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2404 Lab Manual - Austin Community College

1. Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 Units of Measurement and the Metric System Biol 2404 Laboratory amp Homework Activities Materials Needed meter sticks metric rulers calculators It is essential that people working in scientific and medical fields develop some facility with units of measurement including the ability to convert between different systems of measurement Unlike the English Apothecaries system conversions within the metric system are relatively easy all being based on increments of 10 Quantity Metric Unit Symbol Approximate Equivalents millimeter mm thickness of dime or paper clip wire centimeter cm width of a paper clip Length 1 yard or 3 feet meter m height of door is about 2m 0 6 miles kilometer km distance you can walk in 12 minutes square cm area of this space centimeter Area square meter m area of a card table top hectare ha area of a football field including end zones Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 11 milliliter ml a teaspoon holds about 5 ml liter l a quart Volume H cubic centimeter cm volume of this cube cubic meter m a cubic yard milligram mg a grain of salt gram g 3 small paperclips Mass 2 2 lbs kilogram kg weight of Webster s Collegiate Dictionary 1 1 tons metric tonne mt or tonne a
2. Plasma Questions 1 How did the initial pH of the three biological solutions vary Which of them was closer to the normal pH of blood 2 What exactly is a buffer the plasma has been diluted to 1 4 its normal strength 3 How is the number of drops of acid needed to change the pH of a solution related to that solutions buffering capacity Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 78 4 Compare the effects of acids on the four solutions How does the buffering ability of each of the three biological solutions compare with that of deionized water 5 A change in blood pH to below 7 or above 7 8 is usually lethal How do you account for the fact that the pH of saliva and urine can vary considerably and can be below 6 8 or above 7 8 even in healthy individuals II Effect of carbon dioxide on the pH of water pH after deep breaths original pH after 1 exhalation after 2 exhalation after 3 exhalation after 4 exhalation after 5 exhalation 6 Diagram the reaction of carbon dioxide and water where do you think you might find this equation in your textbook 7 Interpret your graph describe and explain the effects of exhaled air on the pH of the water in the beaker with each breath Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 79 8 What exactly caused the change in pH o
3. 18 23 24 26 35 36 38 41 43 45 49 52 54 57 58 59 64 66 73 75 82 83 85 Biol 2404 Lab Orientation The laboratory portion of this course is designed to study anatomical details of each body system more thoroughly than it is presented in lecture While human models are also used your core learning will come from your dissections and tissue studies If you have a real moral objection to animal dissections then you should not take this course at ACC since you would not be able to learn some of the essential lab skills and would therefore be missing an essential part of the course This method of hands on learning should also enhance and strengthen the knowledge you gain in lectures At times you will be working individually in pairs or in groups of three or four Each lab period is loosely structured to begin with a short introduction to the exercise that highlights the activities of the day what materials are available for use and any changes in procedures After that you will work independently to learn the material There is never enough time in lab to go over each and every item that you are assigned The lab is a designated a time when you have access to materials that you will not have available during home study time Some of the information assigned in lab you can learn at home other items particularly anatomical terms identified on dissected organs animals and models and microscopic details viewed with a micr
4. Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 52 Terminology Endocrine Glands Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary Major Hormones Secreted Tropic Hormones TSH ACTH FSH LH GH PRL MSH Oxytocin ADH Thyroid Gland TH Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands PTH Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Adrenal Medulla Epinephrin Norepinephrin Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone Testes Testosterone Thymus Thymosin Pineal Gland Melatonin Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 53 The Circulatory System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slide heart intercalated discs sec artery vein capillary section models heart models artery vein model blood vessel plaque liver model torsos skull with blood vessels muscular arms and legs male and female pelvis respiratory system model lymphatic system model preserved sheep heart cow heart Lab Activities 1 Identify the major structural features of the human heart on the models available External Anatomy pericardium apex base auricles atrioventricular sulcus interventrucular sulcus layers of heart wall epicardium myocardium endocardium Major Vessels superior and inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk aortic artery aorta pulmonary veins Cardiac Circulation coronary arteries coronary veins Internal Anatomy Heart Ch
5. Elastic Cartilage Bone Blood Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 29 Dissection of the Fetal Pig Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities In this course we are primarily concerned with learning anatomical terminology as it pertains to the human organism Ideally human cadavers would provide the best subjects for examination Lacking enough student volunteers we are forced to make use of the fetal pig Sus scrofa as a fairly reasonable substitute These pigs are usually within one or two weeks of births and are obtained from the sows at the time of their slaughter A sow produces on average eight piglets per litter which are about 30 cm long at birth Pigs have a gestation period of 112 115 days In contrast humans average one baby per litter about 50 cm long at birth and the human gestation period is about 275 days Measure the length of your pig from snout to the base of the tail in millimeters and the use the graph provided in lab to estimate the gestational age of your fetal pig Review the general instructions for dissections on pages 3 amp 4 of the course packet Obtain a pig and rinse it in the sink then place it in a dissecting pan for observation These pigs have been injected through a slit in the neck with colored latex to highlight the blood vessels In your dissection later arteries will appear pink veins blue Begin your study by examining the surface f
6. apple juice diet soda powdered sugar sol potato sol bottled water tuna sol Circle any experimental result that does not support your hypothesis i e any discrepancies between what you expected to find your hypotheses and what you actually found your experimental tests in each of the solutions Then try to explain each of these specific discrepancies ie why specifically do you think you did not get your expected results in each case Was it a problem with your hypothesis Was it a problem with the data you collected Be VERY specific with your explanation eg I was wrong is NOT an_explanation use additional sheets as needed Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 22 The Microscope Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials Slides Letter e colored threads or threads colored Lab Activities 1 Identify the major parts of the microscope and know the functions of each ocular lens objective lenses nosepiece power switch light control switch mechanical stage condenser iris diaphragm coarse amp fine focus pointer 2 Be able to define and understand the following terms related to microscopy magnification resolution contrast compound microscope dissecting microscope 3 Distinguish between the scanning low power high power and oil immersion objectives 4 Demo
7. 1 You will not be able to participate in a lab activity if a you are late for class and have missed safety training specific for that day s lab or field activity b you have forgotten your personal protective equipment c you refuse to wear personal protective equipment d you have not followed safety policies and procedures for that lab or field activity 2 You may be withdrawn from the class and not reinstated if a you missed required safety training at the beginning of the semester b you repeatedly fail to follow lab safety policies and procedures 3 You may be expelled from ACC if you thoughtlessly or intentionally jeopardize the health or safety or another individual Emergencies If there is a life threatening emergency fire major chemical spill explosion injury 1 Report the situation and your specific location campus room by using the safety phone in a lab classroom it will automatically connect you to ACC Police Dispatch location of safety phone calling 222 from any ACC phone to reach ACC Police Dispatch calling 512 223 7999 from a cell phone or non ACC phone to reach ACC Police Dispatch 2 Evacuate if necessary a take your personal belongings with you if possible b on your way out close but do not lock the classroom door c go to the designated rally point for your campus and building Directions to nearest exit Location of rally point In the event of an extreme emergency or impending thre
8. 15 Wash your hands after dissecting Assuming reasonable care and caution required for any lab procedure exposure to preservatives will require special attention as you work in this lab Some specimens will be preserved in either 70 alcohol or 10 formalin both solutions are irritants some students may be allergic Overall the hazard levels are low as long as the vents are on you are wearing protective gloves and you rinse your specimens well before dissecting or handling them Notify your instructor if you Know you are allergic to these solutions Your instructor will discuss additional precautions available in lab Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 9 Laboratory Safety amp Equipment Familiarized yourself with the various supplies and equipmentin the labroom Keep this sheet accessible throughout the semester Assume the blackboard is at the front of the room and the windows are on the left side Describe The Specific Location of Each nitrile gloves aprons safety glasses goggles eyewash station sinks disinfectant spray bottles paper towels biohazard bag glass disposal boxes deionized water spigots fire extinguisher first aid kit hazardous materials spill kit dissecting kits blank slides amp coverslips trash amp recycling containers prepared A amp P slides
9. Teeth incisors canines premolars molars crown root enamel dentin pulp cementum Salivary Glands parotid submandibular sublingual glands Liver amp Gall bladder hepatic duct common bile duct cystic duct Pancreas pancreatic duct 2 Identify the four layers of the Gl tract on the model showing the cross section of the esophagus stomach small intestine and large intestine and on the villi model mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa 3 Locate and identify the serous membranes on the cat dissection display parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum mesenteries 4 Recognize the general histological structure of accessory organs of the digestive system including the teeth liver and pancreas Teeth model tooth slide tooth root cs human tooth crown cs Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 73 cementum dentin pulp enamel Liver model liver lobule liver lobule central vein bile ducts sinuses hepatic arteries hepatic portal vein hepatic vein slide liver pig section mal liver lobule central vein sinuses Pancreas slide pancreas human sec distinguish between exocrine and endocrine tissue Islets of Langerhans Terminology Organs of the G I Tract Mouth lips palate hard palate soft palate uvula tongue frenulum parotid sublingual and submaxillary salivary glalnds Pharynx nasopharynx pharyngeal tonsils oropharynx palatine tonsils lingual ton
10. Ziser 2014 12 69 2 in the beaker of boiling water use test tube clamps at your counter Allow all tubes to incubate about 5 minutes 8 After 5 minutes add 1 ml of starch solution when the dropper in the starch bottle is half full it contains about 1 ml to each of the 6 test tubes being incubated at the three temperatures do not remove them from the temperatures and note the time Gently swirl each tube after adding the starch 9 Continue to incubate tubes at their designated temperatures for exactly 2 minutes 10 Remove the tubes from incubation and return to your test tube rack at your table and immediately add 3 drops of the iodine indicator to all 6 tubes gently swirl and note the color of each Use the scale below to record the color change on your data sheet yellow or no change same color as the negative control tube very slight hint of blue or black distinct change in color to blue or black same color as the positive control tube with starch Enzyme Activity effects of pH 1 Collect three additional test tubes and label them 4 7 and 10 2 Place 2 ml of the appropriate pH buffer solution pH 4 7 10 respectively into each of the tubes 3 Add 1 ml of the saliva mixture to each tube swirl to mix 4 Add 1 ml of starch to each tube gently swirl the tubes to mix and note the time 5 Allow the tubes to incubate at room temperature for exactly 2 minutes 6 Immediately add 3
11. 2 Distinguish between visceral and parietal pleura pericardium and peritoneum pleura parietal visceral pericardium parietal visceral peritoneum parietal visceral Terminology List for Body Membranes Kinds of Membranes Mucous Serous pleura parietal visceral pericardium parietal visceral peritoneum parietal visceral Synovial Cutaneous Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 35 The Integumentary System Skin Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials Models skin section models 3 kinds skin section plaque Slides human scalp hair shafts Is skin hair follicles sec skin negroid sec human palmar skin sec palmer skin silver human sec mammal palmar skin sec Lab Activities 1 Describe and identify the three major layers of the skin epidermis dermis and hypodermis on the models available 2 Locate and identify the sublayers of the epidermis and dermis on models of the skin Epidermis stratum corneum stratum basale s germinativum Dermis papillary layer reticular layer 3 Locate and identify the layers and sublayers of the epidermis of the dermis and the hypodermis on the slides above Epidermis stratum corneum stratum basale s germinativum Dermis papillary layer reticular layer Hypodermis adipose tissue subcutaneous layer 4 Locate and identify the major histological features of a hair follicle and its associated structures on
12. 58 Hematology Heart Sounds amp Blood Pressure Biol 2404 Experiments in Physiology Safety Precautions Note Failure to observe the safety precautions for this lab will result in your being evicted from the lab and receiving a zero for this lab report 1 If you know you have a blood disorder that might endanger you or the class do not perform this exercise Let me know and I will give you an alternate exercise to do to get your points No food or drink in the lab room Work alone Collect and test only your own blood Spray table with disinfectant before and after lab Wear latex gloves on both hands except while you are doing finger punctures Do not recap or reuse lancets Safely dispose of all disposable and reusable supplies and equipment that you have used on your own blood See the handout 9 Wash the lab bench area that you have been using with disinfectant solution before you leave ArANInAMmKBWN I Blood Analysis A Collecting and handling Blood Follow instructions given at the beginning of the lab Disposal Dispose of lancets in plastic sharps container on your lab table immediately after use Dispose of cotton balls alcohol swabs and contaminated paper towels in biohazard bag B Examining the Formed Elements of Blood Microscopically 1 Prepare a smear of a drop of your own blood as directed see illustration get 2 glass microscope Slides from your drawer take one slide and place a drop of blo
13. Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 62 Listening to Heart Sounds 11 Describe the heart sounds you were able to hear Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate 12 If you have checked your blood pressure in the last few months record it here Your blood pressure recorded here Your pulse rate 13 compare your lab values to normal values and interpret your data ie are your values normal above or below normal 14 List two reasons why a persons blood pressure might be above normal and two why they might be below normal 15 List two reasons why a persons pulse rate might be above normal and two why they might be below normal Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 63 The Respiratory System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides lung mammal sec H amp E lung emphysema human sec lung smoker s lung human sec models human torsos human respiratory system larynx trachea bronchi model human head sagittal sec trachea and larynx bronchiole amp alveoli model preserved rabbit lungs pig lung section Lab Activities 1 Recognize and identify the major organs of the human respiratory system on models available nose external nares nostrils nasal septum nasal cavity nasal conchae paranasal sinuses frontal maxillary sphenoid ethmoid mouth hard palate soft palate pharynx nasopharynx auditory tube pharyngeal tonsi
14. Manual Ziser 2014 12 16 Organ Systems Overview Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials Tables and Illustrations Torso Models Lab Activities 1 Use models and charts to learn the major systems and some of the major organs of each organ system listed below Terminology Integumentary System the skin can be considered a membrane a single organ or an organ system Skeletal System each individual bone is a separate organ of the skeletal system eg humerus radius femur etc Muscular System each individual muscle is a separate organ of the muscular system eg biceps triceps gastrocnemius etc Nervous System brain spinal cord each cranial nerve each spinal nerve Endocrine System anterior pituitary gland posterior pituitary gland thyroid gland pancreas adrenal cortex adrenal medulla ovaries testes Circulatory System heart each individual artery and vein is a separate organ of the circulatory system eg aorta pulmonary artery hepatic portal vein etc Lymphatic System right lymphatic duct thoracic duct tonsils spleen lymph nodes Immune System Specific cells and chemicals in virtually every body organ help to protect the body from pathogens Respiratory System nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs diaphragm Digestive System mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver gall bladder pancreas mesenteries teeth salivary glands Urinary S
15. Record this value in milliliters not liters 5 Use the table provided to determine your predicted vital capacity and enter this value in the table on your data sheet Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 66 Name Due Date Measuring Vital Capacity Biol 2404 Data Sheet A Measuring Your Vital Capacity Vital Capacity Vital Capacity ml Predicted Vital Capacity VC from table Directly Measured Vital Capacity VC from spirometer measurement 1 Calculate the difference between your predicted vital capacity and your directly measured vital capacity VCim VC P 2 How well did your actual vital capacity match your predicted vital capacity Explain 3 Describe one factor not related to respiratory disease that would tend to cause ones vital capacity to be greater than the value on the standardized chart Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 67 4 Describe one factor not related to respiratory disease that would tend to cause ones vital capacity to be significantly less than the value given in the table 5 List and describe some other major factors that are related to respiratory diseases that could affect ones vital capacity 6 What three lung volumes when added together should equal ones vital capacity List and define each of these lung volumes 7 Define residual volume and how it is r
16. The Eye External Anatomy models and sheep eye Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 50 extrinsic eye muscles superior amp inferior rectus muscles superior and inferior oblique muscles medial and lateral rectus muscles eyelids conjunctiva eyelashes lacrimal gland nasolacrimal duct tear duct The Eye Internal Anatomy models sheep eye slides sclera cornea choroid layer ciliary body suspensory ligaments lens iris pupil retina optic disc fovea centralis aqueous humor vitreous humor Auditory Receptors The Ear Gross Anatomy models amp charts outer external ear pinna external auditory canal ceruminous glands tympanic membrane middle ear ossicles malleus hammer incus anvil stapes stirrup auditory eustachian tube oval window inner ear bony labyrinth vestibule cochlea semicircular canals perilymph membranous labyrinth utricle saccule cochlear duct semicircular ducts endolymph The Ear Microscopic Anatomy models amp slides Organ of Corti in cochlear duct hair cells tectorial membrane Proprioceptors of the Inner Ear Macula in utrucle amp saccule Ampullae in membranous semicircular canals crista ampullaris Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 51 The Endocrine System Lab Materials models slides Lab Activities Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities human torso
17. all appropriate models 8 Locate and describe the special circulation patterns discussed in lecture and the major blood vessels associated with each Circle of Willis Coronary Vessels coronary arteries base of aorta just above aortic SL valve coronary veins coronary sinus at jct with right atrium Hepatic Portal System with hepatic portal vein Terminology Histology slide cardiac muscle tissue intercalated discs striations branching Vessel Layers slide amp models tunica externa tunica media tunica intima Heart Anatomy External Anatomy pericardium apex base auricles atrioventricular sulcus interventrucular sulcus layers of heart wall epicardium myocardium endocardium Major Vessels superior and inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk aortic artery aorta pulmonary veins Cardiac Circulation coronary arteries coronary veins Internal Anatomy Heart Chambers Heart Valves r amp atria r amp ventricles r amp atrioventricular valves bicuspid amp tricuspid resp pulmonary semilunar valve aortic semilunar valve Other interventricular septum chordae tendinae papillary muscles Major Human Arteries and Veins where right and left are not indicated you do not need to distinguish Pulmonary Circuit Arteries pulmonary a Veins pulmonary v Systemic Circuit Arteries aorta Veins superior vena cava aortic arch brachiocephalic v rt brachiocephalic a int jugular v rt common carotid
18. and the appropriate models to find examples of the early cleavage divisions cleavage divisions 2 View the slide of starfish late cleavage and the appropriate models to identify morula 3 Implantation begins at the Blastocyst Stage Identify the blastocyst in appropriate illustrations and distinguish between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast cells Describe the fate of each 4 View the slide of the 18 hour chick this is equivalent to about 2 2 5 weeks of human development and appropriate models to identify the primitive streak and describe its significance 5 Name the three embryonic tissue layers and name two organs or systems derived from each ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Embryonic Stages 6 The neurula stage is seen in the 33 hr chick embryo slide Identify the nervous and circulatory systems Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 85 7 Identify the tailbud stage in appropriate models and in the slide of the 72 hr chick embryo and locate the brain eyes spinal cord somites and heart Fetal Stages 8 Recognize and identify and be able to distinguish between the various models of embryonic and fetal stages of human development Identify the amnion bag of waters placenta and umbilical cord on appropriate models 9 Identify the 4 temporary modifications of the fetal circulatory system in the model and illustrations and describe the function and the fate of each st
19. area immediately Standard Universal Precautions Diseases such as HIV and hepatitis can be transmitted from person to person through contact with human blood or other body fluids Follow the Standard or Universal Precautions whenever exposure to human body fluids is possible gt Consider all body fluids saliva blood urine feces vomit to be potentially infected with a harmful pathogen gt Do not touch or come into contact with anyone else s body fluids Student Accident Insurance All students enrolled in lab classes are covered by Student Accident Insurance that pays for injuries occurring from school sponsored activities related to the class It does not pay for illnesses such as allergies or the flu or fainting All faculty and students should read the guidelines at http Awww austincc edu offices environmental health safety and insurance student insurance You can also download the claim form from this location Chemical Hazard Labels Label all containers and test tubes as directed Inform your instructor immediately if a label is damaged in any way Read all labels and pay special attention to hazard information A typical chemical hazard label conveys two kinds of information 1 the category of the hazard flammable toxic reactive or corrosive and 2 the level of the hazard There are three types of labels 1 GHS Globally Harmonized System the international system of hazard identification 2 diamond shaped
20. collection of mucopolysaccharides which sometimes contain fibers of collagen or elastin Connective tissue provides support in the form of cartilage and bone stores fats in the form of adipose tissue and transports oxygen and metabolic products as blood and lymph Muscle tissue is composed of elongated spindle shaped cells that can be up to a foot long arranged in layers or bundles Each muscle cells muscle fiber is bounded by a cell membrane called a sarcolemma The cytoplasm inside is referred to as the sarcoplasm Contractile threadlike organelles called myofibrils fill the interior of the cells Nervous tissue is made up of highly specialized cells called neurons whose primary job is to conduct impulses throughout the body for coordination and control of body activities Another type of nervous tissue is neuroglia which supports protects insulates and nourishes the neurons Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 26 Lab Activities 1 Examine the slides of each of the four primary basic tissue types as assigned make sketches of each and be able to distinguish them from each other 2 Review the general functions of each specific tissue type you view Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 2 Tissue Identification Biol 2404 Homework Assignment After discussing primary and specific tissue types in lecture and lab complete the following exercise on
21. endocrine glands plaque kidney with adrenal glands thyroid and parathyroid glands pancreas model male and female reproductive organs any other model showing major endocrine glands human pancreas sec human adrenal gland sec mammal hypophysis pituitary gland sag sec H amp E 1 Be able to locate and identify endocrine glands listed below on all appropriate models available and be able to list the major hormones produced by each Endocrine Glands Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Pancreas Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Ovaries Testes Thymus Pineal Gland Major Hormones Secreted Tropic Hormones TSH ACTH FSH LH and GH amp PRL Oxytocin ADH TH Calcitonin PTH Insulin Glucagon Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Epinephrin Norepinephrin Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Thymosin Melatonin 3 Recognize histological structure of selected glands and be able to distinguish between the endocrine glands listed below Pituitary Glands Slide mammal hypophysis pituitary gland sag sec H amp E Distinguish between the anterior and the posterior pituitary glands Pancreas Slide human pancreas sec Note pancreatic islets Islets of Langerhans which are the endocrine portion of the pancreas Adrenal Glands Slide human adrenal gland sec Distinguish between the darker cortex with vertically arranged rows of cells and the lighter medulla
22. hazard labels and 3 bar shaped hazard labels GHS labels are found mostly on primary containers the jars or packages in which the chemical manufacturer packaged the chemicals The GHS system labels include icons that warn you about the major type or types of hazards associated with the chemical see next page Most of the containers you use in lab are secondary containers such as flasks test tubes jars and beakers Secondary containers will have either the diamond shapes or the bar shapes In both of those labels the category of hazard is represented by a color and the level of the hazard is represented by a number 1 Hazard categories are coded by color red fire hazard flammability blue health hazard toxicity yellow reactivity white diamond provides more specfic information about the hazard white bar identifies protective equipment PPE required to handle chem Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 7 2 Hazard level is coded by a number l 0 1 2 3 4 minimal slight moderate severe Serious extreme 3 Refer to the training poster in your lab for examples GHS PICTOGRAMS amp HAZARDS Other types of hazard warning labels you must recognize are a biohazards __b radioactive materials Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 Course Specific Cautions PIN Biol 2404 1 Do not bring food or drinks into the lab ro
23. human brain brain ventricles sagittal sectioned head heads of large torsos brain stem spinal cord cross sections vertebral column with spinal column and spinal nerves cross section of spinal cord in vertebrae with sympathetic ganglia nerve cross section with fibrous C T layers peripheral nervous system plaque preserved materials Lab Activities human brain sheep skull sag sec sheep brain sheep meninges cat nervous system biosmount 1 Recognize and identify the cell body and processes on the motor neuron slide 2 Identify the structures and layers indicated on nerve cell model neuron cell body axon dendrite axon terminal neuroglia Schwann cells myelin neurilemma endoneurium 3 Locate and identify the anatomical features as assigned below on the human brain models Cerebrum cerebral hemispheres gyri sulci lobes frontal parietal occipital temporal olfactory bulbs olfactory tracts optic nerves optic chiasma corpus callosum Diencephalon epithalamus or pineal gland thalamus Cerebellum Brain Stem midbrain pons medulla hypothalamus pituitary gland arbor vitae corpora quadrigemina superior and inferior colliculi 4 Identify the surface features of the sheep brain then make a midsagittal section to identify the internal structures as assigned below Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 45 Cerebrum cerebral hemispheres gyri su
24. ovary Graafian follicle sec mammal ovary corpus luteum sec human sperm smear wm models human male and female reproductive systems meiosis and gametogenesis model Lab Activities 1 Locate and identify the major organs and structures of both the male and female human reproductive system on models available Gross Anatomy of Male Reproductive System testes scrotal sac epididymus ductus deferens ejaculatory duct urethra prostate gland seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands penis Gross Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System ovaries uterine tubes fallopian tubes oviducts fimbriae uterus broad ligament ovarian ligament cervix of uterus vagina vulva 2 Identify the features below in a slide and models of a penis cross section including corpora cavernosa corpus spongiosum urethra 3 Identify the layers in a model of the uterine wall including endometrium myometrium epimetrium serosa perimetrium 4 Identify the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial cells on a slide of testes 5 Distinguish between the head and tail of sperm cells on the slide provided 6 Identify the Graafian follicle with egg and the corpus luteum on the slides provided Terminology Gross Anatomy of Male Reproductive System testes scrotal sac epididymus ductus deferens spermatic cord ejaculatory duct urethra prostate gland seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands penis Microscopy of Male Reproductive System Testes seminife
