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Contents
1. FIG 5 is a block diagram of the control circuitry included in wire driver 14 The message on link 20 is received by controller 13 of the remote wire driver 14 which in response per forms a number diagnostic and safety tests within re mote wire driver 14 A response message is then re turned to computer 22 indicating the success of the tests Console computer 22 then responds by identifying the first turret connector catheter which is to receive treatment Wire driver 14 responds to this message by checking to see that both the dummy and the active wires are in their fully withdrawn positions as indicated to control 13 by the signals from active park switch 72 and the dummy park switch 73 Wire driver control 13 then transmits stepper motor control signals on a multi conductor bus 411 to stepper motor 146 to first home the turret then place the first treatment catheter e g 55 in the active position to receive the active or dummy wire from wire driver 14 As stepper motor 146 rotates the turret the turret motion is sensed by encoder 353 and reported via bus 411 to wire driver control 13 which tracks the rotation When catheter 55 is in the active position wire driver control 13 transmits an activation signal to solenoid 351 which drives the lock ing pin 354 into place Wire driver control 13 then checks locking pin detector 352 and catheter present detector 168 to determine if the turret is properly locked in place and if a cath2. a tumor site This ar rangement is wholly unsatisfactory for ultra thin deliv ery wires These wires simply do not have sufficient buckling integrity to permit the relatively unguided movement central to drum shroud operation The present afterloader incorporates a dual capstan drive arrangement in which one capstan positively feeds the delivery wire while the second capstan pre cisely meters wire movement Importantly the path of the delivery wire within the afterloader itself is tightly constrained in both directions from the capstan drive assembly thereby precluding buckling of the wire More specifically a low friction channel or tube having sufficient length to store all but the active tip region of the delivery wire is provided below the capstan drive This channel is of minimum cross section thereby pre cluding wire bending or deformation Above the cap stan drive the delivery wire including the iridium source feeds into a narrow tubular structure defining the interior of a radioactive safe then through a narrow outlet channel to a multiple catheter turret assembly In 5 092 834 3 this manner there no open regions within the re mote driver apparatus which might permit wire buck ling during either extension or retraction The above wire containment structure serves another extremely important safety function It is imperative to establish that the highly radioactive iridium source por tion of the deliver
3. aspects First the capstan 112 is driven from a conven tional non stepper type DC motor 113 Second the pinch roller controlling solenoid 114 is of the push type 5 092 834 9 and includes a spring 116 which biases pinch roller 118 against the capstan 112 Solenoid 114 power is required to retract the pinch roller 118 thereby disengaging the wire 90 from the emergency retract capstan 112 In the event of a computer failure power failure or other system loss of control power is dropped to emergency retraction solenoid 114 thereby automatically engaging the wire 90 with emergency retraction capstan 112 while emergency battery power is simultaneously ap plied to emergency retraction motor 113 As this is a conventional DC motor no special control or stepping instructions are required Emergency retraction may be effected even though other portions of the afterloader system including the computer 22 and controller 13 are inoperative Alternatively emergency retraction assembly 108 could be constructed using a pull type solenoid 114 and jointed pinch roller control arm as shown in FIG 16 In FIG 16 components performing the same function as in FIG 4 are given the same reference number Two over travel optical sensors provide an additional level of protection and redundancy to the system These sensors 194 and 195 FIG 3 are mounted along respec tive active and dummy wire channels 66 67 immedi ately below the wire driv
4. at substantially the same rate that step per driver 230 is being commanded to move it Should the wire not be moving at an appropriate rate slippage is indicated and stepper motor 230 is commanded by wire driver control 13 to reverse and thereby retract the dummy wire Assuming that the dummy wire is advancing at an appropriate rate it will shortly be connected to guide tube 83 by connector 82 FIG 3 and passed through home sensor 190 Home sensor 190 is an optical sensing means which detects when the tip of a wire either the active wire or the dummy wire passes therethrough When the wire passes through home sensor 190 wire driver control 13 records a count called the home count which represents the wire position value when the tip of the wire passed the home sensor As the wire continues to move into and out of the catheter the wire position value is incremented and decremented in response to signals from encoder 405 Console computer 22 specifies treatment positions in terms of distance from the input of the catheter output of the wire driver A known guide tube distance called the offset exists between the home sensor the wire driver outlet Due to the offset a treatment distance specified in a command is reached when the wire move ment value minus both the home count and the offset equals that specified treatment distance The dummy wire continues to advance through the turret into the treatment catheter 55 until the maximu
5. condi tion as noted is sensed by comparing the rate of wire movement detected by the encoders e g 238 with the rate of wire movement requested of the stepper motors e g 88 A maintenance capability 312 is accessible to quali fied personnel for the purpose of source loading un loading calibration and the setting of treatment profile parameter limits such as maximum dwell time and mini mum dwell step sizes 20 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 16 A patient treatment record including proposed treat ment profile is printed 314 prior to each treatment session Actual initiation of a treatment session requires actuation of a key switch 316 by the doctor or other personnel having appropriate authority The computer 22 then transmits an enable treatment command to control 13 The control 13 then performs a number of safety tests 318 FIG 14 in response to the enable command Specifically the control 13 verifies at 318 that the treatment room door is closed that the console to remote driver communications bus 20 is functioning that both active and dummy wires are parked that the wire position sensors are functioning and that the emergency backup battery voltage is proper After satisfactorily passing the tests of 318 wire driver control 13 returns a command completed or OK message to computer 22 at block 319 and awaits the next command which will be a catheter select command specifying a catheter location Upon
6. et 128 1 2 3 924 632 12 1975 Cook 128 348 4 096 862 6 1978 DeLuca wee 128 348 4 150 298 4 1979 Brault et al 250 497 4 190 461 2 1980 Hedger 134 1 4 425 919 1 1984 Alston Jr et al 128 658 4 538 622 9 1985 Samson et al wee 128 772 128 772 4 554 929 11 1985 Samson et al 4 584 991 4 1986 et al 128 1 1 4 631 415 12 1986 Sauerwein et al 250 497 1 4 692 628 9 1987 Sauerwein et al 250 497 1 4 733 653 3 1988 Leung et al 128 1 2 4 819 618 4 1989 600 7 4 861 520 8 1989 Van t Hooft et al 252 644 4 881 937 11 1989 Van t Hooft et al 600 3 4 881 938 11 1989 Van t Hooft 4 969 863 11 1990 Hooft et al died 5 030 194 7 1991 Van t Hooft FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 857992 1 1961 United Kingdom OTHER PUBLICATIONS A one page document entitled MicroSelectron HDR Iridium Source published by Nucletron Corporation A document entitled MicroSelectron IDR MDR 1921 137Cs published by Nucletron Trading B V A document entitled Gammamed Ili System Dr Sauerwein published by Mick Radio Nuclear Instru ments Inc List continued on next page Primary Examiner Kyle L Howell As
