AcaStat User Manual
Contents
1. 32 STATGALC MODULE does Puce oco eco oce oco EE d pee Eee re estado e ice 33 ENTERING DATA totus rune a sate tage ti gene obe ts baw CU E nated nce E DM E 33 IMPORTING DATA 34 EXPORTING DATA uices Esc E RETE tow ACT eal nah ch Gy ae E 34 DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY eaa eae eb eive dbebacaveduaveandbebacavabixiaanaleksnadeass 34 LOGISTIC REGRESSION c tide once nM ma UTD M Mu ER E MEI DM e EI E uu 34 OBS REGRESSION auttm ETE EE tef 34 IDDESCRIPTIME UA pM READER UN E c Ee Lair cr ER Ero epu 34 GUUIEcR eee 35 GORREEATION um M eu Du RP sin LE UE IUD D C SUD DE aia at 35 PAE GRE SOLON NERO CT cu tee ech caine cence techs alate RR ENERO 35 EEG 05K 35 T TEST IWO SAMP E 35 Au ini MEA LM DI M LE 35 sic TU TC 36 Z BY CS 8 al See nee ne ET ice me RO A er eT MSD Anu eT dn ene 36 iut ETATE t2. 10 Itriportnd Dala Fles iissiskaei etia bubz dh otra TE tuti aei t devia dui DUO 10 Tips on using a spreadsheet application to create a csv or 10 EXample or IMPOR MOF duni eleva ant m dtum ton PR EUR 11 Export Data phi M exea dus 11 Export Data Comma nennen 11 Bsp duit HR 12 Data billes edu o ket Doce equ aene a a aee Eco RO 12 Merging Data Elles 19 Add Records uoce anna e en cet ade 12 Create Data DIClOldlbi DE LEID 13 Use welght Vatlable 5 deiode iei 13 gl HB ic T ee eee eee 13 iy ig FO CO QUING MN EU T 13 zug v 13 Replace Valles SII SII SEEN 13 PONR ON RR UI UU PME 14 aa NM EN a T 14 Baa 14 Delete T MTM 14 PAS iOa a 14 14 Convert Output to Tab Delimited sseni i 14 MARIAE MENU oes cece eect D ueiMerU E MEE 15 mS MIB TTE 15 AcaStat User Manual 2 NV GA I TEE Cm 15 T 15 gt DCC
3. 15 ere E cee ce eee AEN 15 MIRI S PI T T T TT 16 FACCOGING S NITET 16 Computing New Valtiable5 tiene eiit OE a idit bee ebd diea ied oe 17 Gombinilg TWO VarlableS utei eon Erebi ace binae Vai 17 STATISTICAL PROCEDURES dca Deci tuos ev Vue RR 18 GON TROL c EU 18 Varable NI p 18 Dependent Vallable 18 Eee 18 Control Variable E EEE I EDD D II MEM LI AMD E 18 Tips TOL using NE CONTON BOX iesioseib ideis 18 m 19 mi kel6 02 dle clo een EM EIE 19 IST VANADICS MIRIILRIDUILLDA MILL eet 19 rcc 19 doe INS IB MR EESTI 20 CrosSstabulaho RT ED m m 21 T TESTS OF MCAS EN I UI I UU E UU UIT 22 A alysiSol varance ANOVA J uus sen 22 misisipceaMele cciam TOO mre err OE E 22 OL S ReOIesSlOllasuk unions oneself anatase 22 LSOGISTIC HR OTeSSIOD ess 22 DIagrioste ACCHE dC viciis uotis avril rS Avr aS a rl Dans art 22 SUMAN OM m RT H 23 Randon EM LL ME LULA 23 Repeated SamDiNg ert 24 Appraisal Statistical Procedure soccorsi a a 24 CHARTS MODULE odo nis oue acted ie LEE d nena nt ees 25
4. opecial pricing and site licenses are available for instructors adopting AcaStat for course work Printable manuals include a Student Workbook with over 20 lessons an Applied Statistics Handbook and an AcaStat User Manual Data Spreadsheet Analyze raw data with this spreadsheet design Produce descriptive and inferential statistics and creates crosstabulations Includes the features listed below opreadsheet Import Data Data Formatting Variable Recode Paste Data Export Data Output otatistics Frequencies Descriptives t test of means One way ANOVA Chi square Pearson correlation oimple regression Multiple regression Sampling Explore Means Diagnostic Accuracy Appraisal AcaStat User Manual create data files maximum edit capacity 60 columns import comma and tab delimited text files paste tables from other software create variable and value labels set missing values compute combine and recode variables copy and paste data from spreadsheets documents and database tables export comma and tab delimited text files edit output save as text file print copy paste frequencies count percent total mean median variance standard deviation summary statistics and Bonferroni post hoc analysis Cramer s V Pearson C Lambda Kappa Fisher s odds ratio correlation matrix and scatterplot OLS OLS and Logistic Random sample and repeated random sampling Sensitivity specificity likelihood rat
5. such as survey questions with identical response options Variable Name Add labels to variable names and variable values and set missing values Click Set to save formatting Click Copy Format to copy value and missing settings for pasting into other variables Since variable names are used as column labels and are listed in the variable list boxes it Variable Format is important to create short but meaningful Variable List variable names 8 characters or less As an MM hib example level of education could be named M o c M E DEGREE or EDUC or EDYRS ea Value Format Value Label Value Label Variable Label 0 than High School 4 Graduate High School 1 2 Junior College 3 Bachelor Use variable labels to create a more detailed description of the variable The variable label is Missing Values used to create more meaningful output Using Missing 7 8 the above example DEGREE could be labeled Missing Missing Respondent s Highest Degree Copy Format Change Decimals opecify the number of decimals displayed and stored for the selected variable This option will permanently change the variable when the file is saved Value Labels Use value labels to create a more detailed description of the values used in a categorical variable The value label is used to create more meaningful output If education is coded O through 4 to represent five general categories the values would be more meaningful if
6. Calculate when done Regression Calculates simple regression one independent variable or multiple regression two or more independent variables Ordinary least squares regression requires interval ratio level dependent variables and logistic regression requires a dichotomous dependent variable Enter the data as indicated and click Calculate when done T test One Sample Used to test for the difference between one population mean mu and one sample mean Enter the population mean sample mean sample standard deviation and the number of observations in the sample T test Two Sample Used to test for the difference between two sample means For t tests the dependent variable must be an interval ratio level variable to produce the means for analysis The independent variable must be a nominal or ordinal level variable often it will be a dichotomous variable such as sex 12male 2 female Z test One Sample Used to test for the difference between one population proportion and one sample proportion Enter the population proportion sample proportion and the number of observations in the sample AcaStat User Manual 35 Z test Two Sample Used to test for the difference between two sample proportions For two sample z tests both dependent and independent variables must be nominal level variables Z Distribution Enter a z score to calculate the proportion of the probability distribution at or beyond the score entered This proc
7. SAVE OHAR EE v E M UD ee Senne 25 PASE OAR cupi EMI EI DM 25 VARABLE EINT eee eee 26 any ere ic 26 USING THE BY VARIABLE LISTBOX CENE Dar am ERU eles occa mans ais damental coe 26 OUTPUT VIEWER MODULE in ei dea Ev E EN 27 FILE MENU 27 27 Gentoo c 27 SAVE CUTOUT c eects 28 edhe 91411010 en rn TEUER 28 EDIT MENU e 28 Sum 28 OD Lucas Se DI MM IE IM IR MM 28 28 er PEE 28 AcaStat User Manual 3 WR EROR RTT 28 Convert Output to Tab Delimited sassen a a a t 28 Eyen r E A O N AA A A A AT 30 VOA AA RIDER a EAE 30 DECISION TOOLS 31 DECISION A E san eta aaniedadadntean 31 QUEUING 31 CON TANT EMS 32 PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