25. pharyngeal adenoids palatine lingual lacteals 2 Be able to recognize lymph nodes and to identify the sinuses on the slide 3 Be able to recognize the one way valves on the slide of a lymphatic vessel Terminology Histology slides lymph nodes valves of lymphatic vessels Anatomy of Lymphatic System models amp illustrations lymphatic trunks Right Lymphatic Duct Thoracic Duct cisterna chyli lymphatic vessels major lymph nodes cervical nodes axillary nodes inguinal nodes accessory organs amp structures thymus spleen tonsils pharyngeal adenoids palatine lingual lacteals Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 57 Blood Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides blood smear Wright s stain sickle cell anemia Lab Activities 1 Recognize and identify the three major formed elements in Blood erythrocytes red blood cells leucocytes white blood cells thrombocytes platelets 2 Recognize and identify the major types of leucocytes as instructed neutrophils lymphocytes 3 Compare the shapes of the red blood cells in sickle cell with that of normal cells and explain how the shape of sickle cells affect their function Terminology formed elements erythrocytes red blood cells leucocytes white blood cells neutrophils lymphocytes thrombocytes platelets plasma Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12
26. sacral spinal nerves S2 S3 and S4 Innervation of most visceral organs is from fibers of the Vagus X Nerve 16 On the cat nervous system biosmounts a observe the general structure and interrelationships between the Central and Peripheral nervous systems note the relationship between eyes optic nerve and brain note the relationship between the brain stem and the spinal cord locate and identify the brachial and lumbosacral plexus locate and identify the vagus nerve aeo g Disposal When you have finished with your sheep brain dissection return whole and sectioned brains to their original buckets if undamaged Otherwise place in dissecting scraps bucket Rinse dissecting pans and place upsidedown on drying rack Rinse and dry dissecting tools and return to your drawer Terminology Organization of the Nervous System I Central Nervous System II Peripheral Nervous System Brain sensory neurons Cranial Nerves 12 pairs interneurons Spinal Cord motor neurons Spinal Nerves 31 pairs ya Somatic motor neurons Autonomic motor neurons D Sympathetic Parasympathetic Histology slides amp or models neuron cell body axon dendrite axon terminal neuroglia Schwann cells myelin neurilemma Distinguish between nuclei amp ganglia tracts amp nerves gray matter amp white matter Structure of a nerve epineurium perineurium endoneurium Brain External Anatomy on brain models and sheep brains C
27. the final pH of the plasma and the number of drops of HCI used in the table on your data sheet 5 Turn off and rinse the pH probe well with a stream of DI water Activity Effect of CO2 Gas on the pH of Water Carbon dioxide naturally dissolves in water as it does in our blood This dissolved CO is spontaneously converted to carbonic acid and then to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions The more CO in the water the more acidic the water becomes A similar reaction occurs in the blood so that the more carbon dioxide that our blood is carrying the more acidic our blood will become 1 Take a clean 150 ml beaker and add DI water to the 100 ml mark 2 Using a pH meter determine the inbitial pH of the water and record it on your data sheet 3 Have subject blow into the bottom of the beaker through a straw for 10 seconds and immediately read the pH and record it 4 Immediately repeat blowing into the water 5 additional times and record the pH of the water after each exhaled breath 5 Graph your results on a piece of graph paper with pH on the y vertical axis and number of breaths on the x horizontal axis and attach the graph to your data sheet Activity Urinalysis Unknown Samples Analyze each of the unknown urine samples by using the urine test strips dipsticks Follow the instructions on the bottle Read results after the time specified in the instructions For some of the tests positive results may be a little sow to show up Chec
28. to find in each of the solutions Indicate which organic molecules you expect to find in each of the test solutions by placing a sign in the expected results column of your data table Place a if you do not expect to find that kind of molecule As you make your predictions be able to explain why you did or did not expect to find a particular kind of molecule in each sample Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 19 Now test for the presence or absence of each kind of organic molecule by using the same amounts of indicator solutions that you used in your control tests Record your results in the experimental results columns of your table on your data sheet Notes Use the spot plate for the starch tests amp protein tests Use a paper towel for the oil test Use test tubes for the sugar test You will need to clean and rinse the test tubes in DI water and reuse them during this lab At the end of the lab you can discard the test tubes in the glass disposal boxes Cleanup and Disposal Discard all test solutions into the sink with the water running Do NOT empty water or boiling stones from beaker on hot plate Make sure the hot plate is turned off and unplugged before you leave leave the beaker and boiling stones on the hot plate Dispose of used test tubes in the glass disposal box keep any unused tubes in the rack Dispose of plastics and paper towels in trash Clean spot
29. umbilical cord Cut all the way through the body wall and at the same time lift the body wall toward you to avoid cutting into any internal organs Avoid gouging by holding the scissors parallel to the surface of the abdomen Next make a pair of incisions each lateral to the umbilical cord and posterior teats Roll the strip of skin with the umbilical cord back slightly and locate the umbilical vein then cut it Examine the abdominal cavity and find the muscular diaphragm separating it from the thoracic cavity Now make lateral incisions through the body wall just posterior to the attachment of the diaphragm Follow the attachment of the diaphragm to the body wall all the way to the back muscles Cut through the diaphragm on both sides where it attaches to the body wall Carefully cut the membranes binding the thoracic organs to the ventral thoracic wall Bend back the flaps of body wall and wash out any coagulated blood and fluid The thoracic cavity is partitioned to form two lateral pleural cavities containing the lobed lungs A pericardial sac containing the heart is located between the pleural cavities above and partly covering the heart is a large brownish elongated mass of tissue which is the thymus gland Open the pericardial sac to expose the heart Note that both the pericardial sac and the surface of the heart is made of serous membrane Also note that the inner wall of the thoracic cavity and the outer surface of the lungs is covered in s
30. your own List 3 different Organs that contain each of the specific tissue types in the table below Remember an organ is a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function Refer to the Organ System Overview exercise that you studied earlier in this manual Your text and lab manual gives you some suggestions but in some cases they do not mention specific organs it may only mention a general location or a part of an organ Make sure you know whether the structure you are listing is actually an organ Also you must name specific organs for example humerus not bones or gluteus maximus not muscles or aorta not blood vessels etc There may be a few tissue types that you cannot find in 3 different organs in those cases list as many organs as you can find Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 28 Name due date Epithelial Tissues Specific Tissue Types 3 Specific Organs Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Muscle Tissues Specific Tissue Types 3 Specific Organs Striated Skeletal Voluntary Smooth Visceral Cardiac Nervous Tissues Specific Tissue Types 3 Specific Organs Neurons Neuroglia Connective Tissues Specific Tissue Types 3 Specific Organs Areolar Adipose Fibrous Dense Regular Hyaline Cartilage Fibrous Cartilage
31. Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Stephen W Ziser Department of Biology Pinnacle Campus for BIOL 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Laboratory Activities Homework and Lab Assignments b ZX Austin COMMUNITY COLLEGE Biol 2404 Lab Manual Table of Contents I General Laboratory Orientation II Lab Safety III Laboratory Activities amp Homework Assignments i NNO oe 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2V 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Units of Measurement amp Metric System Homework The Language of Anatomy Organ Systems Overview Experiment Identification of Organic Molecules Microscopy The Cell amp Cell Division Human Tissues amp Tissue Identification Dissection of the Fetal Pig Body Membranes The Integumentary System The Skeletal System Articulations and Body Movements The Muscular System The Nervous System Sense Organs The Endocrine System The Circulatory System The Lymphatic System Blood Experiment Hematology Heart Sounds amp Blood Pressure The Respiratory System Experiment Measuring Vital Capacity Experiment Enzyme Activity The Digestive System Experiment pH and Buffers The Urinary System The Reproductive System A Survey of Human Development Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 11 15 17
32. Volkswagen Beetle centigrade C 0 C 32 F 100 C 212 F Energy 1 1b of fat stores 3500 Calories of food Calorie Cal energy Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 12 Name The Metric System Biol 2404 Homework Sheet The following activities will help to familiarize you with units of the metric system use your text or lab manual to answer each 1 What is the metric prefix that means one thousand one thousandth one hundred one hundredth 2 Complete the following sentences with the correct word not abbreviation One thousand grams is a One one thousandth of a gram is a One thousand meters is a One one thousandth of a meter is a One one hundreth of a meter is a 3 Convert the following 45 liters ml 670 cm m 1250 ml l 1250 g kg 0 065 mg g 0 15 liters ml 3 7 km m 120 mm cm 3 6 kg g 5000 m km 4 Make a diagram of your textbook below use arrows to indicated how the terms below apply then measure and record these dimensions of your textbook in centimeters below superior to inferior medial to lateral oe lo 29 66 i 29 anterior to posterior dorsal to ventral Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 13 5 What is the average normal body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius show your work or formula used 6 What wa
33. a ext jugular v internal carotid a subclavian v external carotid a inferior vena cava circle of Willis hepatic v rt subclavian a hepatic portal v Ift common carotid a renal v Ift subclavian a common iliac v celiac trunk internal iliac v common hepatic a external iliac v superior mesenteric a great saphenous v renal a inferior mesenteric a Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 55 common iliac a internal iliac a external iliac a Special Circulation Patterns Circle of Willis Coronary Vessels coronary arteries base of aorta just above aortic SL valve coronary veins coronary sinus at jct with right atrium Hepatic Portal System Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 56 The Lymphatic System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials models human torsos lymphatic system plaque head sag section villi with lacteals heart with thymus gland pancreas spleen model slides mammal lymph node sec lymph vessel valve wm Lab Activities 1 Identify the major anatomical features of the human lymphatic system including the lymphatic vessels lymph ducts trunks nodes and accessory organs on models and illustrations lymphatic ducts Right Lymphatic Duct Thoracic Duct cisterna chyli lymphatic vessels major lymph nodes cervical axillary inguinal accessory organs amp structures thymus spleen tonsils
34. al values for women are 74 76 bpm for men 70 74 bpm Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 60 Name Due Date Hematology Heart Sounds amp Blood Pressure Biol 2404 Data Sheet 1 Define and distinguish between blood plasma serum and formed elements 2 Draw an example of each of the three kinds of formed elements Erythrocytes Leucocytes Thrombocytes 3 Describe the general functions of each of the three kinds of formed elements 4 Of the 3 different kinds of formed elements in normal blood a which are the most abundant b which are the largest c which are the shortest lived Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 61 5 How does the shape and function of erythrocytes in a person with sickle cell anemia differ from those of normal cells 6 Which two white blood cells were the most abundant in your own blood sample Identify and draw each of them below Blood typing for ABO and RH Blood Groups 7 If you already know your blood type report it here Your Blood Type from this lab test 8 Based on your blood type as determined in this exercise ABO amp Rh what blood antigens are present in your blood what blood antibodies can you produce 9 Based on your blood type as determined in this exercise ABO amp Rh what blood types can you receive Explain 10 What recipients can you donate to Explain Biol 2404
35. ambers r amp atria r amp ventricles Heart Valves r amp atrioventricular valves tricuspid amp bicuspid resp pulmonary semilunar valve aortic semilunar valve Other interventricular septum chordae tendinae papillary muscles 2 Note the serous tissue surrounding the heart on appropriate models and on a sheep heart still enclosed within the pericardial sac pericardial sac parietal pericardium epicardium visceral pericardium 3 Dissect and identify the major structural features of the cow and sheep hearts Identify the same features that you found on the human models note for the major blood vessels trace them from the chambers to which they connect do not try to identify them from outside the heart 4 Recognize and identify cardiac muscle tissue on the slide listed Note cardiac muscle tissue intercalated discs striations branching 5 Distinguish between an artery and a vein on the model and slide Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 54 6 Identify the three layers of the blood vessel walls on the artery amp vein model and microscope slide Note the model shows 2 veins one with valves and one artery the gray layer represents the tunica externa the pink layer is the tunica media and the orange layer is th tunica interna tunica externa tunica media tunica intima 7 Locate and identify the major human arteries and veins from the terminology list below on
