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SkOWL Manual

1. 1 trianle 1 22 l ne 1 hypothenuse t 2 2 f Do not apply set inclusion principle when C Invert set inclusion principle when the skill text contains hypothenuse the difference in action verb levels is larger thar 2 the difference in the number of propositions of the skills i smaller than 2 d E Figure 2 7 Relation rule builder 2 1 5 Print skill list Using the Print button Fig 2 1 8 the available list of skills can be printed When clicking this button a printer dialog appears allowing the selection of a printer and corresponding printing options Equally to the export of the skill list the skill tree s skills are printed in form of skill name action verb and proposition s 26 Knowledge kd kaom icite re Figure 2 8 Action verbs favorites catalogue editor 2 1 6 Editing action verb favorites catalogue As mentioned in previous sections SkOwl allows establishing a catalog of favorite action verbs To start the maintenance dialog window Fig 2 8 click the Edit favorites catalogue button Fig 2 1 9 To edit the favorites catalogue first select an action verb level from the drop down menu The available actions verbs of the selected level are listed automatically To add a new action verb enter it in the text box below the action verb list and click the Add button In order to delete an existing action verb select it in the list by a left click and click the Del b
2. Denotes an error that occurred by opening an invalid rule collection because the number of rule components was invalid Denotes an unknown error while loading the relation rule builder Denotes an error that occurred while parse an OWL type I ontology and populating the class and instance information in a treeview control A reason is likely that the specified OWL file is not a valid type I file Denotes an error that occurred while retrieving propositions from an OWL type I ontology Denotes an error that occurred while parsing an OWL type II ontology A reason is likely that the specified OWL file includes unsupported properties Denotes an unexpected error while populating the skill treeview Denotes an error that occurred while loading the action verb catalogue This error may occur for example when the catalogue file actionverbs mdb has been removed or displaced Denotes an unknown error that occurred while loading the options dialog A possible reason for this error is that the SkOwl configuration file skowl in1 has been removed or corrupted A possible solution to this error is to re install SkOwl Denotes an unknown error that occurred while saving settings A possible reason for this error is that the SkOwl configuration file skowl 1n1 has been removed or corrupted A possible solution to this error is to re install SkOwl Denotes an error that occurred while loading the action verb catalogue This error may occur
3. 40 Denotes an error that occurred while determining the level id of action verbs Denotes an error that occurred while preparing the relational matrix 1 e the basis Denotes an error that occurred while determining dependencies based on the propositions as well as action verbs in the relational matrix 1 e the basis Denotes an error that occurred while opening a proposition list file This error may be caused by an invalid or corrupted proposition list file or by specifying an incorrect delimiter tab semicolon comma or space in the open dialog Denotes an error that occurred while exporting a proposition list to an ASCII file Denotes an error that occurred while exporting a skill list to an ASCII file Denotes an error that occurred while assigning action verbs to the skills by using a rule batch file Denotes an error that occurred while importing a skill list file Denotes an error that occurred while exporting skills and their prerequisite relations to the ELEKTRA ontology format Denotes an error that occurred while inserting skills and their prerequisite relations to an existing ELEKTRA ontology format file Denotes an error that occurred while loading the action verb catalogue This error may occur for example when the catalogue file actionverbs mdb has been removed or displaced Denotes an unknown error while loading the AV RuleBuilder A possible reason 1s that the SkOwl configuration file skowl in1
4. 5 haste eo a iae E E E A E 32 22 9 Manipulatie THE OTA Maus 2 c2etcticntine N 32 22251 Channa Colo esena A EE oaaaees 33 2N CMAN TOME Siy lOean O a a e 33 2293 Chano me pen ine widi iessen aa tatadlieheteaantt aasueacdeeaakulatieeas 33 225 Loomine 1 and OU e ea TEE EA 33 Section 3 Architecture and Specifications ccccccccccccccccsesseeeecccceeeeaaeseeeecceeeeseuaeeeeeeeceeeeeaas 34 Ike ATEC a a a a T a zene tas ree aa coeneenan eseee eu naaas 34 Pas OSCR CUM MCN Saan E E E O OEE 36 Jos WACHONOVCLO CICUONAL y eenean A A a ade 37 DA EnrorCode Sepie e a E S T A 38 SCCHOMN 4s LICENSE ACTCEINICINUS senansa E e e E AT E Ee 43 ebe SKON boeren E 43 A Vector Glap mics ACV Aerie Te a a Te ATOT 49 DCU ONL I CLC LIC CS aaa E E a T EA T E 5I Section 1 Purpose and scientific background 1 1 Purpose and area of application SkOwl is a software tool offering semi automatic support of transforming OWL domain ontologies concept maps or proposition files to the format of the ELEKTRA ontology model Moreover SkOwl supports and easy definition of skills on the basis of propositions and action verbs and it allows semi automatically generating prerequisite relations between skills on the basis of the set inclusion principle action verbs and manual work ups 1 2 Ontologies Originally the term ontology was established in philosophy where it describes a discipline dealing with existence The term was introduced to computer science by
5. Franzens Universitat Graz Austria Kickmeier Rust M D amp Albert D in press The ELEKTRA ontology model Towards a learner centered approach to resource description Mizoguchi R amp Bourdeau J 2000 Using ontological engineering to overcome common AI ED problems International Journal of Al in Eduction 11 107 121 Sampson D Karagiannidis C amp Cardinali F 2002 An architecture for web based e learning promoting re usable adaptive educational e content Educational Technology amp Society 5 4 27 37 Steiner C M amp Albert D in press Personalising learning through prerequisite structures derived from concept maps 52
6. Inserting into existing ELEKTRA ontologies To insert skills their prerequisite relations and descriptions use the drop down menu of the Save button Fig 2 1 3b select Insert into ELEKTRA ontology The available skill information is added to the existing ontology file 2 1 4 Generating a basis prerequisite relation SkOwl supports the semi automatic establishment of basis prerequisite relations between skills and to transform the basis prerequisite relation into a binary relation matrix Once the skills are defined with or without action verbs a draft basis prerequisite relation can be generated By default SkOwl generates a basis file In the options dialog it is possible to specify to generate a prerequisite relation file Basically these contain the same information however in comparison to a basis a prerequisite relation matrix is rotated SkOwl thus offers two functions Using the set inclusion principle and the action verb level The set inclusion principle see section 1 4 basically states that when a skill s propositions are a 24 subset of another skill s proposition the first skill is a prerequisite for the second skill In cases where skills have the same propositions the level of the assigned action verbs determines a prerequisite relation stating that the skill with the lower action verb level e g knowledge is a prerequisite for the skill with the higher action ver
7. License However parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance 5 You are not required to accept this License since you have not signed it However nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License Therefore by modifying or distributing the Program or any work based on the Program you indicate your acceptance of 46 this License to do so and all its terms and conditions for copying distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it 6 Each time you redistribute the Program or any work based on the Program the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients exercise of the rights granted herein You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License 7 If as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason not limited to patent issues conditions are imposed on you whether by court order agreement or otherwise that contradict the conditions of this License they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License If you cannot distribute so as to
8. Lite use only named classes OWL Lite also has a limited notion of cardinality the only cardinalities allowed to be explicitly stated are 0 or 1 1 3 The ELEKTRA ontology model Many of today s ontologies or semantic web approaches to educational technology focus on an ontology model that is centered on domain concepts and learning objects e g Branko Neto amp Gauthier 2006 or Mizoguchi amp Bourdeau 2000 and often ontologies of pedagogical model learner model and domain are separated e g Sampson Karagiannidis amp Cardinali 2002 The ELEKTRA ontology model is supposed to address the requirements of providing adaptive interventions in the game in order to balance challenge and ability and therefore not only providing successful learning paths within the game s narrative but also to retain motivation and even flow experience Thus the ontology model incorporates the concepts related to adaptive interventions on a macro as well as on a micro level that 1s 1t models problem solution spaces for problem solving tasks within the game environment Although the re usability of learning objects is more difficult in digital games for educational purposes because the learning objects are an integral part of the entire game which is not interchangeable between different games in most cases the presented ontology model is supposed to serve the growing demands on standardization and semantically rich resource description in the cont
9. Tom Gruber 1993 where it describes a formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization An ontology provides a structured and semantically rich approach to model a certain domain it is a data model representing entities of a domain and the relations among them Ontologies count classes individuals inheritances and relationships between classes as their major components The entities of an ontology can be described with attributes each having a name a certain data type and one or more values e g attribute language and value English Attributes moreover serve to establish relations among entities For example a relation might be A is a subclass of B In the context of e Learning ontologies may serve as a means of achieving semantic precision between a domain of learning material and the learner s prior knowledge and learning goals Ontologies bridge the semantic gap between humans and machines and consequently they facilitate the establishment of the semantic web and build the basis for the exchange and re use of contents that reaches across people and applications e g web services The main requirements to ontologies are a well defined syntax well defined semantics efficient reasoning support sufficient expressive power and convenience of expression Antoniou amp van Harmelen 2004 From a technical perspective an ontology is a text based reference of information represented using the
