if a segment value is not specified is entered punched in the extended address record and the start address offset value is entered in the load address field of the first data record The segment and offset address values of execution address are entered in the execution start address record CS register contents if a segment address value is not specified with execution address When using the 8080 format WX command the start address offset value is punched in the load address field of the first data record Execution address if specified is punched in the EOF r
93. ess gt NEXT data NEXT lt data gt Step Executes one single instruction ST Start address NEXT start address NEXT Go Transfers control from monitor to user program GO lt address gt NEXT lt breakpoint address gt Move Moves block of data within memory MV start address gt NEXT end address gt NEXT destination address gt 3 4 EXAMINE BYTE AND EXAMINE WORD COMMANDS Function The Examine Byte EB and Examine Word EW commands are used to examine the contents of selected memory locations If the memory location can be modified e g a location in RAM the contents can optionally be modified Format EB lt address gt NEXT lt data gt PREV NEXT EW lt address gt NEXT lt data gt PREV NEXT QUAD NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Operation 1 Both the commands operate in a similar fashion To use these comnmands press the EB key or EW key when prompted for a command When either key is pressed a dot appears at the right edge of the address field indicating that an address entry is required Enter the memory address of the byte for EB or word for EW to be examined The entry of address values is discussed in detail in section 3 2 After entering the address value press the key i e the NEXT key The data byte or word contents of the addressed memory location will be displayed in the data field and a decimal point a dot appears at the right edge
94. essing modes 7 3 5 Mnemonic Syntax CHAPTER 8 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES 8 1 Introduction 8 2 Familiarization examples 8 3 Use of Monitor routines 8 4 Use of 8087 Co processor 8 5 Use of programmable interrupt Controller 8259A CHAPTER 9 AUDIO TAPE INTERFACE 9 1 Introduction 9 2 Installation 9 3 Operation from Serial Monitor 9 3 1 T Command Transfer from memory to tape 9 3 2 L Command Load from tape 9 3 3 Response to entry errors 9 4 Operation from Keyboard Monitor 9 4 1 TWR Command Transfer from memory to tape 9 4 2 TRD Command Load into memory from tape 9 4 3 Response to entry errors 9 5 General hints 9 6 Theory of operation 9 6 1 Data format 9 6 2 Storage capacity CHAPTER 10 PROM PROGRAMMER SYSTEM 10 1 Introduction 10 2 Installation 10 3 Operation from Serial Monitor 10 3 1 P Command 10 3 2 V Command 10 3 3 B Command 10 3 4 R Command 10 3 5 E Command 10 4 Operation from keyboard monitor 10 4 1 PROG Command 10 4 2 Verify Command 10 4 3 Blnk Chk Command 10 4 4 TRFER Command 10 5 Examples CHAPTER 11 PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE 11 1 Introduction 11 2 Installation and operation 11 3 Theory of operation 11 4 Error messages 11 5 Parallel printer port details 11 6 Connector details 11 7 Direct output to printer UAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 5 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 11 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 3 11 3
95. essing modes is as follows Base Registers BX Or BP Index Registers SI Or DI Base Displacement BX Or SI or DD or BP preceded by value or label Base Index BX SD or BX DD or BP SI Or BP DD 7 9 UAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Immediate data VALUE or LABEL Displacement Base Index VALUE BX SD or LABEL BX SD NOTE 1 All numerical values are to hexadecimal base 2 Label when used must have been defined in previous instructions 3 Mnemonics are appended with a B or W depending on whether the operands are bytes or words respectively Section 7 3 5 can be referred for further details For IN and OUT instructions it is not necessary to specify AL or AX The format will be INB or INW or OUTB or OUTW The address of the port should be preceded by a colon Eg ie INB ADDRESS or INB DX 7 3 5 MNEMONIC SYNTAX This section gives the syntax of each Mnemonic NOTE 1 A B or W is appended to the standard mnemonic to indicate byte and word operations respectively 2 The syntax for IN and OUT instructions differs the standards See the table below INSTRUCTION OPERANDS SYNTAX TO BE FOLLOWED 1 AAA ASCII adjust for addition AAA 2 AAD ASCII adjust for division AAD 3 AAM ASCII adjust for multiply AAM 4 AAS ASCII adjust for subtraction AAS 5 ADC ADD Destn Source EA B Reg ADCB with carry byte Reg EA B mode AL D8 EA B D8 7 10 Oa QD ESA 86
96. eturn Each line can contain one or more of the following fields Label lt Mnemonic gt operand s optional field required field asus one or more space OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual The different fields in a source line are identified by the order in which they appear These fields are separated by one or more blanks acting as the delimiters A comma may also be used as a delimiter 7 3 1 LABEL FIELD The label field consists of either a space when there is no label or a label of one or two character The first label character must be an alphabetic character The second character if present can be an alphanumeric If more than two characters are assigned to the label the assembler stores only the first two characters and ignores the rest of the characters Hence if more than two characters are assigned to a label the assembler during assembly outputs the first two characters in label field and the others in mnemonic field if the source statement is valid Thus the label if present starts from the first character of the source statement And when there is no label the first character must be a space NOTE The following reserved words cannot be used as labels AH AL AX CS DS SS ES CH CL CX BH BL BX SP BP SI DI DH DL DX 7 3 2 MNEMONIC FIELD The next field is the mnemonic field This field always begins with an alphabetic character and may consist of upto 50 characters No embedded b
97. ever if data is recorded in files of smaller size say 128 or 256 bytes file the number of files stored will increase and total data storage capacity may fall to about 40K bytes OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual CHAPTER 10 PROM PROGRAMMER SYSTEM 10 1 INTRODUCTION ESA 86 88 2 PROM programmer system is a powerful and easy to use optional attachment for ESA 86 88 2 This chapter describes the use of this PROM Programmer system The system permits the user to program verify blank check and read any of the popular EPROMs 2716 through 27512 The system consists of a hardware module and the necessary software The software can be invoked either from the keyboard monitor or from the serial monitor A 28 pin ZIF socket is provided for placing the EPROMs When a 24 pin EPROM is to be placed it must be aligned with the bottom row i e top two rows of pins are to be left blank The system uses Intelligent Programming Algorithm whenever possible which reduces the programming time significantly The devices supported by the system and the type number to be entered by the user are listed below Device Type Number to be entered by the user 2716 2716 2732 2732 2732A 732A 2764 2764 2764A 27C64 764A 27128 0128 27128A 27C128 128A 27256 12 5V 0256 27256 21V 2256 27512 0512 The device selection is totally software controlled and no hardware changes or jumper settings are necessary for selecting any of the above listed devices 10
98. f RAM starts from 0 2000H When the system enters Serial Mode of operation the sign on message ESA 86 MONITOR Vx y if 8086 is installed if 8088 is installed the sign on message would be ESA 88 MONITOR Vx y is displayed x is current version number and y is the revision number on one line and a period on the OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual next line indicating that the monitor is ready to accept commands from the user With the exception of RESET and INTR keys the keyboard is disabled On board eight seven segment display would show E SE 86 or E SE 88 depending on the CPU installed 4 3 STRUCTURE OF MONITOR COMMANDS When the monitor is ready to accept a command from the user it outputs a period as the command prompt character at the beginning of a new line The command entered by the user consists of either a one or two character command mnemonic followed by a list of command parameters This list may consist of one to three parameters depending on the particular command being used When more than one parameter is required a single comma is used between the parameters as a separator A command is terminated either by a carriage return or by acomma depending on the command itself Commands are executed one at a time and only one command is allowed in a command line 4 3 1 PARAMETER ENTRY When a command requires the entry of an address data value from the user the following rules apply All addres
99. g2 180 00 00B4 2012 9B DF 06 5C 20 FLDI Arg2 Insert a FW AIT and load Arg2 2017 9BDEF9 FDIVRP Wait and divide ST Z 180 201A 9B D9 EB FLDPI ST PI 20D 9B DE C9 FMULRP ST PI Z 80 angle radians 2020 9B D9 F2 FPTAN Compute tan as Y X 2023 9B D9 C0 FLD ST 0 Duplicate X on stack Top 2026 9BD8C9 FMUL ST ST 1 SSTZX X 2029 9B D9 C2 FLD ST 2 ST Y 202C 9B D8 CB FMUL ST ST 3 sST Y Y 200F 9BDECI FADDP ST 1 ST Y Y is popped off amp SST2 X X Y Y 2032 9BDEF9 FDIVRP SST2 X K X Y Y 2035 9BDEC9 FMULRP ST X Y CX X4Y Y 2038 9B D9 CO FLD ST 0 Duplicate the value on stack top 203B 9BDECI FADDP ST 1 ST SSTZ2 X Y X X Y Y 203E C7065E20 10 MOVW Arg3 27 2710H 2044 9B DF 06 5E 20 FLDI Arg3 2049 9B DE C9 FMURP Result 10 000 s in Z 204C 9B D9 FC FRNDINT Round to integer 204F 9B DF 36 60 20 FSTP Arg 4 and store in BCD Form 2054 9B FWAIT sand get the result into 2055 A160020 MOV AX Arg 4 AX and return to 2058 CC INT 3 monitor 8 13 Oa UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual For the convenience of the user the contents are listed below LOCATION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2000 B4 00 DI ES A3 5A 20 9B DF 06 SA 20 C7 06 5C 20 2010 B4 00 9B DF 06 5C 20 9B DE F9 9B D9 EB 9B DE C9 2020 9B D9 F2 9B D9 CO 9B D8 C9 9B DO C2 9B D8 CB 9B 2030 DE C1 9B DE F9 9B DE C9 9B D9
100. gister enter the abbreviated register name after entering X and press cr The abbreviations for the register names are shown in Table 4 2 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual TABLE 4 2 Register Abbreviations Register Name Abbreviation Accumulator AX Base BX Count CX Data DX Stack Pointer SP Base Pointer BP Source Index SI Destination Index DI Code Segment CS Data Segment DS Stack Segment SS Extra Segment ES Instruction Pointer IP Flag Register FL Now the monitor will output an equal sign the current contents of the specified register the data prompt character and a space If you wish to change the contents of this register enter the new contents followed by a comma or a carriage return Entering a carriage return terminates the command Entering a comma displays the contents of the next sequential register and opens it for optional modification The register sequence is in order as shown in Table 4 2 Note that the sequence is not circular and that if comma is entered after the contents of the last register i e Flags register FL is examined modified the monitor returns to the command entry mode EXAMPLES Examine the contents of all the registers X cr AX F182 BX A3C3 CX 000F DX 1242 SP 0100 BP 4020 SI 6020 DI 6F20 CS 0000 DS 0000 SS 0000 ES 0000 IP 0200 FL F046 2 Examine and modify the SP register and examine the next register i e BP XSP 0100 0110 BP 4
101. he 8259A to any mode Thus user program must configure this device appropriately before using it 5 4 6 I O Address Map The following table summarizes the I O mapped I O address assignments and usage of all the peripherals of ESA 86 88 2 Ref Component Layout Diagram in Appendix C Peripheral Device Port Addr Device Register Usage DIP Switch FFED System configuration 8253 PIT FFFF Command port FFF9 TIMER 0 Used for baud rate generation FFFB TIMER 1 available to user FFFD TIMER 2 available to user 8251 USART FFF2 Command status used for serial port communication FFFO Data port 8255 PPI FFE7 High control available to user port High at U32 FFE1 High port A FFE3 High port B FFE5 High port C 8255 PP1 FFE6 Low control port Low at U27 FFEO Low port A available to user FFE2 Low port B FFE4 Low port C 8259A PIC FFF4 Command status available to user FFF6 Data port 8279 KB DC FFEB Command status Keyboard Display FFE9 Data port Controller 5 5 Wait S Logi 5 6 OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual As noted earlier all memory cycles are run with zero wait states All I O cycle are executed with one wait state The wait state logic is implemented by a 74 LS 76 at U38 Whenever an I O cycle is in progress the D input to LS76 LS2 becomes high and the Q output of LS76 goes to zero on the raising edge of T2 state de asserting the RDY1 signal to 8284A On the next low high transition of the clock the Q output toggles again r