8. labeled 0 lt High School 1 High school 2 Junior college 3 Bachelor 4 Graduate Without labels the output would show the values 0 through 4 AcaStat User Manual 15 Missing Values Identify up to four numerical values to be excluded from the statistical analysis blank cells are always considered missing Values that are less than or greater than a set value can also be set as missing Recoding Values Use recode to create a new variable that is based on an old variable This feature is useful for combining a series of values into meaningful categories Begin by selecting Use the values of one variable to undi dressed create a new variable This is most variable useful when there are several Variable List categories in a variable that can be AGE UU combined into fewer meaningful Tu groups An example would be MARITAL 9 New Value taking years of education and If EDUC Then EDUFMT recoding the years into less than high school high school some college and college graduate FAMINC Recode Reset Procedure v Select the variable s to recode by clicking on the variable name in the list box v Select the operation to perform by clicking on a radio button For coding less than 12 years of education select the button v Enter the value to use as the basis for the recode For the above example enter 12 v Enter a variable name
9. next row AcaStat User Manual 33 Importing Data Files To import a text file into StatCalc click File Import Data to select the data file This feature is only available for Descriptives Correlation OLS Regression and Logistic Regression The data file must be a tab or comma delimited text file with variable names in the first row of data Create or export these text files from most software packages to include word processors spreadsheets databases and statistical packages The import is limited to 200 observations Exporting Data Click File Export Data or the save toolbar button to save the data in the spreadsheet as a tab or comma separated delimited file This feature is only available for Descriptives Correlation OLS Regression and Logistic Regression Exported files can be easily be viewed in other software packages If the exported file is opened in spreadsheet software the first row will list the variable names and the remaining rows will contain the data one row for each record Each column represents the data for one variable Diagnostic Accuracy Diagnostic accuracy compares a test result to a dichotomous reference standard It is used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test The reference and test variables can only be two values usually 0 for non disease and 1 for disease The reference variable represents the gold standard to compare to the test results Logistic Regression Calculat
10. uninstall AcaStat Files that were created or changed after installation of AcaStat must be removed separately by the manual file deletion procedures in Mac and Windows Terminology Used in the Manual When discussing statistical procedures the manual will refer to two general types of data continuous and categorical The following terms will be used for convenience and simplicity but there are variations in these themes that will be apparent to those with statistics training Please see the Statistics Glossary in AcaStat for more information on these and related terms Continuous Data This refers to data where it is reasonable to calculate an average This type of data is also referred to in statistics as interval ratio level of measurement or scale data AcaStat User Manual 5 Categorical Data This refers to data where averages would not be meaningful This type of data is also referred to in statistics as nominal ordinal level of measurement or discrete data AcaStat Startup Screen AcaStat starts by displaying the Data module and an empty spreadsheet There are also tabs for the Output Viewer Tutor and Decision Tools modules A control panel along the left side of the application contains statistical procedure controls Use the Statistical Procedures panel to select and run analyses The Output Viewer module automatically displays the results for the current analysis and stores all analyses conducted after opening AcaStat The ou
11. variable must be a continuous variable to produce the means for analysis The independent variable must be a nominal level variable e g race 1 white 2 black 3 Asian 4 Hispanic or ordinal e g political ideology 1 conservative 22 moderate 3 liberal ANOVA optional output includes summary statistics for each subgroup and the Bonferroni post hoc test for multiple comparisons Pearson Correlation Calculates the Pearson correlation coefficient to represent the association between two continuous variables There are two options create matrix or a scatterplot The scatterplot option provides basic statistics and displays a visual representation of the association between two variables For multiple comparisons a correlation matrix is often the best choice OLS Regression Calculates simple regression one independent variable or multiple regression two or more independent variables Ordinary least squares OLS regression requires a continuous dependent variable As an option ordinary least squares regression will add new variables to the spreadsheet representing residuals or predicted values for each observation OLS also allows models with no constant regression through the origin Summary statistics for the variables included in the model are automatically included in the output Logistic Regression Logistic regression requires a dichotomous two values dependent variable Logistic regression will automatically produce summary
12. AcaStat User Manual Version 8 2 for Mac and Windows i Copyright 2013 AcaStat Software u J All rights Reserved http www acastat com Table of Contents INTRODUCTION eres 5 HEC RON TERRENO HE POENI ONU 5 INSTALLATION e 5 UNINSTALLING ACA STAT pasinoan ae as TAL wei eva ab Sea eol ec ea edle bd 5 TERMINOLOGY USED IN TEE MANUAL S aane e postu QaxR NAO debetis 5 ACASTATOTARTUP OC RE EN ma ings 6 DATA MODULE amem 7 ROWS o eonenn a E S 7 DINNER T TTE 7 gra 7 Rer NEUE EL LE 8 Cl ERE TTE cr 8 Spreadsheet and Data File LIMItS ccccccccsececeeeeeceeeeseeeeeeeeseseeeesseeseseusesseeeseneesseeeeas 8 Drag andi Dro Diesin tnt eden vce ao verde E ae durae o e co Dart 8 PEE MENU mete rx P 9 NOW corico 9 m E 9 SAVE D t Dus DIRAS oa UN ade por Dr 9 MMO MANO E I T EM 9 Impottabab Delmiled ld EIL DE 9 Import Comma Delimited 9 IDS on Importing D Sid cenar od a 9 P
13. Delimited Text File Saves the contents and any formatting of the data into an AcaStat data file Data File Information Displays file information and also has a section for file notes Changes to the file notes will not be retained until the data file is saved Import Tab Delimited Data Opens a text file that contains tabs between each variable so AcaStat is able to import the data into a spreadsheet format These files normally have a filename extension of txt or dat Import Comma Delimited Data Opens a text file that contains commas between each variable so AcaStat is able to import the data into a spreadsheet format These files normally have a filename extension of csv The abbreviation csv represents comma separated values Tips on Importing Data Data File Information To save changes to Data File Notes click the Set button and then save the data file to keep the changes File Attributes File Name GS52008 dcs File Size 250 340 Bytes Created 2010 01 01 21 22 27 File Motes editable 2008 General Social Survey This is a subset of the original survey which had over 800 variables Visit http www norc org for codebooks and data downloads The annual survey is funded by the National Science Foundation Set Motes e 4 n k r Close Import data from text data files or by pasting data copied from a word processor spreadsheet or database ta
14. ET ESET AET EET ET 40 TOTOR EMINET EE 41 SYSTEM HEQUIBEMENITS ors E teres enin ED lene Quei FE cred acecirel 41 AcaStat User Manual 4 Introduction AcaStat provides students teachers researchers and managers with an inexpensive and easy to use data analysis tool and instructional aid AcaStat includes a spreadsheet for entering and viewing data statistical procedures and summary statistics modules an output log decision tools and statistics tutorial A statistics glossary is also provided and purchased versions of AcaStat include the Applied Statistics Handbook Getting Help Application help can be found in this manual and in the Help module provided with AcaStat A QuickStart guide is also available at http www acastat com universal htm In addition to application help statistical help is provided in four formats v Statistics tutorial v Glossary of statistical terms and definitions v Applied Statistics Handbook in pdf format for licensed versions v Student Workbook in pdf format Installation Download an evaluation version or purchase AcaStat from http www acastat com The software is downloaded in a self extracting file Save the software and double click on the file to begin the installation process Uninstalling AcaStat For Mac versions drag the program file to the Trash Bin For Windows versions use the Windows Control Panel option ADD REMOVE programs to