10. drawing Denotes an error that occurred while saving a SkOwl relation image file sri Denotes an error that occurred while loading a SkOwl relation image file sri A possible reason for this error is opening an invalid file Denotes an error that occurred while saving a SkOwl relation image file sri A possible reason 1s that a file which is write protected shall be overwritten Denotes an error that occurred while reading a skill label file Denotes an error that occurred while setting the scale for the drawing area based on the number of items the maximum number of states per level and the settings for the width and height for each item Denotes an error that occurred while drawing the knowledge structure or skill structure respectively Denotes an error that occurred while preparing data to draw the knowledge structure or skill structure respectively Denotes an error that occurred while exporting skills and their prerequisite relations to the ELEKTRA ontology format Denotes an error that occurred while inserting skills and their prerequisite relations to an existing ELEKTRA ontology format file Section 4 License agreements 4 1 SkOwl SkOw l and its source code are distributed under GNU General Public License Copyright C 1989 1991 Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA Excepted from these terms and conditions is the third party component Vector Graphic
11. for example when the catalogue file actionverbs mdb has been removed or displaced Denotes an error that occurred while reading a basis file A possible reason is that the basis file has an invalid format or is corrupted Please note that in contrast to the applications constr or di Hockemeyer 2001 SkOwl does not allow the file starting with a line for the number of items and a line for the number of States Denotes an unexpected while determining supersets of each basis state A possible reason is that the basis file has an invalid format or 1s corrupted Denotes an unknown error that occurred while initializing the drawing area Denotes an error that occurred while determining and drawing the skills Denotes an error that occurred while drawing the relations lines between skills Denotes an error that occurred while moving skills Denotes an unknown error that occurred while adding a new relation line to the relation 09008 09009 09010 09011 09012 09013 09014 09015 09016 09017 0918 frmVis1 frmVis1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 frmVis 1 DelLine MakeBasis SaveSRI LoadSRI SaveFile ReadLabels GetSpaceScale Draw States DrawSpace ExpELEKTRA InsELEKTRA 42 Denotes an unknown error that occurred while deleting a relation line Denotes an error that occurred while deriving the basis file from the
12. has been removed or corrupted A possible solution to this error is to re install SkOwl Denotes an unknown error while trying to apply the rule to the generation of action verbs Denotes an error that occurred while loading the action verb catalogue This error may occur for example when the catalogue file actionverbs mdb has been removed or displaced Denotes an error that occurred while loading the action verb catalogue This error may occur for example when the catalogue file actionverbs mdb has been removed or displaced Denotes an error that occurred while adding a new action verb to the favourites catalogue Denotes an error that occurred while deleting an existing action verb from the favourites catalogue Denotes an error that occurred while clearing the favourites catalogue Denotes a not closer specified error that occurred by opening an invalid rule collection 04002 04003 05001 05002 05003 05004 06001 07001 07001 08001 09001 09002 09003 09004 09005 09006 09007 frmRuleBuilder2 Button7 Click frmRuleBuilder2 frmRUleBuilder2 Load modGlobal PopulateClassTree OWL1 modGlobal GetInstances OWL1 modGlobal GetOWL2 modGlobal PopulateSkillTree frmSQL LoadAV frmOptions frmOptions Load frmOptions Button Click frmAV List LoadAV frmVis1 ReadBasis frm Vis 1 GetSupersets frmVis1 GetScale frmVis 1 DrawSkills frmVis1 DrawLines frmVis 1 DLBTMove frm Vis 1 AddLine 4
13. ontologies modeling concepts and their interrelations in form of propositions Type I ontologies consist of four classes A class containing the propositions and classes for subject object and relation As an example an ontology may include the classes Propositions Relations Objects and Subjects The class Propositions 1s connected to the three other classes by three relations for example has _ relation has object and has subject For objects and subjects the same class may be used for example the class Concepts Propositions are defined by one object one subject and one relation or by two concepts and one relation By this means a proposition might be House is built of Bricks The advantages of type I ontologies are that they provide a well defined internal structure and that they allow very efficient parsing querying and reasoning The naming of classes does not affect the functionality of SkOw When opening a type I OWL file the ontology is parsed and SkOwl automatically switches to the OWL source tab Fig 2 3 On this tab page the OWL source 1s listed in the top text area In the class tree at the bottom the existing classes are listed including their relational properties 1 e the relation each class has to other 13 classes as well as the target class of each relation The classes and the corresponding relations are visible nodes in the tree the relations target are hidden nodes and can be viewed by expand
14. order to easily refer to the most important action verbs SkOwl offers a favorites catalogue This catalogue can be displayed by clicking Show action verb favorites By clicking the OK button the rule is applied to the available skills indicated by the purple arrow icon in the skill tree Using the rule builder 19 For users who are not familiar with SQL syntax SkOwl offers a rule builder to facilitate the creation of rules by providing the user with a rule form To open the rule builder click the drop down menu of the Apply action verbs button Fig 2 1 4b and select Rule Builder The rule builder window appears Fig 2 6 ioli Select an action verb from the general catalogue or from your Favourites and define the rule in which cases this action verb shall be apled Therefore you may use one or more components To apply a rule click the Apply button Set action verb Catalogue Dictionary indicate knor label f and o f and f or IY Overwrite existing action verbs oe Apply Figure 2 6 Action verb rule builder To specify a rule first select an action verb from the drop down list This list either displays SkOwl s action verb dictionary or the favorites catalogue Which list is displayed can be selected in the Catalogue drop down menu to the right Please note that action verb categories e g Knowledge cannot be selected In a second step you may select whether to set the selected action for a
15. satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all For example if a patent license would not permit royalty free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which 1s implemented by public license practices Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system it is up to the author donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License 8 If the distribution and or use of the Program is restricted in certain c
16. set inclusion principle shall not be applied or if it shall even be inverted Subsequently define for which skills the specified rule shall be applied SkOwl allows specifying a key string and a comparison method equals contains Moreover it can be defined which difference between action verb levels must exist and also which difference must exist between the skill s numbers of propositions By clicking the Add button a specified rule is added to the set of rules applied for generating the prerequisite relations among the skills In turn by clicking the De button a selected rule can be removed from the list A given set of rules can be saved and of course be opened again using the corresponding buttons In order to 25 clear the entire set of rules click the Clear rules button To apply a set of rules click the Update button When generating the prerequisite relations between skills the rules are applied in the same order as listed in the rules list Fig 2 7 As a consequence later rules might overwrite rules applied earlier By using the arrow buttons the order of rules can be influenced Still it is necessary to carefully define rules and put them in an appropriate order Relation RuleBuilder x Define rules for cases where the set inclusion principle should not be applied You may define such rules Using one or more components Mote that the order in the rule list defines the priority of rules highest priority on top
17. syntax of an ontology representation language Gomez P rez amp Corcho 2002 Most of them are built upon XML and RDF There is a variety of such representation languages see Antoniou amp van Harmelen 2004 for a review One of the most popular are OIL Ontology Inference Layer and DAML OIL An ontology that is developed in any such representation language is usually converted into an RDF XML like form and can be at least partially parsed even by common RDF XML parsers To extract information from ontologies reasoners especially for OWL are available e g RACER _ http www sts tu harburg de r fmoeller racer or Pellet http pellet owldl com Reasoning might refer to class memberships is i an instance of class C to the equivalence of classes is C equivalent to P to consistency if 1 is an instance of class A and A is a subclass of B A C and A is a subclass of D and B and D are disjoint A should be an empty set and thus there is an inconsistency an error in the ontology because A has the instance 7 Finally reasoning might refer to classification on the properties of an instance the related class can be identified In 2004 W3C has officially released OWL Web Ontology Language as W3C recommendation for representing ontologies OWL is developed starting from description logic and DAML OIL The increasing popularity of OWL might lead to its widest adoption as the standard ontology representation language on the Semant