102. he main system and thus can be used to reset the complete system The signal generated by pressing the KBINTR key is used to generate an NMI signal to the CPU The NMI service routine saves all the registers and returns to the command prompt mode Thus this key can 5 4 OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual be used to recover gracefully from stuck programs This key works correctly in both keyboard mode of operation and in serial mode of operation The function keys F1 through F7 can be redefined by the user if desired Refer chapter 3 for details on the use of function keys Display Drive The segment drive outputs of 8279 AO through A3 and BO through B3 from a single 8 bit parallel output driving the display element segments The correlation between the individual bits and the display segments is as follows a CPU D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 DIO D9 D8 DATA BUS f b 8279 g OUTPUT BITS A3 A2 Al A0 B3 B2 BI BO SEGMENT e c CONTROLLED dp g f ed c ba d e dp Data Bit 1 Corresponding Segment is ON 0 Corresponding segment is OFF Display Segments Example To dispaly E segments a f g e d should be ON and other segments should be OFF So the data format would be 01111001 79H Display codes for other patterns can be worked out similarly 5 4 3 Programmable Interval Timer ESA 86 88 2 has an on board programmable interval timer 8253 at position U12 8253 has one command port and three data ports called Timer 0 Timer 1 and Timer 2
103. he system and run XT86 Vi Download DEMO6C HEX file and execute it Observe the behavior of this program as described in chapter 8 12 13 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 12 6 DEMO FILES The distribution diskette includes HEX files containing the object codes for all the example programs described in chapter 8 Programming Examples User can download these files and execute the programs according to the directions given in chapter 8 The correspondence between the HEX files and example programs is given below HEX file Example program a DEMO821 HEX Example 1 of section 8 2 b DEMO822 HEX Example 2 of section 8 2 c DEMO823 HEX Example 3 of section 8 2 d DEMO824 HEX Example 4 of section 8 2 e DEMO831 HEX Example 1 of section 8 3 f FHELPX HEX Example 2 of section 8 3 g DEMO833 HEX Example 3 of section 8 3 h DEMO834 HEX Example 4 of section 8 3 i DEMOS35 HEX Example 5 of section 8 3 j DEMO6X HEX Example 6 of section 8 3 DEMO6M HEX DEMOGC HEX k DEMONDPI HEX Example 1 of section 8 4 DEMONDP2 HEX Example 2 of section 8 4 m PICDEMO HEX Example of section 8 5 Note that the distribution diskette includes the following source programs also 1 DEMO6X ASM Source program for Example 6 of section 8 3 It s use is described in section 12 5 2 2 DEMO6M ASM Source program for the same example i e Example 6 of section 8 3 It s use is described in section 12 5 3 3 DEMO6C ASM Source program for Example
104. imer 1 occurs on IRS 8259A will send out a type code of 7245 77 decimal Thus a pointer for interrupt service routine must be stored in location 77X4 decimal i e in locations 0134H 0135H 0136H 0137H Assume we are going to write our service routine from 0 2050H Then we must set up this pointer value As the locations 0 134 to 0 137 are used by the on board assembler the pointer must be set up in the program itself The main program now follows LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 BC0030 MOVW SP 3000 Allow more stack area 2003 C706 34 MOVW 0134 2050 Offset of interrupt 01 50 20 service routine 2000 C706 36 MOVW 0136 0000 Segment of interrupt 01 00 00 service routine 200F BA F4 FF MOVW DX 0FFF4 Address for ICW1 2012 B013 MOVB AL 13 Edge triggered single 8259 ICW4 needed 2014 EE OUTB DX 2015 BA F6 FF MOVW DX 0FFF6 Address for ICW2 ICWA 2018 B048 MOVB AL 48 Base value of Type is 72 decimal 8 15 HAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 201A 201B 201D 201E 2020 2021 2024 2026 2027 202A 202C 202D 2032 2033 2034 2039 203B EE BO 03 EE BO DF EE BA FF FF BO 70 EE BA FB FF BO 00 C6 06 68 20 00 EE FB 80 3E 68 Wi 20 FF 75 F9 CC OUTB DX MOVB AL 03 Auto EOI 86 88 mode for 8259 OUTB DX MOVB AL 0DF Mask off all levles execpt IR5 OUTB DX MOVW DX 0FFFF MOVB AL 70 Counter 1 in Mode 0 interrupt on Terminal count mode OUTB
105. imple ones designed to illustrate the use of various commands to fairly comprehensive examples designed to illustrate the use of monitor routines testing and debugging techniques All the programs except the ones illustrating the use of 8087 can be entered using the on board assembler ESAM 86 In such a case ensure that the program is entered correctly by disassembling it after entry Alternatively the listed machine codes can be directly entered into the memory The user who is encountering the ESA 86 88 2 trainer for the first time is strongly urged to go through this chapter in detail load and execute the programs as indicated This will be of use in getting familiar with 8086 8088 programming as wellas in getting to know the powerful features of ESA 86 88 2 The experienced user also might benefit from this chapter as it can make him her familiar with the specific features of ESA 86 88 2 system All the examples of this chapter assume that the CPU installed is 8086 However these programs can be run without any changes with 8088 CPU also The only difference would be the sign on message produced by the system upon power ON RESET NOTE User area of RAM starts from 2000H 8 2 FAMILIARIZATION EXAMPLES The following simple examples are designed to familiarize the user with the operation of ESA 86 88 2 system Example 1 This example assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the keyboard mode i e switch 4 of the on board DIP switch i
106. in locations 0 2040H to 0 2047H Execute the program using GO command Example 3 This example also assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the keyboard mode The following program prompts for an address entry from the user and displays the word at the specified address and then halts To recover you must press the RESET key LOC CONTENTS 2000 BOO 2002 9A 05 OB 00 FF 2007 9A 1C OB 00 FF 200C B80000 200F 8ECO 2011 8D 1E 4020 UAD LABEL INSTRUCTION MOVB AL 01 CALLS 0B05 OFFOO CALLS 0B1C OFFOO MOVW AX 0000 MOVW ES AX LEA BX 2040 8 6 UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual COMMENTS With one prompt Blank address field Get the first character into location 0 005AH Pointer to hold the Received address value 2015 B8 0000 MOVW AX 0000 Default segment value 2018 B101 MOVB CL 01 1 prompt 201A 9A 29 OB 00 FF CALLS 0B29 OFFOO 201F C41E4020 LES BX 2040 2023 26 ES 2004 8BO07 MOVW AX BX 2026 B700 MOVB BH 00 Data field 2028 B300 MOVB BL 00 No prompts 202A B100 MOVB CL 00 No leading zero blanking 202C 9A 12 0B 00 FF CALLS 0B12 OFF00 Output the word 2031 F4 HLT This program uses four locations from 0 2040H as pointer to hold the received address value Example 4 This example assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the SERIAL mode The following program waits for a character from the user After receiving the character it checks if it is a valid hex character O to 9 and A to
107. is zero The record ends with carriage Return Line Feed sequence ODH OAH The four types of records that may be present in a file of Extended Hex format are e Extended Address Record e Start Address Record e Data Record e End of File Record Extended Address Record RECD REC ZERO REC USBA CHECK MARK LEN TYPE SUM Ed 02 0000 0X XXXX XX This record is used to specify the bits 19 4 of the Segment Base Address SBA where bits 3 0 are zero Bits 19 4 of the SBA are referred to as the Upper Segment Base Address USBA Subsequent data bytes are loaded at the specified offsets relative to this USBA The Extended Address Record may appear anywhere within the file This value remains in effect until another Extended Address Record is encountered Example Record 02 0000 02 0200 FA 02 0000 02 0200 FA 00 checksum validity 12 7 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual USBA 0200H For example third byte in a subsequent data record with a load address of 0100H is loaded at 0200 0102 Data Record RECE REC LOAD REC _ DATA CHECK MARK LEN ADDRESS TYPE SUM e XX XXXX 00 XX The data record provides a set of ASCII characters that represent the hex digits of the data bytes The method of loading these data bytes has already been described in the discussion of the Extended Address Record Example Record 06 00 10 00 BA FF FF BO 40 90 B2 06 00 10 00 BA FF FF B0 40 90 B2 00 checksum validity Load address 0010
108. ith extension terminated by lt CR gt If the filename is invalid it displays File not found and prompts again for the filename If the path specified is invalid it displays a message Path not found and prompts again for the filename If none of the above errors occur the system will read the file gather the data in the specified address range reformat the data for compatibility with the protocol required by ESA 86 88 2 and send the data to ESA 86 88 2 Downloading in Progress XXXX After downloading is over the system returns the command prompt of ESA 86 88 2 It also displays the starting address of each record being downloaded 12 4 2 UPLOAD OPERATION This feature allows uploading of the data from the memory of ESA 86 88 2 to the computer system and saves the data in the specified disk file in INTEL 8 Bit HEX format 66 99 To perform upload operation type Ctrl U in response to the command prompt The system will now prompt for the name of the disk file into which the information is to be uploaded The prompt is as follows Upload filename HEX Enter the file name with extension terminated by CR If the file already exists then the system will display File already exists Overwrite Yes No Append Select the first option by pressing Y to overwrite the contents of the existing file Pressing lt N gt will let the user specify another file name Select the third option A to append to th
109. ked as MIC and EAR and a four lead connector one lead for data out one for data in and two for power supply The connector is used for interfacing the unit to ESA 86 88 2 via the connector J4 of ESA 86 88 2 Please refer to the ESA 86 88 2 Component placement diagram for position details IMPORTANT The power supply for the interface unit is derived from the ESA 86 88 2 via the connector Hence no external power supply connections are required The MIC and EAR sockets provided on the interface unit are for connecting respectively to the MIC and EAR sockets of the Tape Recorder An interconnection cable is also supplied for this purpose CAUTION Connect only one socket MIC or EAR at any time to the Recorder Connecting both the sockets permanently to the tape recorder may short circuit both the signal lines if the recorder common point connection is different from the one assumed by ESA 86 88 2 Interface 9 3 OPERATION FROM SERIAL MONITOR The Serial Monitor of ESA 86 88 2 supports two commands for using the audio tape interface These commands are T Transfer from memory to Tape L Load into memory from tape 9 3 1 T command Transfer from memory to Tape This command is used to transfer information from memory on to the tape The information is saved as a named file OAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual To use this command type T when ESA 86 88 2 prompts for a command with the dot prompt The system will now prompt for
110. lank FEOO None BLANK character ASCII 1B60 code 20H to the console 5 US OUT Output a byte FEOO Input AL Byte BYTE value to the 1B64 in Binary value to console be output 6 US OUT Output a word FEO00 Input AX 2 word WORD value to the 1B69 in Binary value to console be output 7 US OUT Output an address FEOO Input ES segment ADDR value in the form 1BA9 in Binary value segment value BX offset value to 6 3 Oda ZU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 8 US GET CHAR 9 US VALID HEX 10 US HEX 11 US GET WORD or 12 US GET WORD C 13 US GET ADDR specified offset value to the console Read a character FEOO from the terminal 1B70 keyboard Check if a character FE00 from the terminal 1B77 is a valid hex character 0 to hex 9 A to F Convert a valid FEOO hex character in 1B80 ASCII into equivalent binary number Get a word value from the FEOO terminal keyboard Note 1B85 if the terminator is not a CR or or control returns to monitor Same as US GET FEOO WORD except that 1B88 the first character is assumed to be already avail CR or or able in location 0 0066 Get an address value FEOO segment value off set 1B90 value from the terminal keyboard Allows the specification of a default segment value Note If the terminator is not a CR or control returns to monitor CL
111. lanks are allowed Also this field is used for Directives Pseudo opcodes such as EQU The assembler supports the standard INTEL mnemonics with some easy to understand modifications Thus for example to differentiate between BYTE and WORD operations the basic mnemonic is suffixed with a B indicating a BYTE operation or with a W indicating a WORD operation Eg The instruction to increment register AL will be INCB AL The instruction to increment register AX will be INCW AX 7 3 2 1 SEGMENT OVERRIDE OPTION Segment override option can be exercised by giving the Segment Register instruction prior to the actual instruction eg MOV ES SD AL instruction specifies a byte movement with the segment register ES overriding the default segment register DS To realize this instruction in the present assembler you mustenter the following statements ES cr MOVB SI AL NOTE The segment Register override instruction will be applicable for all the instructions that follow it The assembler will not check for the override capability of the next instruction Thus if you want the override 7 6 OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual option for only one instruction you must restore the default segment register explicitly All the instruction mnemonics are summarized in section 7 3 5 7 3 2 2 DIRECTIVES PSEUDO OPCODES In addition to the normal opcodes which generate executable machine instructions the Assembler recognizes the following