15. alues of the original sins gt et yn nara ay variable This is most useful when taka root 5 of values to improve its properties for a simple regression transforming a variable by squaring or taking the square root of the original values It is DUM also useful for applying a constant to all e observations in a variable to remove negative numbers to develop an index The im Compute procedure can be used to create an 505 egre ima exact duplicate of a variable or create a new EAMINIC variable that represents the natural log of Compute another variable s values Procedure v Select the variable to use for the compute from the list box v Enter a variable name for the new variable limit to 8 characters Example AgeSq for squaring age in years Select the operation to perform by clicking on a radio button Enter the value to use in the compute statement Note that 2 square and 5 square root Click the Compute button um A new column will be added to the spreadsheet with the variable name and the computed values for all observations oelect and compute multiple variables by holding the Control button Mac Command button while selecting variables in the list box Leave the variable name blank AcaStat will automatically name each new variable using the original variable name and adding 2 to the name Combining Two Variables the computation You can repeat the operation to system
16. ata Merge Data Files to select and open the second file The observations from the second file will be added to the first file AcaStat User Manual 12 Create Data Dictionary This option creates a record of the data file variables variable and value labels and missing values formatting The record is saved in the Output Viewer for saving or printing Use Weight Variable Select Use Weight Variable to identify a variable for weighting observations Weights are often used to compensate for over or under sampling and also for producing population values from a random sample Weights can be used in the frequency and descriptive procedures Weights will not be applied to any other procedures Only one weight can be selected at a time Filter Data Select Filter Data to exclude observations from the analysis This module can be used to limit the analysis to a finely defined set of observations Use up to two variables to exclude observations from subsequent analyses The rows excluded from the analyses are marked by a bolded X Resetting the filter removes the filter from future analysis No data are permanently lost when using a filter A filter variable will be added to the spreadsheet If the data file is saved after filtering this filter variable will be saved and formatted with the filter specifications for later use as a control Run Procedure Select Run Procedure to start an analysis This has the same function as the Calculate butt
17. atically combine several Use Combine Two Variables to create a third variables into one variable that is a mathematical combination of Variable List two other variables This feature creates a SEI Recode Compute Replace new variable that contains the result of the RESPINC computation Repeat the operation to WRKCOVT e New Var systematically combine several variables into SPWRKST MADEG SIZE HOMFOWN Procedure Combine Select the first variable to use from the list box and click the Var1 button Select the second variable from the list box and click the Var2 button Enter a variable name for the new variable limit to 8 characters Select the operation to perform by clicking a radio button Click the Combine button We CNN AcaStat User Manual 17 Use combine two variables to create a third variable that is a mathematical combination of two other variables This feature creates a new variable that contains the result of Statistical Procedures The Statistical Procedures control panel is used to select the type of analysis and variables An options box is displayed for each procedure Controls Procedures Options Frequencies i List Variables Chi Square Variable List Descriptiis Explore Means Use the Variable List to select the variables for analysis As dd in ar an example to produce frequencies tables for the variables ANOVA sex and race select the sex variable in the variable list b
18. ble AcaStat User Manual Pasting Data To paste data from a table select and copy data in a word processor spreadsheet or database table In the Data module select File Import Paste Data or use the paste button on the toolbar The paste procedure replaces all data in the current spreadsheet Copied data must be consistent with the tips discussed below Importing Text Data Files AcaStat assumes the first row in an imported file contains the variable names Please see the section below on using a spreadsheet application to create compatible data files If the data file is large it may take a few moments to read the data Once read the data will be displayed in the spreadsheet and variable names column headings will be visible in the variable list box After importing data save the file as an AcaStat system file This will increase loading speed and allows the file to retain variable formatting As noted earlier use the Split Data module to reduce the size of very large data files it is not unusual to see social science data files with over 700 variables Tips on using a spreadsheet application to create a csv or txt file The first row in the spreadsheet should contain a column label that represents the data in that column keep the labels 8 characters or less These labels represent the variable names and identify columns when imported into the AcaStat spreadsheet see example of spreadsheet format below To save a delimited te
19. cision Tools Plot Income by Educ J Bar Vertical Bar Horizontal Cylinder Vertical Cylinder Horizonta Pie Chart Pie Chart 3D Histogram Trend Line Variable List Analysis Variable Chart Type Sampling m E Control RESPINC WRKSTAT WRKGOVT None SPDEGREE Reset eva Charts Module 2044 Records 51 Variables Save Chart If using Windows and the system does not have QuickTime installed the chart is saved as a bmp file Enter a file name and add the extension bmp to ensure the file is saved as an image file For Mac systems and Windows with QuickTime other file type options are available such as gif and jpg Paste Chart If using Windows use Paste Special Bitmap to paste the chart into other software such as Microsoft Word Mac users should only need to use Paste to insert the chart into a document AcaStat User Manual 25 Variable Limits oome charts only use one variable e g column and pie charts while others use two variables scatterplot Editing Charts Most features of the charts are automatic based on the data and the labeling of variables and values in the data file However some settings can be changed by clicking the Edit Chart button to view chart options Options include changing the chart title axis labels and the chart background Decimal values and minimum and maximum values for the Y and X axis currently only available for scatterplots can also be changed Click OK to
