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Recovery ratio may vary between 33% - 50% and up

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1. 4 Inch full fit elements should be cleaned at 12 14 2 7 3 2 m3 hr 3 Reccirculate After the process water is displaced cleaning solution will be present in the concentrate stream that can be recycled to the cleaning solution tank Recycle the cleaning solution for 15 minutes or until there is no visible color change If a color change occurs dispose of the cleaning solution and prepare a new solution as described in step 2 4 Soak Turn the pump off and allow the elements to soak Soak the elements for 1 15 hours soaking overnight will give best results To maintain temperature during an extended soak period use a slow recirculation rate about 10 percent of that shown in Table 2 Soak time will 12 vary depending on the severity of the fouling For lightly fouled systems a soak time of 1 2 hours is sufficient 5 High flow pumping Feed the cleaning solution at the rates shown in Table 2 for 45 minutes The high flow rate flushes out the foulants removed from the membrane surface by the cleaning If the elements are heavily fouled using a flow rate that is 50 percent higher than shown in Table 2 may aid cleaning At higher flow rates excessive pressure drop may be a problem The maximum recommended pressure drops are 15 psi per element or 50 psi per multi element vessel whichever value is more limiting 6 Flush out Prefiltered raw water can be used for flushing out the cleaning solution unless there will be corrosi
2. 7 Ensure that the electrical power requirements of the Thunder system match your electrical power supply 8 Thunder systems are typically controlled with a liquid level switch in a storage tank The liquid level switch turns the system on when the water level in the tank drops and off when the tank is full If your reverse osmosis system is equipped with an electrical control box the level control is connected to the level control connections in the control box The level control connections are dry contacts and never apply power to these connections Liquid level switches can be obtained by your local dealer or distributor If a liquid level switch is to be used install it at this time 9 Disconnect the permeate line to the storage tank or point of use application and direct it to the drain Flush the system for approximately 15 minutes with the feed water by fully opening the concentrate valve counter clockwise This will assist in removing any impurities or preservative within the system At this time check for any wetted parts which may have been damaged during shipment After 15 minutes shut down the feed water 10 Turn on the power to the system 11 Follow any specified system projections supplied 12 Make sure that no backpressure exists on the permeate line 13 Locate the concentrate control valve and the concentrate pressure gauge 14 Turn the concentrate control valve until the designated recovery is acquired The concentrat
3. CRYSTAL QUEST Thunder Reverse Osmosis installation and Maintenance Instructions Models 4000 5000 amp 7000 D GRYSTAL Gu Introduction Your Thunder commercial reverse osmosis system is a durable piece of equipment which with proper care will last for many years This User s Manual outlines installation operating maintenance and troubleshooting details vital to the sustained performance of your system The test results which are included with this User s Manual indicates your system s permeate product and rejection test results If your system is altered at the site of operation or if the feed water conditions change please contact your local dealer or distributor to determine the proper recovery for your application NOTE In order to maintain warranty an operating log must be maintained Copies must be sent to your local dealer or distributor for review NOTE Prior to operating or servicing the Thunder commercial reverse osmosis system this User s Manual must be read and fully understood Keep it and other associated information for future reference and for new operators or qualified personnel near the system Safety The Safety section of this User s Manual outlines the various safety headings used throughout this manual s text and are enhanced and defined below NOTE Indicates statements that provide further information and clarification CAUTION Indicates statements that are used to identify conditio
4. Organic Foulant Cleaning The following cleaning procedures are designed specifically for membranes that have been fouled with organic matter Review the general cleaning instructions for information that is common to all types of cleaning such as suggested equipment pH and temperature limits and recommended flow rates Safety Precautions 1 When using any chemical indicated here in subsequent sections follow accepted safety practices Consult the chemical manufacturer for detailed information about safety handling and disposal When preparing cleaning solutions ensure that all chemicals are dissolved and well mixed before circulating the solutions through the membrane elements 11 3 tis recommended the membrane elements be flushed with good quality chlorine free water after cleaning Permeate water is recommended but a de chlorinated potable supply or pre filtered feed water may be used provided that there are no corrosion problems in the piping system Operate initially at reduced flow and pressure to flush the bulk of the cleaning solution from the elements before resuming normal operating pressures and flows Despite this precaution cleaning chemicals will be present on the permeate side following cleaning Therefore permeate must be diverted to drain for at least 10 minutes or until the water is clear when starting up after cleaning 4 During recirculation of cleaning solutions the temperatures must not exceed 50 C at p
5. e The pump must NEVER be run dry Operating the pump without sufficient feed water will damage the pump e ALWAYS feed the pump with filtered water The pump is susceptible to damage from sediment and debris damage occurs to your system s pump a re build kit may be available Contact your local dealer or distributor and inform them of your system s model and pump size Mounting The free standing system should be bolted down in compliance with local regulation standards or securely fastened Membrane Elements Thunder reverse osmosis systems come pre loaded with Thin Film Composite TFC High Flow Low Energy membranes unless otherwise specified General membrane element performance characteristics are listed below Membrane Element Characteristics Operating Pressure 150psi Maximum Pressure 400 psi Nominal Rejection 98 5 Chlorine Tolerance lt 1 ppm Maximum Temperature 110F Turbidity 1 NTU Silt Density Index lt 5 SDI pH Range 3 11 Test Conditions Permeate flow and salt rejection based on 550 ppm 150 psi 77 F 25 C pH 7 and 15 recovery NOTE Higher TDS and or lower temperatures will reduce the membrane s production Start Up Unless otherwise indicated these instructions cover the Thunder 4000 5000 amp 7000 reverse osmosis Systems Please refer to the flow diagrams and exploded view diagrams found in this User s Manual for additional information and reference Installation Thunder reverse osmos