7. great As set forth in more detail below the present invention describes a remote source afterloader having a high degree of reliability and emer gency backup protection against system failure or loss of control The mechanical placement of high activity sources requires precise and accurate positioning both to assure proper dosage levels to cancerous tissue as well as to minimize damage to adjacent normal tissue By reason 40 45 60 65 2 of the intense radiation associated with high activity sources real time hand guided source placement by the treating physician is precluded The source there fore is inserted through a tube a needle or catheter previously surgically positioned in the patient The use of catheters although less invasive than the open surgical implantation of seeds nevertheless trau matizes tissue along its path of insertion In delicate tissue regions for example in the brain such trauma must be kept to an absolute minimum Known prior art high activity sources are affixed to the end of delivery wire of substantial diameter typically in excess of 1 millimeter As a consequence the delivery wire and source must be inserted through correspondingly large tubes needles or catheters Recent developments in high activity source manu facture have resulted in the availability of an ultra thin iridium source of less than 0 5 millimeters in diameter which in turn permits the use of significantly narro
8. receipt of the cath eter command the turret position is set and checked at 320 by homing the turret controlling stepper motor 146 to rotate to the specified position and locking the turret 128 by the solenoid 351 The turret is repositioned at 322 and rechecked at 324 if the initial position is not correct During steps 320 and 324 the turret is also checked for the presence of a catheter in the selected position In step 325 another command complete message is sent to computer 22 and wire driver control 13 awaits a dummy position command specifying a dummy wire position in block 325 When the dummy position com mand is received wire driver 14 tests the first catheter position by cycling the dummy wire at 326 The wire driver control 13 selects the dummy wire by grounding drive solenoid 403 and outputting a series of stepper motor commands sufficient to move the dummy wire approximately 5 millimeters beyond the dwell location specified for the catheter under test More specifically the driver control 13 first calcu lates the number of steps required to extend the wire to the desired maximum position including the 5 millime ter overextension and the corresponding number of pulses expected from the dummy wire encoder 405 These calculations are based on a reference point de fined by the home optical sensor 190 located adjacent the turret Stepping of the dummy stepper 230 motor now commences and continues until the specified du
9. AIN MENU D uic 2222 2 22 MAIN MENUS O LA QUIT PATIENT FILES EXECUTE TREATMENT MAINTENANCE 308 EXIT PROGRAM EDIT EXISTING FILE OPEN NEW FILE DELETE FILE COPY FILE TO MEMORY CARD READ FILE FROM MEMORY CARD SPECIAL MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION PROCEDURES ACCESSABLE ONLY WITH SPECIAL CODE FOR USE BY OMNITRON SERVICE PERSONNEL PRINT PATIENT TURN PRINT FILE TREATMENT KEYSWITCH 310 DATA TREATMENT IUIS EAT MENT DATA COMMAND TO CONTROL TO FIG 14 AT 318 FIG I6 U S Patent Mar 3 1992 Sheet 7 of 8 5 092 834 FROM FIG 3 FROM WHEN CORRECTED F1G IS 318 FI G 14 ANNUNCIATE PROBLEM S 319 SEND OK AWAIT CATHETER COMMAND 322 REPOSITION 320 TURRET INCORRECT CHECK TURRET POSITION INCORRECT EMER GENCY STOP W ALARM CORRECT POSITION CORRECT SEND OK 325 AWAIT POSITION POSITION 526 DUMMY 327 SEND OK AWAIT RETRACT RETRACT 528 SEND OK 330 AWAIT FIRST ACTIVE TO FIG 15 U S Patent Mar 3 1992 Sheet 8 of 8 5 092 834 FROM FIG I4 332 FIG 15 EXTEND ACTIVE WIRE O FARTHEST TREATMENT POSITION FAIL w ALARM TIME 8 342 POSITION RETRACT TO m NEXT POSITION COMPLETE AWAIT v 339 NEXT POSITION 340 NO FULL 341 RETRACT AWAI 342 NEXT COMMAND a 344 ORMAL COMPLETE REATMENT YES TO STOP CHANNEL 2 FIG 14 5 092 834 1 APPARA
10. HE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The remote afterloader of the present invention as shown in its most general form in FIG 1 includes a computerized control console 10 located in a control toom 2 and a remote safe and delivery wire driver 14 located in a treatment room 16 Federal regulations 5 092 834 7 require in view of the high radiation levels associated with high activity sources that patients undergoing treatment be placed in shielded treatment ro ms iso lated from the attending physicians and other personnel Thus the treatment room 16 complies with appropriate federal regulations for shielding and further is pro vided with an entrance door interlock 18 to automati cally retract as discussed in more detail below the active source upon entrance of non patient personnel into the treatment room data and control bus 20 interconnects the console 10 with the remote drive 14 The data and control bus 20 of the present embodiment is an RS 422 link which connects console 10 to a micro processor controlled controller 13 of wire driver 14 FIG 2 is a block illustration of the control console 10 which includes a computer 22 of conventional availabil ity incorporating a color monitor 24 a keyboard 26 a printer 28 and a floppy disk drive 30 More specifically the computer is of the well known 80386 processor variety and includes an additional 40 M byte hard drive An uninterruptible power supply 32 is provided to pro tect agai
11. TUS AND METHOD FOR THE REMOTE HANDLING OF HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for the handling of high activity radioac tive sources in the treatment of cancerous tissue The use of radioactive material in the treatment of cancer is well known in the medical field Treatment techniques however vary dramatically depending upon the location of the cancerous tissue and the activ ity level of the radioactive source used in treatment One common treatment procedure involves the use of relatively low activity radioactive seeds Due to their low activity levels typically about 1 millicurie centi meter these seeds remain resident in or adjacent to the tissue undergoing treatment for extended periods of time for example several days As a consequence the seeds are surgically implanted thereby allowing the patient to continue normal activities during the resident treatment period One of the principal advantages of such low activity treatment procedures is the ease of handling of the radi oactive sources or seeds themselves While ordinarily stored in radioactive safes when not in use these low activity seeds may otherwise be handled freely by doc tors and support personnel during implantation and removal The disadvantages of this treatment technique however are long residency times and the requirement for surgical
12. United States Patent Bradshaw et al DIEA M US005092834A Patent Number 5 092 834 45 Date of Patent Mar 3 1992 54 75 73 21 22 51 52 58 56 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE REMOTE HANDLING OF HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER Inventors Anthony J Bradshaw Missouri City Richard T Thornton League City both of Tex Michael H Hayman New Orleans La Assignee Omnitron International Inc Houston Tex Appl No 596 928 Filed Oct 12 1990 Int Cl S innn A61N 5 00 US Ck 600 7 600 3 Field of Search 600 3 7 References Cited U S PATENT DOCUMENTS 1 753 287 4 1930 Failla 1 953 915 4 1934 Burgett et al 219 8 1 954 868 4 1934 Failla et al 174 177 2 322 902 6 1943 Wappler 29 34 2 429 438 10 1947 Wappier wee 128 1 2 2 546 761 3 1951 Loftus a 128 1 2 2 798 164 7 1957 Untermyer 250 106 2 904 272 9 1959 Barrett een 242 54 3 060 924 10 1962 Rush eee 128 1 2 3 438 365 4 1969 Packer et al 128 1 2 3 485 234 12 1969 Stevens 4 128 2 3 612 058 10 1971 Ackerman wee 128 348 3 669 093 6 1972 Sauerwein et al 128 1 1 3 674 006 7 1972 Holmer 128 1 2 3 749 086 7 1973 Kline et al 128 2M 3 861 380 1 1975 Chassagne