112. le format Thus user is urged to utilize X8086 for generating the HEX files to be downloaded into ESA 86 88 2 This procedure is the most direct and simplest one for exploiting the file download upload features of the communication software XT86 Note The execution start address record generated by X8086 Linker does not follow the standard described already and hence is not supported by XT86 Thus user should not utilize this feature of X8086 In other words the END statement in the source program should not have any operands Example The distribution diskette includes a file DEMO6X HEX which contains the object code for Example 6 of section 8 3 The code is in Extended Hex Format and the file was created using X8086 and the corresponding linker LINK The program is described as already noted in chapter 8 Download this DEMO6X HEX file as already described see section 12 4 1 and execute it from 0 2000H and observe the behavior to be as described in chapter 8 The distribution diskette includes the source file also DEMO6X ASM The steps involved in creating the HEX file are i Assemble DEMO6X ASM using X8086 to create DEMO6X OBJ ii Link the single file DEMO6X OBJ Specify code offset as 0 as the file is assembled from 0 2000H itself Select E for Extended Hex as the option for output file format This process creates DEMO6X HEX which can then be downloaded under XT86 As can be seen from the above description the process of cr
113. les 6ms OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual ii Byte format A byte is recorded as one start bit a zero 8 data bits and one stop bit a one Start Stop BIT BIT BIT BIT BIT BIT BIT BIT 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 60ms iii File format Before recording the file a lead synchronization signal of 1 KHz frequency is recorded for 4 seconds Then anine byte header is recorded The file header consists of filename 2 Bytes start address 4 bytes end address 2 bytes and checksum 1 byte Following this a mid synchronization signal is recorded This consists of a 2KHz signal for 2 secs and 1 KHz signal for 0 8 secs Now the file data is recorded After this a tail synchronization signal of 2KHz frequency is recorded for 2 seconds Thus the file format is 9 6 2 Storage Capacity As is obvious from the above description of the Data formats the exact amount of data that can be stored on atape depends upon the total number of files created The larger the number the smaller is the amount of data that can be stored because of the space consumed by the larger number of synchronization signals Assuming a typical number of 25 files for a standard C 90 tape of 90 minutes duration we see that approximately 10 minutes after allowing for about 15 seconds of inter file gap during recording may be taken up by synchronization signals This allows us to record approximately 72 KB of data on one such cassette How
114. lity of the operation the following general hints may be useful While recording and reading ensure that volume and Tone controls are set sufficiently high Use a good quality recorder More important is a good quality cassette Use a high fidelity cassette for reliable operation The interface can accommodate normal variation in the tape speed Ensure that your recorder does not produce too significant changes in the tape speed Avoid storing relatively large files If the file is really large split into multiple small files Though this scheme reduces the utilization of the tape space it improves the chances of restoring the complete file correctly 9 6 THEORY OF OPERATION The program or data to be stored on the tape is sent out in a serial fashion via PC7 of the lower 8255 with addresses FFEO FFE2 FFE4 and FFE6 PC7 is connected to a passive filtering and attenuating circuit The attenuated signal is fed to the MIC of the Recorder The file is read back from the EAR outlet of the recorder The signal from the recorder is shaped and converted to TTL levels and is detected by the CPU via PAO of the lower 8255 9 6 1 Data Format Information is recorded on the Tape according to following formats 1 Bit Format Both 0 and 1 are recorded as combination of some high frequency 2KHz signals and some low frequency 1KHz signals as shown below Bit 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2KHz 8 cycles 1KHz 2cycles 2KHz 4 cycles 1KHz 4cyc
115. ll issue its own sign on message as follows ESA 86 88 PROM PROGRAMMER V1 0 On the next line a command prompt followed by a list of the commands is displayed as follows P R V B E The system is mostly menu driven As shown above the available commands are P R V B and E which have the following meaning Program Read Verify Blank check Exit to the System Monitor mut 10 2 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Enter the appropriate command If an invalid character is entered the system displays the error message what and again prompts for a command Aborting a command Once a specific command is issued further prompts will depend on the command itself However if the user enters ESC in the sub menu whenever the system is looking for an entry from the user the current operation is aborted and control returns to the programmer section menu 10 3 1 P command This command is used to program a PROM This command requires the following four parameters Type PROM Type should be one of the types listed above in section 10 1 Buffer Start Starting address of the source of data It can be in segment offset form or only offset form If only offset is specified a default segment value is used which is equal to the value of the user s code segment register Buffer End Ending address of the source of data It can be specified only as offset No segment values are permitted PROM start Ab
116. locations 3000H and 3004H respectively It then computes a result C square root of a2 b2 and stores the result as a 32 bit integer starting at location 3008H code segment value is assumed as 0000 NOTE On board Assembler ESAM 86 does not support NDP instructions So these programs must be entered as hexadecimal values den ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 BB 0030 MOV BX 3000H Point to a 2003 DBO07 FLD BX Load a 2005 9B FWAIT 2006 DAOF FMUL BX Compute a2 2008 9B FWAIT 2000 DDD9 FST ST 1 Save a2 in ST 1 200B 9B FWAIT 200C 81 D30400 ADD BX 0004 Point to b 2010 DBO07 FLD BX Load b 2012 9B FWAIT 2013 DAOF FMUL BX Compute b2 2015 9B FWAIT 2016 D8CI FADD ST 1 ST 0 a2 b2 2018 9B FWAIT 2019 D9FA FSQRT ST 0 Sqrt a2 b2 201B 9B FWAIT 201C 81 D3 04 00 ADD BX 0004 Point to location for C 2020 DB17 FST BX Store the result in c sas a 32 bit integer 2022 9B FWAIT 2023 CC INT 3 Return to monitor 1 Load the above program into memory 2 Set up data values a and b as follows 3000 03 00 00 00 3004 04 00 00 00 3 Execute the program and observe the result It should be as follows 3008 05 00 00 00 4 You can try with different data values to observe the program behaviour Example 2 The following program calculates Sin Z where Z is in degrees and 0 lt Z lt 90 Note that the values of 0 and 90 are not allowed They
117. lon key is used to separate an address to be entered into two parts a segment value and an offset value The REG register key allows you to use the contents of any of the 8086 8088 s registers as an address or data value The NEXT key is used to separate keypad entries and to increment the address field to the next consecutive memory location The PREV key is used to decrement the address field to previous memory location The dot Key is the command terminator When pressed the current command is executed 1 NEXT or means the same operation 2 EXEC or means the same operation NIU ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual Command Group Examine modify Input Output Execution Block Move TABLE 3 4 Summary of Monitor commands Command Function Format Examine Byte Displays modifies memory byte locations EB lt address gt NEXT lt data gt NEXT or PREV Examine Word Displays modifies memory Word locations EW address lt data gt NEXT or PREV Examine Register Displays modifies processor register contents ER lt reg key gt lt data gt NEXT Input Byte Displays the data byte at the input port IB port address gt NEXT NEXT Input word Displays the data word at the input port IW lt port address gt NEXT NEXT Output Byte Outputs data byte to the output port OB port address gt NEXT data NEXT lt data gt Output Word Outputs data word to the output port OW port addr
118. lowed by RETURN at the DOS prompt The system will now display the following sign on message ELECTRO SYSTEMS ASSOCIATES PVT LTD BANGALORE EXE TO HEX FILE CONVERTER V1 0 Then the system will prompt for input file name as shown below FILE NAME Enter the file name with the extension followed by RETURN If the specified filename is an invalid one refer to your DOS manual for file name conventions it displays the message WHAT FILE SIR and returns to DOS If the specified file does not exist it displays the message FILE NOT FOUND or the message PATH NOT FOUND and returns to DOS IF the file can not be read it displays the message ACCESS DENIED and returns to DOS If a file already exists on the system with the same name as the input file name but with the extension of HEX then it displays the message HEX FILE ALREADY EXISTS and returns to DOS If none of these errors occur it creates an output file with the extension of HEX If it fails in this process it will display the error message TOO MANY OPEN FILES and returns to DOS Otherwise the system will prompt for the LOAD SEGMENT value as shown below 12 10 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual LOAD SEGMENT Enter the desired load segment value followed by Return The system will now prompt ORIGIN VALUE Enter the origin value by RETURN NOTE The advantage of specifying an origin value is as follows Assume that the source program has an origin statement like
119. m in Appendix C The interrupt output from the NDP can be used as an on board interrupt source refer section 2 1 6 5 8 BUS EXPANSION The buffered address data and control signals are provided on the bus connectors J1 and J2 Refer to the connector details in the next section OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 5 9 Connector Details There are in all six connectors J1 through J5 refer the component layout diagram in Appendix C to locate these connectors Of these connectors J1 and J2 are 50 pin connectors and provide signals for bus expansion J4 and J5 are 26 pin connectors and provide parallel I O signals J3 is a 25 pin D type female connector used for RS 232 C compatible serial communication The signal definitions on all these connectors are listed below This information is available in Appendix B also J1 CONNECTED TO SYSTEM BUS PIN NO SIGNAL PIN NO SIGNAL 1 GND 2 GND 3 5V 4 5V 5 5V 6 5V 7 GND 8 GND 9 GATEI 10 GATE2 11 CONCLK 12 RESET 13 N C 14 PCLK 15 CINTO 16 CINTI 17 CINT2 18 CINT3 19 CINT4 20 CINT5 21 CINT6 22 CINT7 23 LSO 24 INTA 25 LS1 26 MWTC 27 LS2 28 IOWC 29 NC 30 CASO 31 NC 32 CASI 33 LOCK 34 CAS2 35 MRDC 36 AMWTC 37 IORC 38 AIOWC 39 ALE 40 EXTRDY 41 CLK1 42 CLK2 43 GND 44 GND 45 5V 46 5V 47 TIMER1 48 TIMER2 49 GND 50 GND J2 CONNECTED TO SYSTEM BUS PIN NO SIGNAL PIN NO SIGNAL 1 GND 2 GND 3 BAO 4 CBHE 5 BAI 6 BA2 7 BA3 8 BA4 9 BAS 10
120. m the monitor programs are accessible to the user All these user accessible routines are written as FAR inter segment procedures Appropriate use of these routines can lead to considerable simplification in the development of application software The following examples illustrate the use of monitor routines in user programs Example 1 This example assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the keyboard mode The following program waits for a key to be pressed Then the value of the key code is displayed in the data field with zero prompts It then waits for another key pressing Note that the program is written as an endless loop Hence to recover from this program you must press the RESET key LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 9AICOBOOFF Al CALLS 0B1C OFF00 Read a character from the keyboard 2005 A05A 00 MOVB AL 005A Set up parameters for output 2008 B400 MOVB AH 00 No prompts 200A 9A 0A OB 00 FF CALLS OBOA OFF00 Display key code 200F EB EF JMP Al Repeat Load this program from 0 2000H and execute it using the GO command Now if you press any key other than RESET INTR keys the corresponding code is displayed in the data field Example 2 This example also assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the keyboard mode The following program first blanks the data field with four prompts displays the message FIRE in address field with zero prompts After a delay the address field is blanked with one prompt and the
121. meters can be set during the session by pressing Alt S List of parameters and their current values will appear on the screen Select the desired parameter with the help of arrow keys and keep the space bar SP pressed till the desired value appears The parameters allowed to be set are Communication Port COM1 COM2 Baud Rate 110 150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 and Parity bits 7 8 Number of Stop bits 1 2 and Parity NONE ODD EV EN After selecting the desired values press lt CR gt to set the parameters or press lt Esc gt to ignore the values Communication parameters can also be modified while user is in DOS by editing the file XT86 INS This file contains single data line having five integers separated by blanks representing various communication parameters These five integers represent serial communication port baud rate number of data bits number of stop bits and parity in sequence Table 12 1 shows details of the integer values and corresponding parameters Commn Baud Data Stop Port intl Rate int2 Bits int3 Bits COMI 0 T 0 1 COM2 1 8 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 4 7 HELP On line help is available for all ESA 86 88 2 monitor commands and specific commands of XT86 Help facility can be selected by Ctrl F1 A menu of commands is displayed from which desired command can be selected by using arrow keys and help information about that command is displayed in the remaining part of the screen Context sensitive help is
