Acronis® Migrate Easy 7.0
Contents
1. Acronis Migrate Easy 7 0 User s Guide 4 Acronis Compute with confidence www acronis com Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 All rights reserved Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds OS 2 is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group Windows and MS DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation All other trademarks and copyrights referred to are the property of their respective owners Distribution of substantively modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Distribution of this work or derivative work in any standard paper book form for commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED AS IS AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 End user license agreement END USER LI CENSE AGREEMENT BY ACCEPTING YOU ORIGINAL PURCHASER INDICATE YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THESE TERMS IF YOU DO NOT WISH TO ACCEPT THE PRODUCT UNDER THESE TERMS YOU MAY CHOOSE NOT TO ACCEPT BY SELECTING I decline AND NOT INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE The Acronis Migr2. Auto in this case and press the Enter key to open the list of possible values of this parameter for example None l Auto User Type HDD CD ROM LS 120 ZIP 100 MO Other ATAPI Device Use the Up and Down keys to select the User Type HDD value and press the Enter key to get to the following screen AwardBlOS Setup Utility Primary Master User Type HDD Item Specific Help Type User Type HDD lt Enter gt to select the type Translation Mode of the IDE drive Main Cylinders User Type HDD allows Head you to set each entry on Sector ie your own CHS Capacity Maximum LBA Capacity Warning Ultra DMA Mode 3 4 5 can be enabled only Multi Sector Transfer Maximum when BIOS detects SMART Monitoring Disabled Shielded 80 pin cable PIO Mode 4 Ultra DMA Mode 5 Fl Help 4 Select Item Change Values F5 Setup Defaults Esc Exit lt gt Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit Enter the values of Translation Mode Cylinders Head and Sector parameters you can find them on the case of the hard disk to finish the initial configuring of the hard disk with BIOS 34 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup Translation Mode parameter can have the following values LBA Large Normal Match Partition Table Manual New versions of AwardBIOS menu have the Boot item The screen of the Boot menu which is responsible for adjusting the boot sequence l
3. It will be underlined in red Resize and relocate it on the next step You can do this by both entering values to Unallocated space before Partition size Unallocated space after fields by dragging partition borders or the partition itself If the cursor turns to two vertical lines with left and right arrows it is pointed at the partition border and you can drag it to enlarge or reduce the partition s size If the cursor turns to four arrows it is pointed at the partition so you can move it to the left or right if there s unallocated space near it Having provided the new location and size click Next You will be taken two steps back to the partition layout You might have to perform some more resizing and relocation before you get the layout you need 22 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Adding a new hard disk Chapter 4 Adding a new hard disk If you don t have enough space for your data e g family photos and videos you can either replace the old disk with a new higher capacity one data transfers to new disks are described in the previous chapter or add a new disk only to store data leaving the system on the old disk If the PC has space for another disk it would be easier to add a disk drive than to clone one To add a new disk you must first install it in your PC Although this operation is relatively simple we do not recommend it for inexperienced users and advise them to have a professional do it If you
4. View Tools and Help items The Operations menu changes when either an operation icon or scheduled task is selected In the first case the menu contains only Start Now to execute the selected operation The Tools menu contains the following items s Create Bootable Rescue Media runs the bootable media creation procedure The View menu contains items for managing the program window look e Toolbars contains commands that control toolbar icons e Common Task Bar enables disables common task panel in the left area e Status Bar enables disables the status bar e Tiles cons List controls how operation icons look s Refresh refreshes the main program window The Help menu allows you to invoke help and get information about Acronis Migrate Easy 12 Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Transferring the system to a new disk Chapter 3 Transferring the system to a new disk 3 1 General information Sooner or later many PC users find that their hard disk is too small If you just don t have space for more data you can add another disk just for data storage as described in the following chapter However you might find that your hard disk does not have enough space for the operating system and installed applications preventing you from updating your software In this case you have to transfer the system to a higher capacity hard disk To do that you must first install the disk in the PC Although this operation is re
5. file system e g FAT16 or FAT32 partition size in megabytes MB Different partition types including primary logical and unallocated space are marked with different colors 20 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Transferring the system to a new disk If you have selected manual partition creation before the partition layout will look different This partitioning method is described below Cloning script In the next window you will see the disk cloning script containing a list of briefly described operations to be performed on the partitions Add New Disk Wizard Acronis Acronis Migrate Easy is ready to perform operations with Mi gr ate E asy physical data Here is the list of these operations Operation 1 of 3 Clearing disk Hard disk 2 Operation 2 of 3 Reboot required Copying partition Hard disk 1 gt 2 Drive letter E File system NTFS Volume label Quantum Size 3 991 GB gt 3 999 GB Operation 3 of 3 Copying MBR Hard disk A Please press Proceed to start www acronis com Disk partitioning script After you click Proceed Acronis Migrate Easy will start cloning the old disk to the new disk indicating the progress in the special window You can stop this procedure by clicking Cancel In that case you will have to repartition and format the new disk or repeat the cloning procedure After the operation is complete you will see the results message 3 4 Cloning with manual parti
6. software and user s interface Chapter 3 Transferring the system to a new disk describes process of transferring of system on a new hard disk by cloning of an old disk Chapter 4 Adding a new hard disk describes how to add a new disk only to store data leaving the system on the old disk Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup provide you with extra information on the hard disk organization how information is stored on disks how disks should be installed in the computer and plugged into the motherboard configuring disks with BIOS partitions and file systems and how operating systems interact with disks Appendix B Partitions and file systems contains general information on disk partitioning and main file systems types Software usage terms and conditions The conditions for Acronis Migrate Easy software usage are described in the License Agreement included with this package The supplied registration card is the confirmation of your legal purchase and usage of Acronis Migrate Easy on your system Each registration card has a unique registration number Under current legislation the License Agreement is considered a contract between you and Acronis Inc The contract is a legal document and its violation may result in legal action Illegal use and or distribution of this software will be prosecuted Technical Support Users of legally purchased copies of Acronis Migrate Easy are entitled to free e ma