13. afterloader computer control is properly functioning Computers however occasionally malfunction Therefore the present afterloader provides for monitor ing of proper computer function and in the event of computer or other malfunction for the automatic emer gency retraction of the radioactive source The emergency retraction system functions at the most basic circuit level thereby virtually eliminating the possibility of emergency backup system failure In the first instance the emergency system operates from a constantly recharging backup battery source This backup source is constantly monitored by the computer which in turn signals a backup power failure simulta neously blocking extension of the active source wire until proper backup system operation has been restored The emergency retraction system requires no com puter control It does not utilize the normal capstan drive stepper motors instead separate DC motor driven capstan is provided Upon primary system ure power is switched to this motor thereby forcing 5 092 834 5 full wire retraction Emergency retraction is timed by retraction timer When a retraction has taken longer than a preset time an audible alarm is sounded to notify operating personnel This emergency motor continues to operate until the inactive end of the delivery wire engages a switch positioned at the end of the wire stor age channel Watchdog timers are provided within the r
14. angularly spaced the same as catheter receiv ing holes 156 but rotated from the catheter holes by approximately 90 As shown in FIG 7 the turret as sembly includes a locking solenoid 351 which is struc turally connected to the turret drive assembly Solenoid 351 has a shaft 354 which is of suitable diameter to engage the holes 165 When a catheter is placed in the active position 55 solenoid 351 is energized to thrust shaft 354 into a hole 165 Advantageously the outward end of shaft 354 may be tapered to promote engagement with a hole 165 and to slightly correct the position of the active catheter The assembly of FIG 7 also in cludes an optical sensor 352 which by means of an aperture not shown in shaft 354 senses the seating of shaft 354 into turret 128 A signal representing such seating is sent from optical sensor 352 to control 13 Turret 56 is rotationally positioned by the coopera tive action of a stepper motor 146 and a rotation sensing Optical encoder 353 FIG 3 rotationally coupled at 355 to the stepper motor Encoder 353 transmits to wire drive control 13 a series of signals indicative of its rota tion and sends an index position signal once per 360 rotation The index position signal which is common to rotational encoders is used to align the components of turret 56 during assembly and to identify a home catheter aperture 156 at the beginning of each treatment During assembly the turret shaft is rotated unti
15. at a delivery wire jam or obstruction has been encountered In any event the precise positioning of the wire cannot be assured under such conditions and therefore the wire will be withdrawn Withdrawal is first attempted by controlling the stepper motor to withdraw the wire If the stepper motor fails to satisfac torily withdraw the wire the stepper motor and wire movement capstan are disengaged and a separate retrac tion motor is energized to withdraw the wire The delivery of high activity radioactive sources requires afterloader apparatus comprising two distinct and separately located subsystems First the operator console is provided This console is located in a room separate from the radioactive source thereby avoiding exposure of treatment personnel to radioactivity while the source is extended from its safe The second subsys tem the remote afterloader is the mechanical source storage and delivery apparatus which receives high level commands from the console and physically feeds the active source from the safe t precise locations within the patient and for precise time intervals It is a critical feature and objective of the present invention to position the source accurately within a patient and then to withdraw the source both steps to be performed with a high degree of certainty that the source is actually where it is supposed to be As set forth above the described apparatus provides the requisite accuracy as long as the
16. e systems 84 and 86 The com puter control system is pre programmed to accept a maximum treatment profile well below the 2100 mm length of the active wire e g 1500 mm thereby assur ing that some portion of the wire will always remain adjacent the respective over travel sensor Therefore the detection of a wire condition by either over travel sensor 194 195 necessarily signifies system mal function terminating treatment and mandating emer gency active wire retraction An additional optical sensor 190 called the home sensor is placed in channel 83 to detect the presence and absence of a delivery wire The home sensor 190 is the index point against which source positioning is mea sured The home sensor is used to detect when a drive wire tip passes the home sensor point both on extension and retraction Sensor 190 transmits signals indicating the presence or absence of a wire at the home position to control 13 The catheter turret 56 which is shown in FIGS 7 through 12 comprises a turret 128 FIG 8 retained for rotating movement between inner and outer race mem bers 130 and 132 respectively Race members 130 132 are rigidly affixed to the housing of the remote wire driver 14 and define an annular channel 134 therebe tween A pair of radius grooves or races 136 and 138 are formed in opposed channel surfaces of the race mem bers An annular flange 140 integrally formed on the pe rimeter of turret 128 is received w
17. ement of the remote safe and wire driver in a treatment room separate from the control console FIG 2 is a functional block diagram of the control console of FIG 1 FIG 3 is a left side elevational view of the remote wire driver of FIG 1 with a portion broken away illus trating the placement of the active and dummy wire storage and guide channels and of wire drive assemblies and wire position detectors FIG 4 is an expanded view of the wire movement apparatus of FIG 3 FIG 5 is a block diagram of the wire driver control circuitry FIG 6 is a block diagram of a sanity timer of FIG 5 FIG 7 is a sectional view taken along line 7 7 of FIG 12 of the catheter select turret assembly FIG 8 is a sectional view taken along line 8 8 of FIG 12 of the catheter select turret assembly FIG 9 is a rear elevational view of the rotating turret of the turret assembly FIG 10 is a sectional view taken along line 10 10 of FIG 9 of the rotating turret further illustrating the placement of a catheter connector therein FIG 11 is a side elevational view of a catheter con nector FIG 12 is a front elevational view of the catheter select turret assembly showing the catheter locking plate FIG 13 is a flowchart depicting console computer operation FIGS 14 and 15 are flowcharts depicting wire driver control operation and FIG 16 is an alternative embodiment for a pinch roller control assembly of FIG 4 7 DESCRIPTION OF T
18. emote wire driver subsystem to monitor the afterloader com puter In the event that valid reset signals from the afterloader computer control are not received within a preset interval computer failure is assumed and the automatic emergency retraction sequence is engaged In an embodiment a redundant pair of watchdog timers is used for greater safety Further the timers are reset by a multi bit binary word which follows a predeter mined sequence from word to word received multi bit word is compared at the timer with a predicted value and if the received word and the predicted value are not the same the reset signal is considered invalid A maxi mum treatment timer is also used which starts the emer gency retraction system when the active source has been extended for more than an expected maximum treatment time Additional operational and apparatus subsystems are included to further assure proper overall system opera tion One such subsystem is a wire delivery pretest subsystem This subsystem assures proper active wire extension by first checking the path integrity of each catheter This test is performed by extending a dummy wire through each catheter tracing the treatment profile intended for the active wire The dummy wire drive apparatus is substantially identical to that previously described for the active wire although no emergency retraction system is incor porated Thus undue slippage or jamming of the dummy wire or a fa
