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1. MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 30 5 0 References Bilitewsk B Hardtle G Marek K Weissbach A and Boeddicker H 1994 Waste Management Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Germany Duffy B L Nelson P F and Williams D J 1995 Trace Organic Composition of Landfill Gas Report to NSW Environmental Research Trusts CSIRO Division of Coal and Energy Technology North Ryde Sydney McBean E A Rovers F A and Farquhar G J 1995 Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and Design Prentice Hall Inc USA National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee 1996 Workbook for Waste Australian Methodology for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Workbook 8 1 Department of Environment Sport and Territories Canberra ACT Perry R H and Green D W 1997 Perry s Chemical Engineers Handbook 7th edition McGraw Hill USA Schroeder P R Dozier T S Zappi P A McEnroe B M Sjostrom J W and Peyton R L 1984 The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance HELP Model User s Guide for Version 1 EPA 530 SW 84 009 1 USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Washington DC USA Schroeder P R Dozier T S Zappi P A McEnroe B M Sjostrom J W and Peyton R L 1984 The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance HELP Model Documentation for Version 1 EPA 530 SW 84 010 2 USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Washington DC USA Tchobanoglou
2. MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 39 Column AS Site Specific Collection Efficiency If the efficiency of the gas collection system for a particular landfill is known type this value in this column This value will be displayed in column AT If the collection efficiency is unknown type nothing and an efficiency of 75 will be assumed Column AT Efficiency of Collection System As gas collection systems are not 100 percent efficient in collecting landfill gas emissions of substances at a landfill with a gas recovery system still occur To estimate emissions of substances from landfills with a control system the collection efficiency of the system must first be estimated If a site specific value was indicated in column AS this will be displayed here If it was not a value of 75 will be displayed No data will need to be typed into this column Column AU Flow Rate Before Control Indicate the flow rate of the landfill gas before it enters the control device This flow rate should be in dry cubic metres per minute Column AV Methane Flow Rate This is the flow rate of methane in the landfill gas before the control technology in dry cubic metres per minute This is calculated from the value indicated in column AU ie the landfill gas flow rate multiplied by the fraction of gas that is methane calculated from column S8 This value is necessary to estimate the emissions of oxides of nitrogen carbon monoxide and particulate
3. the depth and area of the landfill the annual rainfall of the region the density of the waste the year the landfill began operation the year the landfill ceased operation if closed the annual waste acceptance rate or the proposed closure date for the landfill whether the landfill has accepted hazardous waste whether the landfill has a gas collection system whether the landfill is lined or has some other form of leachate control e the type of gas control technology used if gas is collected eg flare internal combustion engine boiler etc and e the flow rate of the gas before the control technology if gas is collected Other parameters that are or can be used in LABS are the methane generation rate constant k the methane generation capacity L the concentration of methane within the landfill gas the concentration of carbon dioxide within the landfill gas the concentration of volatile organic compounds VOCs the concentration and molecular weights of NPI listed substances within the landfill gas the concentration of NPI listed substances within the leachate the collection efficiency of any gas collection system the control efficiency of any gas control technology eg flare turbine boiler etc the collection efficiency of any landfill liner or leachate control system the temperature of the landfill gas the concentration of oxides of nitrogen NO carbon monoxide CO and particulate matter PMj
4. The method presented is based on the annual rainfall for the area and is the basis of leachate estimation techniques presented in the waste generation spreadsheet Integrated Solid Waste Management A Lifecycle Inventory White Franke and Hindle 1995 This method is based on an estimation that 13 of the rainfall on a landfill site emerges as leachate 3 4 1 The Lifecycle Inventory Method It has been estimated that approximately 13 of the rainfall on a landfill site emerges as leachate White Franke and Hindle 1995 From this an annual estimation of the amount of leachate generated in a landfill without a cap or liner can be made This estimate is represented by Equation 12 If the landfill is lined and or capped or has a leachate collection system the efficiency of such control technologies should be estimated and figured into the calculation of leachate emitted In the absence of more reliable data you should assume that a landfill liner and collection system will be 70 efficient over the active life of a landfill and that the active period for leachate production is around 30 years Equation 12 R P 100 TE Pr 1 CE 100 Eleachate Q where MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 26 Eleachate leachate generation rate L yr Q total amount of waste in place tonne H depth of the landfill m P percentage of rainfall to the site emerging as leachate assume 13 if more site specif
5. assumed temperature of 25 C is recommended for Australian conditions Table 4 lists the concentration and molecular weights for a number of substances found in landfill gas Table 3 provides total VOC as hexane default values If site specific data is not available you should choose the default value that is likely to best represent the location and characteristics of a particular landfill The Australian values presented are likely to be the most representative of Australian conditions although the arid zone default figures should be used for landfill estimations in most inland Australian towns and cities Arid is defined as receiving less than 635mm rainfall per year Site specific concentrations of non methane organic compounds NMOC in landfill gases can be determined using EPA Reference Method 25C available from http www epa gov ttnemc01 promgate html MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 13 Table 4 Uncontrolled Default Concentrations for Landfill Gas Constituents Molecular Default Emission NPI Iisted Weight Concentration Factor ppmv Rating Substance 1 1 1 Trichloroethane 1 1 1 2 Tetrachloroethane 1 1 2 Trichloroethane 1 1 Dichloroethane 1 2 Dichloroethane 1 1 Dichloroethene 1 2 Dichloropropane 2 Propanol Acetone Acrylonitrile Benzene Bromodichloromethane Butane Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbonyl sulfide Chlorobenzene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chl
6. column will depend on whether the default efficiencies were chosen whether column AZ was marked and the type of control technology chosen from columns AU to AX If column AY was checked and a site specific efficiency is available type this value in this column The efficiency indicated in this column relates only to mercury Column BE Sulfur Conc in Gas If a site specific concentration is known for reduced sulfur compounds in parts per million by volume it should be indicated in this column If it is unknown leave this column blank and the concentration will be estimated from default concentrations for sulfur containing substances This value will be used to estimate sulfur dioxide emissions from the control device Column BF Chloride Conc in Gas If a site specific concentration is known for the total chloride concentration in the landfill gas parts per million by volume it should be indicated in this column If it is unknown leave this column blank and the concentration will be estimated from default concentrations of chlorinated compounds This value will be used to estimate hydrogen chloride emissions from the control device MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 41 3 2 Air Emissions Emissions to the atmosphere of various NPI listed substances can be viewed in the Air Emissions worksheet It is unlikely that any data will need to be altered on this worksheet although if site specific concentrations for individual
7. group of figures is typed in only that the cell either contains data or is blank Column AG Australian VOC Type an x in this column to use the Australian default concentration of VOC in the landfill gas 520 ppmv This will be used to calculate the total emissions in kilograms per year of total VOCs from the landfill Do not check columns AH or AI if you wish to use this Australian default The VOC value should be displayed in column AJ Column AH AP 42 VOC Type an x in this column to use the AP 42 default concentration of VOC in the landfill gas that will be used to calculate the total emissions in kilograms per year of VOCs from the landfill This value will be displayed in column AJ and will vary depending on MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 38 whether column AF has been marked ie the landfill has accepted hazardous waste For landfills that have not accepted hazardous wastes a VOC concentration of 595 ppmv is used For landfills that have accepted hazardous wastes a concentration of 2 420 ppmv is used Do not check columns AG or AI if you wish to use this AP 42 default Column AI Site specific VOC Type an x in this column to use a site specific default concentration of VOCs in the landfill gas If you check this column you will need to type the value into column AJ parts per million by volume This will be used to calculate the total emissions in kilograms per year of total VOCs from the landf
8. in the landfill has been approximated to 740 kg m The landfill s liner and collection system has a control efficiency of about 70 Eleachate where E Eleachate T i P 100 RLO CAT 40 000 tonnes 1120mm yr 20m 13 740 kg m 70 40 000 1120 13 100 20 740 1000 1 70 100 40 000 9 84 0 3 118 054 litres of leachate per year Annual emissions of lead can be calculated using Equation 13 and the emission factor for lead from Table 8 Eleachate EF Lead 10 Expy Lead Expy Lead fe 118 054 L yr 6 3 10 mg L 10 mg kg Eleachate EF Lead y 10 118 054 6 3 107 y 10 0 007437 kg Lead yr MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 28 Table 8 Uncontrolled Default Concentrations of Substances in Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Ammonium 210 30 U Antimony 6 6 E 02 U Arsenic 1 4 E 02 U Beryllium 4 8 E 03 U Cadmium 1 4 E 02 U Chlorine 590 U Chromium 6 E 02 U Copper 5 4 E 02 U Fluorine 0 39 U Lead 6 3 E 02 U Mercury 6 E 04 U Nickel 0 17 U Zinc 0 68 U 1 2 Dichloroethane 0 01 U Benzo a pyrene 2 5 E 04 U Benzene 3 7 E 02 U Chloroform 2 9 E 02 U Chlorophenol 5 1 E 04 U Dichloromethane 0 44 U Ethylbenzene 5 8 E 02 U Total Nitrogen 425 137 5 U Phenol 0 38 U Total Phosphorus 30 7 5 U Toluene 0 41 U Vinyl chloride 0 04 U Source White Franke and Hindle 1995 Emission factors represent a typical
9. leave this column blank Column AN Efficiency of Leachate Collection This column indicates the control efficiency of any leachate control system If a value has been typed into column AM it will be displayed in this column However no data should be typed into this column Column AO Site Specific Leachate Generation Rate If data is available on the leachate production rate litres per year for a specific site or area indicate a value in this column If not leave this column blank Column AP Annual Rainfall Indicate the annual average rainfall mm for a particular area This value will be used to estimate the leachate production rate if site specific data is not available Column AQ Leachate generation The leachate generated by the landfill litres per tonne of waste will be displayed in this column The value displayed will be calculated from data provided in columns AP annual rainfall F depth of landfill and L density of waste 66 99 Column AR Gas Collection and Control System Type a y or yes in this column only if the landfill has a gas collection and control system If the landfill does not leave this column blank and do not complete any of the columns AS to BF Note LABS only recognises the presence or absence of data in this column not the actual figure or letter s typed in Therefore it is irrelevant what letter number or group of figures is typed in only that the cell either contains data or is blank
