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Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide

1. Create CD CD image Info Devices Setup Image Directory Automatic Read Tracks Write Device A Speed 1 3 Verity Tracks Master source 509660 options Boot options 1509660 header Create session image Session view File Directory view Play Audio Tracks Bay a eS automount i frome gt Master Tracks pE Write Tracks Delete Tracks Biosteround Used Avaitable nome Back to main menu A Redirect F Display directories only Update Session view Add Exclude Figure 4 10 Using X CD Roast to Back up Hard Drive Files Highlight the files and directories that you wish to add to the session and click Add After you have added all files and directories you want to write to the CD R W click the Create session image tab to create the img file You must first click Calculate size then click Master to image file to create the image To write your tracks to the CD R W click Write Tracks from the panel on the left In the Layout Tracks tab highlight the image file you created in the box on the right and click Add The image displays in the Tracks to write box on the left side Click Accept track layout and click the Write Tracks tab to return to the main writing dialog Click Write tracks to write the image to the CD R W Qr You can also create and write the image to the CD R W in one step by clicking Master and write on the fly in the Create s
2. Height ace a Layers Channels Pathe Mode Normal O Keep Tans _thecimp fr Layers Channels amp Paths _ Tool Options Brush Selection S7 pirateship png 2 0 RGE 10056 Figure 11 5 The GIMP in Action 11 2 2 Loading a File To load an existing file select File gt Open You will see the Load Image dialog as shown in Figure 11 6 Create Dir Delete File Rename File us share pixmaps comps v Directories Files A t Serrercrgepry smb server pn sql server png system tools png text intemet png textapp png web server png x software development png s lt gt Determine File Type Automatic t sound video png sound and video png Could not write thumbnail file Selection ust share pixmaps comps OK Cancel Figure 11 6 The Load Image Dialog Wed Jan 15 S10 PM 84 Chapter 11 Working with Images The Load Image dialog displays your working directory the directory you were in when the GIMP was launched You can navigate up and down the file system tree by double clicking on the Directories list on the left then selecting a file to open from the Files list on the right
3. Date and Time ite ime rae See 4 February gt 4 2003 gt cument Tine 174841 Har 17 E Paes ars 9 0 1 2 Ma Mine 48 K woog 19 2 2 2 nom 2s E seeder E Newark Time Protaca Your computer can synchronize ns clock witha remote time seer using the Network Time Proioca Enable Network Time Protocol sewer clock edhat com z Aea D Eonar Figure 1 3 Date and Time Configuration To register your system with Red Hat Network and receive automatic updates of your Red Hat Linux system choose Yes I would like to register my system with Red Hat Network This will start the Red Hat Update Agent a utility that guides you step by step through the registration of your machine with Red Hat Network Selecting No I do not want to register my system skips the regis tration For more information about Red Hat Network and registering your machine refer to the Red Hat Network documentation at http www redhat com docs manuals RHNetwork Chapter 1 Getting Started 3 amp Red Hat Network pack D tonart Figure 1 4 Red Hat Network Registration Client To install Red Hat Linux RPM packages that you did not install during installation software from third party providers or documentation from the Red Hat Linux Documentation CD you can do so at the Additional CDs screen Insert the CD containing the software or documentation you want to install click the Install
4. Figure 2 10 The Background Preferences Tool Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 19 The Background Preferences tool allows you to load a new background from a directory of provided images usr share backgrounds images You can also drag an image into the window from your own image directory There are several additional options for displaying your background image The Wallpaper option displays multiple instances of your image across the desktop which is useful if you use a small image or if you use a tile or pattern image from usr share backgrounds tiles or from your own image collection The Centered option places your image in the center of the desktop leaving the default background colors to fill in any remaining desktop space To fill the desktop with an image without tiling it use the Scaled or Stretched options Figure 2 11 shows a background image of flowers and plants that is stretched to fill the entire desktop Figure 2 11 The Desktop with a New Background If you want to create a background with your own custom colors and no images choose the No Picture option and adjust your colors using the Background Style options Choose your own Top Color and Bottom Color and the color gradient or the blending of colors Click Close to save and exit the Background Preferences tool 2 4 2 Customizing your System The Start Here screen in Nautilus contains additional configuration tools that help you with your new Red Ha
5. You can configure the arrangement of the panel here Arrangement Hiding Menus p Position Screen on Appearance W Taskbar L Z Expand as required to fit contents Size OTiny O Small O Normal O Large Custom Ca 54 pixels 2 Hep pefauts y x lyv X Cancel Figure A 4 Panel Settings Other tabs in Settings contain options to further customize your panel and taskbar Click on Help for more information on these options Applications and utilities can be added easily to the panel To add an application launcher to the panel right click on the panel and choose Add Then select Application Button and make your choice from the menus A 4 1 Using The Main Menu The Main Menu amp is the central point for using KDE Clicking on the Main Menu icon on the panel displays a large master menu from which you can perform tasks such as launch applications find files and configure your desktop The main menu also contains several submenus that organize applications and tools into several categories including Graphics Internet Office Games and more From the Main Menu you can lock your screen which will display a password protected screensaver You can also run applications from a command line as well as logout of your KDE session A 4 2 Using Applets Applets are small applications that run on the pa
6. Figure 13 6 Redirecting Output to a File Press Enter to go to an empty line and use the Ctrl D keys to quit cat Do you notice anything different in Figure 13 6 There are no repeated entries That is because the standard output from cat was redirected That redirection was to a brand new file you made called sneakers txt You can find the file in the directory you were in when you started cat type 1s if you want to see it listed As you learned earlier you can then use cat to read the file At the prompt type cat sneakers txt O caution Be careful when you redirect the output to a file because you can easily overwrite an existing file Make sure the name of the file you are creating does not match the name of a pre existing file unless you want to replace it Use output redirection again for another file and call it home txt For this example type the com mand cat gt home txt then Enter followed by bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax Now on an empty line use the Ctrl D key combination again to quit cat Next use cat to join home t xt with sneakers txt and redirect the output of both files to a brand new file called saturday txt you will find an example in Figure 13 7 Type the following cat sneakers txt home txt gt saturday txt 98 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics Ele Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cat sneakers txt home
7. File name completion is supported by the GIMP If you type the first letter or more of a file name into the Selection field and press the Tab key the view will change to only those subdirectories and or files beginning with that letter or letters The file you select appears in the Selection field near the bottom of the dialog A thumbnail preview is displayed in the dialog alternatively a Generate Preview button is displayed If you want to see a thumbnail of the image click on the Generate Preview button Once you have selected a file click on the OK button to open it You can also double click on a file name to open it 11 2 3 Saving a File To save an image file right click on the image and choose File gt Save or Save as You will see the Save Image dialog if you choose Save as or if you choose Save and the file has not been saved before The Save Image dialog looks almost exactly like the Load Image dialog and navigation of the file system tree and choosing files works in the same way When you are saving an image you must choose an image format The GIMP supports a wide variety of image formats including gif png jpg and bmp 11 2 4 GIMP Options Like many applications the GIMP provides more than one method to accomplish tasks The easiest way to work with images is to right click the image which displays a set of menus containing most of the GIMP s many capabilities including image sizing rotation
8. For more information type man bzip2 and man bunzip2 at a shell prompt to read the man pages for bzip2 and bunzip2 14 3 2 2 Gzip and Gunzip To use gzip to compress a file type the following command at a shell prompt gzip filename The file will be compressed and saved as filename gz Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories 117 To expand the compressed file type the following command gunzip filename gz The filename gz is deleted and replaced with filename You can use gzip to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one gzip r filename gz filel file2 file3 usr work school The above command compresses filel file2 file3 and the contents of the usr work school directory assuming this directory exists and places them in a file named filename gz Or For more information type man gzip and man gunzip ata shell prompt to read the man pages for gzip and gunzip 14 3 2 3 Zip and Unzip To compress a file with zip type the following command zip r filename zip filesdir In this example filename zip represents the file you are creating and filesdir represents the directory you want to put in the new zip file The r option specifies that you want to include all files contained in the filesdir directory recursively To extract the contents of a zip file type the following command unzip filename zip You can use zip to compress multiple files and d
9. button and follow the instructions Note If you are installing a package from the Red Hat Linux Installation CDs you must insert CD 1 click the Install button choose the package s or component you want to install and if prompted change the CD Additional CDs If you have any of the CDs isted bel Insering the CD and cheki EE 3 Additional CDs instal Install packages frorn them by nco Figure 1 5 Installing Additional Software Now that your system is configured you are ready to log in and start using Red Hat Linux Press Forward to exit the Setup Agent 1 2 Introductory Terms When you learn about a new operating system you should also learn new terminology This section defines a few basic terms you should learn You will see these terms often throughout all Red Hat Linux documentation including the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide 4 Chapter 1 Getting Started Command An instruction given to the computer most often with the keyboard or mouse Command line The space at the shell prompt where commands are typed Graphical Desktop The most visible area of a GUI The desktop is where your user Home and Start Here icons are located You can customize your desktop to have special backgrounds colors and pictures to add a personal touch Graphical User Interface GUI A general term for interactive windows icons menus and panels which allow
10. Name Properties State Printer idle Set as default Type Created by redhat config printer 0 6 x Location Comment HP LaserJet 4Si Foomatic ljet4 Page selection Copies All pages Number of copies 1 a c M Collate copies C Pages F Reverse order Enter page numbers and or groups of pages to print ME Bi separated by commas 1 2 5 10 12 17 Options Print All pages j Cancel Figure 8 10 Print Verification Window To view the list of print jobs in the print spool from a shell prompt type the command 1pq The last few lines will look similar to the following Rank Owner ID Class Job Files Size Time active user localhost 902 A 902 sample txt 2050 01 20 46 Example 8 1 Example of 1pq output If you want to cancel a print job find the job number of the request with the command 1pq and then use the command lprm job number For example lprm 902 would cancel the print job in Example 8 1 You must have proper permissions to cancel a print job You can not cancel print jobs that were started by other users unless you are logged in as root on the machine to which the printer is attached You can also print a file directly from a shell prompt For example the command lpr sample txt will print the text file sample txt The print filter determines what type of file it is and converts it a format the printer can understand 8 7 Additional Resources To learn more ab
11. Click OK to close the desktop configuration tool Buttons for your desktops appear on the panel in the Desktop Pager Click on a tile to move to a different desktop Qr You can use the keyboard combination of the Ctrl and Function keys to switch desktops For exam ple Ctrl F2 switches to desktop two Ctrl F3 takes you to desktop three and so on A 4 2 2 Viewing The Taskbar The taskbar displays all running applications both minimized and displayed on all desktops fl file homejohn Konqueror Welcome to Red Hat Mozilla Figure A 7 Applications on the Taskbar You can maximize running applications or bring them to the front of your working windows by click ing on the associated item on the taskbar Or Another way to bring minimized or background windows to the front is to use the Alt and Tab keys To pick an item from the taskbar hold down both the Alt Tab key To scroll through the tasks hold down the Alt key while tapping the Tab key When you have found the task you want to maximize and bring to the front release both keys and the application appears on the desktop 140 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment A 4 3 Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel To further customize the panel for your particular needs you can include additional launcher icons to start applications without using the main menu or Start Here To add a new launcher to the panel right click the panel and choose
12. Ctrl Alt left arrow to switch between desktops Figure 2 3 Workspace Switcher Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 15 Taskbar Next to the Workspace Switcher is the Taskbar The Taskbar is an applet which shows you the titles of running applications on any one virtual desktop This is very helpful if you decide to minimize an application as it will seem to disappear from the desktop Once it disappears you can bring it back by clicking on its title in the Taskbar Applications e Welcome to Red Hat Mozilla AisleRiot Klondike 1029257041 Figure 2 4 The Taskbar 2 2 3 Using the Notification Area Red Hat Network Notification Tool Part of the Notification Area the Red Hat Network Notification Tool provides you with an easy way to make sure your system is up to date with current errata and bug fixes from Red Hat The applet shows you different images that indicate whether your system is up to date or needs upgrades If you click on the icon a list of available updates will be displayed To update your system click the button to launch the Red Hat Update Agent If you are not registered with Red Hat Network it will launch the registration component Right click on the applet icon for a list of options from which to choose Q Figure 2 5 Red Hat Network Notification Tool The Authentication Icon The key icon that is sometimes displayed in the Notification Area is a security notification that di
13. Other Preferences a C Run in terminal Remember application association for this type of file Figure A 14 The Open With Dialog Box A 8 KMail KMail is an email tool for KDE It has an intuitive graphical interface similar to Evolution that allows you to send and receive email using a graphical interface To open KMail click on the Main Menu gt Internet gt More Internet Applications gt KMail Before you can really use KMail you must configure it so it can send and receive mail To run the configuration tool select Settings from the KMail toolbar and click on Configure KMail The Configure Mail Client window consists of the following sections Identities Network Appear ance Composer Security and Folders To begin sending and receiving messages you will have to change the settings in the Identities and Network tabs Have your email information from your ser vice provider or administrator handy so that you can fill in the required information to begin using KMail For additional information refer to the KMail user manual Help gt KMail Handbook or visit KMail s homepage at http kmail kde org Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 145 File Edit View Go Folder Message Tools Settings Help JESA bR Th Folder v unread Total Subject Receiver Date 0 Local Folders ahi john localhost localdomain Today
14. Red Hat Linux includes a graphical utility called File Roller that can compress decompress and archive files and directories File Roller supports common UNIX and Linux file compression and archiving formats and has a simple interface and extensive help documentation if you need it It is also integrated into the desktop environment and graphical file manager to make working with archived files easier To start File Roller click Main Menu gt Accessories gt File Roller You can also start File Roller from a shell prompt by typing ile roller Figure 14 1 shows File Roller in action o If you are using a file manager such as Nautilus you can double click the file you wish to unarchive or decompress to start File Roller The File Roller browser window will appear with the decom pressed unarchived file in a folder for you to extract or browse Ele Actions Options Windows Help DS ziS 9 ajo New Open Close Add Extract 2 up Current Location errata Name y size Type Modified Path Gi cont Folder Gas Folder E data Folder Gi images Folder fw Folder GD modules Folder Di oracle Folder Di templates Folder Gimp Folder __ cvsignore 25 bytes unknown type 11 Apr 2001 17 01 errata htaccess 181 bytes unknown type 26 Nov 2001 11 45 errata _ approve cgi 4 1K CGI program 07 Feb 2002 10 21 errata cci pi 12 7K Petlscript 25 Jan 2002 13 58 errata defparams pl 21 8K Pe
15. by default the name of your group is the same as your login name Elle Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween etc cd usr sam Halloween usr 1s 1 total 204 E drwxr xr x 2 root root 61440 Aug 15 17 56 bin drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Feb 6 1996 dict drwxr xr x 3 root root 4096 Aug 14 05 32 doc drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Feb 6 1996 etc drwxr xr x 4 root root 4096 Aug 14 04 49 games drwxr xr x 194 root root 12288 Aug 14 06 22 include drwxr xr x 8 root root 4096 Aug 2 16 09 kerberos drwxr xr x 134 root root 69632 Aug 15 17 56 lib drwxr xr x 12 root root 4096 Aug 15 17 56 libexec drwxr xr x 12 root root 4096 Aug 14 04 09 local root root 12288 Aug 14 15 36 sbin root root 8192 Aug 15 17 56 share drwxr xr x 4 root root 4096 Aug 14 05 08 sre lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 14 04 09 tmp gt var tmp drwxr xr x 9 root root 4096 Aug 14 05 18 X11R6 sam Halloween usr ff Figure 13 11 Permissions for sneakers txt Other information to the right of the group includes file size date and time of file creation and file name The first column shows current permissions it has ten slots The first slot represents the type of file The remaining nine slots are actually three sets of permissions for three different categories of users For example ZEW EWES 106 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics Those three sets are the owner of the file the group in which the file belongs and others meaning other user
16. help Creates a directory mkdir directory 150 Appendix C A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands Command s Linux Basic Linux Example Purpose Displays your chdir pwd pwd location in the file system Changes directories cd cd directory directory with a specified pathname pathname path absolute path cd ed sa em Changes directories with a relative path Displays the time time Shows amount of m RAM in use a Gedit is a graphical text editor other editors you can use in place of Gedit include Emacs and Vi b This formats a disk for the DOS file system c You can also use info for some commands d The more pager can also be used to page through a file one screen at a time e The mv command can both move a file and if you want to rename a file in the same directory move that file to the same directory with a new name as seen in this example Table C 1 Similar Commands O redhat Appendix D System Directories This is a list of the primary Red Hat Linux system directories Each directory is described briefly For additional directory information refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide and the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide bin Used to store user commands The directory usr bin also stores user commands e sbin Location of many system commands such as shutdown The directory usr sbin also contains many system commands e root The home directory o
17. j Konqueror will open up in a window on your desktop allowing you to navigate through your home directory and throughout your Red Hat Linux file system After exploring you can return to your home directory by clicking the Home button on the toolbar Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help j eae fae FASA GO FEBS AANER E 2 E Location 5 file home john y FF Home Directory A Desktop gt N i Sigs J Q Bimages Desktop figs A Bkde BS 2 Items 0 Files 2 Directories L4 Figure A 8 The Konqueror File Manager Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 141 You can navigate through the file system by clicking on folders within the main window frame or through the hierarchical file system viewer on the navigation panel as shown in Figure A 8 Files and folders in the main window frame can be moved or copied to another folder or sent to the trash You can also delete files and folders by right clicking on the item and choosing Delete Konqueror also displays thumbnail icons for text images PostScript PDF files and Web files It can also preview sounds from digital audio files A 5 1 The Navigation Panel Another useful feature of Konqueror is the navigation panel This panel appears on the left side of the Konqueror file browser window by default The navigation panel makes many of your sytem resources available to you in convenient tabbed icons Fi
18. mutt muttre When you launch mutt the first thing you see is a screen with a list of email messages This initial menu is called the index Chapter 7 Email Applications 51 File Edit Settings Help Figure 7 8 mutt Main Screen These messages are in a default mail folder often called the mailspool that you can think of as your inbox Use the K and J keys on your keyboard to move the highlighted cursor up and down the list of messages In the index or pager views use the R key to reply to a message or the M key to create a new one Mutt will prompt for the To address and the Subject line A text editor defined by your EDITOR environmental variable in the configuration file will then launch allowing you to compose your message Type your message save your file and exit the editor After editing your email Mutt displays the compose menu where you can customize your message headers change the encoding add file attachments or simply press the Y key to send your email on its way To learn more about mutt refer to the man pages for mutt rc and mutt type man muttrc or man mutt at the shell prompt You may also find the mutt manual to be very helpful The mutt manual is installed in usr share doc mutt 1 2 x where x is the version number of mutt installed on your system 52 Chapter 7 Email Applications O redhat Chapter 8 Printer Configuration Most computer users either own a printer at home or use o
19. network interface card configuring NFS shares configuring Samba shares managing yout software using RPM and much more Red Hat Linux Reference Guide toa This quide provides background information and solutions el Total install size 4 188 Megabytes Figure 1 12 Package Management Tool Displaying Documentation Available for Installation After you have installed the documentation packages you want you can access them at any time by clicking Main Menu gt Documentation If you have downloaded individual documentation RPM packages from the Red Hat website at http www redhat com docs you can install these manuals from a shell prompt Open a shell prompt and type the following at the command line su Chapter 1 Getting Started 11 Press Enter You will be asked for your root password Enter the password at the prompt and press Enter You are now logged in as root To install all of the Red Hat Linux manuals change to the directory that contains the RPM files and type the following rpm ivh rhl rpm Press Enter To install only certain manuals replace rhl rpm with the full file name of the manual that you want to install For example the file name for the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide will look something like rhl gsg en 9 noarch rpm so you would type the following to install it on your system rpm ivh mnt cdrom rhl gsg en 9 noarch rpm Press Enter Type exit at the command line and pr
20. recursive This option lists the contents of all directories below the current directory recur sively e S size Sorts files by their sizes 13 6 Locating Files and Directories There will be times when you know a file or directory exists but you will not know where to find it Search for a file or directory with the Locate command With locate you will see every file or directory whose name contains the search criterion For example if you want to search for all files with the word finger in the name type locate finger The locate command uses a database to locate files and directories that have the word finger in the file or directory name The search results could include a file called finger txt a file called pointerfinger txt a directory named fingerthumbnails and so on To learn more about locate read the locate man page type man locate ata shell prompt Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 95 The locate command works very quickly as long as the database is up to date That database is automatically updated on a nightly basis through a cron job cron is a small program that runs in the background performing various tasks such as updating the Locate database at regularly scheduled intervals 0 Cron is a daemon that executes tasks at regularly scheduled intervals To read the cron man page type man cron at the shell prompt Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for more infor mation on cron The cro
21. 1 inbox 4 J outbox trash drafts z gt To john localhostlocaldomain Date Today 14 58 00 KMail is easy to use See you later Sincerely George 1 message 0 unread Figure A 15 KMail Main Screen Once you have your email settings configured you can begin sending and receiving email The folders on the left side of the KMail screen allow you to view emails you have received emails ready to be sent emails you have sent and more To compose a mail click on the new message icon in the tool bar Message Edit View Options Attach Tools Settings Help 49 GOSH SB PUN Gs o jimmy example com E e f a Subject New Website SSY I Q Hey Jimmy I found a cool new company They make an operating system called Red Hat Linux installed it on my computer and I m using it to send you this email right now http www redhat com Take a look at it Linux is great Talk to you soon John Column 5 Line 12 Figure A 16 KMail New Email Message Screen 146 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to send the email to click Send in the toolbar A 9 Customizing KDE KDE allows you to configure the desktop and your system to suit your needs The KDE Control Center available by selecting Main Menu gt Control Center lets you cust
22. 16 Frequently Asked Questions If you are trying to start an application from the shell prompt and it is not working try typing out the full directory path before the name of the application s executable such as usr local bin my executable For example imagine that you have downloaded the setiathome client application and want to try it out You follow the directions for installing the software which creates a subdirectory in your home directory called set i Now start the application using the full path to the executable file as shown below home joe seti setiathome The reason you may need to type the full pathnames in order to start an application is because the executable was not placed in a directory where your user shell environment knew it could be found such as usr local bin You can customize your settings so that you are not required to use the type the full path to the application each time To do this you will have to edit your PATH environment variable 16 3 1 Editing Your PATH If you frequently start programs that are not located in a directory that your user shell has been configured to search you will have to edit your user shell configuration file to add the directory containing the executable you wish to run You can do this by adding the directory to your PATH environment variable QO caution These instructions are intended only for user accounts Avoid modifying files such as the root user s bash_p
23. 85 113 34 Related B0OkS ire eieiei EEEE NEE ENEE KE EERE EET 12 Working with Digital Cameras ssesseseseoseororeseeseoreseoreseoreoroseseesroroseoresroresreseseesroreseoseeroreseosesrene 1D 1s Using St KAM oohr iii ea eR EA NEERA ER E E EE 13 Shell Prompt Basics ssssssssssssssssssssescssssssssessasesssesessesssssssesessesssesessesssssssessssesssssessesesesoseeves 13 1 Why Use a Shell Prompt 13 2 The History of the Shell a 13 3 Determining Your Current Directory with pwd 90 13 4 Changing Directories with cd 13 5 View Directory Contents with Is 13 6 Locating Files and Directories 2 94 13 7 Printing From The Command Line eee ce ceeseseeeeeeeceeseseeeeseeeseesenensesaeaeees 95 13 8 Clearing and Resetting the Terminal cece ces eseeseeeeceeeeeseeesacseseeesesaesaaeees 95 13 9 Manipulating Files with cat eee 13 971 Sins R ditection einn aea eia e i A lau RSA 13 9 2 Appending Standard Output 00 0 ce cece ceceeseeeeeeeescseseeecesseseseseseeesaeseees 13 9 3 Redirecting Standard Input vee 13 10 Pipes andiPagers accretive ETEEN EE ATE N i 99 13 101 The more Commiatid s sinnsir itar iy 100 13 11 More Commands for Reading Text Files 101 13 11 1 The head Command 101 13 11 2 The tail Command 13 11 3 The grep Command 101 101 13 11 4 T O Redirection and Pipes 102 13 11 5 Wildcards and Regular Expressions cccccccsseeee
24. CD Player Preferences 10 2 Playing Digital Audio Files Digital audio has become very popular in recent years Users enjoy the technology because the sound quality is excellent compared to analog tape or records and the files are compact audio files can easily be transferred across the Internet To take advantage of this technology Red Hat Linux includes the powerful X Multimedia System XMMS a cross platform multimedia player which allows you to play several digital audio file formats 74 Chapter 10 Audio Video and General Amusement resco Figure 10 3 XMMS Interface XMMS can be used for more than just playing digital audio files By default XMMS can play Ogg Vorbis RIFF wave and most module formats Additionally XMMS can be extended via plugins to play a number of other digital multimedia formats To launch XMMS go to Main Menu gt Sound amp Video gt XMMS To launch XMMS from a shell prompt type the command xmms 10 2 1 Using XMMS To play an audio file with XMMS click the Open button gana choose a file from the Load File s window Create Dir Delete Fie Rename Fite Awork Ogg v Directories Files 7 baby s got bluecurves ogg 7 blastin offogg club docs blues ogg dialicious ogg nullifier ogg playlist pls thl 8 0 theme ogg x x Add selected files Add all files in directory Sele
25. Console Login During installation if you selected an installation type other than Workstation or Personal Desktop and chose text as your login type you will see a login prompt similar to the following after booting your system Red Hat Linux release 9 Kernel 2 4 18 14 on an i686 localhost login Unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname which is primarily used in a network setting your machine will probably be called Localhost localdomain To log in as root from the console type root at the login prompt press Enter then type the root password that you chose during installation at the password prompt and press Enter To log in as a normal user type your username at the login prompt press Enter type your password that you selected when creating the user at the password prompt and press Enter After logging in you can type the command startx to start the graphical desktop 1 4 Graphical Interface When you installed Red Hat Linux you had the opportunity to install a graphical environment Once you start the X Window System you will find a graphical interface known as a desktop similar to Figure 1 9 Chapter 1 Getting Started 7 SILLS Lekn O ee Figure 1 9 The Graphical Desktop 1 5 Opening a Shell Prompt The desktop offers access to a shell prompt an application that allows you to type commands instead of using a graphical interface for all computing activities While the
26. Creator window will automatically display You can also double click your home directory icon from the desktop and choose Go gt CD Creator from the window menus You can also type burn in the Location bar to start CD Creator books 33items Figure 4 5 The CD Creator Interface in Nautilus Open a new Nautilus window and select the files or directories you want to write to CD R W To select multiple files press and hold the Ctrl key and click on the files and folders Then release the Ctrl key press and hold the left mouse button and drag the files and folders to the CD Creator window When you are ready to write the files to your CD R W click the Write to CD button in the CD Creator window which displays a dialog box where you can select the writing speed name the CD and choose other options You have selected 88 megabyte of files to be written to the CD Target to write to PHILIPS CDRW2010 z Write speed Maximum Possible z CD name Personal Data Feb 13 2003 Eject CD when done Reuse these files for another CD Write files to CD Figure 4 6 The CD Creator Write Dialog Box 28 Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs Click the Write files to CD button to start burning A status window displays the writing progress as shown in Figure 4 7 E writing to CD Please wait Writing CD Cancel Figure 4 7 The CD Creator Wr
27. Eie Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween cat lt sneakers txt buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make sone coffee relax sam Halloween J Figure 13 9 Redirecting Standard Input 100 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 13 10 Pipes and Pagers In Linux pipes connect the standard output of one command to the standard input of another com mand Consider the 1s command that was discussed earlier There are plenty of options available with 1s but what if the contents of a directory scroll by too quickly for you to view them View the contents of the etc directory with the command ls al etc How do you get a closer look at the output before it moves off the screen One way is to pipe the output to a utility called less a pager utility that allows you to view informa tion one page or screen at a time Use the vertical bar to pipe the commands ls al etc less Now you can view the contents of etc one screen at a time To move forward a screen press Space to move back a screen press B to quit press Q Alternatively you can use the arrow keys to navigate with less To search the output of a text file using less press and then type the keyword you want to search for within the file For example Linux To read startup messages more closely at a shell prompt type dmesg less Y
28. Figure 2 2 The Panel 2 2 1 Using the Main Menu You can click on the Main Menu button S to expand it into a large set of menus that allow you to access the applications on your system From here you can start most applications included in Red Hat Linux Notice that in addition to the recommended applications you can also access additional applications within each sub menu These sub menus give you access to a full range of applications on your system From the Main Menu you can also log out run applications from a command line find files and lock your screen which runs a password protected screen saver 2 2 2 Using Applets Applets are small applications that run on the panel Applets let you monitor various aspects of your system Some applets perform useful tasks while others are designed to be entertaining There are a few applets that run on your panel by default These applets are fairly important and are covered in the following list Workspace Switcher The graphical desktop gives you the ability to use multiple workspaces so you do not have to have all of your running applications crowding one viewable desktop area The Workspace Switcher represents each workspace or desktop in small squares and show the applications running on them Click on one of the squares with your mouse to move to that desktop You can also use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl Alt up arrow Ctrl Alt down arrow Ctrl Alt right arrow or
29. Finding Commands Quickly I was looking at a man page yesterday but I cannot remember the name of the command I was reading about and I did not write it down How do I get the man page back The command you used will most likely be stored in a file called bash_history By default this file records the last 500 commands you typed at the shell prompt You can glimpse the history of your commands by typing history at the shell prompt but the results will speed by too quickly for your to read ever line Another way to view bash_history is with a utility such as less Type less bash_history at the shell prompt and the results will display one page at a time To move forward a screen press the Space bar to move back a screen press the b key and to quit press q Paging through bash_history to find a command can be tedious Alternatively you can search through the file for keywords using grep a powerful search utility Say you were reading the man page the day before but cannot recall its name To search for the command type history grep man You will see a list of all the commands you typed which have the word man in them There are plenty of ways to your command history For other tips and tricks see Section 16 6 Tips on Using Command History Chapter 16 Frequently Asked Questions 131 16 6 Tips on Using Command History What are some other ways I can use command history If you type history you will see a numb