19. eter e g 55 is in the active turret position In order to properly check the safety of the treat ment the console computer 22 next sends a command specifying that the non radioactive dummy wire is to be moved to the maximum treatment distance and with drawn Wire driver control 13 responds to the com mand by grounding dummy wire drive solenoid 403 and dummy wire encoder solenoid 407 over conductors 410 and 412 respectively of multi conductor bus 411 The other terminals of solenoids 403 and 407 are perma nently connected to a positive voltage supply 409 via a conductor 413 Accordingly both solenoids 403 and 407 are energized to engage the dummy wire between their respective pinch rollers and capstans Wire driver 5 20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 12 control 13 also begins to transmit stepper motor control signals over communication path 415 of bus 411 to ad vance the dummy wire by rotating dummy wire stepper motor 230 As the dummy wire moves it rotates capstan 417 of dummy wire encoder 405 The movement of capstan 417 and thus the movement of the dummy wire is detected by encoder 405 and reported to wire driver control 13 over path 416 of bus 411 Wire driver control 13 stores a wire position value and continuously updates this value in response to the signals from encoder 405 Control 13 also surveys the rate of wire movement signals from encoder 405 to make sure that the dummy wire is moving
20. from the catheter outlet of wire driver 14 as well as the treatment dwell time at each such position This information is checked 310 to verify for exam ple that the selected profile does not violate system or medically based operational rules Specifically in its present and preferred arrangement profile parameters must not include treatment positions exceeding 1500 millimeters or position dwell times exceeding 60 sec onds Further the dwell positions must be arranged in descending order and not be closer together than a predetermined distance as specified during system ini tialization i e at 312 The requirement for descending order dwell posi tions is important to proper operation of the present afterloader particularly in view of the extremely fine diameter wire for which the present system is intended to operate Notwithstanding the dummy wire pretesting of each catheter to verify that an ultra thin wire can be moved to the requisite dwell positions there always remains some possibility than an ultra thin wire will become jammed precluding further inward movement On the other hand once a wire has been inserted to its maximum treatment position the likelihood of jamming upon the retraction of that wire is extremely small Therefore it is preferable to commence treatment at the maximum dwell position whereby the active wire may immediately be retracted should the computer detect undue wire slippage at the drive capstan This
21. hecking with auto matic wire retraction upon cross check failure Wire delivery and position determination is predi cated upon the previously noted dual capstan arrange ment in which a stepper motor which is controlled by the afterloader computer drives the first capstan and a position encoder also connected to the afterloader 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 4 computer is driven by the second capstan Each com puter controlled step of the drive motor produces a precisely known axial movement of the delivery wire and in turn a corresponding and known response from the encoder The output from the encoder is compared against the stepper motor commands both on an incre mental per step basis and on an overall basis At the incremental level the absence of proper encoder signals following one or more steps signifies a wire jam and further wire delivery is terminated The afterloader computer further cross checks the overall number of encoder output pulses actually re ceived against the number of expected pulses based on the number of stepper motor steps commanded A pre determined but small discrepancy is permitted be tween the computed and actual number of drive motor steps to account for capstan slippage However should encoder outputs cease entirely following stepper motor actuations or should the overall number of encoder outputs not fall within the predetermined limits it is assumed th
22. ific actions of the after loader as well as its safety and integrity are the responsi bility of the afterloader computer The present invention provides absolute protection against such false indications of wire storage In this connection the wire guide and storage channels addi tionally serve to facilitate highly accurate wire length measurement Specifically a home optical wire sen sor is precisely placed near the channel outlet to detect the presence or absence of the wire When a wire is extended the length of the wire beyond the home opti cal sensor as determined from the wire movement me tering capstan is closely monitored by a wire length count maintained in the afterloader computerized con troller Upon retraction of the wire past the home sen sor the wire length count is compared with the wire length count at the home sensor when the wire was first extended If the retraction count is different from the extension count by more than a threshold value fault signals are generated to notify operating personnel In addition to the absolute and unerring determina tion of active element storage it is critical that the posi tion of the active source be known at all times with high accuracy and reliability Improper positioning now only endangers normal tissue but may result in the failure to treat cancerous tissue The remote afterloader control circuitry of the present invention provides a high degree of operational cross c
23. ilure to retract fully signals a fault condition which precludes active wire extension Im portantly this fault condition is registered not merely by the computer afterloader but in hardware interlocks of the remote wire driver apparatus itself whereby extension of the active wire will be precluded even though the computer may have failed to register the fault condition A similar fault detection protection arrangement is provided in connection with the optional multiple cath eter turret In this connection the present invention may advantageously incorporate a turret arrangement permitting connection of up to ten separate catheters In this manner multiple catheters may be positioned within a patient to facilitate the more complete treat ment of the cancerous tissue area in one radiation appli cation session Under afterloader computer control each catheter is accessed in turn and the appropriate pre programmed treatment regime implemented This regime includes the above described catheter pretesting by first extending the dummy wire It is imperative that no attempt be made to extend the dummy and active wires unless the turret is properly indexed at a valid catheter location having a catheter inserted therein Consequently detectors are provided to signal both the existence of the catheter and the proper indexing of the turret Again a turret or catheter fault condition is registered not merely by the com puter but by the rem
24. implantation and removal the latter with its attendant trauma to adjacent normal tissue At the other end of the treatment spectrum are the high activity radioactive treatment procedures These procedures which typically employ radioactive sources in the range of 10 curies present significant handling and treatment challenges On the other hand a significant offsetting advantage of such a treatment regime is its extreme speed A complete treatment ses sion can be completed in only a few minutes The pa tient carries no radioactive implants within him from the treatment center A ten curie source cannot be openly handled or ex posed to treatment facility doctors and personnel Even relatively short exposures may result in radiation burns As a consequence high activity radiation therapy must be conducted remotely with the radioactive source being removed from a shielded container or safe to the point of treatment and thereafter returned all by mechanical means It will be appreciated that apparatus for positioning high activity sources must be of uncommon integrity accuracy and reliability It must have safeties backups and means for assuring that in no event can a source be lost left behind misplaced or simply fail to retract into the safe even for relatively short durations of time The possibility for irreversible damage to normal tissue in the time required for manual intervention upon system failure is simply too