18. whole must be on the terms of this License whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it Thus it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you rather the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program In addition mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program or with a work based on the Program on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License 3 You may copy and distribute the Program or a work based on it under Section 2 in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following 45 a Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine readable source code which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange or b Accompany it with a written offer valid for at least three years to give any third party for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution a complete machine readable copy of the corresponding source code to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange or c Accompany it with the information
19. ASCII files including a listing of all available skills The text file contains the name of the skills the action verb and the propositions divided by a 23 delimiter which can be specified in the option dialog see section 2 1 7 To save a skill list use the drop down menu of the Save button Fig 2 1 3b and select Skill list Basis or prerequisite relation can be stored once such matrix has been established A relation matrix is an ASCII file including a binary coding of the prerequisites among a set of skills This matrix can either be saved as simple binary matrix in this case select the file type Text txt or in a form required by KST tools cf Hockemeyer 2001 In this file format the binary matrix is prefixed with numbers of rows and columns in the matrix For that format select the file type ASCII asc in the save file dialog To save a matrix if already available use the drop down menu of the Save button Fig 2 1 3b and select Relation Matrix ELEKTRA ontology format is a specific OWL ontology format see section 1 3 To export skills into this format a prerequisite relation among the skill must be generated first The file contains the ontology s empty scaffold and the skills their perquisite skills and descriptions added To export this format use the drop down menu of the Save button Fig 2 1 3b and select ELEKTRA ontology model The current version of SkOwl supports version 2 0 of the ontology model
20. Deriving skills from OWL SkOwl 1 5 Unpublished Technical Report Michael D Kickmeier Rust Cognitive Science Section Department of Psychology University of Graz Austria SkOwl at a glance SkOwl is a software tool offering semi automatic support of transforming OWL domain ontologies concept maps or proposition files to the format of the ELEKTRA ontology model Kickmeier Rust amp Albert in press Moreover SkOwl supports and easy definition of skills on the basis of propositions and action verbs and it allows semi automatically generating prerequisite relations between skills on the basis of the set inclusion principle action verbs and manual work ups SkOwl reads OWL ontologies concept maps proposition files and extracts the available propositions supports the semiautomatic and user friendly definition of skills on the basis of propositions includes the supports the semiautomatic and user friendly assignment of action verbs to skills supports a semiautomatic and most user friendly generation of prerequisite relations among skills supports the manipulation of prerequisite relations between skills on a visual basis enables drawing prerequisite relations and even skill knowledge structures transformation of skills and prerequisite relations to the format of the ELEKTRA ontology model provides a variety of export formats SkOwl 1 5 Copyright 2007 Cognitive Science Section Department of Psychology
21. ECTOR GRAPHICS ACTIVEX IS SOLD AS IS AND WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY AS TO MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY OTHER WARRANTIES EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED THE AUTHOR WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR DATA LOSS DAMAGES LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANY OTHER KIND OF LOSS WHILE USING OR MISUSING THIS SOFTWARE Evaluation and Registration Vector Graphics ActiveX is free for using as a part of any application that embeds it If you wish to embed Vector Graphics ActiveX into your applications or distribute it as a part of your application you must buy Developer License one Developer License per one application that embeds ActiveX Distribution of the evaluation version You may copy the evaluation version of this software and documentation as you wish and give exact copies of the original evaluation version to anyone and distribute the evaluation version of the software and documentation in its unmodified form via electronic means But you should not charge or requesting donations for any such copies however made and from distributing the software and or documentation with other products without the author s written permission 49 Registered version Developer License allows you to embed Vector Graphics ActiveX into your application and then distribute it as a part of your software without any restrictions 50 Section 5 References Albert D amp Held T 1999 Component based knowledge spaces in problem solving and inductive Re
22. Nodes Allows hiding all tree nodes with the exception of classes with a single mouse click Unless all four classes have been identified SkOwl cannot proceed extracting the ontology s propositions Please make sure to identify the correct classes and relations because SkOwl does not provide further checks of validity The identified classes and relations are displayed in the properties area at the bottom right Please note that when specifying incorrect classes or relations incorrect propositions may be completely extracted and no warning message occurs To start reading all propositions from the ontology click the link Extract Propositions in the properties area at the bottom right of the OWL source tab Fig 2 3 SkOwl automatically changes to the Skills tab All propositions that can be parsed successfully are listed in the proposition list at the top of the Skills tab Fig 2 4 15 SkOw l 1 5 H Skowl Test Files Propositions txt oj x BH O t O shxYO 01 right triangle has side 03 cathetus b 01 right triangle has side 04 hypotenuse c 02 cathetus a squared 12 square of cathetus a 04 hypotenuse c squared 11 square of hypotenuse c 13 square of cathetus b b equals 20 product of hypotenuse and hypotenuse sectio 03 cathetus b squared 13 square of cathetus b b 21 meta concept tangent circle right angle forms 01 right triangle 08 height h squared 16 square of height F 01 right triang
23. OWL file Denotes an error while clearing a temporary Microsoft Access database Denotes an error in writing proposition data to the temporary database table Denotes an error while query temporary data in rule based application of action verbs Denotes an error that occurred while attempting to drag and drop items within the skilltree or from the proposition list Denotes an error that occurred while establishing a list of unique skills from the SkillTreel control Denotes an error that occurred while writing the unique skill descriptions by propositions and action verbs to a temporary database Denotes an error while clearing a temporary Microsoft Access database Denotes an error that occurred while determining the level id of action verbs 01013 01014 01015 01016 01017 01018 01019 01020 01021 01022 02001 02002 02003 03001 03002 03003 03004 03005 04001 frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmRuleBuilder frmRuleBuilder frmRuleBuilder frmFavEdit frmFavEdit frmFavEdit frmFavEdit frmFavEdit GetA V Level2 MakeBasis MakeBasis OpenPropositions ExpPropositions ExpSkills ApplyFromBatch ImportSkills ExpELEKTRA InsELEKTRA LoadActionVerbs frmRUleBuilder2_ Load Button Click LoadVerbs Button2_ Click UpdateAdd UpdateDel Button3 Click frmRuleBuilder2 Button7 Click
24. University of Graz Author Michael D Kickmeier Rust Vector Graphics ActiveX Copyright 2006 S amp G Team The software and its source code SkOwl 1 5 described in this technical report are distributed as freeware under the GNU General Public License provided by the Free Software Foundation This form of distribution license does not include the distribution of Vector Graphics ActiveX This third party product is distributed under separate conditions For detailed terms and conditions of use and re distribution see section 4 The brand names Windows Prot g Java Acrobat Acrobat Reader Internet Explorer SQL Server Access cmap tools and other brand names occurring in this technical report are registered trademarks of the respective owners in Europe in the United States and other countries Table of contents Section 1 Purpose and scientific background cccccsssseeeeeeesseeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeaasaaeeeeeeeeeess 5 kls sPUrpOSe alid ared OF Ap DMCA OM sirio e dea Oe a Oa a 5 L2 NOl SIC Ge tcte serosa case a EE aces Nein hea otal sade eRe 5 ko The ELEK TRA Onto y MOGE loia A E eee ene 7 L4 Concept maps and Skill d finition seusia e a E E 8 1 4 1 Defining skills by substructure set inclusion ccccccccccccceeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeees 9 1 4 2 Adding the action component Using the component attribute approach 10 DECHOM 2 SOM W Ale Mana onac nea E ies aeteduanedes ica EE A E AE 12 2 1 SKOWL s main appli
25. asoning In D Albert amp J Lukas Eds Knowledge Spaces Theories empirical research applications pp 15 40 Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Anderson J R 1996 A simple theory of complex cognition American Psychologist 51 355 365 Anderson L W amp Krathwohl D R 2001 A taxonomy for learning teaching and assessing A revision of Bloom s taxonomy of educational objectives New Y ork Longman Antoniou G amp van Harmelen F 2004 Web ontology language OWL In S Staab amp R Studer Eds Handbook on ontologies pp 67 92 Berlin Springer Verlag Bloom B S Ed 1956 Taxonomy of educational objectives The classification of educational goals New Y ork Longmans Green Branko Neto W C amp Gauthier F A 2006 Sharing and reusing information on web based learning Workshop on Applications of Semantic Web Technologies for e Learning June 21 23 2006 Gomez P rez A amp Corcho O 2002 Ontology languages for the semantic web JEEE Intelligent Systems 17 1 54 60 Gruber T R 1993 A translation approach to portable ontology specifications Knowledge Acquisition 5 2 199 220 Heller J Steiner C M Hockemeyer C amp Albert D 2006 Competence based knowledge structures for personalized learning International Journal on E Learning 5 75 88 51 Hockemeyer C 2001 KST Tools User Manual Unpublished Technical Report Institut fur Psychologie Karl
26. b level e g application For pairs of skills that do not constitute sub sets no prerequisite relations are suggested independent from the corresponding action verb levels To use this option click the Generate the relation matrix button or by selecting Make relation matrix from this button s drop down menu Fig 2 1 3a and 3b Using specific rules Basically this method is based on the same principles as the first method However SkOwl acknowledges that there may be specific cases when aforementioned principles cannot be applied Example One skill s propositions may be a subset of a second skill s propositions however the number of propositions of the second skill is only slightly higher then that of the first one In contrast the action verb level of the first skill might be substantially higher than that of the second one In this particular case the set inclusion principle might not be applied Instead this principle might be invert meaning that in this case the first skill is seen as a prerequisite for the second one To address such complex relationships SkOwl offers a relation rule builder which can be opened by selecting Make relation matrix using rules from the Make relation matrix button s drop down menu Fig 2 1 3b or by clicking the Start rule builder button in the toolbar Fig 2 1 6 The rule builder dialog window is shown in Fig 2 7 rules can be defined in following way First specify whether the