10. matter from the control technology Column AU Boiler Steam Turbine Type an x in this column if the landfill gas control technology is a boiler or steam turbine Do not mark columns AV AW or AX if this column has been indicated Column AV Flare Type an x in this column if the landfill gas control technology is a flare Do not mark columns AU AW or AX if this column has been indicated Column AW Gas Turbine Type an x in this column if the landfill gas control technology is a gas turbine Do not mark columns AU AV or AX if this column has been indicated Column AX IC Engine Type an x in this column if the landfill gas control technology is an internal combustion engine Do not mark columns AU AV or AW if this column has been indicated Column AY Site Specific Control Efficiency Type an x in this column if you wish to input site specific values for the control efficiency of the control technology at a particular landfill If you choose this option leave column AZ blank and type the control efficiencies in columns BA to BD for the compounds specified VOCs halogenated species those containing chlorine or bromine non halogenated species and mercury Column AZ Assumed Control Efficiency Type an x in this column if you wish to used the default efficiencies for the control technology chosen in columns AU to AX If you check this column leave column AY blank Column BA VOC Control Efficien
11. of a particular landfill Methane generation capacity L is a constant that represents the potential capacity of a landfill to generate methane measured in cubic metres per tonne of refuse Lo generally depends on the amount of cellulose in the refuse Table 3 provides default values for Lo If site specific data is not available you should choose the default value that is likely to best represent the location and characteristics of a particular landfill The Australian values presented are likely to be the most representative of Australian conditions Specific methane generation constants k and Lo can be developed for a specific landfill site by the use of the EPA Method 2E 40 CFR Part 60 Appendix A available from www epa gov ttnemc01 promgate html Table 3 Default Values for k Lo and VOC VOC Concentration for Landfills Default Values AP 422 AP 42 Arid Methane generation rate constant k 0 058 yr 0 04 yr 0 02 yr Methane generation capacity Ly 79 m tonne of 100 m tonne of 100 m tonne of waste waste waste VOC for landfills accepting hazardous 2060 ppmv waste VOC for landfills accepting only 520 ppmv 235 ppmv municipal solid waste VOC volatile organic compounds National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee 1996 Duffy et al 1995 gt USEPA 1998 Arid is defined as an area receiving less than 635mm of rain per year VOC is the fraction of landfill gas containing volatile orga
12. represents the potential capacity of a landfill to generate methane measured in cubic metres per tonne of refuse An Australian default value of 79 m per tonne will be used for this constant if this column is checked with an x Do not check any of the other columns AA to AC if this default is used The value will be indicated in column AD Column AA AP 42 Methane Generation Potential The methane generation potential represents the potential capacity of a landfill to generate methane measured in cubic metres per tonne of refuse An AP 42 default value of 100 m per tonne will be used for this constant if this column is checked with an x Do not check any of the other columns Z AB or AC if this default is used The value will be indicated in column AD Column AB Arid Methane Generation Potential The methane generation potential represents the potential capacity of a landfill to generate methane measured in cubic meters per tonne of refuse An AP 42 default value of 100 m per tonne for arid areas will be used for this constant if this column is checked with an x Arid areas are considered those that receive less than 635mm of rain per year Adelaide receives 455mm of rainfall annually and is the only capital city located within the arid zone Do not check any of the other columns Z AA or AC if this default is used The value will be indicated in column AD Column AC Other Methane Generation Potential The methane generatio
13. that Table 1 is the best available information MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 5 Table 1 Concentration of particular NPI listed substances in MSW NPI Listed Household Waste Paper Plastic Substance Waste mg kg mg kg mg kg Cadmium 29 0 5 3 4 43 1 84 4 Chromium 76 22 5 7 28 2 2 1 Copper 31 65 41 8 78 14 4 Nickel 13 10 7 16 2 18 8 8 3 Lead 294 65 7 4 4 171 1 3 3 Zinc 310 108 6 9 402 3 7 4 Chlorine total 4760 1789 7 5 55012 66 1 Fluorine organic 71 104 29 2 14 1 1 Source Bilitewski et al 1994 30 moisture content 8 moisture content 6 moisture content Percentage contribution of NPI listed substance to entire MSW stream eg cadmium present in plastic makes up 84 4 of the total amount of cadmium in MSW b e d MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 6 3 0 Emission Estimation Techniques Estimates of emissions of NPI listed substances to air water and land should be reported for each substance that triggers a threshold The reporting list and detailed information on thresholds are contained in The NPI Guide at the front of this Handbook In general there are four types of emission estimation techniques EETs that may be used to estimate emissions from your facility The four types described in The NPI Guide are e sampling or direct measurement e mass balance e fuel analysis or other engineering calculations and e emission facto
14. MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 17 Equation 5 Ci Cs 10 V Cco2 Cena Cna where Ci concentration of pollutant i in landfill gas corrected for air infiltration ie VOC as hexane ppmv Cs concentration of pollutant in landfill gas from source testing not corrected for air infiltration ppmv Ccoz CO concentration in landfill gas ppmv Ccu4 CH concentration in landfill gas ppmv Cm N concentration in landfill gas ppmv 10 constant to correct concentration of i to ppmv 3 3 3 Estimating Emissions from Landfills with Control Technologies Landfill emissions are often controlled by installing a gas collection system and by burning the collected gas through the use of internal combustion engines flares or turbines If a landfill has some form of gas collection and control further information will need to be gathered to estimate emissions Gas collection systems are not 100 percent efficient in collecting landfill gas so emissions of methane and other compounds at a landfill with a gas recovery system will occur To estimate emissions of substances from landfills with a control system the collection efficiency of the system must first be estimated Reported collection efficiencies range from 60 to 85 percent with an average of 75 per cent most commonly assumed USEPA 1998 If site specific collection efficiencies are available they should be used instead of the 75 per cent average Emission
15. NPI listed substances emitted to air are available they can be altered on this worksheet The first four columns on the Air Emissions sheet will be copied from the Input sheet The rest of the columns present the emissions of substances in kilograms per year If the landfill had a control technology use the results from the Controlled Emissions columns If the landfill had no gas collection and control device use the results from the Uncontrolled Emissions columns For landfills without any gas control technology the secondary products of combustion such as sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide hydrogen chloride and particulate matter will not be displayed as they are formed during the combustion of landfill gas 3 3 Water Emissions Emissions to water of various NPI listed substances can be viewed in the Water Emissions worksheet It is unlikely that any data will need to be altered on this worksheet The first four columns of the Water Emissions worksheet are copied from the Input worksheet The rest of the columns display emissions of substances in kilograms per year 3 4 Emission Factors The worksheet titled Emission Factors contains all water and some air emission factors concentrations used to calculate emissions of specific substances If site specific NPI listed substance concentrations are available they may be typed into the appropriate column in this worksheet For some individual substances emitted to air any alterations to the concentra
16. Note that the activity unit is expressed as 10 m Methane If landfill gas production data is collected as opposed to the methane generation calculation method outlined in Equation 1 this should be multiplied by 0 55 based on the indicative concentration of methane in landfill gas of 55 USEPA AP 42 1998 Controlled emissions of SO and HCI can be estimated using site specific landfill gas constituent concentrations and mass balance methods If site specific data is not available the data in Table 4 can be used in conjunction with Equation 8 through to Equation 11 MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 19 Table 6 Emission Factors for Secondary Compounds Exiting Control Devices Control Emission Factor Emission Factor Device Pollutant kg 10 m methane Rating Code Nitrogen dioxide C Carbon monoxide C Particulate matter D IC Engine Nitrogen dioxide Carbon monoxide Particulate matter Boiler Steam Nitrogen dioxide Turbine Carbon monoxide Particulate matter Gas Turbine Nitrogen dioxide Carbon monoxide Particulate matter Source USEPA 1998 No data on PM size distributions was available however for other gas fired combustion sources most of the particulate matter is less than 2 5um in diameter Hence this emission factor can be used to provide conservative estimates of PM emissions gt Where information on equipment was given in the reference test data was taken from enclosed flares Contr
17. PI Landfill emissions depend on a complex combination of variables and even with the most accurate data for waste in place and the landfill age emissions cannot be characterised as accurately as those for other area based categories may be Where emission factors are used every emission factor has an associated emission factor rating EFR code This rating system is common to EETs for all industries and sectors and therefore to all Industry Handbooks They are based on rating systems developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA and by the European Environment Agency EEA Consequently the ratings may not be directly relevant to Australian industry The emission factor ratings will not form part of the public NPI database When using emission factors you should be aware of the associated EFR code and what that rating implies An A or B rating indicates a greater degree of certainty than a D or E rating The less certainty the more likely that a given emission factor for a specific source or category is not representative of the source type These ratings notwithstanding the main criterion affecting the uncertainty of an emission factor remains the degree of similarity between the equipment process selected in applying the factor and the target equipment process from which the factor was derived The EFR system is as follows A Excellent B Above Average C Average D Below Average E Poor U Unrated