36. ass disposal boxes are located Lab Conduct 1 At the beginning of any class held in a lab room do not enter the room until your instructor is present Wait in the hall even if the door is open 2 Do these things follow all procedures in manuals in handouts and as given by the instructor store backpacks coats and other personal items as directed report broken glass and chemical spills to your instructor immediately 3 Do NOT do these things come to class while intoxicated or while under the influence of drugs that impair your ability to safely perform the lab or field activity horse around or perform unauthorized experiments eat drink or chew tobacco or gum bring drinks or food even in closed containers into the lab pipet by mouth taste chemicals or directly smell chemical fumes Lab Hygiene gt Clean up your individual work area equipment and community work areas equipment e g sinks balances gt Put lids back on bottles and containers immediately after use gt Do not put excess chemicals back into original containers Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 6 gt Dispose of chemicals and waste only as directed by the instructor gt Turn off equipment as instructed gt Wash your hands prior to leaving lab gt Assume that chemicals used in lab are corrosive or irritating If at any time chemicals come into contact with your skin wash the affected
37. at ACC Emergency Alert can send critical voice and text messages to your cellphone Verify and update your ACC Emergency Alert information For non emergency calls dial 512 223 1231 Safety Equipment and How to Use It gt Information about chemicals used in this laboratory can be found in Material Safety Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 Data Sheets MSDSs and in a chemical inventory located aA gt The emergency gas shut off for this lab is located Shut off the gas immediately if gas nozzles or valves are damaged or if there is a fire gt Fire extinguishers are located 1 2 To use a fire extinguisher 1 twist the pin and then pull it out of the handle 2 hold the end of the hose and point it at the base of the fire 3 squeeze the handle gt Fire blankets are located 1 E ek ee If you are on fire stop drop and roll Let someone else to get the fire blanket gt A safety shower is located Se lf you spill a significant quantity of chemical especially an acid or base on yourself immediately stand under the shower and pull the handle Disrobe The instructor will evacuate the room and close the doors for your privacy Someone of your gender will stay to help you Stand under the shower for at least 20 minutes You will be given clothing after the shower gt An eyewash is located _ lfa chemical is splashed or rubbed into your eyes you must use an eyewash for at least 20 mi
38. auditory meatus malleus incus stapes Occipital Bone occipital condyle foramen magnum Ethmoid Bone nasal conchae cribriform plate ethmoid sinus Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Bone hard palate palatine process maxillary sinus Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 39 Palatine Bone Nasal Bone Vomer Bone Mandible Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column general markings body vertebral foramen transverse process spinous process superior and inferior articular processes intervertebral discs Cervical Vertebrae transverse foramina Atlas absence of body yes movement Axis dens no movement Thoracic Vertebrae facets on body and transverse processes Lumbar Vertebrae largest Sacral Vertebrae 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx QG to 5 vestigial vertebrae body only Bony Thorax Ribs costal cartilage true ribs false ribs floating ribs facets Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process Appendicular Skeleton Upper Limb Pectoral Girdle Scapula acromion coracoid process glenoid cavity Clavicle Upper Arm Humerus head olecranon fossa Forearm Radius Ulna olecranon process Hand Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Lower Limb Pelvic Girdle Os Coxae sacroiliac joint acetabulum false pelvis true pelvis difference between male and female pelvis Ilium iliac crest Ischium ischial tuberosity Pubis pubic symphysis Thigh Femur head neck Patella Lowe
39. cissors into a corner of the pig s mouth and cut posteriorly through the masseter muscle for approximately 3 5 cm Now make the same cut on the other side Take the bone cutters and cut through the jaw bone on each side until the lower jaw can be opened enough to see the epiglottis see below Now examine the mouth cavity and find the teeth the hard and soft palates and the tongue In the back of the mouth is a small protruding flap of cartilage called the epiglottis which prevents food being swallowed from entering the glottis The glottis is the opening into the larynx or voice box that you will locate later in the throat area Just behind the glottis is a space called the pharynx or throat That leads to the esophagus You will find the esophagus later in your dissection Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 30 Now place the pig on its back in the dissecting tray Get two pieces of string about 60 cm long Tie one end of a string to the front foot and then pass the string under the pan and tie the other end to the opposite foot Make sure the limbs are spread widely apart Tie the hind legs in the same manner Look at the illustration provided showing how to dissect the ventral surface of the pig With the larger scissors make a shallow midventral incision in the neck near the base of the lower jaw insert the blunt edge of the scissors into the incision and cut posteriorly to within about 15 mm of the
40. ctor s directions and identify as many cellular structures as you can 4 Compare some of the different kinds of cells epithelium blood muscle and sperm from the slides indicated above and describe their visible similarities and differences 5 Identify the stages of mitosis on prepared slides and models and be able to find good examples of each of the major stages of mitosis in the whitefish mitosis slides interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 24 Terminology List for Cells and Cell Division Cell Structures cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus nucleolus organelles ribosome endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria centrioles lysosomes cilia amp flagella Cell Division Mitosis interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 golgi bodies 25 Human Tissues Biol 2404 Laboratory Activity Lab Materials Slides epithelium epithelium simple squamous oral smear connective mammal areolar tissue spread muscular skeletal muscle ts nervous mammal neuron motor nerve cells smear In multicellular organisms such as humans various groups of cells become specialized for specific functions Some cells are responsible for movement others for protection and still others for transferring food and oxygen throughout the body None of these cells could surviv
41. d to pass once it has been thoroughly mixed with gastric juices Note the large liver often blue from the latex dye Lift the liver and examine its inferior surface to locate a greenish gallbladder embedded there The spleen is a long fingerlike organ extending down the left side of the stomach Note that it is proportionately larger than the human spleen The pancreas is located along the ventral border of the stomach and often extends along several intestinal folds Follow the coils of the small intestine and note the supporting mesentery loaded with blood vessels and lymph nodes Cut open a section of the small intestine Remove a portion of the velvety lining and prepare a wet mount Observe your slide Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 31 under the microscope and note the numerous fingerlike villi These villi help to increase the surface area of the intestine for the absorption of nutrients into the blood Finally the small intestine enters the large intestine along one side The large intestine is subdivided in the the cecum colon and rectum as is ours The first part of the large intestine is a short blind sac called the cecum which extends down from the point where the small and large intestines join Note that the pig cecum lacks an appendix Make an incision in the colon opposite the entrance of the small intestine and find the papilla like ileocaecal valve The rectum is the terminal part of the
42. drops of the iodine indicator to all 3 tubes and note the color change as you did above Record the information on your data sheet Cleanup amp Disposal ABWN eR Empty all test tubes in the sink with water running Dispose of the empty test tubes in glass disposal box Wash your graduate cylinder and return to the tray on your table Dispose of plastic pipettes in the trash Wipe your table down with disinfectant before you leave Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 70 Name Group Enzyme Activity Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity Biol 2404 Lab Data Sheet 1 What exactly is the reaction you are investigating include substrate enzyme amp product 2 Explain how the iodine indicator can show you whether the enzyme was working or not be specific The Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Activity tite aa ted Rot 2 to pa Temp Number Gt 1 0 C 2 1 37 C 2 1 100 C 2 3 Which temperature produced the greatest enzyme activity Is this what you expected Why or why not Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 The Effects of pH on Enzyme Activity pH of Tube Presence of Starch 4 7 10 4 At which pH did you get the greatest enzyme activity Explain 5 Based on where the enzyme amylase is found in the body do your results from
43. e Human Lungs and Pleural Coverings mediastinum parietal pleura visceral pleura diaphragm Histology of the Respiratory System slides lung alveoli squamous epithelium bronchioles blood vessels Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 65 Measuring Vital Capacity Biol 2404 Experiments in Physiology Vital Capacity is the maximum amount of air you can get into or out of your lungs in a single breath A measure of vital capacity provides a relatively simple way to assess the condition of one s respiratory system A persons vital capacity is compared to a standardized chart based on gender and height Many factors can affect ones vital capacity general health respiratory diseases regular exercise etc Measuring Your Vital Capacity using a Wet Spirometer 1 The spirometer measures the volume of air in an exhaled breath Take one of the cardboard mouthpieces firmly attach it to the end of the hose and blow briefly into the tube Note that the black indicator will move as the chamber fills with air The numbers on the scale are liters After each use you will need to slide the black indicator back to the zero mark 2 Put the cardboard mouthpiece on the spirometer and inhale as much as possible before placing your mouth on the mouthpiece 3 Hold your nose or use a nose clip and blow as much air as you possibly can into the spirometer 4 Record the volume your vital capacity on your data sheet
44. e abdominopelvic body wall Terminology Muscle Cell Structure Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 43 sarcolemma sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum myofibrils thick and thin filaments nuclei T tubules motor end plate neuromuscular junction General Muscular Anatomy fascicle epimysium perimysium endomysium tendon aponeurosis Human Muscles a Muscles on the Head and Neck frontalis orbicularis oris orbicularis oculi extrinsic eye muscles masseter temporalis sternocleidomastoid b Breathing Muscles diaphragm external intercostals internal intercostals c Muscles of the Abdominal Wall external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis rectus abdominis d Muscles that Move Pectoral Girdle trapezius e Muscles that Move Upper Arm pectoralis major deltoid trapezius latissimus dorsi f Muscles that Move Forearm biceps brachii brachialis triceps brachii gt raises eyebrows gt closes mouth pucker up closes eyes squint gt all eye movements gt closes jaw gt closes jaw gt flexes and or rotates head inspiration raise ribcage forced inspiration gt lower ribcage forced expiration gt supports body wall gt supports body wall gt compresses abdomen gt flexes vertebral column gt 6 pack gt levation and depression of scapula gt flexes humerus gt main muscle of pecs gt abducts upper arm gt extends head allows several mov
45. e independently from the others Each has become specialized not only in function but in shape and internal makeup to perform a relatively few functions Groups of cells with similar morphology and function are called tissues Tissue cells are usually embedded in a noncellular matrix The proportion of cells to matrix varies between tissue types The matrix of many tissues also contains one or more kinds of protein fibers such as collagen elastin and reticular fibers All mammalian organs and organ systems are composed of just 4 basic or primary tissue types Epithelial Connective Muscular and Nervous Tissues Each of these four primary tissue types can be further subdivided into several more specific tissue types Epithelial tissues line body surfaces and the lumen of all tubes and ducts within the body including the digestive system lungs kidneys exocrine glands etc Epithelial cells function in protection filtration secretion and absorption They are packed tightly together with little or no intercellular matrix Epithelium generally lacks a direct blood supply and is bound to underlying tissue layers by the basement membrane Connective tissue morphology is less well defined than the other 3 tissue types Noncellular matrix material often accounts for a major portion of the space occupied by connective tissues Tissue cells are scattered throughout the usually highly vascularized matrix The matrix itself consists of an amorphous jelly like
46. eatures of the pig Determine the possible orientations of the pig in terms of dorsal ventral anterior posterior superior inferior superficial deep Note from the illustrations provided that some of these terms have different meanings in 4 legged animals than in humans Note the snout with prominent nostrils and the eyes which may be sealed closed in smaller specimens Also note the external ear or pinna Notice the pig s short stocky neck with its powerful muscles adapted for rooting Posterior to the neck is the thorax Palpate the ribs and sternum under the skin In the abdominal area note the umbilical cord with its injected arteries and vein Along the sides of the ventral region are pairs of mammary papillae commonly called teats or nipples which become functional mammary glands only in mature females The male is identified by finding the urogenital opening directly posterior to the attachment of the umbilical cord Also posterior to the hind legs is the scrotum a sac of skin that contains the testes in a mature male In both sexes the anus is directly ventral to the base of the tail A female pig is recognized by the urogenital opening directly ventral to the anus that serves as a common opening for both the urinary tract and the vagina Beneath the urogenital opening is a prominent genital papilla We will begin our study of the pig s digestive and respiratory systems by taking a close look at the mouth Stick one point of the larger s
47. elated to pneumothorax Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 68 Enzyme Activity Biol 2404 Experiments in Physiology Human Physiology at its most basic level is biochemistry For every physiological activity that our body performs individual cells are carrying out dozens or hundreds of specific chemical reactions required for that activity Almost all of the chemical activity that is occurring inside our body cells involves enzymes Enzymes are the biological catalysts that allow these reactions to occur Many enzymes are found in the body and each facilitates a specific chemical reaction Enzymes are required for both anabolic and catabolic reactions In catabolic reactions a substrate is broken down into one or more smaller end products In this exercise we will investigate one of the simplest and best known of these kinds of catabolic reactions called hydrolysis that is involved in the chemical digestion of foods Specifically we will study the enzyme amylase that decomposes the substrate starch a polysaccharide a large organic molecule into its products monosaccharides Amylase enzymes are found in saliva and begin the process of chemical hydrolysis as soon as we put food in our mouths You will be collecting your own saliva amylase enzymes in order to perform this experiment Like all enzymes amylase is very sensitive to changes in temperature and pH even slight changes can denature the prote