7. IDE Integrated Drive Electronics hard disk you should do the following we will assume you have powered OFF your PC before you start 1 Configure the new hard disk as slave by properly setting the jumpers on the drive Disk drives generally have a picture on the drive that shows the correct jumper settings Open your computer and insert the new hard disk into a 3 5 or 5 25 slot with special holders Fasten down the disk with screws Plug the power cable into the hard disk four threaded two black yellow and red there is only one way you can plug in this cable Plug the 40 or 80 thread flat data cable into sockets on the hard disk and on the motherboard plugging rules are described below The disk drive will have a designation on the connector or next to it that identifies Pin 1 The cable will have one red wire on an end that is designated for Pin 1 Make sure that you place the cable in the connector correctly Many cables also are keyed so that they can only go in one way Turn your computer on and enter BIOS setup by pressing the keys that are displayed on the screen while the computer is booting Configure the installed hard disk by setting the parameters type cylinder heads sectors and mode or translation mode these parameters are written on the hard disk case or by using the IDE autodetection BIOS utility to configure the disk automatically Set the boot sequence to A C CD ROM or some other depen
8. Partition number volume label e g SYSTEM file system e g FAT16 or FAT32 and partition size in megabytes MB Partition types primary logical and unallocated space are marked with different colors Next you will see the cloning script Old disk data If you selected the manual mode the program will ask you what to do with the old disk e Create a new partition layout All existing partitions and their data will be deleted but they will also be cloned to the new disk so you won t lose them s Keep data leave the old disk partitions and data intact s Destroy data delete partitions and data from the old disk Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 17 Transferring the system to a new disk Disk Clone Wizard Old Hard Disk Usage ay ther Acro Easy shouldkeep data on your old drive create 1s on it or d ata You may choose between these scenarios to keep your old drive unmodified create a new layout For it or destroy all data on it Create a new partition layout ke J Destroy data Description All partitions on your old drive will be kept untouched Select this if you plan to remove your old hard disk drive from your computer and keep it in a safe place as a backup after your data is transfered to the new drive If you are going to sell or dispose of your old disk we recommend that you make sure you destroyed all the data on it If you are going to keep it for data storage you can cre
9. application suite that will handle disk administration tasks This product is Acronis Disk Director Suite It includes disk partitioning multibooting partition recovery and other disk management applications Partitioning programs perform the following e create a primary partition e create an extended partition that can be split into several logical disks e set an active partition applied to a single primary partition only Information about partitions on a hard disk is stored in a special disk area in the 1 sector of cylinder 0 header 0 which is called the partition table This sector is called the master boot record or MBR A physical hard disk might contain up to 4 partitions This limit is forced by the partition table that is suitable for 4 strings only However this does not mean you can have only 4 operating systems on your PC Actually existing applications called disk managers support far more operating systems on disks For example Acronis OS Selector enables you to install up to 100 operating systems File systems An operating system gives the user the ability to work with data by supporting some type of file system on a partition All file systems are made of structures that are necessary to store and manage data These structures are usually composed of operating system boot sectors folders and files File systems perform the following basic functions e track occupied and free disk space and bad sectors if an
10. of the hard disk The following parameters and values are available for each hard disk installed in your PC 30 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup Parameter Value Purpose Type 1 47 Not Type 0 or Not Installed is used when there is no Installed hard disk installed to uninstall it Type 47 is Auto reserved for user defined parameters or for parameters detected by the IDE Auto detection utility Auto value allows for automatic detection of IDE disk parameters during the boot sequence Cylinder Cyl 1 65535 The number of cylinders on a hard disk For IDE disks a logical number of cylinders is specified Heads Hd 1 16 The number of heads on a hard disk For IDE disks a logical number of heads is specified Sectors Sec 1 63 The number of sectors per track of a hard disk For IDE disks a logical number of sectors is specified Size Capacity MBytes The capacity of the disk in megabytes It is calculated according to the following formula Size Cyl x Hds x Sct x 512 1024 1024 Mode Normal Method of translation of sector addresses Translation LBA Method Large Auto For example to demonstrate the main features of Acronis Migrate Easy we used a Quantum Fireball TM1700A hard disk as one of the disks in our examples Its parameters have the following values Parameter Value Type Auto Cylinder Cyl 8
11. plug in this cable 28 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup A 1 3 Installation modes jumpers 1 A hard disk can be installed in a computer as master or as slave The mode of hard disk installation is defined by the position of special connectors called jumpers on the hard disk The jumpers are either located on the electronic board of the hard disk or a special socket that provides for the connection of the hard disk and the motherboard There is usually a sticker on the drive that explains the markings Typical markings are DS SP CS and PK Each jumper position corresponds to one hard disk s installation mode s DS master factory default s SP slave or no jumper required e CS cable select for master slave the purpose of the hard disk is determined by its physical position with respect to the motherboard s PK jumper parking position the position where one can put the jumper if it is not necessary in the existing configuration The hard disk with the jumper in master position is treated by the basic input output system BIOS as bootable The jumpers on hard disks that are connected to the same cable can be in the cable select for master slave position In this case BIOS will deem as master the disk that is connected to the IDE cable closer to the motherboard than the other one Unfortunately hard disk markings were never standardized You might well find t
12. selected combination you will proceed to either the old disk partitioning window or the disk partition layout window see below Partitioning the old disk If you selected Create a new partition layout earlier in the process it is now time to repartition your old disk During this step you will see the current disk partition layout Initially the disk has unallocated space only This will change when you create new partitions Having completed the required steps you will add a new partition To create another one simply repeat those steps If you make a mistake click Back to redo After you create the necessary partitions uncheck the Create new partition in unallocated space box and click Next Old and new disk partition layouts In the next window you will see rectangles indicating the source hard disk including its partitions and unallocated space as well as the new disk layout Disk Clone Wizard ES Hard Disk Drives Structure e hard disk layout before cloning and the destination hard ao Please review the source hard disk layout before cloning and the destination hard disk layout that will be created during the cloning procedure Before cloning Quantum C 3 991 GB NTFS Quantum C 13 999 GB NTFS Primary E Logical B Unallocated To continue with the hard disk cloning press the Next button Along with the hard disk number you will also see partition number volume label e g SYSTEM