6. VALVE PART 201006 F 23 58 207 BIG GREY DOUBLE O RING FILTER HOUSING 17 NPT PART 200731 4 5 X 20 BIG GREY 5 MICRON POLY PRO 6 PIECES PER CASE PARTE 200640 45 X 20 BIG GREY 10 MICRON CARBON BLOCK 6 PIECES PER CASE PART 200663 457 X 207 BIG GREY 1 MICRON POLY PRO 6 PIECES PER CASE PART 200639 8 3 5 8 PART 200788 PART 200914 120VAC 200915 220 VAC LOW PRESSURE SWITCH PART 200905 A 8 5 3 7 i PART N A E 2 5 z 5 TDS METER PART 200877 T E PART 200899 1 ASD ANTI SCALING BAR PART 200107 PART 201343 i PART 200046 e ZEE e Thunder 5000 4040 CHAMP 1 2 NPT PART 200527 THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRANE 4040 TFC PART 200379 CHAMP 4 END PLUG PARTI 200596 CHAMP 4 SNAP RING PART 200598 PART 200599 25 0 300 PSI PANEL MOUNT GYLCERINE FILLED GAUGE PART 200904 COMPUTER CONTROL MINITROL PART 200857 120VAC 200858 220VAC 1 2 STAINLESS STEEL NEEDLE VALVE PART 201006 0 160 PSI BOTTOM MOUNT GAUGE PART 200901 20 BIG GREY DOUBLE O RING FILTER HOUSING 1 NPT PART 200731 4 5 X 20 BIG GREY 5 MICRON POLY PRO 6 PIECES PER CASE PART 200640 45 X 20 BIG GREY 10 MICRON CARBON BLOCK 6 PIECES PER CASE 200663 4 5 X 20 BIG GREY 1 MICRON POLY PRO 6 PIECES PER CASE PART 200639 GOULD
7. Possible Causes Metal Oxide Fouling Colloidal Fouling Scaling CaS04 CaSOS BaSO4 8102 Biological Fouling Organic Fouling Chlorine Oxidation Abrasion of membrane by Crystalline Material O Ring Leaks End or Side Seal Leaks Recovery Too High Verification Analysis of Metal lons in Cleaning Solution SDI Measurement of Feed Water Analysis of metal ions in cleaning solution by checking LSI of reject Calculate max solubility of CaSOA BaS04 SiO2 in reject Bacteria count in permeate and reject Slime in pipes and pressure vessels Destructive Element Testing Chlorine Analysis of feed water Destructive element test Microscopic solids analysis of feed Destructive element test Probe test Vacuum test Colloidal material test Check Flows and Pressure Against Design Guidelines Corrective Action Improve pretreatment to remove metals Clean with Acid Cleaners Optimize pretreatment for colloid removal Clean with high pH anionic cleaners Increase acid addition and antiscalant dosage for CaVOS and CaCO4 Reduce recovery Clean with Acid Cleaners Shock dosage of Sodium Bi Sulfate Continuous feed of Sodium Bi Sulfate at reduced pH Formaldehyde disinfection Chlorination and de chlorination Replace cartridge filters Activated Carbon or other pretreatment Clean with high pH cleaner Check Chlorine feed equipment and de chlorination Sys
8. for flushing out the cleaning solution unless there will be corrosion problems e g stagnant seawater will corrode stainless steel piping To prevent precipitation the minimum flush out temperature is 20 C The system should be flushed for one hour 7 The system should be restarted Elements and the system need to stabilize before taking any data The stabilization period will vary depending on the severity of the fouling To regain optimum performance it may take several cleaning and soak cycles NOTE Recommendations made here are specifically designed for the membrane elements inserted in the Thunder reverse osmosis and nanofiltration elements These recommendations such as cleaning procedures and chemicals employed may not be compatible with other brands of membrane elements It is your responsibility to ensure the suitability of these recommendations and procedures if they are applied to membrane elements other than those which come with your system NOTE No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer s use and for ensuring that Customer s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments Seller assumes no obligation or liability
9. for the information in this document NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED Additional Information Never recirculate the cleaning solution for longer than 20 minutes With longer recirculation the carbonate Scale can reprecipitate and end up back on the membrane surface making it more difficult to 15 clean Carbonate scale reacts with HCI releasing carbon dioxide gas Depending on the severity of the fouling it may take repeated cleanings to remove all the scale Cleaning severe scale may not be economical and element replacement may be the best choice Citric acid was originally used as a cleaner for cellulose acetate membranes and is not as effective with thin film composite chemistry Further it has a disadvantage of being a nutrient source for systems which have biological fouling It is however easier to handle than HCI and is included as a primary cleaner for that reason Flushing the System The system should be flushed weekly to remove sediment from the surface of the membranes To manually flush the system following the preceding steps 1 The system must be running during the flushing procedure 2 Fully open the concentrate valve 3 Allow the system to run for 10 to 20 minutes 4 After 10 to 20 minutes close the concentrate valve to its previous position raising the operating pressure to 150 psi Ensure the proper concentrate fl
10. housing As time progresses the efficiency of the membrane will be reduced In general the salt rejection does not change significantly until two or three years after installation when operated on properly pretreated feed water The permeate flow rate will begin to decline slightly after one year of operation but can be extended with diligent flushing and cleaning of the system A high pH and or precipitation of hardness can cause premature loss in rejection of membrane elements in the system To replace the membrane elements 1 Remove all of the membrane element s from the membrane element housings from the top of the housing Heavy duty pliers and channel lock pliers may be necessary to pull the old membrane element out of the membrane element housing 10 9 Install the brine seal side of the membrane elements first When the housings have a direction of flow from bottom to top the brine seal should be located on the end of the membrane element at the bottom of the housing Lubricate the brine seal with a food grade lubricant At aslight angle insert membrane while slightly rotating element being careful not to tear or flip the brine seal Re lube the brine seal if necessary With a smooth and constant motion push the membrane element into the housing so that the brine seal enters the housing without coming out of the brine seal groove A slow twisting motion should be used to insert the membrane element to ensure that the brin