18. UN Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Municipal Solid Waste MSW Landfills Version 1 1 i Environment ie E First published in November 1999 Version 1 1 published 7 January 2002 ISBN 0 6425 4705X Commonwealth of Australia 2001 This manual may be reproduced in whole or part for study or training purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source It may be reproduced in whole or part by those involved in estimating the emissions of substances for the purpose of National Pollutant Inventory NPI reporting The manual may be updated at any time Reproduction for other purposes requires the written permission of Environment Australia GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 e mail npi ea gov au internet address www npi ea gov au or phone 1800 657 945 Disclaimer The manual was prepared in conjunction with Australian States and Territories according to the National Environment Protection National Pollutant Inventory Measure While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the contents of this manual are factually correct the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that maybe occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of or reliance on the contents of this manual MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 i Erratum for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills EET Manual Version 1 1 7 J
19. ailable from landfill gas testing data they must be corrected for air infiltration that can occur by two different mechanisms landfill gas sample dilution and air intrusion into the landfill These corrections require site specific data for the landfill gas methane CH4 carbon dioxide CO2 nitrogen N2 and oxygen O2 content Concentrations for CH4 CO N2 and O can usually be found in the source test report for the particular landfill along with the total pollutant concentration data If the ratio of N to O is less than or equal to 4 approximated from 3 79 as found in ambient air then the total pollutant concentration is adjusted for sample dilution by assuming that CO and CH are the primary 100 constituents of landfill gas and the following equation is used Equation 4 Ci Cs 10 V Coo2 Cona where C concentration of pollutant i in landfill gas corrected for air infiltration ie VOC as hexane ppmv Cs concentration of pollutant in landfill gas from source testing not corrected for air infiltration ppmv Ccoz CO concentration in landfill gas ppmv Ccn4 CH concentration in landfill gas ppmv 10 constant to correct concentration of i to ppmv If the ratio of N2 to O2 concentration is greater than 4 then the total pollutant concentration should be adjusted for air intrusion into the landfill by using Equation 4 and adding the concentration of N2 to the denominator This is shown by Equation 5
20. al and service facilities to report emissions of listed substances to the National Pollutant Inventory NPI This Manual describes the procedures and recommended approaches for estimating emissions from municipal solid waste MSW landfills including those handling some hazardous wastes It will also be relevant to landfills containing wastes of a similar composition to municipal solid waste however will not be applicable to some landfills accepting specific industrial or hazardous wastes such as waste rock or spoil dumps for mining EET MANUAL Municipal Solid Waste Landfills HANDBOOK Waste Disposal Services Landfills ANZSIC CODES 9634 This Manual was drafted by the NPI Unit of the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage on behalf of the Commonwealth Government It has been developed through a process of national consultation involving State and Territory environmental authorities and key industry stakeholders Context and use of this manual This NPI manual provides a how to guide for the application of various methods to estimate emissions as required by the NPI It is recognised that the data that is generated in this process will have varying degrees of accuracy with respect to the actual emissions from landfill operations In some cases there will necessarily be a large potential error due to inherent assumptions in the various emissions estimation techniques EETs and or a lack of available information of chemical proc
21. als and other emissions based on application of conservation laws if fuel rate is measured The presence of certain elements in fuels may be used to predict their presence in emission streams This includes elements such as sulfur that may be converted into other compounds during the combustion process MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 8 3 1 4 Emission Factors An emission factor is a tool used to estimate emissions to the environment In this Manual it relates the quantity of substances emitted from a source to some common activity associated with those emissions Emission factors are obtained from US European and Australian sources and are usually expressed as the weight of a substance emitted divided by the unit weight volume distance or duration of the activity emitting the substance eg kilograms of sulfur dioxide emitted per tonne fuel burned 3 2 Available Emission Estimation Techniques The use of direct measurement data to determine emissions from landfills is recommended where possible over other estimation techniques as considerable variation may occur between emission estimates and actual emissions due to variations in geography waste composition and landfill metabolic stage If no site specific data exists any of the numerous landfill emission estimation models available may be used including those detailed within this handbook The techniques outlined in this manual for estimating emissions from lan
22. anuary 2002 Previous version issued November 1999 e The revised version 1 1 has had the changes outlined below made Specific changes are Page Outline of alteration throughout Corrected reference to NPI substance 1 1 1 2 Tetrachloroethane The manual substance was previously listed incorrectly as 1 1 2 2 Tetrachloroethane MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS TABLE OF CONTENTS ERRATUM FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS EET MANUAL VERSION 1 1 7 JANUARY 2002 PREVIOUS VERSION ISSUED NOVEMBER 1999 ii LO INTRODUCTION ua dado 1 2 0 PROCESSES AND EMISSION Socie 3 2 1 Process Description iaa 3 2 2 Emission Sources and Control TechnologieS vs0rrrrrrrrrreereseeerereeereseeseeeee secca sese ceneceene 4 2 2 T EMISSIONS TO A eee 4 2 2 2 Emissions to Water and Lands 4 2 2 3 Thresholds for Reporting Landfill EMISSions nono ncnnocono cono nonnccon nono 5 3 0 EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES cssscssscsssssccsccsscscscssscssecsscsssscsessscsscssecssesees 7 S l Direct Measurement asili 8 AAA RR IE 8 3 12 Usinge Mass Balance cela lana lia 8 3 1 3 Engineering Calculations A aa A eat E E E E 8 J3 A a 8 AE Emission FICA OL ai 9 3 2 Available Emission Estimation TechniQues rserrrrrrerrererereseeereseesre see ereseeereceeereneezecenee 9 3 3 Estimating E
23. ault is used The value will be indicated in column Y Column W Arid Methane Generation Rate Constant The methane generation rate constant is a value that determines the rate of landfill gas generation measured in yr An AP 42 default value of 0 02 yr for arid areas will be used for this constant if this column is checked with an x Arid areas are those that receive less than 635mm of rain per year Do not check any of the other columns U V or X if this default is used The value will be indicated in column Y Column X Other Methane Generation Rate Constant The methane generation rate constant is a value that determines the rate of landfill gas generation measured in yr If this column is checked with an x you will be required to input a site specific value for this constant This value should be typed into column Y which will be displaying a Do not check any of the other columns U V or W if this default is used Column Y Methane Generation Rate Constant k The methane generation rate constant is a value that determines the rate of landfill gas generation measured in yr The value displayed in this column will depend on the default value checked columns U to X The only time this column will need to be changed is if column X had been checked and a site specific value is available MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 37 Column Z Australian Methane Generation Potential The methane generation potential
24. base or for reference Column B Address The address of the landfill site Column C Postcode This is the postcode of the landfill site Column D Latitude and Longitude or AMG Coordinates The latitude and longitude or Australian Map Grid AMG Coordinates are to be indicated here AMG co ordinates may be found in recent versions of the local street directory AUSLIG maps or from land title information Column E Capacity This is the total capacity or amount of waste in tonnes that the landfill can accept This value may be projected for landfills that are still operating and expected to operate for a number of years If the capacity of the landfill is unknown it may be estimated from the volume area multiplied by depth of the landfill and the density of waste This is calculated by completing columns F through to L on the spreadsheet and leaving column E blank Any data placed in column E will be displayed as the final landfill capacity in column M Column F Depth Indicate the depth of the landfill in metres if the total capacity of the landfill is unknown column E This will be used to calculate the total capacity of the landfill and may be used to calculate the leachate generation rate Column G Area Indicate the area of the landfill in square metres if the total capacity of the landfill is unknown column E This figure is used to calculate the total capacity of the landfill and may be used to calculate the leachate generation
25. be exercised in the use of the default concentrations provided The methane and carbon dioxide within the landfill gas is a product of biodegradation of refuse in landfills When gas generation reaches steady state conditions landfill gas consists of approximately 40 carbon dioxide 55 methane 5 nitrogen and other gases and trace amounts of NMOCs If site specific information on the methane and or carbon dioxide concentration is not available 55 should be used as a default for methane and 45 for carbon dioxide Example 1 illustrates the use of Equation 1 to Equation 3 The values presented Table 4 can be used as defaults for other substances expected to be present in landfill gas MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 15 Example 1 Calculation of Uncontrolled Emissions of Substances as Landfill Gas A landfill with a capacity of 40 000 tonnes of waste began operation in 1989 and is due for closure in 2003 It accepts approximately 2860 tonnes of waste per year Using Equation 1 the methane generation rate can be calculated for 1999 based on Australian methane generation constants from Table 3 Lo 79 m tomne of waste from Table 3 R 2860 tonnes of waste k 0 058 yr from Table 3 c 0 years since landfill closure t 10 years since the initial refuse placement Qcua Lo R e Z e where 79 2860 ger 7 e 0058 10 225 940 e _ e058 99 436 6 m methane produced per year Emissions of non m
26. be calculated from the volume of the landfill area depth multiplied by the density d of the waste If the density of the waste within a landfill is unknown the default densities Table 2 should be used MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 11 Table 2 Density of Refuse in Landfills Waste Compaction Waste Density kg m Compacted waste 653 831 average 742 Significantly degraded or settling 1 009 1 127 average 1 068 Unknown if waste was compacted 688 Source USEPA 1997 If opening and closure dates for the landfills are not available and an approximation cannot be made you should conservatively assume that the landfill opened 25 years before the current NPI reporting year if it is still accepting waste If only the closing date is known and an estimate of the opening year cannot be made you should assume the landfill accepted waste for 10 years again this is a conservative assumption Methane generation rate constant k is a constant value that determines the rate of landfill gas generation measured in yr The k is a function of moisture content of the refuse availability of nutrients for methanogens pH and temperature The first order decomposition model assumes that k values before and after peak landfill gas generation are the same Table 3 provides default values for k If site specific data is not available choose the default value that is likely to best represent the location and characteristics