13. 27 Heads Hd 64 Sectors Sec 63 Mode Auto CHS 1707 MB Maximum LBA Capacity 1707 MB In BIOS setup you can set the Type parameter to User Type HDD user defined type In this case you also have to specify the value of the translation mode parameter which can be Auto Normal LBA Large Translation mode is how sector addresses are translated This parameter appeared because in BIOS versions there were limitations to the maximum address capacity of disks which is 504 MB 1024 cylinders x 16 heads x 63 sectors x 512 bytes There are two ways to bypass this limitation 1 switch from physical to logical sector addresses LBA 2 use mathematics to reduce the number of addressed sectors cylinders and increase the number of heads this method is called Large Disk Large The simplest decision is to set the value of this parameter to Auto Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 31 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup A 2 3 If there are several hard disks connected to your motherboard but you do not want to use some of them at the moment you have to set the Type of these disks to Not Installed Parameters of hard disks can be set manually with the help of information provided by the hard disk manufacturer on its case but it is easier to use the IDE autodetection utility that is usually included in modern BIOS versions The utility is sometimes a separate BIOS menu item and sometimes is included in the
14. Selecting the file system type During creation of the new partition you should choose type of file system for him Acronis Migrate Easy supports all Windows file systems FAT 16 FAT32 and NTFS and also the most popular Linux file systems Ext2 Ext2 ReiserFS and Linux Swap Also you can mark new partition as unformatted Add New Disk Wizard File System Type You can choose the file system type for the new partition Eile system Unformatted Linux Ext2 O EaTis O Linux Ext3 Linux Swap O NIFS O Linux ReiserFS Description This file system was introduced in Windows 95 It is more suitable For larger disks than FAT16 File System Type window Selecting the partition type Next step is type of new partition selecting If you plan to boot from new partition create it as the Primary partition If you do not plan to boot from this partition create it as logical drive 24 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Adding a new hard disk Add New Disk Wizard Partition Type Choose the type of partition being created Select the type of partition O O Logical drive Description Choose this if you plan to boot from this partition Otherwise it is better to create a new partition as a logical drive You can have only four primary partitions per drive Partition type window 4 5 Disk add script In the next window you will see the disk add script containing a list of briefl
15. Technical Support seen it dnd ath cee 7 CHAPTER 1 INSTALLATION AND OPERATION ss ssss sss ess sse sss es nnes ennenen enen ennes 9 1 1 Bundle Content miii 9 1 2 System FEQuireMeNts ici ds 9 1 3 Acronis Migrate Easy installation sse eee ee 9 1 4 Running ACronis Migrate Easy coito n ann ara dad 10 1 5 Removing the program sss seene eee eee cesses eee 10 CHAPTER 2 GENERAL PROGRAM I NFOR MATION ssssssss sss sss essssesnsnsesegn nense enes 11 2 1 ITE seals Tie Taras le 11 CHAPTER 3 TRANSFERRI NG THE SYSTEM TO A NEW DISK sssss sss esse sss sss sse sese esse 13 3 1 General information sss eree ee ee eee yeee ee ee eree eee 13 3 2 A Woe a cele a a bao dh dea lan aa a a eid alata epee 14 3 3 EX Cuting tranSters o aerer aaaea e Eea S EAKATE AEA Te ART Nhat 14 3 4 Cloning with manual partitioning sees eee eee eee 21 CHAPTER 4 ADDING A NEW HARD DI SKoooccoccoocooccoococonocnonnnonornnnnnnrnnrnanrnrnrnannnnos 23 4 1 Selecting a hard ET oido cir AEEA NAE AAAA 23 4 2 Creating a new parition eee eee eee e yeee ee eee tere eee 24 4 3 Selecting the file system type sse eee ee eee eree eee eee 24 4 4 Selecting the partition type ooooooccccnnnnoncnnnnaconcnnononnononarnnnanononnonanernnnn nen ro nnnnnrnnenn 24 4 5 Disk add Scrims 25 APPENDIX A HARD DISKS AND BIOS SETUP oocooccoccocccocconconcconrnnronnnnnrnnronarnrnnnnnanns 27 A 1 Installing hard disks in computers eee eee eee 27 A 1 1 Installing a hard disk general SCHEME ee
16. ady to proceed OJ O Manual Description Automatic mode is used For hard disk cloning All your partitions from the old hard disk will be copied to the new one in few simple steps and make your new hard disk bootable All your partitions will be automatically resized to Fit the new hard disk Note that you have to remove the old hard disk when data moving is completed Suitable for most users Transfer mode selection 14 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Transferring the system to a new disk We recommend using automatic mode in most cases The manual mode can be useful if you need to change the disk partition layout If the program finds two disks one partitioned and another unpartitioned it will automatically recognize the source disk as the partitioned disk and the destination disk as the unpartitioned disk so the next two steps will be bypassed Selecting source disk If the program finds several partitioned disks it will ask you which is the source i e the original data disk Disk Clone Wizard Source Hard Disk t your old hard disk From the list below Select the source old hard disk From the list of available drives then press Next Capacity Model Interface B 040L0 YAMS IDE O Prim aster 38 35 GB IC35L040AVER07 0 ER40 IDE O Secondary Master Ey 38 29 GB 28 18 GB NTFS P Primary E Logical Unallocated You can determine the source and destination using the information provided in this
17. ate Easy the Software is Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 All rights are reserved The ORIGINAL PURCHASER is granted a LICENSE to use the software only subject to the following restrictions and limitations 1 The license is to the original purchaser only and is not transferable without prior written Permission from Acronis 2 The Original Purchaser may use the Software on a single computer owned or leased by the Original Purchaser You may not use the Software on more than a single machine even if you own or lease all of them without the written consent of Acronis 3 The Original Purchaser may not engage in nor permit third parties to engage in any of the following A Providing or permitting use of or disclosing the Software to third parties Providing use of the Software in a computer service business network timesharing or multiple user arrangement to users who are not individually licensed by Acronis Making alterations or copies of any kind in the Software except as specifically permitted above Attempting to un assemble de compile or reverse engineer the Software in any way Granting sublicenses leases or other rights in the Software to others my m O O Making copies or verbal or media translations of the users guide G Making telecommunication data transmission of the software Acronis has the right to terminate this license if there is a violation of its terms or default by the Original Purchaser Upon t