11. is also recommended for smaller elements Cleaning Procedures There are seven steps in cleaning membrane elements with Inorganics 1 Make up the cleaning solution listed from Table 1 Table 1 Inorganic Cleaning Solution Preferred 2 0 wt Citric Acid PH 2 45 C maximum Alternate Muriatic Acid Notes wt denotes weight percent of active ingredient Cleaning chemical symbols in order used is hydrochloric acid Muriatic Acid Cleaning the Inorganics from Membrane Elements Alternative 1 096 Alternative 0 5 HsPCU Notes 1 wt denotes weight percent of active ingredient 2Cleaning chemical symbols in order used is hydrochloric acid Muriatic Acid 2 Low flow pumping Pump mixed preheated cleaning solution to the vessel at conditions of low flow rate about half of that shown in Table 2 and low pressure to displace the process water Use only enough pressure to compensate for the pressure drop from feed to concentrate The pressure should be low enough that essentially no permeate is produced approx 60 psi A low pressure minimizes redeposition of dirt on the membrane Dump the concentrate as necessary to prevent dilution of the cleaning solution 14 Table 2 Recommended Feed Flow Rate Per Housing During High Flow Rate Re Circulation Element Diameter PSI GPM 2 5 Inches 20 60 4 Inches 20 60 8 10 Dependent on number of elements in pressure vessel 4 Inch full fit elements should
12. most commonly encountered problem conditions Low system pressure and abnormal permeate flow Also refer to the reverse osmosis troubleshooting matrix on the next page 16 Low System Pressure Low system pressure occurs when sufficient feed water pressure and flow are not obtained This causes the high pressure reverse osmosis pump to cavitate Failure to provide the proper feed will result in lower system pressure that may result in low production and poor rejection Check the following components 1 Pump Isolate the pump and determine how much pressure can be achieved This can be determined by checking the pump discharge pressure gauge at this point If the system is not equipped with this gauge disconnect the hose that runs from the pump to the pressure vessel Install a pressure gauge The pressure of the pump must reach at least 190 psi when the flow is restricted Pre Filter Check the differential in the pre filter gauges to determine if the filter needs to be replaced If the system is not equipped with these gauges examine the pre filter cartridge to make sure that it is not clogged and does not restrict feed flow to the pump Replace if necessary Low Feed Water Flow Rate Determine that the system is getting a sufficient volume of feed water Disconnect the feed water hose from the system and place it in a one gallon bucket Measure the time it takes to fill the bucket to determine the feed flow Feed flow is measured
13. part s In such cases Buyer will issue a purchase order or other payment guarantee prior to shipment If the returned part is found to have been misused or abused the defective part is not received by Seller within thirty 30 days the Buyer will be invoiced for the replacement part s provided This Warranty does not cover or include labor and or travel to the Buyer s premise or location or any other location Charges of 1000 per day plus associated travel expenses will be incurred by the Buyer in providing the Warranty Service at any location other than Seller s main headquarters that is if the Seller deems that the product is not covered by said Warranty The Seller reserves the right to precondition such travel to Buyer s premises upon prepayment of Seller s anticipated costs of attending such premises Voidability of Warranty This Warranty shall be void and unenforceable as to any Seller product which has been damaged by accident mishandling abuse or has been repaired modified altered disassembled or otherwise tampered with by anyone other than Seller or an authorized Seller service representative or if any replacement parts are not authorized by Seller have been used or the product has not been installed operated and maintained in strict accordance and adherence with the operating documentation and manuals for such product Any expressed warranty or similar representation of performance set forth in the operation documentation for a
14. reverse osmosis nanofiltration or ultrafiltration membrane incorporated into a Seller product shall be void and unenforceable unless the feed water requirements set forth in the operating documentation for such product are unequivocally and strictly adhered to Limitations and Exclusions THIS WARRANTY AND REMEDIES DESCRIBED HEREIN AND HEREINABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTY OR REMEDIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL THE SELLER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL INCIDENTAL OR OTHER SIMILAR TYPES OF DAMAGES FOR DAMAGES FOR THE LOSS OF PRODUCTION OR PROFITS OR INJURY TO PERSON OR PROPERTY NO PERSON HAS ANY AUTHORITY TO BIND SELLER TO OTHER THAN WHAT IS SET FORTH ABOVE THIS WARRANTY GIVES THE BUYER SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS AND THE BUYER MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION THE PARTIES RECOGNIZE AND AGREE THAT IN ALL RESPECTS THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SHALL APPLY TO AND SHALL GOVERN ANY INTERPRETATION OR LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS DOCUMENT NO WARRANTY OR OTHER LIABILITY OF SELLER TO BUYER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR OTHERWISE WILL IN ANY EVENT EXCEED THE COST OF REPLACEMENT OF THE APPLICABLE SELLER PRODUCT PART OR ACCESSORY THAT IS SUBJECT TO ANY BREACH OF SELLER S WARRANTY SELLER WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGE TO ANY PROPERTY OF BUYER OR TO BUYER S CUSTOMERS
15. units usually parts per million ppm or milligrams per liter mg l Thunder commercial reverse osmosis systems are designed to reject up to 98 5 NaCl unless computer projections have been provided and state a different rejection percentage The amount of purified water recovered for use is expressed as a percentage To calculate recovery use the following formula Recovery Product Water Flow Rate Feed Water Flow Rate x 100 NOTE All flow rates must be expressed in the same units usually gallons per minute gpm System Requirements amp Operation Guidelines Plumbing The membranes and high pressure pumps used on Thunder systems require a continuous flow of water with a minimum feed pressure of 35 psi which does not exceed 105 F The piping for the feed line is a 1 Solenoid Valve This is connected to the filter housing The piping used for the concentrate line is 1 FNPT and should be run to an open drain in a free and unrestricted manner no backpressure The piping used for the permeate line is 1 FNPT and can be run to the holding tank or directly to the point of use application with PVC pipe or another FDA approved material This is so the material being used does not dissolve into the permeate water Be certain that all of the components of the feed water are soluble at the concentrations attained in the system A system operating at 50 recovery concentrates all impurities by two times the amount CAUTION Any
16. FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL INCIDENTAL OR ECONOMIC LOSS OR COMMERCIAL DAMAGE WHATSOEVER REMEDIES HEREIN PROVIDED ARE EXPRESSLY MADE THE SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF ANYWARRANTY OR OTHER OBLIGATION HEREUNDER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED OR FROM THE OPERATION OF LAW 28
17. H 2 10 35 at pH 1 11 and 30 at pH 1 12 5 Formembrane elements greater than six inches in diameter the flow direction during cleaning must be the same as during normal operation to prevent element telescoping because the housing thrust ring is installed only on the reject end of the housing This is also recommended for smaller elements Cleaning Procedures There are seven steps in cleaning membrane elements with organics 1 Make up the cleaning solution listed from Table 1 Table 1 Organic Cleaning Solution e Preferred 0 1 wt Soda Ash e 12 30 C maximum Preferred 0 196 wt NaOH 0 025 wt PH 12 30 C maximum Notes wt Denotes weight percent of active ingredient Cleaning chemical symbols in order used NaOH is sodium hydroxide Cleaning the Organics from Membrane Elements 2 Low flow pumping Pump mixed preheated cleaning solution to the vessel at conditions of low flow rate about half of that shown in Table 2 and low pressure to displace the process water Use only enough pressure to compensate for the pressure drop from feed to concentrate The pressure should be low enough that essentially no permeate is produced A low pressure minimizes re deposition of dirt on the membrane Dump the concentrate as necessary to prevent dilution of the cleaning solution Table 2 Recommended Feed Flow Rate Per Housing During High Flow Rate Re Circulation Dependent on number of elements in pressure vessel
18. LIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED Additional Information By experience the cleaning solution of Na4EDTA with caustic has been found to be slightly less effective than a standard caustic solution or a solution of caustic and Na DSS For any solution contact time is critical Several overnight soaks may be necessary to restore the system performance After the elements are clean it is very beneficial to clean one additional time in order to clean off the last remaining biofilm layer on the surface of the membrane Any remaining biofilm will tend to attract and trap dirt so an extra cleaning will increase the time between cleanings For industrial systems where the permeate or product water is not used for drinking a non oxidizing biocide can be used prior to step 1 of the cleaning procedure to kill any bacteria or biofilm in the system Please refer to separate instructions on methods for sanitizing membrane Systems i e Sanitization with DBNPA Tech Facts If the only choice for a sanitizing agent is an oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide the system must be cleaned before sanitization Inorganic Foulant Cleaning The following cleaning procedures are designed specifically for membranes that have been fouled with organic matter Review the general cleaning instructions for information that is common to all types of cleaning such as suggested equipment pH and temperature limits and rec
19. OBLIGATION UNDER THIS WARRANTY IS LIMITED TO THE REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT AT SELLER S SOLE DISCRETION OF ANY PRODUCT OR COMPONENT THEREOF PROVED TO BE DEFECTIVE IN MATERIAL OR WORKMANSHIP WITHIN THE COVERED WARRANTY PERIOD The buyer at the Buyer s risk and expense shall be responsible for returning such product or component only after obtaining a Return Goods Authorization RGA number from the Seller arranging for freight 27 prepaid and in conformance with any special packaging and shipping instructions set forth on the operation documentation or RGA instructions or as otherwise reasonably required to the Seller s address set forth below together with 1 RGA number issued by Seller at Buyer s request 2 proof of purchase and if necessary proof of installation date 3 a Return Good Authorization Form 4 a description of the suspected defects 5 the serial number of the Seller product alleged to be defective and 6 a description of the type of water and pretreatment equipment which has been utilized in connection with the product if any Seller shall in Seller s reasonable discretion be the sole judge of whether a returned product or component is defective in material or workmanship Required or replaced products or components shall be returned surface freight In genuine emergency situations the Seller will at Seller s sole discretion forward replacement parts to Buyer without waiting for authorized return of the questionable
20. S 1 5 HP PUMP amp MOTOR 1 PHASE PART 200789 SOLENOID VALVE 17 NPT PART 200914 120VAC 200915 220 VAC POWDER COATED EPOXY FRAME PARTE TOS METER PART 200877 PART 200899 i E E 5 3 2 5 g 200107 AUTO FLUSH SYSTEM OPTION PART 201343 5 E 3 g amp PART 200046 23 Thunder 9000 4040 CHAMP 1 2 NPT PART 200527 THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRANE 4040 TFC HF1 PART 200379 CHAMP 47 END PLUG PARTE 200596 CHAMP 47 SNAP RING PART 200598 CHAMP 47 O RING SET PART 200599 25 0 300 PSI PANEL MOUNT GYLCERINE FILLED GAUGE PART 200904 COMPUTER CONTROL MINITROL PART 200857 120 200858 220VAC 1 2 STAINLESS STEEL NEEDLE VALVE PART 201006 0 160 PSI BOTTOM MOUNT GAUGE PART 200901 20 BIG GREY DOUBLE O RING FILTER HOUSING 17 NPT PART 200731 457 X 20 BIG GREY 5 MICRON POLY PRO 6 PIECES PER CASE PART 200640 45 X 207 BIG GREY 10 CARBON BLOCK 6 PIECES PER CASE PART 200663 457 X 20 BIG GREY 1 MICRON POLY PRO 6 PIECES PER CASE PART 200639 OULD HP PUUP amp RAS 200789 SOLENOID VALE 1 NPT PART 200914 120VAC 200915 220 VAC LOW PRESSURE SWITCH EL PART 200905 HM DIGITAL COMMERCIAL PANEL MOUNT TDS METER PART 200877 0 10 GPM FLOW METER 2 PARTE 200899 17 ASD ANTI SCALING BAR PARTE 200107 AUTO FL
21. TACT IF VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THESES INPUTS DAMAGE CONTROLLER WILL RESULT FOR POWER WITH NEUTRAL AND HOT LEADS L IS HOT AND L2 IS NEUTRAL 25 MINITROL SELECTABLE JUMPERS R ALL SWITCHS MUST BE DRY CONTACT ONLY IF VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THESE INPUTS DAMAGE TO CONTROLLER WILL RESULT FOR POWER WITH NEUTRAL AND HOT LEADS Li IS AND 12 IS NEUTRAL 26 Service Assistance If service assistance is required take the following steps 1 Call your distributor a Prior to making the call have the following information available i Machine installation date ii Serial number found on left hand side of front panel ii Daily Log Sheets iv Current operating parameters i e flow operating pressures pH etc v Detailed description of problem Warranty amp Guarantee Reverse Osmosis System One Year Limited Warranty Warranty Terms Subject to the terms and conditions set forth hereinafter Seller warrants to the original purchaser hereafter the Buyer that the products manufactured by Seller are free from defects in material and in workmanship for twelve 12 months from the Warranty Commencement Date as defined below only when used strictly in accordance with the applicable operating instructions and within the range of the operating conditions specified by Seller for each such product This Warranty does not extend to equipment or components manufactured by others into which a Seller prod