27. chroeder et al 1984 is available If you wish to utilise a water balance for estimating emissions from your facility it is recommended that you consult these references for further information MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 29 4 0 Emission Estimation Techniques Acceptable Reliability and Uncertainty Emission estimates generated for landfills using the LABS model or the equations outlined in this Workbook are relatively uncertain A variety of chemical biological and physical factors affect the rate of landfill emissions The only reliable way to determine emissions is by direct continuous measurement Source testing can provide a snapshot of emissions at a given time period but landfill emissions can fluctuate over time Therefore source testing results are not always a reliable estimator of average or future emissions without a large number of repeated samples The use of site specific data gives higher quality estimates than the use of the defaults and assumptions provided in the tables but requires more effort The goal in estimating landfill emissions is to locate and estimate the largest share of landfill emissions possible within the budget for this source Small landfills that have been closed for a decade or more may require more time and effort than their proportionate contribution to the total landfill emissions It is possible to estimate a range of error that results from not including those landfills in the N
28. city of the landfill the depth and area of the landfill the annual rainfall of the area the density of the waste the year the landfill began operation the year the landfill ceased operation if closed the annual waste acceptance rate or the proposed closure date for the landfill whether the landfill has accepted hazardous waste whether the landfill has a gas collection system whether the landfill is lined the type of gas control technology used if gas is collected eg flare internal combustion engine boiler etc and the flow rate of the gas before the control technology if gas is collected Local governments should be able to define reasonable depths and areas for landfills and State and Territory health departments may also have information about older landfills Other parameters that are or can be utilised in the equations or in LABS are the methane generation rate constant k the methane generation capacity Ly the concentration of methane within the landfill gas the concentration of carbon dioxide within the landfill gas the concentration of volatile organic compounds VOCs the concentration and molecular weights of NPI listed substances within the landfill gas the monthly rainfall for the region the monthly temperature for the region the latitude degrees of the landfill the type of cover material if applicable the slope of the landfill cover an indication as to whether any veg
29. ction and control system operates constantly and that minor durations of system downtime associated with routine maintenance and repair will not appreciably effect emission estimates Emissions from the control devices need to be added to the uncollected emissions to estimate total controlled emissions This can be calculated for specific substances and total VOCs by application of Equation 7 Equation 7 CM UM 1 LE 100 UM LE 100 1 CE 100 where CM controlled landfill emissions of pollutant 1 kg yr UM uncontrolled mass emissions of pollutant i kg yr from Equation 3 LE efficiency of the landfill gas collection system CE efficiency of the landfill gas control device MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 21 Example 3 Calculating Controlled Emissions of Gases from a Landfill Using the results from Example 1 the emissions of volatile organic compounds VOCs from a landfill with a gas turbine used as a control system can be calculated using Equation 7 CM UM 1 LE 100 UM LE 100 1 CE 100 where UM 331 7 kg yr from Example 1 LE 75 gas collection efficiency CE 94 4 VOC removal efficiency for gas turbine CM 331 7 1 75 100 331 7 75 100 1 94 4 100 82 9 13 9 96 9 kg of VOCs emitted per year Emission factors are available for CO NOx and SO in Table 6 in units of kilograms per hour per flow rate before the con
30. cy The efficiency displayed in this column will depend on whether the default efficiencies were chosen column AZ was marked and the type of control technology chosen from columns AU to AX If column AY was checked and a site specific efficiency is available type this value in this column The efficiency indicated in this column relates only to VOCs MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 40 Column BB Halogenated Species Control Efficiency The efficiency displayed in this column will depend on whether the default efficiencies were chosen whether column AZ was marked and the type of control technology chosen from columns AU to AX If column AY was checked and a site specific efficiency is available type this value in this column The efficiency indicated in this column relates only to halogenated compounds which are those containing chlorine bromine fluorine or iodine for example trichloromethane Column BC Non Halogenated Species Control Efficiency The efficiency displayed in this column will depend on whether the default efficiencies were chosen whether column AZ was marked and the type of control technology chosen from columns AU to AX If column AY was checked and a site specific efficiency is available type this value in this column The efficiency indicated in this column relates only to non halogenated compounds such as hydrogen sulfide Column BD Mercury Control Efficiency The efficiency displayed in this
31. d display a zero This value is used in calculating the methane generation rate Column R Time Since Refuse Placed No data will need to be typed into this column This calculates the number of years since the landfill began operation based on data provided in column N This value is to be used in calculations of the methane generation rate MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 36 Column S CH Conc Indicate the percentage of methane in the landfill gas If this is not known for a specific site 55 should be assumed Column T CO Other Constituents Conc Indicate the percentage of carbon dioxide and other trace constituents in the landfill gas If this is unknown for a particular site 45 should be assumed Column U Australian Methane Generation Rate Constant The methane generation rate constant is a value that determines the rate of landfill gas generation measured in yr An Australian default value of 0 058 yr will be used for this constant if this column is checked with an x Do not check any of the other columns V to Y if this default is used The value will be indicated in column Y Column V AP 42 Methane Generation Rate Constant The methane generation rate constant is a value that determines the rate of landfill gas generation measured in yr An AP 42 default value of 0 04 yr will be used for this constant if this column is checked with an x Do not check any of the other columns U W or X if this def
32. dfills are predominantly the basis for the attached Landfill Area Based Spreadsheet LABS which is an Excel spreadsheet set up to automatically calculate emissions of some NPI listed substances from landfills The air emission estimation techniques used in the spreadsheet are based on a theoretical first order kinetic model of methane production developed by the USEPA Section 3 2 outlines the equations used as the basis of the LABS air emissions estimates A water emission estimation technique has been included in LABS One method is based on assumptions and emission factors published by White Franke and Hindle 1995 Very little information is required for this estimation technique however its accuracy may be limited due to some broad assumptions made Appendix 1 outlines the use of the LABS and Section 3 3 covers the water emission estimation technique This section outlines the information required for estimating emissions from landfills These are necessary for using the landfill emission estimation equations presented in Sections 3 2 and 3 3 or the LABS spreadsheet The first step in estimating emissions from landfills is to determine the number and location of all landfills operated by your business both operating and closed The minimum amount of information required to estimate emissions from each of these landfills using the equations set out in Section 3 2 or in LABS is MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 9 the capa
33. esses EETs should be considered as points of reference The EETs and generic emission factors presented in this manual should be seen as points of reference for guidance purposes only Each has associated error bands that are potentially quite large eg based on generic emission factors only uncertainties of 100 are considered likely The general reliability associated with the various methods is discussed in the manual The potential errors associated with the different EET options should be considered on a case by case basis as to their suitability for a particular facility Facilities may use EETs that are not outlined in this document They must however seek the consent of their relevant environmental authority to determine whether any in house EETs are suitable for meeting their NPI reporting requirements Hierarchical approach recommended in applying EETs This manual presents a number of different EETs each of which could be applied to the estimation of NPI substances The range of available methods should be viewed as a hierarchy of available techniques in terms of the error associated with the estimate Each substance needs to be considered in terms of the level of error that is acceptable or appropriate with the use of the various estimation techniques Also the availability of pre existing data and the effort required to decrease the error associated with the estimate will need to be considered For example if emission
34. estimates also need to take into account the control efficiency of the control device If site specific control efficiencies are not known some default efficiencies based on test data for the combustion of methane and other organic compounds are presented in Table 5 MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 18 Table 5 Control Efficiencies for LFG Constituents Control CU Control Efficiency Device Typical Factor Rating D Boiler Steam Turbine VOC Halogenated Species Non Halogenated VOC Halogenated Species Non Halogenated Gas Turbine VOC Halogenated Species Non Halogenated Internal Combustion VOC Engine Halogenated Species Non Halogenated Source USEPA 1998 Halogenated species are those containing atoms of chlorine bromine fluorine or iodine For any control equipment the control efficiency for mercury should be assumed to be zero gt Where information on equipment was given in the reference test data were taken from enclosed flares Control efficiencies are assumed to be equally representative of open flares Secondary compounds formed during the combustion of landfill gas eg carbon monoxide CO oxides of nitrogen NO sulfur dioxide SO2 hydrogen chloride HCI and particulate matter of lt 10um PMjo can also be estimated using emission factors mass balance and or engineering methods if site specific data is not available Emission factors for NOx CO and PMjo are given in Table 6