27. bject term obj subject term subj and or its relation term rel Each addressee can be defined using an equals statement or a like statement LIKE The syntax follows the rules of SQL Please note that statements like DELETE INSERT UPDATE or DROP cannot be performed All addressees and definitions can be freely combined Examples rules are SET actionverb know WHERE SET actionverb cite WHERE obj House SET actionverb apply WHERE subj LIKE triangles SET actionverb apply WHERE subj LIKE ttrianglet AND rel has_ side SET actionverb apply WHERE subj LIKE ttrianglet OR subj LIKE thypo SET actionverb apply WHERE subj LIKE ttrianglet AND obj LIKE tcirclet OR rel has side By subsequently using different rules action verbs can be applied to all skills In order to refer to a pre defined set of action verbs SkOwl offers an action verb dictionary which can be displayed by clicking Show action verb dictionary Fig 2 5 By double clicking on an action verb from the dictionary the selected action verb is automatically entered into the rule statement It 1s not mandatory to use the action verbs from the dictionary one can specify and term as action verb However the use of un defined action verbs can compromise the establishment of prerequisite relations among skills In order to allow the user to define additional action verbs and in
28. cation Window cccccccccssssssseecceeeecceaessseeccceeeesaaaeseeececeeeeqaas 12 Zell Open ine source Mle Serene yzelstaaae Taian a cee 12 212 Demn skills the Skils aD sscstesss ssesesenincessads cern encdasdienthn dee mceiade irene 17 2 EZE PrOpOSIO OD Sonir A N a aa 17 222 Se MPG SC FPP OTS re cot Ba E A R T vica devant cue taies 17 2123 ACION VOTOS eenid asana a Ea sacwsaimunieaadebens 18 22A Adda skik mantal ooreen a a aueyasaabesadeneauh deeeueeees 22 2 12 5 Combining skills from multiple files 0 0 0 0 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeees 22 2 1 2 6 Add a proposition manually cccccccccccceccecceeeeeesssseeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaas 22 22T CHAMOIS Dode Colors ienen a E aad ea vinta taeionleed 22 2 1 2 8 Other WNC MOIS 25 2524 ccsacsieticatcn E E T E 23 Z3 DAV IOAN SX POLUIMG eaaa AEO 23 2 1 4 Generating a basis prerequisite relation cc cccccssseseeeesseeeeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeaaaas 24 2al EE E E ANE EE E EE T AA E RE E TES e ee 26 2 1 6 Editing action verb favorites CatalO Sue wisccidscisctadenidncinsnatedetaniviedecdea tesseaneeies Zi T APP MICAUOMO BUCS visioissa e a E E N T 2l 2 1 8 H lp and additional Tunc HON sesasine seoan 28 22 PKO WIS TelaNOn VISUALIZER r a E 29 22A Starting the relation visualizer MOdUIE ccc cece cc cecceceeseeeeeessseeseeeeeeeeeeees 30 Did OEM Source MNCS anara nba bin Scere E Seon NE 30 223 Savine Dasis MICS ANC IMATE Senecio a e ee as 31 2 2 4 Prionno malos
29. ce Propositior gt fowlObjectProperty gt Object Relation Proposition Class Proposition e Proposition i i has_relation H has_object Relation has_relation Subject has_subject Object has_object Extract Proposition Figure 3 3 SkOwl s OWL source tab In order to extract the available propositions in a next step the different classes for propositions objects subjects and relations must be identified This is necessary 14 because SkOwl provides a generic approach meaning that it is not sensitive to the naming of the ontology s classes To identify the required classes select a class from the class tree by clicking with the left mouse button a class Then use the right mouse button to display the context menu for each class This menu includes following functions Set as Proposition Class Identifies the selected class as that defining the ontologies propositions Set as Subject Identifies the selected relation as part of the proposition class as that defining subjects this may be the same class as that defining objects Set as Object Identifies the selected relation as part of the proposition class as that defining objects this may be the same class as that defining subjects Set as Relation Identifies the selected relation as part of the proposition class as that defining all relations Expand all Nodes Allows displaying all tree nodes by a single mouse click Collapse all
30. code e Vector Graphics ActiveX This third party component is used for the vector oriented drawing of basis and even structure files in the relation visualizer module Vector Graphics ActiveX www script debugger com is professional graphics solution for creating business and 34 technical drawings It provides a variety methods properties and events and is fully object oriented Top features are o Easy in use o Hardware acceleration o High speed or high quality rendering with bicubic filtration and antialiasing o Export drawings to BMP JPG PNG and EMF formats o Ability to establish connections between shapes and external data o Changing all attributes in design and runtime modes o All mouse events mouse wheel scroll and zoom o Bezier curves and Cardinal splines o Shapes with holes o Filling shapes with color gradient sketch or texture o Transparent contours and brushes o Patterns and shapes libraries o Flexible Printing Vector Graphics ActiveX is free for noncommercial use however in the current and previous versions of SkOwl the text Unregistered copy is display in the graphic area of the relation visualizer module Microsoft Jet 4 0 database engine The JET Joint Engine Technology engine allows manipulating relational databases and is part of the Relational Database Management System RDBMS and provides support for security referential integrity transaction processing indexing record page lockin
31. d that you also meet all of these conditions a You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change b You must cause any work that you distribute or publish that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License c If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run you must cause it when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty or else saying that you provide a warranty and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions and telling the user how to view a copy of this License Exception if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves then this License and its terms do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program the distribution of the
32. e discriminate estimate evaluate grade interpret judge justify measure rate relate revise score select summarize support value 3 4 Error codes SkOwl includes certain error handling and identifications routines Generally the user is provided with a message when an error occurs which includes an error code to identify an error and the corresponding sub or function is closed The logic behind error code format is as follows Error codes are displayed as five digit numbers The first two digits denote the NET framework system component windows forms model entity of the application short the forms component The following three digits denote the sub or function within which the error occurred Table 3 1 lists the error codes used in SkOwl Generally there are two types of error messages warnings and errors stated in the messages titles Warnings indicate errors which occurred by an incorrect use of the application and which do not fatally influence the execution of the application or the integrity of a project Errors indicate fatal errors which 38 seriously compromise the integrity of the application or a project respectively Due to error handling procedures in most cases this does not lead to a closing of the entire application Reasons for errors are usually deleting or displacing temporary files e g the original OWL file or the unavailability of specific system components e g COM components or c
33. e Acrobat 5 0 installed 3 3 Action verb dictionary SkOwl s action verb dictionary in the current version includes following action verbs Knowledge know cite define describe identify indicate know label list match memorize name outline recall recognize record relate repeat reproduce select state underline Comprehension arrange classify convert defend describe diagram discuss distinguish estimate explain extend generalize give examples infer locate outline paraphrase predict report restate review suggest summarize translate 37 Application apply change compute construct demonstrate discover dramatize employ illustrate interpret investigate manipulate modify operate organize practice predict prepare produce schedule shop sketch solve translate use Analysis analyze appraise break down calculate categorize compare contrast criticize debate determine diagram differentiate discriminate distinguish examine experiment identify illustrate infer inspect inventory outline question relate select solve test Synthesis arrange assemble categorize collect combine compile compose construct create design devise explain formulate generate manage modify organize perform plan prepare produce propose rearrange reconstruct relate reorganize Evaluation appraise assess choose compare conclude contrast criticize decid
34. e menu you can select either to create a new file selecting ELEKTRA ontology model providing the scaffold of the ELEKTRA ontology model with added skills or to insert the skills and their prerequisite relations to an existing file selecting Insert into ELEKTRA ontology 2 2 4 Printing images SkOwl allows printing an available image Hasse diagram Simply click the Print button Fig 2 11 4 A dialog window appears within which the print settings can be made 2 2 5 Manipulating the graph A major strength of the relation visualizer module is that the visualization is based on vector graphics enabling the manipulation of the relation Such manipulation can be made by means of moving skills adding relations lines and by removing relations lines e Moving skills To move a skill select the skill by a mouse click the skills 1s shaded grey and move the move with pressed left mouse button If the moved skills as one or more relations lines these are automatically moved with the skill The alignment of relations top or bottom 1s adjusted automatically e Adding relations lines To add a relation line between two skills select the first skill no matter if the skills is on a lower higher or the same level by a single left click Select a second skill by a single right click Now both skills are shaded grey To add a relation click the Add relation button Fig 2 11 5 SkOwl automatically checks whether the desired r