18. ate a new partition layout on it In this case the disk will be ready right after cloning is complete To protect yourself from unforeseen consequences it would be better to leave the old disk data intact as you will be able to delete it later Destroying the old disk data If you elected to destroy data you will have to select the destruction method now e Quick one pass destruction e Normal guaranteed multipass destruction Disk Clone Wizard Destroying Parameters Choose data destroying parameters The more passes you choose the more secure the data destroying procedure is Please note that increasing the number of passes results in slower destruction processing Acronis Migrate Easy does not offer the most secure methods for data wiping available from Acronis You should use the Acronis DriveCleanser for advanced data wiping There are two methods available in Acronis Migrate Easy Select the appropriate method Quick O Normal M Description Choose this method for quick data wiping The sectors will be zeroed in one pass 18 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Transferring the system to a new disk The second method takes more time but makes it impossible to recover data afterwards even with special equipment The first method is less secure but is still suitable for most cases Selecting partition transfer method Acronis Migrate Easy will offer you the following data transfer methods e Asis e P
19. ding on where your copy of Acronis Migrate Easy is located If you have a boot diskette set the diskette to be first if it is on a CD make the boot sequence start with CD ROM Save changes and quit BIOS setup Acronis Migrate Easy will automatically start after reboot Use Acronis Migrate Easy to configure hard disks by answering the wizard s questions Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 27 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup A 1 2 10 After finishing the work turn off the computer set the jumper on the disk to the master position if you want to make the disk bootable or leave it in slave position if the disk is installed as additional data storage Motherboard sockets IDE cable power cable There are two slots on the motherboard to which the hard disks can be connected primary IDE and secondary IDE Hard disks with an IDE interface are connected to the motherboard via a 40 or 80 thread flat marked cable one of the threads of the cable is red Two IDE hard disks can be connected to each of the sockets i e there can be up to 4 hard disks of this type installed in the PC There are three plugs on each IDE cable 2 for hard disks and 1 for the motherboard socket As noted IDE cable plugs are usually designed so that there is only one way to connect them to the sockets Usually one of the pinholes is filled on the cable plug and one of the pins facing the filled hole is removed from the motherboa
20. e computer initial configuring is necessary for the external memory subsystem that controls hard disk drives floppy disk drives CD ROM drives DVDs and other devices Setup utility BIOS has a built in setup utility for initial computer configuring To enter it you have to press a certain combination of keys Del F1 CTRL ALT ESC CTRL ESC or some other depending on your BIOS during the POST sequence that starts right after you turn your computer on Usually the message with the required combination of keys is displayed during the startup testing Pressing this combination takes you to the menu of the setup utility that is included in your BIOS The menu can differ in appearance and sets of items and their names depending on the BIOS manufacturer The most widely known BIOS makers for PC motherboards are Award Phoenix and AMI Moreover while items in the standard setup menu are mostly the same for various BlOSes items of the extended setup heavily depend on computer and BIOS version Below we describe the general principles of initial hard disk configuring and then configuring sample in AwardBlOS Large PC manufacturers like Dell and Hewlett Packard produce motherboards themselves and develop their own BIOS versions You should always refer to the documentation that came with your computer for instructions on proper BIOS configuring Standard CMOS setup menu Parameters in the standard CMOS setup menu usually define the geometry
21. e device up the list or down it with help of or keys This will change the boot sequence For example you can select the boot sequence as the one shown below Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 35 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup AwarcBlOS Setup Utility Main Advanced Power Boot 1 Removable Device Legacy Floppy Boot Sequence 2 ATAPI CD ROM None 3 IDE Hard Drive IBM DTLA 307020 lt Enter gt to select the de 4 Other Boot Drive Disabled vice To select the boot se quence use up or down Ar Plug amp Play O S No row Boot Virus Detection Enabled Quick Power On Self Test Enabled Press lt gt to move the Boot up Floppy Seek Enabled Device up the list or Full Screen Logo Enabled lt gt to move it down the list Fl Help 4 Select Item Change Values F5 Setup Defaults Esc Exit lt gt Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit After setting the specified parameters use the Left or Right keys to select the Exit menu item Reply positively to the prompt on saving the specified parameters For AwardBlOS for motherboards for Pentium Pentium Pro processors i e the ones older than those described above and AMD K5 K6 the standard CMOS setup screen looks like this ROM PCI ISA BIOS 2A69 A2A STANDARD CMOS SETUP AWARD SOFTWARE INC Date mm dd yy Fri May 15 1998 Time hh mm ss 11 33 53 HARD DISKS TYPE SIZE CYLS HEAD PRECOMP LANDZ SECTOR MODE Pri
22. e eee 27 A 1 2 Motherboard sockets IDE cable power Cable eee 28 A 1 3 Installation Modes jUMPETS eee eee eee 29 A 2 BOS olas 30 ADA Setup utility TTT 30 A 2 2 Standard CMOS Setup Mesta a is 30 A 2 3 Arranging boot sequence advanced CMOS Setup MENU see eee e 32 L E A NA 33 A 2 5 Hard disk initialization errors eee eee eee 37 APPENDIX B PARTITIONS AND FILE SYSTEMS ocoocooccoococconcconconronnnnnrnnrnnarnannnnnnanns 38 B 1 Harddisk p rtitionS iane iaa 38 B 2 Elle tidad A a a a heels E aa 38 BZA FATI e E O aea n Aa ee air a ea 39 B272 O O 39 B23 O ON 39 A AS AN 40 A O A 40 4 Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Contents BZO RS ia 40 Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 5 Introduction Introduction 1 1 What is Acronis Migrate Easy Upgrade Your Hard Disk Drive in Minutes It s finally time You ve put it off as long as possible but it s now time to upgrade to a new hard disk drive And if you re like most users you re not excited you re scared You think you re in for a large project spanning several days of tedious work Luckily for you there s Acronis Migrate Easy an award winning solution that migrates all your computer data to a new hard disk drive in minutes and keeps all operating systems and applications fully functional just the way you had them Why take days upgrading when you can use Acronis Migrate Easy and be finished in minutes Upgrading Has Never Been Easier or Saf
23. er And with Acronis Migrate Easy you don t have to be a computer whiz to upgrade to a new hard disk drive Simply make a few choices when prompted and Acronis Migrate Easy will take care of everything else automatically It will even show you a preview of the migration so you are sure to migrate exactly what you intend to Within minutes your data including applications and operating systems will be safely on your new hard disk drive and ready to go Acronis Migrate Easy key features Clone an old hard disk drive to a new one Automatic and manual hard disk upgrade modes Install new hard disk drive as a boot disk or as an additional storage device Redeploy old hard disk Resize transferred partitions to match new hard disk size Securely clean and wipe old hard disk Supported operating systems Windows 98 Me Windows NT 4 0 Workstation Server Windows 2000 Professional Server Advanced server Windows XP Windows 2003 Server Windows Vista Supported file systems FAT 16 FAT 32 6 Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Introduction NTFS Ext2 Ext3 ReiserFS Linux Swap sector based support for other operating systems Navigating the Guide 1 2 1 3 This user s guide contains the following main chapters Chapter 1 Installation and operation contains detailed information about the installation and running Acronis Migrate Easy Chapter 2 General program information describes components parts of the