20. d Select variables from the current Use the arrow button to copy variables i rom the current file list to the new file list file list to include in the new file and click the right arrow Click run to create a new data file button To remove a variable from the new file list select the variable and click the left arrow button Click run to create ee the new data file IDNUM AGE EDUC DEGREE MARITAL Merging Data Files to Add Records This procedure can be used to merge two identically formatted AcaStat data files so that the observations in one file are added to the observations of another AcaStat data file Both files must have identical formatting so that the number of variables is the same in each file and the order of the variables from left to right is identical This procedure is especially useful if the same data formatting variable names labels value labels missing values is used to collect new data Examples include repeated surveys or monthly data downloads from a website or bank account Use the following process Create and save a data file with all the formatting set for variable and value labels and missing values Create additional AcaStat data files by entering the data or importing a delimited data file The number and order of the variables columns must be identical to the original formatted data file To merge files 1 Open the file that has the formatting 2 Use the menu item D
21. e Internet and automatically compares the installed version with the version of the update If a newer update is available the appropriate installation file may be downloaded to the computer desktop The update option is only available for licensed users Applied Statistics Handbook The Applied Statistics Handbook contains formulas definitions and examples along with annotated output from statistical software It is designed to be a quick reference resource not a complete statistics text If you have a licensed version of AcaStat the Handbook can be opened via the AcaStat Documentation menu All AcaStat manuals are copyright protected File Name Statbook pdf 3 Availability AcaStat Licensed Edition Student Workbook The Student Workbook contains over 20 lessons designed to introduce basic statistical concepts while also demonstrating the functionality of AcaStat The Student Workbook can be opened via the AcaStat Documentation menu File Name Workbook pdf 1 Availability AcaStat CD Website http www acastat com pdfdocs htm AcaStat User Manual 39 Review of Features AcaStat is designed to provide students teachers researchers and managers with an inexpensive and easy to use tool for data exploration It includes three data analysis modules Data StatCalc Decision Tools modules and three support modules containing analysis output Output Viewer module statistical terms and definitions Glossary module and a tutorial
22. eary tcd eunte TENTE Heme bad dca Data Mead suu es Dona E haaw dae naan se needed 36 pAB camsisi ug e E E E e 36 CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION inest teret die reete elucet ede Fest 36 ONE WAY ANOVA ccccccececccccececececcacacecececeauacacececeaeaeaceteneaeaeseeueneauaeseetenecuaeseeteecuaesneneneaeas 36 OOUITPBIT A octets ont sneha IEEE ants DA TEL at LEER A ea EM ee raat oa 36 PRINTING CUP WT cece RR TK 37 SAVE asec werent as has EHE E M REEL PE ILI AL ML IL E E 37 COPYING PASTING diner trucs a a flu totius pst fup IEEE DL I U E ELSE 37 OTHER MENU ITEMS AND ACASTAT 38 DATA EXAMPLES MENU ecu aotem rtu hair tui 38 DOCUMENTATION EREE E EIET AEETI EET TR 38 HELP MENU MERE HREHKEREE AA RR EUN 38 mem A E EE ete cele ciel et 38 otdlisileS lOS Sly oe a tubo Dub CE 38 NECK OM WDC ale Sese thet atte sa a ae ee eet a i c DEL PM ot ete I 39 Applied Stausics HandbOOk uicit dean edem iei vhi eines 39 Student WorIKbDOOR heed eek bred cca LR LL LL RI DR LEAN LAT LA 39 REVIEW OF PEA TUBE S iiiv ru sin e DUI Uu Dele inciueitcsucPeleieucUsic cse pei aU iU 40 SPREAD SHEET AET AET AET T EET AET ATE E EAE TE
23. eated Sampling procedure conducts multiple random samples to build a data set that reflects summary measures for each random sample This procedure helps students test the Central Limit Theorem Central Limit Theorem As sample size increases the sampling distribution of means approximates a normal distribution and is close to normal at a sample size of 30 Random Sample This procedure is used to create a data file that is a Senne Banccmbampis ANOVA o randomly selected subset of the current spreadsheet Correlation Sample Size n Enter the sample size desired The sample size must Regression OLS 120 be less than the total number of observations in the lagnostic ests current data file Click the Run button to replace the Run current data with a random sample Sample Repeated att uw kyr AcaStat User Manual 23 Repeated Sampling Procedures ANOVA This procedure creates repeated random samples for one variable in the current spreadsheet For each sample Regression Log iteration the mean and standard deviation are computed Diagnostic Tests i Sample Random and placed into the spreadsheet This results in a new data Sinn cesses file where each row represents the summary statistics for Appraisal Ratios one random sample Enter the size of the samples n and the number of random samples Iterations desired Select a variable to conduct the random sampling on and place it
24. edure is most useful for evaluating the statistical significance of a z test statistic calculated manually T Distribution Enter a t score and degrees of freedom to calculate the proportion of the probability distribution at or beyond the score entered This procedure is most useful for evaluating the statistical significance of a t test statistic calculated manually F Distribution Enter a f ratio score and numerator and denominator degrees of freedom consult a statistical reference to calculate the proportion of the probability distribution at or above the score entered This procedure is most useful for evaluating the statistical significance of an f test statistic calculated manually Chi Square Distribution Enter a chi square score and degrees of freedom to calculate the proportion of the probability distribution at or above the score entered This procedure is most useful for evaluating the statistical significance of a chi square test statistic calculated manually One Way ANOVA Used to test for the difference between two or more sample means The dependent variable must be an interval ratio level variable to produce the means for analysis The independent variable must be a nominal level variable e g race 1 white 2 black 3 Asian 4 Hispanic or ordinal e g political ideology 1 conservative 2 moderate 3 liberal All the rows and columns provided do not have to be used but always start with the top leftmost cell Ou
25. en More detailed output is also logged in the Output Viewer module The Tutor displays black instructional text and blue questions and additional information Click on the blue text to check answers to questions or for more information regarding the subject being covered The evaluation version limits the tutorial to the first lesson descriptive statistics GSS2010 dcs gt New Open Save Cut Copy Paste Format Recode Del Add Data Output Viewer Instructions Use the AcaStat Tutor to learn more about statistics To begin select a lesson from the pull down list For beginners it is highly recommended that you begin with the Descriptive Statistics lesson click Forward to start Click on the blue text to check answers to questions or view additional information Each time you click Calculate the output is sent to the Output Viewer Tab and a portion of the output is displayed in the Tutor Forward O O QO 8 iy StatCalc Glossary Help AcaStat Calculate Decision Tools Lesson 1 Descriptive Statistics Enter continuous data and click calculate to create descriptive statistics OD I Clear Calculate Tutorial Review Order 2044 Records 51 Variables For many users it may be preferable to begin with descriptive statistics followed by standardized scores confidence intervals z tests and t tests The tutorial cannot replace a comprehensive course on statistics bu