35. ed file type in the appearing open file dialog window SkOwl interprets the file and draws the file s information in form of a Hasse diagram When opening files other than SkOwl relation images sri you will be asked whether to open a label file also Label files contain information about the labels names of each item column of relation basis or structure files Label files are ASCII files including one label in each line ordered as the order of columns in the relation basis or structure file When answering yes another open file dialog window 30 appears Select the associated label file and click OK When answering no the Hasse diagram will be drawn without labels Skills are numbered consecutively according their order in the source file A note on drawing space files Space file may be very extensive files including thousands or even millions of states To draw such spaces on the one hand is a highly resource consuming process which may take a significant amount of time On the other hand very large space would result in lines containing thousands of states Such lines cannot be displayed appropriately For example to visibly print a line containing 10 000 states would require to have 300 A4 pages in landscape format next to each other Thus it is recommended to draw spaces including up to 100 or 200 states per line When drawing as space file it is possible to determine the number of possible learning paths for a giv
36. elation is already covered by the transitivity property As an example when is related to B and B is related to C C is indirectly related to A by transitivity If such transitivity property is encountered you will be asked 1f you want to add the relation anyway click yes or no in the message box 32 e Removing relations lines To remove a relation line select the desired relation by a single left click The relation is shaded grey To remove it click the Delete relation button Fig 2 11 6 223A Changing colors By default the relation visualizer module uses the colors specified in the main options dialog see section 2 1 7 To use different colors for a particular image SkOwl allows changing the color of single items skills or relations or of entire item groups To change the color of a single item a skill or a relation select the item by a single left click and click the Change color button Fig 2 11 7a A color selection dialog appears To change the color of entire item groups select the corresponding option for the Change color button s drop down menu Fig 2 11 7b The available options are Set background color Set font color skill color and Set relation color P S Changing font style To change the font style for all skills click the Change font button Fig 2 11 8 and select the desired font style in the appearing dialog window PES Changing pen line width By default the relation v
37. emantic knowledge about facts which is represented in a concept map The procedural part on the other hand refers to actions aiming at applying the declarative knowledge in a problem solving or learning context When using a skill the declarative conceptual and the procedural action components are related and tuned into their application For further details refer to Steiner amp Albert in press 1 4 1 Defining skills by substructure set inclusion This approach builds upon a concept map providing a fine grained level of description of the respective knowledge domain Each skill is associated with those propositions of a concept map that correspond to the declarative component of the respective skill Dependencies among skills can then be deduced by proceeding in the same way as described before 1 e by applying the rule of set inclusion This means if the representation of a skill S on the concept map is a subset of that of skill T then S can be understood as a prerequisite for T right angle E is opposite of If right triangle equals half NI ok the product of S La as longest has 9 property A is perpen square of square eS square of Lidice manly c JI cathetus a ae cathetus b b Figure 1 2 Concept map covering the domain of right triangles Be For a simple example consider the two skills calculate the square of the hypotenuse and apply the Pythagorean Theorem from t
38. en knowledge skill structure To enable this option check the corresponding box in the main options dialog window see section 2 1 7 Please note that when drawing a space file all manipulation functions e g moving nodes deleting nodes or lines changing colors do not work 2 2 3 Saving basis files and images The relation visualizer module allows saving either the drawn images or the corresponding basis file Following file types are supported SkOwl relation images sri This 1s SkOwl s internal file format allowing saving a generated graph including background text and line color as well as size and font style Bass files txt Basis files are ASCII file including a binary representation of a prerequisite relation in form of a matrix KST tools basis files txt Such files are basis files however they include the number of rows and columns at the beginning of the file Bitmap files bmp Uncompressed image format JPEG files jpg Compressed image format ELEKTRA ontology format owl The ELEKTRA ontology model is a specific ontology format based on OWL DL 31 Insert into ELEKTRA ontology owl Insert the given information into an existing ELEKTRA format ontology file To save file click to Save file button Fig 2 11 2 and select the desired file type in the appearing save file dialog window For saving a relation to OWL ELEKTRA format click the Export OWL button Fig 2 11 3 In the file typ
39. ent Learning Situation Label Pescription Depth Label Description covers depth AsessmentSituation Label Description skillsets required covers depth Curriculum Label Description Subject level Aes skillsets required Release includes learningsituations skills required skills required Learner Label Pescription Age School level Sex Srey SkiliState Learning Styles includes skills has_skillstate exists in Label Description Likelihood skills taught FGS SLES Shall includes skills ShallSet Label poscat_skills_required Label Label Description e Description Description o verb_defines_skill has_poscat i Raise as_ prerequisite defines skill Label i Label Label Description Description Description poscat_value Data model Domain ontology has_object DomainConcept Label Label Description Label Description has_relation Figure 1 1 The ELEKTRA ontology model 1 4 Concept maps and skill definition Skills represent abilities and cognitive constructs underlying the observable solution or learning behavior in a particular knowledge domain They can be described in the tradition of Anderson e g Anderson 1996 by distinguishing two components a declarative and a procedural one The declarative part refers to conceptual s
40. er following functions a To display the license agreement 28 b to open the website of the Cognitive Science Section CSS Department of Psychology University of Graz Austria and c display an about window 2 2 SkOwl s relation visualizer SkOw l provides a relation visualizer as a major component Fig 2 10 This module draws a relation matrix or in other terms a basis in form of a vector oriented Hasse diagram The vector oriented approach allows manipulating the original relation matrix Once a basis has been generated this basis can be directly drawn with the visualizer module To start the module click the Start visual relation builder button Fig 2 1 7a or select Visualize relation with labels from this buttons drop down menu Fig 7b The relation visualizer window appears and the available basis is drawn according to the given settings see section 2 1 7 When using this function the skills are drawn using the skill s labels e g S001 To draw the skills using only numbers select Visualize relation without labels from the drop down menu The relation visualizer modules is based on a third party ActiveX control see http www script debugger com which is free for non commercial use Still in the present version of SkOwl the graphics area is marked with the term Unregistered Copy Relation Visualizer of x AHesm cC7A A A Penwith f8 f A 18 Figure 2 10 Relation visualizer mod
41. ext of educational technologies also As mentioned before some authors argue that currently a lack of commonly accepted resource description standards for learning objects exists One reason might be a focus on learning objects in current approaches In the presented ontology model we introduce a focus on the learner and therefore on latent skills This approach might be a more comprehensive and easier to standardize method for describing and defining LOs learning objects and learning objectives While learning objects are most often strongly interlaced with instructional methods or events the focus on underlying skills offers a cornerstone which is not only directly related to human abilities and learning objectives but which also allows a very precise description of Los From a technical perspective the ELEKTRA ontology model builds upon OWL DL due to its popularity it is the quasi standard for ontology representation languages All classes have 7 the RDF attributes label and description The ontology model is illustrated in Fig 1 1 Most relations between the classes instances are non functional marked with an asterisk in Fig 1 1 meaning that one or more instances of one class can be associated with the instances of a related class For further details refer to Kickmeier Rust amp Albert in press LearningUnit Label Description includes learningsituations LearningEvent Label Description covers_ev
42. ey too receive or can get the source code And you must show them these terms so they know their rights 43 We protect your rights with two steps 1 copyright the software and 2 offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy distribute and or modify the software Also for each author s protection and ours we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software If the software is modified by someone else and passed on we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors reputations Finally any free program is threatened constantly by software patents We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses in effect making the program proprietary To prevent this we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone s free use or not licensed at all The precise terms and conditions for copying distribution and modification follow TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0 This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License The Program below refers to any such program or work and a work based on the Program means either the Program or any deri