35. esulting from non routine events are rarely discussed in the literature and there is a general lack of EETs for such events However it is important to recognise that emissions resulting from significant operating excursions and or accidental situations eg spills will also need to be estimated Emissions to land air and water from spills must be estimated and added to process emissions when calculating total emissions for reporting purposes The emission resulting from a spill is the net emission ie the quantity of the NPI reportable substance spilled less the quantity recovered or consumed during clean up operations MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 7 The usage of each of the substances listed as Category 1 and la under the NPI must be estimated to determine whether the 10 tonnes or 25 tonnes for VOCs reporting threshold is exceeded If the threshold is exceeded emissions of these Category 1 and la substances must be reported for all operations processes relating to the facility even if the actual emissions of the substances are very low or zero Usage is defined as meaning the handling manufacture import processing coincidental production or other uses of the substances 3 1 Direct Measurement You may wish to undertake direct measurement in order to report to the NPI particularly if you already do so in order to meet other regulatory requirements However the NPI does not require you to undertake addit
36. etation is present on the cover material the concentration of specific listed substances within the leachate the collection efficiency of any gas collection system the control efficiency of any gas control technology eg flare turbine boiler etc the collection efficiency of the landfill liner the temperature of the landfill gas the concentration of oxides of nitrogen NO carbon monoxide CO and particulate matter PMjo in the gas after a control technology eg flare turbine boiler etc the concentration of sulfur within the landfill gas and the concentration of chloride ion within the landfill gas Default values or estimates are available for a number of the above parameters These will be discussed in more detail in later sections of this Manual MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 10 3 3 Estimating Emissions to Air 3 3 1 Uncontrolled Emissions of Landfills To estimate uncontrolled emissions of the various compounds present in landfill gas total landfill gas emissions must first be estimated Uncontrolled methane emissions may be estimated for individual landfills by using a theoretical first order kinetic model of methane production USEPA 1997 Equation 1 Qcna Lo R e e where Qcu4 methane generation rate at time t m yr Lo methane generation potential m CHy tonne of refuse R average annual refuse acceptance rate during active life tonne yr e base log no units k
37. ethane volatile organic compounds VOC as hexane or any other substance within the landfill gas can be calculated using Equation 2 Qi 1 Cco m Conar Qcus Ci 10 where Qcu4 99 436 6 m yr from Equation 1 Ci 520 ppm VOC from Table 3 Ccu 55 Cco2 45 Qi 1 45 55 99 436 6 520 1 000 000 1 82 99 436 6 0 00052 94 1 m of VOCs per year To determine that mass of emissions of VOCs per year apply Equation 3 latm Q MW UM 8 205 1000 273 7 Qi 94 1 m yr from Equation 2 MW 86 18 g gmol VOC as hexane T 25 C UM 94 1 86 18 1 8 205 10 1000 273 25 331 7 kg of VOCs emitted per year MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 16 3 3 2 Using Site Specific Data Pollutant concentrations and methane generation constants can be determined for any specific landfill site through direct measurement USEPA Reference Method 2E and 25C available from http www epa gov ttnemc01 promgate html can be used for landfill gas testing and subsequent determination of pollutant concentrations and methane generation constants The use of direct measurement data is recommended where possible over other estimation techniques as considerable variation may occur between emission estimates and actual emissions due to variations in geography waste composition and landfill metabolic stage If site specific total pollutant concentrations are av
38. ic data is not available D density of the waste kg m see Table 2 1000 conversion from kilograms to tonnes of waste kg tonne CE control efficiency of landfill liner cap and or leachate collection system R annual average rainfall to the site or area mm yr equivalent to L m yr when conversion from mm yr to volume of water entering landfill mm m yr m 1000mm m 1000L m The concentration of specific NPI listed substances in the leachate can then be used to estimate annual emissions of these substances to water using Equation 13 This method for estimating emissions of NPI listed substances to waters has been incorporated into the landfill area based spreadsheet LABS accompanying this document and outlined in Appendix 1 Equation 13 Expyi Eteachate EF 10 where Expyi annual emission of substance 1 kg yr Eleachate annual emission of leachate containing substance i L yr EF emission factor for substance i mg L 10 conversion of mg to kg mg kg lil MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 27 Example 5 Calculating Emissions from Leachate Emissions from leachate from a landfill site can be calculated using Equation 12 and the following information 40 000 tonnes of waste is placed in a landfill which receives an annual average rainfall of 1120 mm yr Approximately 13 of the rainfall to the site emerges as leachate from the landfill which is 20m deep The density of waste
39. ill Do not check columns AG or AH if you wish to use a site specific value Column AJ VOC conc The VOC concentration displayed in this column will be used to calculate the total emissions of VOCs in kilograms per year The value displayed in this column will depend on which default was checked in columns AG AH or AI The only time any data will need to be typed in this column is when column AI was checked and a site specific VOC concentration is available This concentration should be in parts per million by volume Column AK Temperature of Landfill Gas The temperature of the landfill gas degrees Celsius must be indicated However if this is unknown a value of 25 C should be assumed Column AL Is the Landfill Lined Mark this box with a y or yes only if the landfill is lined capped or has some other mechanism for the control of leachate emissions If the landfill has no leachate control leave this column blank Note LABS only recognises the presence or absence of data in this column not the actual figure or letter s typed in Therefore it is irrelevant what letter number or group of figures is typed in only that the cell either contains data or is blank Column AM Site Specific Control Efficiency If a landfill has some form of leachate control and the efficiency for the site is known it should be indicated in this column This value will then be displayed in column AN Ifa site specific efficiency is not known
40. ion normally use one or a combination of three fill methods These are the area trench and ramp methods all of which use a three step process consisting of spreading the waste compacting the waste and covering the waste with soil The trench and ramp methods are not commonly used and are not the preferred methods when liners and leachate collection systems are used The area fill method entails placing waste on the ground surface or landfill liner spreading it in a layer and compacting it with heavy equipment Successive layers are added until a depth of 3 to 4 metres is reached The cover is commonly deposited daily and is used to control the blowing of waste materials across and off site to prevent flies rodents birds and other disease vectors from reaching the waste to control odour and to control water entry into the landfill The trench method entails excavating daily trenches designed to receive a day s worth of waste Successive parallel trenches are excavated and filled with the soil from the excavation being used for cover material and wind breaks The ramp method is typically employed on sloping land where waste is spread and compacted in a manner similar to the area method however the cover material is generally obtained from the front of the working face of the filling operation Landfills can vary significantly in design depending on management practices Some are unlined and permit the general public direct access to the
41. ional sampling and measurement For the sampling data to be adequate and able to be used for NPI reporting purposes it would need to be collected over a period of time and to be representative of operations for the whole year 3 1 1 Sampling Data Stack sampling test reports often provide emissions data in terms of kg per hour or grams per cubic metre dry Annual emissions for NPI reporting can be calculated from this data Stack tests for NPI reporting should be performed under representative ie normal operating conditions You should be aware that some tests undertaken for a State or Territory license condition may require the test be taken under maximum emissions rating where emissions are likely to be higher than when operating under normal operating conditions 3 1 2 Using Mass Balance A mass balance identifies the quantity of substance going in and out of an entire facility process or piece of equipment Emissions can be calculated as the difference between input and output of each listed substance Accumulation or depletion of the substance within the equipment should be accounted for in your calculation 3 1 3 Engineering Calculations An engineering calculation is an estimation method based on physical chemical properties eg vapour pressure of the substance and mathematical relationships eg ideal gas law 3 1 3 1 Fuel Analysis Fuel analysis is an example of an engineering calculation and can be used to predict SO2 met
42. ions are affected by many variables including wind ambient temperature composition and moisture content of the debris burned and compactness of the pile In general the relatively low temperatures associated with open burning increase emissions of particulate matter carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and suppress emissions of nitrogen oxides Emissions of sulfur oxides are a direct function of the sulfur content of the refuse USEPA 1992 Open burning of municipal waste is generally not practiced or illegal in most states of Australia Table 7 Emission Factors for Open Burning of Municipal Refuse Emission Factor kg tonne Emission Factor Rating Total particulate matter 8 D Sulfur oxides 0 5 D Carbon monoxide 42 D Volatile organic compounds 15 D Oxides of nitrogen 3 D Source USEPA 1992 Particulate emissions represent total emissions of particulate matter To determine the fraction of less than 10 micrometers a characterisation of the size may be necessary The USEPA has released a report on the open burning of household waste in barrels This report can be found at http ftp epa gov ttn catc dirl barlbrn1 pdf Table 4 1 of this report can be used to estimate trace emissions from open burning MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 25 3 4 Estimating Emissions to Water and Land Emissions of NPI listed substances to water will generally come from leachate emissions to ground and surface waters and overland flo
43. ll may produce landfill gas for 20 to 30 years with an average of 25 years On the other hand aerobic decomposition results in CO2 and water Uncontrolled dumps where waste is exposed to air may be subject to aerobic decomposition which results in generation of carbon dioxide and water Some emissions may also occur during the operation of the landfill site Excavation and heavy machinery may be significant sources of emissions through both the combustion of fuel and the compaction of waste Please refer to the Combustion Engines EET Manual for guidance on estimating emissions from vehicles Some of the landfill emissions are collected through either active or passive collection systems Disposal or treatment of the collected gases can be accomplished by the combustion or purification of the landfill gas Landfill gas collection and treatment methods and efficiencies are discussed in more detail in Section 3 0 of this Manual 2 2 2 Emissions to Water and Land Leachate is generally considered to be water that has entered a landfill site and become contaminated after diffusion through the waste or liquids within the waste Leachate is likely to contain a number of NPI listed substances Its composition will vary from site to site depending on many factors including the nature of the waste in the landfill the filling method the level of compaction the engineering design of the landfill the rainfall of the region and the stage of decompositio