48. ements of scapula Dadducts amp extends humerus gt lats gt flexes forearm gt biceps gt flexes forearm gt extends forearm gt triceps g Muscles that Move Hand and Fingers flexors of hand brachioradialis extensors of hand h Muscles that Move Thigh gluteus maximus adductor longus gracilis sartorius tensor fascia latae i Muscles that Move Lower Leg biceps femoris semimembranosus semitendinosus rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis j Muscles that Moves Foot gastrocnemius amp achilles tendon soleus tibialis anterior gt flexes phalanges gt flexes lower arm gt extends phalanges gt extends thigh gt most of glutes gt adducts thigh Dadducts thigh flexes lower leg gt flexes thigh gt abducts thigh gt extends thigh flexes lower leg gt extends thigh flexes lower leg most of hamstring gt extends thigh flexes lower leg gt extends lower leg gt extends lower leg most of quads gt extends lower leg gt plantarflexion of foot gt plantarflexion of foot dorsiflexion of foot Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 44 Lab Materials slides The Nervous System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities mammal neuron motor nerve cells smear Human spinal cord cs Carolina nerve cs amp ls spinal cord and ganglia cs Wards Turtox or spinal cord dorsal root ganglion sec models neuron with Schwann cells
49. ent noise It is best to use stethoscopes on bare skin but for this demonstration you will probably be able to hear the heart sounds well enough through a single layer of clothing In cold weather warm up the stethoscope or the first sound you will hear is a screech from your poor victim Be careful not to make any loud noises near the chest piece after you have inserted the earpieces Hold the round part the chest piece up to the person s chest or heart see illustration You should hear a steady lub dub lub dub sound Different heart sounds are best heard at different areas of a person s chest Also heart sounds differ depending on the patient s position i e sitting standing lying on one s side etc Describe the sound you hear on your data sheet Can you detect any murmurs III Measuring Blood Pressure amp Heart Rate Sit down comfortably in the chair with your feet flat on the floor Follow instructions for using the blood pressure cuff given at the beginning of the lab and illustrated on the cuffs Record your blood pressure and pulse rate on the data sheet Blood pressure for both men and women should be at or below 120 80 A typical value for males between 20 40 yrs old is 125 82 for comparable women 110 75 A low blood pressure eg 90 60 is significant only if accompanied by symptoms of dizziness or fatigue Heart rates are generally higher in women than in men but can range overall from 60 to 100 bpm Typic
50. erebrum cerebral hemispheres gyri sulci lobes frontal parietal occipital temporal olfactory bulbs olfactory tracts optic nerves optic chiasma Diencephalon pituitary gland Cerebellum Brain Stem midbrain pons Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 47 medulla Brain Internal Anatomy on brain models and sheep brains Cerebrum corpus callosum Diencephalon epithalamus or pineal gland choroid plexus thalamus third ventricle hypothalamus pituitary gland Cerebellum arbor vitae Brain Stem fourth ventricle choroid plexus Meninges on models and sheep brain structures falx cerebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli layers dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater Spinal Cord cross section models and slide Spinal Cord central canal posterior median sulcus anterior median fissure gray matter white matter tracts meninges Spinal Nerve dorsal root dorsal root ganglion sensory ventral root motor Spinal Nerve Plexuses And Their Major Nerve Branches cat demo amp models Cervical Plexus C1 C5 Phrenic Nerve innervates diaphragm Brachial Plexus C5 C8 T1 Radial and Ulnar Nerves T2 T12 No Plexus Formed Lumbar Plexus L1 L4 Femoral Nerve Sacral Plexus L4 S4 Sciatic Nerve Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Branch sympathetic trunks are comprised of fibers from the thoracic and two lumbar spinal nerves which form a pair of chain ganglia anter
51. erous tissue Distinguish between visceral and parietal pleura and visceral and parietal pericardium The serous tissue of the abdominopelvic cavity is called peritoneum Again distinguish between parietal and visceral peritoneum Note also that serous membrane forms thin clear mesenteries between many of the abdominal organs These mesenteries are composed of two layers of peritoneum Between the layers are connective tissue blood vessels and nerves that supply the various abdominal organs Just beneath the skin of the neck and several small strips of muscles is a large pair of thymus glands that extend down to the heart Carefully lift the antrior portion of the thymus and find a bulge that is the larynx Just beneath the larynx is an oval purplish mass which is the thyroid gland Find the trachea which leads from the larynx and branches into three bronchi in the lungs Flip the left lung over to the right side being extremely careful to avoid disturbing the heart and associated vessels Carefully remove enough parietal pleura to locate the esophagus Trace the esophagus through the diaphragm and into the peritoneal cavity to find the stomach which is nearly covered by the left lobe of the liver The cardioesophageal valve of the stomach is located at its juncture with the esophagus and closes upon swallowing to prevent gastric fluids from ascending into the throat A pyloric valve separates the stomach from the small intestine and allows foo
52. f the water Where did the hydrogen ions come from 9 How do you think the amount of Carbon Dioxide in the blood would affect body pH How does the body prevent a build up of excess carbon dioxide in the blood III Activity Urinalysis Unknown Samples Activity Testing Unknown Urine Samples Urinalysis Results Urine Reagent Strips Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D Your urine Leucocytes Nitrite Urobilinogen Protein pH Blood Specific Gravity Ketone Bilirubin Glucose optional for 1 pt extra credit 10 Using your text or the web suggest an explanation for any abnormal components in each of the urine samples Sample A Sample B Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 80 Sample C Sample D Your own Urine 11 List three additional examples of abnormal constituents in a urine sample other than those you found in your unknown samples above and describe what problems each might indicate Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 81 The Urinary System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides human kidney sec amp mammal kidney sec H amp E models human models and torsos as available kidney models nephron models Lab Activities 1 Locate and identify the major organs of the human urinary system on models available kidneys re
53. give an example of each from the list of markings belos 8 Distinguish between the bones of the axial and bones of the appendicular skeleton as listed below 9 Locate and identify the fontanels on the fetal skull model frontal anterior occipital posterior sphenoid mastoid fontanels 10 Identify all the major bones and bone markings of the axial skeleton and sinuses in both the articulated skeleton models and on individual bones as listed below 11 Identify all the major bones and bone markings of the appendicular skeleton in both the articulated skeleton and on individual bones as listed below 12 Observe the illustration of fetal ossification as the cartilaginous skeleton is converted to bone tissue Terminology List for the Skeletal System Histology slides fibrous connective tissue collagen fibers hyaline cartilage matrix lacunae chondrocytes bone haversian canal lamellae canaliculi lacunae osteocytes Sectioned Long bone epiphyses diaphysis medullary cavity articular cartilage periosteum endosteum spongy bone compact bone trabeculi yellow marrow red marrow Bones and Markings Fontanels of fetal skull frontal anterior occipital posterior sphenoid mastoid fontanels Axial Skeleton Skull cranium Frontal Bone frontal sinus coronal suture Parietal Bone sagittal suture Sphenoid Bone sella turcica sphenoid sinus Temporal Bone mastoid process styloid process zygomatic process external
54. gs with blood Immediately dorsal to the pulmonary artery and partially obscured by it is the aorta which leads outward from the heart then bends 180 to the left as it passes down toward the diaphragm The aorta can be viewed by shoving the heart and lungs to the right The pulmonary artery leads posteriorly and branches to the lungs A short duct the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta The ductus arteriosus shunts fetal blood away from the lungs After birth the smooth muscles in the wall of this duct constrict and close off this shunt Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 32 Return to the pleural cavity and cut away tissue in the neck to expose the aortic arch and its major branches Locate the right and left subclavian arteries which take blood to the arms and the right and left carotid arteries which take blood to the head Now look at the venous system In the same area the anterior vena cava receives blood from two subclavian veins that drain the arms and two jugular veins that return blood from the head Locate the abdominal aorta and find the renal arteries that supply blood to the kidneys Below the kidneys the aorta divides into two large arteries that supply blood to the lower torso and the legs On each side of the urinary bladder are two umbilical arteries that can be traced to the umbilical cord The major veins that drain the legs join in the pelvic area to f
55. h extrinsic eye muscles respiratory system plaque muscular arms amp legs male and female pelvis lymphatic system plaque any other models showing specific voluntary muscles Lab Activities 1 Identify the primary and specific tissue type on the slide of muscle also note the striations and nuclei understand what produces the striations 2 Identify the muscle fibers nerve fibers synapse and motor end plates neuromuscular junction on the slide and the model of motor nerve endings 3 Identify the parts of skeletal muscle cells as seen on the muscle cell model sarcolemma sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum myofibrils thick and thin filaments nuclei T tubules motor neuron motor end plate neuromuscular junction synapse endomysium 4 On the motor end plate model identify motor neuron motor end plate synaptic cleft muscle cell 5 Study the model and illustrations of a muscle organ to identify the structures below fascicle epimysium perimysium endomysium tendon aponeurosis 6 Recognize and identify the assigned human muscles amp their functions from the terminology list below on all models available note extrinsic eye muscles are the 6 muscles attached to each eyeball see senses chapter note the rhomboideus is actually several muscles you can refer to all of them as one note not all muscle models show both the internal and the external intercostals note not all muscle models show all three muscle layers of th
56. ins and slow or stop the activity of the enzyme Enzyme Activity Effects of Temperature 1 Work in groups of 3 or 4 write your group number on your data sheet 2 Collect 1 ml of saliva in the 10 ml graduate cylinder provided don t count foam 3 Take 8 of the test tubes at your counter and label each as below 2 0 C 2 37 C 2 100 C 2 C Experimental Tubes Control Tubes 4 Gently shake the bottle of starch then place 1 ml of starch and 1 ml of DI water in one of the control tubes and 3 ml of DI water in the other using the plastic disposable pipettes add 3 drops of Iodine IKI solution to both tubes and note the reactions Iodine Lugols is an indicator for the presence of starch Iodine is normally a yellowish orange liquid When added to the tube with water this should be the color you see ie no reaction When starch is present and iodine is added the solution will turn dark blue to black this is a positive test for starch Save these control tubes for comparison to your experimental tubes at the end of the experiment 5 Dilute the saliva mixture in the graduate cylinder by adding DI water up to the 10 ml line Swirl to mix 6 Use a clean disposable plastic pipette to add 1 ml of the saliva mixture to each of the 6 experimental test tubes 7 Place the tubes at the designated temperatures as labeled 2 in the ice 2 in the 37 water bath and Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual
57. ion your primary tools of dissection will be forceps and blunt probes and fingers Any dissections will be performed as a group Typically one person reads the instructions and one or two other students will actually do the dissection Your instructor will be watching to ensure that this is a shared project Rolls should be rotated frequently Generally the person actually doing the dissection is the one who learns the material best Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 3 Dissecting tools and gloves are provided in the student drawers Any dissected materials to be discarded must be placed in the designated container NOT in the sinks You will be expected to rinse your i tray rinse and dry your pins and utensils and replace them where you found them and clean off your counter with disinfectant spray Biology Lab Safety Procedures and Information Health and safety are paramount values in science classrooms laboratories and field activities You are expected to learn understand and comply with ACC environmental health and safety procedures and agree to follow the ACC science safety policy You are expected to conduct yourself professionally with respect and courtesy to all You can read the complete ACC science safety policy at http www austincc edu sci_safe All safety policies and procedures apply to scheduled lab classes as well as open labs Consequences for not complying with safety procedures
58. ior and lateral to the vertebral column Parasympathetic Branch individual fibers from cranial nerves III VII IX and X and spinal nerves S2 S3 and S4 Innervation of most visceral organs is from fibers of the Vagus X Nerve Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 48 Sense Organs Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities mammal foliate papillae with taste buds sec Lab Materials Slides vater pacini corpuscle wm cochlea guinea pig Is eye monkey Is Models skin models eye models ear models Cochlear duct cross section sagittal section of head Preserved Materials sheep eyes temporal bone ear ossicles Other penlights Lab Activities 1 Locate and identify examples of simple receptors of general sensation These receptors are in the form of free nerve endings or sensory neurons encapsulated by connective tissue Find the following receptors in the skin models using the illustrations provided Free nerve endings epidermis Encapsulated receptors Merkel discs papillary layer Meisner s corpuscles papillary layer Pacinian corpuscles reticular or subcutaneous layer pain heat cold light touch and pressure light touch changes in texture deep pressure fast vibrations 2 Observe the slide of Pacinian corpuscles vater pacini corpuscles and be able to recognize them and know their general function 3 Identify the location of the olfactory epithelium and its relationship t
59. k negatives again after about 30 more Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 76 seconds Record the results in the table on your Data Sheet Place an asterisk next to any abnormal values for each sample Then suggest one possible cause that might explain the abnormal results in each of the samples that you tested Where possible record your results as relative amounts rather than as exact numerical values for example neg trace small moderate large or For 1 pt extra credit collect a sample of your own urine and perform the same set of tests and analyses Use the paper or plastic cups as provided Disposal Dispose of all test solutions from the beakers and your urine cup into the sink with water running Return remaining stock solutions to your tray Discard your speciman cups and urine test strips in the regular trash Rinse glassware and return it to your tray Rinse pH electrode cover with cap or leave in buffer solution as directed turn off and close the pH meter Wipe down counters with disinfectant AUNE nN Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 71 I Activity Effects of Acids on Buffered and Unbuffered Solutions pH and Buffers Bio 2404 Lab Data Sheet Name Group Due Date Test Solution initial final pH pH drops of HCl DI Water Saliva Urine