30. Hierarchy Standard FHS The FHS guidelines help to standardize the way system programs and files are stored on all Linux systems To learn more about the FHS refer to the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide You can also visit the FHS website at http www pathname com fhs 14 2 Identifying and Working with File Types If you are new to Linux you may see certain file types that you do not recognize because of their unfamiliar extension A file s extension is the last part of a file s name after the final dot in the file sneakers txt txt is that file s extension Here is a brief listing of file extensions and their meanings 14 2 1 Compressed and Archived Files e bz2 a file compressed with bzip2 e gz a file compressed with gzip e tar a file archived with tar short for tape archive also known as a tar file e tbz a tarred and bzipped file e tgz a tarred and gzipped file e zip a file compressed with ZIP compression commonly found in MS DOS applications Most compressed files for Linux use the gzip compression so finding a zip archive for Linux files is rare For information on working with bzip2 gzip and tar files refer to Section 14 3 File Compression and Archiving 14 2 2 File Formats e au an audio file e gif a GIF image file html htm an HTML file e jpg a JPEG image file pdf an electronic image of a document PDF stands for Portable Document Format e
31. If you type part of a file command or pathname and then press the Tab key bash will present you with either the remaining portion of the file path or a beep if sound is enabled on your system If you get a beep just press Tab again to obtain a list of the files paths that match what has been typed so far For example if you forget the command updatedb but remember a portion of the command you can su to root then at the shell prompt type up press the Tab key twice and you will see a list of possible completions including updatedb and upt ime By typing the partial command upd and pressing Tab again your command is completed for you 13 13 Using Multiple Commands Linux allows you to enter multiple commands at one time The only requirement is that you separate the commands with a semicolon Suppose you have downloaded a new file called foobar 1 3 2 1386 rpm and you want to put it in a new subdirectory within your home directory called rpms but the subdirectory has not been cre ated You can combine both the creation of the rpms directory and the moving of your downloaded file into the directory by typing the following at a shell prompt mkdir rpms mv foobar 1 3 2 1386 rpm rpms Running the combination of commands creates the directory and moves the file in one line Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 105 13 14 Ownership and Permissions Earlier in this chapter when you tried to change to root s login director
32. List information about the FILEs the current directory by default Sort entries alphabetically if none of cftuSUX nor sort Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too a all do not hide entries starting with A almost all do not list implied and author print the author of each file g Figure 1 11 Reading a Man Page with the Shell Prompt Ki To navigate the man page you can use the Page Down and Page Up keys or use the Spacebar to move down one page and B to move up To exit the man page type Q To search a man page for keywords type and then a keyword or phrase and press Enter All instances of the keyword will be highlighted throughout the man page allowing you to quickly read the keyword in context 10 Chapter 1 Getting Started 1 7 1 2 Printing a Man Page Printing man pages is a useful way to archive commonly used commands perhaps in bound form for quick reference If you have a printer available and configured for use with Red Hat Linux refer to Chapter 8 Printer Configuration for more information you can print a man page by typing the following command at a shell prompt man command col b lpr The example above combines separates commands into one unique function man command will out put the contents of the command man page to col which formats the contents to fit within a printed page The Lpr command sends the forma
33. The mke2fs utility has a number of options The c option makes the mke2 s command check the device for bad blocks before creating the file system The other options are covered in the mke2fs man page Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette it is ready to be used with your Red Hat Linux system 26 Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs 4 2 CD ROMs The CD ROM format is a popular medium to deliver typically large software applications as well as multimedia games and presentations Most of the software that can be purchased from retail outlets come in the form of CD ROMs This section shows you how to use CD ROMs on your Red Hat Linux system 4 2 1 Using CD ROMs with Your File Manager By default CDs are automatically mounted and the file manager is displayed allowing you to explore the contents of the CD Figure 4 4 shows the contents of a CD ROM within the Nautilus file manager fle Edt View Go Bookmarks Help p la w A Location mnyedram m Viewas icons aS we ad if ics Netcat Ngrep Nmap OpenssH 2 hems items su P e e i D D Sara Litem pa 5 Sron Swatch tcpdump Tnpure lal Figure 4 4 Contents of a CD ROM in Nautilus A CD desktop icon also appears which you can use to unmount and eject your CD ROM after use Right click on the icon to view all of the available choices For example to unmount and eject the CD ROM choose Eject from the menu 4 2 2 Using C
34. a user to initiate actions such as starting applications and opening files using a mouse and keyboard Icons are small images representing an application folder shortcut or system resource such as a diskette drive Launcher icons usually refer to application shortcuts Man page and Info page Man short for manual and Info pages give detailed information about a command or file man pages tend to be brief and provide less explanation than Info pages For example to read the man page for the su command type man su ata shell prompt or type info su for the info page To close man or Info pages press q Panel A desktop toolbar usually located across the bottom of your desktop such as Figure 1 6 The panel contains the Main Menu button and shortcut icons to start commonly used programs Panels can also be customized to suit your needs SOSES 96 a5 oe Figure 1 6 The Desktop Panel e Root Root is an administrative user account created during installation and has complete access to the system You must be logged in as root to accomplish certain system administration tasks such as changing administrative passwords and running system configuration tools User accounts are created so that typical user tasks can be done without using the root account which can reduce the chance of damaging your Red Hat Linux installation or applications permanently RPM RPM stands for RPM Package manager and is how Red Hat builds and delivers its s
35. and monitor you should be able to start an X session and enjoy your graphical desktop environment 10 5 Games Playing games under Red Hat Linux is a fun way to pass the time The games included in Red Hat Linux appeal to quite a large number of video game enthusiasts Whether you enjoy card games like Chapter 10 Audio Video and General Amusement 77 Aisle Riot a solitaire card game arcade games like Tux Racer board games like Chess or space shooting games like Chromium and Maelstrom you can find it in Red Hat Linux To start a game click Main Menu gt Games and select the game of your choice Figure 10 7 shows a fun game for kids of all ages called Same GNOME In this game you point your mouse at matching marbles until they start to spin then you can click them to make them disappear The object of the game is to make all the marbles disappear Figure 10 7 Same GNOME Match the Marbles Game 10 6 Finding Games Online There are many more games available within Red Hat Linux and online For more information here are a few suggestions e http www linuxgaming net A website that covers Linux compatible games in depth http www tuxgames com A store where you can buy games just for Linux http www linuxgames com a Linux gaming news site http happypenguin org the Linux gaming repository You can also browse the Internet for linux games using a search engine such as http
36. are not included in Mozilla To use Galeon a working installation of Mozilla is required Galeon uses Mozilla s HTML and image renderer and plug in system to display Web and multimedia content 42 Chapter 6 Web Browsing To launch Galeon go to Main Menu gt Internet gt More Internet gt Galeon The first time you launch Galeon it will take you through the configuration process Welcome to Galeon Galeon is a GNOME web browser based on the Mozilla rendering engine The following pages will help you to setup Galeon Back D New l X Cancel Figure 6 5 Configuring Galeon During the initial configuration you have the option of importing bookmarks and preferences from Mozilla or other Web applications you may have installed on your system You can also configure Galeon personal toolbar with bookmarks integrated search features and even browser navigation shortcuts Once you have finished your configuration of Galeon the main browser will appear File Edit View Tab Settings Go Bookmarks Tools Help lt pcky bY OG Os Google Dictionary aw lt SUE 100 hitp wnw gnome oraf Pl GNOME is Computing made easy The GNOME project has built a complete free and easy to use desktop environment for the user as well as a powerful application framework for the software developer GNOME is part of the GNU project and is free software
37. are updated Using the f option tail automatically print new messages from an open file to the screen in real time For example to actively watch var 1log messages type the following at a shell prompt as the root user tail f var log messages 102 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 13 11 3 The grep Command The grep command is useful for finding specific character strings in a file For example if you want to find every reference made to coffee in the file sneakers txt you would type grep coffee sneakers txt You would see every line in that file where the word coffee is found om Unless otherwise specified grep searches are case sensitive That means that searching for Coffee is different than searching for coffee Among grep s options is i which allows for a case insensitive search through a file Read the grep man page for more about this command 13 11 4 I O Redirection and Pipes You can use pipes and output redirection when you want to store and or print information to read at a later time You can for example use grep to search for particular contents of a file then have those results either saved as a file or sent to a printer To print the information about references to coffee in sneakers txt for example just type grep coffee sneakers txt lpr 13 11 5 Wildcards and Regular Expressions What if you forget the name of the file you are looking for Using wildcards or regular expressions yo
38. at a shell prompt 2 If you are not logged in as root you will be prompted for your root password 3 The window shown in Figure 1 10 will appear Click Add User File Ererences Help B Add User Add Group Prove le Users aroups 3 Delete a amp Help Refresh Soweh fiter Apply titer Usor Name User ID Primary Group Full Name Login Shel Home Directory ea 52 jey 503 prey sam 50 sam tammy so tammy jon bash bin bash binvash binibash nomeraa homer ray Mmomersam Inomeriammy Chapter 1 Getting Started Figure 1 10 The Red Hat User Manager 4 In the Create New User dialog box enter a username this can be an abbreviation or nickname the full name of the user for whom this account is being created and a password which you will enter a second time for verification The name of this user s home directory and the name of the login shell should appear by default For most users you can accept the defaults for the other configuration options Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for details about additional options 5 Click OK The new user will appear in the user list signaling that the user account creation is complete To create a user account from a shell prompt 1 Open a shell prompt 2 If you are not logged in as root type the command su and enter the root password 3 Type useradd followed
39. by a space and the username for the new account you are creating at the command line for example useradd jsmith Press Enter Often usernames are variations on the user s name such as jsmith for John Smith User account names can be anything from the user s name initials or birthplace to something more creative 4 Type passwd followed by a space and the username again for example passwd jsmith 5 At the New password prompt enter a password for the new user and press Enter 6 At the Retype new password prompt enter the same password to confirm your selection Important You should take precautions when you choose a password The password is the key to your account so it should be both unique and easy for you to remember Your password should be at least six characters You can use both uppercase and lowercase letters as well as numbers and characters Avoid easy selections such as qwerty or password If you want to pick an easy to remember but somewhat unique password consider a variation of a word such as alrP14nE for airplane 1 7 Documentation and Help There are several resources available to get the information you need to use and configure your Red Hat Linux system Along with the Red Hat Linux documentation there are manual pages documents that detail usage of important applications and files INFO pages which break information about an Chapter 1 Getting Started 9 application down by context sensitive
40. by using a text editor such as gedit or vi Or To learn more about file read the man page by typing man file For more information on helpful commands for reading files see Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 14 3 File Compression and Archiving Sometimes it is useful to store a group of files in one file so that they can be backed up easily transferred to another directory or even transferred to a different computer It is also sometimes useful to compress files into one file so that they use less disk space and download faster via the Internet It is important to understand the distinction between an archive file and a compressed file An archive file is a collection of files and directories that are stored in one file The archive file is not compressed it uses the same amount of disk space as all the individual files and directories combined A 114 Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories compressed file is a collection of files and directories that are stored in one file and stored in a way that uses less disk space than all the individual files and directories combined If you do not have enough disk space on your computer you can compress files that you do not use very often or files that you want to save but do not use anymore You can even create an archive file and then compress it to save disk space f Note An archive file is not compressed but a compressed file can be an archive file 14 3 1 Using File Roller
41. command line and press Enter to invoke a command Sometimes a command contains words that would be displayed in a different style on their own such as filenames In these cases they are considered to be part of the command so the entire phrase will be displayed as a command For example Use the cat test file command to view the contents of a file named test file in the current working directory filename Filenames directory names paths and RPM package names are represented this way This style should indicate that a particular file or directory exists by that name on your Red Hat Linux system Examples The bashrc file in your home directory contains bash shell definitions and aliases for your own use The etc fstab file contains information about different system devices and filesystems Install the webalizer RPM if you want to use a Web server log file analysis program application This style indicates that the program is an end user application as opposed to system software For example Use Mozilla to browse the Web Introduction iii key A key on the keyboard is shown in this style For example To use Tab completion type in a character and then press the Tab key Your terminal will display the list of files in the directory that start with that letter key combination A combination of keystrokes is represented in this way For example The Ctrl Alt Backspace key combination will exit your gra
42. correct Refer to Section 8 4 Printing a Test Page for details If you need to print characters beyond the basic ASCII set including those used for languages such as Japanese you must review your driver options and select Prerender Postscript Refer to Section 8 5 Modifying Existing Printers for details You can also configure options such as paper size if you edit the print queue after adding it 56 Chapter 8 Printer Configuration 8 4 Printing a Test Page After you have configured your printer you should print a test page to make sure the printer is func tioning properly To print a test page select the printer that you want to try out from the printer list then select the appropriate test page from the Test pulldown menu If you change the print driver or modify the driver options you should print a test page to test the different configuration Action Help B CUPS test page New QUS Letter PostScript test page Queue nam a4 PostScript test page Q ASCII text test page A Japanese EUC text test page amp Japanese JIS text test page amp Japanese SJIS text test page amp Japanese EUC PostScript test page Japanese JIS PostScript test page amp Japanese SJIS PostScript test page amp Duplex test JPEG test Figure 8 5 Test Page Options 8 5 Modifying Existing Printers To delete an existing printer select the printer and click the Delete button on the toolbar The printer is removed from the printe
43. data sent to it Only select this option if there are problems printing If this option is selected the print driver assumes that any data that it can not recognize is text and attempts to print it as text If this option is selected along with the Convert Text to Postscript option the print driver assumes the unknown data is text and then converts it to PostScript This option is only available with the LPRng printing system Prerender Postscript should be selected if characters beyond the basic ASCII set are being sent to the printer but they are not printing correctly such as Japanese characters This option prerenders non standard PostScript fonts so that they are printed correctly Tf the printer does not support the fonts you are trying to print try selecting this option For example select this option to print Japanese fonts to a non Japanese printer Extra time is required to perform this action Do not choose it unless problems printing the correct fonts exist Also select this option if the printer can not handle PostScript level 3 This option converts it to PostScript level 1 GhostScript pre filtering allows you to select No pre filtering Convert to PS level 1 or Convert to PS level 2 in case the printer can not handle certain PostScript levels This option is only available if the PostScript driver is used with the CUPS printing system Convert Text to Postscript is selected by default If the printer can print pla
44. default each image in the slide show is presented for 4 seconds You can stop the slide show at any time by pressing Esc or by moving your mouse cursor and clicking the Restore Normal View pop up button that appears on the top left corner of the screen 11 1 2 1 Changing your Desktop Wallpaper with gThumb To change your desktop wallpaper with gThumb right click on an image choose Set Image as Wallpaper and then choose the orientation of the image You can center the image on the page which sets the image at its native resolution on the desktop and fills the rest of the space with the default desktop color if the image is smaller than your desktop resolution You can also tile the image which fills your desktop with multiple instances of the image You can also scale and stretch the image which resizes the image from its native resolution to fit your screen size To restore your desktop wallpaper to its default right click anywhere in the main gallery area and choose Set Image as Wallpaper gt Restore 11 1 2 2 Configuring gThumb gThumb allows you to customize several settings by choosing Edit gt Preferences 82 Chapter 11 Working with Images The preferences pop up menu lets advanced users change several of the default gThumb behaviors You can choose the layout of the application window customize a default image directory on startup change thumbnail preview sizes and change the interval between cycled images during a slide sh
45. down for Show Thumbnails Disabling this and other previewing feature increases the speed of Nautilus 2 4 Start Here Eile Edit View Go Bookmarks Help 4 gt 40 9 6 Stop Reload Home Location start here 9007 View as Icons Y E 2 Applications Preferences System Settings Figure 2 9 The Start Here Window Start Here was designed to hold all of the tools and applications you need to access when using your system From your favorite applications to system and configuration tools the Start Here window provides a central location for using and customizing your system You can access the Start Here screen at any time by double clicking on the desktop icon labeled Start Here The Start Here screen includes icons that allow you to access your favorite applications desktop preferences Main Menu items server configuration tools and system settings 18 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop Or You can add your favorite locations to the Bookmarks Navigate to the location you want to book mark and then select Bookmarks gt Add Bookmark 2 4 1 Customizing the Desktop From the Start Here screen you can select the Preferences icon to configure your desktop which presents you with a wide selection of configuration options The following lists some of the options and tools in each area Background You can configure your background with new colors or a new image To learn more about c
46. filename tar home mine work home mine school The above command places all the files in the work and the school subdirectories of home mine in a new file called filename tar in the current directory To list the contents of a tar file type tar tvf filename tar To extract the contents of a tar file type tar xvf filename tar This command does not remove the tar file but it places copies of its unarchived contents in the current working directory preserving any directory structure that the archive file used For example if the tarfile contains a file called bar t xt within a directory called f00 then extracting the archive file will result in the creation of the directory foo in your current working directory with the file bar txt inside of it Remember the tar command does not compress the files by default To create a tarred and bzipped compressed file use the j option tar cjvf filename tbz file tar files compressed with bzip2 are conventionally given the extension tbz however sometimes users archive their files using the tar bz2 extension The above command creates an archive file and then compresses it as the file filename tbz If you uncompress the filename tbz file with the bunzip2 command the filename tbz file is removed and replaced with filename tar You can also expand and unarchive a bzip tar file in one command Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories 119 tar xjvf filename tbz To create a tarred
47. finding 130 grep 101 head 101 history 130 locate 94 Is 93 keeping output from scrolling 131 Is a 93 Is al 93 ls common options with 94 multiple 104 print working directory pwd 90 pwd 90 reset 96 rm See files deleting rm r See directories deleting stringing together 104 su 92 tail 101 common user questions 127 compressing files 113 conventions document ii copying and pasting text when using X v creating graphics with OpenOffice org Draw 69 creating user accounts 7 156 D date configuration 21 dateconfig See Time and Date Properties Tool desktop See graphical desktop applets 14 background changing 18 81 KDE 135 desktops multiple KDE 138 devices digital cameras 87 DHCP 35 digital cameras 87 directories changing 90 copying 119 deleting 121 descriptions 151 listing contents 93 managing from shell prompt 89 moving 120 diskettes 23 formatting 24 mke2fs 25 mounting 23 unmounting 23 using 23 DNS definition 35 documents 63 OpenOffice org 63 OpenOffice org Writer 64 PDF 72 text files 70 dot files See hidden files drag and drop v drawing OpenOffice org Draw 69 E email clients 45 Evolution 46 KMail 144 Mozilla Mail 48 Newsgroups 49 mutt 50 plain text 50 mutt 50 environment variables PATH 128 errata updating with 125 Evolution See email clients ext2 file system and floppy disks 24 F FAQ 127 acce
48. interactive prompts for your input during scripts or programs shown this way For example Use the 1s command to display the contents of a directory ls Desktop about html logs paulwesterberg png Mail backupfiles mail reports The output returned in response to the command in this case the contents of the directory is shown in this style prompt A prompt which is a computer s way of signifying that it is ready for you to input something will be shown in this style Examples stephen maturin stephen iv Introduction leopard login user input Text that the user has to type either on the command line or into a text box on a GUI screen is displayed in this style In the following example text is displayed in this style To boot your system into the text based installation program you will need to type in the text command at the boot prompt Additionally we use several different strategies to draw your attention to certain pieces of information In order of how critical the information is to your system these items will be marked as note tip important caution or a warning For example f Note Remember that Linux is case sensitive In other words a rose is not a ROSE is not a rOsE o The directory usr share doc contains additional documentation for packages installed on your system Important If you modify the DHCP configuration file the changes will not take effect until you res
49. newfile 14 4 2 Copying Files Like so many other Linux features there is a variety of ways to manipulate files and directories You can also use wildcards as explained in Section 13 11 5 Wildcards and Regular Expressions to make the process of copying moving or deleting multiple files and directories faster To copy a file type the following command cp lt source gt lt destination gt 120 Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories Replace lt source gt with the name of the file you want to copy and lt destination gt with the name of the directory where you want the file to go So to copy the file sneakers txt to the directory tigger in your home directory move to your home directory and type cp sneakers txt tigger You can use both relative and absolute pathnames with cp Our home directory is the parent of the directory tigger tigger is one directory down from our home directory Or To learn more about relative and absolute pathnames refer to Section 13 4 Changing Directories with cd Read the cp man page type man cp at the shell prompt for a full list of the options available with cp Among the options you can use with cp are the following e i interactive Prompts you to confirm if the file is going to overwrite a file in your destination This is a handy option because it can help prevent you from making mistakes e r recursive Rather than just copying all the specified files and directori
50. selecting Main Menu Button on the Panel gt System Tools gt Print Manager To change the printer settings right click on the icon for the printer and select Properties The Printer Configuration Tool is then started Double click on a configured printer to view the print spool queue as shown in Figure 8 8 Printer Edit View Help Document Towner Job Number size frime Submitted anaconda ks cfg root 2048 bytes Wed 18 Dec 2002 01 23 58 AM EST 1 job in queue printer Figure 8 8 List of Print Jobs To cancel a specific print job listed in the GNOME Print Manager select it from the list and select Edit gt Cancel Documents from the pulldown menu Tf there are active print jobs in the print spool a printer notification icon might appears in the Panel Notification Area of the desktop panel as shown in Figure 8 9 Because it probes for active print jobs every five seconds the icon might not be displayed for short print jobs SOSS3aSSie e a TA Figure 8 9 Printer Notification Icon Clicking on the printer notification icon starts the GNOME Print Manager to display a list of current print jobs Also located on the Panel is a Print Manager icon To print a file from Nautilus browse to the location of the file and drag and drop it on to the Print Manager icon on the Panel The window shown in Figure 8 10 is displayed Click OK to start printing the file 60 Chapter 8 Printer Configuration Printer
51. the directory which requires you to know and type the complete path Using relative paths allows you to change to a directory relative to the directory you are currently in which can be convenient if you are changing to a subdirectory within your current directory The command cd tells your system to go up to the directory immediately above the one in which you are currently working To go up two directories use the cd command Use the following exercise to test what you have learned so far regarding absolute and relative paths From your home directory type the relative path cd etc X11 After using the full command in the example you should be in the directory x11 which is where you will find configuration files and directories related to the X Window System Take a look at your last cd command You told your system to 1 Go up one level to your login directory s parent directory probably home 2 Then go up to that directory s parent which is the root or directory 3 Then go down to the etc directory 4 Finally go to the X11 directory Conversely using an absolute path would get you to the etc X11 directory more quickly For ex ample cd etc X11 Absolute paths start from the root directory and move down to the directory you specify 92 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics Note Always make sure you know which working directory you are in before you state the relative path to the directory o
52. the image in its native size as shown in Figure A 12 Location gat view Go goskma s Tools Setmgs window Help 830 GO gt 3 RAAR Aviom Dreco F Desktop E itis amp WO Sao 4 9 D Location te us share backgrounds images space gal_moon_c3otp3 id Figure A 12 Viewing an Image in Konqueror 144 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment To zoom in and out of an image you first need to change the way Konqueror renders the image From the window menu choose View gt View Mode gt Image Viewer Part This will re display the image and allow you to rotate and zoom in on the image using the two magnifying glass icons or the magnification percentage drop down menu on the toolbar as shown in Figure A 13 65 0 G0 FANG RAAS E Figure A 13 Image viewing configuration on the Konqueror Toolbar You can also open the image with more advanced image viewers as well as with The GIMP Right click on the image choose Open With then Other A pop up menu will appear allowing you to open the application you wish to use To launch the GIMP choose Graphics and scroll down the list of applications Click on the GIMP icon and click OK as seen in Figure A 14 Open with E gt gimp 8 Known Applications k J PDF Viewer a Scanning Screen Capture Program 2 The GIMP WaHelp iHome Internet Office
53. the owner and group can read and write to the file Anyone outside of the group can only read the file r eaution Remember that file permissions are a security feature Whenever you allow anyone else to read write to and execute files you are increasing the risk of files being tampered with altered or deleted As a rule you should only grant read and write permissions to those who truly need them In the following example you want to allow everyone to write to the file so they can read it write notes in it and save it That means you will have to change the others section of the file permissions Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 107 Take a look at the file first At the shell prompt type ls 1l sneakers txt The previous command displays this file information rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Now type the following chmod o w sneakers txt The o w command tells the system you want to give others write permission to the file sneakers txt To check the results list the file s details again Now the file looks like this rw rw rw 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Now everyone can read and write to the file To remove read and write permissions from sneakers txt use the chmod command to take away both the read and write permissions chmod go rw sneakers txt By typing go rw you are telling the system to remove read and write permissions for the group and for others from the file sneak
54. the status of your system The icons elsewhere on the desktop can be shortcuts to file folders application launchers and short cuts to removable devices such as CD ROM and diskettes when they have been mounted To open a folder or launch an application double click on its icon The menu systems can be found by clicking on the Main Menu button 8 They can also be found by double clicking on the Start Here icon on the desktop and then clicking the Applications icon The desktop works in the manner you might expect it to when working with other operating systems You can drag and drop files and application icons to areas that are easily accessible You can add new 14 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop icons for files and applications to the desktop panel and file manager You can change the appearance of most of the tools and applications and change system settings with provided configuration tools 2 2 Using the Panel The desktop panel is the bar that stretches across the bottom of the screen and holds icons and small applications which makes using your system easier The panel also holds the Main Menu which contains shortcuts for all of your applications Applets embedded on the panel allow you to run specific tasks or monitor your system or services while remaining out of your way The notification area holds alert icons such as the one for Red Hat Network so that you can be quickly alerted to critical messages SSSS8eak Osun
55. the up arrow key to bring back the command then use the left arrow key to get to the point where we missed the e Insert the letter and press Enter again We now see the contents of sneakers txt 104 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics By default up to 500 commands can be stored in the bash command line history file 0 By typing the env command at a shell prompt we can see the environment variable that controls the size of the command line history The line which reads HISTFILESIZE 500 shows the number of commands that bash will store The command line history is actually kept in a file called bash_history in your login directory We can read it in a number of ways by using vi cat less more and others Be aware that the file can be long To read it with the more command from your home directory type more bash_history To move forward a screen press Space to move back a screen press b to quit press q Or To find a command in your history file without having to keep hitting the arrow keys or page through the history file use grep a powerful search utility see Section 13 11 3 The grep Command Here is how you can quickly find a previously used command say you are searching for a command that is similar to cat sneak something You have used the command and you think it might be in your history file At the shell prompt type history grep sneak Another time saving tool is known as command completion
56. to fulfill the dependency issues can be installed by following the steps in Section 15 3 Installation CD ROMs Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for more information about the Package Manage ment Tool L redhat Chapter 16 Frequently Asked Questions This chapter answers some of the most common questions about using Red Hat Linux that you may ask as you become more familiar with it From recovering forgotten passwords to troubleshooting package installation problems this chapter will ease you step by step through some common tasks and get you on your way 16 1 Localhost Login and Password I have installed Red Hat Linux After rebooting I get a message telling me it needs a localhost login and password What are these Unless you specified a host name for your computer or received that information from a network your Red Hat Linux installation will call your machine localhost localdomain by default When you get to that initial prompt it is asking you to log in to your system If you created a user account with the Setup Agent you can log in using that user name and password If you did not create a user account then you can log in as the super user also known as root The root password is the system password you assigned during installation It is highly recommended that you create at least one user account for regular use of your Red Hat Linux system You can create a new user after logging in as root with the User
57. to prevent write or read errors from occurring during the duplication process Click the Write CD button to start the burning process Duplicate CD CD image Info Devices Setup Read Device Speed 1 f Read CD Image Directory Automatic Fy Write Device E Speed i E Verify CD CD to write Write parameters Play Audio Tracks Toc File Copy on the fly CD R RW Type 74min ATIP info A Type Unknown Write Mode Disk At Once DAO Write CD c Track At Once TAO Label C TAO with zero pregap Delete Tracks Size 0MB 0 00 00 Simulati ite Tracks o T Simulation writ F Eject after write F Pad Tracks IT Swap Audio byte order Back to main menu Write CD Blank CD RW Figure 4 9 Using X CD Roast to Duplicate CDs 4 3 2 2 Using X CD Roast to Create a CD It is always recommended to backup personal data and information often in case of hardware failure or file system corruption X CD Roast allows you to backup files on your hard drive partition using Cre ate CD This facility allows you to add files and directories into a CD session using Master Tracks There are other options within the Master Tracks dialog that allows you to configure advanced set tings however the defaults are set correctly to create data CD ROMs so no further configuration is necessary Figure 4 10 shows a session that is preparing the entire home directory for backup 30 Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs
58. txt you would get sneakers txt as a result and or sneakerz txt if there were such a filename Regular expressions are more complex than the straightforward asterisk or question mark When an asterisk for example just happens to be part of a filename as might be the case if the file sneakers txt was called sneak txt that is when regular expressions can be useful Using the backslash you can specify that you do not want to search out everything by using the asterisk but you are instead looking for a file with an asterisk in the name If the file is called sneak txt type sneak txt Here is a brief list of wildcards and regular expressions e Matches all characters e Matches one character in a string Matches the character e Matches the character Matches the character 13 12 Command History and Tab Completion It does not take long before the thought of typing the same command over and over becomes unap pealing One minor typing error can ruin lines of a series of commands One solution is to use the command line history By scrolling with the Up Arrow and Down Arrow keys you can find plenty of your previously typed commands Try it by taking a look again at sneakers txt created in Section 13 9 1 Using Redirection The first time however at the shell prompt type cat sneakrs txt Nothing happens of course because there is no sneakrs txt file No problem Use
59. using absolute pathnames looks like mv sneakers txt home newuser sneakers txt home newuser tigger 14 4 4 Deleting Files and Directories You learned about creating files with the touch command and you created the directory tigger using mkdir Now you need to learn how to delete files and directories Deleting files and directories with the rm command is a straightforward process See the rm man page for more information Options for removing files and directories include i interactive Prompts you to confirm the deletion This option can stop you from deleting a file by mistake f force Overrides interactive mode and removes the file s without prompting This might not be a good idea unless you know exactly what you are doing v verbose Shows the progress of the files as they are being removed e r recursive Will delete a directory and all files and subdirectories it contains To delete the file piglet t xt with the rm command type rm piglet txt waming Once a file or directory is removed with the rm command it is gone permanently and cannot be retrieved Use the i interactive option to give you a second chance to think about whether or not you really want to delete the file rm i piglet txt rm remove piglet txt You can also delete files using the wildcard but be careful because you can easily delete files you did not intend to throw away To remove a file using a
60. wildcard you would type rm pig The above command will remove all files in the directory which start with the letters pig You can also remove multiple files using the rm command For example rm piglet txt sneakers txt You can use rmdir to remove a directory rmdir foo for example but only if the directory is empty To remove directories with rm you must specify the r option For example if you want to recursively remove the directory tigger you would type 122 Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories rm r tigger If you want to combine options such as forcing a recursive deletion you can type rm rf tigger A safer alternative to using rm for removing directories is the rmdir command With this command you will not be allowed to use recursive deletions so a directory which has files in it will not be deleted waming The rm command can delete your entire file system If you are logged in as root and you type the simple command rm rf you are in trouble this command will recursively remove everything on your system Read the rmdir man page man rmdir to find out more about this command redhat Chapter 15 Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages Red Hat Linux consists of various software applications and utilities known as RPM packages A package is just a file that contains a software program This chapter explains three ways to update your system using Red Hat Network using the onl
61. 0 Resutz eee E a i 14 ss PIED a z ZEN Za 19 22 Ffa x 23 24 25 25 a AI Sies UA HIHN Sheet Sheea7Sheets Wal 7 Sheet 1 3 Default 100 finsAt sto Sum 886 85 Figure 9 3 OpenOffice org Calc OpenOffice org Calc allows you to enter and manipulate personal or business data For example you can create a personal budget by entering data descriptions such as rent groceries and utilities into column A and the quantities of those data descriptions in column B OpenOf fice org Calc allows you to enter the data either in the cell itself by double clicking the cell and typing your information or by using the Input Line the text box on the toolbar Then you can run a formula on column B to come up with a total OpenOffice org Calc has several preset func tions and calculations such as SUM for addition multiplication quotient for division and subtotal for preparing receipts For detailed information about creating functions for calcu lating your numerical data in OpenOffice org Calc refer to the documentation by selecting Help gt Contents If you need to create charts or graphs for class or business presentations OpenOffice org has several chart and graph templates available Highlight the areas you would like to chart then click Insert gt Chart In the Chart window the data ranges you chose will be shown in the text box for you to customize further if desired Click Next to disp
62. 5 H Hardware Browser 129 help with KDE finding 135 hidden files 93 history finding commands using 130 157 images additional resources 85 manipulation 79 GIMP 82 viewing 79 79 gThumb 80 Konqueror 143 Nautilus 79 Internet configuring 35 Internet Configuration Wizard 35 introduction i IP address 35 K KDE 135 applets adding 140 multiple desktops 138 customizing 146 desktop 135 desktop icons 136 desktops multiple 138 switching 139 documentation 135 Konqueror navigation panel 141 main menu 137 panel 136 applets 137 switching tasks 139 Taskbar 139 website 135 keyboard shortcuts 153 KMail See email clients Konqueror See Web browsers KDE file manager 140 navigation panel 141 viewing images with 143 158 L less 100 linux commands See shell prompt listing directories See commands Is log in 5 logging in 5 graphical 132 graphical login 6 virtual console login 6 logging out 11 from the desktop 20 KDE 146 login problems using single user mode 132 Is 93 printing output 131 viewing output 131 main menu in KDE 137 on the desktop 14 mke2fs 25 mkisofs 31 mouse how to use v Mozilla See Web browsers Mozilla Mail See email clients music Ogg Vorbis 73 Wave 73 XMMS 73 using 74 mutt See email clients N Nautilus 16 disabling text icons 17 disabling thumbnails 17 viewing images with 79 Network Time P
63. 55 re rw r r 1 sam sam 4092 Dec 18 17 55 redha p ng rw r r 1 sam sam 3556 Dec 18 17 rw r r 1 sam sam 10177 Dec 18 17 rw r r 1l sam sam 2953 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 3230 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 2754 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 2834 Dec 18 17 5 1 sam sam 3006 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 3318 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 3328 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 2350 Dec 18 17 5 1 sam sam 2665 Dec 18 17 55 1 sam sam 2259 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 1935 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 2572 Dec 18 17 5 1 sam sam 2679 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 3754 Dec 18 17 1 sam sam 2857 Dec 18 17 sam Halloween sam Figure 13 4 Sample 1s Output for the etc Directory The following is a short list of some options commonly used with 1s Remember you can view the full list by reading the 1s man page man 1s e a all Lists all the files in the directory including the hidden files filename The and at the top of your list refer to the parent directory and the current directory respectively e 1 long Lists details about contents including permissions modes owner group size creation date whether the file is a link to somewhere else on the system and where its link points e F file type Adds a symbol to the end of each listing These symbols include to indicate a directory to indicate a symbolic link to another file and to indicate an executable file e r reverse Lists the contents of the directory from back to front e R
64. Add gt Application Button and choose the application or resource you wish to add to the panel This automatically adds an icon on the panel You can move the icon anywhere you want on the panel by right clicking the icon and choosing Move Application Button where Applicat ionis the name of the application associated with the icon A 4 4 Configuring the KDE Panel You can hide the panel automatically or manually place it on any edge of your desktop change its size and color and change the way it behaves To alter the default panel settings right click the panel and choose Configure Panel The Settings window will appear allowing you to adjust all panel settings or any one of the specific properties Arrangement Hiding Menus and so on Choose the Hiding tab click Hide automatically and adjust the number of seconds to elapse before the panel is hidden Click Apply then OK to close the Settings dialog The panel will remain hidden until you hover over the panel area to make it reappear A 5 Managing Files Konqueror is the file manager and a Web browser for the KDE desktop Konqueror allows you to configure your KDE desktop configure your Red Hat Linux system play multimedia files browse digital images surf the Web and more from one interface This section explains some of the ways Konqueror can help you work with and enjoy your Red Hat Linux system Vee To start Konqueror for file management click on your home directory icon ir
65. D ROMs From a Shell Prompt You can also manually mount and unmount your CD ROMs from a shell prompt Insert a CD into your CD ROM drive open a shell prompt and type the following command mount mnt cdrom The CD ROM should now be mounted and available for use with your file manager You can access your CD ROM by clicking the home icon on the desktop and typing mnt cdrom in the location bar After working with your CD you must unmount it before you can eject it from your CD ROM drive Close any applications or file managers that are using the CD ROM and type the following command at a shell prompt umount mnt cdrom You can now safely press the eject button on your CD ROM drive to retrieve your CD 4 3 CD Rs and CD RWs CD writable CD R drives have grown in popularity as an inexpensive way to backup and archive sev eral megabytes of data including applications personal files and even multimedia audio video and Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs 27 still image presentations Red Hat Linux includes several tools for using CD Rs and CD rewritable CD RW drives 4 3 1 Using CD Creator If you want to perform a quick file or directory backup to a CD R or CD RW there is a tool included in the Nautilus file manager called CD Creator CD Creator allows you to drag and drop files from a Nautilus window to the CD Creator interface To access the CD Creator feature in Nautilus insert a blank CD R W into your drive and the CD
66. Deskiop 16 Screen Saver 2 nep perus v x gt lt cca Figure A 5 Virtual Desktop Configuration You can change the names of your desktops from Desktop 1 Desktop 2 etc by deleting the default names and typing a new name in each desktop s corresponding text box You can also change the number of desktops available to you by adjusting the slider in the Number of Desktops For more desktops drag the bar to the right for fewer desktops drag the bar to the left The Appearance Behavior and Paths and Background icons are where you can make various desktop configuration changes For example to customize each virtual desktop to have different back grounds click the Background icon uncheck the Common Background checkbox click the virtual desktop you want to change and choose the color or image you want to make your background using the associated tabs Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 139 Change the background settings Appearance Desktop Behavior Multiple Desktops eG Common background Paths A Background wallpaper Advanced m Background Mode Vertical Gradient z Colori Screen Saver Colorz 2 Hep Defaults g X Cancel Figure A 6 Desktop Background Configuration After you make any adjustments to your desktop configuration click Apply to save the changes
67. E Newsletter Every month get the latest news and product infor mation directly from Red Hat To sign up go to http www redhat com apps activate You will find your Product ID on a black red and white card in your Red Hat Linux box vi Introduction To read more about technical support for Red Hat Linux refer to the Getting Technical Support Ap pendix in the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide Good luck and thank you for choosing Red Hat Linux The Red Hat Documentation Team 3 redhat Chapter 1 Getting Started From booting up to shutting down whether you are working or playing Red Hat Linux provides tools and applications to help you get the most out of your computing environment This chapter guides you through some basic tasks that you can perform on your Red Hat Linux system 1 1 Setup Agent The first time you start your Red Hat Linux system the Setup Agent is presented The Setup Agent guides you through the configuration of your Red Hat Linux system Using this tool you can set your system time and date add users to your system install software register your machine with the Red Hat Network and more Setup Agent allows you to configure your environment at the beginning so that you can get started using your Red Hat Linux system quickly Red Hat Linux amo Di Figure 1 1 Setup Agent The Setup Agent first prompts you to create a user account that you should use on a rout
68. Manager graphical tool or the useradd shell prompt utility For more information refer to Section 1 6 Creating a User Account 16 2 Error Messages During Installation of RPMs How do I install an RPM from a CD or the Internet I keep getting an error message when I use rpm If you are getting an error message similar to failed to open var lib rpm packages rpm it is because you do not have proper permission to install RPM files When you install software you are often required to make system wide changes which only root can make such as creating new directories outside of your user home directory or making changes to your system configuration If you are using your normal user account you will not have permission to make such changes by default You need to be the root user in order to install RPM files At a shell prompt switch to the root user by running the following command su After entering the root password when prompted you should then be able to install the RPM file without further errors For more information about using RPM and Package Management Tool refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide on the Red Hat Linux Documentation CD or online at http www redhat com docs 16 3 Starting Applications I installed an application I downloaded from the Internet and everything seemed to go fine but I still get command not found when I type its name I think I have the right name so why will it not start 128 Chapter
69. Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide 3 redhat Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide Copyright 2003 by Red Hat Inc Red Hat Inc 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606 2072 USA Phone 1 919 754 3700 Phone 888 733 4281 Fax 1 919 754 3701 PO Box 13588 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA rhl gsg EN 9 Print RHI 2003 02 20T01 05 Copyright 2003 by Red Hat Inc This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License V1 0 or later the latest version is presently available at http www opencontent org openpub Distribution of substantively modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Distribution of the work or derivative of the work in any standard paper book form for commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder Red Hat Red Hat Network the Red Hat Shadow Man logo RPM Maximum RPM the RPM logo Linux Library PowerTools Linux Undercover RHmember RHmember More Rough Cuts Rawhide and all Red Hat based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat Inc in the United States and other countries Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Motif and UNIX are registered trademarks of The Open Group Intel and Pentium are a registered trademarks of Intel Corporation Itanium an
70. Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide primarily focuses on performing tasks using the graphical interface and graphical tools it is sometimes useful and faster to perform tasks from a shell prompt Refer to Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics for further details You can open a shell prompt by selecting Main Menu gt System Tools gt Terminal You can also start a shell prompt by right clicking on the desktop and choosing New Terminal from the menu To exit a shell prompt click the X button on the upper right corner of the shell prompt window type exit at the prompt or press Ctrl D at the prompt 1 6 Creating a User Account When you first started your Red Hat Linux system after installation you were given the opportunity to create one or more user accounts using the Setup Agent If you did not create at least one account not including the root account you should do so now You should avoid working in the root account for daily tasks There are two ways to create new and or additional user accounts using the graphical User Manager application or from a shell prompt To create a user account graphically using the User Manager 1 Click the Start Here icon on the desktop In the new window that opens click the System Settings icon and then click the Users amp Groups icon You can also select Main Menu gt System Settings gt Users amp Groups from the panel You can also start the User Manager by typing redhat config users
71. Rescan devices to rescan the computer or click Custom device to specify it manually Click Forward to continue Select a queue type Locally connected z Jdev ipo y Rescan devices custom device T Heip Cancel Figure 8 3 Adding a Local Printer The next step is to select the type of printer Go to Section 8 3 Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing to continue 8 3 Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing After selecting the queue type of the printer the next step is to select the printer model You will see a window similar to Figure 8 4 If it was not auto detected select the model from the list The printers are divided by manufacturers Select the name of the printer manufacturer from the pulldown menu The printer models are updated each time a different manufacturer is selected Select the printer model from the list Chapter 8 Printer Configuration 55 Printer model Select the printer manufacturer and model Notes HP v z 2500C 2500CM 2563 hi is Help Cancel gq Back D Eorward Figure 8 4 Selecting a Printer Model The recommended print driver is selected based on the printer model selected The print driver pro cesses the data that you want to print into a format the printer can understand Since a local printer is attached directly to your computer yo
72. Software Professional Services Enterprise Solutions Support amp Docs Training AboutRed Hat Worldwide Linux eio RED HAT NEWS amp EVENT Mandrake Linux Suse Linux january 08 2003 Debian Gnu inux Names Tom Rabor The Apache Software Foundatit 70 ciswit Proliant OL36OR ate s7 Record breaki ng Executive Vice Prd aes mran niian of Corporate Affair Raytel Medical Corporation ausam cost mae 305S performance results earar Related Site Info eccriwoughout 00 495 January 07 2003 1 Traffic ees pricerPertormance C530USS from HP Oracle and gears up to challen i Soria obe Windows on deskt Contact information Database Manag andar Edition Ste stats and Certifications operating system RAMAN agg Red Hat December 31 200 gt Learn more 2002 a good year fi sonra 1002002 source H December 24 2004 Boston Globe Ope Source Software C z the Rules Red Hat Linux E whitepaper Red Hat Under The Brim Decemb 003 Advanced Server Readying Linux for Linux Scales New the Enterprise Red Hat s e newsletter The premier technology s Important news Special more Red Hat New solution for deployment of fa Webcast An overview offers Happy you Search mission critical Red Hat Training kokis applications Learn More certifications Your email SAN anche gt History gi gt D Z a A Done roles Figure 6 3 The Mozilla SideBar At the bottom left corner of the browser window there are the foll
73. UI rather than a console environment Although the emphasis throughout this book is on navigation and productivity using the graphical desktop environment both the graphical and shell prompt methods of logging in and using your Red Hat Linux system are discussed for your reference 1 3 Logging In The next step to using your Red Hat Linux system is to log in When you log in you are introducing yourself to the system also called authentication If you type the wrong user name or password you will not be allowed access to your system Unlike some other operating systems your Red Hat Linux system uses accounts to manage privileges maintain security and more Not all accounts are created equal some accounts have fewer rights to access files or services than others f Note Red Hat Linux applications and files are case sensitive which means that typing root refers to a different account than Root By default root refers to the root user also known as the superuser or system administrator If you have already created and logged in to a user account you can skip ahead to Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop If you created only the root account refer to Section 1 6 Creating a User Account to learn how to set up a user account If you did not create a user account using the Setup Agent you must log in as root After you create a user account it is highly recommended that you log in as that user instead of root to prevent acciden
74. a path on your hard drive s file system that has at least 700 Megabytes MB of free space available You can configure the path where you wish to store CD images in the HD Settings tab under Path Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs 29 X CD Roast is well documented within the interface itself as several of the options have long de scriptive pop up tips that informs you of the associated function in detail You can access these tooltips by leaving your mouse pointer on a button or drop down menu for at least two seconds 4 3 2 1 Using X CD Roast to Duplicate CD ROMs To duplicate an existing CD ROM for backup purposes click the Duplicate CD button in the main panel You can read all of the tracks on a CD all CD ROM information including data and audio is stored on tracks by clicking Read CD You can set the speed at which you read a CD ROM as well as find out some information about the CD ROM track such as its type and size If you are copying tracks from an audio CD you can preview each track with Play Audio Tracks Since X CD Roast reads all tracks of a CD ROM by default you can delete unwanted tracks with Delete Tracks Finally to burn your tracks onto CD R W media choose Write CD Figure 4 9 shows the Write CD dialog box where you can configure the speed at which you read and write the tracks to CD R W as well as whether you wish to copy the CD ROM on the fly or create an image file first before burning which is recommended
75. ache httpd and mod_ssl packages available RHSA 2002 263 New samba packages available to fix potential security vulnerability RHSA 2002 262 New kemel fixes local denial of service issue RHBA 20 Updated version of GCC 2 96 RH now available RHSA 2002 197 Updated glibc packages fix vulnerabilties in resolver AI 242 Updated kerberos packages available RHSA 2002 213 New PHP packages fix vulnerability in mail function RHSA 2002 223 Updated ypserv packages fixes memory leak RHS 205 New kemel fixes local security issues SEee000 282 RAER RHSA 2002 192 Updated Mozilla packages fix security vulnerabilities 1 17 of 17 Systems Updat 2 20024217 1 20021217 0 20021211 oO 2002 12 04 1 2002 1204 2 20021204 1 2002 12 02 1 2002 11 25 1 2002 11 21 3 2002 11 16 0 2002 11 11 Oo 2002 11 06 O 2002 11 06 O 2002 11 04 O 2002 10 24 0 20021015 O 2002 10 08 1 17 of 17 BK Figure 15 2 Relevant Errata e Automatic email notifications receive an email notification when an Errata Alert is issued for your system e Scheduled Errata Updates schedule delivery of Errata Updates e Package installation Schedule package installation on one or more systems with the click of a button Red Hat Update Agent use the Red Hat Update Agent to download the latest software pack ages for your system with optional package installation e Red Hat Network website manage multiple system
76. ages to assist you in having some fun with your computer 10 1 Playing Audio CDs To play an audio CD place the CD in your CD ROM drive The CD Player application should appear automatically and begin playing the first audio track If the interface does not appear click Main Menu gt Sound amp Video gt CD Player to launch the CD Player application fg x 1 Hard Candy X K Figure 10 1 CD Player Interface gt rfalolnate The CD Player interface acts similar to a standard CD player with play pause and stop functions There is even a sliding bar that allows you to adjust the volume Press the Next track and Previous Track buttons to skip forward or backward one track you can also use the Track List drop down menu to select a track from the available listing You can edit the track listings for your CDs by clicking the Open track editor button You can also change the way the application functions by clicking on the Open Preferences button Here you can set themes for the player as well as set the behavior of the CD ROM drive when you open or quit the CD Player application CD player device A When Gnome CD Player starts When Gnome CD Player quits Do nothing Do nothing gt Start playing CD Stop playing CD Stop playing CD Attempt to open CD tray O Attempt to close CD tray gt Attempt to close CD tray Theme name gt led media kl X Close Figure 10 2
77. al amp Ximian Inc lt evolve ximi Welcome to Ximian Evolution Sep 25 2001 Contacts Figure 7 3 Evolution Inbox Screen To compose a mail select New Message from the toolbar File Edit View Insert Format Security Q sena Batan A e dgra as ug From root lt root samimnot rdu redhat com gt Subject 0 Normal Ela B Z Figure 7 4 Evolution New Email Message Screen Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to send the email to click Send on the toolbar While Evolution does so much more than read and send email this chapter focusses exclusively on its email capabilities If you would like to learn more about using some of the other features of Evolution like calendering scheduling and group messaging click Help from the main toolbar and choose the component you want to learn more about 48 Chapter 7 Email Applications 7 2 Mozilla Mail This section briefly covers the basic steps for sending and receiving email with Mozilla If you need further information about using Mozilla Mail the Mozilla Help contents are located under Help on the main menu To start Mozilla Mail select Main Menu gt Extras Internet gt Mozilla Mail To open Mozilla Mail while in Mozilla click on the mail icon near the lower left corner of the Mozilla screen S Eile Edit View Search Go Message Tasks Help T E9 py e yla amp Ble a Get Msgs Compose Reply Reply All For
78. and does not stay on the server Server type for sending email SMTP The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP is a protocol for sending email messages between servers Most email systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another the messages can then be retrieved with an email client using either POP or IMAP SMTP is also used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your email application If you have any questions regarding what information you need contact your ISP or network adminis trator Unless properly configured you will not be able to make full use of the email clients discussed in this chapter 46 Chapter 7 Email Applications 7 1 Evolution Evolution is more than just an email client It provides all of the standard email client features includ ing powerful mailbox management user defined filters and quick searches It additionally features a flexible calendar scheduler which allows users to create and confirm group meetings and special events online Evolution is a full featured personal and workgroup information management tool for Linux and UNIX based systems and is the default email client for Red Hat Linux To launch Evolution from the desktop panel go to Main Menu gt Internet gt Email Welcome Welcome to Evolution The next few screens will all
79. and filter application For example imagine you have a picture that you would like to modify to make it look as if it were clipped from a newspaper To do this right click on the image and select Filters gt Distorts gt Newsprint Select the quantity of lines per inch using the sliders When you reach a desired quantity and are ready to render the image click OK The GIMP then renders the image with the new effect applied Figure 11 7 shows an example of an image after the Newsprint filter has been applied rie Cancel 227 250 b023 po 240 PGB 10 Figure 11 7 An Image modified with a GIMP Filter The Toolbox also has several easily accessible functions Using the Toolbox you can add text to images erase regions of an image or even fill selected regions with the color of your choice Chapter 11 Working with Images 85 For example if you wish to add text to a file select the m button and click on your image This loads the Text Tool dialog box where you can choose a font and type some text in the provided text box Click OK and your text is displayed as a floating section on the image You can then move the text to the position you wish using the Move Layers tool Figure 11 8 shows our photo with exciting new text Figure 11 8 Using the Text Tool on an Image As you can see the GIMP is a powerful image editing tool and it takes some time to master all of its functi
80. and gzipped compressed file use the z option tar czvf filename tgz file tar files compressed with gzip are conventionally given the extension tgz This command creates the archive file filename tar and then compresses it as the file filename tgz The file ilename tar is not saved If you uncompress the filename tgz file with the gunzip command the filename tgz file is removed and replaced with filename tar You can expand a gzip tar file in one command tar xzvf filename tgz o Type the command man tar for more information about the tar command 14 4 Manipulating Files at the Shell Prompt Files can be manipulated using one of the graphical file managers such as Nautilus or Konqueror They can also be manipulated using a shell prompt which is often faster This section explains how to manipulate files at the shell prompt 14 4 1 Creating Files You can create new files either with applications such as text editors or by using the command touch which will create an empty file that you can use to add text or data To create a file with touch type the following at a shell prompt touch lt filename gt Replace lt filename gt with the name of your choice If you run a directory listing you can see that the file contains zero 0 bytes of information because it is an empty file For example typing the command 1s 1 newfile at the shell prompt returns the following output rw rw r 1 sam sam 0 Apr 10 17 09
81. and want to read and modify a text or configuration file Red Hat Linux includes the vi pronounced vee eye text editor vi is a simple application that opens within the shell prompt and allows you to view search and modify text files To start vi type vi at a shell prompt To open a file with vi type vi lt f ilename gt ata shell prompt File Edit View Terminal Go Help Updated versions of the Apache HTTP server PHP and mod_ssl are now available which close possible buffer overflows in the Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool fixes two cross site scripting vulnerabilities in the error pages and fix possible local privilege escalation These updates also fix vulnerabilities in the PHP mail function that allows script authors to bypass safe mode restrictions and possibly allow remote attackers to insert arbitrary mail headers and content into messages iE tmp blah txt 7L 498C 1 1 All EL Figure 9 9 vi By default vi opens a file in Normal mode meaning that you can view and run built in commands on the file but you cannot add text to it To add text press i for Insert mode which will allow you to make any modifications you need to To exit insert mode press Esc and vi reverts to Normal mode To exit vi press which is the vi command mode and press q then Enter If you have made changes to the text file that you want to save press and type w then q to write your changes to t
82. ar text is the most portable format because it is supported by nearly every email application on various types of machines This chapter will discuss the mutt plain text email client 7 3 1 Using Mutt Mutt is a small but very powerful text based mail client for UNIX operating systems Mutt s configuration file mut trc gives mutt its flexibility and configurability It is also this file that might give new users problems The number of options that mutt has available to it are truly astounding mutt allows the user to control nearly all of the functions that mutt uses to send receive and read your mail As is true with all powerful software it takes time to understand the features and what they can do for you Most of the options are invoked using the set or unset commands with either boolean or string values e g set folder Mail All configuration options can be changed at any time by typing a followed by the relevant com mand For example unset help turns off the handy keyboard command hints at the top of the screen To turn those hints back on type set help If you cannot remember the command you want to use there is always tab completion to help you You do not have to type all your preferred configuration commands each time you run mutt you can save them in a file which is loaded every time the program starts up This configuration file must exist in your home directory it has to be named either muttrc or
83. as opposed to developers http manual gimp org manual The online GIMP User Manual http gimp savvy com The companion website to the book Grokking the GIMP by Carey Bunks The entire book is also available on the site for download http tigert gimp org gimp The GIMP website of tigert Tuomas Kuosmanen 11 3 3 Related Books If you need in depth information about the many capabilities of the GIMP try your favorite bookstore The following books were available at the time of this writing The Artists Guide to the GIMP by Michael J Hammel Frank Kasper and Associates Inc GIMP Essential Reference by Alex Harford New Riders Publishing GIMP for Linux Bible by Stephanie Cottrell Bryant et al Hungry Minds Inc GIMP The Official Handbook by Karin Kylander and Olof S Kylander Coriolis Group Grokking the GIMP by Carey Bunks New Riders Publishing Sams Teach Yourself GIMP in 24 Hours by Joshua and Ramona Pruitt Sams redhat Chapter 12 Working with Digital Cameras Digital cameras have recently grown in popularity because of their increasing image quality and easy interaction with desktop PCs Digital cameras create high quality images that allow you to send to others over the Internet or print on a color printer Red Hat Linux supports several brands of digital cameras and has applications that help you access view and modify your digital photographs 12 1 Using gtKam Red Hat Linux su
84. as permission to do anything the root account s home directory root and the root directory for the entire file system When you are speaking to someone and using the term root be sure to know which root is being discussed Unless you are a system administrator or have root superuser access you probably do not have permission to write to the files and directories outside of your home directory Certain directories are reserved for specific purposes For example home is the default location for users home directories Users that do not have superuser access might find the following directories useful for finding their home directories reading documentation or storing temporary files home Default location for users home directories For example a user with the username foo has the home directory home foo usr share doc Location of documentation for installed packages For example the documentation for the redhat config date software package is located in usr share doc redhat config date lt version number gt 112 Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories tmp The reserved directory for all users to store temporary files Files stored here are not permanent A system process removes old files from this directory on a periodic basis Do not write any files or directories that you want to keep here Your Red Hat Linux system is compatible with many other Linux distributions because of the Filesys tem
85. ased email Web and chat K cients These applications do not reguire the X Window System Z Office Productivity y2 Details S gt The applications include office suites PDF viewers and S noe O Sound and video 0 20 Bz playing audio CDs and multinedia T ties sun ale OENE IE Mn onda video on th 7 Authoring and Publishing 09 These tools allow you to create documentation in the Postscript and text Graphics W3 petals J This group includes packages to help you manipulate and ica Total install size 409 102 Kilobytes Bout uoe Figure 15 3 Installing Software with the Package Management Tool 126 Chapter 15 Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages The Package Management Tool marks what packages are already installed on your system with a checkmark You can add packages by clicking the checkbox next to each package To uninstall a package remove the checkmark see Figure 15 4 A package group can have both standard and extra package members Standard packages are always available when the package group is installed Select the extra packages to be installed A ImageMagick An X application for displaying and manipulating images dia A diagram drawing program gimp The GNU Image Manipulation Program C gimp data extras Extra files for the GIMP C gimp print plugin GIMP plug in for gimp print C gtkam A GTK front end for gPhoto2 C gtkam gimp GIMP plug in for di
86. be useful to determine what applications are on the CD V Sets a Volume ID a name that is assigned to it if the image is burned and the disc is mounted in Solaris and Windows environments v Sets verbose execution which is useful for viewing the status of the image as it is being made x Excludes any directory immediately following this option this option can be repeated for example x home joe trash x home joe delete Table 4 1 mkisofs Options 4 3 3 2 Using cdrecord The cdrecord utility writes audio data and mixed mode a combination of audio video and or data CD ROMs using options to configure several aspects of the write process including speed device and data settings To use cdrecord you must first establish the device address of your CD R W device by running the following command as root at a shell prompt 32 Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs cdrecord scanbus This command shows all CD R W devices on your computer It is important to remember the de vice address of the device used to write your CD The following is an example output from running cdrecord scanbus Cdrecord 1 8 i686 pc linux gnu Copyright C 1995 2000 Jorg Schilling Using libscg version schily 0 1 scsibus0 0 0 0 rtr 4 4 E 4 HP CD Writer 9200 1 0c Removable CD ROM O OOO OGOGO ADO BWNEH CoOCOCCO o ADO BWNHEHR OO To write the backup file image created with mkis