25. ir emitter collec tor paths serially connected Both transistors in normal operation receive from fault control logic 429 high level signals at their bases so that low resistance path is presented from coil 421 to ground When coil 421 is energized armatures 419 and 420 of relay 401 are pulled down so that armature 419 connects power from power supply 409 to stationary contact 422 which is connected to active drive stepper motor 88 active drive enable solenoid 100 encoder 238 encoder solenoid 106 and emergency retract solenoid 114 While relay 401 re mains energized the active wire drive is capable of moving the active wire 90 as directed by wire driver control 13 and retraction solenoid 114 is energized to release any engagement with active wire 90 When a fault occurs fault control logic 429 removes the high level signal from the bases of one or both of the transistors 426 and 427 de energizing relay 401 In the de energized state the armature of relay 401 moves up and contact 420 touches contact 423 which is connected to the minus or ground terminal of DC retraction motor 113 The positive terminal of retraction motor 113 is directly connected to battery 418 Contact 420 of relay 401 is connected to ground via the normally closed contact of active wire park switch 72 Should relay 401 be de energized while active wire 90 is extended power is removed from the active wire stepper drive 84 includ ing the retraction solenoid 114 and gr
26. ithin the channel 134 A plurality of ball type bearings 142 are seated within holes 144 which holes are evenly spaced around the turret flange Bearings 142 travel within races 136 138 thereby permitting the smooth rotation of the turret 128 under the computer driven control of a stepper motor 146 attached thereto Placement and locking of catheters 54 into the turret assembly 56 is best illustrated in FIGS 8 12 As shown in FIG 11 the end of each catheter is provided with a connector 148 defined in part by a cylindrical exten sion member 150 an annular locking flange 152 and a recess 154 A plurality of complementary catheter re ceptacle holes 156 are evenly spaced FIG 9 around a diameter of turret 128 Each hole includes a region of 15 20 25 30 35 10 widened diameter 158 FIG 10 adapted to receive a catheter locking flange 152 therein A circular catheter locking plate 160 is mounted adja cent the outside of the turret 128 for limited rotation with respect thereto As shown in FIG 12 the locking plate 160 is provided with a plurality of holes 162 with narrowed annular extensions 164 the holes having spac ings corresponding to those of the catheter holes 156 in the turret Thus the locking plate may be rotated to admit passage and positioning of one or more catheters in the turret Following catheter insertions the locking plate 160 is rotated until the narrower annular exten sions 164 are received withi
27. l catheter treatment pro files to be run at 344 If not a normal stop at 346 and return to the main menu of computer 22 at 304 occur an additional catheter treatment profile has been programmed the flow proceeds to block 318 FIG 14 and the turret is repositioned and checked at 320 Prior to running each active wire treatment profile the new catheter position is checked by the dummy wire at 326 as previously described What is claimed is 5 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 65 18 1 Apparatus for moving a radioactive source formed at the end of a delivery wire into and out of a guide tube connected to a patient for the treatment of said patient said apparatus comprising a delivery wire with a source end a guide tube a program controlled master control unit means re sponsive to operator interaction for establishing a radioactive source position within said guide tube for the treatment of said patient and for generating treatment command signals specifying said posi tion and i a remote wire driver unit said unit comprising a motor means to drive said wire wire moving circuitry means for moving said source end of said wire into said guide tube in response to wir movement control signals and for generating source movement signals repre senting the position of said source in said guide tube program controlled wire movement control means responsive to said treatment command signals and
28. l the index signal is generated by encoder 353 The turret 128 5 092 834 11 is then mounted to the shaft with a first home catheter hole aligned with the output of guide tube 83 Thereaf ter the index signal from rotational encoder 353 is used to identify the home turret position When turret 128 rotation is desired control 13 sends stepper pulses to stepper motor 146 until the index sig nalis generated by encoder 353 The number of stepper control pulses between the home catheter position and the destination catheter position can then be sent to stepper motor 146 to achieve the proper rotation to place the destination catheter at the active location The output signals from encoder 353 are used by control 13 during such rotation to check the actual turret rotation accuracy Treatment begins when an operator enters at console computer 22 a treatment plan for a particular patient and the catheters connected to that patient are attached to the connectors 156 of turret 56 The treatment plan specifies which turret connectors i e which catheters are to receive treatment the location of treatment in distance from the home sensor 190 and the length of time for each treatment After entry of the plan console computer 22 runs diagnostic tests checks the treatment plan for accuracy and safety After safety checks by the console computer 22 it transmits a message over RS422 link 20 to wire driver control 13 of remote wire driver 14
29. m treatment distance has been reached by the tip of the dummy wire Wire driver control 13 then reverses the direction of rotation of stepper motor 230 to begin with drawing the dummy wire back into wire driver unit 14 When the tip of the wire again passes home sensor 190 in the withdrawal direction wire driver control 13 is notified The amount stored in the wire position value should be substantially equal to the home count which was recorded when the dummy wire interrupted sensor 190 during the wire extension operation If these num bers are within a predetermined threshold of one an other the process is assumed to be accurate and the dummy wire continues to be withdrawn until it parks against park switch 73 Wire driver control 13 is noti fied when the dummy wire changes the position of park switch 73 and ground is removed from the solenoids 403 and 407 Also no new control signals are transmitted to stepper motor 230 After the proper operation of the treatment apparatus is determined by the extension and withdrawal of the dummy wire wire driver control 13 is ready to perform the requested treatment using the active source wire 90 Active wire 90 movement is performed substantially as described above except that the drive apparatus 84 of the active wire is used Due to the increased hazards involved in extending the radioactive wire 90 an emergency shutdown and 5 092 834 13 wire retraction system is included in the apparatus
30. ment safe 58 comprises a lead sphere having a radius of approximately 106 mm Referring still to FIG 3 the safe 58 is provided with a 90 degree radius cylin 35 40 45 50 drical channel 60 of sufficient diameter to pass the ac tive wire source The channel 60 defines a lower inlet 62 through which the active wire feeds from its guide and storage channel 66 discussed in more detail hereinafter and an outlet 64 from which the active wire source is extended thereafter through a turret 56 and into the active catheter 55 The active and dummy wire guide channels 66 and 67 respectively are made of stainless steel tubes which are connected by connectors 80 to a backing plate 76 The overall length of the active channel 66 is selected such that the 10 mm active portion of the active wire 90 ie the iridium seed will be substantially centered in the safe 58 at its midpoint 68 when the opposed rear ward wire end abuts a park switch 72 positioned at end 70 of the active channel In similar fashion the overall 65 8 length of dummy guide channel 67 is selected such that the forward end of the dummy wire will be retracted to a non interfering position 69 when the opposed rear ward end thereof abuts a dummy park switch 73 at channel end 71 The channels 66 and 67 are broadly radiused preferably to about 80 mm to minimize wire friction therewith It should be note that other channel constructions are contemplated by the p