60. large intestine and opens to the outside through the anus Carefully shove the intestines to one side The kidneys lie dorsally just inside the body wall but outside the peritoneal cavity against the ventral surface of the back muscles retroperitoneal Gently tear the peritoneal layer away without damaging the attached blood vessels Note the ureter which exits each kidney near the attachment of the renal artery and renal vein Trace the ureters posteriorly along the dorsal body wall They will turn ventrally and enter the urinary bladder an elongated sac between the two umbilical arteries Trace the bladder into the umbilical cord where it continues as the allantoic stalk After birth the allantoic stalk degenerates If you have a male pig you previously located the testis in the scrotal sac The testes begin embryonic development in the body cavity immediately posterior to the kidneys usually they descend into the paired scrotal sacs before birth Open one of the sacs and find a testis Examine the testis and find a band of tissue the epididymus which begins at the anterior end of the testis and proceeds posteriorly along one side of the testis to its most posterior point where it joins the vas deferens ductus deferens The penis is located directly inside the urogenital opening of the male pig in the midventral strip of body wall that also contains the urinary bladder Trace the vas deferens ductus deferens from the scrotal sac through
61. lci olfactory bulbs olfactory tracts optic nerves optic chiasma corpus callosum Diencephalon epithalamus or pineal gland thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland Cerebellum arbor vitae Brain Stem midbrain pons medulla 5 Locate and identify the major layers and structures associated with the meninges on all appropriate models layers of meninges dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater folds of meninges falx cerebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli 6 Meninges of sheep brain dissection some of the sheep brains have the meninges still attached Identify the three layers of the meninges on the preserved sheep brain Also locate the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli the sheep meninges does not have a falx cerebelli 7 Locate and identify the ventricles canals and capillary beds associated with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid on appropriate brain models and preserved sheep brains lateral ventricles third ventricle cerebral aqueduct fourth ventricle choroid plexuses arachnoid villi arachnoid granulations 8 Identify the major features on the models and slide of a cross section of the human spinal cord also note the three layers of the meninges on the cross section models central canal posterior median sulcus anterior median fissure gray matter white matter tracts meninges dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater 9 Review the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion and between a t
62. ls adenoids oropharynx palatine and lingual tonsils laryngopharynx larynx epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage false vocal cords true vocal cords glottis trachea note the shape of the tracheal cartilages bronchi note the bands of cartilage lungs bronchioles alveoli the respiratory tree diaphragm 2 Understand the relationships between the serous membranes associated with the thoracic and pericardial cavities mediastinum parietal pleura visceral pleura diaphragm 3 Recognize the histological structure of lung tissue on the slide including alveoli squamous epithelium bronchioles blood vessels 4 Compare the structure and quality of the lung tissue on the samples or images of lungs from normal smoker and emphysema patients Terminology Upper Respiratory System nose external nares nostrils nasal septum nasal cavity nasal conchae paranasal sinuses frontal maxillary sphenoid ethmoid mouth hard palate soft palate pharynx nasopharynx auditory tube pharyngeal tonsils adenoids Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 64 oropharynx palatine and lingual tonsils laryngopharynx larynx epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage false vocal cords true vocal cords glottis Lower Respiratory System trachea tracheal cartilages bronchi c shaped bands of cartilage lungs bronchi bronchioles alveoli the respiratory tree Th
63. microscopic examination Hair follicle root shaft bulb hair papilla sebaceous glands arrector pili muscle 5 Determine which slides above will have sweat glands and which will have oil sebaceous glands and be able to recognize each on microscopic examination Glands sweat glands sebaceous glands Terminology List For Integumentary System Skin Layers Epidermis stratum corneum stratum basale s germinativum Dermis papillary layer reticular layer Hypodermis adipose tissue subcutaneous layer Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 36 Structures Hair follicle root shaft bulb hair papilla arrector pili Glands sweat glands sebaceous glands Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 37 The Skeletal System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides human white fibrous tissue tendon ls mammal hyaline cartilage sec bone dry ground human cs models and bones articulated skeleton bone tissue model sectioned long bones skulls natural bone amp casts sagittal sectioned head vertebral column with pelvis ear ossicles malleus incus stapes articulated arm and pectoral girdle articulated leg and pelvic girdle male and female pelvis models articulated vertebral column disarticulated bones including sphenoid ethmoid vertebrae sectioned skulls xrays if available fetal skull model model of bone tissue sec
64. n slowly stirring it or swirling the beaker When the pH stops changing dramatically record the pH on your data sheet 4 Add HCI solution drop by drop while stirring with the pH electrode continuously Continue to slowly add and count the drops of HCI until the pH decreases by one complete unit 5 Record the final pH of the solution and the number of drops of HCI in the table on your data sheet 6 Turn off and rinse the pH probe well with a stream of DI water HCl in urine 1 Take a clean 100 ml beaker and add urine up to the 50 ml mark 2 Turn on the pH meter as above to record the initial pH of the solution by immersing the electrodes and stirring them and recording the pH on your data sheet 3 Add HCI solution drop by drop while stirring with the pH electrode continuously Continue to slowly add and count the drops of HCI until the pH decreases by one complete unit 4 Record the final pH of the solution and the number of drops of HCI in the table on your data sheet 5 Turn off and rinse the pH probe well with a stream of DI water d HCI in Plasma II HI 1 Take a clean100 ml beaker and add plasma up to the 50 ml mark 2 Turn on the pH meter as above to record the initial pH of the solution by immersing the electrodes and stirring them and recording the pH on your data sheet 3 Add HCI drop by drop counting the drops while continuously stirring with the pH electrode until the pH changes one complete unit 4 Record
65. nges in electrolyte concentrations particularly to particular groups of electrolytes called acids and bases Any dramatic change in the balance between acids and bases in the body can denature proteins and wreak havoc within our cells The ratio of acids and bases is measured on the pH scale where a pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution in which the concentrations of acids and bases are evenly balanced A value below 7 indicates acidity ie there are more acids than bases and above 7 alkalinity ie there are fewer acids than basis The pH of our blood varies only slightly between 7 35 and 7 45 A change in pH to a value less than 7 or greater than 7 8 is lethal One of the primary ways our bodies have to combat such drastic changes is by using buffers Buffers are chemicals that have the ability to absorb excess acids or bases to prevent drastic changes in pH within our cells or body fluids These buffers cannot work indefinitely however there must be some way to get rid of excess acids Our bodies have two major systems to remove excess acids the respiratory system and the excretory system You will be using a dilute solution 0 2N of hydrochloric acid HCl to change the pH of samples of three body fluids You will measure the pH of various solutions in this exercise using a pH meter Your instructor will demonstrate how to correctly use the equipment Safety Precautions for handling urine In this lab you will be using your own urine as one
66. nstrate proper focusing techniques and light adjustments at all magnifications and determine the total magnification you are using when viewing the two slides listed above 5 Demonstrate proper handling use and care of the microscope and of prepared slides 6 Learn the meanings of the abbreviations below that are used on prepared slides wm whole mount sec section of an organ or tissue no specific kind of section designated cs cross section Is longitudinal section sag sagittal section sm smear gt cells are spread out in a single layer across the slide ts teased gt individual cells are pulled apart from each other on the slide Terminology List for Microscope magnification resolution contrast compound microscope dissecting microscope ocular lens objective lenses nosepiece power switch light control switch mechanical stage condenser iris diaphragm coarse amp fine focus pointer terminology for microscope slides wm sec cs Is sag sm ts Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 23 The Cell amp Cell Division Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials Models animal cell mitosis plaque Slides epithelium simple squamous oral smear wet mount of cheek cells sperm smear human Human blood Wright s smear amphibian smooth muscle teased Wards animal mitosis fish blastodisc IH sec All living matter is composed of cells The human body contains t
67. nutes with your eyes held open Someone will help you with this gt If a person is experiencing electrical shock from touching wires or equipment use a belt or other non conducting material to pull them away from the electrical source gt First aid kits are located 1 2 e a Only minor cuts and burns will be treated in the lab Serious injuries must be treated in a medical facility Emergency Medical Services EMS will be called if you are injured and are unable to take yourself to a medical facility b The instructor must fill out a report describing your injury Personal Protective Equipment PPE 1 Required when biological chemical or physical hazards are present on the lab benches open shelves or counters a Safety Eyewear You must wear non tinted safety eyewear safety glasses or goggles marked Z87 when directed to do so by the lab instructor or lab safety instructions You must bring your protective eyewear with you to every lab class If you forget your eyewear and the lab room does not have a pair to loan to you you will not be able to participate in the lab and may forfeit your lab grade for that day ACC cannot guarantee that loaned safety glasses or safety goggles are uncontaminated by microbes or chemicals People who wear contact lenses must wear goggles and may not wear safety glasses b Gloves You will be provided with nitrile gloves for handling biohazards and hazardous chemicals Please n
68. o the olfactory bubs and the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone on the sagittal head model 4 Recognize the histological structure of the papillae with taste buds on the taste bud slide tongue papillae taste buds taste gustatory cells 5 Identify the following anatomical features of the eye on appropriate models extrinsic eye muscles superior amp inferior rectus muscles superior and inferior oblique muscles medial and lateral rectus muscles eyelids conjunctiva eyelashes lacrimal gland nasolacrimal duct tear duct sclera cornea choroid layer ciliary body suspensory ligaments lens iris pupil retina optic disc fovea centralis aqueous humor vitreous humor Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 49 6 Observe the slide of the monkey eye and be able to recognize sclera cornea choroid layer ciliary body suspensory ligaments lens iris pupil retina 7 Section the preserved sheep eye as shown in the illustration provided Use a scalpel or sharp point of scissors to first penetrate the sclera then use scissors to cut the rest of the way around the eye you might need a penlite to see some of the structures Identify the following anatomical features of the eye on the preserved sheep eye sclera cornea choroid layer ciliary body lens iris pupil retina optic disc vitreous humor 8 Identify the major anatomical features on the ear models provided oute
69. oad ow c6 66 in the table on your data sheet 2 Starches a swirl the starch bottle to mix then add a drop of starch solution 1 starch to one of the wells in the spot plate and a drop of DI water to another well b add 1 3 drops of Lugol s iodine to each of the wells c record the reaction as either or in the table on your data sheet 3 Lipids a with a dropper add a drop of vegetable oil to a 2 square of a paper towel b with another clean dropper add a drop of DI water to another paper towel square c place the paper towel in the incubator on a warming tray for 5 minutes or until dry d record the reaction as either or in the table on your data sheet 4 Proteins a swirl the protein solution bottle to mix then add a drop of protein solution to a clean spot plate b then add a drop of Biuret solution to the same well c add a drop of DI water to another well on the spot plate d then add a drop of Biuret solution to the same well e record each of the two reactions as either or in the table on your data sheet Experimental Test Procedures In the second part of this exercise you will be testing each of the unknown solutions that you are given by adding indicators like you did to the controls to test for the presence of the above molecules But before you actually perform the tests you must first make predictions hypotheses by noting which organic molecules you would expect
70. od toward one side of the slide take the other slide and holding it at a 45 angle back it up until it touches the blood drop then carefully and smoothly push the angled slide across the surface of the blood slide if done correctly you should end up with a continuous smear of blood that thins an one end 2 allow the smear to air dry on the slide 3 stain the blood smear using the Hemacolor system on side counter see instructions at the station 4 Find and draw examples of each of the three kinds of formed elements on your data sheet 5 Find and identify two of the 5 different kinds of WBC s and draw them as well Disposal Dispose of alcohol swabs cotton balls and other paper supplies in biohazard bag Dispose of slides used to make smear in bleach beaker Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 59 C Typing for ABO and RH Blood Groups 1 We will use Eldon Cards to determine blood types 2 Follow the instructions in the pamphlet at your lab table note use tap water not DI water Disposal Dispose of Eldon Cards combs and contaminated paper towels in biohazard bag Dispose of paper towels used to clean counter in regular trash II Listening to Heart Sounds You can listen to your own heart sounds or those of your lab partner with their permission of course Insert each of the two ear pieces into your ears Be sure that the ear pieces fit snugly and have a good seal to keep out ambi