44. methane generation rate constant yr c time since landfill closure years c 0 for active landfills t time since the initial refuse placement yr Although methane is not an NPI listed substance estimating emissions of methane is important as an indicator and basis for calculating emissions of other listed substances It should be noted that the model outlined in Equation 1 was designed to estimate landfill gas generation and not landfill gas emissions to the atmosphere Other fates may exist for the gas generated in a landfill including the capture and subsequent microbial degradation within the landfill s surface layer Currently there is no data that adequately address this fate Itis generally accepted that the bulk of the gas generated will be emitted through cracks or other openings in the landfill surface and for NPI reporting purposes all gas generated is assumed to be emitted to atmosphere The average annual acceptance rate is the approximate weight of waste disposed of to a landfill each year tonne per year If the average annual refuse acceptance rate R is not available for a landfill it can be estimated by dividing the capacity of the landfill by the number of years that the landfill has accepted or is proposed to be accepting waste closing year opening year The capacity of the landfill is the total volume or weight of waste that can be accepted into the landfill If the capacity of a landfill is unknown it can
45. missions to Aif osrrrrrrrrrreere sese re sereeeneeeenenereseeerenne rese arene secca sese enecenenecee 11 3 3 1 Uncontrolled Emissions of Landis lia 11 3 3 2 Using Site AS peca AN a aS 17 3 3 3 Estimating Emissions from Landfills with Control Technologies 18 3 3 4 Estimating Emissions for Open Burning of Municipal Waste 25 3 4 Estimating Emissions to Water and Land seossessseoesooesoossssssssesssocssoossoossssessssssssesssosee 26 3 4 1 The Lifecycle Inventory Methods lee 26 3 4 2 Water Balance Method sua ads 29 4 0 EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES ACCEPTABLE RELIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY RARI ARA 30 5 0 REFERENCES iolanda rare 31 APPENDIX Ei aero 33 TO INTRODUCTION sn e id 34 2 0 DATA NEEDS isos cs AA NS 34 3 0 OPERATING THE LANDFILL AREA BASED SPREADSHEET LABS 000000 35 3 1 Mmp ttins Datar AAA Inn ribeucesecetneuanscoededsbatasonccamneeensenead 35 3 2 All Emissione 42 Sd Water EMISOR 42 MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 iii 3 4 Emission PACtONS vsssccdsssvscisesesccccsbasecesdecsdecdessosccsssssccdsssssecesdansccdcssnsbsctesdsccccssesesetdedscccdssnsessses 4 MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 iv MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS LIST OF TABLES AND EXAMPLES Table 1 Concentration of particular NPI listed substances in MSW ssccssssssssssssesseees 6 Table 2 Density of Refuse in Landfills s sc c
46. municipal solid waste landfill These factors are not likely to be representative of landfill sites accepting hazardous waste i Tchobanoglous et al 1993 Total nitrogen emission factor developed from the addition of the typical concentrations of organic nitrogen ammonia nitrogen and nitrate Ranges for these substances are 10 800mg L for organic nitrogen 10 800 mg L for ammonia nitrogen and 5 40 mg L for nitrate These typical values will vary with the metabolic state of the landfill Emission factors in brackets relate to emissions from mature landfills gt 10 years 3 4 2 Water Balance Method An alternative and possibly more accurate method of estimating leachate emissions for high rainfall and tropical areas is to use a water balance Essentially a water balance is a type of mass balance which involves summing the amounts of water entering the landfill site and subtracting the amounts of water lost through evaporation transpiration runoff chemical reactions and leaving the site as water vapour within landfill gas Water balance methods vary in their degree of complexity and the method used will predominantly depend on the amount of site specific information available A number of references cover methods of conducting a water balance for a landfill site For example McBean et al 1995 and Tchobanoglous et al 1993 Also computer software based on models such as the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance HELP Model S
47. n be used expressed as ppmv as the chloride ion CI along with Equation 10 If data on site specific individual chlorinated compounds is not available then a default concentration of 42 ppmv can be used for Cc based on compounds listed in Table 4 and Equation 10 Equation 10 MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 24 Ca DCP Cip where Cca concentration of total chloride ppmv as Cl for use in Equation 2 Cp concentration of each chlorinated compound ppmv Clp number of moles of CI produced from the combustion of each chlorinated compound ie 3 for 1 1 1 trichloroethane etc n number of chlorinated compounds available for summation After the total chloride concentration Cc has been estimated Equation 2 and Equation 3 should be used to determine the total uncontrolled mass emission rate of chlorinated compounds as chloride ion UMco This value is then used in Equation 11 to calculate HCl emissions Equation 11 CMuc UMc LE 100 1 03 1 CE 100 where CMuci controlled mass emissions of HCl kg yr UMca uncontrolled mass emissions of chlorinated compounds as chloride kg yr from Equation 2 and Equation 3 LE efficiency of the gas collection system 1 03 ratio of the molecular weight of HCI to the molecular weight of Cl CE control efficiency of the landfill gas control device 3 3 4 Estimating Emissions for Open Burning of Municipal Waste Ground level open burning emiss
48. n of the waste Emissions to land and waters from a landfill generally come from diffusion of leachate to the groundwater emission to land leaks to surface waters emission to water or run off from the flow of water across the landfill site The volume of leachate produced within a landfill will depend mainly on the rainfall of the area how well the landfill is sealed and capped and the original water content of the waste deposited MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 4 Most modern landfills tend to be capped by a layer of low permeability material such as clay to limit the amount of water entering the landfill They also tend to be lined by a geomembrane or layer of compacted clay that operates to contain the leachate However these methods of leachate control are not 100 efficient therefore it is likely that some emissions to ground or surface waters may still occur Leachate collected can be either recirculated through the landfill to accelerate the decomposition process or treated and removed from the site Leachate treatment can involve a range of physical and biological processes to produce a waste suitable for discharge to a municipal sewage system or to surface waters Emissions of substances to land on site include solid wastes slurries sediments spills and leaks and the use of chemicals to control various elements of the environment such as pesticides and dust suppressants where these emissions contain listed
49. n potential represents the potential capacity of a landfill to generate methane measured in cubic meters per tonne of refuse If this column is checked with an x you will be required to input a site specific value for this constant This value should be typed into column AD which will be displaying a Do not check any of the other columns Z AA or AB if this default is used Column AD Methane Generation Potential L The methane generation potential represents the potential capacity of a landfill to generate methane measured in cubic meters per tonne of refuse The value displayed in this column will depend on the default value checked columns Z to AC The only time this column will need to be changed is if column AC has been checked and a site specific value is available Column AE Annual Acceptance Rate This is the approximate number of tonnes of waste disposed to the landfill each year of operation tonne per year This value must be indicated If the annual acceptance rate is unknown it can be estimated by dividing the capacity of the landfill by the number of years it has or is proposed to operate Column AF Accepted Hazardous Waste If the landfill has ever accepted hazardous waste type y or yes in this column If not leave this column blank note LABS only recognises the presence or absence of data in this column not the actual figure or letter s typed in Therefore it is irrelevant what letter number or
50. nic compounds expressed as hexane with the exception of methane To estimate uncontrolled emissions of VOCs and speciated NPI listed MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 12 substances Equation 2 should be used to first estimate emissions in volume terms followed by Equation 3 to convert emissions to kilograms per year Equation 2 Qi 1 Ccos Ccnan Qena Ci 109 where Qi emission rate of pollutant i m yr Qcua methane generation rate m yr from Equation 1 Ci concentration of 1 in landfill gas ppmv Ccu the concentration of CH as a percentage of the total landfill gas If unknown assume 55 CH Ccooy the concentration of CO and other gas constituents as a percentage of the total landfill gas If unknown assume 45 10 conversion from ppmv Equation 3 calculates mass emissions in kilograms per year of VOC and speciated organic and inorganic compounds Equation 3 UM O MW latm 8 205 1000 273 7 where UM uncontrolled mass emissions of pollutant i kg yr Qi emission rate of pollutant i m yr from Equation 2 MW molecular weight of i g gmol T temperature of landfill gas C 8 205 10 constant to convert emissions of i to kg yr m atm gmol K 1000 constant g kg 273 constant 0 C Kelvin The above equation assumes that the operating pressure of the system is approximately 101 3 kPa 1 atmosphere Ifthe temperature of the landfill gas is not known an
51. nited States Environmental Protection Agency Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division Research Triangle Park NC USA White P R Franke M and Hindle P 1995 Integrated Solid Waste Management A Lifecycle Inventory Blackie Academic and Professional Great Britain MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 32 APPENDIX 1 LANDFILL AREA BASED SPREADSHEET LABS This Appendix is organised into the following sections 1 0 2 0 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 Introduction Data Needs Operating the Landfill Area Based Spreadsheet Inputting Data Air Emissions Water Emissions Emission Factors MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 33 1 0 Introduction The Landfill Area Based Spreadsheet LABS is an Excel spreadsheet program to calculate emissions of NPI listed substances to air and water The model is based on a first order kinetic model of methane production developed by the USEPA The LABS is designed to calculate emissions of a number of NPI listed substances for any number of landfill sites stmultaneously in a NPI region The equations and details of the data to be collected for estimating emissions from landfills within a reporting region is covered in the main body of this Manual This appendix is designed to provide a guide to the practical use of the LAB spreadsheet 2 0 Data Needs The minimum information required for each landfill to estimate emissions using the LABS is e the capacity of the landfill