43. g and data replication JET enables SQL queries store character data in Unicode format create database views and allowed bi directional replication with Microsoft SOL Server JET includes three modules the Native Jet ISAM Driver a dynamic link library DLL that could directly manipulate Microsoft Access database files MDB which was a modified form of an Indexed Sequential Access Method ISAM database and the ISAM Drivers DLLs that allowed access to ISAM databases among them being Xbase Paradox Btrieve and FoxPro files SkOw l uses the JET engine for retrieving action verbs from a Microsoft Access databases and for provide full SQL scripting support in the relation rule builder 35 3 2 Microsoft NET Framework Version 2 0 Redistributable Package x86 Applications and controls written for the Microsoft NET Framework require the NET Framework to be installed on the computer where the application or control runs The NET Framework version 2 0 provides one redistributable installer dotnetfx exe which contains the common language runtime and NET Framework components necessary to run NET Framework applications System Requirements Supported Operating Systems Windows 2000 Service Pack 3 Windows 98 Windows 98 Second Edition Windows ME Windows Server 2003 Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Business 64 bit edition Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Enterprise 64 bit edition Windows Vista Home Basic Windows Vi
44. he drop down menu of the Apply action verbs button Fig 2 1 4b and select Apply rules from batch file An open file dialog appears allowing to select the batch file When the file is selected you will be asked whether to overwrite existing action verbs by new rules or not Finally the file is processed and actions verbs are applied following the specified rules to all available skills Manually add action verbs In addition to the rule based methods of applying actions verbs SkOwl also provides a manual method to add an action verb to a skill To do that select a skill in the skill tree Open the context menu by a right click and select Add action verb from the menu An empty action verb node is added to the selected skill named To change the action verb select the node and make a single left click on it When the node has switched to text mode you may enter the desired action verb Please note that you can specify an arbitrary action verb however if you use one which is not recognized by SkOwl s action verb dictionary or the favorites catalogue the establishment of prerequisite relations among the skills is compromised All action verbs can be revised with the same method selecting the node and single clicking to enter text mode An alternative is to add an action verb from a list To select this option select a skill in the skill tree and open the context menu by a right click and select Add action verb from list from the me
45. he knowledge domain of right triangles The substructures of the concept map corresponding to these two skills are depicted in Fig 1 2 As can be seen the propositions representing the first skill constitute a subset of the propositions representing the second skill therefore it can be assumed that calculate the square of the hypotenuse is a prerequisite to apply the Pythagorean Theorem Consequently having determined prerequisite relationships among a set of skills a competence structure can be established in analogy to the procedure of building a knowledge structure The respective competence structure can then be utilized for creating a personalized learning path by selecting and presenting learning objects correspondingly This means for example that first a learning object with the underlying skill of calculating the square of the hypotenuse will be presented before providing the learner with learning objects that teach the skill of applying the Pythagorean Theorem 1 4 2 Adding the action component Using the component attribute approach The second approach for building a competence structure utilizes a concept map on a higher level of abstraction 1 e providing a more general description of a knowledge domain Such a concept map may for example result from curriculum or content analysis which aims at uncovering and representing the basic concepts of a certain topic or subject and prerequisite relationships among them fo
46. his structure is derived from the concept map which represents prerequisite relationships among the concepts that can straightforwardly be adopted For instance the concept map may reveal for the concepts Pythagorean Theorem c1 Altitude Theorem c2 and Euclidean Theorem c3 that the 10 first theorem is a prerequisite for the other ones e g in accordance with the curriculum or the instructional sequence of text books Additionally a structure may be introduced on the set of actions building the different attributes of the procedural component of the skills in question To this end learning activity taxonomies such as Bloom s taxonomy Bloom 1956 or its revision by Anderson and Krathwohl 2001 serve as a valuable tool These taxonomies define cumulative levels of cognitive processing according to which the actions can be structured The actions state ai explain a2 and apply a3 for example can be associated with the categories Remember Understand and Apply of Bloom s revised taxonomy which in this order refer to gradual increasing levels of cognitive processes By forming the direct product of the two components all possible skills can be defined each of which consisting of an action and a concept e g state the Pythagorean Theorem aic explain the Pythagorean Theorem a2c and so forth The prerequisite relation on the set of skills is der
47. ic Web in the future Essentially OWL is a set of XML elements and attributes with well defined meaning that are used to define terms and their relationships e g Class equivalentProperty intersectionof unionoOf etc OWL elements extend the set of RDF and RDFS elements and the ow namespace is used to denote OWL encoding OWL provides a set of constructors that allow deriving classes from other classes and a set of axioms that allow asserting subsumption or equivalence in terms of classes individuals or properties the disjoitness of classes or properties of properties OWL consists of three species the full language OWL Full which includes the entire OWL language and which is fully upward compatible with RDF both systematically as well as semantically The disadvantage however is that it is so powerful that complete reasoning support is difficult OWL DL DL 1s stands for description logic basically disables the application of OWL s constructors e g oneOf to each other This allows a more efficient support of reasoning Third OWL Lite which 1s a further restricted variant Lite classes can only be defined in terms of named superclasses superclasses cannot be arbitrary expressions and only certain kinds of class restrictions can be used Equivalence between classes and subclass relationships between classes are also only allowed between named classes and not between arbitrary class expressions Similarly restrictions in OWL
48. ing prerequisite relations as well as skill knowledge structures The latter values determine the drawing size in terms of width and height for the skills skill states HO Option BE Set general application options and options for the Set general application options and options for the relation visualizer module relation visualizer module Main pp Relation Visualizer Main App Relation Visualizer General Background Color Skill Color i Line Color Enable Splash Screen lf Consider the action verb level when creating the relation matris limes Mew Ronin Import Export Delimiter character for exporting proposition lists tab Pen width Meam eedt Delimiter character for exporting skill lists tab Relation Structure Skill Definition Scale x on ng Scale x 0 0060 Skill prefix Skill number format 000 cede T 00nd A Sealey qoor0 Zs Figure 2 9 Main application options dialog window 2 1 8 Help and additional function SkOwl provides certain help functions and additional application information By clicking the Show manual button Fig 2 1 11a or selecting Show manual pdf from its drop down menu Fig 2 1 11b this manual can be displayed at runtime To display this manual in PDF format the default browser is opened Please note that this function requires a default web browser e g the Microsoft Internet Explorer and Adobe Acrobat Reader installed In addition the drop down menu off
49. ing the tree node Different types are marked with different icons This tree representation offers a highly effective and intuitive method to display the classes and relations of ontologies particularly large ones In contrast to Java based applications e g Prot g SkOwl uses the Microsoft Windows treeview control allowing to handle and display even very large data sets very quickly When selecting the option to open type I ontologies make sure to select a valid type I OWL file The current and previous versions of SkOwl do not check explicitly for the file s validity or type I compliance When opening an invalid file the source is displayed anyway and depending on the opened file classes and relations might be displayed also However the extraction of valid propositions is likely compromised 215 x seas eH Eoo epy OwlSouce Skis lt Paml version 1 07 rd ADF smire df http w wes org 1999 0272 2 rdf 2pntas naH smin sad http w wa org 200 MLS chemat smlng rdfs http wa org 20000 rdf schemat smlns owl http aw org 2000r alH smlng http w owl ontolagies com unnamed owl sml baze http frems owl antologies com unnamed owl owl Ontology rdt abogt gt owl Class nb lD Object gt owl Class nb ID Relation gt owl Class rdt ID Proposition gt cawl ObjectProperty rdt D has_relation gt sidis range mdhresource HA elation gt rdis domain mfresour
50. isualizer module uses the line width specified in the main options dialog see section 2 1 7 To change the line width for a specific image use the size filed Fig 2 11 11 by clicking up or down The line width is adjusted automatically The minimum line width is 1 and the maximum 100 2 2 5 4 Zooming in and out To change the size of the image you may zoom in and out Simply click on the Zoom in or Zoom out button until the desired display size is reached Fig 2 11 9 and 10 33 Section 3 Architecture and Specifications 3 1 Architecture SQL scripting JET DB engine JET Engine Relation Action verb engine rule builder Relation engine OWL reader type and Il Relation visualizer OWL reader Vector Grafics type and Il Activex Main application Import filters SkOwl Propositions Skills Export filters SkOw Propositions Skills Spooler Export filters basis prerequisite relation Basis ELEKTRA BMP JPG OVVL type ELEKTRA system Microsoft NET Framework 2 0 x86 Figure 3 1 SkOwl s architecture SkOw l is developed on the basis of VB NET using Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 SkOwl is based on the Microsoft NET framework 2 0 It is designed as single document interface SDI based on two main modules the main application window and the relation visualizer module In addition SkOwl implements following external components for further details please refer to SkOwl s source