71. of sections sagittal plane frontal plane transverse plane 4 List the major body cavities and name organs found in each Dorsal Cranial Spinal Ventral Thoracic Abdominopelvic Abdominal Pelvic 5 Study torso models and illustrations to be able to name which abdominal quadrants or regions various organs are found in upper right and left quadrate lower right and left quadrate epigastric hypogastric umbilical rt amp Ift hypochondriac rt amp Ift lumbar rt amp Ift inguinal Terminology List for Landmarks Cavities Planes Organ Systems Body Orientation and Direction superior inferior anterior posterior medial lateral cephalad caudad dorsal ventral proximal distal superficial deep Body Planes and Sections Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 15 sagittal plane frontal plane transverse plane Body Cavities Dorsal Cranial Spinal Ventral Thoracic Abdominopelvic Abdominal Pelvic Body Landmarks and Surface Features axial region appendicular region head neck thorax abdomen pelvis nasal orbital oral buccal occipital cervical axillary thoracic umbilical lumbar sacral gluteal brachial pelvic abdominal pubic inguinal femoral patellar calcaneal Abdominopelvic Quadrates Abdominopelvic Regions epigastric hypogastric umbilical rt amp Ift hypochondriac rt amp Ift lumbar rt amp Ift inguinal Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab
72. of the specimens that you will be analyzing You must follow the usual safety precautions for working with body fluids 1 Wear gloves 2 Test and handle only your own urine 3 Follow proper disposal procedures as described below I Activity Effects of acids on buffered and unbuffered solutions a HClin deionized water 1 Take a clean 100 ml beaker and add deionized water up to the 50 ml mark 2 Turn on the pH meter and note the initial pH of the solution by immersing the electrodes and stirring briefly Record the pH on your data sheet 3 Add HCI solution drop by drop while stirring with the pH electrode continuously Continue to slowly add and count the drops of HCl until the pH decreases by one complete unit 4 Record the final pH of the solution and the number of drops of HCI in the table on your data sheet 5 Turn off the pH meter and rinse the pH probe by holding it over a large beaker and squirting a stream of DI water over it b HCl in saliva 1 Take a clean 100 ml beaker and add deionized water up to the 50 ml mark 2 Collect at least 2 or 3 ml of saliva in a small graduated cylinder chewing on a rubber band or a piece of parafilm stimulates saliva production pour the saliva into the beaker then add DI water to the 50ml mark Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 75 C 3 Turn on the pH meter and record the initial pH of the solution by immersing the electrode in the solutio
73. ohydrate Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose are called monosaccharides More complex carbohydrates such as starches are polymers of these monosaccharide units and are called polysaccharides Simple carbohydrates are broken down or catabolized in a process called glycolysis which provides the cells with most of its energy Lipids including fats and steroids are composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms They are important components of cell membranes and are used as hormones and for energy storage Excess food is usually stored as fat in adipose tissue cells Proteins are constructed from long chains of amino acids and contain carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and sulfur atoms Proteins provide the major structural components of our cells and therefore our bodies Other proteins serve as enzymes which are the major catalysts that facilitate complex biochemical reactions in our cells We can perform simple tests to identify the presence of some of these kinds of molecules by adding indicators to a solution to be tested A change in color or other physical characteristic indicates the presence or absence of a particular kind of organic molecule A Simple carbohydrates sugars Benedicts solution causes some sugars to turn green yellow orange or red when heated to boiling The color of a positive reaction depends on how much sugar is present green indicates low levels red high sugar levels B Complex carbohydrates polysaccharides
74. om 2 Learn the locations of the vent switch safety shower extinguisher glass disposal boxes discarded tissue buckets first aid kit and spill kits and be able to use each 3 Wash lab benches with lysol spray BEFORE and AFTER each lab period 4 Place your books beneath the lab bench if you have a jacket or sweater there are hooks available on which to hang them Keep your countertop clear of all but your lab manual and materials you are actually working with Check your lab stool to be sure the back is tightened If you drop and break a beaker or other glassware do not pick it up notify me and PII take care of it If the floor is wet cover it with paper towels and notify the instructor Follow the procedures as directed for proper handling and care of microscopes and slides Co N A MN Do not have more than one or two prepared slides at your bench at any time 10 Slides and coverslips that you prepare should be discarded in the glass disposal boxes do not attempt to clean them Do not discard any of the prepared slides 11 Make sure the venting switch is on when dissections are being done 12 Use latex or nitrile gloves while dissecting since the preservatives used can be quite strong and may be toxic 13 Aprons are available as needed to protect your clothes we recommend that you wear older clothes for lab 14 Wash and dry any dissecting utensils that you used and return them to the case in your lab drawer
75. or starches Lugol s iodine causes a solution containing starch to turn dark blue to black The more starch there is the darker the color C Lipids fats and oils Large amounts of concentrated lipids leave a translucent spot on absorbent paper after drying D Proteins and Polypeptides Biuret solution causes a protein solution to turn pink or violet The first step in learning to detect these chemicals is to perform control tests with substances known to contain or not to contain specific chemicals You will perform each of the above tests on a positive Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 18 and a negative solution the negative is usually water After completing the tests you will see both the positive and negative results for each of the different kinds of molecule above Then you can compare your experimental tests to these control results to see if any of the different kinds organic molecules are present in each test unknown solution Control Test Procedures 1 Sugars take two clean test tubes and label one su and the other su add about 1 cm use ruler to measure of glucose solution 10 Karo to su test tube add about 1 cm of DI water to su add 5 drops of Benedict s solution to each test tube using test tube clamp place both test tubes in a boiling water bath at your table for about 2 minutes record the reaction as either or
76. orm the posterior vena cava which leads back to the heart The posterior vena cava receives several large vessels as it progresses toward the liver Trace the posterior vena cava into the liver Also trace the umbilical vein into the liver where it becomes a large ductus venosus that empties into the posterior venal cava The ductus venosus degenerates after birth Disposal amp Cleanup after Dissection 1 after each dissection dispose of materials as below slides and coverlsips 2 glass disposal box dissecting scraps gt scraps bucket gloves paper towels etc gt regular trash 2 spray and wipe down your table with disinfectant spray 3 clean off your dissecting tray and place on drying rack 4 rinse and dry your dissecting tools and pins and return them to their proper containers Terminology List for Fetal Pig Dissection External Anatomy Head snout nostrils eyes pinna neck Trunk thorax ribs sternum abdomen umbilical cord mammary papillae urogenital opening scrotum anus tail genital papilla female Internal Anatomy Digestive System masseter hard palate soft palate pharynx tongue esophagus stomach liver cardioesophageal valve pyloric valve rugae liver gall bladder spleen pancreas small intestine villi large intestine caecum colon ileocaecal valve rectum anus Respiratory Systems glottis epiglottis larynx trachea lungs diaphragm Cavities amp Membranes thoracic cavity pleural cavi
77. oscope can only be learned adequately in the lab room General Lab Rules 1 Read the lab exercise before you come to lab There is not time to review every aspect of each exercise and still give you time to work on your own I will assume that you know what the exercise covers in general and I will only review changes or specific materials that you will use 2 Before each lab use the terminology list to mark the items in your manual s text and illustrations that you are responsible for learning 2 Read and memorize the laboratory safety rules of the lab below The preservatives are irritants and some of you may be allergic to them Gloves must be used during dissections and will be provided Your dissecting tools will be provided for you as well 3 The PIN lab room is open on Fridays 8 00 am to 12 00 pm for extra lab study time Dissections Dissections are an integral part of the anatomy and physiology lab experience There is no substitute for handling and dissecting real tissues and organs as a way to learn anatomy The term dissection means to expose to view Many beginning students assume that dissecting automatically means cutting things up but actual cutting is rare and then it will usually be done with scissors not scalpels Scalpels more often damage the material and make things harder to see and their use is discouraged in most cases While you will occasionally use scissors to begin the process of dissect
78. otify the instructor if your skin is irritated by these gloves c Shoes Shoes must cover the top front and sides of your feet They must be Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 5 impervious to liquids d More specific requirements may exist for labs in which unique hazards are present for example BSL2 organisms or physical hazards such as sharps open flame UV light pressurized gases or liquid nitrogen 2 Recommended when biological chemical or physical hazards are present on the lab benches open shelves or counters a Apron or Lab Coat You may be instructed to wear an apron or lab coat over your clothes when handling biohazards or hazardous chemicals b Wear natural fiber clothing for any lab activity involving open flame synthetic material melts onto skin in a fire c Before putting on gloves remove watches rings and bracelets that could either puncture the glove from the inside or interfere with rapid removal of the gloves d Tie back long hair e Do not wear clothing with long loose sleeves Waste Disposal You must precisely follow the waste disposal procedures Never dispose of anything in lab without prior direction from the instructor gt Hazardous chemical waste containers are located solids liquids _ SSO gt Biohazard bags are located gt Sharps containers are located _ o o gt oS gt Glass rinsed test tubes and broken gl
79. plates with soap and water and return it to the tray on your lab table Return all dropper bottles to the tray on your table make sure caps are screwed on Wipe down counters with disinfectant Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 20 Name Identification of Biomolecules Bio 2404 Lab Data Sheet Control Tests For each control test below record your results as a or right Control Tests Result sugar test Sugar Sol DI water starch tes t Starch Sol DI water lipid test Oil DI water protein test Protein Sol DI water Did all the control tests give the expected results if not explain Why are these called control tests ce 66 Group Due Date in the column to the What would be the consequences for the rest of this experiment if any of the control tests did not produce the expected results Describe a specific example Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 21 Experimental Tests Write out your hypothesis being tested your expected results for each solution below and then record your experimental results as a or cc 66 in the columns to the right solution Hypotheses Expected Results Experimental Results sugar starch lipid protein sugar starch lipid protein
80. r external ear pinna external auditory canal ceruminous wax glands tympanic membrane middle ear ossicles malleus hammer incus anvil stapes stirrup auditory eustachian tube oval window inner ear bony labyrinth vestibule cochlea semicircular canals perilymph membranous labyrinth utricle saccule cochlear duct semicircular ducts endolymph Organ of Corti in cochlear duct hair cells tectorial membrane 9 Recognize the histological structure of the cochlear duct including the Organ of Corti on cochlear duct section model and slide Organ of Corti in cochlear duct hair cells tectorial membrane 10 Identify the mechanoreceptors for static and dynamic equilibrium on illustrations available Macula in utrucle amp saccule Ampullae in membranous semicircular canals Cleanup Place dissected sheep cow eye in dissecting scraps bucket Rinse pan and hang on drying racks at sinks Rinse and dry dissecting tools and return to drawers Return scaplels to instructor If razor blades were used dispose of them in the glass disposal boxes Terminology Cutaneous Receptors skin model and slide Free nerve endings Merkel discs Meisner s corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles Taste Taste slide tongue papillae taste buds taste gustatory cells Smell Smell models nasal cavity olfactory epithelium receptor cells cribiform plate olfactory bulb olfactory tract Visual Receptors
81. r Leg Tibia Fibula Foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 40 Articulations and Body Movements Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials articulated skeleton models of hip knee shoulder and elbow joints fresh beef joint if available joint X rays if available Lab Activities 1 Describe each of the three major kinds of skeletal articulations in terms of both structure and function 2 Locate examples of each of the three different kinds of joints on the articulated skeleton 3 Describe the major features and anatomy of a typical synovial joint Know joint capsule articular cartilage joint cavity synovial membrane synovial fluid ligaments bursa 4 Identify major anatomical features on models of selected synovial joints as assigned from the list below a Examples of Ball and Socket Joints Ball shaped head of one bone fits in concave depression of another allows movement around three or more axes in three or more planes Shoulder e note fit of glenoid cavity with head of humerus e note ligaments enclosing the joint capsule see illustration Hip e note fit of acetabulum with head of femur b Examples of Hinge Joints Articulating heads of bones form hinge shaped joint permits movement around only 1 axis in only 1 plane Elbow e note fit of olecranon process into olecranon fossa e note attachment of ligaments see ill
82. ract and a nerve 10 Distinguish between a nerve and a nerve fiber Observe and recognize the microscopic anatomy of a nerve and its connective tissue coverings on slide model amp illustrations epineurium perineurium endoneurium nerve fiber 11 Identify the major features on the models of the spinal cord that includes its attachments to each spinal nerve and on the slides labeled spinal cord with ganglia dorsal root dorsal root ganglion sensory ventral root motor spinal nerve 12 Identify the major groups of spinal nerves on nervous system plaque and the cat nervous system preparation 13 Find and be able to identify the major spinal nerve plexuses as available on models and illustrations Cervical Plexus C1 C5 Phrenic Nerve innervates diaphragm Brachial Plexus C5 C8 T1 T2 T12 No Plexus Formed Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 46 Lumbar Plexus L1 L4 Sacral Plexus L4 S4 14 Locate and list the general function of these major nerves arising from the nerve plexuses Radial Ulnar Femoral and Sciatic Nerves 15 Locate and identify any parts of the autonomic system on models available Sympathetic Branch sympathetic trunks are comprised of fibers mainly from the thoracic spinal nerves which form a pair of chain ganglia anterior and lateral to the vertebral column Parasympathetic Branch individual fibers from cranial nerves II VII IX and X and