122. n B command c Once valid parameter values are available the PROM is checked for blank state in the specified range d Ifthe PROM is blank in the specified range the message PASS is displayed in the data field Otherwise the address of the first non blank location is displayed in the address field and the message FAIL is displayed in the data field e In either case press any key to return control to the monitor 10 4 4 TRFER COMMAND a This command is used to transfer the contents of the PROM into the memory space of ESA 86 88 2 This command requires the following four parameters in that order b c d e Type Same as in PROG Command PROM Start Same as in BLANK command PROM End Same as in BLANK command Buffer Start Starting address in ESA 86 88 2 memory space These parameters must satisfy certain conditions as explained in the section 10 3 4 on R command Once correct parameter values are available the system will read the PROM and transfer the contents to successively alternate locations starting from the specified buffer start If the transfer is successful a 16 bit checksum is displayed Otherwise the offset address of the offending location is displayed in the address field and the message FAIL is displayed in the data field Ineither case press any key to return control to the monitor 10 10 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 10 5 Examples Assume that the PROM Programming module is inst
123. nal 8087 Numeric Data Processor e Execute the user program at full speed e Debug user program through Single Step and Breakpoint facilities e Write or read data to or from I O ports byte or word format e Move a block of data or program within the memory e Download user programs into ESA 86 88 2 from a host computer system e Transfer program code or data to and from Audio Cassette via optional audio cassette interface module e Read Program Verify and Blank check an EPROM via optional PROM programmer module e Obtain a hard copy via centronics compatible parallel printer interface LIZDS YIZO ESA86 88 2 User s Manual SPECIFICATIONS Central Processor 8086 CPU or 8088 CPU operating at 8 MHz in maximum mode Supplied with 8086 CPU Memory cycles have zero wait states and I O cycles have one wait state Co Processor On board 8087 Numeric Data processor optional Memory EPROM 4 JEDEC compatible slots offer the following options 64K bytes using 27128s or 128K bytes using 27256s or 256K bytes using 27512s system firmware is supplied in 2X27256s The other two sockets are for user expansion RAM 4 JEDEC Compatible slots offer the following 128K bytes using 62256s 64K Bytes supplied using 2x 62256s The other two sockets are for user expansion RAM has battery backup facility Peripherals and Controllers 8251A Programmable Communication Interface for serial communication supporting all standard bauds fr
124. nation address i e the starting address of the portion of the memory into which the block of data is to be moved OAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 3 As noted above upon pressing MV key three decimal points appear in the address field Each time an address value is entered the leftmost decimal point disappears Thus the number of decimal points lit any one time indicates the number of address entries still required 4 Enter the three address values as required and then press the key 5 Now the data is moved and the command prompt sign is displayed NOTES There are many points worth noting about this command 1 Though any value can be specified for the start address no segment value is permitted with an ending address Consequently block move is limited to 64k bytes 2 When the block of data is moved the data contained in the source block is moved simply copied one byte at a time into the destination block Thus a b c The data contained in the original source memory locations is not altered unless the destination address falls within the original block of data If the destination address falls within the original block of data then the overlapping memory locations will be overwritten by the data moved From the above discussion it is clear that the Move command can be used to fill a block of memory with a specified constant This can be achieved by specifying a destination address that is one g
125. nds 4 4 7 Go command 4 4 7 1 Break point facility 4 4 8 Single step command 4 4 9 Read HEX file command 4 4 10 Write HEX file command CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE 5 1 CPU 5 1 1 CPU Reset 5 1 2 CPU Clock 5 1 3 CPU Address Bus 5 1 4 Corrected BHE 5 1 5 CPU Data Bus 5 2 Memory addressing 5 2 1 Memory map 5 3 Peripheral clock 5 4 I O addressing and I O map 5 4 1 Parallel I O ports 5 4 2 Onboard Keyboard Display 5 4 3 Programmable interval timer 5 4 4 Serial interface controller 5 4 5 Programmable interrupt controller 5 4 6 I O address map 5 5 Wait state logic 5 6 Interrupt system 5 6 1 Hardware Interrupts 5 6 2 Internal Interrupts 5 7 8087 Numeric Data Processor 5 8 Bus expansion 5 9 Connector details CHAPTER 6 MONITOR ROUTINES ACCESSIBLE TO USER 6 1 Keyboard Monitor routines accessible to user 6 2 Serial Monitor routines accessible to user CHAPTER 7 ESAM 86 SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLER 7 Introduction 7 1 1 Installation 7 2 Operation 7 2 1 Invoking the single line Assembler ESAM 86 7 1 7 2 2 Exiting from ESAM 86 7 2 3 Structure of ESAM 86 Commands 7 2 4 Description of ESAM 86 Commands 7 2 4 1 SG Command 7 2 4 2 LC Command 7 2 4 3 DA Command 7 2 4 4 DI Command 7 3 Assembly language conventions 7 3 1 Label field 7 3 2 Mnemonic field HAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 4 12 4 12 4 14 4 14 4 15 7 3 2 1 Segment override option 7 3 2 2 Directives Pseudo opcodes 7 3 3 Operand field 7 3 4 Addr
126. ne specified for the Buffer start address iv Buffer end address must be greater than or equal to the offset value of the Buffer start address v The PROM must have enough space to accommodate all the bytes specified by the Buffer start address and Buffer end address In other words the following relation must be satisfied PROM Start Buffer end address Buffer start address 2 lt Highest absolute address of the PROM For example suppose PROM type is 2764 Then its highest absolute address is 1FFF H Suppose the other parameters are as follows Buffer Start FCO00 0000 Buffer end 3FFE PROM Start 100 Then 100 3FFE 0000 2 20FF gt 1FFF so this combination of parameters is invalid As user enters the parameter values the above mentioned constraints are checked and if any of the constraints are violated the error message What is displayed and user is again prompted for a value for the parameter which resulted in the detection of the error After optional modification of the parameter values by the user the system checks the PROM for blank values OFFH in the required zone If the PROM is not blank the following prompt appears PROM is not blank OK Y N If user types N the command is aborted and control returns to command prompt of the PROM programmer If the user enters Y the system proceeds further Any other character results in error message and repetition of the same prompt b Now the foll
127. ne initializes the 8086 8088 s CS Code Segment DS Data Segment ES Extra Segments SS Stack Segment IP Instruction pointer and FL Flags registers to OH and the SP Stack Pointer register to 100H Whenever the RESET key is pressed all information about the user program is lost However the contents of the user portion of the RAM are not disturbed Further interrupt vectors 1 2 and 3 are initialized as follows Interrupt 1 Single Step used with the single step command Interrupt 2 NMI Non Maskable Interrupt connected to Key board KB INTR key Interrupt 3 Breakpoint used with the GO command A detailed discussion of the 8086 8088 interrupt vectors can be found in 8086 Family User s Manual chapter 2 Processor Control and Monitoring Interrupts PP 2 22 2 28 Whenever the monitor is re entered as a result of Single Step NMI or Breakpoint Interrupt the monitor saves the contents of the 8086 8088 registers on the user stack and subsequently restores the register contents from the stack before it prompts for command entry Since the SP registeris initialized to 100H and memory locations OH CFH are reserved for monitor the stack length reserved for the user is 48 bytes locations DOH FFH Of these 26 bytes must be left for register contents should one of the above interrupts occur leaving 22 bytes for the user In addition locations 100H 1FFFH are used by the system to store certain variable parameters Hence the user area o
128. nload the DEMO6M HEX file and execute it Observe the behavior of this program to be as described in chapter 8 12 5 4 Downloading COM Files Assume that an EXE file has been created using MASM and LINK as described in the previous section Such a file can be converted to a COM file using the standard DOS command EXE2BIN Refer the DOS user s manual for details regarding this command and for limitations on the structure of EXE file which are to be converted to COM files A COM program contains the pure memory of the program and has the following distinct characteristics a The size of the code and data parts of the file is less than 64K b There is no separate STACK segment c No segment fixups are necessary as the file is assumed to be segment relocatable d CS DS ES and SS are assumed to contain the same value when the program begins execution This structure is designed for executing small programs in a convenient way on PC XT AT compatible computer systems under PC DOS MS DOS However a COM file can be downloaded into ESA 86 88 2 as described below a Convert the COM file to HEX file using the file converter package COM2HEX COM which is included on the distribution diskette To invoke the file converter type COM2HEX followed by RETURN at the DOS prompt The system will now display the following sign on message 12 12 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual ELECTRO SYSTEMS ASSOCIATES PVT LTD BANGALORE COM TO HEX
129. nly the first non blank location address is displayed Subsequent locations may also be non blank locations 10 3 4 R Command This command is used to transfer the contents of the PROM into the ESA 86 88 2 memory space This command requires the following four parameters Type Same as for P command PROM Start Same as for B command PROM End Same as for B command Buffer Start Starting address in ESA 86 88 2 memory space can be given in segment offset form or as offset only if default segment value is to be used 10 6 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual The parameter display and modification procedures are menu driven and are completely similar to the ones described for P command The starting and ending addresses of the PROM must satisfy the relations described for the B Blank check command After the optional modification of the parameters the contents of the PROM in specified range are transferred into ESA 86 88 2 memory starting at the specified Buffer starting address gt IMPORTANT The contents of PROM are transferred into successively alternate locations in ESA 86 88 2 memory During the transfer as each byte is written into memory it is read back and verified If the write is successful for all the locations a 16 bit checksum is displayed and control returns to the start of the PROM Programmer System If an error occurs during transfer i e unsuccessful write into a location the following message is
130. not be single stepped since its execution would step into the monitor To study this command Single Step the programming examples presented in chapter 8 and observe the responses 3 8 GO COMMAND Function The GO command is used to transfer control of the 8086 8088 from the keyboard monitor program to user s program Format GO lt address gt breakpoint address gt Operation 1 To use this command press the GO key when prompted for command entry 2 When the key is pressed the current contents of the instruction pointer IP register are displayed in the address field the byte contents of the memory location addressed by the IP register are displayed in the data field Additionally the decimal point appears at the right edge of the address field indicating that an alternate start address value can be entered 3 If an alternate starting address is required enter the address from the keyboard Note that in such a case the data field is blanked 4 To begin program execution press the key 5 Now the monitor displays an E in the left most digit of the address field and transfers control to the program at the current instruction or at the alternate start address if entered by the user 6 To exit from the executing program and return control to the monitor you can press either the system RESET key or INTR key If the RESET key is pressed control returns to the monitor and the appropriate 8086 8088 registers