87. con 59 printing from the command line 60 rename existing printer 57 test page 56 viewing print spool 59 viewing print spool command line 60 printing from command line 95 pwd 90 R Red Hat Network 123 Red Hat Update Agent 123 redhat config date See Time and Date Properties Tool redhat config time See Time and Date Properties Tool redirecting standard input 99 redirection 96 reset 96 RHN See Red Hat Network root 111 and root login 111 logging in as 5 RPM 125 installing packages 123 upgrading packages 123 RPMs error message while installing 127 installing with Gnome RPM 127 159 S Setup Agent 1 shell 89 history of 89 shell prompt 7 basic commands 89 chmod 106 single user mode 132 software installing 123 upgrading 123 sound card configuring 74 Sound Card Configuration Tool 74 spreadsheets OpenOffice org Calc 65 standard input redirecting 99 standard output appending 98 redirecting 96 Start Here 17 changing desktop background with 18 startup messages dmesg more 100 startx 6 su 92 superuser See commands su switching desktops KDE 139 switching tasks KDE 139 system directories descriptions 151 T tab completion 103 Taskbar KDE 139 terminal See shell prompt terms introductory 3 text files 70 editing 70 from a shell prompt 71 The Graphical Desktop 6 time configuration 21 synchronize with NTP server 21 time zone config
88. creen This sereen offers basic instructions for browsing a webpage or your local file system If you click Continue you will be presented with the Tips screen This screen shows you basic tips for using Konqueror so that you can begin to take advantage of the features By clicking Continue from the Tips screen you will see the Specifications screen This screen dis plays information on supported standards such as Cascading Stylesheets plug ins and OpenSSL featured protocols and more To begin your first Web search enter a URL in the open field beside Location For additional information on using Konqueror click on Help on the top menu panel and then on Konqueror Handbook A p oii iii fPIC YC dT i Figure 9 10 xpdf To view a PDF with xpdf 1 In your desktop environment go to Main Menu gt Graphics gt PDF Viewer You can also launch xpdf by typing xpdf at a shell prompt 2 Right click in the xpdf screen to display a list of options 3 Select Open to display the file browser 4 Select the PDF file you want to view and click Open Another popular PDF viewer is Adobe Acrobat Reader While it is not included with Red Hat Linux you can download it free of charge at http www adobe com L redhat Chapter 10 Audio Video and General Amusement This chapter presents you with the lighter side of Red Hat Linux From games and toys to multimedia applications Red Hat Linux provides many pack
89. ction work Ogg OK Close Figure 10 4 The Load File s Window In Figure 10 4 you see that there are several files to choose from The files that end in ogg are Ogg Vorbis files a popular new audio file format the p1s file is an audio playlist file You can use XMMS to add audio files into a list and then save it as a playlist This can be convenient if you have several audio files and you want to categorize them for example by genre or artist Highlight the file you wish to play if you have multiple files click and hold the mouse button and drag it over all of the files you want to open and click OK Notice that XMMS begins to play your audio files immediately To adjust the volume click the volume slider the long slider above the Open button to the left to lower the volume or to the right to increase it like a CD player There are also buttons to stop pause and skip backward and forward your audio files To learn more about using XMMS and its many options refer to the man page by typing man xmms at a shell prompt 10 3 Troubleshooting Your Sound Card If for some reason you do not hear sound and know that you do have a sound card installed you can run the Sound Card Configuration Tool utility Chapter 10 Audio Video and General Amusement 75 To use the Sound Card Configuration Tool choose Main Menu gt System Settings gt Soundcard Detection A small text box pops up prompting you f
90. d Celeron are trademarks of Intel Corporation AMD AMD Athlon AMD Duron and AMD K6 are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices Inc Netscape is a registered trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation in the United States and other countries Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation SSH and Secure Shell are trademarks of SSH Communications Security Inc FireWire is a trademark of Apple Computer Corporation All other trademarks and copyrights referred to are the property of their respective owners The GPG fingerprint of the security redhat com key is CA 20 86 86 2B D6 9D FC 65 F6 EC C4 21 91 80 CD DB 42 A6 0E Table of Contents ItroductioN sssssssssssssssssssescesesesssssessssessssssssesssssesessssessscsuscssesesesessasesssesessssassssuesssesesssesasessseseeseses i 1 Changes to This Manual oi2 cncscsesgcpeecdcctaca sect cuscsensvesesh cieea e E EA E ER eeeagainee i 2 Document Conventions ii 3 Copying and Pasting Text With X sieci iirin E rR iv A Using the MOMSEN EEE EE RE tenn E EN R S v 5 We Need Feedback iv 6 Sign Up fOr Supports ses ssasssstastesysserostscavenove nl R AN NA a Ea v 1 Getting Started sccsssssscssssssscssesesssssssecsesessssssesesssssessesesssssesssssesssessasesssesessessssessssssesesesesseses 1 Led Setup Agenter ra a a E AE E EER E E E RS 1 1 2 Introductory Terms 3 1 3 Logging IN eee 25 1 3 1 Graphical Login e
91. d of typing exit or logout Ctrl e moves cursor to end of a line This works in most text editors and in the URL field in Mozilla Ctrl 1 clears the terminal This shortcut does the same thing as typing clear at a command line Ctrl u clears the current line If you are working in a terminal use this shortcut to clear the current line from the cursor all the way to the beginning of the line Middle Mouse Button pastes highlighted text Use the left mouse button to highlight the text Point the cursor to the spot where you want it pasted Click the middle mouse button to paste it In a two mouse system if you configured your mouse to emulate a third mouse button you can click both the left and right mouse buttons simultaneously to perform a paste Tab command autocomplete Use this command when using a shell prompt Type the first few characters of a command or filename and then press the Tab key It will automatically complete the command or show all commands that match the characters you typed Up and Down Arrow shows command history When using a shell prompt press the up or down arrow to scroll through a history of commands you have typed from the current directory When you see the command you want to use press Enter clear clears the shell prompt screen Type this command to clear all visible data from the shell prompt screen exit logout Type this at a shell prompt to logout o
92. dress e g http www kde org of the web page you want and press Enter or choose one of the entries in your Bookmarks menu If you want to go back to the previous web page press the button Back in the toolbar To go back to the home directory of your local filesystem press Home For more detailed documentation on Konqueror click here Figure A 10 Welcome to Konqueror When you first launch Konqueror you will be presented with an Introduction screen This screen offers basic instructions for browsing webpages If you click Continue at the end of the webpage you will be presented with the Tips page This page shows you basic tips for using Konqueror so that you can begin to take advantage of the many features By clicking Continue from the Tips screen you will see the Specifications screen This screen dis plays information on supported standards such as Cascading Stylesheets plug ins and OpenSSL featured protocols and more To begin your Web session enter a URL in the Location field For additional information on using Konqueror click on Help on the top menu panel and then on Konqueror Handbook Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment File Edit Go Help ZO 9 9 Contents Glossary Table of Contents Scrollkeeper Welcome to KDE _ KDE users manual Application Manuals Applet Manuals E Control Center Modules KinfoCenter Modules IA Konqueror Plugins Tut
93. e 1 3 2 Virtual Console Login 6 1 4 Graphical Interface 6 1 5 Opening a Shell Prompt 7 1 6 Creating a User Account 7 1 7 Documentation and Help 8 ETA MamualPasesscccccesesvsssiuseccd nev seceinsedcenessepeabeceddegssteveusecesstesssyeeetecndinsehssomungtedenays 9 1 7 2 Red Hat Linux Documentation 0 cece cece eeeeeeeesesescsetecesseaesseeesseaeneees 10 1 8 Logging Out ies 1 8 1 Graphical Logout inate ia ined E E AEE AAEE E anette 11 1 8 2 Virtual Console Lo goutcsscsieseisssdecessasececseagsiacsscsta ssadsescsanesvavsssssnsasueevessasbessvagetss 11 1 9 Shutting Down your Computer all 1 9 1 Graphical Shutdown wkd 1 9 2 Virtual Console Shutdown a A 2 Using the Graphical Desktop sscsssssssssessesssssssscsssessssssscssesssessesesesssesessssesssssnssasessssesesesesese 13 ZA Using the Desktopa e ra aae Sighs E E e taeae 13 2 2 Using the Panel w 224 Using th Main Mentino iiiecscotncidescuclteess easesentbvcves civevonseccenabvosesvacsusdesss 22 2 sing Applets cs secssssesessseevvoveseasdaas dagessesaansiatavaeisassecanasictveassasastaseaetiarenvas diese 2 2 3 Using the Notification Area ad 2 2 4 Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel cee eeeseeeececeeseseeeeecseseeeees 16 2 2 5 Configuring the Desktop Panel 0 0 cece ceeseseseeseeeseseeetetetaeseseetesseseneees 16 2 3 Using Nautilus a Dil Start Heres a E E E A NEE N ENA ASN E EESE 2 4 1 Customizing the Desktop cccccceccsesee
94. e Gmueash FaxViewer KFax Sound Audio Player XMMS KDE CD Player aumix KDE Sound Mixer CD Player GNOME CD KMid Sound Recorder GNOME Sound Volume Monitor VUMeter Table B 1 Applications 148 Appendix B Applications redhat A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands Appendix C Many Linux commands typed at a shell prompt are similar to the commands you would type in DOS In fact some commands are identical This appendix provides common commands used at the DOS prompt in Windows and their coun terparts in Linux Basic examples of how the command are used at the Linux shell prompt are also provided Note that these commands usually have a number of options To learn more about each command read its associated man page for example type man 1s at the shell prompt to read about the 1s command SS es Purpose E EE Clears screen eae ie Se TT ear Closes shell exit exit exit prompt Displays or sets date date date date Echoes output to echo echo echo this message the screen Edits files with edit gedit a gedit thisfile txt simple text editor Compares the fe diff diff filel file2 contents of files Finds a string of find grep grep this word or phrase text in a file thisfile txt Formats a diskette format a mke2fsor sbin mke2fs dev fd0 dev fd0 is the if diskette mformat Linux equivalent of A isin A Displays command command man c man command
95. e Internet you must have a connection to it There are many types of Internet connections including ISDN Connection Modem Connection e Wireless Connection xDSL Connection Ethernet Connections Red Hat Linux includes the Internet Configuration Wizard which can be used to create an Internet connection You can then configure the connection that you created at any time using the Network Administration Tool More information about the Network Administration Tool can be found in the chapter entitled Network Configuration in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide To use Internet Configuration Wizard you must be running the X Window System and have root privileges To start the application use one of the following methods In the graphical desktop environment go to the Main Menu gt System Tools gt Internet Con figuration Wizard Ata shell prompt type the command internet druid In both cases you will have to enter your root password to continue Your own ISP may have specific connection requirements for their service which differ from the instructions in this chapter Before connecting check with your ISP for any specific instructions that they provide including the following information The phone number that your modem must dial to connect to your ISP if you are using a modem Your login name and password for your account if you are using an xDSL or modem connection A gateway address Some ISPs may require y
96. e of the application the location and name of the command that starts the application such as usr bin foo and even choose an icon for the application Click OK and the new launcher icon will appear on the panel Or Another quick and easy way to add a launcher to the panel is to right click on an unused area of the panel and choose Add to Panel gt Launcher from menu Then select an application that appears in the menu This will automatically add a launcher icon based on the properties of the item in the Main Menu 2 2 5 Configuring the Desktop Panel You can hide the panel automatically or manually place it on any edge of your desktop change its size and color and change the way it behaves To alter the default panel settings right click in an unused area of the panel and select Properties You can set the size of the panel its position on the desktop and whether you want the panel to be automatically hidden Autohide when not in use If you choose to autohide the panel it will not appear on the desktop until you move your mouse pointer over the panel area called hovering 2 3 Using Nautilus The graphical desktop includes a file manager called Nautilus that gives you a graphical display of your system and personal files Nautilus is designed to be much more than a visual listing of files however It allows you to configure your desktop configure your Red Hat Linux system browse your photo collection access your network res
97. e written to a CD R W The images cre ated by mkisofs can include all types of files It is most useful for archival and file backup purposes Suppose you wish to backup a directory called home joeuser but exclude the subdirectory home joeuser junk because it contains unnecessary files You want to create an ISO image called backup iso and write it to CD R W so that you can use it on your Red Hat Linux PC at work and your Windows laptop for trips This can be done with mkisofs by running the following command mkisofs o backup iso x home joeuser junk J R A V v home joeuser The image is created in the same directory that you ran the command Table 4 1 explains each com mand line option For more information on using mkisofs refer to the additional resources in Section 4 4 Additional Resources You can now use the ISO image file with either X CD Roast as described in Section 4 3 2 3 Writing ISOs with X CD Roast or using cdrecord the command line based CD recording utility For more information about using cdrecord refer to Section 4 3 3 2 Using cdrecord et Specifies an output file name of the ISO image J Generates Joliet naming records useful if the CD is used in Windows environments R Generates Rock Ridge RR naming records to preserve filename length and casing especially for UNIX Linux environments A Sets an Application ID a text string that will be written into the volume header of the image which can
98. e yourself time and a bit of disk clutter by using existing files rather than creating a new file Compare the results of the files sneakers txt and saturday txt now and you will see that they are identical To make your comparison type cat sneakers txt cat saturday txt The contents of both files will be displayed first sneakers txt then saturday txt as shown in Figure 13 8 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 99 Ele Edit View Terminal Go Help sam halloween sam cat sneakers txt cat saturday txt buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee hone take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax sam halloween san D a Figure 13 8 Stringing Commands and Comparing Files 13 9 3 Redirecting Standard Input Not only can you redirect standard output you can perform the same type of redirection with standard input When you use the redirect standard input symbol lt you are telling the shell that you want a file to be read as input for a command Use a file you have already created to demonstrate this idea Type cat lt sneakers txt Because you used the less than symbol lt to separate the cat command from the file the output of sneakers txt was read by cat
99. ells available at the time The result was the Bourne Again Shell or bash Although your Red Hat Linux system includes several different shells bash is the default shell for interactive users You can learn more about bash by reading the bash man page type man bash at a shell prompt 13 3 Determining Your Current Directory with pwa Once you start looking through directories it is easy to get lost or forget the name of your current directory By default the Bash prompt in Red Hat Linux shows just your current directory not the entire path Ele Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam pwd home sam sam Halloween sam ff EI zj Figure 13 2 The Command pwd Shows You Where You Are To determine the exact location of the current directory at a shell prompt and type the command pwd You will see something such as home sam This example shows that you are in the user sam s directory which is in the home directory The command pwd stands for print working directory When you typed pwd you asked your Linux system to display your current location Your system responded by printing the full path of the current directory in the shell prompt window When the system responds to requests for information the response is called standard output and can be printed to the shell prompt or can be redirected to other programs or to other output devices such as printers You will find that using pwd is very he
100. entations For more information about using OpenOffice org Calc refer to the help page located in Help gt Contents from the file menus 9 1 4 OpenOffice org Impress Visual aids can give your presentations an added impact that catches your audience s attention and keeps them interested OpenOffice org Impress is a graphical tool that can help you make a more convincing presentation To start OpenOffice org Impress from the graphical desktop select Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOffice org Impress To start OpenOffice org Impress from a shell prompt type ooimpress OpenOffice org Impress features a step by step automated presentation wizard called AutoPilot that allows you to create presentations from a collection of default style templates You can make slides with itemized lists outlines or images You can even import charts and graphs created by OpenOf fice org Calc into a slide Figure 9 5 shows OpenOffice org Impress in action 68 Chapter 9 Working with Documents File Edit View Inset Format Tools SlideShow Window Help itezthomeijohalpresertation prt sxi sle meulen tess trola romae a 2 B i U mel eres E 4 Pes 452 MR 3 4 5 7 8 9 0 1 12 15 14 15 18 17 18 1970 21 22 23 A 25 28 a7 28 29 30 a ai id insert Slide Medily Slide Layout Welcome to Red Hat Linux Slide Design Duplicate Slide Eypene Slide 5 4 39 2 4 BH OHV AlNmM
101. ered list scroll by very quickly showing you the previous 500 commands you have used You probably do not need to see all of the last 500 commands so the command history 20 might be useful This way only the previous 20 commands you typed will display you can use any quantity as an argument of the history command 16 6 1 Other Shortcuts Here are other command history shortcuts which may be useful to you e Bang bang Typing called bang bang executes the last command in the history Bang number Typing number as in 302 will execute the command which is numbered 302 in the history file e Bang string Typing string as in rpm will execute a command with the most recent matching string from the history file Up arrow and down arrow At the shell or GUI terminal prompt you can press the up arrow to move back through previous commands in your history list the down arrow will move you forward through the commands until you find the command you want Press Enter to execute the command just as if you had typed it on the command line 16 7 Keep 1s Output from Scrolling Whenever I type 1s I can barely see the output of the directory because it scrolls by too quickly How can I actually read the output To prevent the output of 1s from scrolling by too quickly pipe the output to a utility such as less or more You will then be able to see the output one screen or page at at time To read the co
102. ers txt The result will look like this rw 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Think of these settings as a kind of shorthand when you want to change permissions with chmod because all you really have to do is remember a few symbols and letters with the chmod command Here is a list of what the shorthand represents Identities u the user who owns the file that is the owner g the group to which the user belongs o others not the owner or the owner s group a everyone or all u g and o Permissions r read access w write access x execute access Actions adds the permission removes the permission makes it the only permission Want to test your permissions skills Remove all permissions from sneakers txt for everyone 108 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics chmod a rwx sneakers txt Now see if you can read the file with the command cat sneakers txt which should return the following cat sneakers txt Permission denied Removing all permissions including your own successfully locked the file But since the file belongs to you you can always change its permissions back with the following command chmod u trw sneakers txt Use the command cat sneakers txt to verify that you the file owner can read the file again Here are some common examples of settings that can be used with chmod g w adds write access for the group o rwx removes all
103. es this will copy the whole directory tree subdirectories and all v verbose Shows the progress of the files as they are being copied Now that you have the file sneakers txt in the tigger directory use cp i to copy the file again to the same location cp i sneakers txt tigger cp overwrite tigger sneakers txt To overwrite the file that is already there press Y and then Enter If you do not want to overwrite the file press N and Enter 14 4 3 Moving Files To move files use the mv command For more about mv see the mv man page type man mv Common options for mv include the following i interactive This will prompt you if the file you have selected will overwrite an existing file in the destination directory This is a good option because like the i option for cp you will be given the chance to make sure you want to replace an existing file f force Overrides the interactive mode and moves without prompting Unless you know what you are doing this option is dangerous be very careful about using it until you become more comfortable with your system e v verbose Shows the progress of the files as they are being moved If you want to move a file out of your home directory and into another existing directory type the following you will need to be in your home directory mv sneakers txt tigger Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories 121 Alternatively the same command
104. es and programs are stored This directory is used mainly by third party developers for easy installation and uninstallation of their software packages 152 Appendix D System Directories O redhat Appendix E Keyboard Shortcuts Here are a few keyboard shortcuts you can use to perform common tasks quickly Many more are available in addition to what is listed here For more command line and keyboard shortcuts visit http sunsite dk linux newbie lnag_commands html shortcuts Ctrl Alt Backspace kills your current X session Kills your graphical desktop session and returns you to the login screen Use this if the normal exit procedure does not work Ctrl Alt Delete shutdown and reboots your Red Hat Linux system Shuts down your current session and reboots the OS Use only when the normal shutdown procedure does not work Ctrl Alt Fn switches screens Ctrl Alt one of the function keys displays an available screen By default F1 through F6 are shell prompt screens and F7 is the graphical desktop screen Alt Tab switches tasks in a graphical desktop environment If you have more than one application open at a time you can use Alt Tab to switch among open tasks and applications Ctrl a moves cursor to the beginning of a line This works in most text editors and in the URL field in Mozilla Ctrl d logout of and close shell prompt Use this quick shortcut instea
105. ess Enter This logs you out of the root account and back to your user account Now go to Main Menu gt Documentation and select the manual you want to read 1 8 Logging Out 1 8 1 Graphical Logout To log out your graphical desktop session select Main Menu gt Log Out When the confirmation dialog appears as shown in Figure 1 13 select the Logout option and click the Yes button To save the configuration of your desktop as well as any programs which are running check the Save current setup option Are you sure you want to log out Save current setup Siep ecce vox Figure 1 13 Logout Confirmation 1 8 2 Virtual Console Logout If you are not using the X Window System and you logged in at the console type exit or Ctrl D to log out of the console session 1 9 Shutting Down your Computer Before turning off your computer it is important to properly shut down Red Hat Linux Never turn your computer off without shutting down first as you may lose unsaved data or damage your system 12 Chapter 1 Getting Started 1 9 1 Graphical Shutdown If you are in the graphical desktop log out of your session as described in Section 1 8 Logging Out From the graphical desktop logout screen shown in Figure 1 13 select Shutdown and click OK to confirm Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down Red Hat Linux If your computer does not you can safely turn off the
106. ession image tab This saves a few steps but can sometimes cause read write errors It is recommended that you use the multi step method instead of the on the fly methods 4 3 2 3 Writing ISOs with X CD Roast Large files that end in iso are known as SO9660 or ISO image files For example Red Hat Linux is freely available as ISO images that you can download and write to the CD R W There are also other ISO image files available on FTP and websites There are other file types that can be burned as images such as img and raw but ISO images are the most common CD image format To write an ISO image file to a CD R W with X CD Roast move the ISO file to the path specified during setup then click Create CD In the Layout tracks tab highlight the ISO image file you wish to burn and click Add then Accept track layout This automatically loads the Write Tracks tab where you can click Write Tracks to burn the image to the CD R W 4 3 3 Using CD Rs and CD RWs with Command Line Tools If you want to use a shell prompt to write images to CD R or CD RWs there are two utilities available mkisofs and cdrecord These utilities have several advanced options that are beyond the scope of Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs 31 this guide however for basic image creation and writing these tools save some time over the graphical alternatives such as X CD Roast 4 3 3 1 Using mkisofs The mkisofs utility creates IS09660 image files that can b
107. ette has been mounted it is available to be copied from or written to You can open save and copy files to from it as you would normally do to your hard drive You can even explore the diskette s contents in Nautilus as shown in Figure 4 1 or Konqueror Ble gdt View Go Bookmarks Help we eS OCS Back Forward Sop Reload Home Location mntifloppy 500 Viewas Icons 7 modinfo modules cg 4 6K 45 8K rhdd 6 1 29 bytes Figure 4 1 Viewing files on a Diskette with Nautilus When you are done using the diskette you should unmount it before ejecting it from the drive To do this close any applications that may be using files on the diskette or exploring the diskette s contents such as Nautilus or Konqueror and at a shell prompt type the following command umount mnt floppy 24 Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs If you are using GNOME you can unmount the diskette by right clicking on the icon and choosing Unmount Volume from the menu You can now safely eject the diskette from the drive 4 1 2 Putting Linux Files on an MS DOS Diskette To copy files from a Linux machine to an MS DOS formatted diskette so that a Windows machine can read it you should format your diskette with an MS DOS FAT file system This can be done with the Windows OS or with gfloppy see Section 4 1 3 1 Using gfloppy Then mount it in Linux as described in Section 4 1 1 M
108. ettings icon and then the Server Settings icon A few examples of the tools found in this area are the HTTP Configuration Tool and the Bind Configuration Tool You must have those server applications installed before these tools appear in this section Refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for details 2 5 Logging Out When you have finished working and want to quit GNOME you are presented with the choice of logging out of GNOME leaving the system running restarting the machine or halting the system completely Are you sure you want to log out Save current setup T Heip 2 Cancel 2 OK Figure 2 12 The Desktop Log Out Confirmation To quit the graphical desktop select the Log Out menu item from the Main Menu This will bring up a dialog which presents you with the options listed above redhat Chapter 3 Configuring the Date and Time The Time and Date Properties Tool allows the user to change the system date and time to con figure the time zone used by the system and to setup the Network Time Protocol NTP daemon to synchronize the system clock with a time server You must be running the X Window System and have root privileges To start the application from the desktop go to the Main Menu Button gt System Settings gt Date amp Time or type the command redhat config date at a shell prompt for example in an XTerm or a GNOME terminal 3 1 Time and Date Properties As shown in Fig
109. f root the superuser mnt This directory typically contains the mount points for file systems mounted after the system is booted For example the default CD ROM mount point is mnt cdrom boot Contains the kernel and other files used during system startup e lost found Used by fsck to place orphaned files files without names e 1ib Contains many library files used by programs in bin and sbin The directory usr 1ib contains more library files for user applications dev Stores device files etc Contains configuration files and directories vaxr For variable or constantly changing files such as log files and the printer spool e usr Contains files and directories directly relating to users of the system such as programs and supporting library files e proc A virtual file system not actually stored on the disk that contains system information used by certain programs e initrda A directory that is used to mount the initrd img image file and load needed device modules during bootup A waming Do not delete the initra directory You will be unable to boot your computer if you delete the directory and then reboot your Red Hat Linux system tmp The temporary directory for users and programs tmp allows all users on a system read and write access e home Default location of user home directories e opt Directory where optional fil
110. f the current user or root account history shows history of commands Type this at a shell prompt to see a numbered list of the previous 1000 commands you typed To display a shorter list of previously used commands type history followed by a space and a number For example history 20 reset refreshes the shell prompt screen Type this at a shell prompt to refresh the screen if characters are unclear or appear corrupt 154 Appendix E Keyboard Shortcuts Index A accounts creating 7 appending standard output 98 applets adding to KDE panel 140 adding to the panel 16 on the desktop panel 14 panel in KDE 137 applications and Red Hat Linux 147 starting from shell prompt 127 archiving files 113 B bunzip2 115 burning CDs 26 additional resources 32 with CD Creator 27 with cdrecord 30 with mkisofs 30 with X CD Roast 28 bzip2 115 Cc cat 96 cd 90 CD rewritable CD RW 26 additional resources 32 and CD Creator 27 and cdrecord 30 and mkisofs 30 and X CD Roast 28 CD writable CD R 26 additional resources 32 and CD Creator 27 and cdrecord 30 and mkisofs 30 and X CD Roast 28 cdrecord 31 CDs playing 73 chmod 105 numerical settings 108 clear 96 command history 103 tips 131 command line options printing from 60 commands See shell prompt cat 101 cat using 96 cd 90 change directories 90 chmod 105 numerical settings 108 clear 96 cron 95 DOS 149
111. figuration Tool window to display the window in Figure 8 1 Click Forward to proceed Add a new print queue On the following screens you will be asked to provide basic information for adding a new print queue You will be able to edit the more advanced options afterwards Nothing will be done to your settings until you hit Apply on the last screen is Help 3 Cancel 4 Back gt Forward Figure 8 1 Adding a Printer In the window shown in Figure 8 2 enter a unique name for the printer in the Name text field The printer name cannot contain spaces and must begin with a letter The printer name may contain letters numbers dashes and underscores _ Optionally enter a short description for the printer which can contain spaces 54 Chapter 8 Printer Configuration Queue name Please enter a name for this queue Choose a short name that begins with a letter and contains no spaces Name printer About If you like you can enter a description of the printer to help you identify it more easily Short description l T Heip Cancel Figure 8 2 Selecting a Queue Name After clicking Forward Figure 8 3 appears Select Locally connected from the Select a queue type menu and select the device The device is usually dev 1p0 for a parallel printer or dev usb 1p0 for a USB printer If no devices appear in the list click
112. g Writer to the Red Hat Linux x86 Installation Guide Johnray Fuller Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide Co writer Co maintainer of the Red Hat Linux Security Guide Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer John Ha Primary Writer Maintainer to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide Co writer Co maintainer of the Red Hat Linux Security Guide Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer 162
113. ght click on this account name and select Subscribe A dialog box appears listing all the newsgroups available Select the groups you are interested in reading and click Subscribe When you are done click on OK Now click on the arrow next to the newsgroup account name and the list of groups you are subscribed to will appear beneath Select the newsgroup you want to access and a dialog box appears with infor mation about downloading and reading existing messages Posting to a newsgroup is just like writing 50 Chapter 7 Email Applications an email except that the newsgroup name appears in the To field rather than an email address To unsubscribe from a newsgroup right click on the group name and select Unsubscribe 7 3 Plain Text Email Clients Most modern email clients allow the user to select whether they want to send their emails in plain text or in HTML The advantage of HTML formatted email is that they can contain graphics and interactive links to Web sites The particular font can be specified the layout is very controllable textures and pictures or backgrounds can be added all this makes for a visually appealing message when it gets to the recipient On the other hand plain text email is just that plain text They is nothing fancy there are no pictures embedded in the email and there are no special fonts Plain text emails are simple The term plain text refers to textual data in ASCII format Plain text also called cle
114. gital camera access through gPhoto2 Z kdegraphics K Desktop Environment Graphics Applications C netpbm progs Tools for manipulating graphics files in netpbm supported formats C sane frontends Graphical frontend to SANE O xfig An X Window System tool for drawing basic vector graphics cl Package Information Full Name None Size None x close Figure 15 4 Individual Package Selection After selecting packages click the Update button to install or uninstall the selected packages 15 4 Downloaded Packages If you have downloaded packages from an errata on the Red Hat website you can install them by opening your file manager and double clicking the package you want to install The Package Man agement Tool should open up and check the package for any dependencies you need to fulfill before installation such as package or library files needed If all goes well the package will be installed and you can immediately begin using the software from the installed package However if there are dependencies the Package Management Tool will alert you with suggested files and packages you need to install Packages Not Found The following packages could not be found on your system Installation cannot continue until they are installed uniocatabie package Required by samba common 2 2 7 samba samba 2 2 5 samba swat OK Figure 15 5 RPM Package Dependencies The packages necessary
115. gure A 9 shows the navigation panel Figure A 9 Working with the Navigation Panel The navigation panel lets you access your Web bookmarks browsing history network resources file system and has a built in media player for playing multimedia files without having to open a separate application The navigation panel makes Konqueror an efficient solution for users who want fast and easy access to all of their files and information A 6 Browsing the Web with Konqueror Konqueror not only allows you to browse your local and network file system but with component technology used throughout KDE Konqueror is also a full featured Web browser which you can use to explore the World Wide Web To launch Konqueror choose Main Menu gt Internet gt More Internet Applications gt Kon queror Web Browser 142 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help 2 492 GO B9 ARAA TU A nter a term or an addres e searched on the Internet Konqueror Introduction Tips Introduction Welcome to Konqueror 3 1 1 Red Hat With Konqueror you have your filesystem at your command browsing local or networked drives with equal ease Thanks to the component technology used throughout KDE Konqueror is also a full featured easy to use and comfortable Web Browser which you can use to explore the Internet Simply enter the Internet ad