26. ery large data files Files larger than 100 000 observations will slow loading and analysis If a file has more than 60 variables the spreadsheet will display the first 60 variables although all the variables and observations will be available for analysis Large files can be reduced using the Split Data module found in the Data pull down menu This procedure will create a new file with fewer variables The new file will have the same number of observations and formatting as the original larger file If a file has a large number of observations the random sample statistical procedure can be used to create a more manageable data file Drag and Drop Variables can be added to analysis list boxes by clicking on a variable holding the mouse button and dragging to the intended list box and releasing the mouse button The data spreadsheet will also accept drag and drop for AcaStat data files and delimited text data files tab and csv AcaStat User Manual 8 File Menu New Clears all data from the spreadsheet and resets the variable lists Open Data File Use to open an existing AcaStat data file AcaStat data files have the extension dcs AcaStat files contain data formatting coding of missing values and data file notes Save Data File As New amp Open Data File bel Save Data File as Data File Information Import Tab Delimited Text File Import Comma Delimited Text File Export Tab Delimited Text File Export Comma
27. es simple regression one independent variable or multiple regression two or more independent variables Logistic regression requires a dichotomous 0 and 1 dependent variable to develop a model that predicts the occurrence of 1 OLS Regression Calculates simple regression one independent variable or multiple regression two or more independent variables OLS regression requires an interval ratio dependent variable Descriptives Calculates measures of central tendency mean median and variation variance standard deviation Descriptives requires continuous data Enter the data and click calculate when done AcaStat User Manual 34 Chi Square This is a very useful procedure for representing the association between two categorical variables a contingency table Each cell in a contingency table represents a subgroup the rows and columns do not need to be used but always start with the top leftmost cell Enter counts in each cell and StatCalc with calculate for each cell the row percent column percent and total percent This procedure also automatically produces several contingency table statistics to include the chi square statistic Crosstabulations are easiest to interpret when the number of rows and columns in the contingency table are 5 or less Correlation Calculates the Pearson correlation coefficient to represent the association between two interval ratio level variables Enter the data as indicated and click
28. for the new variable limit to 8 characters Example Edufmt for education v Enter the new variable s value to represent the old values For this example use 1 to represent anyone with less than 12 years of education v Click the Recode button A new column will be added to the spreadsheet that has the new variable name and the recoded value Repeat the process until all values needed for the new variable have been recoded A module is also available to conduct multiple recodes in a single operation up 100 Click Set Multiple Category Ranges select a variable provide a name for the new variable and then enter start and end values for each category range The module automatically provides new values for the recodes but the values can be edited This module should only be used with numerical data More than one variable can be recoded at the same time Select and recode multiple variables by holding the Control button Mac Command button while selecting variables in the list box Leave the variable name blank AcaStat will automatically name each new variable using the original variable name and adding 2 to the name This option should only be used if the variables have the same range of potential values e g 1 to 10 1 2 3 4 etc AcaStat User Manual 16 Computing New Variables Create a new variable by mathematically Use compute to create a new variable that is based on an old variable This feature manipulating the v
29. ilable for use with AcaStat E General Social Survey 2010 The data files include variable and value formatting The files E General Social Survey 2008 can be saved for manipulation and use as instructional material General Social Survey 1993 Income Data E AFQT The following data sets are based on actual research surveys Carotid Stenosis 5 City Managers General Social Surveys 2010 2008 and 1993 E College Admissions Tax Assessments c ER El Student Workbook College Admissions Student Workbook The following data sets are fictional Carotid Stenosis Tax Assessments Income Data Documentation Documentation l QuickStart pdf Use this pull down menu to open application documentation and User Manual pdf statistics instructional material Statistics Handbook Student Workbook pdf Help Menu Help Help Statistics Glossar Click Help to open the help module The contents can orca be sorted or searched by topic Check for Updates AcaStat com Statistics Glossary The glossary contains over 200 terms and definitions The search button will find matching records and sort the list box so all topics matching the search are listed at the top in bold Pressing the Enter key after entering a search term will also initiate the search Press Reset before conducting another search AcaStat User Manual 38 Check for Updates The Help menu contains an option to check for updates AcaStat connects to th
30. in the list box Only one variable will be used for the random sampling Please note that the sample size must be less than the total number of observations in the current data Click the Run button to replace the current data with a sampling distribution When the sampling is complete AcaStat will run the Descriptives procedure on the mean variable SPDEGREE Appraisal Statistical Procedure Sampling Sample n 30 Iterations Run 4 Sample Variable RESPINC Control None The Appraisal procedure is used to determine tax assessment values of real estate Use of this procedure requires data on the market selling price and the assessed value of homes to compute ratios and other statistics A practice data file Tax Assessments is included with AcaStat AcaStat User Manual 24 Charts Module Click the chart icon below the variable list box to open the charts module The Charts module produces graphic displays of data The chart can be saved printed and copied by using the toolbar buttons or menu pull down The chart can also be formatted to adjust background titles and decimals Only one variable at a time can be used The control variable option available for conducting statistical procedures is also available to chart subgroups of data eoo GSS2010 dcs New Open Save Cut Copy Paste Format Recode Del Add Print StatCalc Glossary Help AcaStat Calculate Output Viewer Statistics Tutor De
31. ion on personal income in U S dollars all data in that column should represent the income for each person in the data file Cells Each cell represents a value for one observation for one variable It can contain string data words or numerical data numbers Most research data files use numerical data to represent words As an example for the variable sex it is common to code Male as 0 and Female as AcaStat User Manual T 1 This makes data entry much easier since one number is entered instead of typing a word It also simplifies recoding variables identifying controls and running analyses Entering data To enter data point and click on a cell and begin typing Pressing an arrow key will save the entry and move the data entry point to another cell As an example pressing the right arrow key will save the entry and move the data entry point to the right Pressing the Escape Esc key will cancel data entry Pressing the Enter key will move the data entry point down one row Editing data To edit data click on the cell to edit Pressing any of the arrow keys will save the entry and move the data entry point to the relevant cell Do not enter characters such as a Comma or and avoid the use of strings words whenever possible Spreadsheet and Data File Limits The spreadsheet edit capacity is limited to 60 columns The number of rows is controlled by system memory and speed of the computer AcaStat was not developed for v