131. not match or if the data transfer is not correct the system displays error control returns to the monitor which will display the command prompt dash In such case rewind the tape check for loose connections and re execute the command If the error was due to noise problems it should be possible to read successfully during the second try EXAMPLE To read the contents of the file with the filename of 123F Key pressed Display Address field Data field RESET ESA 86 TAPE RD 1 000 1 2 0012 3 0123 F 123F EXEC PLAY XXXX 123F 9 7 Oda UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Comment System Reset with 8086 CPU Tape Read command Filename 123F Connect recorder using earphone jack to the EAR of the tape Interface Hardware Press play of the recorder Display is blank While system searches for filename First filename found displayed for 2 seconds It is not the desired file Again display is blanked with a dot search continues This process repeats until the required file is found Display for 2 seconds Itis the desired file The entire display is blank with four dots in address field Data is transferred from tape into memory Completion of data transfer successfully 9 4 3 Response to entry errors If an invalid key is pressed at any time Err message is displayed and control returns to the monitor 9 5 General Hints The audio tape interface is fairly reliable However to improve the reliabi
132. ntry mode OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual Control S stops the output but does not terminate the command Entering Control Q now resumes the output from the point at which it has been stopped Now also you can enter Control C to terminate the command Note that after entering control S you can follow it only with control Q or control C No other console input is allowed following a control S ERROR CONDITIONS 1 Specifying an end address that is less than the offset value of the start address EXAMPLES 1 Display contents of location 140H relative to DS register D DS 140 cr 0140 OF 2 Display contents of locations 10CH through 125H relative to the DS register D DS 10C 125 cr 010C FO 00 00 9C 0110 EA BD 04 BA 00 F2 1021 A4 35 14 17 FA FO FI F5 0120 30 31 32 32 34 35 3 Display word at location 10C H relative to DS register DW DS 10C cr 010C OOFO 4 4 3 EXAMINE MODIFY REGISTER COMMAND FUNCTION The Examine Modify Register X command is used to examine and optionally modify the contents of any of the 8086 8088 s registers FORMAT X lt reg gt er new contents cr OPERATION 1 To use the Examine Modify Register command enter X when prompted for command entry 2 If you wish to examine the current contents of all the registers enter a carriage return Now the monitor will output the contents of all 14 registers 3 If you wish to examine modify the contents of a particular re
133. o Assume that we are running the program in keyboard mode This program searches through a byte array for a specified value and returns the result 00H not found FFH found inthe register AL Furtherif the value is found BX contains the offset in the array of the matching element Suppose after executing the above program you want to examine the element in the array One method would be to find out the offset by examining the contents of BX and find out the segment value by examining the contents of ES Suppose ES 0220H and BX 0004H after the execution of the program Then we can examine the matching element by the following key sequence EB 220 4 NEXT However use of the REG key simplifies the whole operation We want to examine the data at ES BX Specify it directly use the following key sequence EB REG ES REG BX NEXT As can be seen from the above discussion REG key simplifies the specification of an address relative to a register by allowing the direct entry of the register name Further REG and keys can be combined in several different ways to simplify the address data entry As an illustration suppose you want to move 128 decimal bytes starting from 0 2100 to a block starting at segment value equal to ES register plus 10H and offset value of 40H One way is to calculate all addresses as follows Starting address of source 0 2100 Ending address of source 2100H 7FH 217FH Assume ES 2 02
134. of data It consists of a segment value and an offset value 10 8 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual b c d e Buffer End Ending address of the source of data Only offset value is allowed PROM Start Absolute starting address of the PROM from where programming is to begin Note that these parameters must satisfy certain conditions as explained in the section 10 2 1 P Command Once the correct parameter values are available the system checks the PROM for blank values OFFH in the required zone If the PROM is blank in the required zone the system proceeds further Otherwise it displays the message FULL in the data field and waits for user input Now if the user presses EXEC key the system proceeds further Any other key will return control to the monitor After this the system proceeds with programming and verification on a byte by byte basis Depending on the PROM type it may take quite some time to program the entire PROM even though the system utilizes Intelligent Programming Algorithm wherever applicable to reduce the programming time significantly As each location in the PROM gets programmed the PROM address is displayed in the address field and the programmed data is displayed in the data field If the complete programming and verification is successful the system will display a 16 bit checksum in the data field Pressing any key returns control to the monitor If the programming is unsuccessful the
135. of the data field indicating that the data can be updated Note that when using the Examine Word command the byte contents of the displayed memory location appear in the two least significant digits of the data field and the byte contents of the next consecutive memory location i e entered memory address 1 appear in the two most significant digits of the data field If the contents of the memory location addressed are only to be examined press the key to terminate the command or press the NEXT key to examine the next consecutive memory location Examine Byte Command or the next two consecutive memory locations Examine Word Command or press the PREV key to examine previous byte or word location To modify the contents of an addressed memory location enter the new data from the hexadecimal keyboard entering the data values is discussed in detail in section 3 2 The data displayed is not updated in memory until either the or key is pressed If the key is pressed the offset address and data contents of the next consecutive memory byte location Examine Byte Command or word location Examine Word Command are displayed If the key is pressed the command is terminated and the command prompt character is displayed in the address field indicating that the monitor is ready to accept a new command from the user Error Conditions Attempting to modify a non existent or read only e g a PROM memory location Note th
136. oint facility is implemented as follows After the is pressed the monitor replaces the instruction at the breakpoint address with an interrupt instruction and saves the breakpoint instruction before transferring control to the user s program When the program reaches the break point address control is returned to the monitor The monitor saves all the registers restores the breakpointed instruction and prompts for command entry Consequently 1 You cannot breakpoint an instruction in the read only memory and 2 Breakpoint address must be specified each time the program is to be executed with a breakpoint ERROR CONDITIONS Attempting to breakpoint an instruction in read only memory To study this command execute the examples in chapter 8 with breakpoints and observe the response 3 9 MOVE COMMAND Function This command MV can be used to move a block of data from one portion of the memory to another portion of the memory Format MV Start address gt NEXT end address gt NEXT destination address gt Operation 1 To use the move command press the MV key when prompted for command entry 2 When the key is pressed three dots appear in the address field indicating that three address entries are required As can be seen from the format of this command the three addresses to be entered are in order a The starting address of the block of data to be moved b The ending address ofthe block of data to be moved c The desti
137. om 110 19 200 Baud is selected through on board DIP switch 8253 5 Programmable Interval timer Timer 0 is used for generating baud clock Timer 1 and Timer 2 are available for user 8255A 2 Nos Programmable Peripheral Interface devices provide 48 Programmable I O lines 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller provides interrupt vectors for 8 sources 8288 Bus Controller used for generating control signals Interrupts External NMI for INTR key of Keyboard INTR controlled through 8259A on board Interrupt Controller provides interrupt vectors for eight sources Complete flexibility in selecting either off board or on board interrupt sources On board interrupt sources 8251 TxRDY and RxRDY 8253 5 OUTI and OUT2 8255A PCO and PC3 in Handshake Mode 8087 NDP INT 1 2 OAD YIZO ESA86 88 2 User s Manual Internal Interrupt Vectors 1 single step and 3 breakpoint reserved for monitor Interface Signals CPU Bus Demultiplexed and fully buffered TTL compatible Address Data amp Control signals are available on two 50 pin ribbon cable connectors Parallel I O 48 programmable parallel I O lines TTL Compatible through two 26 pin ribbon cable connectors Connector details compatible to our other microcomputer trainers Serial I O RS 232C through on board 9 pin D type female connector Power Supply 5V 3 0 Amp Optional 1 3 OA YIZO ESA86 88 2 User s Manual CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURATION AND INSTA
138. on the screen followed by command prompt The word E SE 86 will be displayed on the trainer s keyboard display Otherwise it will display the message Unable to transmit data Retry or Ignore 12 2 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual If ESA 86 88 2 is not powered on power it on and press lt R gt to retry to establish the communication If the sign on message does not appear then SErIAL will appear on the trainer s address field indicating that trainer is trying to communicate with the host The above mentioned message appears on the host side again Pressing lt I gt will exit XT86 to DOS Now check for the following A Ensure that ESA 86 88 2 is connected to the correct COM port and that the COM port is functioning properly B Ensure that ESA 86 88 2 is functioning properly and configured correctly C Check the RS 232 C cable and its connections Since the communication package utilizes the hardware handshake signal DTR while communicating with ESA 86 88 2 the interfacing cable must support this signal also Note XT86 utilizes an interrupt driven routine for reading characters from the COM port Thus it is possible for XT86 to miss some characters if the system has any resident programs which are interrupt driven For example many systems include a CLOCK program in the AUTOEXEC file to display the time on the upper right corner of the screen hence it is desirable not to run any such resident programs while X
139. ontrol to the monitor The system will now display the message Writing to tape OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual It will begin transferring the data from the specified memory block onto the tape After the data a checksum byte is also written onto the tape During this period the TONEOUT LED willbe ON After completing the transfer control will return to the Monitor which will then issue the command prompt IMPORTANT Data will be sent out once the user responds to the message Press any key after setting up the Recorder If recorder is really not ready at this stage the data is still sent out and this will not get recorded on the tape EXAMPLE Store the contents of locations 0 2000 to 207F on tape with a file name 123F The required interaction is shown below Note that the information to be entered by the user is underlined only for the sake of clarity T File Name 123F Buffer start 0 2000 Buffer End 207F Press any key after setting up the Recorder Writing to tape 9 3 2 L command Load from Tape This command is used to read information from the tape into memory To use this command type L when prompted for command entry by the Serial Monitor Now the system will prompt for the filename as shown below File Name Now enter the file name The rules regarding the filename are same as the ones explained in T command Note that the addresses of the memory block are already stored on the tape und
140. owing message appears Programming in progress 10 4 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual The system proceeds with programming and verification on a byte by byte basis Intelligent Programming Algorithm is used if the PROM can support it This results in considerable reduction in programming time required for such devices c If the complete programming is successful the system will display a 16 bit checksum and control will return to the PROM programmer command fetch routine The command prompt of PROM programmer is displayed on a new line If the programming is unsuccessful the following information is displayed verify Error PROM XX Source XX PROM address XXXX The displayed values indicate the location where programming was unsuccessful X here indicates any hex digit NOTE During programming from serial mode the location in PROM and the corresponding data that is being programmed are displayed on the keyboard continuously In case of failure the address in PROM and corresponding PROM data where the failure occurred are displayed 10 3 2 V command This command is used to verify the contents of a PROM against a source The parameters and their interpretation is completely similar to that of the P Command If the verification is successful the checksum is displayed and programmer command prompt appears on the next line If the verification fails a message and parameters at the point of failure are displayed