116. gured for DHCP To configure this type of connection start Internet Configuration Wizard select Ethernet Connection and select DHCP on the Configure Network Settings screen Chapter 5 Getting Online 37 Wireless Connection If you are connecting your Red Hat Linux computer to a wireless access point WAP or peer to peer also called ad hoc network with a wireless 802 11x network card then you will need to configure your wireless device Choose the Wireless Connection then select the device from the list provided You can then configure the device for DHCP or fixed IP addresses In the pop up device configuration window The Internet Configuration Wizard is a utility that guides you step by step through the process of establishing your Internet connection Once your connection is up and running you can then configure it to suit your needs or particular connection For more detailed instructions refer to the Network Configuration chapter in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide 38 Chapter 5 Getting Online redhat Chapter 6 Web Browsing Once you have configured your Internet connection see Chapter 5 Getting Online you are ready to get online Red Hat Linux comes with several Web browsers graphical applications that use your Internet connection to access the World Wide Web news research shopping banking and more This chapter briefly explains how to surf the Web using Mozilla and Galeon For information about using t
117. he Konqueror Web browser refer to Section A 6 Browsing the Web with Konqueror 6 1 Mozilla Part of the mozilla org organization s wide range of Open Source Internet application developments Mozilla is a powerful integrated and standards compliant Web browser email client news reader and more The Web browsing component displays Web content such as webpages and images Mozilla also uses plug ins for interactive multimedia such as streaming video and Web animation This section shows you how to use the Mozilla Web browser to explore the Internet To start Mozilla click the Mozilla Web Browser launcher on the panel or choose Main Menu gt Internet gt Mozilla Web Browser Elle Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Window Help M p lt ee ie a 2i F i a we oaa 7 aoad Seo B feusrsharerdoc HTMLAndexntm v ga search A T Home yfBookmarks g Red Hat Network G4 Support Shop EAProducts g Training EITE redhat gt What s Related gt Search Bookmarks Add Manage Search Name seep 1 Welcome to tivate your Red Hat oduct i Thank you for installing Red Hat Linux Bluct activation is the 9 way to receiving the fits of purchasing Red Red Hat offers comprehensive services and resources to make the most out of your Red Linux including Hat Linux deployment nical support and Red Network Red Hat Network Ke aB i PI 3 EL Z ES eH Doc
118. he contents of an entire file on the screen for example type cat filename txt If the file is fairly long it will quickly scroll past you on the screen To prevent this use the cat filename txt less command Using the pipe I and the less command together displays the file one page at a time You can then use the up and down arrow keys to move backward and forward through the pages For more on using pipes to combine two separate functions see Section 13 10 Pipes and Pagers 13 9 1 Using Redirection Redirection means causing the shell to change what it considers to be standard input or where the standard output should be going To redirect standard output use the gt symbol Placing gt after the cat command or after any utility or application that writes to standard output directs its output to the filename following the symbol For example using cat by itself outputs whatever you input to the screen as if it were repeating the line you just typed The following example shows cat repeating every line that is entered Figure 13 5 The cat Command To redirect the output of cat to a file type the following at a shell prompt pressing the Enter key takes you to the next blank line Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 97 cat gt sneakers txt Eile Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cat gt sneakers txt a buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee
119. he file and exit the application If you accidentally made changes to a file and you want to exit vi without saving the changes type and then type q followed by which exits without saving changes More information about using vi can be found by typing man vi at a shell prompt 72 Chapter 9 Working with Documents 9 3 Viewing PDFs A PDF Portable Document Format file is an electronic image of a document PDF captures format ting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications making it possible to send format ted documents and have them appear on the recipient s monitor or printer as they were intended To view a PDF you must have a PDF reader An open source application called xpdf is included with Red Hat Linux The xpdf toolbar at the bottom has navigational tools that let you move backward and forward through the PDF document as well as standard zoom print and find tools The xpdf man page provides useful information on the xpdf options To view the xpdf man page at a shell prompt type man xpdf 50 Chapter 5 Web Browsing Introduction Welcome to Konqueror 2 9 9 en Konqueror sou have your Mens a yot command tenung heat or mabeortas vey aqua vasu Thanks to me canponare teenearagy Wiad napraat KLE Kauai ano amp Baty 1o une and CoO Wet Brower WC pou Cat UNE 10 epora I Figure 5 9 Welcome to Konqueror When you first launch Konqueror you will be presented with an Introduction s
120. hich lists detailed information about the hardware in your Red Hat Linux system To start the Hardware Browser choose Main Menu gt System Tools gt Hardware Browser Figure 16 1 shows Hardware Browser in action CD ROM Drives Floppy Disks PCMCIA PC Card devices Drive dev hda Geom 1950 240 63 Model TOSHIBA MK1516GAP Pointing devices Sound cards System devices USB devices Video cards Disk Information Device Start End size MB Type V dev hda hdal i 463 3418 FAT Y hda2 464 1950 10978 Extended V hda6 464 466 22 ext3 X hda7 467 1021 4097 ext3 V hda8 1022 1091 517 linux swap V hda9 1092 1572 3551 ext3 hda5 1573 1950 2791 FAT Figure 16 1 Hardware Browser hard disk device listing Select Hard Drives from the panel and find your Windows partition from the Disk Information displayed Windows partitions normally use the FAT or FAT32 file system type This file system type can be mounted and read within Linux however if your Windows partition uses NTFS then you cannot mount and read from it as Red Hat Linux does not support NTFS file systems Note the Device information for your Windows partition as this is the device that you mount to access your Windows data Once you have determined where your Windows partition is located on your hard drive log in as root type su and then enter the root password at a shell prompt Create a directory in which the Windows
121. his manual include Working with Digital Cameras This new chapter discusses using a digital camera with gtKam ii Introduction Configuring Date and Time A chapter on configuring your system time your time zone and how to connect to a network time server to get accurate time and date information for your Red Hat Linux system has been moved from the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide to this manual Diskettes and CD ROMs This chapter now includes information about backing up files to CD R and CD RW media using CD Creator in Nautilus Working with Documents This chapter includes information on editing text files in a graphical environment with gEdit and at a shell prompt with vi Using the Graphical Desktop This chapter has been modified to reflect the new desktop environment and the various ways you can use and configure it including how to change your desktop background manage your printer and more 2 Document Conventions When you read this manual you will see that certain words are represented in different fonts type faces sizes and weights This highlighting is systematic different words are represented in the same style to indicate their inclusion in a specific category The types of words that are represented this way include the following command Linux commands and other operating system commands when used are represented this way This style should indicate to you that you can type the word or phrase on the
122. ide until you reach the end or by pressing the Esc key at any point in the slide show Your presentation can be saved in several file formats You can save in the native OpenOffice org Impress format for example mypresentation sxi the Microsoft PowerPoint format mypresentation ppt or StarImpress format mypresentation sdd You can also print your presentation to plain or transparent paper formats by clicking File gt Print from the file menu Chapter 9 Working with Documents 69 To learn more about OpenOffice org Impress click Help gt Contents from the file menus 9 1 5 OpenOffice org Draw If you want to create graphics for your documents and presentations you can use OpenOffice org Draw Using your mouse as a you would a pen or a paintbrush OpenOffice org Draw allows you to make illustrations and save them in several formats that you can add to printed documents place on websites or attach to emails To start OpenOffice org Draw from the desktop panel click Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOf fice org Draw To start OpenOffice org Draw from a shell prompt type oodraw Figure 9 7 Shows OpenOffice org Draw in action Inset Format Tools Modify Window Help file jole Gans ee Ss te ala EIEN Hlod HM Back A coor zeu a pesan a2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10M W134 15 16 17 18 19 2012122 43 24 25 26 27 284 Ke tl els a
123. ight be familiar Users type commands at a shell prompt the shell interprets these commands and then the shell tells the OS what to do Experienced users can write shell scripts to expand their capabilities even further Elle Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cd o sam Halloween home cd sam Halloween ff Figure 13 1 A Shell Prompt This section explains how to navigate the file system manipulate files perform simple administration tasks and other shell prompt basics 13 2 The History of the Shell When AT amp T software engineers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson were designing UNIX they wanted to create a way for people to interact with their new system Operating systems at that time came with command interpreters which could take commands from the user and interpret them so that computers could use them But Ritchie and Thompson wanted something more something that offered better features than the command interpreters available at that time This lead to the development of the Bourne shell known as sh created by S R Bourne Since the creation of the Bourne shell other shells have been devel oped such as the C shell csh and the Korn shell ksh 90 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics When the Free Software Foundation sought a royalty free shell developers began to work on the language behind the Bourne shell as well as some of the popular features from other sh
124. iguration Follow the instructions that appear on the screen X Configuration Tool attempts to automatically configure your video card and monitor settings for you Figure 10 6 shows the Advanced tab for configuring your video device manually aea Monitor Monitor Type DDC Probed Monitor Dell M781p N Configure Horizontal Refresh Rates kHz 30 0 85 0 Vertical Refresh Rates Hz 50 0 160 0 DPI physical resolution 87 by 85 dots per inch Set DPI Video Card Video Card Type S3 VIRGE generic Configure ata ize ap Memory Size 4 megabytes Driver s3virge Enable Hardware 3D Acceleration 38 Cancel 2 OK Figure 10 6 X Configuration Tool To configure your monitor manually click the Advanced tab then click the Configure button next to the Monitor Type entry A pop up window will display a list of monitor models Choose your model and click OK You can also let X Configuration Tool probe your monitor for the correct model and vertical horizontal frequency settings To configure your video card manually click the Advanced tab then click the Configure button next to the Video Card entry A pop up window will display a list of video card models Choose your model and click OK You can also let X Configuration Tool probe your video card for the correct model and settings by clicking the Probe Videocard button When you have finished reconfiguring your video card
125. iles e usr share doc mkisofs lt version gt where lt version gt is the version of mkisofs in stalled on your system Several documentation files are included with general usage and licens ing information Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs 33 e usr share doc xcdroast lt version gt where lt version gt is the version of X CD Roast installed on your system Contains useful command line options and usage information for this graphical CD R W mastering application e usr share doc dvdrecord lt version gt where lt version gt is the version of dvdrecord installed on your system For users who have DVD R W devices this set of documentation helps you get started mastering DVD ROMs for data backup and multimedia presentation 4 4 2 Useful Websites http www xcdroast org The Official website of the X CD Roast project http freshmeat net projects cdrecord The cdrecord project page on Freshmeat is regularly updated with the newest releases news and user commentary http www freesoftware fsf org dvdrtools The official website of the dvdrtools project which includes the dvdrecord utility for writing DVD R W discs 34 Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs redhat Chapter 5 Getting Online Exploring the Internet has become a popular activity People use the Internet for everything from information to finances to getting medical prescriptions on the Web However in order to use th
126. ime zones are determined by adding or subtracting from the UTC time redhat Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs Using diskettes and CD ROMs with Red Hat Linux requires some understanding about removable me dia This chapter discusses how to read and write files to and from diskettes how to format diskettes and how to read and copy data from a CD ROM This chapter also covers using CD writable and CD rewritable drives 4 1 Using Diskettes Diskettes are one of the oldest removable media solutions available for the personal computer PC Diskettes are ideal as a portable storage solution for small files that need to be physically moved around For example if two PCs are not on the same network diskettes are a great solution to transfer files from one computer to the other 4 1 1 Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette A diskette must first be mounted before it can be used To mount a diskette insert it into the diskette drive and type mount mnt floppy at a shell prompt The diskette drive activity light should blink as the diskette s file system is mounted to the mnt floppy directory You can access the contents of the diskette by changing into that directory with the ca mnt floppy command Alternatively you can also mount a diskette by right clicking on the desktop and choosing Disks gt Floppy This mounts the diskette and adds a desktop icon which you can double click to explore the diskette contents Now that the disk
127. in text try unselecting this when printing plain text documents to decrease the time it takes to print If the CUPS printing system is used this is not an option because text is always converted to PostScript Page Size allows the paper size to be selected The options include US Letter US Legal A3 and A4 Effective Filter Locale defaults to C If Japanese characters are being printed select ja_JP Oth erwise accept the default of C Media Source defaults to Printer default Change this option to use paper from a different tray To modify the driver options click OK to return to the main window Click Apply to save the change and restart the printer daemon 8 6 Managing Print Jobs When you send a print job to the printer daemon such as printing text file from Emacs or printing an image from The GIMP the print job is added to the print spool queue The print spool queue is a list of print jobs that have been sent to the printer and information about each print request such as the status of the request the username of the person who sent the request the hostname of the system that sent the request the job number and more If you are running a graphical desktop environment click the Printer Manager icon on the panel to start the GNOME Print Manager as shown in Figure 8 7 Chapter 8 Printer Configuration 59 Printer Edit View Help 3 1 Printer 4 Figure 8 7 GNOME Print Manager It can also be started by
128. ine Errata List and using the Red Hat Linux Installation CD ROMs 15 1 Red Hat Network Red Hat Network is an Internet solution for managing one or more Red Hat Linux systems All Security Alerts Bug Fix Alerts and Enhancement Alerts collectively known as Errata Alerts can be downloaded directly from Red Hat using the Red Hat Update Agent standalone application or through the RHN website available at http rhn redhat com redhat 2 NETWORK Bre Systems Errata Software Schedule tammyfox Sign Out Systems zi Q search No systems selected Manage Clear Your RHN Your Account Your Preferences Buy Now Total systems No recent actions Out of date systems 5 Purchase History Unentited systems 2 Help Ungrouped systems 5 Inactive systems 2 secuiy 7 ta View All Updated Fe nail pack vulnerability 2 W bore Q Updated Fetchmail packa ty vulnerability Enhancement Updated Net SNMP packages fix security and other bugs 1 Wy Updated mm packages available o S Updated KDE packages fi ly issues 1 be s a ackages fix vulnerability o ickages fix directory traversal bug 2 Updated xinetd packages fix denial uinerability 1 Updated apache httpd and mod _s New samba packages available 1 tial security vulnerability 1 New kemel fixes local denial of service issue 3 10 of 17 relevant errata shown View All Relevant Erata Legal s
129. ine basis It is not recommended to log in to your root account for common computing tasks as you may damage your system or unintentionally delete a file The Setup Agent lets you enter a username an optional full name for the account and a password which you must enter twice This creates a user account that you can use to log into your Red Hat Linux system and which has its own home directory on the system to store files 2 Chapter 1 Getting Started Welcome isdn ra User Account Date and time ETRE tris recommended that you create a personal user account for normal tnon PAP cdmmsvratve use To create a personal account provide the requested infomation Finish sup Userame RE runme ee Cort passwort Figure 1 2 User Account The Setup Agent allows you to manually set your machine s date and time which adjusts the clock on your computer s BIOS Basic Input Output System To set the day month and year on your system use the calendar interface To set your time in hours minutes and seconds use the provided text boxes You may also synchronize your date and time automatically with a network time server a computer that sends accurate date and time settings to your system through a network connection Check the box labeled Enable Network Time Protocol and use the drop down menu to select the time server you want to use Once you have set your time and date click Forward to continue
130. ing Text Files cee ii 9 2 1 Shell Prompt Text Editors ccccsssssssssssssscesssscssscsessssssssssensssesvsssessesesscseess 71 OB e Nae with 2 A B SESENTA E E EE E E eta niiee cas cada E 71 10 Audio Video and General Amusement sccscssccsssssscsssesssessesnssesscssscesesssssscesersesesssseesereee 73 LOM Playing Audio CDS esheets vesee A A R 73 10 2 Playing Digital Audio Files seisseen ioiai a AE a EAEE 73 10 251 Using XMMS Serije iiiar eia EEN EEE ENER A 74 10 3 Troubleshooting Your Sound Card ssssssssesesesessesseseseeeeeees 74 10 3 1 If Sound Card Configuration Tool Does Not Work 10 4 Troubleshooting Your Video Card 10 5 Gamessa ann ie 10 6 Finding Games Online veseeccssusspespescesasisravsnesscecseepisvenvereccasssssseueiecscuensaveapesvescussaetenterscsetes 71 11 Working With Images sccsssssscssssssssssccessssssseesasssssesessesssssssessesessssseevasssssesessesesssessssesessseseeves 79 MSV ViSWING LMA BES mrin eun a grabs oft uutvesss E ANRGN 79 11 1 1 Using Nautilus to View Images 79 11 1 2 Using gThumb oe 80 11 2 Manipulating Images with the GIMP 11 2 1 GIMP Basics 11 2 2 Loading a File sss T1223 Savin aU noa E E RP EE CEE EREN O ueavienreee eas 11 24 GIMP Opto o er rE a ANR O A STATAN 11 3 Additional Resources PA 11 3 1 Installed Documentation sc2 3 0 aene EE E A EEN rar 85 113 2 Useful WEDSES io erii ti r ERCE G EE RCRA
131. ing messages There are a great many newsgroups on the Web with topics ranging from politics to computer games to random strange thoughts You can even post and download pictures and files to Newsgroups although your ISP may restrict Newsgroups to text based postings only To join a newsgroup you first need to set up a newsgroup account Click on your mail account name in the sidebar and select Create a new account from the options that appear on the right of the screen The New Account Setup screen will appear Select Newsgroup account and then click Next New Account Setup This Wizard will collect the information necessary to setup a Mail or Newsgroup account If you do not know the information requested please contact your System Administrator or Internet Service Provider Select the type of account you would like to setup Q ISP or email provider Newsgroup account Cancel Back gt Next Finish Figure 7 7 Newsgroup Account Setup Enter your name and email address on the next screen and click Next On the following screen enter the name of your news server if you do not know the name of your news server contact your Internet service provider or network administrator for this information On the last few screens you can determine the name that this account will be referred to and review your settings The newsgroup account you created will appear in the sidebar of the Mozilla mail screen Ri
132. ints the foo txt file To view the jobs waiting in the print queue type 1pq at the command line Type 1pq and you will see information similar to this active root 389 fo0o txt In this example 389 is the job number You can cancel jobs in the queue by typing 1prm followed by the print job number displayed when you use the 1pq command To cancel the foo txt print job type lprm 389 and press Enter 96 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 13 8 Clearing and Resetting the Terminal After even one 1s command in a shell prompt the terminal window you are working in can begin to look crowded You can always exit from the terminal window and open a new one but there is a quicker and easier way to clear the contents displayed in the terminal Try typing the command clear at the shell prompt The clear command does just what it implies it clears the terminal window Sometimes you may accidentally open a program file or some other non text file in a terminal window Once you close the file you could find that the text you are typing does not match the output on the monitor In such cases type reset to return the terminal window to its default values 13 9 Manipulating Files with cat Red Hat Linux has a utility which can help you keep short lists gather lists together and even show you information about your system The utility is called cat short for concatenate which means to combine files The command cat will also display t
133. irectories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one zip r filename zip filel file2 file3 usr work school The above command compresses filel file2 file3 and the contents of the usr work school directory assuming this directory exists and places them in a file named filename zip Qr For more information type man zip and man unzip ata shell prompt to read the man pages for zip and unzip 118 Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories 14 3 3 Archiving Files at the Shell Prompt A tar file is a collection of several files and or directories in one file This is a good way to create backups and archives Some of the options used with the tar are e c create a new archive f when used with the c option use the filename specified for the creation of the tar file when used with the x option unarchive the specified file e t show the list of files in the tar file v show the progress of the files being archived e x extract files from an archive e z compress the tar file with gzip e j compress the tar file with bzip2 To create a tar file type tar cvf filename tar directory file In this example filename tar represents the file you are creating and directory file represents the directory and file you want to put in the archived file You can tar multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one tar cvf
134. ite Status Window By default the CD R W should automatically eject from your drive when it is finished Since it is generally recommended to periodically backup personal files the CD Creator can help you do so quickly 4 3 2 Using X CD Roast X CD Roast is a graphical application for duplicating and creating also known as mastering CD ROMs X CD Roast automates the process of burning CD Rs and CD RWs and is highly configurable to many CD mastering or duplicating needs To start X CD Roast choose Main Menu gt System Tools gt CD Writer To start it at a shell prompt type usr bin xcdroast X CD Roast first scans your device busses and find your CD R W drive It then allows you to configure settings for CD writer CD ROM drive and more Figure 4 8 illustrates the Setup screen and its configuration options Note that your CD R W drive brand may be different from the drive shown Setup Device Scan CD Settings HO Settings Miscellaneous Options Users Type Bus id Vendor Model Rev Description 0 0 SONY CD RW CRX140E 1 0n CD ROM Save configuration Ok Cancel Figure 4 8 X CD Roast Setup Screen Check your CD R W manufacturer documentation to set some of the CD Settings options such as CD Writer Speed and CD Writer FIFO Buffer Size All CD image iso or img files need to be stored in a central location accessible to X CD Roast You must specify
135. justification aligning the text of your document to the left center or right margins and more There is also a text box that enables you to specify the exact location of a document on your machine and load the document into the editing area There are also buttons for opening saving and printing documents as well as buttons for creating new documents which will open up a new window with a blank document for you to add content Along the left side of the window there is a toolbar with buttons for checking your spelling toggling the automatic highlighting of misspelled words keyword and phrase searching and other convenient editing functions If you hover the mouse cursor over a toolbar button a pop up Tip is displayed with a brief explanation of the button s functionality You can display more detailed Tips by clicking the Help menu and choosing Extended Tips You can immediately begin typing text into the document editing area at any time using the default settings To save your text click the Save button M which opens the pop up file browser You can choose the file format from the File type drop down menu at the bottom of the browser window The default file type is appropriate for files that you are working on exclusively with OpenOffice org applications However for files that you need to distribute to Microsoft Office users or if you are Chapter 9 Working with Documents 65 editing a file that was sent as an email attachment
136. lay the many different charts and graphs you can create using your data Choose the style you want and click Create The graph will be displayed anchored within the spreadsheet window You can move it anywhere on the screen for printing or you can save the graph as an object that you can then embed in OpenOffice org Writer documents or OpenOffice org Impress presentations Chapter 9 Working with Documents 67 Bile Edit View Inset Format Tools Dats Window Help ele fealealsaglssi 23 a Albany oF ei ua 9 me OB En ed lar Hex f e x E v E E 3 H 4 1 Expenses Bl a ottice Supplies 2547 i o 4_lintemne Servee 19 95 Malo Tide 5 Electricity Bil 75 68 8 76 computer Hardware 965 75 r BS D aS 9 g ge Do a al gle XN gt eH z c a i 14 Ois g e roa 586 85 A z ZEN Sa 1s Pe Ffa 5x 22 23 24 25 25 a ENHAN sheett Shee Shests Wl J Sal Sheet 1 3 Default Do O sro Suna Figure 9 4 Creating Charts with OpenOffice org Calc You can save spreadsheets created with OpenOffice org Calc in several file formats including the na tive sxc as well as Microsoft Office compatible x1s formats Additionally you can export rendered charts and graphs to several image file formats and integrate them with document files webpages and pres
137. layed For additional information on using Mozilla click on Help on the top menu panel and then on Help Contents 6 1 2 Mozilla Composer You can use Mozilla Composer to create webpages You do not need to know HTML to use this tool To open Composer go to Window gt Composer on the Mozilla main menu or click on the Composer icon in the lower left part of the screen Ea The Mozilla help files provide information on creating webpages with Composer Go to Help on the main menu and select Help Contents When the help screen opens click on the Contents tab and expand the Creating Webpages menu by clicking on the arrow next to it A list of topics will appear and clicking on any of these will provide you with information for creating and editing webpages using Mozilla Composer File Edit View Insert Format Table Tools Window Help a sS n x EARE Hl g New Open Save Publish Browse Print Image Table Link BodyText v M 2 gt A B J U tf hind my baht 7 Normal TA HTML Tags lt HTML gt Source 24 Preview he EL EI G lt body gt p Figure 6 4 Mozilla Composer 6 2 Galeon Galeon is a Web browser that is based on Mozilla It is only a Web browser and does not feature email newsgroups or anything other than Web browsing and searching This can be useful if you want to browse the Web without the need to email or chat with others Galeon also has some extra features that
138. le ein FI n Q fo A Ale a aja il A Hello World 3 JE oleh side 1 4 a Es 22 95 1346 67 Slide1 1 Default Figure 9 7 OpenOffice org Draw If you are familiar with illustration and graphics applications such as The GIMP refer to Chapter 11 Working with Images for more information you will find that OpenOffice org Draw has some of the same basic functions There are toolbars for creating straight and curved lines basic shapes such as squares and circles 3D objects such as cones and cubes and more You can create images and fill them with the color of your choice using the Area Style Filling drop down menu on the main toolbar You can additionally insert text into your illustrations OpenOffice org Draw also allows you to open and import images and modify them with the tools provided When you complete your illustration or image modifications you can save the file in one of several native file formats or export your work to several popular formats such as jpg or png Refer to Table 9 1 for the complete list of compatible image file formats For more information on using OpenOffice org Draw refer to the documentation located at Help gt Contents from the file menus 70 Chapter 9 Working with Documents 9 2 Editing Text Files Red Hat Linux includes several text editors applications that allow you to view and modify plain text files Plain text files are files that contain text without any font or st
139. llows you to configure the Konqueror Web browser You can configure options such as cache sizes website cookies plugins proxy settings if available and enhanced brows ing using keyword shortcuts A 10 Logging Out of KDE There are two ways to log out of your KDE session From the Main Menu select Logout User where User is your account username To log out from the desktop right click on the desktop and from the menu select Logout User where User is your account username In either case click Logout and your session will end End Session for john Figure A 17 KDE Logout Screen O redhat Appendix B Applications The following table shows some of the Red Hat Linux applications that are available to perform many common tasks This is not a complete list of all applications available Applications in between parentheses denotes the formal name of the application E eS Application Charts and Kchart Kivio XFig Diagrams Graphics The GIMP Paint Icon Editor K Icon Editor Program KPaint GThumb Image Viewer Kuickshow The GIMP Digital Cam Digital Camera Tool Scan and OCR Program Kooka The GIMP eras Scanners gtKam Scanning XSane Jpilot KPilot Evolution CD Recording CD Creator cdrecord KOnCD X CD Roast Text Editor gedit seat cans ee Galeon Konquerer Links Lynx Chat Instant Instant Messenger X Chat Chatzilla Messaging GAIM PDF PostScript xpdf Ghostview Viewers Personal Financ
140. lp documentation on topics such as using and configuring the desktop working with the many applications included with KDE and working with the Konquerer file manager A 3 Using The Desktop Once you start KDE your default desktop will look similar to Figure A 2 136 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment e08S5en Figure A 2 A Typical KDE Desktop The KDE desktop displays application launchers document windows file folders and so on You can also access the main menu and configure the desktop to suit your needs The long bar across the bottom of the desktop is the panel The panel contains application launchers status indicators and the desktop manager You can have up to 16 desktops running at the same time in KDE The panel taskbar shows your currently running applications Icons located on the desktop can be files folders device links or application launchers Click on an icon to open the associated resource The KDE desktop works similarly to other graphical desktop environments You can drag and drop files and application icons to any location on the desktop You can also add new icons for all types of applications and resources to the desktop panel or file manager The desktop itself is also highly customizable You can change the appearance of buttons window and frame decorations and back grounds Configuration tools are also available which allow you to customize the way the desktop behaves at even
141. lpful as you learn to navigate your Red Hat Linux system 13 4 Changing Directories with ca Changing directories is easy as long as you know where you are your current directory and how that relates to where you want to go To change directories use the cd command Typing this command by itself will always return you to your home directory moving to any other directory requires a pathname Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 91 You can use absolute or relative pathnames Absolute paths start at the top of the file system with referred to as root and then look down for the requested directory relative paths look down from your current directory wherever that may be The following directory tree illustrates how cd operates directoryl directoryl directory2 directoryl directory2 directory3 If you are currently in directory3 and you want to switch to directory1 you need to move up in the directory tree Executing the command cd directoryl while you are in directory3 will present you with an error message explaining that there is no such directory This is because there is no directory1 below directory3 To move up to directoryl type cd directoryl This is an example of an absolute path It tells Linux to start at the top of the directory tree and change to directoryl1 A path is absolute if the first character is a Otherwise it is a relative path Using absolute paths allows you to change to a directory from
142. menus and help files that are included in the main menubar of graphical applications You can choose any method of accessing documentation that best suits your needs as all of these resources are either already installed on your Red Hat Linux system or can be easily installed 1 7 1 Manual Pages Applications utilities and shell prompt commands usually have corresponding manual pages also called man pages that show the reader available options and values of file or executable Man Pages are structured in such a way that users can quickly scan the page for pertinent information which is important when dealing with commands that they have never previously encountered 1 7 1 1 Using man Man Pages can be accessed via shell prompt by typing the command man and the name of the exe cutable For example to access the man page for the 1s command type the following man ls The NAME field shows the executable s name and a brief explanation of what function the executable performs The SYNOPSIS field shows the common usage of the executable such as what options are declared and what types of input such as files or values the executable supports The DESCRIPTION field shows available options and values associated with a file or executable See Also shows related terms files and programs File Edit View Terminal Go Help LS 1 User Commands Isa E NAME ls list directory contents SYNOPSIS ls OPTION FILE DESCRIPTION
143. mmand 1s a Now you will see files that begin with dots Elle Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam ls a a bash_history bash_profile canna gtkre kde sneakers txt bash_logout bashrc emacs home txt saturday txt xauth3rsvwu sam Halloween sam fj Figure 13 3 1s with the a Option Hidden files are mostly configuration files which set preferences in programs window managers shells and more The reason they are hidden is to help prevent any accidental tampering by the user When you are searching for something in a directory you are not usually looking for these configura tion files so keep them hidden to help avoid some screen clutter when viewing directories at the shell prompt Viewing all the files using the 1s a command can give you plenty of detail but you can view still more information by adding more than one option If you want to see the size of a file or directory when it was created and more just add the long option 1 to the 1s a command This command shows the file creation date its size ownership permissions and more 94 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics You do not have to be in the directory whose contents you want to view to use the 1s command For example to see what is in the etc directory from your home directory type ls al etc Ele Edt View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam ls l 5 total 84 rw r r 1 sam sam 3155 Dec 18 17
144. n task periodically updates the slocate database which is used to catalog file locations Switching between operating systems and shutting down your machine at the end of the day can interfere with the automatic database update run by cron To update the database manually log in as root type su at a shell prompt and then your root password and type the command updat edb After a few minutes the slocate database that is used by the locate command will be current Note You can run anacron to have your system execute commands periodically with a frequency specified in days Unlike cron it does not assume that the machine is running continuously Hence it can be used on machines that are not running 24 hours a day to control daily weekly and monthly jobs that are usually controlled by cron Refer to the man page on anacron type man anacron at the command line and the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for more information 13 7 Printing From The Command Line Printing is not an involved process whether you click on a button in a GUI or type commands from the command line This section explains how to print cancel and view print jobs from the command line assuming you have a properly configured printer connected to your system Refer to Chapter 8 Printer Configuration for more information about setting up your printer The lpr command followed by a filename sends that specified file to the print queue For example lpr foo txt pr