24. ermination for any reason all copies of the Software must be immediately returned to Acronis and the Original Purchaser shall be liable to Acronis for any and all damages suffered as a result of the violation or default ENTIRE RISK THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE IS WITH YOU THE PURCHASER ACRONIS DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE SOFTWARE OR ITS FUNCTIONS WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR THAT THE OPERATION OF THE SOFTWARE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE OR THAT ANY DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED NO LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN NO EVENT SHALL ACRONIS OR ITS VENDORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION DAMAGES FOR THE LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS BUSINESS INTERRUPTION LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION OR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE EVEN IF ACRONIS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 3 Table of contents Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Gard conose ra na caMeRaRaO 6 1 1 What is Acronis Migrate EaSy eee 6 Upgrade Your Hard Disk Drive in Minutes sss eee eee eee 6 Upgrading Has Never Been Easier or Safer sss 6 Acronis Migrate Easy key features eee ee 6 Supported operating Systems sese eree eect eee ree eree eee 6 Supported file Systems iii iia 6 Navigating the elre e ee ori A Sea aad 7 1 2 Software usage terms and conditions 0 0 0 eee eee eee 7 1 3
25. for configuring hard disks on motherboards for Celeron Pentium II III IV and AMD Athlon Duron and Sempron processors usually looks like this AwardBlOS Setup Utility Main Advanced Power System Time 16 16 35 Item Specific Help System Date 01 10 2001 Legacy Diskette A 1 44M 3 5 in lt Enter gt to go to sub Legacy Diskette B None menu Floppy 3 Mode Support Disabled Primary Master Auto Primary Slave Auto Secondary Master Auto Secondary Slave Auto Language English Supervisor Password Disabled User Password Disabled Halt On All but Disk Keyboard Installed Memory Disabled Fl Help 4 Select Item Change Values F5 Setup Defaults Esc Exit lt gt Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit Place the marker on the Primary Master line and press the Enter key to get to the screen that looks like this AwarcBlOS Setup Utility Main Primary Master Auto Item Specific Help lt Enter gt to select the type of the IDE drive Type Auto User Type HDD allows you to set each entry on your own Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 33 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup Warning Ultra DMA Mode 3 4 5 can be enabled only when BIOS detects Shielded 80 pin cable Fl Help 4 Select Item Change Values F5 Setup Defaults Esc Exit lt gt Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit Place the marker on the value of the Type parameter
26. g hard disk initialization However it appears for example when the boot program finds no operating system on the hard disk or when the primary partition of the hard disk is not set as active DISK BOOT FAILURE INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND PRESS ENTER This message appears when the boot program finds no available boot device be that a floppy or a hard disk or a CD ROM C DRIVE ERROR C DRIVE FAILURE ERROR ENCOUNTERED INITIALIZATION HARD DRIVE This message appears when it is impossible to access the C disk If the disk is known to be functional the reason for this error message is probably incorrect settings connections of e hard disk parameters in BIOS setup e jumpers on the controller master slave e interface cables It is also possible that the device is out of order or the hard disk is not formatted Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 37 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup Appendix B Partitions and file systems B 1 B 2 Hard disk partitions The mechanism that allows you to install several operating systems on a single PC or to carve up a single physical disk drive into multiple logical disk drives is called partitioning Partitioning is performed by special applications In MS DOS and Windows these are FDISK and Disk Administrator Acronis offers a special
27. hat markings on your hard disk differ from the ones described above Moreover for the older types of hard disks their purpose could be defined by two jumpers instead of one You should study the markings carefully before installing your hard disk in the computer It is not enough to physically connect the hard disk to the motherboard and set the jumpers properly for the hard disk to function hard disks have to be properly configured with the motherboard BIOS Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 29 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup A 2 A 2 1 BIOS When you turn on your computer you often see a number of short text messages before you see the splash screen of your operating system These messages are from the POST power on self test program that belongs to BIOS and is executed by the processor BIOS or the basic input output system is a program that resides in the permanent memory chip ROM or flash BIOS on the motherboard of your computer and is its key element The version of BIOS that you use knows all the peculiarities of all the components of the motherboard processor memory integrated devices BIOS versions are provided by the manufacturers of motherboards Main BIOS functions are e POST checking of processor memory and O devices e initial configuring of all software manageable parts of the motherboard e initialization of operating system OS booting process Among numerous components of th
28. he MFT master file table NTFS stores a copy of the critical part of the MFT to reduce the possibility of data damage and loss All other NTFS data structures are special files NTFS stands for NT File System Like FAT NTFS uses clusters to store files but cluster size does not depend on partition size NTFS is a 64 bit file system It uses unicode to store file names It is also a journaling failure protected file system and supports compression and encryption Files in folders are indexed to speed up file search Linux Ext2 Ext2 is one of the main file systems for the Linux operating system Ext2 is a 32 bit system Its maximum size is 16TB The main data structure that describes a file is an i node A place to store the table of all i nodes has to be allocated in advance during formatting Linux Ext3 Ext3 is a journaling file system used by the Linux operating system It is forward and backward compatible with Linux Ext2 It has multiple journaling modes and broad cross platform compatibility in both 32 and 64 bit architectures Linux ReiserFS ReiserFS was officially introduced to Linux in 2001 ReiserFS overcomes many Ext2 disadvantages It is a 64 bit journaling file system that dynamically allocates space for data substructures Acronis Inc 395 Oyster Point Blvd Suite 213 South San Francisco CA 94080 USA http www acronis com info acronis com 40 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007
29. il technical support from Acronis If you have installation or working problems that Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 7 Introduction you can t solve by yourself using this manual and the readme txt file e mail or fax the technical support team Before you do this you will have to register your copy at http www acronis com registration or by mail When contacting technical support you must provide the number of your Acronis Migrate Easy copy that is written on a registration card bundled with the program This number is made up of five sets of five characters separated by hyphens there is a total of 25 letters and numbers For more information visit http www acronis com support Technical support e mail address support acronis com Fax technical support at 650 875 7587 8 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Installation and operation Chapter 1 Installation and operation 1 1 Bundle contents The Acronis Migrate Easy system package includes an installation disk user manual License Agreement registration card advertising materials 1 2 System requirements Acronis Migrate Easy requires the following hardware Pentium or compatible PC 32 64 for a full version MB RAM floppy disk drive or CD ROM drive mouse recommended free hard disk space for image files A CD ROM drive is required to install Acronis Migrate Easy 1 3 Acronis Migrate Easy installation To install Acronis Migrate Eas