141. p Input Byte Output Byte Move Examine Word Input Word Output Word N A N A N A N A N A N A NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Table 3 2 Hexadecimal Keypad Legend Interpretation Register Acronym Name AX Accumulator BX Base Register CX Count Register DX Data Register SP Stack pointer BP Base Pointer SI Source Index DI Destination index CS Code Segment DS Data Segment SS Stack Segment ES Extra Segment IP Instruction Pointer FL Flag Register none N A none N A Function Key RESET KB INT REG NEXT PREV EXEC NOTE QUAD Table 3 3 Function Key Operation Operation The RESET key allows you to terminate any present activity and to return your ESA 86 88 2 to an initialized state When pressed the sign on message appears in the display and the monitor is ready for command entry The INTR interrupt key is used to generate an immediate non maskable type 2 interrupt NMI The NMI interrupt vector is initialized on power up or system reset to point to a routine within the monitor which causes all of the 8086 8088 s registers to be saved Control is returned to the monitor for subsequent command entry The plus key allows you to add two hexadecimal values This function simplifies relative addressing by allowing you to readily calculate an address location relative to a base address The minus key allows you to subtract one hexadecimal value from another The co
142. pecifies only low byte increment i e F8H it must be sign extended to FFF8H instead of manually calculating the value Generally relative addresses can thus be entered directly without calculating the actual values More examples illustrating the use of key are given later 3 10 2 USE OF KEY The use of this key is similar to the use of the key It allows the subtraction of one hexadecimal value from another thus simplifying relative address calculations As an illustration consider the same Example 1 from Section 8 2 Now suppose you are entering the code for instruction LOOP AW at address 200EH The opcode for LOOP instruction is E2H but what should be the relaltive address value It can be computed as 08H Low byte of address AW minus 10H LOW byte of instruction following LOOP AW instruction But one can avoid the calculation of the relative address by directly specifying the arithmetic operation using the following key sequence 3 19 QUAD XJL7L ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual EB 200F NEXT 08 10 NEXT The system calculates 08H 10H as F8H and stores this value in the location 200F H 3 10 3 USE OF REG KEY This key allows the user to specify the contents of any of the 8086 8088 s registers in the calculation of an address or data value To illustrate consider the Example 4 of section 8 2 Though this example was presented there assuming serial mode of operation the same code can be executed in keyboard mode als
143. plays it on the console 3 Each subsequent comma causes the current data at the addressed input port to be displayed on a new line A carriage return terminates the command and the monitor returns to the command entry mode NOTES 1 The I O ports provided on ESA 86 88 2 their addresses and usage is summaraized in section 5 4 6 Examples 1 Input a byte from parallel I O port at address FFE1H JFFEI cr FA lt cr gt 2 Input a series of words from parallel I O ports located at addresses FFEOH AND FFE1H Note that when using word input i e IW command low order address is entered as port address IWFFEO cr A2A2 B2B2 C2C2 lt cr gt 4 10 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual 4 4 6 OUTPUT BYTE AND OUTPUT WORD COMMANDS FUNCTION The Output Byte O and Output Word OW commands are used to ouput a byte or word to an output port FORMAT O port address gt cr data data CR OW port address cr data data CR OPERATION 1l Both the output commands O and OW operate ina similar way When prompted for a command entry enter O to output a byte or OW to output a word Now enter the address of the port to which data is to be output Similar to input commands no segment value is permitted with the port address I O address space is limited to 64K bytes 2 After entering the port address enter a comma followed by the data to be output 3 Now enter a comma or ca
144. reater than the start address Then the block of memory locations from start address to end address 1 will be filled with the value contained in the start address location The Examine Byte Command can be used to specify the desired constant as the contents of the start address ERROR CONDITIONS Attempting to move data into Read Only or non existent memory EXAMPLES Example 1 In chapter 8 Section 8 3 there is an example program Example 6 CORRECT GUESS assembled from locations 2000 to 20AF Move it to locations starting at 2200H Key RESET 6 MV SI 2 GO CX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX NEXT Address field Data field ESA 86 m 2 0 2 0 0 20 0 0 OAD ZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Comment System Reset Move command Start address 2000H 2 GO CX 0 EB AX A ISS F NEXT 2 GO CX 2 GO CX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX 20 A 20A F 22 220 2200 End address 20AFH Destination 2200H Program moved command prompt Example 2 Fill the memory locations 2000H to 20FFH with the constant 55H Key RESET 0 EB AX 2 GO CX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX NEXT 5 OB BP 5 OB BP 6 MV SI 2 GO CX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX NEXT 2 GO CX 0 EB AX UAD Address field ESA 20 200 2000 2000 2000 2000 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 Data field 86 XX 55 NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Comment System Reset Examine Byte Command
145. renced only if it has already been defined In other words ESAM 86 supports backward references only In addition to the standard instruction mnemonics ESAM 86 provides some useful Assembler directives Pseudo opcodes These directives can be used to set the origin define symbolic constants initialise byte word and string values and to reserve memory space Further ESAM 86 provides a disassembly facility also Using this facility user can see the codes in standard mnemonic form and verify them ESAM 86 occupies 16K bytes of code space It requires 6 5K bytes of RAM area from the location 0100H to 19FFH NOTE e During the assembly process assembler makes use of ESC A sequence to move the cursor up by one line Make sure that your terminal supports this function in similar fashion If not results could be unpredictable e While using the Assembler the user must enter his her program starting from RAM location 2000H Entering program in reserved locations will lead to unpredictable results 7 1 1 INSTALLATION ESAM 86 Assembler is a built in facility and thus no installation procedures are necessary 7 2 OPERATION 7 2 1 INVOKING THE SINGLE LINE ASSEMBLER ESAM 86 The single line Assembler ESAM 86 is invoked from the serial monitor When the serial monitor prompts for a command with the character enter the command mnemonic A for Assembler Now the monitor will transfer control to the Assembler OAD QD ESA 86 88
146. ress which is one greater than the start address Then the memory block from start address to end address 1 is filled with the value contained in start address ERROR CONDITIONS 1 Trying to move data into a non existent or read only e g ROM or PROM memory location 2 Specifying an end address value which is less than the offset value of the start address EXAMPLES 1 Move the contents of the locations 2000H through 2020H relative to CS register to the memory block starting at 3000H relative to the DS register M 2000 2020 DS 3000 cr 2 Fill memory locations 2000H through 2100H relative to DS register with constant AAH SDS 2000 BA AA lt cr gt MDS 2000 20FF DS 2001 cr OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual 4 4 5 INPUT BYTE AND INPUT WORD COMMANDS FUNCTION The Input Byte I and Input Word IW commands are used to input accept a byte or word from an input port and to display the accepted byte or word FORMAT I port address gt cr cr IW lt port address cr cr OPERATION 1 Both the commands operate in a similar way Enter I to input byte or IW to input word when prompted for command entry Now enter the address of the port to be read As already noted I O space is only 64K bytes and thus no segment value is permitted with port address 2 After entering port address and cr enter a comma The Monitor reads the byte or word at the specified port and dis
147. ressing the RESET key e If no acknowledgement for data transfer is received from printer then a message No ACK from printer is output Please check the installation and connector once again in this case 11 5 PARALLEL PRINTER PORT DETAILS SPECIFICATIONS Centronics Compatible Synchronization via STROBE pulses Handshaking via BUSY signal Logic levels TTL Compatible 11 2 ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 11 6 CONNECTOR DETAILS In all 11 lines are used as detailed below PIN NO ON J4 SIGNAL DIRECTION DESCRIPTION PIN NO ON FROM ESA CENTRONICS 86 88 2 CONNECTOR 5 PCO STROBE O P STORBE pulse to 1 the printer 13 PBO Data 0 O P These signals 2 14 PB1 Data 1 O P represent 8 bits 3 11 PB2 Data 2 O P of parallel data 4 12 PB3 Data 3 O P High 1 5 9 PB4 Data 4 O P Low 0 6 10 PB5 Data 5 O P 7 7 PB6 Data 6 O P 8 8 PB7 Data 7 O P 9 16 PA7 BUSY I P A high indicates 11 that Printer cannot receive data The signal becomes high in following cases a During data entry b During Printing operation c In OFF LINE states d During printer error status 26 GND Signal ground 19 11 7 DIRECT OUTPUT TO PRINTER As already described when the printer interface is enabled any character sent to the console is sent to the printer also This facility is available in the serial mode of operation only However user can access a routine Print String to send a string directly to the printer This routine can be called from
148. rriage return Entering a carriage return causes the data to be output to the specified port terminates the command and returns monitor to the command entry mode Entering a comma causes the data to be output to the specified port but does not terminate the command and it permits subsequent data output to the specified port Data can be output to the specified port by entering new data followed by a comma At any stage a carriage return following a data entry outputs the data and terminates the command returning to the monitor command entry mode NOTES As mentioned already the I O ports provided on ESA 86 88 2 their use and addresses are summarized in section 5 4 6 Examples 1 Program the parallel I O port FFEOH for output by sending appropriate command byte to the status port FFE6H OFFE6 cr 80 lt cr gt 2 Output a series of bytes to 8253 status command port OFFFF 36 76 36 cr 4 11 OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual 4 4 7 GO COMMAND FUNCTION The Go G command is used to transfer control of the 8086 8088 from the Serial monitor to an user s program FORMAT G cr start address gt lt breakpoint address gt CR OPERATION 1 Tousethe GO command enter G when prompted for command entry 2 When G is entered followed by a cr the monitor outputs the current IP instruction pointer register contents the data entry prompt character and the byte contents of the memory location
149. rs because of the 8 bit wide data bus In either case the CPU is operated in the maximum mode ESA 86 88 2 can be used not only as an instructional and learning aid but also as a development tool in R amp D labs and industries It is a versatile system and can be configured in a variety of ways as per the user requirements via various jumper options The basic system can be easily expanded through the system BUS connectors The built in Assembler Disassembler feature simplifies the programmer s task of entering Assembly language programs The On board provision for 8087 Numeric Data Processor makes ESA 86 88 2 useful for number crunching applications also Onboard battery backup provision is an added feature to take care of the frequent power failures while conducting experiments on the trainer using manually assembled code To aid the user further various optional attachments like EPROM Programmer Audio cassette interface are available details of which are also explained in this manual ESA 86 88 2 is operated from the C R T terminal or a host computer system via the serial monitor and also can be operated from the onboard keyboard Following are the system capabilities e Examine and optionally modify the contents of memory byte or word format e Examine and optionally modify the processor registers e Assemble and Disassemble 8086 8088 instructions via line assembler disassembler e Perform fast numerical computations using the optio
150. s command will clear the symbol table and any label definitions generated in the earlier invocations of the assembler are lost Thus this command is used when fresh assembly of a source program is being done If this command is not used earlier label definitions will remain valid for this session If the user is patching an already assembled program he may wish to use the labels already defined In such cases he she can retain those definitions by not using the command The detailed syntax regarding the definition and use of labels is described in the next section on Assembly language conventions NOTE Use LC Command to clear the label tables on entering the Assembler for the first time 7 2 4 3 DA COMMAND DA lt Addr gt lt CR gt This command is used to disassemble machine code and assemble source statements Upon receipt of this command ESAM 86 prints the address value followed by the code and disassembled instruction at this address Now it waits for input of source statement from the user At this point user has three options 1 He can enter a source statement The detailed syntax governing source statements is described in the next section on Assembly language conventions or 2 Hecanenter the carriage return if he doesn t wish to change this instruction Or 3 Hecan enter the character followed by CR to terminate the command If the user enters a new source statement it is immediately translated If any errors are det