145. nd your new archive is now ready to be filled with files and directories To add files to your new archive click Add which will pop up a browser window Figure 14 2 that you can navigate to find the file or directory you want to be in the archive Click OK when you are finished and click Close to close the archive homefjohn gambas 0 35 examples Notepad Folders H Eiles J FAbout class a FAbout form FNotepad class FNotepad form notepad png C Add only if newer E Load Options Include sub folders _ C Exclude folders that are symbolic links O Exclude other file systems Exclude backup files 7 Exclude hidden files O Exclude files O ignore case B Save Options Selection home john gambas 0 35 examples Notepad X Cancel Pox Figure 14 2 Creating an Archive with File Roller om There is much more you can do with File Roller than is explained here Refer to the File Roller manual available by clicking Help gt Manual for more information 14 3 2 Compressing Files at the Shell Prompt Compressed files use less disk space and download faster than large uncompressed files In Red Hat Linux you can compress files with the compression tools gzip bzip2 or zip The bzip2 compression tool is recommended because it provides the most compression and is found on most UNIX like operating systems The gzip compression
146. ne at work Printers have become a very popular PC peripheral due to their increasing quality and decreasing prices Printer hardware manu facturers distribute CD ROMs or diskettes with their printers as most operating systems require these CD ROMs because they contain printer drivers software that communicates with both the printer and the operating system Red Hat Linux provides drivers for most printer models thus the drivers and software on the printer manufacturer s CD ROM and diskettes are not needed With few exceptions all you need to do is attach the printer to your Red Hat Linux system turn on the printer and configure it with the useful tools provided by Red Hat Linux 8 1 The Printer Configuration Tool Red Hat Linux includes a graphical utility for configuring local and remote printers without the need to install additional drivers and applications The Printer Configuration Tool uses a step by step process that can help you configure a printer faster than editing configuration files manually This chapter shows you how to set up and test a printer directly connected to your Red Hat Linux system For remote printer setup and more advanced printer configuration issues refer to the chapter called Printer Configuration in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide 8 2 Adding a Local Printer To add a local printer such as one attached through a parallel port or USB port on your computer click the New button in the main Printer Con
147. nel There are several types of applets performing functions such as system monitoring time and date display and launching applications by typing commands in a text box There are some applets that run on the panel by default This section covers them in detail 138 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment A 4 2 1 Working with Multiple Desktops By default KDE provides four desktops that you can use to display multiple applications without having to crowd all of them onto one desktop Each desktop can hold icons open applications and be individually customized For example while you are writing a message in Evolution on desktop one you can have Mozilla browsing the Web on desktop two the OpenOffice org Writer word processor open on desktop three and so on You can change the number and names of desktops available in KDE by making these adjustments 1 Right click on the desktop you will see a brief menu of actions you can choose 2 Select Configure Desktop the KDE desktop configuration tool will open 3 Click the Multiple Desktops icon see Figure A 5 You can configure how many virtual desktops there are lt Appearance Number of desktops a B nsns Desktop Names Desktop 1 Desktop 1 Desktop 9 Desktop 2 Desktop 2 Deskiop 20 Multiple Desktops Desktop 3 Desktop 3 Desktop 11 E I beets Paths Desktop 5 Desktop 13 amp Desito 6 Desktop 14 go Desktop 7 Desktop 15 Deskto 8
148. ns To change to the root login and root directory use the su command su 0 The command su means substitute users and it allows you to log in as another user temporarily When you type su by itself and press Enter you become root also called the superuser while still inside your login shell your user s home directory Typing su makes you become root with root s login shell it is as if you had logged in as root originally Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 93 As soon as you give the root password you will see the changes in your command prompt to show your new superuser status the root account designation at the front of the prompt and at the end When you are done working as root type exit at the prompt and you will return to your user account 13 5 View Directory Contents with Is Now that you know how to change directories it is time to learn how to view the contents of these directories Using the 1s command you can display the contents of your current directory Many options are available with the 1s command The 1s command by itself does not show all the files in the directory Some files are hidden files also called dot files and can only be seen with an additional option specified to the 1s command Or To see all the options of the 1s command you can read the man page by typing man 1s at a shell prompt If you want to print the man page at the prompt type man 1s col b lpr Type the co
149. ntents of etc with less type the following command at the shell prompt ls al etc less To move forward a screen press Space bar to move back a screen press the b key to quit press lal You can achieve the same results with more another paging utility 16 7 1 Printing Is Output You can also print directory listings by piping the output to a printer in the same way that you piped the output to your screen If you have configured a printer type the following to pipe the output of a command to the printer ls al etc lpr 132 Chapter 16 Frequently Asked Questions 16 8 Forgotten Password Help I forgot my root password How do I log in now You can log in using single user mode and create a new root password To enter single user mode reboot your computer If you use the default boot loader GRUB you can enter single user mode by performing the following 1 At the boot loader menu type e to enter into editing mode 2 You will be presented with a boot entry listing Look for the line that looks similar to the fol lowing kernel vmlinuz 2 4 18 0 4 ro root dev hda2 Press the arrow key until this line is highlighted and press e 3 Press the Spacebar once to add a blank space then add the word single to tell GRUB to boot into single user Linux mode Press Enter to make the editing change take effect 4 You will be brought back to the edit mode screen From here press b and GRUB will boot single
150. o ZLABeEAC le lis 14 fo t2 11 fo 0 8 70 ne je Orel Poth sides 4 TextEdit Paragraph 1 Row 1 Column 1 E 2895 381 Saaz set Bidet Deut Figure 9 5 OpenOffice org Impress When you first start OpenOffice org Impress you will be presented with the AutoPilot You can choose the style of your slides the medium with which you will present your slides plain paper transparent paper for overhead projectors slides or a display monitor and any animated visual effects you want to apply to the slides if you run presentations from your computer C Erom template C Open existing presentation Mv Preview T Do not show this dialog again Help Cancel ieee Create Figure 9 6 OpenOffice org Impress AutoPilot Wizard Once you have chosen your preferences with AutoPilot tool you can choose the type of slide you want to create You can select a pre formatted slide from the list or start with a blank slide and customize the layout yourself To add new slides to your presentation click Insert Slide in the floating toolbar and a pop up window will appear allowing you to choose the layout of the new slide You can have as many slides in your presentation as you need You can also preview your presentation at any point by selecting Slide Show gt Slide Show from the file menus The presentation will be presented in full screen which you can exit by cycling through every sl
151. ofs in the previous section switch to the root user and type the following at a shell prompt cdrecord v eject speed 4 dev 0 3 0 backup iso The command sets the write speed 4 the device address 0 3 0 and sets write output verbose v which is useful for tracking the status of the write process The e ject argument ejects the CD ROM after the write process is complete The same command can also be used for burning ISO image files downloaded from the Internet such as Red Hat Linux ISO images You can use cdrecord to blank CD RW discs for reuse by typing the following cdrecord dev 0 3 0 blank fast 4 4 Additional Resources This chapter briefly covers several applications Refer to the following resources for more information about the applications in this chapter 4 4 1 Installed Documentation cdrecord man page Discusses how to burn data audio and mixed mode CD ROMs Offers all options and commands in detail including some example commands for common CD R W burning tasks e usr share doc cdrecord lt version gt where lt version gt is the version of cdrecord installed on your system Several documentation files are included with general usage and li censing information mkisofs man page Comprehensive detail of the utility including some warnings about creating certain types of ISO images Offers all options and commands in detail including some example commands for creating common ISO image f
152. oftware files An RPM is a software package file you can install on your Red Hat Linux computer Shell prompt A command line interface between the user and the operating system Figure 1 7 The shell interprets commands entered by the user and passes them on to the operating system File Edit View Terminal Go Help john dheps9 229 john ls 1 a total 152 rw rw r 1 john john 2584 Aug 12 15 11 borderonly docs NEW tar gz SEW 1 john john 45301 Aug 12 15 15 docs cd png rw 1 john john 55215 Aug 12 15 04 file roller png drwxrwxr x 78 root root 4096 Aug 12 2002 mnt drwxr xr x 25 root root 4096 Aug 12 16 00 nfs rw 1 john john 32593 Aug 12 10 40 userconfig png john dhep59 229 john 1s borderonly docs NEW tar gz file roller png nfs docs cd png mnt userconfig png john dhcp59 229 john EE Figure 1 7 A Shell Prompt Chapter 1 Getting Started 5 su and su The command su gives you access to the root account or other accounts on your system When you type su to switch to your root account while still inside your user account shell you have access to important system files that you can change or damage if you are not careful Logging in with the su command makes you root within the root account shell Use caution when you are logged in as root X or X Window System These terms refer to the graphical user interface environments If you are in X or running X you are working in a G
153. og signals and sent over phone lines To configure this type of connection start Internet Configuration Wizard select Modem Connection and follow the steps in the wizard xDSL Connection An xDSL Digital Subscriber Line connection uses high speed transmissions through telephone lines There are different types of DSL such as ADSL IDSL and SDSL Internet Configuration Wizard uses the term xDSL to mean all types of DSL connections Some DSL providers require you to configure your system to obtain an IP address through DHCP with an Ethernet card To configure this type of connection start Internet Configuration Wiz ard select Ethernet Connection and select DHCP on the Configure Network Settings screen Some DSL providers require you to configure a PPPoE Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet connection with an Ethernet card To configure this type of connection start the Internet Con figuration Wizard select xDSL Connection and follow the steps in the wizard If you must supply a username and password to connect you are probably using PPPoE Ask your DSL provider which method you should use Cable Modem Connection A cable modem connection uses the same coaxial cable that your TV cable travels on to transmit data Most cable Internet providers require you to install an Ethernet card in your computer that connects to the cable modem Then the cable modem connects to the coaxial cable The Ethernet card is usually required to be confi
154. ollections of applications designed to save time and assist users at work at school and at home Usually productivity suites are graphical and include such applications as word processors spreadsheets and presentation utilities The applications that comprise a productivity suite are integrated which means that you can for example write a document with an embedded chart created by the spreadsheet application as well as a slide from a graphical presentation application Integration of the software that make up a productivity suite helps you to give impact to your presen tations lectures or printed collateral Red Hat Linux includes a powerful business productivity suite called OpenOffice org which incor porates several complementary applications into one integrated package Using OpenOffice org is much faster and easier than learning complex tags and code to format your documents and presenta tions It allows you complete control over the layout and content of your documents and lets you see the results as you edit it This real time visual form of document formatting is called what you see is what you get or WYSIWYG editing 9 1 1 OpenOffice org Features The OpenOffice org suite contains several applications for creating and editing documents spread sheets business presentations and artwork It includes templates forms and wizards for creating basic professional documents and presentations quickly If you have ever worked with
155. om the File menu To close a tab click the X button within the tab or right click the tab and choose Close Tab from the drop down menu The tabbed browsing mode can be configured in the Tabs page of the Preferences Window which is accessible by choosing Settings gt Preferences from the browser s main menu For additional information or help with Galeon click Help on the top menu bar From there you can choose to view the Galeon FAQ and Galeon manual 6 3 Web Browser Keyboard Shortcuts Table 6 1 shows some common keyboard shortcuts available in both Mozilla and Galeon Keyboard shortcuts can help you efficiently browse the Web Shortcut Description O one browser window Ctl INI Cut F Table 6 1 Keyboard Shortcuts 44 Chapter 6 Web Browsing redhat Chapter 7 Email Applications Email is a very popular way of communicating with others over the Internet You can use email with an email client an application that understands the various email transmission standards and allows you to send receive and read email Red Hat Linux includes several email applications including graphical email clients like Evolution and Mozilla Mail and text based clients like mutt All of the email client applications are designed to suit certain types of users so you can choose one with the features that best suits your particular needs The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how to use some of the popular email ap
156. om the Red Hat Linux Errata website is recommended for more expe rienced Red Hat Linux users It also requires users to resolve software dependencies manually A software dependency is when a package is dependent on other package being installed All Security Alerts Bug Fix Alerts and Enhancement Alerts collective known as Errata Alerts can also be downloaded from the Red Hat website at http www redhat com apps support errata Click on the Red Hat Linux version you are using to view a list of all available errata for Red Hat Linux Click on the name of the Errata Alert that you want to apply to your system Instructions for updating the packages are on the individual Errata pages Red Hat Inc tests and approves the RPMs posted on this site RPMs downloaded from other sites are not supported For more information about installing packages downloaded from our errata sites refer to Section 15 4 Downloaded Packages 15 3 Installation CD ROMs Place the first Red Hat Linux CD ROM in your CD ROM drive Select Yes when asked if you want to run the autorun program from the CD It then prompts you for the root password so that you can install packages If you enter the correct root password the Package Management Tool interface appears and allows you to select packages groups to install as well as individual packages within the groups Add or Remove Packages A 12 Textbased Internet Try Deae fa Z This group includes text b
157. omize the look and behavior of the desktop The following list explains some of the configuration options in detail KDE Components This section lets you configure the Konqueror file manager and customize certain file operations You can also associate files to applications that you prefer for example assigning all digital music files to open in XMMS instead of the default player Appearance amp Themes This sections allows you to customize the visual aspect of your desktop environment You can customize background images and configure fonts themes icons panel elements screensavers and window border appearance You can also customize mouse and keyboard events which makes working with the desktop as efficient for your needs as possible Regional amp Accessibility This section allows you to set country and language options to your particular locale For users with sight or hearing impairments you can also configure accessibility features such as audible and visual cues and keyboard mouse customization System Administration This section is an advanced system configuration interface You will need your root password to configure most of these options This section allows you to configure system boot settings Linux kernel configuration login management and more It is strongly recommended that you leave these settings at their default values unless you understand the consequences of changing them Web Browsing This section a
158. on figuring your desktop background refer to Section 2 4 1 1 Changing your Desktop Background Sound In this section you can configure the system sounds associated with various functions For exam ple to play a sound when you log in to your desktop you can configure it Keyboard Shortcuts You can configure shortcuts pressing a combination of keystrokes on the keyboard to perform actions within an application or on your desktop For example you can configure a shortcut to move from your current Workspace to Workspace 2 by pressing Ctrl F2 2 4 1 1 Changing your Desktop Background One way to dramatically alter the appearance of your graphical desktop is to change the background using the Background Preferences tool You can choose from several background images included with Red Hat Linux in the usr share backgrounds directory or you can use your own image To start the Background Preferences tool right click on the desktop and choose Change Desktop Background from the menu You can also double click the Start Here icon select Preferences and finally select Background Select picture into the window to set the Q You can drag image files background picture default png Picture Options Wallpaper Centered Scaled Stretched No Picture Background Style Vertical gradient Y Top Color Bottom Color Hill B Hep x Close
159. on in Nautilus Click the button to increase the size of the image or to decrease it 11 1 2 Using gThumb gThumb is a powerful image viewer for graphical desktop users that supports several image file formats including JPG JPEG GIF PGM XPM PNG PCX TIF TIFF PPM BMP gThumb is useful for viewing individual image files as well as browsing collections of files in folders It supports zoom in and zoom out functions as well as thumbnail sized preview icons of all image files within a directory It also supports several advanced options not found in Nautilus gThumb can be started from your desktop panel Choose Main Menu gt Graphics gt gThumb Image Viewer or type gthumb at a shell prompt to start the application gThumb will browse your user home directory by default If you have any images in this directory the gallery panel will auto matically generate thumbnails for you to highlight and view in the main display area Chapter 11 Working with Images 81 File Edit View Image Go Bookmarks Tools a 4 gt anjola a B g Back Foward Up Home Folders Catalogs RoN Search Comment Categories Slide Show Full Screen iii n ag Jusr share backgrounds images A D space default png dragonfly jpg T P 7 Spe N ee To 2 3 10 flowers_and_leaves jpg i es in_flight jpg ladybugs jpg leafdrops jpg yE ral 2 E x lightray
160. ons Try exploring some of the options yourself If you make a mistake do not worry You can always undo your mistakes by right clicking on the image and choosing Edit gt Undo 11 3 Additional Resources While this chapter covers several applications briefly there is so much more you can do with them Refer to the following resources if you are interested in learning more about the applications in this chapter 11 3 1 Installed Documentation Some applications discussed have online documentation included with the package accessible right from your PC For more information about using gThumb refer to the documentation in Help gt Contents in the gThumb main menu The GIMP manual page contains some of the more advanced command line options and environ ment variables associated with it You can read the manual page by typing man gimp at a shell or terminal prompt The GIMP also has a help browser accessible by choosing Help gt Help from the GIMP toolbar menu 11 3 2 Useful Websites The Web has several sites of interest if you are looking for more detailed information about an appli cation covered in this chapter http gthumb sourceforge net The official GThumb home page 86 Chapter 11 Working with Images http www gimp org The official GIMP website http www rru com meo gimp faq user html A Frequently Asked Questions FAQ list for questions commonly asked about the GIMP by GIMP users
161. oot root 4096 Sep 6 17 41 bonobo activation rw r r 1 root root 756 Jun 23 10 31 cdrecord conf drwxr xr x 3 root root 4096 Sep 6 17 57 CORBA drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 18 51 cron d drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Sep 6 17 45 cron daily LY drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Jun 23 10 34 cron hourly E Figure 13 10 Piping Output of 1s to more To search the output of a text file using more press and then type the keyword you want to search for within the file For example f 00 Use the Spacebar to move forward through the pages Press q to exit 13 11 More Commands for Reading Text Files You have already been introduced to several basic shell prompt commands for reading files in text editors Here are a few more 13 11 1 The head Command You can use the head command to look at the beginning of a file The command is head lt filename gt head can be a useful command but because it is limited to the first several lines you will not see how long the file actually is By default you can only read the first ten lines of a file You can change the number of lines displayed by specifying a number option as shown in the following command head 20 lt filename gt 13 11 2 The tail Command The reverse of head is tail Using tail you can view the last ten lines of a file This can be useful for viewing the last 10 lines of a log file for important system messages You can also use tail to watch log files as they
162. or received doc or xls files you know they are commonly associated with the Microsoft Office suite The OpenOffice org suite is able to read edit and create files in several formats including files which are commonly associated with Microsoft Office Table 9 1 shows the many different types of files you can use and tasks you can accomplish with the OpenOffice org suite Application File Compatibility Document Types OpenOffice org sxw sdw doc rtf txt Formal letters business forms school Writer htm html papers resumes newsletters reports OpenOffice org E dbf xls sdc slk Spreadsheets charts tables graphs Cale htm html personnel directories address books budgets simple databases OpenOffice org sxi Business and academic presentations Impress Web presentations lectures slide shows OpenOffice org sxd sda export files to several Illustrations line drawings clip art Draw image formats including jpg bmp organizational charts gif and png Table 9 1 OpenOffice org Features As you can see the OpenOffice org suite has many file compatibility features and allows you to 64 Chapter 9 Working with Documents accomplish several tasks for academic business or home use The following sections shows you how to use the OpenOffice org suite 9 1 2 OpenOffice org Writer Writing documents using OpenOffice org is similar to other word processing applications you may have used befo
163. or your root password Note Most sound cards are supported by Red Hat Linux but there are some sound cards that are not completely compatible or may not work at all If you are having trouble configuring your sound card check the Hardware Compatibility List at http nardware redhat com to see if your card is supported The Sound Card Configuration Tool utility probes your system for sound cards If the utility detects a plug and play sound card it will automatically try to configure the correct settings for your card You can then click the Play test sound button to play a sound sample If you can hear the sample select OK and your sound card configuration is complete The following audio device was detected Vendor Intel Corp Model 82801CA CAM AC 97 Audio Module i810_audio Play test sound OK Figure 10 5 Sound Card Configuration Tool 10 3 1 If Sound Card Configuration Tool Does Not Work If the Sound Card Configuration Tool does not work if the sample does not play and you still do not have audio sounds there are alternatives although they are not quite as simple as running the Sound Card Configuration Tool You can edit your modules conf file as discussed below this strategy is not recommended for most new users or refer to the documentation that came with your sound card for more information 10 3 1 1 Manual Sound Card Configuration If your sound card is not a plug and play card y
164. orials J UNIX manual pages Browse info pages The KDE FAQ Contact Information KDE on the web Supporting KDE 1 Overview 2 Konqueror Basics Starting Konqueror The Parts of Konqueror Tooltips and What s This Left and Middle Mouse Button Actions Right Mouse Button Menus Viewing Help Man and Info Pages 3 Konqueror the File Manager Directories Folders and Paths View Modes File Tip Info File Previews Navigation Finding Files and Directories Floppy and CD ROM Drives Deleting Files and Directories Moving and Copying Using Drag n Drop Duplicate File Names Selecting Multiple Files Create New Changing Names and Permissions Copy and Rename Super User Mode At the Command Line 4 Konqueror the Web Browser a Connecting to the Internet gt 4 I Figure A 11 The Konqueror Handbook A 7 Using Konqueror to View Images 143 You can also use the Konqueror file manager to view images If you chose KDE as your default desk top environment click on your home directory desktop icon to access the Konqueror file manager ie Using Konqueror as an image browser works similarly to Nautilus see Chapter 11 Working with Images for more information Image files automatically generate thumbnail image icons for you to preview within the file browser window When you double click on a thumbnail icon the browser displays
165. ou can manually edit your etc modules conf file to include the sound card module that it should use For example alias sound sb alias midi opl3 options opl3 io 0x388 options sb io 0x220 irq 7 dma 0 1 mpu_io 0x300 For information on configuring sound manually refer to the Linux Sound HOWTO at the Linux Doc umentation Project webpage http www tldp org HOWTO Sound HOWTO 76 Chapter 10 Audio Video and General Amusement 10 4 Troubleshooting Your Video Card Video card configuration is handled during the Red Hat Linux installation refer to the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide for more information However if you did not choose to configure a video card at that time or if you need to reconfigure your settings you can use the X Configuration Tool utility You should do this for example if you install a new video card Note The X Configuration Tool backs up your system s original video configuration file to etc X11 XF86Config backup in case you need it to switch back to a previous configuration To run the X Configuration Tool click Main Menu gt System Settings gt Display A pop up window prompts you for your root password You can also start from a shell prompt by typing the command redhat config xfree8s6 which then prompt you to input your root password If you are working from a shell prompt and X is not working redhat config xfree8 attempts to start a minimal X session to allow you to continue your conf
166. ou to configure a master address called the gateway that authenticates your computer and allows it to connect to the Internet DNS entries DNS means Domain Name System DNS servers act as a road map for the Internet When you use the Internet the DNS tells your machine where to send its traffic DNS tracks JP Internet Protocol addresses each computer connected to the Internet must have an IP address which is a unique set of numbers like 2xx 2xx 2x 2 You may receive one or more DNS entries from your Internet provider when you sign up 36 Chapter 5 Getting Online Select Device Type S Device Type Create a new virtual private network connection with CIPE CIPE VPN connection Ethernet connection E ISDN connection amp Modem connection E Token Ring connection 3 Wireless connection 3 xDSL connection 38 Cancel Back D Eonar Figure 5 1 Internet Configuration Wizard ISDN Connection An ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network connection uses high speed high quality dig ital telecommunication lines as opposed to an analog modem connection This special phone line must be installed by a phone company To configure this type of connection start Internet Configuration Wizard select ISDN Connection and follow the steps in the wizard Modem Connection A modem connection uses a modem to establish a connection to the Internet Digital data is modulated into anal
167. ou will be able to read the file one screen at a time Use the arrow keys to navigate the file to search for output press and type the search term Pipes can also be used to print only certain lines from a file Type grep coffee sneakers txt lpr This command prints every line in the sneakers txt file that mentions the word coffee read more about grep in Section 13 11 3 The grep Command 13 10 1 The more Command The main difference between more and less is that less allows backward and forward movement using the arrow keys while more uses the Spacebar and the B key for forward and backward navigation List the contents of the etc directory using 1s and more ls al etc more Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 101 Bile Edit View Terminal Go Help sam halloween sam ls al etc more 5 total 1840 drwxr xr x 56 root root 4096 Sep 8 23 35 21 root root 4096 Sep 8 21 22 1root root 15228 Aug 5 06 14 a2ps cfg 1 root root 2562 Aug 5 06 14 a2ps site cfg 1root root 46 Sep 8 19 58 adjtime 4 root root 4096 Sep 6 17 51 alchemist 1root root 1295 Aug 29 15 38 aliases 1 root smmsp 12288 Sep 8 21 22 aliases db 2 root root 4096 Sep 6 18 07 alternatives 1 root root 317 Aug 28 06 33 anacrontab 1 root root 1 Jul 24 22 45 at deny 1 root root 145 Sep 8 19 58 aumixrc 1 root root 212 Aug 27 00 49 auto master 1 root root 575 Aug 27 00 49 auto misc rw r r 1 root root 1497 Aug 29 20 37 bashrc drwxr xr x 2 r
168. ounting and Unmounting a Diskette Copy files using the following command substituting filename with the name of the file you wish to copy cp filename mnt floppy You can then unmount the diskette and eject it from the drive The new file on the diskette should now be accessible from your Windows machine 4 1 3 Formatting a Diskette To use a diskette specifically with Red Hat Linux you need to format the diskette using the ext2 file system ext2 is one of the file systems supported by Red Hat Linux and is the default method used for formatting diskettes A waming Formatting a diskette will erase all of its contents Be sure to backup any files that you need before performing any of the following operations on your diskettes Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette you can manipulate its contents in the same ways that you manipulate directories and files on your hard drive 4 1 3 1 Using gfloppy To start gfloppy choose Main Menu gt System Tools gt Floppy Formatter From a shell prompt type usr bin gfloppy As shown in Figure 4 2 the gfloppy interface is small and has few options The default settings are sufficient for most users and needs however you can format your diskette with an MS DOS file system type if necessary You can also choose the density of your diskette if you are not using the usual high density 3 5 1 44MB diskette You can also elect to quick format the diskette if it was previousl
169. ources and more all from one integrated interface In essence Nautilus becomes a shell for your entire desktop experience Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 17 Working in Nautilus is efficient and provides an alternative to searching through the various sub menus connected to the Main Menu or using a shell prompt to navigate the file system The following sections explain how to use the Nautilus to enhance your desktop experience To start Nautilus as a file manager double click on your home directory icon ir Once Nautilus appears you can navigate through your home directory or the rest of the file system To return to your home directory click the Home button The browser window contains folders and files which you can drag with your mouse to move and copy into new locations You can open another Nautilus window by selecting File gt New Window Once you have another Nautilus window you can drag and drop files to different directories By default dragging a file from one directory to another moves the file To copy the file to another directory press the Ctrl key while dragging and dropping the file By default image files in your home directory will be seen as thumbnails For text files this means you see a portion of the actual text in the icon For images you see a scaled down or thumbnail version of the image To turn off this feature select Edit gt Preferences Select the Preview tab then select Never in the drop
170. ouse cursor up and down or use the arrow keys to navigate through the text file line by line Press the Page Up and Page Down keys to advance the document a page at a time vo gedit allows you to open multiple text files in one window using separate tabs for each file If you have a file already open and want to copy text from another file click Open choose the file you want Chapter 9 Working with Documents 71 to access and the file will open in a new tab within the gedit window You can navigate between each file by clicking on the the tab associated with the particular filename Once you have modified or written your text file you can save it by pressing the Save button in the toolbar or by choosing File gt Save from the file menus If you are writing a new text file a pop up window will prompt you to name the file and save it in the directory of your choice If you are editing an existing file then any changes you make will automatically appear in the file the next time you open it You can also choose File gt Save As to save an existing file under a new name or in a different location which is convenient if for example you are editing a configuration file and you want to test your changes without losing your original configuration For more information about gedit choose Help gt Contents from the file menus to access the gedit manual 9 2 1 Shell Prompt Text Editors If you are not using a graphical desktop
171. out printing on Red Hat Linux refer to the following resources 8 7 1 Installed Documentation man printcap The manual page for the etc printcap printer configuration file map lpr The manual page for the 1pr command that allows you to print files from the command line man 1pd The manual page for the LPRng printer daemon Chapter 8 Printer Configuration 61 man lprm The manual page for the command line utility to remove print jobs from the LPRng spool queue man mpage The manual page for the command line utility to print multiple pages on one sheet of paper man cupsd The manual page for the CUPS printer daemon man cupsd conf The manual page for the CUPS printer daemon configuration file man classes conf The manual page for the class configuration file for CUPS 8 7 2 Useful Websites http www linuxprinting org GNU Linux Printing contains a large amount of information about printing in Linux http www cups org Documentation FAQs and newsgroups about CUPS 62 Chapter 8 Printer Configuration redhat Chapter 9 Working with Documents Red Hat Linux includes several tools for managing all of your documents Whether you are preparing for a business or school presentation writing a formal letter or opening a document from an email attachment Red Hat Linux has a tool that suits your needs 9 1 The OpenOffice org Suite Productivity suites are c
172. ow General Browser Viewer Slide Show Interface a o E Layout O jag O oes c aa 20 Toolbar style System settings On startup Do not change folder Go to last visited folder or catalog O Go to this folder History Max history length 15 T Heip x Close Figure 11 4 The GThumb Preferences Dialog Box To find out more about using and configuring gThumb choose Help gt Contents from the main menu 11 2 Manipulating Images with the GIMP The GNU Image Manipulation Program GIMP is a powerful tool that can be used to create alter manipulate and enhance digital image files photographs scanned images computer generated images and more This section offers a quick overview of the GIMP and refers you to comprehensive references for learning more about it 11 2 1 GIMP Basics To use the GIMP you will need to know some of the basics From a shell prompt you start the GIMP using the command gimp or you can start the GIMP from the desktop by choosing Main Menu gt Graphics gt The GIMP Figure 11 5 shows a typical GIMP session in action Chapter 11 Working with Images Jere n5 08 15 ie xine Help 200 Spacing ew Lest ren Creamer io Radius Fired Size Axpect Ratio sa
173. ow Evolution to connect to your email accounts and to import files from other applications Please click the Next button to continue lt Back D Next X Cancel Figure 7 1 Evolution Welcome Screen The first time you start Evolution you will be presented with the Welcome Screen Figure 7 1 which allows you to configure your email connection Follow the on screen instructions and fill in the information you collected from your ISP or administrator in the text boxes provided When you are done click Finish and you will be presented with the Main Screen as shown in Figure 7 2 me View Tools Help Ebprint amp Reload f Shortcuts ERTIES Oz A Thursday March 21 2002 Summary Ph J 2 My Weather a Qy Mail summary gt 38 Boston Inbox Outbox Clear sky 7 0 C Inbox Calendar Qa re Appointments 3 ZDNet Red Hat Revamps Eyes Large ier fa Corporations Nosppolntreets Red Hat Security Advisory imi News amp Observer Embracing Open Source Tasks Computing News com Building Trust into Open Source A e dot kde org KDE SORES Released GG Tasks No tasks e o Salon com lt Figure 7 2 Evolution Main Screen To see what is in your inbox or to send an email click on the Inbox icon Chapter 7 Email Applications 47 File Edit View Actions Tools Help ew Message Send Receive BA Repiy Brenly to ll Brown Gy Shortcuts Inbox O new 1 tot