30. latively simple we do not recommend that inexperienced users perform it themselves you should have a professional to do it If you still want to do this yourself see Appendix B If a PC doesn t have a bay for another hard disk you can temporarily install it in place of your CD ROM If it s still impossible you can clone a hard disk by creating its image and restoring it to a new hard disk with larger partitions Creating an image requires Acronis True Image software There are two transfer modes available automatic and manual In the automatic mode you will only have to take a few simple actions to transfer all the data including partitions folders and files to a newer disk You also will make the disk bootable if the original disk was bootable There will be only one difference between these disks partitions on the newer disk will be larger Everything else including the installed operating systems data disk labels settings software and everything else on the disk will remain the same This is the only result available in the automatic mode The program can only duplicate the original disk layout to the new one To obtain a different result you will have to answer additional questions about cloning parameters The manual mode will provide more data transfer flexibility 1 You will be able to select the method of partition and data transfer e asis new disk space is proportionally distributed between the old disk
31. lete all the partitions on the destination hard disk or press Back and choose another destination hard disk O Delete partitions on the destination hard disk Description Keep the destination hard disk partitions and data You should choose another destination hard disk Ce ee 16 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Transferring the system to a new disk You can continue once existing partitions are deleted You will have to select between s Delete partitions on the destination hard disk all existing partitions will be deleted during cloning and all their data will be lost e No do not want to delete partitions no existing partition will be deleted discontinuing the cloning operation You will only be able to cancel this operation and return to select another disk To continue select the first choice and click Next 3 Note that no real changes or data destruction will be performed at this moment For now the program will just create a cloning script All changes will be implemented only when you click Proceed after the script is formed Old and new disk partition layout If you selected the automatic mode before the program will not ask you for any further information You will see the window graphically illustrating information as rectangles about the source disk partitions and unallocated space and the destination disk layout Along with the disk number some additional information is provided
32. mary Master Auto 0 0 0 0 0 0 Auto Primary Slave Auto 0 0 0 0 0 0 Auto Secondary Master None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Secondary Slave None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Drive A 1 44 M Drive B None Base Memory OK Extended Memory OK Video EGA VG Halt On All Errors Other Memory 512K Total Memory 512K ESC Quit doe Select Item PU PD Modify F1 Help Shift F2 Change Color The Type parameter can have Auto Not Installed or User Defined values In the latter case you have to specify the values of other parameters manually except MODE according to the information on the case of the hard disk 36 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup A 2 5 The purpose of the MODE and LANDZ parameters is described in the note above The PRECOMP parameter is the so called precompensation parameter and is important only for the older hard disks MFM and RLL IDE disks ignore this parameter In earlier BIOS versions the boot sequence was set in the BIOS FEATURES setup section in the Boot Sequence line where you could select the most typical boot sequences for example C A CD ROM or CD ROM C A and other Hard disk initialization errors Devices are usually initialized successfully but sometimes errors can happen Typical errors related to hard disks are reported by the following messages PRESS A KEY TO REBOOT This error message is not directly related to errors durin
33. n operating system is booted from for example disk E In this case you have to set the boot sequence to look like E CD ROM A C D This does not mean that booting is done from the first disk in this list it only means that the first attempt to boot an operating system is to boot it from this disk There may be no operating system on disk E or it can be inactive In this case BIOS queries the next drive in the list Errors can happen during the booting see A 2 5 Hard disk initialization errors The BIOS numbers disks according to the order in which they are connected to IDE controllers primary master primary slave secondary master secondary slave next go the SCSI hard disks This order is broken if you change the boot sequence in BIOS setup If for example you specify that booting has to be done from hard disk E numbering 32 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup starts with the hard disk that would be the third in usual circumstances it is usually the secondary master After you have installed the hard disk in your computer and have configured it in BIOS one can say that the PC or the motherboard knows about its existence and its main parameters However it is still not enough for an operating system to work with the hard disk A 2 4 Award BIOS Below we provide an example of configuring hard disks in AwardBI OS The Main AwardBIOS menu which is responsible
34. ogram information 2 1 Main program window The main program window contains the menu toolbar and the Windows XP Explorer like interface divided into two areas The right area contains operation icons the left one has corresponding action descriptions typical actions and additional tools 35 Acronis Migrate Easy 7 Operations View Tools Help Operations e New Disk Deployment ES Start Now S abe Disk Clone g Add New Disk Tools pS A Create Bootable Rescue Media Details Se Disk Clone Select this item if you want to clone your hard disk drive by copying partitions to another hard disk The main program window The menu toolbar and menu items in the left area duplicate themselves providing more convenience Having selected clicked an operation you can execute it in several ways by double clicking its icon by selecting Start Now in the Operations menu by selecting the same operation in the Operations window or by clicking Start Now on the toolbar The main window contains the New Disk Deployment group includes operations required when a new disk drive is installed e Disk Clone transfer operating system applications and data from the old disk to the new one e Add New Disk add a disk for data storage leaving the operating system and applications on the old drive Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 11 General program information Program menu The program menu line contains the Operations
35. ooks like this AwardBlOS Setup Utility Main Advanced Power Boot 1 ATAPI CD ROM None Boot Sequence 2 Removable Device Legacy Floppy 3 IDE Hard Drive IBM DTLA 307020 lt Enter gt to select the de 4 Other Boot Drive Disabled vice To select the boot se quence use up or down Ar Plug amp Play O S No row Boot Virus Detection Enabled Quick Power On Self Test Enabled Press lt gt to move the Boot up Floppy Seek Enabled Device up the list or Full Screen Logo Enabled lt gt to move it down the list Fl Help 4 Select Item Change Values F5 Setup Defaults Esc Exit lt gt Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit Place the marker on the field to the right of the 3 IDE Hard Drive item and press the Enter key to open the list of all hard disks connected to your computer and detected by BIOS together with the Disabled line for example Disabled Quantum FireBALL_1700A IBM DTLA 307020 Quantum FireBALL_1700A This device sequence in the upper left corner of the screen means that when looking for a boot disk the BIOS will first query the CD ROM 1 ATAPI CD ROM but there is no CD ROM in the current configuration Next it queries the floppy disk drive 2 Removable Device Only if none of these disks contains an operating system does BIOS query the hard disk 3 IDE Hard Drive that has been selected from the list Select an item of the list with the Up or Down keys and move th