22. USH SYSTEM OPTION PART 201343 CIGOEOSCOEGEPOOCGOOESeE P oOo Symbol Legend Pressure w 7 Indictor MN Check Valve Low Pressure 7 Switch Ball Valve Solenoid E Tank Switch m Flow Meter Models 4000 5000 and 7000 Membrane Array Thunder 4000 2 Elements 1 1 Thunder 5000 3 Elements 1 Thunder 9000 4 Elements 1 1 1 Dimenensions are in inched Tolerances Fractional Flow Diagram Angular Mach Bend Two Place Decimal Do Three Place Decimal 9 24 Temperature Correction Factors For Membrane Flux TEMPERATURE CA TF ec ep Cellulose Acetate Thin Film Composite 10 50 1 468 1 71 11 52 1 429 1 648 12 54 1 391 1 588 13 55 1 355 1 530 14 57 1 320 1 475 15 59 1 286 1 422 16 61 1 253 1371 17 63 1 221 1 323 18 64 1 190 1 276 19 66 1 160 1 232 20 68 1 132 1 189 21 70 L104 1 148 22 72 1 076 1 109 23 73 1 050 1 071 24 75 1 025 1 035 25 thi 1 000 1 000 26 79 0 988 0 971 27 81 0 976 0 943 28 82 0 964 0 915 29 84 0 953 0 889 30 86 0 942 0 863 To use Simply multiply the actual flux to obtain temperature corrected flax 21 MINITROL IF T WM at Us 9 Dit FEE us RETRIES DISARMED RETRIES ENABLED ie e sec restart is MIN nn sors sms ree 24 oe TABLE 1 NOTES ALL SWITCHS MUST BE DRY CON
23. be cleaned at 12 14 2 7 3 2 m3 hr 3 Reccirculate After the process water is displaced cleaning solution will be present in the concentrate stream that can be recycled to the cleaning solution tank Recycle the cleaning solution for 10 minutes or until there is no visible color change If at anytime during the circulation process there is a change in pH or a color change dispose of the solution and prepare a new solution as described in step 2 A pH of 2 must be maintained for the cleaning to be effective 4 Soak Turn the pump off and allow the elements to soak Soak the elements for 1 15 hours soaking overnight will give best results To maintain temperature during an extended soak period use a slow recirculation rate about 10 percent of that shown in Table 2 Soak time will vary depending on the severity of the scaling For lightly scaled systems a soak time of 1 2 hours is sufficient 5 High flow pumping Feed the cleaning solution at the rates shown in Table 2 for 10 minutes The high flow rate flushes out the foulants removed from the membrane surface by the cleaning If the elements are heavily fouled using a flow rate that is 50 percent higher than shown in Table 2 may aid cleaning At higher flow rates excessive pressure drop may be a problem The maximum recommended pressure drops are 15 psi per element or 50 psi per multi element vessel whichever value is more limiting 6 Flush out Prefiltered raw water can be used
24. brane the system can operate longer without cleaning and or replacing the membrane elements The following are instances in which the auto flush should be utilized 1 When injecting antiscalant chemicals These chemicals keep scaling ions in solution up to a higher concentration so the ions don t precipitate and scale the membrane elements If the solubility concentration is exceeded the ions may precipitate and scale the membrane 2 For feed water with a high scaling potential hard water in addition to the auto flush pre treat the water with an anti scalant or a water softener 3 Where minimal maintenance is important auto flush can increase the time between membrane cleanings 4 Forhigh TDS total dissolved solids applications where the TDS exceeds 550 ppm 5 Forhigher recovery applications that use a recycle valve 6 Forsystems that may remain inoperative for long periods of time auto flush should be installed The auto flush will not operate if the electrical power is removed from the system The auto flush feature includes an adjustable setting that regulates its operation In the auto flush mode the water will flush across the membrane in the same direction as the water flows in normal operation this is not a backwash flow 8 Motor The motor may not be drawing the correct current Use a clamp on amp meter to check the current draw 9 Leaks Check the system for leaks as this can result in low pressure Abnor
25. de the specified permeate flow of 3 47 at 150 psi however the same system installed Maine much colder feed water may require 190 psi to produce the same amount of permeate The system in Florida would have a higher concentrate flow to the drain because of the lower operating pressure which would result in poor system recovery Rejection Feed TDS Product TDS Feed TDS x 100 Membrane Removal amp Replacement Changing membranes in pressure vessels is an easy process if you have the proper information and tools at hand Please refer to the following instructions when removing and replacing membrane elements 1 Remove the end caps from the top of the membrane housings This is done by removing the white Nylon snap ring of the Champ housing or unscrewing the bolts of the housing which holds on the clamp 2 Remove the membrane bag containing the membrane element from the shipping box 3 Cut the bag open as close as possible to the seal at the end of the bag so the bag may be re used if necessary 4 Remove the membrane element from the bag and remove the black core tube protectors from each end of the membrane 5 Remove parts from the parts container if included and inspect Make sure that all parts are clean and free from dirt Examine the brine seal and permeate tube for nicks or cuts Replace the O rings or brine seal if damaged 6 Flow directions should be observed for installation of each element in each
26. e pressure will increase as the concentrate control valve is closed The exact operating pressure may vary depending on the temperature and TDS of your feed water It may be necessary to re adjust the system if there is a major change in feed water temperature and or TDS 15 Turn the pump bypass valve until the correct pump pressure is achieved For example a Thunder 5000 should be adjusted until it produces about 5000 GPD or 3 47 GPM of permeate or product water at 77 F GPM GPD 1440 WARNING Never exceed the maximum pressure rating of your pressure vessels Operation amp Maintenance The reverse osmosis process causes the concentration of impurities The impurities may precipitate come out of solution when their concentration reaches saturation levels NOTE Precipitation can scale or foul membranes and must be prevented Check your feed water chemistry and pre treat the water and or reduce the system s recovery as required If necessary consult with your local dealer or distributor Pre Filter Pressure Gauges These gauges measure the feed water pressure when it enters and exits the pre filter housings A pressure differential of 10 15 psi or more on the two pressure gauges indicates that the pre filters require servicing For example if the inlet pressure is 40 psi the filter should be changed when the outlet pressure is 30 psi or below Product Permeate Flow Meter amp Waste Concentrate Flow Meter These flow meters ind