32. ios predictive values Ratios and summary statistics 40 Tutor Tutor provides summary instructions and interpretations of statistical output Feature Details Statistical Tests one and two sample t test of means one way ANOVA 6 sample one and two sample z test of proportions chi square 6x6 table Raw Data Analysis Descriptive statistics Correlation OLS Simple and Multiple Regression Margin of Error Mean 90 95 99 confidence intervals margin of error upper limits lower limits Margin of Error Proportions 90 95 99 confidence intervals margin of error upper limits lower limits Standardized Scores z score graphic representation on normal distribution Diagnostic Accuracy sensitivity specificity positive predictive value negative predictive value positive likelihood ratio negative likelihood ratio System Requirements recommended minimum Mac OS X v 10 2 or later Windows 98 or later AcaStat Software 43584 Merchant Mill Terrace Leesburg VA 20176 USA support acastat com http www acastat com AcaStat User Manual 41
33. n the data file is saved Delete Column Deletes the column for the currently selected cell Delete one column at a time The change will be complete when the data file is saved Paste When paste is used in the Data module an import procedure places data copied from another application into the spreadsheet Paste clears the spreadsheet before importing the data The operation is identical to importing a tab delimited data file Clear If the Data module is visible this clears all data from the spreadsheet and resets the variable lists If an output screen is visible this will clear the contents and the output log Convert Output to Tab Delimited If the Output module is visible this formats the output with tabs to improve the alignment of tables copied from AcaStat for pasting into spreadsheet software The tabs are used by spreadsheet software to align the table data properly into columns AcaStat User Manual 14 Variable Menu Format Variable Variable Format Variable To make output easier to interpret create variable names and assign Variable short explanatory labels to variable names and values Formatting TO TERI information will be saved with the AcaStat data file and can be changed Combine Varables at any time If data are exported the formatting information will not be exported Click the Copy Format button to copy value and missing settings for pasting into other variables with the same format
34. o GSS2010 dcs H o5bn0o 2320009e 6 New Open Save Cut Copy Paste Format Recode Del Add Print StatCalc Glossary Help AcaStat Calculate Data 3S9 125394 Statistics Tutor Decision Tools Output List Freq MARITAL Iris pA Freq RACE Freq SEX Percent Cumulative Freq WRKSTAT Variable WRKSTAT Labor Force Status Full time Part time Temp not working Unemployed Retired School Keeping House Missing Value Count 2044 Records 51 Variables File Menu New Click the New button to erase all output amp Open Output File lel Save Output as Open Output File This feature will load output saved from AcaStat statistical software products to include Windows AcaStat Plus and AcaStat Universal for Mac and Windows Print Output AcaStat User Manual 27 Save Output As This menu item saves output as a text file with the file extension txt This file can be opened in any word or spreadsheet application Save all output or selected items in the output log To select multiple items in the Mac version press and hold the Command key while selecting items in the output log For the Windows version use the Control key for the same function Print Output This menu item prints all output or selected items in the output log To select multiple items in the Mac version press and hold the Command key while selecting items in the output log For the Windows version use the Control key for the same f
35. on on the toolbar Edit Menu Replace Values Replace Values Add Row M Add Column Use Replace Values to change cell contents within one or Delete Row more variables This feature is most useful for correcting Delete Column data entry errors or changing string contents to values e g to change Male and Female strings so that all Male strings are coded the value 0 and all Female strings are coded the value 1 Use Undo to return the cell contents to the immediate preceding value This procedure can be used on one or multiple variables by holding the Control button Mac Command button while selecting variables Procedure v Select the variable to search by clicking on the variable name in the list box v Enter the value or string of the search parameter v Enter the value to use to replace the search parameter AcaStat User Manual 13 v Click the Replace button Note It may be helpful to conduct replace operations on duplicate variables so the original variable is not disturbed Use the Compute procedure to duplicate a variable Add Row Adds one row to the bottom of the spreadsheet Add Column This adds one column to the far right of the spreadsheet up to 60 columns In most cases this feature will not be used Columns are added automatically when data are entered into the next to last column Delete Row Deletes the row for the currently selected cell Delete one row at a time The change will be complete whe
36. or 9596 confidence interval for each subgroup in the selected categorical variable s Explore requires continuous data for the analysis variable The categorical variable can be a numeric or string variable Explore Options limits the output to selected summary statistics This is very useful when using a categorical By variable An example of the limited version of output is provided below Explore Means EDUC by WRKSTAT WRKSTAT Count Mean Full time 915 14 0984 Part time 234 1320420 Temp not working 33 Los loz Unemployed 143 12 6224 Retired 3419 193 Schoo 93 13290927 Keeping House 234 2 1961 Other 65 11 7846 AcaStat User Manual Use the Limit option to summarize data by listing selected statistics for each category Default Output Limit and List Output by Category v Count Sum V Mean V Median Standard Deviation Cancel Median 20 Crosstabulation This is a very useful procedure for representing the association between two categorical variables in a contingency table Each cell in a contingency table represents a subgroup For each cell the count row percent column percent and total percent are reported default This procedure also automatically produces a chi square statistic Crosstabulations are easiest to interpret when the number of rows and columns in the contingency table are 5 or less Crosstabulation Options limits the cell contents of the outp
37. ords This is especially common in data copied from an html table from the Internet e Embedded tabs in spreadsheet cells Export Data Tab Delimited Use Export Data to save the contents of the spreadsheet as a text file that contains tabs between each variable column These files are given the filename extension txt This file can be viewed and edited in word processing or spreadsheet software and can be imported into other statistical software Export Data Comma Delimited Use Export Data to save the contents of the spreadsheet as a text file that contains commas between each variable column These files are given the filename extension csv This file can be viewed and edited in word processing or spreadsheet software and can be imported into other statistical software AcaStat User Manual 11 Data Menu Split Large Data Files Data Split Large Data Files Use Split Large Data Files to create a new data file that Marge Data De Mei recond fram another fle contains a subset of variables from the current file This Create Data Dictionary feature reduces the size of large data files to increase Use Weight Variable analysis speed and improve data editing capacity The Filter Data new file retains variable formatting Click the Edit pull down menu in the Data module and select PE EREE EEE T the Split Large Data Files option A list of the variables in the file that includes only selected variables current data file is provide