36. partitions new disk space is distributed manually Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 13 Transferring the system to a new disk 3 3 2 You also will be able to select operations to perform on the old disk leave partitions and data on the old disk remove all information from the old disk Create new partitions on the old disk and remove all the older information On all screenshots below damaged partitions are marked with a red circle and a white cross inside in the upper left corner Before you start cloning you should check such disks for errors using corresponding operating system tools Security Please note the following if the power goes out or you accidentally press RESET during the transfer the procedure will be incomplete and you will have to partition and format or clone the hard disk again No data will be lost on the original disk it was only being read no partitions were changed or resized We do not recommend that you delete data from the old disk until you are sure it is correctly transferred to the new disk the PC boots up from it and all applications work Executing transfers Selecting transfer mode You will see the Select transfer mode window just after the welcome window Disk Clone Wizard Clone Mode You can choose between either fully automated or manual clone modes Select the hard disk clone mode You can find the description of your selection below Press Next when re
37. rd socket so it becomes impossible to plug the cable in the wrong way In other cases there is a jut on the plug on the cable and an indentation in the socket of the hard disk and of the motherboard This also ensures that there only one way to connect the hard disk and the motherboard In the past this design of plug did not exist so there was an empirical rule the DE cable is connected to the hard disk socket so that the marked thread is the closest to the power cable i e the marked thread connected to pin 1 of the socket A similar rule was used for connecting cables with the motherboard Incorrect connection of the cable with either the hard disk or the motherboard does not necessarily damage the electronics of the disk or the motherboard The hard disk is simply not detected or initialized by BIOS There are some models of hard disks especially the older ones for which incorrect connection damaged the electronics of the drive We will not describe all the types of hard disks Currently the most widespread are those with IDE or SCSI interfaces Unlike IDE hard disks there can be from six to 14 SCSI hard disks installed in your PC However you need a special SCSI controller called a host adapter to connect them SCSI hard disks are not usually used in personal computers workstations but are found mostly in servers Aside from an IDE cable a 4 thread power cable must be connected to the hard disks There is only one way to
38. roportional the new disk space will be proportionally distributed between cloned partitions e Manual you will specify the new size and other parameters yourself Disk Clone Wizard Moving Method Choose the method of data moving from your old drive to the new one Select data moving method O Asis OEH O Manual Description The original partition sizes will be scaled according to the new drive size If the new drive is smaller in size the partitions will shrink accordingly if the new drive is larger the partitions will be enlarged proportionally If you elect to transfer information as is a new partition will be created for every old one with the same size and type file system and label The unused space will become unallocated Further you will be able to use the unallocated space to create new partitions or to enlarge the existing partitions with special tools such as Acronis Disk Director As a rule as is transfers are inexpedient as they leave much unallocated space on the new disk If you transfer data proportionally each partition will be enlarged according to the proportion of the old and new disk capacities Using the as is method Acronis Migrate Easy also transfers unsupported and damaged file systems FAT16 partitions are enlarged less than others as they have the 4 GB size limit Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 19 Transferring the system to a new disk Depending on the
39. standard CMOS setup menu Please note that in Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup we have described the general details of physical hard disk structure Built in IDE hard disk controls mask the physical disk structure As a result the BIOS of the motherboard sees logical cylinders heads and sectors We are not going to elaborate on this issue here but knowing about this can sometimes be useful Arranging boot sequence advanced CMOS setup menu Aside from standard CMOS setup BIOS menu usually has an advanced CMOS setup item Here you can adjust the boot sequence C A CD ROM Please note that boot sequence management differs for various BIOS versions e g for AMI BIOS AWARDBIOS and brand name hardware manufacturers Several years ago the operating system boot sequence was hard coded into the BIOS An operating system could be booted either from a diskette drive A or from the hard disk C That was the sequence in which the BIOS queried external drives if drive A was ready BIOS attempted to boot an operating system from a diskette If the drive was not ready or there was no system area on diskette BIOS tried to boot an operating system from hard disk C At present BIOS allows booting operating systems not only from diskettes or hard disks but also from CD ROMs DVDs and other devices If there are several hard disks installed in your computer labeled as C D E and F you can adjust the boot sequence so that a
40. still want to install it yourself first take the time to study Appendix B 4 1 Selecting a hard disk Select the disk that you ve added to the PC Add New Disk Wizard Destination Hard Disk Select your new hard disk from the list below Select the destination new hard disk from the list of available drives then press Next Drive Capacity Model Interface Ego Disk 1 38 29 GB Maxtor 2FO40L0 YAMS IDE O Primary Master IC3SLO4DAWERO 0 ER4O dary Master j Work 1 27 3 G8 NTFS FP Primary E Logical B Unallocated 7 This window might be bypassed if the program detects the new disk itself In this case you will immediately proceed to the New partition creation If there are any partitions on the new disk they must be deleted first Select Delete partitions on the destination hard disk and click Next to continue Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 23 Adding a new hard disk 4 2 4 3 4 4 Creating a new partition Next you will see the current partition layout Initially all disk space will be unallocated This will change after you add new partitions To create a partition select Create new partition in unallocated space and click Next to perform steps required by the partition creation wizard If you make a mistake at partitioning click Back to redo the process After you create the necessary partition layout uncheck the Create new partition in unallocated space box and click Next