174. owing small icons Navigator Mail Composer Address Book and IRC Chat These are separate applications integrated into the Mozilla suite and are useful for experiencing email chat news and other aspects of the Internet besides the Web For information on using the Mozilla Mail email client refer to Chapter 7 Email Applications Finally there is the Personal Toolbar which you can customize with your own bookmarks or quickly go back to your homepage The Personal Toolbar is useful for keeping and categorizing webpages so that you do not have to type the address every time you want to access the page To add a site to your Personal Toolbar click and hold the left mouse button on the small icon next to the URL in the address field and drag it directly to the Personal Toolbar or into a folder icon You can access Personal Toolbar folders by clicking the icon and choosing the website from the drop down menu Chapter 6 Web Browsing 41 Mozilla also allows you to browse multiple websites within one browser window using navigational tabs Instead of using two or more separate windows to read multiple webpages you can open a tab by clicking File gt New gt Navigation Tab or by pressing Ctrl and T at the same time This will open the new tab and allow you to switch between tabs by clicking on them To close a tab right click on the tab and choose Close Tab from the menu or click the X at the right of the tab bar to close the tab currently disp
175. partition will be mounted by typing the following command For example mkdir mnt windows 130 Chapter 16 Frequently Asked Questions Before you can access the partition you will need to mount it in the directory you just created As root type the following command at a shell prompt where dev hda1 is the Windows partition you found via Hardware Browser mount t vfat dev hdal mnt windows You may then logout of root user mode and access your Windows data by changing into the mounted Windows partition cd mnt windows To automatically mount a Windows partition every time you boot your Red Hat Linux system you must modify the etc fstab file which configures all file systems and disk device mounting op tions At a shell prompt su to root following the above example Next open the etc fstab in a text editor by typing for example gedit etc fstab Add the following on a new line replacing dev hdal with the Windows partition you found via Hardware Browser dev hdal mnt windows vfat auto umask 0 0 0 Save the file and exit your text editor The next time the system is rebooted the etc fstab file is read and the Windows partition is automatically mounted in the directory mnt windows To access the partition at a shell prompt type the command cd mnt windows To navigate through directories or files with spaces surround the name of the directory or file with quotation marks as in 1s Program Files 16 5
176. penOffice org Calc From large enterprises to home offices professionals in every industry use spreadsheets for keeping records creating business charts and manipulating data OpenOffice org Calc is a software spread sheet application that allows you to enter and manipulate data cells organized in columns and rows A cell is a container for individual pieces of data such as a quantity label or mathematical formula You can perform calculations on groups of cells such as adding or subtracting a column of cells or create charts based on the quantities contained in a group of cells You can even incorporate spreadsheet data into your documents for a professional touch To start OpenOffice org Calc from the desktop panel select Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOf fice org Calc To start OpenOffice org Calc from a shell prompt type oocalc Figure 9 3 shows OpenOffice org Calc in action 66 Chapter 9 Working with Documents Bile Edit View Inset Format Tools Dats Window Help J e e Geul a s aS 77 r a Albany oF ei ua v xe oa S ee SUM Z amp y sumps0e T z z z z E z z TE 1 Expenses Bile a ottice Supplies 125 47 o Lt itema Servce 19 95 5 Electricity Bil 75 63 ga E E computer Hardware 305 74 re Hesding D Heading1 e e frota SUMID3 08 Haria ge 1
177. permission setting can be represented by a numerical value r 4 w 2 x l 0 When these values are added together the total is used to set specific permissions For example if you want read and write permissions you would have a value of 6 4 read 2 write 6 For sneakers txt here are the numerical permissions settings rw cw r 4 2 0 4 2 0 4 0 0 The total for the user is six the total for the group is six and the total for others is four The permissions setting is read as 664 If you want to change sneakers txt so those in your group will not have write access but can still read the file remove the access by subtracting two 2 from that set of numbers The numerical values then would become six four and four 644 To implement these new settings type chmod 644 sneakers txt Now verify the changes by listing the file Type ls 1 sneakers txt The output should be rw r 4r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Now neither the group nor others have write permission to sneakers txt To return the group s write access for the file add the value of w 2 to the second set of permissions chmod 664 sneakers txt A waming Setting permissions to 666 will allow everyone to read and write to a file or directory Setting permis sions to 777 allows everyone read write and execute permission These permissions could allow tampering with sensitive files so in general it i
178. permissions for others u x allows the file owner to execute the file a rw allows everyone to read and write to the file ug r allows the owner and group to read the file g rx allows only the group to read and execute not write By adding the R option you can change permissions for entire directory trees Because you can not really execute a directory as you would an application when you add or remove execute permission for a directory you are really allowing or denying permission to search through that directory If you do not allow others to have execute permission to tigger it will not matter who has read or write access No one will be able to get into the directory unless they know the exact file name For example type chmod a x tigger to remove everyone s execute permissions Here is what happens now when you try to cd to into tigger bash tigger Permission denied Next restore your own and your group s access chmod ugtx tigger Now if you check your work with 1s 1 you will see that only others will be denied access to the tigger directory 13 14 2 Changing Permissions With Numbers Remember the reference to the shorthand method of chmod Here is another way to change permis sions although it may seem a little complex at first Go back to the original permissions for sneakers txt rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 109 Each
179. phical session and return you to the graphical login screen or the console text found on a GUI interface A title word or phrase found on a GUI interface screen or window will be shown in this style When you see text shown in this style it is being used to identify a particular GUI screen or an element on a GUI screen such as text associated with a checkbox or field Example Select the Require Password checkbox if you would like your screensaver to require a password before stopping top level of a menu on a GUI screen or window When you see a word in this style it indicates that the word is the top level of a pulldown menu If you click on the word on the GUI screen the rest of the menu should appear For example Under File on a GNOME terminal you will see the New Tab option that allows you to open multiple shell prompts in the same window If you need to type in a sequence of commands from a GUI menu they will be shown like the following example Go to Main Menu Button on the Panel gt Programming gt Emacs to start the Emacs text editor button on a GUI screen or window This style indicates that the text will be found on a clickable button on a GUI screen For example Click on the Back button to return to the webpage you last viewed computer output When you see text in this style it indicates text displayed by the computer on the command line You will see responses to commands you typed in error messages and
180. plications included in Red Hat Linux Since all email clients perform the same basic tasks send and receive email choose the one that is most convenient and easy to use This chapter will briefly discuss the following email clients Evolution Mozilla Mail Text based email clients Before you launch an email client you should have some information from your Internet Service Provider ISP handy so that you can configure the client properly The following lists a few important things you may need to know Your email address The email address you will use to send and receive mail This is usually in the form of yourname yourisp net Server type for receiving email POP or IMAP In order to receive mail you must know what type of server your network administrator or ISP is using This POP or IMAP address is usually in the form of mail someisp net POP short for Post Office Protocol is used to send email from a mail server to your email client s inbox the place where incoming email is stored Most ISP email servers use the POP protocol although some can use the newer IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol IMAP short for Internet Message Access Protocol is a protocol for retrieving email messages from your ISP s email server IMAP differs from POP in that email from IMAP servers are stored on the server and stays there even as you download and read your mail whereas POP mail is downloaded to your email client directly
181. png a PNG image file short for Portable Network Graphic e ps a PostScript file formatted for printing e txt a plain ASCII text file e wav an audio file e xpm an image file Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories 113 14 2 3 System Files conf a configuration file Configuration files sometimes use the cfg extension as well lock a lock file determines whether a program or device is in use rpm a Red Hat Package Manager file used to install software 14 2 4 Programming and Scripting Files c aC program language source code file cpp a C program language source code file h aC or C program language header file o a program object file pl a Perl script py a Python script so a library file sh a shell script tcl aTCL script But file extensions are not always used or used consistently So what happens when a file does not have an extension or the file does not seem to be what the extension says it is supposed to be That is when the file command can be helpful For example you find a file called saturday without an extension Using the file command you can tell what type of file it is by typing file saturday In the example the command file saturday will display ASCII text telling you it is a text file Any file that is designated as a text file should be readable by using the cat more or less commands or
182. power to your computer after you see the message Power down 1 9 2 Virtual Console Shutdown To shutdown your computer at a shell prompt type the following command halt Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down Red Hat Linux If your computer does not you can safely turn off the power to your computer after you see the message System halted O redhat Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop Red Hat Linux includes a powerful graphical desktop environment where you can easily access your applications files and system resources Both new and experienced users will be able to take full advantage of their Red Hat Linux systems using the graphical desktop This chapter covers the fundamentals of the desktop and how you can configure it for your needs 2 1 Using the Desktop Your first view of the graphical desktop will look something like Figure 2 1 men Q seem Figure 2 1 The Graphical Desktop The graphical desktop gives you access to the applications and system settings on your computer You will notice that it offers three main tools to make use of the applications on your system panel icons desktop icons and menus The long bar across the bottom of the desktop is the panel The panel contains application launcher icons a notification area for notification icons and small applications called applets that let you control sound volume switch workspaces and displays
183. pports over 100 digital camera models So whether your camera uses USB or serial ports to communicate with your computer it is likely that Red Hat Linux will support it gtKam is a graphical application that allows you to interface with your digital camera gtKam works directly with your digital camera allowing you to open view save and delete images directly You can also download the images to your computer and modify it with image manipulation programs such as The GIMP refer to Chapter 11 Working with Images for more information about image manipulation tools To start gtKam choose Main Menu gt Graphics gt Digital Camera Tool You can also start gtKam by typing gtkam at a shell prompt Before you begin using gtKam you need to configure it to work with your digital camera From the menu choose Camera gt Add Camera From the pop up dialog you can choose your camera from the drop down list or let gtKam automatically find your camera by clicking Detect Click Apply to accept the changes and OK to close the dialog box Detect v Enhanced l Ok Apply Cancel Figure 12 1 Adding a Camera in gtKam Once you have added your camera it will be shown as an icon on the left panel of the main gtKam window You only have to configure gtKam for your camera once the settings will be saved with each additional use Directories shown below the icon may differ depending on you
184. r brand of camera Select the directory that commonly stores your images and the stored images will immediately load as thumbnail images in the main panel From this panel click on the images you want which you can then save to disk by choosing File gt Save Selected Photos If you want to save all of the stored images choose Select gt AIl then save the images to disk 88 Chapter 12 Working with Digital Cameras File Select Camera Help oje a Index Settings Z View Thumbnails R ab dscf0007 jpg dscf0006 jpg dscf0002 jpg dscf0001 jpg dscf0004 jpg Figure 12 2 Viewing Images with gtKam For more information about using gtKam refer to the gtKam page at the gPhoto website http gphoto sourceforge net proj gtkam C redhat Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 13 1 Why Use a Shell Prompt Graphical environments for Linux have come a long way in the past few years You can be perfectly productive in the X Window System and only have to open a shell prompt to complete a few tasks However many Red Hat Linux functions can be completed faster from the shell prompt than from a graphical user interface GUI In less time than it might take to open a file manager locate a directory and then create delete or modify files from a GUI a task can be finished with just a few commands at a shell prompt A shell prompt looks similar to other command line interfaces with which you m
185. r file you want to get to You do not have to worry about your position in the file system though when you state the absolute path to another directory or file If you are not sure type pwd and your current working directory will be displayed which can be your guide for moving up and down directories using relative pathnames Command Function i O ca takes you to the home directory of the root or superuser account created at installation you must be the root user to access this directory cd home takes you to the home directory where user login directories are usually stored moves you up one directory cd ss cd otheruser takes you to otheruser s login directory if otheruser has granted you permission cd dirl subdirfoo regardless of which directory you are in this absolute path would take you straight to subdirfoo a subdirectory of dirl cd dir3 dir2 this relative path would take you up two directories then to dir3 then to the dir2 directory Table 13 1 cd Options Now that you are starting to understand how to change directories see what happens when you change to root s login directory the superuser account Type cd root If you are not logged in as root you are denied permission to access that directory Denying access to the root and other users accounts or login directories is one way your Linux system prevents accidental or malicious tampering See Section 13 14 Ownership and Permissio
186. r list Click Apply to save the changes and restart the printer daemon To set the default printer select the printer from the printer list and click the Default button on the toolbar The default printer icon y appears in the Default column of the default printer in the list After adding the printer s the settings can be edited by selecting the printer from the printer list and clicking the Edit button The tabbed window shown in Figure 8 6 is displayed The window contains the current values for the selected printer Make any necessary changes and click OK Click Apply in the main Printer Configuration Tool window to save the changes and restart the printer daemon Chapter 8 Printer Configuration 57 Queue name Queue type Queue options Printer driver Driver options This is the name of the queue It must begin with a letter and contain no spaces Name printer About This is the description of the printer Short description my printer T Help 3 Cancel 2 OK Figure 8 6 Editing a Printer 8 5 1 Queue Name To rename a printer or change its short description change the value in the Queue name tab Click OK to return to the main window The name of the printer should change in the printer list Click Apply to save the change and restart the printer daemon 8 5 2 Queue Type The Queue type tab shows the queue type that was selected when adding the p
187. re A word processor is like a text editor but has several additional features that allow you to format design and print your documents without the need to memorize complex formatting tags or codes OpenOffice org Writer is a powerful word processor that features WYSIWYG for matting what you see in the OpenOffice org Writer window is exactly what you get if you printed the document or if you gave the document file to someone else for them to view Figure 9 1 shows OpenOffice org Writer in action Ele Edt Vew Inser Format Tenis Window Help l Deteun HITES Jj e el ea EEEE AAR REE RE Ge 5 sarenim a OpenOffice org Writer Red Hat Linux includes a powerful office suite called OpenOffice org 1 0 Which includes the following applications a a 0 Word Processing OpenOffice org Writer re Spreadsheets OpenOffice org Calc a Presentations OpenOffice org impress Ranei Page 1 1 Dateuit ions INST STD HYP Levelt Figure 9 1 OpenOffice org Writer To start OpenOffice org Writer from your desktop panel choose Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOf fice org Writer to start it from a shell prompt type oowriter The main interface is the document editing area the white space in the middle of the window where you can add and edit text At the top of the window are various functions collected into toolbars that let you choose your fonts letter sizes
188. reseoseseoeeseoseseeseoresesseseenes 123 15 15 Red Hat NetWork ansarar ariana aa A SE Aa R RE 123 15 2 Errata List 125 15 3 Installation CD ROMs 15 4 Downloaded Packages 16 Frequently Asked Questions 16 1 Localhost Login and Password 04 127 16 2 Error Messages During Installation Of RPMS c ccssecsssseeeeeeeseeeeeeeceeeeecaeereaeees 127 16 3 Starting Applications minnini aves aeececenchetve EE E Eria AE EEE E 127 16 3 1 Editing Your PATH 16 4 Accessing a Windows Partition 16 5 Finding Commands Quickly sessesesesesssssssesesessestsrestsseessterssessesrestseesesrentsrenreneneeresees 16 6 Tips on Using Command History 16 6 1 Other Shortcuts ies essre osier e VVER 16 7 Keep 1s Output from Scrolling 16 7 1 Printing ls Output 16 8 Forgotten Password 16 9 Password Maintenance 16 10 Changing Login from Console to X at Startup 132 A KDE The K Desktop Environment ccscsssssssessssssssccsssssssseesesesssssssesssesssessessessssesesesees 135 A TE Antroducing KDEa enna e a E eia 135 A D Finding Help vssgeccccassssysacecte cue seseecsidacansssvsacnandasevtaeesetecdcsaageseedesercauavssbevetesdetasss Eia 135 AS Using The Desktopi reeeo aorias isnie Ea ssa EAn AAA KE AREE 135 A 4 Using The Panel i AAD Using The Maim Ment sporne eA EE ENE 137 A42 Using Applets s c secisiiscssssececscssasdasassenessexcascaasacteveaseverns seisesse
189. rinter and its settings The queue type of the printer can be changed or just the settings After making modifications click OK to return to the main window Click Apply to save the changes and restart the printer daemon Depending on which queue type is chosen different options are displayed Refer to the appropriate section on adding a printer for a description of the options 8 5 3 Printer Driver The Printer driver tab shows which print driver is currently being used If it is changed click OK to return to the main window Click Apply to save the change and restart the printer daemon 8 5 4 Driver Options The Driver Options tab displays advanced printer options Options vary for each print driver Com mon options include Send Form Feed FF should be selected if the last page of the print job is not ejected from the printer for example the form feed light flashes If this does not work try selecting Send End of Transmission EOT instead Some printers require both Send Form Feed FF and Send End of Transmission EOT to eject the last page This option is only available with the LPRng printing system Send End of Transmission EOT should be selected if sending a form feed does not work Refer to Send Form Feed FF above This option is only available with the LPRng printing system 58 Chapter 8 Printer Configuration Assume Unknown Data is Text should be selected if the print driver does not recognize some of the
190. rl script 30 Nov 2000 15 34 errata ial 121 files 2 2 MB Figure 14 1 File Roller in Action 14 3 1 1 Decompressing and Unarchiving with File Roller To unarchive and or decompress a file click the Open toolbar button A file menu will pop up allowing you to choose the archive you wish to work with For example if you have a file called foo tar gz located in your home directory highlight the file and click OK The file will appear in the main File Roller browser window as a folder which you can navigate by double clicking the folder icon File Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories 115 Roller preserves all directory and subdirectory structures which is convenient if you are looking for a particular file in the archive You can extract individual files or entire archives by clicking the Extract button choosing the directory you would like to save the unarchived files and clicking OK 14 3 1 2 Creating Archives with File Roller If you need to free some hard drive space or send multiple files or a directory of files to another user File Roller allows you to create archives of your files and directories To create a new archive click New on the toolbar A file browser will pop up allowing you to specify an archive name and the compression technique For example you may choose a Tar Compressed wity gzip tar gz format from the drop down menu and type the name of the archive file you want to create Click OK a
191. rofile because of the potential security risks Start a text editor such as gedit or vi at a shell prompt You can open the file called bash_profile by typing the following gedit bash_profile You will see a PATH statement similar to the one shown below PATH SPATH SHOME bin usr local bin To the end of this statement add SHOME seti as shown below PATH SPATH HOME bin usr local bin HOME seti Save the file and exit the text editor You can then make the changes to bash_profile take effect immediately by typing the following command source bash_profile By adding paths to your bash_profile you can place utilities and programs in your path and be able to execute them without having to type in front of the command Chapter 16 Frequently Asked Questions 129 Or For more information about using and configuring your shell prompt refer to Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 16 4 Accessing a Windows Partition I have a dual boot system with Red Hat Linux and Windows 98 Is there a way to access my Windows partition while I am running Linux You can access another partition on your system for example a Windows partition in two different ways You should first determine where your Windows partition is located by determining what physical hard disk your Windows partition is located in such as the primary master IDE drive or the the first SCSI drive To find this information you can use the Hardware Browser w
192. rotocol See NTP new users creating accounts 7 Newsgroups See email clients NTP configuring 21 ntpd 21 ntpd 21 0 online connecting with Internet Configuration Wizard 35 OpenOffice org 63 Draw 69 features 63 Impress 67 Writer 64 65 ownership and permissions 105 P pagers 100 less 100 panel configuring 16 configuring the 140 KDE 136 adding applications 137 customizing 137 hiding 137 on the graphical desktop 14 partitions accessing Windows 129 password forgotten 132 passwords secure 8 PATH 128 editing 127 pathnames relative and absolute 90 PDF viewing 72 xpdf 72 peripherals digital cameras 87 permissions numerical settings 108 setting for new RPMs 127 permissions and ownership 105 pipes 100 plain text See text files Point to Point Protocol 35 PPP 35 presentations OpenOffice org Impress 67 printer configuration adding local printer 53 cancel print job 60 default printer 56 delete existing printer 56 driver options 57 Assume Unknown Data is Text 57 Convert Text to Postscript 58 Effective Filter Locale 58 GhostScript pre filtering 58 Media Source 58 Page Size 58 Prerender Postscript 58 Send End of Transmission EOT 57 Send Form Feed FF 57 edit driver 57 edit existing printer 56 GNOME Print Manager 58 change printer settings 59 local printer 53 managing print jobs 58 modifying existing printers 56 notification i
193. s downloaded individual packages and schedule actions such as Errata Updates through a secure Web browser connection from any com puter To start using Red Hat Network follow these three basic steps 1 Create a System Profile using one of the following methods Registering the system with RHN during the Setup Agent the first time your system boots after installation Select Main Menu Button gt System Tools gt Red Hat Network on your desktop Execute the command up2date from a shell prompt 2 Log in to RHN at http rhn redhat com and entitle the system to a service offering Everyone receives a free Red Hat Network account for one system Additional accounts can be purchased 3 Start scheduling updates through the RHN website or download and install Errata Updates with the Red Hat Update Agent Chapter 15 Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages 125 For more detailed instructions read the Red Hat Network User Reference Guide available at http www redhat com docs manuals RHNetwork Qr Red Hat Linux includes the Red Hat Network Notification Tool a convenient panel icon that displays visible alerts when there is an update for your Red Hat Linux system Refer to the following URL for more information about the applet http rhn redhat com help basic applet html 15 2 Errata List It is recommended that new users use Red Hat Network to download and install upgrade packages Updating Errata packages fr
194. s not a good idea to use these settings Here is a list of some common settings numerical values and their meanings e rw 600 Only the owner has read and write permissions e rw r r 644 Only the owner has read and write permissions the group and others have read only e rwx 700 Only the owner has read write and execute permissions 110 Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics e rwxr xr x 755 The owner has read write and execute permissions the group and others have only read and execute e rwx x x 711 The owner has read write and execute permissions the group and others have only execute e rw rw rw 666 Everyone can read and write to the file Be careful with these permissions e rwxrwxrwx 777 Everyone can read write and execute Again this permissions setting can be hazardous Here are some common settings for directories drwx 700 Only the user can read write in this directory e drwxr xr x 755 Everyone can read the directory users and groups have read and execute permissions redhat Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories Your desktop file manager is a powerful and important tool for managing files and directories using the graphical desktop This chapter discusses various shell prompt commands that can be used to manage files and directories on your Red Hat Linux system This chapter also discusses compression
195. s on the system rw rw r 1 sam sam type owner group others The first item which specifies the file type can show one of the following d a directory dash a regular file rather than directory or link e 1 a symbolic link to another program or file elsewhere on the system Beyond the first item in each of the following three sets you will see one of the following x file can be read w file can be written to x file can be executed if it is a program When you see a dash in owner group or others it means that particular permission has not been granted Look again at the first column of sneakers txt and identify its permissions ls 1 sneakers txt rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt The file s owner in this case sam has permission to read and write to the file The group sam has permission to read and write to sneakers txt as well It is not a program so neither the owner or the group has permission to execute it 13 14 1 The chmod Command Use the chmod command to change permissions This example shows how to change the permissions on sneakers txt with the chmod command The original file looks like this with its initial permissions settings rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt If you are the owner of the file or are logged into the root account you can change any permissions for the owner group and others Right now
196. s transpare raingutterjpg riverstreet_rail jpg nt png a i 10 images 1 9 MB 1 selected 324 0 K 1600 x 1200 pixels 16 324 0 K 06 Dec 2002 17 09 Figure 11 3 gThumb Displaying a Folder of Images The interface of gThumb is straightforward Double click an image preview thumbnail to view it within the main gallery area The image can be zoomed in and out set to full screen which covers your entire screen with the image and be printed on your configured printer The toolbar allows you to fit the image to the display window collect multiple files into a catalog for easier access if they are located in different directories and write descriptions about the images The gThumb interface also has a text field for you to enter a particular path to your image directories Right clicking on an image in the display area opens a pop up menu of file management options such as renaming moving copying and converting an image from one file format to another You can also set an image as your desktop wallpaper within the pop up menu You can combine functions within gThumb and create a dynamic presentation effect for groups of images within a directory In the text field below the toolbar type the path to the the directory where your images are located and highlight the first image in the main gallery panel Click the Slide Show button on the toolbar and you will start a full screen slide show where gThumb displays images in full screen By
197. seeeeseescseeecseesesecseeecneeeeseeecaeeseneeeereneeaes 2 4 2 Customizing your System ee 2 De TOSSING OU ETE ETEA T 3 Configuring the Date and Time ssscsssssessssssssscecssssssssssesesssssessesesssssesnssssesessssesesessesessseseseee 3 1 Time and Date Properties 3 2 Time Zone Configuration 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs 4 1 Using Diskettes 00 0 a 4 1 1 Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette cece eeeee cece eseseseecseseseeees 23 4 1 2 Putting Linux Files on an MS DOS Diskette oo eect es eeeeeeeeee 24 4 1 3 Formatting a Diskette i 4D CDAROMS S yiri i EE RTAS a E dives E E EE a 25 4 2 1 Using CD ROMs with Your File Manager ou cece eeeteeeeeeecseseeeeeeas 26 4 2 2 Using CD ROMs From a Shell Prompt vee 43 CDRS and CDRW Siriese Re S E EREE IEEE VOKEA G 26 A 2d Using CD CTER soeia EERE EEEIEE E 21 4 3 2 Using X CD Roast ien orae E EREA EE AAA A AR 28 4 3 3 Using CD Rs and CD RWs with Command Line Tools o oo eee 30 4 4 Additional RESOULCES sieniin a a 32 4 4 1 Installed Documentation cccececeeseseeseeeeseesceeeecaeescsecaeeeeseeeeseeecaeeaeesaeeseneeaes 32 4 4 2 Useful Websites 033 5 Getting Online 35 6 Web Browsing 6 1 Moz a PEET E sav vck stadestaraniuteauscestiuy vaek E TE AE 39 6 1 1 Using Mozilla 39 6 1 2 Mozilla Composer Al 6 2 Galei knaonejnr ci ietision 41 6 3 Web Browser Keyboard Shortcuts sssssssssssrsstssssr
198. seseseteeeseeeeeeeeeseeseees 102 13 12 Command History and Tab Completion 0 cece eecsseeeeceeseneeseeescseseeeseeseseneee 103 13 13 Using Multiple Commands 104 13 14 Ownership and Permissions csccscsceseeseseeseeeeseecseescsceaceceseeseaceaeeeaeaeeeaseeeaeeaeaes 104 13 14 1 The chmod Command ssi ise ssccssstusscesessstsdessvees sasdasssevessissestasbigseevssasssbesveveny 106 13 14 2 Changing Permissions With Numbers 108 14 Managing Files and Directories 111 14 1 A Larger Picture of the File System 14 2 Identifying and Working with File Types 14 2 1 Compressed and Archived Files 14 2 2 File Formats cee 14 2 3 System Files 14 2 4 Programming and Scripting Files 113 14 3 File Compression and Archiving 113 14 3 1 Using File Roller ie ae a aE N E AE EEREN ie 114 14 3 2 Compressing Files at the Shell Prompt c sescecssseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeaee 115 14 3 3 Archiving Files at the Shell Prompt 14 4 Manipulating Files at the Shell Prompt 14 41 Creating Files s is ccsscssstessaniscescktascsasdssecsdiessaaacetaesatesersovesdscavasdeasaneeacasevaseiaeue 119 14 4 2 sCopying Files eenegen nnne A a a 119 14 4 3 Moving Files 14 4 4 Deleting Files and Directories sesssseseeseeesesesteeseeseestseststsrersressrsrreesesesees 121 15 Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux PackageS sseseereseerosroseo
199. sktop click on something and hold the mouse button down While continuing to hold down the mouse button drag the item by moving the mouse to a new location When you ve reached the desired location release the mouse button to drop the item 5 We Need Feedback If you spot a typographical error in the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide or if you have thought of a way to make this manual better we would love to hear from you Please submit a report in Bugzilla http bugzilla redhat com bugzilla against the component rhl gsg When submitting a bug report be sure to mention the manual s identifier rhl gsg EN 9 Print RHI 2003 02 20T01 05 If you have a suggestion for improving the documentation try to be as specific as possible when de scribing it If you have found an error please include the section number and some of the surrounding text so we can find it easily 6 Sign Up for Support If you have an edition of Red Hat Linux 9 please remember to sign up for the benefits you are entitled to as a Red Hat customer You will be entitled to any or all of the following benefits depending upon the Red Hat Linux product you purchased Red Hat support Get help with your installation questions from Red Hat Inc s support team Red Hat Network Easily update your packages and receive security notices that are customized for your system Go to http rhn redhat com for more details Under the Brim The Red Hat
200. sometimes referred to as open source software Itis included in almost every BSD and GNU Linux distribution and works on many other UNIX systems Now s a good time to say thanks for the best desktop environment on the planet i by becoming a Friend of GNOME or by upping your current Friends level Contribute by joining the Friends of GNOME program All contributions are tax deductible in the U S Thanks to our generous Friends R J A GNOME news website called FootNotes is now available An accompanying 5 4 site GNOME Support provides GNOME help from volunteers The GNOME 2 0 Desktop amp Developer Platform has been released boasting a simpler user interface and a host of powerful developer tools Read the Press Release FootNotes News Recent software Solaris GNOME 2 0 g2ding e Figure 6 6 Online with Galeon Using Galeon is much like using Mozilla There are navigational buttons for moving from one visited webpage to another using the Forward Back and Home buttons as well as Reload and Stop buttons to refresh a webpage and stop it from loading respectively Chapter 6 Web Browsing 43 Like Mozilla Galeon also has a navigational tab feature that can help you avoid having your desktop cluttered with browser windows Multiple pages can be stored in a single Galeon window and you can switch between them by clicking on the each tab To launch a new Tab use the Ctrl T key combination or select New Tab fr
201. splays whenever you have gained root authentication for your system such as running a graphical system configuration tool It disappears when the authentication times out Q D Figure 2 6 Authentication Icon Printer Notification Icon The Printer Notification Icon allows you to manage your print jobs Click on the icon to view running print jobs and cancel jobs by right clicking on the job and selecting Cancel m Figure 2 7 The Printer Notification Icon 16 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop Md warning If you cannot see any of the notification icons then the notification area was removed from the desktop panel To add the it back to your panel right click on the panel and choose Add to Panel gt Utility gt Notification Area 2 2 4 Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel To make the panel fit your needs you may want to add more applets and launcher icons To add an applet to the panel right click in an unused area on the panel select Add to Panel and choose from the various types of applets When you select an applet it will appear on your panel In Figure 2 8 the Weather Report applet has been added to show the current local weather and temperature SOSS8eR5E Foes Figure 2 8 The Weather Report Applet on the Panel To add a launcher icon to the panel right click in an unused area on the panel and select Add to Panel gt Launcher This will launch a dialog box that allows you to enter the nam