83. rillions of cells The metabolism of living organisms all their biochemical activities takes place within cells and as a result of cellular activity All cells arise from other cells by cell division All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane which encloses the cytoplasm protoplasm and various other internal structures The cell membrane restricts passage of materials in and out of the cell and helps to protect the cells structural and functional integrity Internally floating in the cytoplasm are various organelles small organs each with a specific function similar to some of the organs found in our bodies A nucleus is found in almost all of our cells and is often the largest cellular structure present The nucleus contains the genetic material the chromosomes which are made of DNA and control all metabolism Most cells also contain mitochondria which contain most of the enzymes for extracting energy from organic foods a chemical process called respiration Additional organelles and cellular structures are listed in the lab activities below Lab Activities 1 Study the cell model and identify the following organelles and structures cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus amp nucleolus organelles ribosome endoplasmic reticulum golgi bodies mitochondria centrioles lysosomes cilia amp flagella 2 Study the general functions of each cell structure and organelle listed above 3 Make a wet mount of cheek cells following your instru
84. rous tubules interstitial cells developing sperm mature sperm Penis corpora cavernosa corpus spongiosum urethra Gross Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System ovaries uterine tubes fallopian tubes oviducts fimbriae uterus broad ligament ovarian ligament cervix of uterus vagina vulva Uterus endometrium myometrium epimetrium Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 83 Microscopy of Female Reproductive System Ovary follicle cells ovum Graafian follicle corpus luteum Spermatogenesis seminiferous tubules interstitial cells spermatogonia sperm lumen of seminiferous tubules Oogenesis follicle cells Graafian follicle ovum corpus luteum Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 84 A Survey of Human Development Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides starfish development starfish all stages starfish early cleavage wm starfish late cleavage wm chick 18 hr wm chick 33 hr wm chick 72 hr wm Do not use high power with this slide models human pregnancy series models cell to embryo plaque tailbud stage model fetal circulation model other illustrations and other materials as available Review the main stages of human development as discussed in lecture Be able to relate these stages to the study materials available in lab Lab Activities Preembryonic Stages 1 View the various slides of starfish development
85. ructure after birth umbilical arteries amp veins ductus venosus foramen ovale ductus arteriosis Terminology Stages of Human Development a Fertilization b Preembryonic Stage cleavage divisions morula blastocyst inner cell mass trophoblast ectoderm mesoderm endoderm c Embryonic Stage embryonic membranes placenta neurula brain spinal cord tailbud brain eye spinal cord heart somites d Fetal Stage fetus umbilical arteries amp veins ductus venosus foramen ovale ductus arteriosus Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 86
86. s yesterday s high and low temperature in degrees Celsius show your work or formula used high low 7 If someone weighs 154 lbs how much do they weigh in kilograms show your work 8 When you leave the ACC parking lot either light on 290 and have driven one kilometer where are you be specific 9 Find and describe an everyday object not mentioned in this exercise the textbook or the lab manual that measures approximately one meter one centimeter one millimeter one liter one gram one kilogram Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 14 The Language of Anatomy Landmarks Cavities Planes Organ Systems Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials male amp female surface landmarks models various models Lab Activities 1 Define and give examples of the following directional terms superior inferior anterior posterior medial lateral dorsal ventral proximal distal superficial deep 2 Use the models above to find and describe the location of common surface landmarks listed below axial region appendicular region head neck thorax abdomen pelvis nasal orbital oral buccal occipital cervical axillary thoracic umbilical lumbar sacral gluteal brachial pelvic abdominal pubic inguinal femoral patellar calcaneal 3 Describe and recognize the variety of sections on all many models in the lab that show various types
87. sils laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach cardiac region cardioesophageal sphincter fundus body pyloric region pyloric sphincter rugae greater curvature lesser curvature greater omentum Small Intestine mesenteries duodenum jejunum ileum ileocecal valve villi goblet cells Large Intestine cecum appendix colon ascending transverse descending sigmoid haustra taenia coli rectum anus Accessory Organs Teeth deciduous permanent incisors canines premolars molars crown root gum enamel dentin pulp cementum Salivary Glands parotid submandibular sublingual glands Liver amp Gall bladder liver lobule central vein bile ducts sinuses hepatic arteries hepatic portal vein hepatic veincommon hepatic duct bile duct cystic duct Pancreas pancreatic duct Membranes parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum mesenteries Microscopic Structure and Histology General Histology mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa Teeth cementum dentin pulp enamel Liver lobule central vein Pancreas Islets of Langerhans Intestine villi goblet cells Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 74 pH Buffers amp Urinalysis Biol 2404 Experiments in Physiology Electrolytes are molecules that tend to disperse in solutions as charged atoms or molecules ions Many atoms and molecules in the body are electrolytes Large organic molecules especially proteins are very sensitive to cha
88. the body wall into the abdominal cavity The vas deferens and associated nerves and blood vessels are referred to as the spermatic cord Gently pull the spermatic cord and note that it slides through a minute opening in the posterior wall of the abdomen Locate the urethra and follow it posteriorly and then anteriorly to the urogenital opening In the female pig find the kidneys and locate the paired ovaries posterior and ventral to them They are loosely supported by thin mesenteries The ovaries are connected by mesenteries to two much coiled projections called uterine horns which are extensions of the Y shaped uterus The uterus leads to the urogenital opening of the female pig Begin your study of the pig s circulatory system by removing any vestiges of the pericardial sac from the heart Examine the heart and located a surface groove that is a line of demarcation between the right and left ventricles Notice that the left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle and extends to the posterior tip of the heart Running along this groove are coronary arteries and veins which are the major suppliers of blood to the heart Next locate the two darker anterior flaps on the heart making up the right and left auricles these are pouches containing the chambers called te atria that can expand when they fill with blood The large whitish blood vessel attached to the anterior ventral surface of the heart is the pulmonary artery which supplies the lun
89. these two experiments make sense Explain 6 Name 3 other specific enzymes used by the body and describe or diagram the reaction that each facilitates Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 12 The Digestive System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides pancreas human sec liver pig sec mal tooth root human cs human tooth crown sec models torsos and digestive system models liver model liver lobules model pancreas amp duodenum model teeth in skull model tooth male and female pelvis model cross section of GI tract model esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine villi model preserved see mesenteries on cat display Lab Activities 1 Locate and identify the major organs and structures of the human digestive system on all appropriate models Mouth lips palate hard palate soft palate uvula tongue frenulum parotid sublingual and submaxillary salivary glalnds Pharynx nasopharynx pharyngeal tonsils oropharynx palatine tonsils lingual tonsils laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach cardiac region cardioesophageal sphincter fundus body pyloric region pyloric sphincter rugae greater curvature lesser curvature greater omentum Small Intestine mesenteries duodenum jejunum ileum ileocecal valve villi goblet cells Large Intestine cecum appendix colon ascending transverse descending sigmoid haustra taenia coli rectum anus
90. ties pericardial cavity abdominopelvic cavity serous membranes pleural cavities visceral and parietal pleura pericardial cavity visceral and parietal pericardium peritoneal cavity visceral and parietal peritoneum mesenteries Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 33 Urinary amp Reproductive Systems kidneys ureter urinary bladder scrotal sac testes epididymus vas deferens spermatic cord inguinal canal urethra penis ovaries oviduct uterine horns vagina Circulatory System Heart right amp left ventricle right and left auricles atria Pulmonary Circuit pulmonary artery Systemic Circuit Arteries aorta ductus arteriosus subclavian arteries carotid arteries brachiocephalic arteries renal arteries common iliac arteries umbilical arteries Veins anterior vena cava brachiocephalic veins subclavian veins jugular veins common iliac veins posterior vena cava hepatic portal vein umbilical vein Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 34 Body Membranes Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials Diagrams and illustrations sheep heart with pericardium fresh knee joint if available Torso Models and Male amp Female Pelvic Models Lab Activities 1 Identify and be able to describe the structure and function of all membranes as indicated on models preserved materials and figures Mucous Serous Synovial Cutaneous
91. tion trachea model ear model illustration fetal skeletal preparation showing ossification Reminder Do not use pencils and pens to point to bones and bone markings use the blunt or pointed probe in your dissection kit Lab Activities 1 Study the microscopic structure of compact bone on the model amp slide below model bone tissue model Identify periosteum haversian canal lamellae canaliculi lacunae osteocytes endosteum slide bone dry ground human cs Identify haversian canal lamellae canaliculi lacunae 2 Study the microscopic structure of hyaline cartilage on the slide below slide mammal hyaline cartilage sec Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 38 Identify hyaline cartilage matrix lacunae chondrocytes 3 Know the locations and kinds of cartilage in the human skeleton and internal organs 4 Be able to recognize fibrous connective tissue on the slide below slides human white fibrous tissue tendon Is 5 Study the general terminology for types of bones and be able to recognize examples of each long short flat irregular 6 Study the anatomy of a typical long bone and be able to identify the following terms epiphyses diaphysis marrow medullary cavity articular cartilage periosteum endosteum spongy bone compact bone trabeculi yellow marrow red marrow 7 Know the definition of each of the general kinds of bone markings see table in text and be able to
92. troperitoneal position renal arteries renal veins ureters urinary bladder urethra penis male 2 Identify the major layers and structures seen on a frontal section of the kidney cortex medullary region pyramids calyces renal pelvis 3 Locate and identify the microscopic structure of the nephron on the models available cortex renal corpuscle glomerulus Bowman s Capsule proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule afferent arteriole efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries medulla loop of Henle collecting tubule 4 Locate the following structures on the slide of a kidney section cortex medulla glomerulus Bowman s capsule renal corpuscle Terminology Gross Anatomy of Human Urinary System models charts kidneys retroperitoneal position renal arteries renal veins ureters urinary bladder urethra penis male Gross Internal Anatomy models cortex medullary region pyramids calyces renal pelvis Microscopic Anatomy models slides cortex renal corpuscle glomerulus Bowman s Capsule proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule afferent arteriole efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries medulla loop of Henle collecting tubule Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 82 The Reproductive System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides penis mammal cs do not use slides marked H amp E mammal testis sec mammal
93. ustration Knee e note that the knee is the largest and most complex joint in body e it allows flexion and extension and a little rotation e note fit of femur onto articular surfaces of tibia e note lateral and medial meniscus fibrocartilage note anterior and posterior cruciate ligament e note patella or kneecap embedded in ligaments and tendons e note numerous other ligaments enclosing the joint capsule Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 41 Terminology List for articulations and body movements types of joints immoveable fibrous joint slightly moveable cartilaginous joint freely moveable synovial joint anatomy of synovial joint joint capsule articular cartilage joint cavity synovial membrane synovial fluid ligaments bursa shoulder joint glenoid cavity head of humerous ligaments hip joint acetabulum head of femur ligaments elbow joint olecranon process olecranon fossa ligaments knee joint lateral and medial meniscus anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 42 The Muscular System Biol 2404 Laboratory Activities Lab Materials slides muscle striated Is motor nerve endings wm models muscle cell model 3B Not Somso motor end plate model muscle cross section with fibrous C T layers human torsos mini and half size human models sagittal heads eye model wit
94. ystem kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra Reproductive System male penis scrotum testes epididymus vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands female vulva mammary glands ovaries oviducts uterus cervix vagina Biol 2404 Introduction to Anatomy amp Physiology Lab Manual Ziser 2014 12 17 Identification of Biomolecules Biol 2404 Experiments in Physiology Our physical bodies are essentially a collection of both common and some exotic chemicals Many of these chemicals are simple inorganic combinations such as sodium chloride hydrochloric acid molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide Most of the different kinds of chemicals comprising our bodies are larger more complex organic molecules The biochemical reactions that are occurring constantly within our cells synthesize new larger molecules or decompose larger molecules into smaller pieces Anabolism is a term used for all the synthesis reactions occurring at any time Catabolism is a term that refers to all the decomposition reactions occurring at any time Metabolism is a term that refers to ALL of these reactions together While our bodies can metabolize a wide variety of organic molecules the vast majority belong to three major groups carbohydrates lipids and proteins Carbohydrates are composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a ration of CH O where n can be any number depending on the complexity of the carb

2404 Lab Manual - Austin Community College

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