31. mmy wire position is achieved During dummy wire extension the control 13 is per forming cross checks to verify that no obstructions or jams have been encountered First wire jams are deter mined by comparing the number of encoder 405 pulses received per stepper motor step Advantageously this test may be performed only after a predetermined num ber of steps have been taken to save computer re sources In the present embodiment such a comparison is performed after each block of 33 stepper motor steps If pulses stop or fall below the expected rate the wire is retracted and a jam condition is annunciated After achieving the specified dummy wire position wire driver control 13 sends an OK signal and awaits a retraction signal at 327 The dummy wire is fully re tracted in block 328 to terminate the dummy wire test cycle Upon retraction the length of the dummy wire is again checked to confirm that the wire has not broken This check is performed by comparing the stored home count with the wire movement value which should be 5 092 834 17 substantially equal The wire driver control 13 signals the successful completion of retraction to computer 22 and awaits an active wire command in block 330 The active wire command from computer 22 specifies the maximum treatment position for the active wire The active wire is then extended to the furthest treat ment position at 332 FIG 14 Extension of the active wire is substantially ide
32. mpleted As shown in FIG 4 the stepper motor 88 drive as sembly includes a rubber surfaced capstan 94 which is rotated by the stepper drive motor 88 A rubber pinch roller 96 is pivotally mounted at a pivot 98 and urges active wire 90 against the capstan 94 when pull type solenoid 100 is energized As can be seen in FIG 4 sections of the guide channel 66 have been removed so that the pinch roller 96 and capstan 94 can physically contact the drive wire 90 The remaining sections of channel 66 guide the wire 90 so that it remains substan tially straight and runs parallel to the plane of capstan 94 rotation Below the drive capstan 94 is the encoder drive as sembly 102 It is substantially identical to the above described wire drive assembly except that an encoder 238 which is connected through plate 76 to an encoder shaft or capstan 104 is substituted for the stepper drive motor 88 When active pull type solenoid 106 is ener gized and moves a pinch roller to engage the wire 90 with capstan 104 movement of the wire 90 rotates cap stan 104 Encoder 238 responds to the rotation of cap stan 104 by sending wire movement indicating pulses to controller 13 which uses the pulses to track the position of the active source in wire 90 The lowest capstan used only in connection with the active wire drive and retract system 84 defines the emergency retract assembly 108 This assembly differs from the stepper motor drive assembly in two important
33. n 7 line 27 after 36 insert comma Column 7 line 29 reference numeral 122 should highlighted Column 7 line 44 after contain insert Column 8 line 8 change note to noted Column 8 line 28 after lines insert Column 10 line 61 change drive to driver Column 10 line 66 after treatment insert Column 11 line 31 after number insert of Column 12 line 36 after sensor insert and Column 13 line 13 change 92 to 90 Column 13 line 40 change drive to driver Column 14 line 3 after de energized insert Column 14 line 19 after shown insert Column 14 lines 28 29 after properly insert Column 14 line 55 after out insert Column 15 line 15 change 40 to 90 UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Page 2 of 2 DATED March 3 1992 Anthony J Bradshaw et al It is certified that error appears in the above identified patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby corrected as shown below INVENTOR S Column 15 line 51 change than to that Column 16 line 11 change console to remote to console to remote Column 17 line 7 change FIG 14 to FIG 15 Signed and Sealed this Sixteenth Day of November 1993 BRUCE LEHMAN Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks
34. n catheter connector reces ses 154 thereby locking all catheters against inadvertent removal It is essential to establish the existence of a catheter in the active catheter position 55 as a prerequisite to wire extension particularly extension of the active wire The active catheter position is defined by the uppermost hole 156 of the turret 128 so long as that hole is prop erly aligned immediately above the turret stepper motor axis In this position a wire extended from the output channel 83 FIG 3 directly enters the active catheter 55 mounted adjacent thereto FIG 10 illustrates the orientation of a catheter 54 in the active catheter position 55 An optical catheter in place sensor 168 is mounted to the fixed inner race 130 immediately above the active catheter position Optical sensor 168 includes an optical source pointed down ward and an optical receiver for receiving reflected light from beneath the sensor When the cylindrical tip member 150 of a catheter connector extends inwardly from the turret light from the source of optical sensor 168 will be reflected and returned to the receiver A signal indicating the receipt of reflected light is sent to control 13 Before the wire is extended into a catheter it is im portant to assure that the turret 128 will not rotate dur ing treatment The inside face of turret 128 includes a 40 45 50 65 plurality of cylindrical locking apertures 165 FIG 9 which are
35. n is received on path 609 of bus 604 and stored in a buffer 601 the outputs of which are applied to an 8 bit comparator 603 Timer 124 also in cludes an 8 bit counter 602 which counts modulo 256 the incoming strobe signals which are connected to counter 602 via path 605 The outputs of counter 602 are also applied as inputs to comparator 603 where the counter bits are compared with the contents of buffer 601 When the compared values match which they should during normal operation a logic 1 reset signal is transmitted by comparator 603 to a flip flop 607 which buffers the reset signal and conveys it to timers 610 and 611 before they time out Alternatively when the values of counter 602 and buffer 601 do not match indicating system error a logic 0 signal is generated by compara tor 603 and timers will transmit fault signals to fault control logic 429 when they time out The counter is initially synchronized with the reset signals from con trol 13 by a clear signal transmitted to counter 602 on bus 604 The requirement that the 10 millisecond reset signals follow a prescribed sequence provides great assurance that control 13 is functioning properly The second activity timer 126 commences timing whenever the active wire 90 is extended That is when ever the active wire is not pressing the active park switch 72 A maximum time of about 20 minutes is 5 092 834 15 allotted for active wire extension which time limit ceeds the d
36. nst losses of power during on going treatment sequences Uninterruptible power supply 32 also pro vides power to the wire driver 14 Also included with the console 10 of FIG 2 are vari ous annunciators and specific control function input buttons Error 34 horn 35 safe 36 treatment room door open 38 and armed 40 annunciators as well as stop 42 treatment 44 and reset 122 keys and buttons are pro 20 25 vided on the control console itself A similar panel of 30 annunciators and switches is provided at the treatment room door and at the remote wire driver The later panels are both controlled from the wire driver control ler 13 FIG 3 illustrates various structural features of the remote driver 14 used to extend treatment wires into a catheter 55 for patient treatment There are two deliv ery wires one active and one dummy Each is of ap proximately 0 5 millimeters in diameter In the pre ferred arrangement the active delivery wire has an overall length of 2 1 meters and contains a 10 millimeter long seed of activated iridium spaced 1 millimeter from the forward end thereof The dummy wire is 1 8 meters in length and does not contain iridium seed The iridium seed of the active wire is typically irradi ated to an activity level of 10 curies and therefore represents a potentially dangerous source of radiation that must be properly stored when not in use A lead safe 58 is provided for this purpose In the preferred embodi