52. o in the gas after a control technology eg flare turbine boiler etc e the concentration of sulfur within the landfill gas and e the concentration of chloride ions within the landfill gas MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 34 Default values or estimates are available for a number of the above parameters These defaults and further information is provided in the main body of this document and tend to be incorporated into LABS 3 0 Operating the Landfill Area Based Spreadsheet LABS 3 1 Inputting Data The spreadsheet is separated into a number of separate worksheets however it is likely that you would only need to access the worksheets for Input Air Emissions and Water Emissions All data to be provided will be typed on the Input worksheet The spreadsheet is colour coded as a guide to what data needs to be provided and what data is automatically calculated If the colour of the column is white some data input is required light grey data may not be needed in some circumstances or a number of options are available for input of data dark grey only site specific values are required where available and green no data input needed This section will provide a general outline of data required and the purpose of each column on the Input worksheet Column A Landfill This column requires that some identifying name be provided for each landfill This is to identify each landfill for inclusion on the NPI data
53. ol efficiencies are assumed to be equally representative of open flares All source tests were conducted on boilers however emission factors should also be representative of steam turbines Emission factors are representative of boilers equipped with low NO burners and flue gas recirculation No data was available for uncontrolled NO emissions Example 2 illustrates the application of the emission factors from Table 6 using Equation 6 below Equation 6 CMipy i EF Qcn4 1000000 LE 100 where CMipy i controlled landfill emissions of pollutant 1 kg yr EF emission factor for pollutant i kg 10 m methane Ocna methane generation rate at time t m yr from Equation 1 LE efficiency of the landfill gas collection system MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 20 Example 2 Calculating Emissions Using Emission Factors A landfill has an internal combustion engine operating continuously throughout a reporting year to control landfill gas emissions Using Equation 6 emission factors presented in Table 6 the methane generation rate calculated in Example 1 using Equation 1 and a gas collection efficiency of 75 emissions of nitrogen dioxide can be estimated where EFxo2 4000 kg 10 m methane Qcxa 99 436 6 m yr from example 1 LE 75 CMipyno2 EFno2 Qcn4 1000000 LE 100 4000 99 436 6 1000000 75 100 298 kg NOs yr It is assumed that the landfill gas colle
54. oroform Chloromethane Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Dimethyl sulfide Ethane Ethanol Ethylbenzene Ethyl mercaptan Ethylene dibromide Fluorotrichloromethane Hexane Hydrogen sulfide Mercury Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl mercaptan Pentane Tetrachloroethylene Propane HIANONFGPIOIHNHOUHOIFATHNNPIZPHFAFFANNIFIHOONAOVNINHOIHZHHZIONIO ZKZZKKKKKKZZKKZZKZZZZKKZZZZKKZZKKKZZZKZKZZ MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 14 Table 4 Uncontrolled Default Concentrations for Landfill Gas Constituents cont Molecular Default Emission NPI Listed Pollutant Weight Concentration Factor Substance ppmv Rating Toluene t 1 2 Dichloroethene Trichloroethylene Vinyl chloride Xylenes Source USEPA 1998 Table 2 4 1 Based on no history of or unknown co disposal For benzene and toluene where co disposal is known use the following data Default Emission Pollutant Concentration Factor Benzene Toluene Source USEPA 1998 Table 2 4 2 It is Important to note that the compounds listed in Table 4 are not the only compounds likely to be present in landfill gas The listed compounds are those that were identified through a review of the available literature The reader should be aware that additional compounds are likely to be present such as those associated with consumer and industrial products Given this information extreme caution should
55. porting process generates emission estimates only It does not attempt to relate emissions to potential environmental impacts bioavailability of emissions natural background levels etc Facilities may undertake Ancillary Activities such as the production substances either as a process input or through processing of waste steams When estimating emissions a facility should ensure that emissions are not double counted and process maps should be used to minimise the potential for this This manual is structured to allow facilities to work through the manual and address issues in a structured and coherent manner Likely emissions from facilities are discussed as are approaches to emissions estimation and those elements of the environment where emissions may result MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 2 2 0 Processes and Emissions The following section presents a brief description of landfills and identifies likely sources of emissions 2 1 Process Description Landfills are the physical facilities used for the disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth A sanitary landfill refers to an engineered facility for the disposal of municipal solid waste MSW designed and operated to minimise public health and environmental impacts Secure landfills are those designed for the disposal of hazardous waste Tchobanoglous et al 1993 A municipal solid waste landfill unit is a discrete area of land or an e
56. rate MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 35 Column H Compacted This provides a default value for the density of compacted waste 742 kg m This is used to calculate the capacity of the landfill if not indicated in column E Place a x in this column if the landfill practices include compacting their waste Do not check any of the other columns I J or K The default density will be displayed in column L Column I Settled This provides a default value for the density of waste that has settled or significantly degraded 1 067 88 kg m This value will be the most appropriate for landfills that have been closed for some time The density of the waste is used to calculate the capacity of the landfill if it has not been indicated in column E Place an x in this column if the landfill waste can be considered to have settled Do not check any of the other columns H J or K The default density will be displayed in column L Column J Unknown This provides a default value for the density of waste if it is unknown whether waste has been compacted 688 kg m This figure is used to calculate the capacity of the landfill if not indicated in column E Place an x in this column if it is unknown whether the landfill practices include compacting waste Do not check any of the other columns H I or K The default density will be displayed in column L Column K Other Check this column if the density of waste at a particular
57. rom Equation 3 kg yr LE efficiency of the landfill gas collection system 2 ratio of the molecular weight of SO to the elemental weight of S If site specific data for total reduced sulfur compounds as sulfur is not available site specific concentrations for speciated reduced sulfur compounds can be used for C in Equation 9 To convert the individual sulfur compound concentrations to the total concentration of reduced sulfur compounds use Equation 8 After the total reduced sulfur concentration has been calculated use Equation 2 Equation 3 and Equation 9 as before to derive SO emissions Equation 9 Cs i l C E S where Cs concentration of total reduced sulfur compounds ppmv as S for use in Equation 2 Cp concentration of each reduced sulfur compound ppmv Sp number of moles of S produced from the combustion of each reduced sulfur compound ie 1 for sulfides 2 for disulfides etc n number of reduced sulfur compounds available for summation If no site specific data is available a value of 46 9 ppmv can be assumed for Cs based on the default concentrations presented in Table 4 MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 23 Example 4 Calculating Sulfur Dioxide SO Emissions Using information from the Example 1 in this manual this example demonstrates how to calculate SO emissions from landfills with a landfill gas collection and control system As no data exists for the concentration of sulf
58. rs Select the EET or mix of EETs that is most appropriate for your purposes For example you might choose to use a mass balance to best estimate fugitive losses from pumps and vents direct measurement for stack and pipe emissions and emission factors when estimating losses from storage tanks and stockpiles If you estimate your emission by using any of these EETs your data will be displayed on the NPI database as being of acceptable reliability Similarly if your relevant environmental authority has approved the use of EETs that are not outlined in this handbook your data will also be displayed as being of acceptable reliability This Manual seeks to provide the most effective emission estimation techniques for the NPI substances relevant to this industry However the absence of an EET for a substance in this handbook does not necessarily imply that an emission should not be reported to the NPI The obligation to report on all relevant emissions remains if reporting thresholds have been exceeded You are able to use emission estimation techniques that are not outlined in this document You must however seek the consent of your relevant environmental authority For example if your company has developed site specific emission factors you may use these if approved by your relevant environmental authority You should note that the EETs presented in this manual relate principally to average process emissions Emissions r
59. s G Theisen H and Vigil S A 1993 Integrated Solid Waste Management McGraw Hill Book Co Singapore USEPA January 1995a Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Volume 1 Stationary Point and Area Sources Fifth edition AP 42 Section 2 Solid Waste Disposal United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC USA USEPA November 1998 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Volume 1 Stationary Point and Area Sources Fifth edition AP 42 Section 2 4 Solid Waste Disposal United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC USA USEPA October 1992 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Volume 1 Stationary Point and Area Sources Fifth edition AP 42 Section 2 5 Solid Waste Disposal Open Burning United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC USA USEPA September 1997 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Volume 1 Stationary Point and Area Sources Fifth Edition AP 42 Section 2 4 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills United MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 31 States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC USA USEPA September 1997 User s Manual Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model Version 1 1 U
60. s of a substance are clearly very small no matter which EET is applied then there would be little gained by applying an EET which required significant additional sampling MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 1 The steps in meeting the reporting requirements of the NPI can be summarised as follows e for Category 1 and la substances identify which reportable NPI substances are used or handled by way of their incidental presence in ore or materials or exceeds the bulk storage capacity for la and determine whether the amounts used or handled are above the threshold values and therefore trigger reporting requirements e for Category 2a and 2b substances determine the amount and rate of fuel or waste burnt each year the annual power consumption and the maximum potential power consumption and assess whether the threshold limits are exceeded e for Category 3 substances determine the annual emissions to water and assess whether the threshold limits are exceeded and e for those substances above the threshold values examine the available range of EETs and determine emission estimates using the most appropriate EET Generally it will be appropriate to consider various EETs as alternative options whose suitability should be evaluated in terms of e the associated reliability or error bands and e the cost benefit of using a more reliable method NPI emissions in the environmental context It should be noted that the NPI re