38. ox A Correlation Variable List Analysis Variables indicator will appear in the Analysis Variables header To add the selected variable to the Analysis Variables list box click the list box header or drag the variable to the Analysis Variables list box Use the same procedure to select and place the race variable in the list box Clicking the Calculate toolbar button will produce frequencies for both variables Output from the analyses will be displayed automatically and recorded in the Output Viewer module Control None Dependent Variable SPDEGREE Poe eee ami oe E Gall The topmost variable list box is used for all univariate analyses Frequencies and Descriptives and one bivariate analysis Correlation At least one analysis or dependent variable must be placed into the Analysis Variables list box Independent Variable With the exception of Frequencies Descriptives and Correlation procedures an independent variable must also be selected another list box will appear below the Analysis Variables list box In the case of t tests subgroup values must be set in the options box for the independent variable so AcaStat compares the correct groups Control Variable A control can be established for all procedures This limits the analysis to a specific subgroup As an example to correlate income with education for females only locate the Sex variable name from the variable list box and drag it into the con
39. rebuild the chart using the new settings Click Cancel to close without making the changes The chart procedure will return to the default settings when a new chart is created Using the By Variable List box To produce a chart with group comparisons place the grouping variable in the By variable list box An example is shown below where marital status in analyzed by the sex of the respondent Chart Type Options Bar Vertical Marital Status by Respondent Sex Bar Horizontal m Male EH Female Cylinder Vertical Edit Chart Cylinder Horizonta MARITAL 4 Control Widowed Divorced Separated Never Married None Marital Status Charts Module 2044 Records 51 Variables AcaStat User Manual 26 Output Viewer Module The Output Viewer module displays the results of the analysis in a text window for editing printing and saving as a text file Each time a statistical procedure is run the results are automatically sent to the output log Notes can be added to the output before printing or saving The Output Viewer uses Courier font This is a fixed font that ensures proper alignment of the tables When copying output to a word processor the default font may not be Courier in the word processor This will result in tables that are out of alignment To correct this highlight the output in the word processor and change the font to Courier The font size may also need to be reduced to ensure the output fits widthwise on one page e
40. statistics and as an option will add a new variable to the spreadsheet representing the predicted values for each observation Diagnostic Accuracy Diagnostic accuracy compares a test result to a dichotomous reference standard It is used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test The reference variable can only be AcaStat User Manual 22 two values usually 0 for non disease and 1 for disease This represents the gold standard to compare to the test results Each cell in the table holds counts The test variable can be nominal ordinal or interval ratio The lowest value for the reference standard must always represent non disease The cutpoint T gt represents the point beyond which the test is positive disease indicated As an example if possible test results range from 1 to 4 a cutpoint of 1 means a negative test result and a positive test is indicated by a value of 2 3 or 4 A practice data file Carotid Stenosis is included with AcaStat Simulation Two simulation procedures can be used for manipulating data in the spreadsheet They were designed to help students develop a better understanding of random sampling The Random Sample option creates a random sample from a larger data file Assuming the larger data file represents the entire population a smaller random sample helps students discover how summary sample measures such as means and proportions will vary from population parameters The Rep
41. t it can be used to review and practice statistical concepts and techniques AcaStat User Manual 30 Decision Tools Module The Decision Tools module provides four tools for calculating constant dollars and experimenting with decision tables queuing theory waiting lines and price elasticity of demand An example is provided for each tool The results are displayed in the Decision Tool tab and are added to the output log A good reference text for most of these tools is Fundamentals of Management Science by Efraim Turban amp Jack R Meredith Decision Tables Decision tables quantify in table form the impact of decision options under uncertainty Tables will typically contain the following elements Alternative courses of action States of nature Probabilities of states of nature must sum to 1 The payoffs PURS The example for the Decision Table is displayed below eoo GSS2010 dcs icu imd 8 9 3232 000909 iy New Open Save Cut Copy Paste Recode Del Print StatCalc Glossary Help AcaStat Calculate Data Output Viewer Statistics Tutor Decision Table Decision Table Number of Probabilities B Show Example Clear Data Number of Alternatives 2 Decimals 0 Create Table Calculate States of Nature Problem You are considering two investment options bonds and stocks You have collected information on the potential payoffs given future economic performance and entered the values into
42. tatistics develop confidence intervals and verify hand calculations Enter data to create descriptive correlation and regression statistics This special version of StatCalc allows 200 observations The stand alone version of StatCalc can be purchased separately It allows 5000 observations The AcaStat Data spreadsheet should be used for large data entry projects ane StatCalc New Open Save Copy Paste Print Glossary Help Example Data AcaStat Calculate Procedures Output Viewer Descriptive Statistics Descriptives Correlation OLS Regression 5 Count Logistic Regression Sum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Range Pop Variance T Test One Sample i i ps T op ev T Test Two Sample Sample Std Dev Z Test One Sample j Standard Error Z Test Two Sample Diagnostic Accuracy Descriptive Results ecooeoooeomnooomo B8 B B B B B8 B 8 B8 B si Enter data to calculate descriptive statistics such as mean median and standard deviation otatCalc includes example data for each module All output is stored in the output log in both StatCalc and AcaStat to view save and print results Entering Data To enter data point and click on a cell and begin typing Pressing the right left up or down arrow key will save the entry and move the data entry point to the next cell Pressing the Enter Return key will move the data entry point to the
43. the table above The probability of growth is 5 stagnation 25 and inflation 25 What is the expected value of each investment option Answer Stocks have the greatest expected value and are the best investment option Decision Table 2044 Records 51 Variables Queuing Theory Queuing theory is used to evaluate the performance of service systems where waiting lines may form and customers arrive at random times i e license bureau tax assessors office emergency room To evaluate a waiting line data must be provided for the average arrival rate average service rate and the number of servicers AcaStat User Manual 31 Constant Dollars This tool uses the urban consumer price index CPI U for the United States to adjust for inflation The module will create and apply an inflation and deflation estimate Another price index can be used by overriding the default CPI by entering followed by a CPI Price Elasticity of Demand This tool uses the change in demand that occurs when a price is changed to estimate price elasticity Given the estimate of elasticity the tool will attempt to find a breakeven price through iterations of price Both fixed and variable costs can be included in the model AcaStat User Manual 32 StatCalc Module StatCalc is a separate module that simplifies common statistical calculations with 18 procedures Open StatCalc from the toolbar or the tools menu Use StatCalc to create and compare summary s