41. tioning Old and new disk partition layouts The manual transfer method enables you to resize partitions on the new disk By default the program resizes them proportionally In the next window you will see rectangles indicating the source hard disk including its partitions and unallocated space as well as the new disk layout Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 21 Transferring the system to a new disk Along with the hard disk number you will see partition number volume label e g SYSTEM file system e g FAT16 or FAT32 and partition size in megabytes Mb Different partition types including primary logical and unallocated space are marked with different colors Disk Clone Wizard Manual Relayout You may adjust the size and position of partitions manually Check the box below if you want to proceed with a relayout IF you are satisfied with current partition layout uncheck the box Before cloning Quantum C 3 991 GB NTFS After cloning Lg gt G g a Quantum C 4 GB 3 999 GB NTFS O Proceed relayout To resize either partition check the Proceed Relayout box If you are satisfied with the partition layout shown uncheck this box if checked Clicking Next you will proceed to the cloning script window Be careful Clicking Back in this window will reset all size and location changes that you ve selected so you will have to specify them again First select a partition to resize
42. window disk number capacity label partition and file system information Selecting destination disk After you select the source disk you have to select the destination where the disk information will be copied Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 15 Transferring the system to a new disk Disk Clone Wizard Destination Hard Disk t your new hard disk from the list below Select the destination new hard disk from the list of available drives then press Next Drive Capacity Model Interface gt l R zo ba 8 Win2k G 38 35 GB See 116 902 GB P Primary E Logical Unallocated The previously selected source becomes grayed out and disabled for selection If either disk is unpartitioned the program will automatically recognize it as destination and bypass this step Partitioned destination disk At this point the program checks to see if the destination disk is free If not you will be prompted by the Partitioned destination disk window stating that the destination disk contains partitions perhaps with data Disk Clone Wizard E Nonempty Destination Hard Disk gt ao You have chosen a destination hard disk that alr contains some partitions The destination drive you have chosen contains some partitions that might have useful data Hard disk cloning is possible only if the destination hard disk is empty In order to proceed with the cloning you should either allow Acronis Migrate E asy to de
43. y 1 2 3 Insert the installation CD into your drive Follow the instructions on the screen After making your installation choices and copying Acronis Migrate Easy files onto your hard disk you will be prompted to create a bootable diskette or CD RW You can omit this step if you have purchased the boxed product that contains a bootable CD While Acronis Migrate Easy creates disk images in Windows it might be necessary to restore the image from a bootable disk Therefore it is strongly recommended that you create one However you can do that after the installation as well After installation of Acronis Migrate Easy is completed you should restart your computer Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 9 Installation and operation 1 4 1 5 Running Acronis Migrate Easy In normal mode you can run Acronis Migrate Easy from Windows by selecting Acronis gt Migrate Easy gt Acronis Migrate Easy from Start gt Programs This will bring the program window onto the screen Removing the program To remove Acronis Migrate Easy from your PC select Acronis Migrate Easy gt Uninstall Acronis Migrate Easy in the Programs menu You will see a dialog to confirm the program removal Click Yes to confirm and Acronis Migrate Easy will be completely removed You may have to reboot your computer afterwards to complete the task 10 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 General program information Chapter 2 General pr
44. y e support folders and file names e track physical location of files on disks 38 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup B 2 1 B 2 2 B 2 3 Different operating systems use different file systems Some operating systems are able to work with only one file system while others can use several of them Here are some of the most widely used file systems FAT16 The FAT16 file system is widely used by DOS DR DOS MS DOS PC DOS PTS DOS and other Windows 95 and higher operating systems and is supported by most other systems Main features of FAT16 are the file allocation table FAT and clusters FAT is the core of the file system To increase data safety it is possible to have several copies of the FAT there are usually two of them on a single disk A cluster is a minimum data storage unit in FAT16 file system One cluster contains a fixed number of sectors FAT stores information about what clusters are free what clusters are bad and also defines in which clusters files are stored The FAT16 file system has a 2GB limit that permits a maximum 65 507 clusters that are 32Kb in size Windows NT 2000 XP support partitions up to 4GB with up to 64Kb clusters Usually the smallest cluster size is used to make the total cluster amount within the 65 507 range The larger a partition is the larger its clusters are Usually the larger the cluster size the more disk space is wasted A single b
45. y described operations to be performed on partitions disks Add New Disk Wizard Acronis Acronis Migrate Easy is ready to perform operations with Mi gr ate E asy physical data Here is the list of these operations Operation 1 of 2 Reboot required Clearing disk Hard disk 2 Operation 2 of 2 Creating partition Hard disk 2 Drive letter D File system NTFS Volume label Size 38 35 GB A Please press Proceed to start www acronis com Disk imaging script Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 25 Adding a new hard disk After you click Proceed Acronis Migrate Easy will start creating and formatting new partitions indicating the progress in the special window You can stop this procedure by clicking Cancel In that case you will have to repartition and format the new disk or repeat the disk add procedure After the operation is complete you will see the results message 26 Copyright O Acronis Inc 2000 2007 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup Appendix A Hard disks and Bl OS setup The appendices below provide you with extra information on the hard disk organization how information is stored on disks how disks should be installed in the computer and plugged into the motherboard configuring disks with BIOS partitions and file systems and how operating systems interact with disks A 1 Installing hard disks in computers A 1 1 Installing a hard disk general scheme To install a new
46. yte of data could use up one cluster whether the cluster size is 32Kb or 64Kb Like many other file systems the FAT16 file system has a root folder Unlike others however its root folder is stored in a special place and is limited in size standard formatting produces a 512 item root folder Initially FAT16 had limitations on file names They could only be eight characters long plus a dot plus three characters of name extension However long name support in Windows 95 and Windows NT bypasses this limitation The OS 2 operating system also supports long names but does so in a different way FAT32 The FAT32 file system was introduced in Windows 95 OSR2 It is also supported by Windows 2000 and higher FAT32 is an evolved version of FAT16 Its main differences from FAT16 are 28 bit cluster numbers and a more flexible root whose size is unlimited The reasons FAT32 appeared are the support of large hard disks over 8GB in capacity and the impossibility to implement any more complex file system into MS DOS which is still the base for Windows 98 Me The maximum FAT32 disk size is 2 terabytes 1 terabyte or TB is equal to 1024 gigabytes or GB NTFS NTFS is the main file system for Windows NT 2000 XP 2003 Vista Its structure is closed so no other operating system is fully supported The main structure of NTFS Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2007 39 Appendix A Hard disks and BIOS setup B 2 4 B 2 5 B 2 6 is t
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