27. e seal stays in place Re install the end caps by gently twisting the end cap while pushing it onto the housing Ensure that you do not pinch or fatigue any O rings while pushing the end plug on Push the end plug on until the outer diameter of the plug is flush with the outer diameter of the membrane housing Insert nylon snap ring until fully seated Snap ring must be able to be spun in place if fully seated If you are using stainless steel housing Install the clamps halves and tighten bolts until the clamp halves meet Reconnect any fittings that may have been disconnected when the membrane element housings were disassembled To Start Up the system refer to Start Up CAUTION New or factory cleaned membranes are shipped in a preservative solution New or cleaned membranes must be flushed for at least 1 hour to remove the preservative from the membrane Discard all of the permeate and concentrate which is produced during the flush Membrane Cleaning Periodic cleaning of the membrane s can improve system performance In normal operation mineral scale biological matter colloidal particles and organic substances can foul the membranes WARNING Cleaning chemicals are dangerous and can cause injury and damage to the environment Read and comply with all safety and disposal precautions listed on the Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS s It is the user s responsibility to comply with all applicable federal state and local regulations
28. f Applicable to designed flow and pressure 6 Inspect for leaks and after one hour shut down system Re direct permeate back to tank or POU and then turn sytem back on 7 Record readings daily for a week and after a week record readings once a week 8 See Page 6 for Number Identification See below for detailed startup procedures Start Up 1 Locate the 1 FNPT Solenoid Valve feed water inlet next to the filter housing 2 Attach the inlet piping to the 1 FNPT Solenoid Valve feed water inlet Always maintain a smooth and sufficient flow of feed water during operation 3 Locate the 1 FNPT permeate outlet 4 Attach the permeate piping to the permeate outlet Make sure that the permeate water can flow freely and that there is no backpressure Backpressure can cause damage to the membrane elements CAUTION The plumbing in the permeate line can contaminate the high quality water produced by the system ensure that the components are compatible with the application The pH of the reverse osmosis permeate water will normally be 1 2 points lower than the feed water pH A low pH can be very aggressive to some plumbing materials such as copper piping 5 Locate the concentrate outlet on the drain side of the concentrate control valve 6 Attach the drain line to the concentrate outlet Water must be allowed to run freely without any restrictions or blockage in the drain line Make sure that no backpressure exists on the concentrate line
29. icate the flow rates of the permeate and concentrate water The measurements when added together also indicate the feed water flow rate or total flow rate if the system is not equipped with a concentrate recycle valve Waste Concentrate Recycle Valve This valve allows you to recycle some of the concentrate water back into the feed of the pump This will increase the recovery of the Thunder system An optional waste recycle flow meter allows you to measure how much concentrate is recycled The amount of waste water recycled is limited by the TDS of the feed water The drawback of using a concentrate recycle is that there will be an increase of total dissolved solids in the permeate water CAUTION Excessive recycling may cause premature fouling or scaling of the membrane elements RO Controller The RO Controller is located on the front panel of your Thunder system There is a low pressure shut off switch which monitors the system s feed water pressure and that will shut off the system and sound alarm if pressure loss is detected It will also shut down the system when the tank is full using the liquid level switch Auto Flush The auto flush option bypasses the concentrate control valve reducing the concentrate pressure and increasing the flow of feed water across the membrane The auto flush removes foulants that may have attached to the surface of the membrane By removing these foulants before they crystallize on the surface of the mem
30. idity SDI 5 Silica 1 ppm pH 3 11 Iron 2 ppm in Concentrate Temperature 40 F 105 F Hardness lt The manufacturer has provided you with the suggested operation specifications These specifications should be met in order to have the reverse osmosis system perform optimally All operation specifications are based on the test conditions listed below Operating Specifications Minimum Feed Pressure 35 psi Minimum NaCl Rejection 96 Nominal Rejection 98 5 Maximum Hardness I5gpg Maximum TDS 2000 ppm Operating Pressure 150 psi pH Range 3 11 Maximum Temperature 105F Test Conditions Permeate flow and salt rejection based on 550 ppm 150 psi 77 F 25 C pH 7 and 50 recovery as indicated NOTE Higher TDS and or lower temperatures will reduce the system s production Rejection Recovery amp Flow Rates Thunder reverse osmosis systems are designed to produce purified water at the capacities indicated by the suffix in the system s name under the conditions listed above For example the Thunder 7000 produces 7000 gallons per day of purified water 77 F The amount of total dissolved solids TDS rejected by the membrane is expressed as a percentage For example 99 rejection rate means that 99 of total dissolved solids do not pass through the membrane To calculate the rejection use the following formula Rejection Feed TDS Product TDS Feed TDS x 100 NOTE All TDS figures must be expressed in the same
31. in gallons per minute so divide 1 gallon by the time in minutes to obtain the flow rate Refer to the System Specifications for the required feed flow Inlet Solenoid Valve Feed water enters the system through an automatic solenoid shut off valve which is normally closed Ensure that the solenoid opens when the reverse osmosis pump starts The system can be operated without the solenoid for troubleshooting Remove the solenoid to see if it is contributing to the problem Normally cleaning the solenoid diaphragm will correct any malfunction of the solenoid Electric Check to ensure that there are no electrical fuses blown and that all electrical connections are Secure Use a voltmeter to verify that the motor is getting sufficient power Pressure Gauge Check for foreign matter on the gauge fitting Remove any visible matter and replace the fitting Verify that the tube is not pushed too far inside the fitting This could restrict flow and cause an inaccurate display If the fitting and tube are fine and the pressure gauge is still malfunctioning the gauge should be replaced Concentrate Control Valve The concentrate control valve may have a tear in the diaphragm Remove the valve inspect the diaphragm and replace if necessary 17 Pump The pumps used on Thunder 4000 5000 amp 7000 systems are pump and motor combinations They are multi stage centrifugal pumps Follow these guidelines to ensure proper operation of the pump