37. ntical to that of the previously described dummy wire The wire is then precisely posi tioned at the first treatment location by as before first over extending the wire by approximately 5 millime ters Wire jamming and obstruction tests are performed again as outlined with reference to extension of the dummy wire During the treatment phase the control 13 continues to monitor system safety indices at 334 including the long term watchdog timer 126 Since the active wire is fully retracted and parked between each catheter treat ment profile this timer reflects active wire extension beyond the maximum treatment profile allowed by the computer In short this timer flags a potentially hazard ous condition necessitating emergency retraction at 336 Upon completion of the pre programmed dwell time for each active wire position at 338 an OK message is sent and a new treatment position is awaited in 339 Control 13 checks to see whether there are further treatment positions for that catheter at 340 if so the active wire is withdrawn to the specified next adjacent dwell position at 342 Following the last treatment or dwell position for each catheter the active wire is fully retracted in 341 checking the overall wire length to confirm that the entire wire length including the active iridium tip por tion has been properly retrieved The control 13 there after determines by communication 342 with computer 22 whether there are additiona
38. of FIG 5 safety relay 401 is the heart of the emergency shutdown and active wire retraction system Upon the automatic detection of any system abnormality or diffi culty or upon the manual intervention by a system operator through the actuation of a stop button the relay 401 is immediately de energized and remains de energized until the cause of the problem has been rected and the operator resets the system When relay 401 is de energized power is removed from the stepper motor control portion of active drive assembly 84 and retraction motor 113 is energized to withdraw the ac tive wire 92 The relay 401 is directly interconnected with both the emergency retraction DC motor 113 and to the emer gency retraction capstan solenoid 114 thereby instantly commencing the emergency retraction cycle Upon relay 401 deactivation power is removed from the re traction solenoid 114 and power from the emergency backup battery 418 is applied to the emergency retrac tion motor 113 The emergency retraction cycle contin ues until the active wire 90 is fully retracted as deter mined by wire engagement with the park switch 72 Relay 401 includes a plurality of stationary contacts 422 and 423 a pair of movable contacts 419 and 420 and a coil 421 Coil 421 is energized for normal operation by connection to the power supply 409 and to ground via a fault interrupter circuit 425 Fault interrupter 425 comprises a pair of transistors with the
39. ote wire driver apparatus thereby assuring proper fault induced inaction regardless of computer operation 20 25 45 50 55 60 65 6 From the foregoing it will be apparent that the pres ent invention provides for the control of remotely lo cated radioactive source wire driver equipment More particularly apparatus for precisely positioning ultra thin sources and delivery wires is provided such that the wire may be extended from and returned to a safe without likelihood of wire buckling The proper storage of the active source within the safe is determined with high reliability and the active source is absolutely pre cluded from over retraction low friction delivery wire channel serves to guide the wire prevent buckling preclude over retraction and aid in the detection of wire breaks Emergency backup active wire retraction is provided in the event of computer or other malfunc tion Dummy wire testing of all catheters is performed A multiple catheter selection turret may be provided Cross fault detection is employed to preclude active and dummy wire extensions unless the other wire is properly retracted and parked and unless the turret is properly indexed to a valid catheter position Other features of the invention are disclosed in the following figures written specification and claims BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG 1 is a block representation of the present wire afterloader illustrating the plac
40. ound is applied to retraction motor 113 via relay 401 and active park switch 72 Releasing solenoid 114 engages the DC re traction capstan 112 with active wire 90 and grounding the motor 113 starts the retraction operation When the end of active wire 90 presses park switch 72 the active wire is safely stored in the drive apparatus and the ground connection is removed from motor 113 to stop its retraction operation A timer 440 is activated during each emergency re traction to time the retraction and cause an audible alarm when the retraction is not completed within ap proximately 30 seconds Retraction timer 440 is nor 20 30 40 45 50 60 65 14 mally kept idle by the low level signal at the collector of transistor 426 When this collector goes high as will be the case when relay 401 is de energized timer 440 begins to time a 30 second interval The return of active wire 90 into contact with park switch 72 generates a reset signal which is connected via conductor 442 to timer 440 The reset signal on conductor 442 will clear timer 440 if it is received within the 30 second time out inter val If it is not received within the 30 second interval a signal is sent from retract timer 440 to an alarm 441 which notifies operating personnel by means of an audi ble alarm signal Fault control logic 429 responds individually to a plurality of fault signalling conditions by removing the high level signals from the bases of t
41. ransistors 426 and 427 Among the signals which result in de energizing relay 401 are signals from door open switch 18 a reset switch on the control panel of wire driver 14 not shown overrun detector 194 and signals requesting retraction received from control 13 on a conductor 431 Fault control logic 429 also de energizes relay 401 in response to signals from a pair of activity timers 124 and 126 The first of the activity timers timer 124 monitors the ability of wire driver control 13 to function Control 13 transmits a periodic signal on a bus 604 approxi mately once every 100 milliseconds but only when the computer hardware and software are functioning prop erly If this signal is lost for more than about 100 milli seconds the timer 124 sends a fault signal to fault con trol logic 429 which in turn releases the relay 401 The activity timer 124 actually comprises a pair of redundant 100 millisecond timers 610 and 611 FIG 6 Unless reset every 100 milliseconds by signals from control 13 each timer 610 and 611 will generate a time out signal on a respective one of conductors 612 and 613 Such time out signals are connected to fault con trol logic 429 and cause de energization of relay 401 The reset signals from control 13 comprise 8 binary digits and a strobe signal To constitute proper reset signals a given reset signal must be exactly one greater than the immediately preceding reset signal The 8 bit reset signal portio
42. resent invention Any construc tion providing for the low friction storage of a predeter mined length of delivery wire and without substantial openings or volumes into which the wire might buckle should be satisfactory Referring to FIG 3 the respective active and dummy wire channels merge in a Y or wishbone channel connector 82 thereafter forming a single out put channel 83 operatively interconnected with the turret 56 The wishbone connector 82 is milled to the ultimate channel working dimension through which the respective active and dummy wires pass directly The active wire drive and emergency retraction sys tem 84 is shown in FIG 3 and in enlarged form in FIG 4 The dummy wire drive system 86 is identical except that the emergency retract motor 113 and its drive assembly 108 is omitted The uppermost capstan 94 and pinch roller 96 define the stepper motor 88 wire drive assembly Stepper motor 88 is beneath backing plate 76 and is shown in dotted lines Under computer stepper control from wire driver control 13 stepper motor 88 moves the active wire 90 along the previously identified path 66 in both the extension upward and retraction directions As described in more detail below the active wire is extended to the maximum treatment position then as required by the prescribed treatment profile retracted in precisely timed intervals of predetermined distance until the entire treatment cycle for the given catheter has been co