44. tput The Output Viewer module displays the results of the analysis in a text viewer for editing printing and saving as a text file Each time a statistical procedure is run the results are automatically sent to the output log Each subsequent transfer of results is appended to the output log creating a complete record of the analyses AcaStat User Manual 36 Click the Clear button to erase all output or select specific items and press the Delete key to remove the item Multiple items can be selected by simultaneously pressing the Control button Command button for Mac systems while clicking items with the mouse pointer Printing Output All or selected output results can be printed Select specific output results by holding the Control button while selecting output from the list box Save Output The contents of the Output Viewer module can be saved as a text file Similar to printing all or selected output can be saved Copying Pasting The Output Viewer uses Courier font Some word processing software will format the pasted text to match the default font setting This will cause the pasted text to become misaligned When copying and pasting the results into another document ensure the font of the output is set to Courier New or the tables may not align properly AcaStat User Manual 37 Other Menu Items and AcaStat Features Data Examples Menu Data Examples El General Social Survey 2008 2010 Several practice data files are ava
45. tput from all procedures including the tutorial is automatically appended to the output log Crosstabulation ANOVA Correlation Variable List AcaStat e 63 ooQQoeo iy Cut Copy Paste Format Recode Del Print StatCalc Glossary Help AcaStat Calculate Data Output Viewer Statistics Tutor Decision Tools Options Chi Square Pareto Chart Analysis Variables AcaStat User Manual 0 Records 0 Variables Data Module The Data module uses a spreadsheet to create import and export data files Opening or importing a new file will replace the current contents GSS2010 dcs y New Open Save Cut Copy Paste Format Recode Del Print StatCalc Glossary Help AcaStat Calculate Data Output Viewer Statistics Tutor Decision Tools Options EDUC Chi Square Pareto Chart T test of Means ANOVA Correlation Variable List Analysis Variables DEGREE Control SEX 2044 Records 51 Variables Rows Each row represents one observation this is also known as the unit of analysis If the data contain information on individuals each row should contain the data for one person observation If the data contain information on cities each row should contain the data relevant to one particular city Columns Each column represents data for all observations relating to one variable or characteristic As an example if a column contains informat
46. trol box click the button and indicate the value used for females This would result in a correlation procedure that excludes all males The control should be a value number not a string character The Missing option limits the analysis to records that have missing data for the control variable Tips for using the Control Box AcaStat User Manual 18 If a control variable is selected without establishing a control value the statistical procedure will run a separate analysis for each value of the control This is handy for categorical controls such as sex and race but is not recommend for continuous controls such as age body weight and income unless they are first recoded into fewer groups as categorical values Procedures One of the statistical procedures must be selected to run an analysis Frequencies This produces a listing of all the values in a variable the number of times the values occur in the variable and the percent of cases represented by each value Frequencies can be produced on numerical and string data List Variables This produces a listing of observations for up to ten variables Observations are listed in the order they appear in the data file Descriptives Calculates measures of central tendency mean median and variation variance standard deviation AcaStat User Manual 19 Explore Means Explore Means produces descriptive statistics sum count mean sample standard deviation standard err
47. unction By default AcaStat prints a date and time header and a Notes section on each page printed Edit Menu Cut Use this menu item to remove selected output text and save the text to the system clipboard amp Cut Copy E toe 1 Copy Clear Convert Output to Tab Delimited Use this menu item to copy selected output text to the system Select All WA clipboard Paste Use this menu item to paste text from the system clipboard into the output screen Clear Use this menu item to delete all output log entries Select All Selects all the text in the output screen Convert Output to Tab Delimited Use this option to convert output to improve copying and pasting tables into a spreadsheet This option inserts tabs into the output so that pasted output aligns properly in the columns of a spreadsheet AcaStat User Manual 28 Use the Edit menu item Convert Output to Tab Delimited to convert the text The operation will automatically select the converted text Click the copy button and open a spreadsheet program select a cell in the spreadsheet and click the paste button in the spreadsheet Check the results carefully to ensure the table is formatted and aligned properly AcaStat User Manual 29 Statistics Tutor A Statistics Tutor is provided for reviewing basic statistics Use the pull down menu to select a lesson When using the tutorial the calculation output will be displayed in the information scre
48. ut An example of the output when cell contents are limited to count and column percent is provided below Column Variable Label Respondent Sex Row Variable Label Race of Respondent Count 4 Col Male Female Total White 689 861 1550 74 67 Black 118 193 SII 13 24 16 74 Other 84 99 19 2 9 43 9939 891 115351 2044 AcaStat User Manual Use the Limit option to reduce the cell contents in the crosstabulation output Default Cell Contents Limit Cell Contents vi Count Row Percent Column Percent Total Percent Cancel 21 T tests of means Compare the difference between two sample means For t tests the dependent variable must be a continuous variable to produce the means for analysis The independent variable must be a categorical variable often it will be a dichotomous variable such as sex 02male 1 female Values representing the comparison groups for the independent variable must be set in the option frame These values are used to separate the dependent variable into two groups Be careful to use the correct values or there may be an error reported that indicates there are not enough cases to compute the t test If there are more than two values in the independent variable the other subgroups will be excluded from the analysis Analysis of Variance ANOVA Compare the difference between two or more sample means Like t tests the dependent
49. xt file use File Save As and select the file type as either tab delimited or comma separated values CSV format CU view UL IUUIS Wala WIIN Ed 4 gt eoo a p 2 email 9 of io de New Open Save Print Import Copy Paste Format Undo Red AutoSum Sort A Z S Verdana 10 3 o E Sheets o NN WEN B C D E k EDUC INCOME WORKEXP SEX 2 E 6281 17 0 3 3 10516 22 1 4 6 6898 14 0 5 6 8212 13 1 6 6 11744 17 0 7 8 8618 10 1 8 8 10011 19 0 9 8 12405 15 1 10 8 14664 8 1 11 AcaStat User Manual 10 Example of Import Error When creating a comma separated value file make sure all commas have been removed from the cell contents before creating the file If they are not removed as might be the case with currency data AcaStat s import procedure will create an extra variable for each comma This will cause the cell contents in the AcaStat spreadsheet to be out of alignment with the column In the example below the data in rows two and three do not align properly with the appropriate columns M L3 4600 45 F Other import errors may also occur if the text file does not exactly match the format specified above The following list is not complete but it contains common errors in importing data e No variable names in the first row e Blank rows at the top of the data file e Special embedded characters in the cells that are neither numbers nor w
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