32. is systems must be securely mounted and placed on an even floor so that the system will not vibrate or move If this occurs place the system on a rubber mat to reduce the vibrations and movement Carefully inspect your system before start up Check that all plumbing and electrical connections are not loose or have not come undone during shipment A User s Manual Test Results and Filter Housing Wrench will accompany your Thunder reverse osmosis system System Purging NOTE Leave the power to the system off for this procedure Redirect permeate water to the drain for this procedure Fully open the concentrate valve 9 Counter Clockwise Fully close the recycle valve 8 Clockwise If Applicable Fully close the bypass valve mounted on the RO pump Offset the position of the bypass white lever on the solenoid valve 1 Turn the feed water on and let the system purge until no visible bubbles appear from concentrate flow meter 13 See page 6 for Number Identification Use this procedure when starting up a new system or when membranes are being replaced Initial Start Up After Purging 1 Fully open concentrate valve 9 Counter Clockwise 2 Fully close recycle valve 8 Clockwise If Applicable 3 Fully open bypass valve mounted on RO pump 4 Return position of bypass white lever on the solenoid valve 1 5 Turn RO system on 7 and adjust bypass valve concentrate waste valve 8 and recycle valve 9 I
33. lates Pressure Gauge Measures feed pressure Pressure Gauge Measures pressure after filters RO Computer Controls RO system Recycle Valve Recycles concentrate back to feed If Applicable Concentrate Valve Controls flow of waste concentrate water to the drain Permeate Out Connect this to your storage tank POU Pressure Vessels Holds Membranes Flow Meter Measures flow of permeate water Flow Meter Measures flow of concentrate water Flow Meter Measures flow of concentrate recycle If Applicable Pressure Gauge Measures Pump feed pressure Pressure Gauge Measures Concentrate pressure Concentrate Out Connect this to an open drain RO Pump Pressurizes RO System Conductivity Meter Measures Quality of Permeate NOTE Some permeate will be produced during the auto flush therefore an overflow for the permeate storage tank is recommended Pump Bypass Valve The pump bypass valve is installed as a standard feature on the Thunder 4000 5000 amp 7000 reverse osmosis systems It provides an adjustment for pump pressure which will vary as the required system pressure changes Note that with a multi stage pump the pump flow decreases as the operating pressure increases As the feed water temperature decreases and or the feed water TDS increases the system will require a higher operating pressure to produce the specified permeate flow A Thunder system installed in Florida may provi
34. mal Permeate Flow Permeate flow should be within 15 of the rated production after correcting the feed water temperatures above or below 77 F Check your permeate flow meter to determine the permeate flow rate If the system does not have a permeate flow meter measure the time it takes to fill a 1 gallon container then calculate the permeate flow rate at gallons per minute or gallons per day NOTE To determine the temperature correction factor locate the Temperature Correction Table in this User s Manual and follow the directions 1 Causes of Low Permeate Flow Cold Feed Water Low Operating Pressure Defective Membrane Brine Seal Fouled or Scaled Membrane 2 Causes of High Permeate Flow Defective Product Tube O Rings Defective or Oxidized Membrane 3 Causes of Poor Permeate Quality e Low Operating Pressure e Defective Product Tube O Rings Defective or Oxidized Membrane 18 osis System Troubleshooting 5 Permeate Flow L Salt Passag ocation Normal to Increased Predominately First Stage Predominately First Predominately First Decreased Normal to Increased Decreased Normal to Increased Normal to Moderate Increase Normal to Moderate Increase Any Stage Decreased or Slightly Increased Most Severe in First M vere in Fir Increased Increased Decreased ost Severe st Stage Increased Increased Normal to Low Decreased Normal to Increased 19 MIT At Random
35. ns or practices that could result in equipment or other property damage WARNING Indicates statements that are used to identify conditions or practices that could result in injury or loss of life FAILURE TO FOLLOW WARNINGS COULD RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY OR EVEN DEATH Labeling Do not under any circumstance remove any Caution Warning or other descriptive labels from the system System Specifications Model Thunder 4000 Thunder 5000 Thunder 7000 Gallons Per Day 4000 5000 7000 Dimensions approx 30 x 38 x 47 30 x 38 x 47 30 x 38 x 47 Weight approx 235 Ibs 250 Ibs 265 lbs Element Size in HF1 4040 HF1 4040 HF1 4040 Elements qty 2 3 4 Pressure 150 psi 150 psi 150 psi Motor HP 1 15 1 5 Voltage 120 220 Volt 1 Phase 120 220 Volt 1 Phase 120 220 Volt 1 Phase Hertz 60 60 60 Feed Connection i 1 Product Connection 1 T 1 Waste Connection 1 1 1 Minimum Feed gpm 6 7 10 Recovery 3395 5096 3395 5096 3395 5096 Recovery ratio may vary between 33 50 and up to 75 if system projections have been provided Feed Water amp Operation Specifications Nothing has a greater effect on a reverse osmosis system than the feed water quality NOTE It is very important to meet the minimum feed water requirements Failure to do so will cause the membranes to foul and void the warranty Feed Water Specifications Free Chlorine 0 ppm Manganese 0 05 ppm Total Dissolved Solids 2000 ppm Organics 1 ppm Turb
36. ommended flow rates 13 Safety Precautions 1 When using any chemical indicated here in subsequent sections follow accepted safety practices Consult the chemical manufacturer for detailed information about safety handling and disposal When preparing cleaning solutions ensure that all chemicals are dissolved and well mixed before circulating the solutions through the membrane elements It is recommended the membrane elements be flushed with good quality chlorine free water after cleaning Permeate water is recommended but a de chlorinated potable supply or pre filtered feed water may be used provided that there are no corrosion problems in the piping system Operate initially at reduced flow and pressure to flush the bulk of the cleaning solution from the elements before resuming normal operating pressures and flows Despite this precaution cleaning chemicals will be present on the permeate side following cleaning Therefore permeate must be diverted to drain for at least 10 minutes or until the water is clear when starting up after cleaning During recirculation of cleaning solutions the temperatures must not exceed 50 C at pH 2 10 35 C at pH 1 1 1 and 30 at pH 1 12 For membrane elements greater than six inches in diameter the flow direction during cleaning must be the same as during normal operation to prevent element telescoping because the housing thrust ring is installed only on the reject end of the housing This