51. ived from the order defined on the attributes within each component As can be seen for the skill state the Altitude Theorem a c2 or equivalently for a c3 the skill state the Pythagorean Theorem is a prerequisite whereas for skill explain the Pythagorean Theorem a2c the skills of stating all three theorems 1 e skills ajc ajc2 and ajc3 are prerequisites The established prerequisite relation gives rise to the competence structure for those combinations of actions and concepts that can actually occur or are considered For example that with the skill explain the Euclidean Theorem a2c3 each competence state has to contain also the skills aoc ajC2 a1c3 and ajc 11 Section 2 Software manual SkOw l is primarily based on two modules the main application window Fig 2 3 and Fig 2 4 The main application window is intended to define skills by propositions and action verbs and to semi automatically establish prerequisite relations between the skills The relation visualizer Fig 2 10 is a module that allows drawing the basis prerequisite relations between skills and revising it on a visual basis In addition SkOwl enables drawing even knowledge skill structures 2 1 SkOwl s main application window The main application window consists of a toolbar Fig 2 1 allowing accessing all relevant functions and two tab pages the OWL source tab Fig 2 3 and the Skills tab Fig 2 4 In the followi
52. le has property 08 height h 04 hypotenuse c is opposite of OF right angle 05 area A equals half of 10 product of height and hypotenuse h c 20 product of hypotenuse and hypotenuse sectio has factor 15 hypotenuse section q 16 square of height F equal 19 product of hypotenuse sections p g NO beaiakt b Haremi ne l AF riakt sanla a Skills 4 Being able to define the sides of a triangle S 001 gt define gt 01 right triangle has side 03 cathetus b S 002 gt define gt 01 right triangle has side 04 hypotenuse c Ss 003 gt define 02 cathetus a squared 12 square of cathetus a af 5 004 gt define gt O4 hypotenuse c squared 11 square of hypotenuse c 005 Figure 2 4 SkOwl s Skills tab e OWL type Il OWL type II files include any other type of OWL ontologies Please note that the current and previous versions of SkOwl do not include full reasoning or querying services and therefore type II ontologies may be parsed incompletely or incorrect When opening a type IIT OWL file SkOwl attempts to parse the ontology and then automatically switches to the Skills tab Fig 2 4 displaying the extracted propositions e Proposition files Proposition files are ASCII files including the proposition s name or number subject relations and objects in this order in a single line divided by a specific delimiter 1 e tab space semicolon or comma Please specify the correct delimiter f
53. ll available skills In this case no further entries and selections must be made and you can click the OK button The selected action verb is assigned to all available skills In addition you may specify up to three rule properties and combine them To do that select and addressee 1 e subj obj rel from the if drop down menu select a comparison method 1 e equals contains and specify a criterion As an example you might select the action verb know you might select the addressee subj the comparison method contains and you might enter the criterion triangle This rule would assign the action verb know to all skills which include at least one proposition that has a subject including the term triangle Allows to specify three 20 such rules and to combine them using either and or and inclusive or Always start specifying rules from the top When using for example only the last area no rule will be applied Finally select whether you want to overwrite existing action verbs with the new rule in the checkbox at the bottom of the window and click OK The specified rule is applied to the available skills indicated by the purple arrow icon in the skill tree Using batch file To enable a re use of rules rules can be stored in an external batch file and applied within SkOwl The batch file as a regular ASCII text file and it may contain any number of rules as defined above To apply such batch file click t
54. ll tree 2 1 2 6 Add a proposition manually In order to add a new proposition manually simply select the desired skill in the skill tree and open the context menu by a right click and select Add proposition from the menu A dialog window appears allowing you to specify the propositions subject object and relation 2 1 2 7 Changing node colors Because skill lists may be very long SkOwl allows changing each nodes color in order to help making the skill tree more lucid Simply select a node skill proposition or action verb in the skill tree and open the context menu by a right click and select Change node color from the menu A dialog window appears allowing you to select any color When saving a SkOwl project also such color information is stored 22 2 1 2 8 Other functions The skill tree s context menu provides further functions First any node can be deleted with the exception of the main node named Skills Simply select the desired node in the skill tree and open the context menu by a right click and select Delete node from the menu Second to display all nodes with a single click select Expand all nodes from the context menu Third to hide all nodes select Collapse all nodes from the context menu Finally all nodes of the skill tree can be renamed To enter the text mode select a node by a single left click and by another left click a second after The node changes to text mode and can be renamed An exception is propo
55. ng all functions and properties of the main application window are described The description order basically follows typical working processes l 2a 2b 3 4a 4b 5a 5b 6 7a 7b 8 2 10 lla Ilb Figure 2 1 Toolbar of the main application window 2 1 1 Opening source files To open resources click the Open button in the main application s toolbar Fig 2 1 1 A dialog window appears enabling the selection of a resource type to open Fig 2 2 SkOwl supports three different source types SkOwl projects OWL ontologies and proposition lists e g concept maps To select a specific resource type check the corresponding field and click OK When opening a proposition list you have to specify a delimiter also After clicking OK an open file dialog window appears enabling the selection of the file 12 Open Source File Jof x Please select whether a SkOwl project should be opend or a source file In the latter case select the type of source file you wish to open and click the OF Buttoni f SkOwl Project COWL Type Proposition List C OWL Type ll Delimiter Tab C Semicolon C Space C Comma Zo Figure 2 2 Open source file dialog window SkOwl project When opening a SkOwl project the application validates the source file and opens the project SkOwl automatically opens the Skills tab Fig 2 4 and displays the available propositions and the skills tree OWL type I OWL type I files are well defined domain
56. nu A window appears displaying either SkOwl s action verb dictionary or the favorites catalogue You can select an action verb by double clicking The selected action verb is automatically added to the skill Deleting action verbs 21 To delete an action verb or its node respectively select the action verb in the skill tree and open the right lick context menu Select Delete node The entire node will be deleted 2 1 2 4 Add a skill manually In order to add a new skill simply select the main node named Skills in the skill tree and open the context menu by a right click and select Add skill from the menu A new skill is added at the end of the skill tree numbered consecutively according the specified formatting options see section 2 1 7 To change the skill s name select the node and then make a single left click to enter text mode 2 1 2 5 Combining skills from multiple files Skills generally are based on a single source file e g a proposition list or an ontology To combine skills of multiple files SkOwl offers a specific import function for skill lists Once skills are defined on the basis of one source file you may select Import skill list from the skill tree s context menu Such skill list must comply with the format described in section 2 1 2 and they must use the same delimiter as set in the main options dialog see section 2 1 7 The skills of the selected file are automatically appended at the end of the ski
57. of action verbs Open the dialog window by clicking the Apply action verbs button in the main toolbar Fig 2 1 4a or by selecting Apply action verb by rules from the Apply action verbs button s drop down menu Fig 2 1 4b The corresponding dialog window is shown in Fig 2 5 AY Application Rules l q Specify a valid action verb application rule and select whether existing action verbs shall be overwritten Apply the rule by clicking the OF button z describe identify indicate M Dvenmrite existing action verbs fan Hide action verb dictionary gt Show action verb favourites ve outline recall i TECOONIZE Figure 2 5 Action verb application rules dialog window On the right the action verb dictionary is displayed SkOw l offers full scripting capabilities based on SQL syntax the reason for using this syntax is that it is very common and information on the syntax rules can easily be found on the Internet To apply action verbs to specific skills state the corresponding rule in the dialog window and click OK In addition you may choose to overwrite existing action verb assignments by a new rule using the checkbox below the text area Each rule starts with the definition of an action verb SET actionverb In addition you can establish rules by specifying to which skills the given action verb 18 shall be applied term WHERE You can address three parts of a skill its o
58. omponents of the Microsoft NET framework Example A message may say An unexpected error occurred Error code 01002 This message states that an error occurred in the forms component frmMain in the sub that handles the Button4 Click event Error Code 01001 01002 01003 01004 01005 01006 01007 01008 01009 01010 01011 01012 Component frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain frmMain Table 3 1 Error codes in SkOwl Sub Function frmMain Load Button4 Click Button5 Click OpenOWLFile FillDB FillDB ApplyActionVerbs olv_DragDrop MakeBasis StoreInDB clearSets GetAVLevell 39 Error Description Denotes an error that occurred at the application s start procedure caused by removing or displacing the application s main configuration file scowl in1 Denotes an error that occurred while saving a project Basically this might refer to ini functions or the reading from ActiveX system component windows forms controls Denotes an error that occurred while loading a saved project Basically this might refer to ini functions or the writing to ActiveX system component windows forms controls Denotes an error that occurred while reading an OWL file in the course of loading a saved project Reasons may be caused by removing or displacing the original OWL file or by an invalid or corrupted