151. s in the ON position at power ON This program computes the average of given word values The computed average is stored in given memory locations Note that the following program does not check for overflow while forming the sum of the data values LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 29C0 SUBW AX AX Clear the sum 2002 B90400 MOVW CX 0004 No of elements 2005 BE 08 00 MOVW SI 0008 Point subscript to end of table 2008 4E AW DECW SI 2000 4E DECW SI Back up one element 200A 03 84 1D 20 ADDW AX 201D S Add element 200E E2F8 LOOP AW suntil CX 0 2010 29D2 SUBW DX DX clear upper dividend 8 1 Oa UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 2012 B90400 2015 F7FI 2017 A31B20 201A CC 201B FFFF 201D 0010 201F 0020 2021 0030 2023 0040 TA MOVW CX 0004 DIVW CX MOVW 201B AX INT 3 DW OFFFF DW 1000 DW 2000 DW 3000 DW 4000 set up divisor 4 Divide the sum to get the average and store it Return to monitor space for result Data 1 Using the Examine Byte EB or Examine Word EW command enter the above program and data into locations 2000H to 2024H Foruser convenience the memory contents are listed below LOCATION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B IC D E F 2000 29 CO B9 04 00 BE 08 00 JE 4E 03 84 ID 20 E2 F8 2010 29 D2 B9 04 00 F7 F1 A3 1B 20 CC FF FF 00 10 00 2020 20 00 30 00 40
152. s output on to the console is also output to the printer For example to obtain a hard copy of the contents of memory location in hex byte format use the command D addrl gt lt addr2 gt CR The entire contents of memory locations between the specified range is printed exactly as it appears on the screen including the command D addr1 lt addr2 gt CR 11 1 ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual NOTE All control and invalid ASCII characters are printed as Similarly to obtain the disassembled listing use the DI command after invoking the Assembler 11 3 Theory of operation The printer software makes use of LO 8255 at U27 connected to connector J4 This 8255 is intialized as given below if the SW7 of DIP Switch is put ON PORT A IP PORT B O P data port PORT C O P NOTE 1 The user can use this 8255 as general purpose I O when not using the printer by putting OFF the SW7 of DIP Switch 2 Handshaking is implemented using the STROBE and BUSY signals 11 4 Error messages The following are the error messages probable causes of occurrence and remedial measures If the Busy is not asserted the system will display the message Printer Busy Waiting Now it keeps polling the status of Busy line until it is asserted This process can be aborted by pressing CNTL C The system will then display the message Print aborted You can detach the printer by putting SW7 of the DIP switch off and then p
153. second byte entry will be written into the addressed memory location 4 After optionally modifying the contents of the addressed location enter a comma or minus to examine modify the next consecutive memory location or previous location S command or next two consecutive memory locations or previous two memory locations SW command 5 Acarriage return at any stage terminates the command ERROR CONDITIONS 1 Trying to modify non existent or ROM locations EXAMPLES 1 Examine RAM location 2100 H relative to the DS register modify the contents of location 2101 H and 2102 H and examine the contents of 2101H again S DS 2100 cr A5 2101 FF B7 2102 FF SA 2101 B7 lt cr gt OAD XJUL ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual 2 Examine ROM location FF00 9CH S FF00 9C cr FA CR 3 Trying to modify ROM location S FF00 9C cr FA FB 4 Examine word at location 2120 H relative to DS register SW DS 2120 cr A1F4 cr Note that here A1H is at location DS 2121 H while the byte at the addressed location DS 2120 is F4H 4 4 2 DISPLAY MEMORY COMMANDS FUNCTION The Display memory byte D and Display memory word DW commands are used to output the contents of a block of memory either in byte or word format FORMAT D start address gt lt end address gt cr DW start address lt end address gt cr OPERATION 1 Both the commands operate in a similar fashion These commands pro
154. ses in the 8086 8088 system consist of a segment value and an offset value The segment value is entered first a colon is entered as a seperator and then the offset value is entered If the segment value is not specified note that in such a case the colon also should be omitted the default segment value is the current contents of the code segment CS register Enter the address as hexadecimal value most significant character first The valid range of hexadecimal values for an address entry either segment or offset is from 0000 to FFFFH If more than four digits are entered only the last four digits entered are valid In other words all address values are interpreted modulo 64K Data is also entered as hexadecimal value most significant character first The valid range for data entries is 00 to FFH for byte entries and from 0000 to FFFFH for word entries If more than two for byte entries or four for word entries digits are entered only the last two or four digits entered are valid Allthe commands except the X Examine modify register command require only hexadecimal values as parameters The register abbreviation entries required by the X command are described later while describing the X command in detail 4 3 2 USE OF OPERATORS AND REGISTER IN SPECIFICATION OF PARAMETERS While the address data parameters are to be entered as hexadecimal values it is possible to use the operators and to form expressions
155. solute starting address of the PROM from where programming is to begin a As soon as P is typed the system will display the current values for all of the above four parameters Then it asks if any change is required through a prompt as shown below Any change of the above parameters Y N If the displayed parameter values are all right type N for No On the other hand if you wish to change any value enter Y for yes Any other character produces error message what and the prompt reappears If user response to above prompt is Y the system displays each parameter value and prompts for new value User can enter a new value followed by Carriage Return or simply enter Carriage Return if the displayed value is not to be changed Note that the parameters must satisfy certain conditions as listed below 1 PROM type can be only be one of the types listed in section 10 1 il Both Buffer Start and Buffer End must be even addresses or odd addresses 10 3 uen ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual gt IMPORTANT 8086 memory space consists of an even bank and an odd bank Thus a PROM is always programmed from alternate source bytes i e bytes from successive even addressed locations or bytes from successive odd addressed locations strip even strip odd Though 8088 memory space is linear on ESA 86 88 2 it is organized as even odd arrays iii Buffer end address can be only an offset Segment is not allowed The segment value is the o
156. splay fields address field and data field depending upon the parameter required Also depending upon the command other characters may appear in the address and data fields Whenever an error is detected by the monitor either in the command entry or in command execution the characters Err are displayed in the address field along with the command prompt character ENTRY OF ADDRESS AND DATA VALUES When a command requires the entry of an address data value from the user the following rules apply All addresses in the 8086 8088 system consist of asegment value and an offset value The segment value is entered first a colon the key is entered as a separator and then the offset value is entered If the segment value is not specified note that in such a case the colon also should be omitted the default segment value is the current contents of the code segment CS register Enter the address as Hexadecimal value most significant character first The capacity of an address field entry is limited to four characters and if more than four characters are entered for either segment or offset value only the last four characters entered the four characters currently displayed are valid In otherwords all address values are interpreted modulo 64K Please note that an address value can be specified as the contents of any of the 8086 8088 s registers also using the Reg key and appropriate key identifying the specific register The segm
157. t FFAA is displayed in the data field Example 3 Examining and Modifying Memory Byte location 200H relative to the DS register Key Reset 0 EB AX REG 9 OW DS 2 GO CX 0 EB AX 0 EB AX C IP C IP Address field Data field ESA 86 2000 2000 2 20 200 200 X x 200 0 C 200 CC Comment System Reset Examine Byte Command Register Input DS register Segment offset separator Offset address Memory data contents New data to be entered Data updated command termination prompt To check that data was updated successfully press the EB key and enter the address DS 200H Press the key and note that CC is displayed in the data field UAD IZO ESA 86 88 2 Users Manual Example 4 Attempting to Modify PROM contents Key Address field Data field Comment Reset ESA 86 System Reset 0 EB AX Examine byte command F F F FF Segment address 0 EB AX FFO 0 EB AX FFOO FF00 Segment offset seperator 1 ER BX 1 Offset address 0 EB AX 10 10 XX Data contents of the memory location C IP C B ES CB New data to be entered Err Error message Trying to modify the contents of a read only memory location produced the error message Repeat the above keying sequence to see that the memory contents of the location FF00 10 remain unaltered 3 5 EXAMINE REGISTER COMMAND Function The Examine Register ER command is used to examine and optionally modify
158. t ST lt start address gt start address Operation 1 Touse the step command press the ST key when prompted for a command entry 2 Now a starting address is displayed in the address field and an address entry prompt dot appears at the right edge of the address field 3 If astarting address other than the address displayed is required enter the desired address from the keyboard 4 When the key is pressed the instruction addressed is executed and the offset address of the next instruction to be executed is displayed in the address field and its associated instruction byte is displayed in the data field 5 Again pressing the key executes the current instruction and steps the program to the next instruction to be executed 6 After executing an instruction press the key to terminate the command Control now returns to the monitor and the command entry prompt appears Restricti 3 14 QUAD IZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 1 An instruction that is part of a sequence of instructions that switches between stack segments i e changes the SS and SP register contents cannot be single stepped 2 If an interrupt occurs prior to the completion of single stepped instruction or if a single stepped instruction generates an interrupt when the monitor is re entered the CS and IP registers will contain the address of the interrupt service routine Consequently a type 3 breakpoint interrupt instruction CCH should
159. t can be found in the I O map given in section 5 4 6 The signals of the Port A Port B and Port C of the 8255A at U27 are brought out to the connector J4 and the corresponding signals of the other 8255A at U32 are brought out to the connector J5 The pin assignments for the individual port bits are given in the last section of this chapter OAD UD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual NOTE Port bits PCO PC3 of U27 and PC3 of U32 can act as interrupt sources allowing the operation of 8255As in Mode 3 Ref Section 2 1 6 5 4 2 Onboard Keyboard Display The I O address assignment for 8279 can be found in the I O map given in section 5 4 6 The 8279 is configured for the following mode of operation e 8 digits 8 bit left entry display e Encoded scan keyboard with 2 key lock out The keyboard monitor reads the keyboard by polling the status port of 8279 The codes assigned to various keys of the keyboard are as follows SI No Key Corresponding Code 1 0 00H 2 1 01H 3 2 02H 4 3 03H 5 4 04H 6 5 05H 7 6 06H 8 T 07H 9 8 08H 10 9 09H 11 A OAH 12 B OBH 13 C OCH 14 D ODH 15 E OEH 16 F OFH 17 i 10H 18 11H 19 12H 20 t 13H 21 14H 22 REG 15H 23 F1 BLANK CHK 16H 24 F2 READ 17H 25 F3 PROGRAM 18H 26 F4 VERIFY 19H 27 PREV 1AH 28 F5 TAPE RD 1BH 29 F6 TAPE WR 1CH 30 F7 1DH NOTE RESET and KBINTR keys are not connected to 8279 The signal generated by pressing the RESET key is used to drive the RESETIN signal on t