61. site Others may be fully lined with a leachate collection system allowing public access only to transfer stations and support a landfill gas collection system where the gas is converted to electricity MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 3 2 2 Emission Sources and Control Technologies Landfills are significant sources of methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2 In addition to CH and CO amounts of non methane organic compounds NMOC are also produced NMOCs include a number of NPI listed reactive volatile organic compounds VOCs and speciated organic compounds 2 2 1 Emissions to Air CH and CO are the primary constituents of landfill gas and are produced during anaerobic decomposition of cellulose and proteins in the landfilled wastes Although neither of these substances are NPI listed estimating emissions of these gases is important as they are indicators for emissions of other listed pollutants The decomposition is a complex process and requires certain environmental conditions Environmental factors that affect the decomposition include moisture content of the waste nutrient concentration the presence and distribution of microorganisms the particle size of the waste water flux pH and temperature Because of the complex set of conditions that must occur before landfill gas is generated waste may be in place for a year or more before anaerobic decomposition begins and landfill gas is generated Refuse in a landfi
62. site is known and the capacity of the landfill was not indicated in column E If you check column K column L will display You must indicate a density in column L if you choose this option kg m Do not check any of the other columns H I or J Column L Density of Waste This is the density of the waste that will be used to calculate the total capacity of the landfill column M if this had not been indicated in column E as well as the leachate generation rate The value displayed here will depend on which column from H to K was checked The only time a value will need to be typed into this column is if column K was checked ie a site specific waste density is available Column M Capacity This is the total capacity of the landfill calculated from the actual capacity inputted into column E or from values inputted into columns F to L No data should be typed into this column Column N Approx Opening Year Indicate the year that the landfill began accepting waste Column O Approx Closure Year Indicate the year that the landfill ceased accepting waste If the landfill is still operational indicate the proposed closure year for the landfill Column P Current Year Indicate the current year Column Q Time Since Landfill Closure No data will need to be typed into this column This calculates the number of years the landfill has been closed based on information provided in column O If the landfill is still operating the value shoul
63. sss cssscosssossessesesssoosssseeenesvedsescosissesscsdbesssesbesereansseeses 12 Table 3 Default Values for k Lo and VOC ccccccccccscscscscscscscscscscscscccccscccsescsesescsesesesesesers 12 Table 4 Uncontrolled Default Concentrations for Landfill Gas Constituents 14 Table 5 Control Efficiencies for LFG Constituents srrrserrrerereree cenere se eeenecee ee ze nese eeeeneee 19 Table 6 Emission Factors for Secondary Compounds Exiting Control Devices 20 Table 7 Emission Factors for Open Burning of Municipal Refuse cssccsssscssseeseees 25 Table 8 Uncontrolled Default Concentrations of Substances in Leachate from Municipal SolidWasteLandflis cnc 29 Example 1 Calculation of Uncontrolled Emissions of Substances as Landfill Gas 16 Example 2 Calculating Emissions Using Emission Factors ssssccssscssssssssssssssssessssoees 21 Example 3 Calculating Controlled Emissions of Gases from a Landfill scssscssseoees 22 Example 4 Calculating Sulfur Dioxide SOQ 2 Emissions ssssssscssscsssesssscssssssssssessoess 24 Example 5 Calculating Emissions from Leachate sscssscsssssssscsssscssscsssssssessssssssssessoees 28 MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 v 1 0 Introduction The purpose of all Emission Estimation Technique EET Manuals in this series is to assist Australian manufacturing industri
64. substances These emission sources can be broadly categorised as e surface impoundments of liquids and slurries e application farming e unintentional leaks and spills and e emissions of leachate to land groundwater Waste disposed into a landfill is not considered as an emission to land only emissions from the landfill 2 2 3 Thresholds for Reporting Landfill Emissions The NPI Guide at the front of this Handbook contains details of the list of reportable substances and thresholds associated with these substances For the purposes of determining whether a landfill exceeds a threshold the following factors need to be considered e does the landfill accept or coincidentally produce any of the listed substances in excess of 10 tonnes during the reporting period e does the landfill burn more than 400 tonnes of landfill gas any other fuel or waste on site during the reporting period and e does the landfill emit more than 15 tonnes of nitrogen or 3 tonnes of phosphorus to a waterway during the reporting period Landfill managers will need to use information available to them to estimate whether use thresholds have been reached Some waste composition studies may be necessary to assist in deciding whether thresholds have been reached Table 1 outlines some data on the concentration of heavy metal elements and halogenated compounds from a composition study of waste While the threshold tests are based on compounds it may be the case
65. tion may be done in the Air Emissions worksheet in rows 5 or 6 whichever may be appropriate MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 42
66. trol device dry cubic metres per minute To calculate emissions of CO NO and SO using the emission factors you should multiply the emission factor for the relevant control technology from Table 6 by the flow rate of the gas before the control technology to obtain an actual emission rate in kilograms per hour Yearly estimates are obtained by multiplying this figure by the hours that the control device operates over a year Controlled emissions of SO and HCl can be estimated using site specific landfill gas constituent concentrations and mass balance methods If site specific data is not available the data in Table 4 and Table 5 can be used in conjunction with Equation 8 to Equation 11 To prepare estimates of SO emissions data on the concentration of reduced sulfur compounds within the landfill gas are needed The best way to prepare this estimate is with site specific information on the total reduced sulfur content of the landfill gas expressed in parts per million by volume Equation 2 and Equation 3 can then be used to estimate the uncontrolled emissions of reduced sulfur compounds Equation 8 can then be used to estimate SO2 emissions from controlled sources with the assumption that all sulfur is converted to SO MSW Landfills ver 1 1 7 Jan 2002 22 Equation 8 CMipy soz2 UMipy s LE 100 2 where CMso2 controlled mass emissions of SO kg yr UMs uncontrolled mass emissions of reduced sulfur compounds f
67. ur in the landfill gas the concentration of reduced sulfur compounds is assumed to be the default concentration of 46 9ppm Apply Equation 2 and Equation 3 to calculate uncontrolled mass emissions of reduced sulfur compounds Qi 1 Ccom Conao Qoia Ci 10 where Ocm 99436 6 m yr from Equation 1 and Example 1 C 46 9 ppmv Como 55 Ccom 45 Qi 1 45 55 99436 6 46 9 1000000 8 5m of reduced sulfur compounds emitted per year Using Equation 3 UM 0 MW latm i i 8 205 1000 273 7 where Qi 8 5 m yr from Equation 2 MW 32 06 g gmol for sulfur T 25 C UM 8 5 32 06 1 8 205 10 1000 273 25 11 kg of reduced sulfur compounds as S emitted per year To determine emissions of sulfur dioxide SO use Equation 8 CMso2 UMs LE 100 2 where UM 11 kg yr from Equation 3 75 CMso 10 75 100 2 16 7 kg of SO per year emitted from a landfill burning landfill gas E ls Il Hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid HCI emissions are formed when chlorinated compounds in landfill gas are combusted in control equipment The best method of estimating HCI emissions if site specific data is not available is a procedure similar to that previously discussed for estimating SO ie assume all chlorine is converted to hydrogen chloride If site specific data on HCl emissions is not available data on the total chloride concentration ca
68. w during rain events As with landfill gas it is difficult to provide typical figures for the generation and composition of leachate from landfilled wastes Both the amount and composition of leachate will depend on many factors such as the nature of the waste landfilled the landfilling method the level of waste compaction the design of the landfill and the annual rainfall and evapotranspiration of the region Table 8 provides emission factors for an average municipal solid waste landfill however site or region specific emission factors should be used instead where available A number of landfill leachate generation models have been developed the most commonly used being The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance HELP Model Unfortunately a considerable amount of site specific information is necessary to estimate emissions which is unlikely to be available for many smaller facilities If a more accurate model can be utilised or site specific monitoring data is available it is recommended that this be used as an alternative to estimation techniques presented in this manual However you must seek approval from your relevant administering authority to use estimation techniques not covered by this handbook A very simplistic technique for estimating leachate generation and water emissions have been included in this manual In addition any direct measurement data or water balance can be used as an alternative to emissions estimation
69. xcavation that receives household waste and that is not a land application unit surface impoundment injection well or waste pile A land application unit relates to the application of substances to the land surface such as irrigation of effluent A waste pile is an exposed pile of unwanted usually non biodegradable material generally stored above ground Surface impoundments comprise of waters and contaminated surface water run off contained in pits and or built structures such as tailings and environmental dams An injection well relates to the disposal of waste deep underground The estimation of emissions from a land application unit surface impoundment injection well and waste pile are not considered in this manual as the techniques relate mainly to the degradation of municipal solid waste containing organic waste These techniques are not likely to be representative of these methods of disposal due to differing waste streams chemical and physical processes likely to be occurring An MSW landfill may also receive other types of wastes such as commercial solid waste non hazardous sludge and industrial solid waste The number of landfills in Australia is declining due to stricter environmental regulations although the amount of waste generated by Australians continues to grow Most of the landfills closing are the smaller landfills with the larger and more technologically advanced landfills remaining in operation Landfill design and operat

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