202. srssrssrsrtstssesrsntntontsennrsrentnnnsrsrtsesnese 43 7 Email Applications ananin nasrane eresse eree i EEE eE aai ei aS S E EESE FACEVOMMONG e eir N EE S AAE T2 Mozilla Mail peenise ra ORE EANA TE ERE 7 2 1 Mozilla and Newsgroups m 7 3 Plain Text Email Clients reiissi iesrsesireiitstee t r rtea ikue srEE r EEE r Eeer ESEE DEEPEN SEESE OC Ea eain 50 FSV Usina M tter rissssoessrosisr shaveascsasanissnveccesctaaaugicqveseustaasasacscestaereasisdeaye 50 8 Printer Configuration ccssccsssssssssscsssssssssscsessssssssesesssssssscsesesssessesesssssesessessssssssssesesesessesesees 53 8 1 The Printer Configuration Tool 0 0 0 0 0 cece eee cece cseeeeceeseseaeeesesanaeseneeeeesaeaeets 53 8 2 Adding a Local Printer 0 03 8 3 Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing 8 3 1 Confirming Printer Configuration 8 4 Printing a Test Page eee DD 8 5 Modifying Existing Printers 8 5 1 Queue Name 8 5 2 Queue Type 8 5 3 Printer Driver 8 5 4 Driver Options 8 6 Managing Print Jobs 8 7 Additional Resources 8 7 2 Useful Websites 61 9 Working with Documents 63 9 1 The OpenOffice org Suite 63 9 1 1 OpenOffice org Features 9 1 2 OpenOffice org Writer 64 9 1 3 OpenOffice org Calc 65 9 1 4 OpenOffice org Impress cece cesses ee eseseeeeeeeeseseeesesesseseeeeeeeeaeseees 67 9 1 5 OpenOffice org Draw irris ririo ari E E ETER 9 2 Edit
203. ssing a Windows partition 129 finding previous used commands 130 history tips and tricks 131 keeping Is output from scrolling 131 login problems 132 permissions for installing RPMs 127 starting applications 127 feedback contact information for this manual v FHS See Filesystem Hierarchy Standard file 113 file manager for KDE 140 Nautilus 16 file managers 111 File Roller 114 file system understanding 111 file types 112 files archived 112 archiving 113 with File Roller 114 compressed 112 compressing 113 with File Roller 114 copying 119 copying at a shell prompt 119 creating touch 119 deleting 121 deleting at a shell prompt 119 formats 112 managing from shell prompt 89 moving 120 moving at a shell prompt 119 renaming at a shell prompt 119 types of 112 Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 112 floppy disks See diskettes formatting diskettes 24 G games and amusements 76 finding more online 77 getting started logging in 5 Setup Agent 1 GIMP 82 opening a file 83 saving a file 84 GNOME desktop See graphical desktop GNOME Print Manager 58 change printer settings 59 graphical desktop 13 applets 16 background changing 18 81 customizing 18 logging out of 20 main menu 14 Nautilus 16 panel 14 Start Here 17 using 13 workspace 13 graphical login changing to 132 graphics GIMP 82 gThumb 80 changing wallpaper with 81 gunzip 115 gzip 11
204. t Linux system and the server applications included The System Settings icon includes tools that help you set up your system for personal everyday use The following lists some of the tools included in System Settings and what you can do with them Date amp Time This tool allows you to set the date and time of your machine You will be able to set your time zone information as well Refer to Chapter 3 Configuring the Date and Time for details on using this tool 20 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop Soundcard Detection The Sound Card Configuration Tool tool probes your machine for available sound devices Refer to Section 10 3 Troubleshooting Your Sound Card for more details on configuring your sound hardware Users amp Groups The User Manager tool allows you to add and remove users from your system Refer to Section 1 6 Creating a User Account for details Printing The Printer Configuration Tool allows you to add a new printer to your system The printer may be connected to your machine or available on a network Refer to Chapter 8 Printer Configuration and the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide for details You may also find server configuration tools in the Start Here area depending on which install type you specified during installation These tools help you configure services and applications you are using on the local machine to serve other machines The server configuration tools are found by clicking on the System S
205. t does for other file types To begin browsing your image collection with Nautilus double click your home desktop icon A f You will be presented with a view of all files and folders within your home directory Double click the image or the folder containing the image and Nautilus will open the file or folder within its browser window Figure 11 1 shows that Nautilus automatically creates thumbnails of any images in your folders File Edit View Go Bookmarks Help I P AOGA A Back Forward Up Stop Reload Home Location ust share backgrounds images space 00 View as icons Y apollo08earthrisejpg apollol6_earth_notha apollo17_earthjpg apollo17_schmitt_boul _clem_full_moon_strtrk 20 5 K merica jpg 74 7 K der jpg jpg 238 8 K 225 8 K 55 0K whe E gal_antarctica jpg gala australa jpg gal_earth_moon jpg gal_mid pacific jpg gal_moon_color jpg 57 0K 26 0K 68 5K 57 7K space selected containing 29 items Figure 11 1 Contents of a Folder in Nautilus 80 Chapter 11 Working with Images Double click on any thumbnail icon to view the image in its native size The image will load within the browser window To increase or decrease the size of the viewed image in Nautilus click on the zoom buttons next to the Location field as shown in Figure 11 2 Location ust share backgrounds images space apollo08_earthrise jpg M00 Viewas Image Figure 11 2 The Zoom Functi
206. tal damage to your Red Hat Linux installation O caution Because your Red Hat Linux system creates the root account during installation some new users are tempted to use only this account for all of their activities This is a dangerous idea because the root account is allowed to do anything on the system You can easily damage your system by accidentally deleting or modifying sensitive system files You may be tempted to forego creating and using a user account during or after installation but it is not recommended 1 3 1 Graphical Login When your system has booted a graphical login screen is displayed as shown in Figure 1 8 Again unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname which is primarily used in a network setting your machine will probably be called localhost 6 Chapter 1 Getting Started gt Language gt Session Reboot gt Shutdown Fri Feb 28 03 04 PM Figure 1 8 The Graphical Login Screen To log in as root from the graphical login screen type root at the login prompt press Enter type the root password that you chose during installation at the password prompt and press Enter To log in as a normal user type your username at the login prompt press Enter type your password that you selected when creating the user at the password prompt and press Enter Logging in from the graphical login screen automatically starts the graphical desktop for you 1 3 2 Virtual
207. tart the DHCP daemon CO caution Do not perform routine tasks as root use a regular user account unless you need to use the root account for system administration tasks Bawrarning If you choose not to partition manually a server installation will remove all existing partitions on all installed hard drives Do not choose this installation class unless you are sure you have no data you need to save Introduction v 3 Copying and Pasting Text With X Copying and pasting text is easy using your mouse and the X Window System To copy text simply click and drag your mouse over the text to highlight it To paste the text somewhere click the middle mouse button in the spot where the text should be placed 4 Using the Mouse Red Hat Linux is designed to use a three button mouse If you have a two button mouse you should have selected three button emulation during the installation process If you re using three button em ulation pressing both mouse buttons at the same time equates to pressing the missing third middle button In this document if you are instructed to click with the mouse on something that means click the left mouse button If you need to use the middle or right mouse button that will be explicitly stated This will be reversed if you ve configured your mouse to be used by a left handed person The phrase drag and drop may be familiar to you If you re instructed to drag and drop an item on your GUI de
208. tatement Privacy statement redhat com w bug report Figure 15 1 Your RHN Red Hat Network saves users time because they receive email when updated packages are released Users do not have to search the Web for updated packages or security alerts By default Red Hat Network installs the packages as well Users do not have to learn how to use RPM or worry about resolving software package dependencies RHN does it all Each Red Hat Network account comes with Errata Alerts learn when Security Alerts Bug Fix Alerts and Enhancement Alerts are issued for all the systems in your network through the Basic interface 124 Chapter 15 Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages tammyfox Sign Out Errata All Advanced Search Security W Bug Fix F Enhancement redhat Brep T NETWORK Your RHN systems E Software Schedule Users No systems selected Manage Clear GG Errata Relevant to Your Systems Q RHSA 2002 293 Updated Fetchmail packages fix security vulnerability RHSA 2002 228 Updated Net SNMP packages fix security and other bugs AHBA 2002 273 Updated mm packages available RHSA 2002 254 Updated Webalizer packages fix vulnerability RHSA 2002 220 Updated KDE packages fix security issues RHSA 2002 229 Updated wget packages fix directory traversal bug RHSA 2002 196 Updated xinetd packages fix denial of service vulnerability RHSA 2002 222 Updated ap
209. tool can also be found on most UNIX like operating systems If you need to transfer files between Linux and other operating system such 116 Chapter 14 Managing Files and Directories as MS Windows you should use zip because it is more compatible with the compression utilities on Windows Compression Tool File Uncompression Tool Extension bzip b22 zip zip Table 14 1 Compression Tools By convention files compressed with gzip are given the extension gz files compressed with bzip2 are given the extension bz2 and files compressed with zip are given the extension zip Files compressed with gzip are uncompressed with gunzip files compressed with bzip2 are un compressed with bunzip2 and files compressed with zip are uncompressed with unzip 14 3 2 1 Bzip2 and Bunzip2 To use bzip2 to compress a file type the following command at a shell prompt bzip2 filename The file will be compressed and saved as filename bz2 To expand the compressed file type the following command bunzip2 filename bz2 The filename bz2 is deleted and replaced with filename You can use bzip2 to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one bzip2 filename bz2 filel file2 file3 usr work school The above command compresses filel file2 file3 and the contents of the usr work school directory assuming this directory exists and places them in a file named filename bz2 Qr
210. tools to create archives of your files for backup or to conveniently send to others Note Due to system security unless you are root you will not be able to gain access to all system level files and directories If you do not have the permission to open delete or execute a file you will receive an error message saying your access is denied This is normal behavior and is used to prevent non privileged users from modifying or deleting important system files 14 1 A Larger Picture of the File System Every operating system has a method of storing data in files and directories so that it can keep track of additions modifications and other changes In Linux every file is stored in a directory Directories can also contain directories these subdirecto ries can also contain files and other subdirectories You might think of the file system as a tree like structure and directories as branches These directories may contain or be the parent of directories within it called subdirectories which hold files and may contain subdirectories of their own There would not be a tree without a root and the same is true for the Linux file system No matter how far away the directories branch everything is connected to the root directory which is represented as a single forward slash Orn Red Hat Linux uses the term root in several different ways which might be confusing to new users There is the root account the superuser who h
211. ts such as single and double clicking mouse buttons and chording keystrokes to cre ate time saving shortcuts The default KDE desktop displays icons for the trash can your home directory the Start Here icon for applications and configuration tools and a diskette icon You can access any one of these resources by double clicking on the associated icon When you right click on these icons you see several options for working with these resources such as Delete Rename Move to Trash and Copy You can drag and drop unwanted items such as files you no longer need to the Trash icon Right click on the trash can and select Empty Trash Bin to delete the items from your system permanently A 4 Using The Panel The panel stretches across the bottom of the desktop By default it contains the main menu icon and quick launch icons for starting a Web browser email client word processor and other commonly used applications Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 137 eocctoiar ae Figure A 3 The Panel The panel is highly configurable You can add and remove buttons that launch applications easily Right click on the panel and select Configure Panel to open the panel Settings You can configure panel orientation and size set a panel hiding configuration where the panel remains hidden until you hover over the panel area and customize your main menu Click Help at any time to learn more about configuring your panel
212. tted content to the printer 1 7 1 3 The man Man Page Just like other commands man has its own man page Type man man at the shell prompt for more information 1 7 2 Red Hat Linux Documentation If you have the Red Hat Linux boxed set remember to take a look at the Red Hat Linux Docu mentation CD All of the Red Hat Linux manuals are on this CD Individual downloads of our doc umentation in HTML RPM PDF and compressed tarball format tar gz are also available at http www redhat com docs Once you have logged in to your user account inserting the Documen tation CD in your CD ROM drive should automatically start the Package Management Tool and allow you to install any of the Red Hat Linux documentation Follow the instructions and choose the documentation you would like to install Add or Remove Packages we Red Hat Linux x86 installation Guide to This guide provides step by step instructions for installing E Red Hat Linux from gathering information about your system to booting Red Hat Linux for the first time Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide wy j Leam what to do after installing Red Hat Linux including LO row to manage files and directories cofigure an email client play audo CDs and more Red Hat Linux Customization Guide fon Read about how to customize your Red Hat Linux system to fit your needs Step by step guides designed for a beaimer or intermediate user are avaiable for setting up a
213. tting online Once the basics are covered the tasks covered in this manual become progressively more advanced Most users choose to work within either the GNOME or KDE graphical desktop environments other desktop environments are also available The Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide focuses primarily on how to perform tasks in these two environments Topics discussed include e Using the graphical desktop environment Managing files and directories Working with documents Using the Web and email Working with a digital camera After conquering the basics of your Red Hat Linux system you may need information on more ad vanced topics You can find this information in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide the Red Hat Linux Reference Guide the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer and the Red Hat Linux Security Guide HTML and PDF versions of the Red Hat Linux manuals are available on the Red Hat Linux Docu mentation CD and online at http www redhat com docs Note Although this manual reflects the most current information possible you should read the Red Hat Linux Release Notes for information that may not have been available prior to our documentation being finalized They can be found on the Red Hat Linux CD 1 and online at http www redhat com docs 1 Changes to This Manual This manual has been expanded to include new features in Red Hat Linux 9 as well as topics requested by our readers Changes to t
214. txt gt saturday txt a sam Halloween sam cat saturday txt buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax sam Halloween san J Figure 13 7 Joining Files and Redirecting Output You can see that cat has added home t xt where sneakers txt ended 13 9 2 Appending Standard Output You can use output redirection to add new information to the end of an existing file Similar to when you used the gt symbol you tell your shell to send the information somewhere other than standard output However when you use gt gt you are adding information to a file rather than replacing the contents of a file entirely The best explanation is a demonstration Take two files which have already been created sneakers txt and home txt and join them by using the append output symbol You want to add the information in home t xt to the information already in sneakers txt so type cat home txt gt gt sneakers txt Now check the file using the command cat sneakers txt The final output shows the contents of home txt at the end of the file buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax The command you typed appended the output from the file home txt to the file sneakers txt By appending the output you sav
215. u can perform actions on a file or files without knowing the complete filename Just fill out what you know then substitute the remainder with a wildcard Wildcards are special symbols that you can substitute for letters numbers and symbols that make finding particular directories and files easier than examining long directory listings to find what you are searching for Or To read more about wildcards and regular expressions take a look at the bash man page man bash Remember that you can save the file to a text file by typing man bash col b gt bash txt Then you can open and read the file with less or vi vi bash txt If you want to print the file be aware that it is quite long We know the file is called sneak txt so type ls sneak txt and there is the name of the file sneakers txt Chapter 13 Shell Prompt Basics 103 You will probably use the asterisk most frequently when you are searching The asterisk will search out everything that matches the pattern you are looking for So even by typing ls txt or ls sn You would find sneakers txt and any other files whose name ends with t xt or begin with sn It helps to narrow your search as much as possible One way to narrow a search is to use the question mark symbol Like the asterisk using can help locate a file matching a search pattern In this case though is useful for matching a single character so if you were searching for sneaker
216. u need a print driver to process the data that is sent to the printer If you are configuring a remote printer IPP LPD SMB or NCP the remote print server usually has its own print driver If you select an additional print driver on your local computer the data is filtered multiple times and is converted to a format that the printer can not understand To make sure the data is not filtered more than once first try selecting Generic as the manufacturer and Raw Print Queue or Postscript Printer as the printer model After applying the changes print a test page to try out this new configuration If the test fails the remote print server might not have a print driver configured Try selecting a print driver according to the manufacturer and model of the remote printer applying the changes and printing a test page 0 You can select a different print driver after adding a printer by starting the Printer Configuration Tool selecting the printer from the list clicking Edit clicking the Driver tab selecting a different print driver and then applying the changes 8 3 1 Confirming Printer Configuration The last step is to confirm your printer configuration Click Apply to add the print queue if the settings are correct Click Back to modify the printer configuration Click the Apply button in the main window to save your changes and restart the printer daemon After applying the changes print a test page to ensure the configuration is
217. uayiasaseaswecsadiea satis 137 A 4 3 Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel A 4 4 Configuring the KDE Panel A 5 Managing Files A 5 1 The Navigation Panel A 6 Browsing the Web with Konqueror A 7 Using Konqueror to View Images A 9 Customizing KDE A 10 Logging Out of KDE B Applications ccscscssssssssescesssssssccssssssssssseesesesssesnssssessssssscssesssssessasessesessasesesesessasesesssessesessseoes C A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands D System Directories E Keyboard Shortcuts scsssssssssssssssssssssesessssssssssssssessesecssesssssssessesesessessssseseesesassssesesseseseseseens redhat Welcome to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide Introduction By now you should have read the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide and successfully installed Red Hat Linux This manual is designed to help new and intermediate Linux users navigate and perform common tasks Keep in mind that Linux looks feels and performs differently from other operating systems you may have used Forget about the conventions of other operating systems and with an open mind approach Red Hat Linux as a new interesting and versatile alternative This manual is task oriented You will find useful tips hints warnings and screen shots interspersed throughout First you will learn the basics of using Red Hat Linux such as customizing a desktop configuring a printer and ge
218. ument Done 2 322 secs im aN Figure 6 1 Mozilla Main Browser Window 6 1 1 Using Mozilla Mozilla functions like any Web browser that you may have used before It has the standard naviga tional toolbars buttons and menus 40 Chapter 6 Web Browsing The navigation bar has an address field with which you can type a Uniform Resource Locator URL the name or address of a website into the address field at the top of the browser window Mozilla supports keyword searching via the address field as well Type in a keyword or phrase into the address field and click the Search button The search results appears in the main browsing area 2 2 23 amp a nupi rechat com ga Search SS Back Forward Reload Stop Figure 6 2 The Mozilla Navigational Bar There is also a sidebar on the left that contains additional options such as integrated search function ality bookmarks and a What s Related option that displays webpages similar in topic to the page currently displayed in the main browsing area File Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Window Help a Back S o OEE i FEL httpy www redhat com v 2 Search Reload Stop AhHome Y Bookmarks gRed Hat Network Gf Support Gf Shop G Products 4 Training eg Sidebar eee 7 BECOME A MEMBER cowmonn stone What s Related TE w redhat ET Related Links REDHAT COM Freshmeat
219. ur needs If you would like to learn more about KDE visit the official website at http www kde org A 2 Finding Help You can access a comprehensive set of documentation about KDE through the HelpCenter File Edit Go Help contents Glossary i oe Welcome to KDE f E Scrolikeeper Welcome to KDE KDE users manual Application Manuals Applet Manuals control Center Modules Kinfocenter Modules Chapter 1 Welcome to KDE I Konqueror Plugins erie g Revision 3 00 00 UNIX manual pages The KDE team welcomes you to user friendly UNIX computing Browse info pages The KDE FAQ k Contact Information Welcome to the K Desktop Environment KDE on the web Supporting KDE Information about KDE KDE is a powerful graphical desktop environment for UNIX workstations A KDE desktop combines ease of use contemporary functionality and outstanding graphical design with the technological superiority of the UNIX operating system What is the K Desktop Environment Contacting the KDE Project Supporting the KDE Project Useful links i x E i fa im Figure A 1 The HelpCenter You can access the HelpCenter from the Main Menu by selecting Help To access HelpCenter from the desktop right click on the desktop and select the Help gt K Desktop Handbook The opening screen of the HelpCenter browser appears like Figure A 1 From this main page you can view he
220. uration 22 timetool See Time and Date Properties Tool Trash icon 160 KDE 136 troubleshooting sound card 74 video card 76 U unzip 115 user account creating 7 importance of 5 utilities cat 96 less 100 V vi 71 WwW wallpaper changing 18 Web browsers 39 Konqueror 141 Mozilla 39 using 39 Windows accessing on a separate partition add line to etc fstab 129 World Wide Web browsers 39 Mozilla 39 X X Configuration Tool 76 xpdf 72 redhat Colophon The Red Hat Linux manuals are written in DocBook SGML v4 1 format The HTML and PDF formats are produced using custom DSSSL stylesheets and custom jade wrapper scripts The DocBook SGML files are written in Emacs with the help of PSGML mode Garrett LeSage created the admonition graphics note tip important caution and warning They may be freely redistributed with the Red Hat documentation The Red Hat Linux Product Documentation Team consists of the following people Sandra A Moore Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux x86 Installation Guide Con tributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide Tammy Fox Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide Writer Maintainer of custom DocBook stylesheets and scripts Edward C Bailey Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer Contributin
221. ure 3 1 the first tabbed window that appears is for configuring the system date and time and the NTP daemon ntpd Date amp Time Time Zone 4 February gt 4 2003 gt sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fn Sat 1 Hout a Network Time Protocol Your computer can synchronize its clock with a remote time server using the Network Time Protocol Z Enable Network Time Protocol Server time nist gov x Hep 2 cance 2 ox Figure 3 1 Time and Date Properties To change the date use the arrows to the left and right of the month to change the month Use the arrows to the left and right of the year to change the year and click on the day of the week to change the day of the week Changes will not take place until you click the OK button To change the time use the up and down arrow buttons beside the Hour Minute and Second in the Time section Changes will not take place until you click the OK button The Network Time Protocol NTP daemon synchronizes the system clock with a remote time server or time source such as a satellite The application allows you to configure a NTP daemon to synchro nize your system clock with a remote server To enable this feature click the Enable Network Time Protocol button This will enable the Server pulldown menu You can choose one of the predefined servers or type a server name in the pulldown menu Your system will not start synchronizing with the NTP ser
222. user Linux mode After it finishes loading you will be presented with a shell prompt similar to the following sh 2 05 5 You can now change the root password by typing bash passwd root You will be asked to re type the password for verification Once you are finished the password will be changed You can then reboot by typing reboot at the prompt then you can log in to root as you normally would 16 9 Password Maintenance I forgot or want to change my user account password Open a shell prompt and type the following pas swd username Replace username with your normal user name The passwd command will then ask for the new password which you will need to enter twice You can now use the new password to log in to your user account 16 10 Changing Login from Console to X at Startup How do I change my login from the console to the graphical screen Instead of logging in to your system at the console and typing the start x command to start the X Window System you can configure your system so that you can log in directly to X You must edit one file etc inittab by changing just one number in the runlevel section When you are finished reboot the computer The next time you log in you will have a graphical login prompt Open a shell prompt If you re in your user account su to root by typing su Chapter 16 Frequently Asked Questions 133 Now type gedit etc inittab to edit the file with gedit The file etc inittab
223. ver until you click OK After you click OK the configuration will be saved and the NTP daemon will be started or restarted if it is already running Clicking the OK button will apply any changes that you have made to the date and time the NTP daemon settings and the time zone settings and then exit the program 22 Chapter 3 Configuring the Date and Time 3 2 Time Zone Configuration To configure the system time zone click the Time Zone tab The time zone can be changed by either using the interactive map or by choosing the desired time zone from the list below the map To use the map click on the city that represents the desired time zone A red X will appear and the time zone selection will change in the list below the map Click OK to apply the changes and exit the program Date amp Time Time Zone Please select the nearest city in your timezone Antarctica Palmer Palmer Station Anvers Island America Montserrat America Nassau America New_York Eastem Time America Nipigon Eastem Time Ontario amp Quebec places that AmericayNome Alaska Time west Alaska lt Cl system clock uses UTC Bue x cance 2 ox Figure 3 2 Timezone Properties If your system clock is set to use UTC select the System clock uses UTC option UTC stands for the universal time zone also known as Greenwich mean time GMT Other t
224. ward File Next Delete Print Stop Name subject or Sender contains Gea Advanced m Gl root redhat com Jinba Subject Sender Date Priority re Dras Templates Gent y Trash a S Local Folders Unread 0 Total 0 p Figure 7 5 Mozilla Mail and News z Eile Edit View Insert Format Options Tasks Help Ig 2B Z w Send Address Attach Save From Attachments i Subject 1 Eoy Tex BY vaiaie wan Fe amp B F LU Be ED 2 EB A Done loading page Figure 7 6 Mozilla Mail New Email Message Screen Chapter 7 Email Applications 49 To send an email click on the Send button or go to File gt Send Now or Send Later If you choose to send later you can go back to the main mail screen and go to File gt Send unsent messages To read email click on the mail folder you created for yourself to see a list of messages waiting for you Then click on the message you want to read Once you read a message you can delete it save it to a separate folder and more 7 2 1 Mozilla and Newsgroups Newsgroups are Internet discussion groups with specific topics The discussions are in threaded format which means all topics and responses to the topic are sorted and organized for convenient reading and subscribing to a group is very easy You do not have to post messages if you do not want to you can just lurk which is a Newsgroup term for reading without post
225. will open Within the first screen you will see a section of the file which looks like this Default runlevel The runlevels used by RHS are 0 halt Do NOT set initdefault to this 1 Single user mode 2 Multiuser without NFS The same as 3 if you do not have networking 3 Full multiuser mode 4 unused OS RET 6 reboot Do NOT set initdefault to this id 3 initdefault To change from a console to a graphical login you should change the number in the line id 3 initdefault froma 3 toa 5 A waming Change only the number of the default runlevel from 3 to 5 Your changed line should look like the following id 5 initdefault When you are satisfied with your change save and exit the file using the Ctrl x keys You will see a message telling you that the file has been modified and asking you to confirm your change Type Y for yes Now your next login after reboot will be from the graphical screen 134 Chapter 16 Frequently Asked Questions redhat Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment A 1 Introducing KDE The K Desktop Environment KDE is a graphical desktop that uses common graphical objects such as icons windows menus and panels it allows you to access your Red Hat Linux system and appli cations using your mouse and keyboard This appendix covers the basics of using KDE system navigation working with files and applications and customizing the desktop to suit yo
226. with the doc extension you can save the file as a Microsoft Word file type that others will be able to open it in Microsoft Word While OpenOffice org Writer is useful for general document editing you can also add objects such as images illustrations charts and tables to your document to complement your text or give impact to your documents To add an image to the document select Insert gt Graphics gt From File and choose the image from the pop up file browser The image will appear where you placed your cursor and can be made larger or smaller by clicking on the resizing borders around the image Figure 9 2 shows an image added to a document File Edit View Insert Format Tools Window Help POLE Petautt Z FTromdate fee Be S a eS ae Ee 17 f 2 g oe 8 a i You can even add images to your documents we Take a look e a ee B Witing is easy with OpenOffice org 3 hat TE Page 111 Default 100 INSRT STD HYP F Figure 9 2 Adding an Image to Your Document Once you have created your document you can save it in any format that you wish Consult Table 9 1 for available file formats Note that you can also export your document to HTML or PDF format formats which can be read by almost every computer with a Web browser such as Mozilla or PDF viewer application such as xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader 9 1 3 O
227. www google com 78 Chapter 10 Audio Video and General Amusement redhat Chapter 11 Working with Images Digital images have grown in popularity with the development of the graphical Internet and the in creasing quality of digital cameras There are several types of image files some of which are created using sophisticated illustration software packages while others are made from digital sources such as a scanner or camera You may have downloaded some of these image files from the Web or received them in an email You may also want to create your own images to send to others You can view and modify the most common types of image files using the many applications included in Red Hat Linux 11 1 Viewing Images This section discusses some of the common tools for viewing image files Certain tools included in Red Hat Linux are specialized applications with several functions that enhance your image viewing experience while others are general purpose file managers that have integrated image viewing func tionality 11 1 1 Using Nautilus to View Images Nautilus is a general purpose file manager and browser for your graphical desktop environment Nautilus has many functions beyond simple image viewing however for this section we will use it for basic image browsing For more information about Nautilus see Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop Nautilus is known for its ease of use and it handles images with the same ease as i
228. y you received the following message cd root bash root Permission denied That was one demonstration of Linux s security features Linux like UNIX is a multi user system and file permissions are one way the system protects against malicious tampering One way to gain entry when you are denied permission is to su to root as you learned earlier This is because whoever knows the root password has complete access But switching to the superuser is not always convenient or recommended since it is easy to make mistakes and alter important configuration files as the superuser All files and directories are owned by the person who created them You created the file sneakers txt see Section 13 9 1 Using Redirection in your login directory so sneakers txt belongs to you That means you can specify who is allowed to read the file write to the file or if it is an application instead of a text file who can execute the file Reading writing and executing are the three main settings in permissions Since users are placed into a group when their accounts are created you can also specify whether certain groups can read write to or execute a file Take a closer look at sneakers txt with the 1s command using the 1 option see Figure 13 11 There is a lot of detail provided here You can see who can read r and write to w the file as well as who created the file sam and to which group the owner belongs sam Remember that
229. y formatted as ext2 Chapter 4 Diskettes and CD ROMs 25 Physical settings Floppy device dev fdo Floppy density High Density 3 5 1 44MB g Filesystem settings File system type Linux Native ext2 d Volume name Formatting mode Quick only creates the filesystem Standard adds a low level format to the quick mode Thorough adds a bad blocks check to the standard mode T Help x Close O Eomat Figure 4 2 gfloppy Insert a diskette and change the settings in gfloppy to suit your needs then click Format The status box will appear on top of the main window showing you the status of formatting and verification see Figure 4 3 Once complete you can eject the diskette and close gfloppy Formatting the disk Cancel Figure 4 3 gfloppy Status Box 4 1 3 2 Using mke2fs The mke2fs command is used to create a Linux ext2 file system on a device such as a hard drive partition or in this case a diskette mke2fs essentially formats the device and creates an empty Linux compatible device which can then be used for storing files and data Insert your diskette into the drive and issue the following command at a shell prompt sbin mke2fs dev fqd0 On Linux systems dev fd0 refers to the first diskette drive If your computer has more than one diskette drive your primary diskette drive is dev f d0 your second dev fd1 and so on
230. yle formatting applied to it such as system logs and configuration files gedit is a graphical text editor It can open edit and save plain text files You can also cut and paste text to and from other graphical desktop applications create new text files and print files gedit has a clear and understandable interface that uses tabs so that you can open more than one file at the same time without opening more than one gedit window To start gedit click Main Menu gt Accessories gt Text Editor You can also start gedit by typing gedit ata shell prompt i Note gedit can only be used in a graphical desktop environment Eile Edit View Search Documents Help Deg x8 xu 2 New Open Save Close Print Undo Redo Cut Copy Paste Find Replace bash_profile lf bash_profile lf Get the aliases and functions if f bashre then bashre fi User specific environment and startup programs PATH PATH HOME bin IBASH_ENV HOME bashrc JUSERNAME l export USERNAME BASH_ENV PATH Ln 14 Col 1 INS Figure 9 8 gedit Once gedit is running you are presented with a blank editing area You can begin using gedit imme diately or click the Open button to locate the plain text file you want to edit The file will load into the main editing area as shown in Figure 9 8 You can navigate the text file by clicking and holding the scroll bar on the right edge of the window and moving your m

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