43. said source movement signals for generating said wire movement control signals to move said source end of said wire to the position specified in said treatment command signals error detection means for sensing erroneous opera tion in said remote wire driver unit and for gen erating wire retraction signals in response to such erroneous operation and means independent of said wire movement control means and said wire moving circuitry for re tracting said source end of said wire from said guide tube in response to said wire retraction signals 2 The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said error detec tion means includes either means responsive to errone ous operation in said remote wire driver unit for re questing retraction of said source end of said wire by said wire movement circuitry or means responsive to a failure of said wire movement circuitry to remove said wire within a predeter mined period of time for generating said wire re traction signals UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENTNO 5 092 834 Page 1 of 2 DATED March 3 1992 INVENTOR S Anthony J Bradshaw et al It is certified that error appears in the above identified patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby corrected as shown below Column line 58 change now to not 3 Column 4 line 40 change t to to 7 Column line 11 change drive to driver Colum
44. sistant Examiner Scott R Akers Attorney Agent or Firm Fitch Even Tabin amp Flannery 57 ABSTRACT Remote controlled afterloader apparatus and method positions high activity radioactive sources through a catheter within a human body for treatment of cancer ous tissue The afterloader includes an operating con sole and a remotely located computer controlled wire driver The wire driver includes active and dummy source wires and channels for the storage of such wires Stepper motors precisely position the wires in response to computer control and data from wire position encod ers An emergency DC motor retraction system pro vides a high degree of safety against system malfunc tion Timing arrangements are included for timing pa tient treatment duration and emergency wire retraction time A turret is provided with safety locking and cross checking systems to permit use of multiple catheters Treatment profiles are conducted from the maximum treatment position whereby only tension or retraction forces are used to position the active wire 2 Claims 8 Drawing Sheets 5 092 834 Page 2 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Two page document entitled Iridium 192 Wires published by Syncor International Corporation Four page document entitled Interstitial Accesso ries published by Syncor International Corporation Two page document entitled Interstitial Therapy Price List published in May 1984 b
45. uration of the longest treatment profile antic ipated Failure of the active wire to return to the parked position at least once every 20 minutes indicates a prob lem necessitating emergency active wire retraction For the purposes of the treatment timer 126 over sight the park switch 72 signals the full retraction or parking of the active wire In the absence of the re quired park signal within the predetermined time limit the timer 126 signals fault control logic 429 which re leases relay 401 It will be appreciated that the above described run safety relay 401 system provides a highly reliable means for forcing the immediate retraction of the active wire 40 in the event of computer or other failure Impor tantly this system is self contained on the remote driver 14 chassis and is of simple design thereby minimizing likelihood of failure and incorporates backup power to further eliminate the possibility of emergency retraction failure FIGS 13 through 15 illustrate overall computer con trolled operation of the present remote wire afterloader system Upon system power up 300 and initial console self test 302 a main menu 304 permits optional courses of action including exiting the program 306 thereby permitting use of computer 22 for other tasks Patient treatment information including the pro posed treatment profile must be entered 308 Such profiles typically include a listing of each treatment position by distance measured
46. wer catheters This source is disclosed in U S application Ser No 228 400 filed Aug 4 1988 In its preferred arrangement the source comprises a 1 centimeter active region of relatively pure iridium positioned 1 millimeter from the end of 2 1 meter delivery wire Such ultra thin radiation sources in combination with the present re mote afterloader now permit radiation treatment in or proximate to delicate tissue areas at heretofore unreal izable low trauma levels The present invention therefore is directed to a remote afterloader having the capability of properly advancing and positioning ultra thin wire of 0 5 to 0 75 mm diameter with the utmost reliability and safety It will be appreciated that these new ultra thin source wires do not exhibit the same strength characteristics particularly in buckling as the more massive prior art wires Thus existing remote afterloader apparatus which were developed for these heavier gauge wires have proved unsuitable One such prior art device for example uses a drum onto which the delivery wire is wound thereby retract ing the wire from the catheter and patient Extension of the wire however requires a smooth cylindrical shroud oriented around the outside of the drum against which the wire c il expands as the drum is rotated in the un coiling direction Upon contacting the shroud the wire is urged through a narrow opening or slit therein then into the catheter for delivery to
47. y Syncor Interna tional Corporation Document entitled MICRO SELECTRON HDR Ir 192 Remote Afterloading System User Manual Document entitled MICRO SELECTRON HDR Ir 192 Remote Afterloading System User Reference Guide Two page document entitled Afterloading Systems and Interstitial Applicators Remote Afterloading Sys tems taken from PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY U S Patent Mar 3 1992 Sheet 1 of 8 5 092 834 WIRE DRIVER F CONTROL PERSONNEL 18 ROOM ROOM IO 28 PRINTER MONITOR DISK DRIVE KEY OFF UNINTERRUPTIBLE 22 POWER SUPPLY UPS ON OMPUTER TO REMOTE WIRE DRIVER 26 KEYBOARD o HORN 34 36 38 40 T gt RA RESET STOP ERROR SAFE TREATMENT TREAT ARMED ROOM DOOR OPEN FIG 2 U S Patent Mar 3 3992 Best durs 5 092 834 Sheet 3 of 8 5 092 834 3 1992 U S Patent FIG 7 8 u w LASS il WWW Gi N IN FIG 6 U S Patent Mar 3 1992 Sheet 4 of 8 5 092 834 FIG 5 TURRET CATHETER LOCKED PRESENT 442 429 FAULT CONTROL LOGIC TREATMENT TIMER OVERRUN i PARK DUMMY PARK E 4 U S Patent Mar 3 1992 Sheet 5 of 8 5 092 834 FIG 12 4 7 U S Patent Mar 3 1992 Sheet 6 of 8 5 092 834 FIG I3 WHEN CORRECTED 502 _ CONSO FAL ANNUNCIATE OPERATION SELF PROBLEM S 304 PASS M
48. y wire is in fact safely retracted and stored within the safe Failure to properly identify a non stored condition could result in a severe overdose to the patient and to personnel who enter the treatment environment under the mistaken belief that the source has been properly retracted The present afterloader by contrast employs redun dant systems to verify proper source storage One of these systems importantly provides unfailing and abso protection against wire over retraction Specifi cally the end of the narrow wire channel is obstructed to preclude further wire travel thereby defining a maxi mum wire retraction limit This position corresponds to proper stowage of the active region within the lead safe Abutting engagement between the delivery wire and channel end does not however insure that the active region of the wire has been safely stored For example were the delivery wire to sever the inactive end could properly seat against the channel end while the active region remains outside the safe possibly still within the patient The present afterloader includes a console computer at which an operator can enter a treatment plan for a patient The plan is checked by the console and high level commands specifying source position within a patient and dosage duration are sent to a remote after loader computer The afterloader computer receives and implements the commands by controlling wire movement apparatus The spec
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