59. or your proposition file in the open source dialog window Fig 2 2 Please make sure to select the correct delimiter otherwise the extracted propositions may be incorrect or reading may result in an error This function enables importing any type of proposition files and also concept maps for example generated with cmap tools SkOwl attempts to read the specified 16 proposition file and then automatically switches to the Skills tab Fig 2 4 displaying the extracted propositions 2 1 2 Defining skills the Skills tab When a valid source file has been opened SkOwl switches to the Skills tab Fig 2 4 displaying the available propositions in the top area This listing is ordered by the proposition s name or number the subject the relation and the object To define skills click the Extract skills button in the main toolbar Fig 2 1 3 By default SkOwl defines one skill for each of the propositions and lists the skills in the skill tree at the bottom of the Skills tab For each skill a node is displayed containing by default a node for the corresponding proposition Fig 2 4 The format of skill names by default S001 to SOOn can be defined in SkOwl s options dialog see 2 1 7 2 1 2 1 Propositions Most likely skills are defined by more than a single proposition In order to manually refine the default skill list SkOwl offers easy to use drag and drop functionalities o Drag a proposition from the proposi
60. ountries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those 47 countries so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded In such case this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License 9 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and or new versions of the General Public License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns Each version is given a distinguishing version number If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and any later version you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation If the Program does not specify a version number of this License you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation 10 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different write to the author to ask for permission For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation write to the Free Software Foundation we sometimes make exceptions for this Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free s
61. r instance corresponding to the recommended or practiced sequence of teaching In case of such a more abstract concept map skills can in general be associated with one concept in contrast to a subset of concepts and relations as in the previously described procedures The special feature of the present approach is that it also takes into account the procedural component of skills given by an action that 1s related to and applies the respective declarative knowledge concept For building a prerequisite relation both components 1 e declarative and procedural are seen as separate dimensions of skills that can feature different values or attributes This means the declarative component of a skill can vary with respect to the concept it refers to and the procedural component varies with respect to the involved action Correspondingly a skill in this context is defined as a pair consisting of an action and a concept e g Heller Steiner Hockemeyer amp Albert 2006 e g the skill apply the Pythagorean Theorem consists of the concept Pythagorean Theorem and the action apply Based on this skill definition a prerequisite relation can be established by the use of the so called component attribute approach e g Albert amp Held 1999 For each component a structure is established by identifying dependencies among the set of attributes concepts or actions that these components can take on With respect to the concepts t
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63. sition nodes Because propositions are defined by subject relation and object such nodes cannot be simply renamed Instead a dialog window appears allowing you to specify subject relation and object When clicking Apply in this dialog window the selected proposition is renamed according to those specifications 2 1 3 Saving and exporting SkOw l provides saving and exporting of information into following formats SkOwl projects proposition lists txt or OWL skill lists and a basis prerequisite relation binary format or KST tools format SkOwl project saves the entire information including OWL source file propositions skills action verbs and color information To save a project click the Save button or use the drop down menu of the Save button Fig 2 1 3b and select SkOwl project Proposition lists can be saved as ASCII files including the propositions as listed in the proposition list at the top of the Skills tab Propositions contain a name or number subject relation and object divided by a delimiter Proposition lists can be imported in other applications such as cmap tools To save a proposition list use the drop down menu of the Save button Fig 2 1 3b and select Proposition list In the save file dialog select the file type Text txt In addition the propositions can be saved in form of an OWL type I ontology To do that select the file type OWL ontology owl in the save file dialog Skill lists are
64. sta Home Basic 64 bit edition Windows Vista Home Premium Windows Vista Home Premium 64 bit edition Windows Vista Starter Windows Vista Ultimate Windows Vista Ultimate 64 bit edition Windows XP Service Pack 2 Required Software o Windows Installer 3 0 except for Windows 98 ME which require Windows Installer 2 0 or later Windows Installer 3 1 or later 1s recommended o JE5 01 or later You must also be running Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 01 or later for all installations of the NET Framework o Adobe Acrobat or Acrobat Reader version 4 or higher Required Hardware o Intel Pentium or an equivalent processor with a core frequency of 166 MHz or higher o 128MBRAM o 280 MB free disk space for the Microsoft NET framework x86 o 10 MB free disk space for the SkOwl installation 36 e SkOwl has been successfully tested on following configurations o Configuration 1 Desktop PC Dell Optiplex GX620 Intel Pentium D processor 2 8 GHz GB RAM Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2 Microsoft NET Framework redistributable package 2 0 x86 Vector Graphics ActiveX installed Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 installed Adobe Acrobat 5 0 installed o Configuration 2 Notebook PC Sony Vaio VGN S5 Intel Pentium M processor 1 73 GHz 512 MB RAM Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2 Microsoft NET Framework redistributable package 2 0 x86 Vector Graphics ActiveX installed Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 installed Adob
65. tatus of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally NO WARRANTY 11 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING REPAIR OR CORRECTION 12 INNO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE BE 48 LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES INCLUDING ANY GENERAL SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES 4 2 Vector Graphics Active X Vector Graphics ActiveX is distributed under following terms and conditions NO WARRANTY V
66. tion list at the top into a skill of the skill tree The selected proposition is automatically added to the corresponding skill as another node o Drag proposition nodes from one skill to another within the skill tree The selected proposition node is moved to the target skill o Drag a proposition node from one skill to another within the skill tree holding the CNTRL key The selected proposition is automatically copied to the corresponding skill as another node o Add a proposition manually selecting Add proposition from the skill tree s context menu A dialog window appears allowing you to specify the propositions subject object and relation 2 1 2 2 Skill descriptions For each skill a description can be entered optionally This description is used for the export to the ELEKTRA ontology format To enter a skill description select a skill in the skill tree by a single left click The text area to the right of the skill tree is enabled Simply enter the 17 description and press Enter The description is assigned to the selected skill and the text color turns blue Please note that in the current version of SkOwl the number of characters including spaces is limited to 120 2 1 2 3 Action verbs In addition to propositions skills may be defined by actions verbs SkOwl offers three methods to easily apply action verbs to the available skills Apply action verbs by rules SkOwl offers to specify rules for the application
67. ule 29 2 2 1 Starting the relation visualizer module The relation visualizer Fig 2 10 can be opened directly drawing a relation matrix generated with SkOwl Simply click the Start visual relation builder button Fig l 7a or select Visualize relation with labels or Visualize relation without labels from the drop down menu Fig 1 7b To start the relation visualizer without drawing an available relation matrix select Start relation visualizer from the drop down menu e a VON 7a 708 910 1 B hHes F C AQ Q Penwith H f Figure 2 11 Toolbar of the relation visualizer module 2 2 2 Open source files The relation visualizer module supports following file formats SkOwl relation images sri This is SkOwl s internal file format allowing saving a generated graph including background text and line color as well as size and font style Bass files txt Basis files are ASCII file including a binary representation of a prerequisite relation in form of a matrix KST tools basis files txt Such files are basis files however they include the number of rows and columns at the beginning of the file Space file txt Space files are ASCII files including a binary representation of a skill or knowledge structure in form of a item x state matrix Such files may include up to several millions of skill or knowledge states To open a source file click to Open source file button Fig 2 11 1 and select the desir
68. utton In order to clear the entire list click the Clear button 2 1 7 Application options SkOwl offers an option dialog in order to make specific application settings Fig 2 9 The options dialog includes two pages one for the main application and one for the relation visualizer module On the main application page following settings can be made a To select whether to display the splash screen at application start b to select whether to use the action verb level when creating the relation matrix or the set inclusion principle only c to select whether to generate a basis file or a prerequisite relation file d to specify delimiters for exporting proposition and skill lists this may be any valid Unicode character or tab for a tabulator 27 and e the format for automatic skill enumeration The latter consists of a prefix e g S or Skill and a number format e g 000 for a three digit format such as 012 On the relation visualizer page following settings can be made a To select the color for the background the skills and the graph s lines a color selection dialog window is displayed when clicking on the colored boxes b to define a font style for skills a font selection dialog window is displayed when clicking on he font box c to define a pen width for the graph s lines d the maximum length in characters for the skill labels as well as e X and Y axis scale values for draw
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