37. on problems e g stagnant seawater will corrode stainless steel piping To prevent precipitation the minimum flush out temperature is 20 C The system should be flushed for 1 hour 7 The system should be restarted Elements and the system need to stabilize before taking any data The stabilization period will vary depending on the severity of the fouling To regain optimum performance it may take several cleaning and soak cycles NOTE Recommendations made here are specifically designed for the membrane elements inserted in the Titan reverse osmosis and nanofiltration elements These recommendations such as cleaning procedures and chemicals employed may not be compatible with other brands of membrane elements It is your responsibility to ensure the suitability of these recommendations and procedures if they are applied to membrane elements other than those which come with your system NOTE No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer s use and for ensuring that Customer s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN ALL IMP
38. ow rate is going to the drain 5 The system is now ready to operate Draining the System for Shipment Prior to shipping or storing your system the system should be cleaned with an appropriate cleaner flushed with water and protected from biological attack with an appropriate solution for membrane elements The membrane housing s and plumbing lines of the system must be completely drained Any water remaining in the plumbing of a system may freeze causing serious damage The party shipping or storing the system is responsible for any damage resulting from freezing To drain the system 1 Disconnect the inlet concentrate pre filter and permeate plumbing 2 Drain all water from the pre filter cartridge housings by unscrewing the housings removing the pre filter cartridges and drain the water from the housings 3 Disconnect the tubing from the connector on the permeate and concentrate inlets and outlets 4 Fully open the concentrate valve 5 Drain the flow meters by disconnecting the tubing from the bottom fitting of each meter 6 Allow the system to drain for a minimum of eight hours or until the opened ports quit dripping 7 After draining is complete reconnect all of the plumbing Troubleshooting If the system production declines or the system stops working check the mechanical components for any visual problems Listed below are the items to check for any visual problems Listed below are the items to check for two of the
39. restrictions or blockage in the drain line can cause backpressure which will increase the system s operating pressure This can result in damage to the system s membranes and components Electrical The motors used on Thunder 4000 5000 amp 7000 systems are pump and motor combinations The standard Thunder 4000 5000 and 7000 are available in 1 phase120 220 volt 50 60 hertz The systems be upgraded to 220 460 volt 3 phase 50 60 hertz Please ensure that the electrical circuit supplying the system is compatible with the requirements of the specific Thunder model you are installing NOTE We recommend that a licensed electrician wire your system in accordance with local and national electrical codes NEC WARNING To reduce the risk of electrical shock the incoming power supply must include a protective earth ground Each Thunder system is equipped with a 5 foot electrical cord Pre Filtration Thunder systems are supplied with 5 micron sediment filter 10 micron carbon block and a 1 micron sediment filter Change the cartridge at least every month or when a 10 15 psi differential exists NOTE The system must be operated on filtered water only Do not attempt to clean used filter cartridges ON Sa DIN CUENTE 7 21 ee ee ee OO Number Identification Solenoid Valve Turns On Off Feed Water 5 micron Sediment Removes particulates 10 Micron Carbon Block Removes Chlorine 1 micron Sediment Removes particu
40. tem Improve pretreatment Check all filters for media leakage Replace 0 Rings Repair or replace elements Reduce the recovery rate Calibrate and or add sensors Operation Log Company Date of Start Up Location Date of Last Cleaning Week Of Cleaning Formulation System Serial Date pe O Time 42 Hours of Operation 42 Cartridge Filter Inlet Pressure GE ential Pressure 4 Peririeato Pressure psi Po Feed Pressure psi Concentrate Pressure psi Differential Pressure psi Pump Discharge Pressure psi Permeate Flow GPM 4 1 oa Flow GPM ad Flow GPM O es y O Recovery Feed Temperature Feed Conductivity mg L Permeate Conductivity mg L Rejection Scale Inhibitor Feed ppm Acid Feed ppm Sodium Bisulfite Feed ppm Feed Water Iron mg L Free Chlorine mg L Hardness NTU FE G Notes 20 2 2 seus Sv mulus Sum Dimenensions are in inched Tolerances Fractional Angular Mach Bend Two Place Decimal Three Place Decimal 22 Thunder 4000 5000 amp 7000 Do not scale il Thunder 4000 4040 CHANP 1 2 NPT PART 200527 THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRANE 4040 TFC HF1 PART 200379 PART 200596 4 lamp zoe CHAMP 47 O RING SET 25 0 300 PSI PANEL MOUNT GYLCERINE FILLED GAUGE PART 200904 COMPUTER CONTROL MINITROL PART 200857 120VAC 200858 220VAC 1 2 STAINLESS STEEL NEEDLE
41. uct has been incorporated or to equipment or components which have been incorporated into a Seller product but if allowable Seller hereby assigns without warranty to the Buyer its interest if any under any warranty made by the manufacturer of such equipment or component This Warranty does not cover disposable items such as fuses lamps filters cartridges or other such disposable items which must be replaced periodically under the normal and foreseeable operating conditions of the goods warranted hereby Warranty Commencement Date The Warranty Commencement Date for each Seller product shall be the later of the date of 1 receipt by the Buyer or 2 the date of installation at the Buyer s premises provided that such installation must occur within three 3 months of shipment from the Seller s manufacturing facility in California In no event shall the Warranty Commencement Date exceed three 3 months from the shipment from the Seller s manufacturing facility The Buyer shall provide proof of purchase in order to exercise rights granted under this Warranty If requested by manufacturer the Buyer must also provide proof of the installation date Proof of installation shall be returned by Buyer to Seller within thirty 30 days after installation by virtue of supplying a Warranty Validation Card supplied with each Seller product fully completed and signed in ink by Buyer and the authorized installer of the product Warranty Service SELLER S

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