160. terrupt vectors 1 2 and 3 are initialized as follows Interrupt Single Step used with the step command Interrupt 2 NMI Non Maskable Interrupt Monitor s INTR key Interrupt 3 Breakpoint used with the GO command OAD NIU ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual A detailed discussion of the 8086 8088 interrupt vectors can be found in the Intel s 8086 Family Users Manual Chapter 2 Processor Control and Monitoring Interrupts PP 2 22 2 28 Whenever the monitor is re entered as a result of a single step NMI or Breakpoint Interrupt the monitor saves the contents of the 8086 8088 registers on the User Stack and subsequently restores the register contents from the stack before it prompts for command entry Since the SP register is initialized to 0100H and memory locations OH CFH are reserved for monitor the stack length reserved for the user is 48 bytes location DOH FFH of these 26 bytes must be left for register contents should one of the above interrupts occur leaving 22 bytes for the user In addition locations 100H to 1FFFH are used for other system functions and system tables When using the keyboard monitor user is prompted through the display for the inputs required Whenever the monitor is expecting a command entry a dash appears in the left most digit position of the display When the monitor expects the entry of command parameters one or more dots depending upon the number of parameters required appear in one of the two di
161. the multiplication of result by 10000 and rounding to integer value How can you improve the accuracy 3 Basedon the approach presented here develop a program to calculate cos Z where 0 Z 90 4 Using the FPREM function of 8087 calculate sin Z for any value of Z den ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 8 5 USE OF PROGRAMMABLE INTERRUPT CONTROLLER 8259A ESA 86 88 2 provides a versatile and powerful interrupt system design capability to the user There is an 8259A on board which can accept 8 interrupt requests either from on board sources or from off board sources This desired configuration can be set up via jumper options as described in section 2 1 6 The following illustrative example demonstrates the use of 8259A in a simple application context Example In this example the source of interrupt is selected as Timer 1 of 8253 A and it is connected to INTS of 8259 For this purpose you must establish the following jumper JP3 2 3 Timer 1 of 8253 to IR5 of 8259A To utilize Timer 1 of 8253A its gate ie Gatel must be tied to Vcc and its clock clock 1 must be connected to appropriate clock source In this example we will use the PCLK peripheral clock for clock 1 For these purposes you must establish the following connections Gate 1 to Vcc Clock 1 to PCLK Pin 9 of connector J1 to Vcc Pin 41 of connector J1 to pin 14 of connector J1 We will program 8259A with base value for Type as 72 decimal As interrupt from T
162. ting at 0300 0 UAD 8 2 UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 B8 0003 MOVW AX 0300 Set up ES and DI 2003 8E CO MOVW ES AX to point to destination block 2005 BF0000 MOVW DI 0000 2008 BE0021 MOVW SI 2100 Set up SI to point to source DS is assumed to be 000 H 200B FC CLD Clear direction flag for auto increment 200C B91000 MOVW CX 0010 count 10 H 201F F3 REP 2010 A4 MOVSB 20110 CC INT3 1 Enter the desired data in locations 0 2100 to 0 210FH 2 Enter the above program into locations 0 2000 to 2011H 3 Execute the above program at 0 2000 using the GO command 4 Now the data would be moved to the block 0300 0 to 0300 0FH You can examine this data using EB Examine Byte command by giving the address as ES DI as this is how the address is specified in the program The required key sequence would be EB reg ES reg DI NEXT PREV PREV PREV Example 3 This example assumes that ESA 86 88 2 is operating in the serial mode The following program converts a hexadecimal byte value to its ASCII notation The example illustrates the use of the powerful translate XLAT and rotate instructions The program assumes that the hex value is in AL register The resulting ASCII representation is left in the AX register LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 8D 1E 11 20 LEA BX 2011 Get address of ASCII table 2004 30E4 XORB AH AH Clear upper byte 2006 B1
163. uired All entries are made into the address field only The different messages which can appear in the data field and their meanings are given below Message in the data field Meaning typ The type number of the PROM bSS Segment value of the Buffer starting address bSO Offset value of the Buffer starting address bEO Offset value of the Buffer ending address PrS PROM starting address PrE PROM ending address All the parameter values are evaluated modulo 64K and a parameter entry is terminated by any valid delimiter Valid delimiters are NEXT PREV and EXEC If an invalid entry is made the message Err is flashed in the address field and the prompt for the offending parameter is displayed again so that the user can enter the correct value Pressing the NEXT key takes the user to the next parameter if one is required otherwise itis treated as error condition Pressing the PREV key takes the user to the previous parameter if one exists Otherwise it is treated as error condition Pressing the EXEC key completes the parameter entry process of the command Any parameters not explicitly displayed are assigned their default values and command execution continues with these values 10 4 1 PROG Command a This command is used to program a PROM This command requires the following four parameters in that order Type PROM type should be one of the types listed in section 10 1 Buffer Start Starting address of the source
164. ust set the DS ES SS and SP registers to the required values using the X command of the Serial Monitor of ESA 86 88 2 The SS and SP values displayed by EXE2HEX COM can be made use of if required 12 11 OAD UDC ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual d Before executing the downloaded program user is strongly urged to disassemble the code or at least important parts of the code using the on board dissembler of ESA 86 88 2 and ensure that the program is correct and that the segment registers are set to proper values e Execute the downloaded program Example The distribution diskette includes a source program DEMO6M ASM which contains the source code for Example 6 of section 8 3 DEMO6M HEX is the HEX file created according to the procedure described above The steps are summarized below for the convenience of the user i Use MASM to assemble DEMO6M ASM This process creates the file DEMO6M OBJ ii Link the single file DEMO6M OBJ using the linker LINK available on the system NOTE The LINK program issues the warning NO stack Segment and reports that 1 error was detected User can ignore this message as the program really does not have to create a separate Stack Segment when running on ESA 86 88 2 iii Run EXE2HEX and specify DEMO6M EXE as the input file Specify a value of 0 for LOAD SEGMENT and a value of 2000 for the ORIGIN VALUE Now the system creates DEMO6M HEX file iv Connect ESA 86 88 2 to the system and run XT86 V Dow
165. ver can be enabled disabled as shown below SW5 of the DIP Switch Printer Driver OFF Disabled ON Enabled Factory installed Option Chapter 11 describes the interface in detail OanN IZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 2 1 4 Baud rate selection In the serial mode of operation ESA 86 88 2 configures an 8251A USART as follows Asynchronous mode 8 bit character length 2 stop bits No parity Baud rate factor of 16X 9999 Timer 0 of an 8253 provides the Transmit and Receive baud clocks for the USART Refer to chapter 5 for a detailed discussion of the Hardware This timer is initialized by the system firmware to provide proper baud clock based on the settings of the DIP Switch as shown below DIP SWITCH Baud rate SW3 SW2 SWI ON ON ON 110 ON ON OFF 300 ON OFF ON 600 ON OFF OFF 1 200 OFF ON ON 2 400 OFF ON OFF 4 800 OFF OFF ON 9 600 OFF OFF OFF 19 200 Factory installation option 2 1 5 Memory Selection ESA 86 88 2 has four 28 pin sockets labeled U9 U8 U7 U6 for RAM These sockets are configured for 62256 32K X 4 devices Two of these sockets are populated providing 64K Bytes of RAM and two are for user expansion Four 28 pin sockets U5 U4 U3 U2 are dedicated to EPROM These four sockets can be collectively configured for 27128 27256 or 27512 as shown below DEVICE DIP SWITCH JUMPER SW7 SW6 27128 ON ON JP1 2 3 JP9 2 3 27256 ON OFF JPI0 1 2 JP9 2 3 27512 OFF OFF JPI 1 2 JP9 1 2
166. vide a line formatted output of the memory block starting at the start address and ending at the end address Note that the end address is always relative to the segment value specified with start address or implied with start address i e the contents of CS register if no segments value is specified And thus with each command execution a maximum of 64K bytes or 32K words can be displayed To use either command enter D for byte output or DW for word output when prompted for command entry Then enter the start address of the memory block Now if only one byte or word is to be displayed enter the carriage return On the other hand if a block of memory is to be displayed enter the end address and then the carriage return 2 The monitor will now output beginning on the next line the starting offset address the data contents of that location and if end address is specified the contents of the consecutive memory locations upto and including the end address The line format is arranged in sucha way that any subsequent lines if present will begin with an offset address whose last nibble is zero A line consists of a maximum number of 16 bytes or 8 words 3 The display memory commands can be cancelled or the output can be stopped and resumed at any time by entering appropriate control characters from the console Control C entered at any time immediately terminates the command Monitor returns to the command e
167. word off stack POP CS is not allowed POPF PUSH PUSHF RCL RCR REP REPE REPZ REPNE REPNZ OAD QD ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual Pop flags off stack Push word onto stack Push flag near onto stack Rotate left Through carry Byte mode word mode Rotate right Through carry Byte mode Word mode Repeat Prefix for string Instructions Repeat Prefix Return from subroutine intra segment EA B D8 EA Reg Reg EA W AX D16 Immediate AL DX AL Immediate AX DX AX Regr EA Regr EA EA B 1 EA CL EA W 1 EA W CL EA 1 EA CL EA W 1 EA W CL ORW OUTB Port 8 OUTB DX OUTW Port 8 OUTW DX POP POPF PUSH PUSHF RCLB EA B 1 RCLB EA B CL RCLW EA W 1 RCLW EA W CL RCRB EA B 1 RCRB EA B CL RCRW EA W 1 RCRW EA W CL REP REPE REPZ REPNE REPNZ RET no operand RET data 16 RETS ROL ROR SAHF SAL SHL SAR SBB SCAS SHR SS STC UAD Return from subroutine intersegment Rotate left Byte mode Rotate left Word Mode Rotate Right Byte Mode Rotate Right Word Mode store AH in flags Arithmetic logical Left shift byte Mode Word Mode Arithmetic Right shift Byte Mode Word Mode Integer subtraction with Borrow Byte Mode word Mode Byte Mode Word Mode Logical right shift Byte mode Word mode Stack Segment over ride Prefix Set carry Flag QD ESA 86
168. ys a simple guessing game with the user It sets up a key value in a memory location and waits for a word input a guess from the user If the user entered value is equal to the key value it displays the message Correct Guess and returns to monitor If the guess is less than or more than the key value it displays appropriate message and again prompts for a guess The game can be terminated before guessing correctly by entering an ESC character when the system prompts for a guess It will then display the key value and returns control to the monitor LOC CONTENTS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENTS 2000 B80000 ST MOVW AX 0000 2003 8ECO MOVW ES AX 2005 B85D20 MOVW AX 205D 2008 9A 55 IB 00 FE CALLS 1B55 OFE00 200D 9A 70 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B70 OFE00O Get a character 2012 3C 1B CMPB AL 1B sIs it escape 2014 7516 JNE 202C No 2016 B8 0000 MOVW AX 0000 Yes display key amp 2019 8ECO MOVW ES AX 2001B B86D20 MOVW AX 206D 201E 9A 55 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B55 OFE00 2023 A10001 MOVW AX 0100 Get key and 2026 9A 69 1B 00 FE CALLS 1B69 OFE00 display it 202B CC INT 3 8 9 OAD UDO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 202C 9A 88 1B 00 FE SE 2031 3B 060001 2035 7710 2037 7213 2039 B80000 203C 8ECO 203E B8 7520 2041 9A 55 IB 00 FE 2046 CC 2047 B8 89 20 204A EB O03 204C B89D20 204F 50 2050 B80000 2053 8E C0 2055 58 2056 9A 55 1B 00 FE 205B EB A3 205D ODOA MI 205F 59 6F 2061 7572 2063 2067 2065 7565 2067 7373 2069
169. yte Word data from to a specified port In entering the port address in any of these four commands it should be noted that 8086 8088 I O addressing is limited to 64K maximum address is FFFFH Thus no segment value is permitted with the port address 3 6 1 INPUT BYTE AND INPUT WORD COMMANDS Function The Input Byte IB and Input Word IW commands are used to input accept an 8 bit byte or 16 bit word from an input port Format IB lt port address gt IW lt portaddress gt Operation 1 To use the Input Byte IB or the Input Word IW command press the corresponding key when prompted for command entry 2 When either key IB or IW is pressed the decimal point appears at the right edge of the address field indicating that a port address entry is required 3 Using the hexadecimal keyboard enter the address of the port to be read As already noted no segment value is permitted with the port address 4 After entering the port address press the key The input byte or word atthe addressed port will be displayed in the data field OAD YIZO ESA 86 88 2 User s Manual 5 Pressing the key again updates the data field display with the current data byte or word at the addressed input port Pressing the key terminates the command and the command entry prompt dash appears Note The I O ports provided on the ESA 86 88 2 and their addresses amp usage are described in detail in chapter 5 on hardw

- Electro Systems Associates

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