MSV-AIM65 Manual
Contents
1. 0300 In the example above the program counter was changed to 0300 The instruction in memory location 0300 will be executed first when the G command Start Execution at Program Counter Address is entered P Command Alter Processor Status The P command alters the contents of the processor status register To alter the processor status register type P The Monitor will respond with lt P gt _ Enter the new value of the processor status register as a two digit hexadecimal number A leading zero must be entered in the left digit position if the left digit value is zero Example lt P gt 00 In the above example the value of the processor status register was changed to 00 A Command Alter Accumulator The A command alters the contents of the accumulator To alter the accumulator register type A The Monitor will respond with lt A gt _ Enter the new value of the accumulator register as a two digit hexadecimal number A leading zero must be entered in the left digit if the left digit value is zero Example lt A gt 01 In the above example the value of A was changed to 01 X Command Alter X Register The X command alters the contents of the X Register To alter the X Register type X The Monitor will respond with lt X gt _ Enter the new value of the X Register as a two digit hexadecimal number A leading zero must be entered in the left digit if the left digit value is zero Example lt X gt 02 In2. 2 DATA ENTRY R RETURN gt WOON WOO A wT RETURN 3 PROGRAM EXECUTION lype 4 0 0 RETURN G RETURN 4 OBSERVING RESULTS Type M F 3 RETURN The result is the first number Comment EXAMINE MEMORY AT ADDRESS F3 CHANGE MEMORY F3 00 F4 B7 F5 63 Comment STARTING ADRESS 0400 GO Comment EXAMINE MEMORY AT ADDRESS F3 24229 Try going through this procedure once Repeat it for the following sample cases F4 F3 F5 9A Result F3 92 B F4 D7 F5 AB Result F3 83 Example Clear the four most significant bits in memory location F4 and place the result in memory location F3 DATA F4 B7 RESULT F3 07 Place for Notes 23 1 2 E RETURN S SPACE 10 UZ gt SPACE gt AW SPACE gt A DW A m 09 V V DATA ENTRY R RETURN gt NWOO A C T RETURN Comment BEGIN PROGRAM ENTRY AT ADRESS 0400 LDA F4 AND 0F STA F3 BRK END PROGRAM Comment EXAMINE MEMORY AT ADDRESS F3 CHANGE MEMORY F3 00 F4 B7 2 27 3 PROGRAM EXECUTION Type Comment E STARTING ADRESS 0400 4 0 0 RETURN G GO RETURN 4 OBSERVING RESULTS Type Comment M EXAMINE MEMORY F AT ADDRESS F3 3 RETURN Result F3 07 Try going through this procedure once Repeat it for the foll
3. after the initial address value has been entered using the M command Use the lt SPACE gt command as follows 1 Use the M command to display the first four memory locations 2 Press the SPACE key The Monitor will display the contents of the next four memory locations After the initial use of the M command the SPACE command may be used any number of times If the command is not used first to initialize the starting memory location a random starting memory location will appear Command Alter Memory Contents The command alters any changeable memory location displayed with the command or the SPACE command Use the command as follows 1 Display the memory location to be altered using M command or SPACE command 2 Type 3 The Monitor will respond with the address of the first memory location that was displayed on the previous line 4 If the first memory location is to be altered enter the new contents as a hex number If the location is to be left as is type one lt SPACE gt 5 Proceed to the next location and alter it if needed 6 When the changing of the locations displayed is complete press RETURN If the last memory location on the line was altered no RETURN is necessary T To alter the next four locations re enter the command Example 20300 EA AD 00 A2 lt gt 0300 OF 27 In the above example the following operations were performed
4. 1 AIM65 MONITOR FEATURES The features of the AIM Monitor include Major function entry and re entry linkage easy linkage to and from Monitor and user functions Single keystroke or RESET button depression returns control to the Monitor Display and alter any register any of the six microprocessor registers and any of the 76 I O registers may be displayed and altered Display and alter memory any ram memory location may be displayed and altered Instruction mnemonic entry R6500 machine language instructions may be directly entered into memory from typed mnemonic operation codes and hexadecimal operands Disassemble memory R6500 object code may be decoded disassembled from memory into R6500 MELPS740 mnemonics and hexadecimal operands Execution control user programs can be initiated at specified program counter values BRK instruction control BRK instructions may be place in a user program to stop execution at this point Load and Upload memory to and from your pc User defined interface keys three keys are dedicated to link directly to user defined functions with simple return capability to the Monitor The lt ESC gt command provides re entry into the Monitor from most AIM65 functions The RESET button always returns control to the Monitor and performs cold or warm initialization 1 2 MAJOR FUNCTIONS 1 2 1 RESET ENTER AND INTIALIZE MONITOR The RESET command performs a hardware reset of th
5. if the last instruction was BRK 0 otherwise This bit is called the BREAK COMMAND flag D 1 if the processor is in decimal mode 0 if it is not The bit is called the DECIMAL MODE flag 1 1 if interrupts are not allowed 0 if they are This bit is called INTERRUPT DISABLE flag Z 1 if the last result was zero 0 if it was not This bit is called the ZERO flag C 1 if the last addition produced a carry or the last subtraction did not require a borrow 0 if the opposite conditions held This bit is called the CARRY flag NOTE Only the individual bits in the P register are meaningful If you whish to observe or change those bits you should convert between binary and hexadecimal 4 5 ACCUMULATOR or This is an 8 bit register which is the center of processor operations It acts much like the current sub total in a calculator INDEX REGISTERS X AND Y These are two 8 bit registers which can be used as counters or indexes STACK POINTER or S This is an 8 bit register which contains the address of the stack on page 1 or page zero of memory the MSVAIM65 Monitor uses the zero page for the stack If contains D9 the next available stack location is at address 0009 28 To observe the current contents of all registers type The AIM65 will display the registers in the following order PC PAX Y Note that the program counter is 4 digits long while the other registers are 2 digits long 2 6 CHANGI
6. into symbolic instructions for user examination Command Instruction Mnemonic Entry The command enters R6500 instructions directly into memory as object code from symbolic instructions entered from the keyboard Starting from user entered address operation codes op codes are entered using three digit alphabetic abbreviations Operands if required are entered in hexadecimal in accordance with the addressing mode formats Invalid opcodes and operands are ignored but cause an ERROR message to be displayed Use the command as follows 1 1 The Monitor will respond with the current program counter address lt l gt 0300 2 The program counter address can be changed by typing followed by a four digit hexadecimal address If address 0400 is entered the Terminal will respond with 0300 0400 0400 3 Enter the three digit alphabetic abbreviation of the operation code An input error in either of the first two digits may be corrected by using the backspace key and typing the correct character The backspace key will be responded with If the entered opcode does not require an operand the object code is computed stored in memory and displayed in object code form along with the program counter address and the symbolic opcode The program counter is incremented by one If you want to enter additional instructions to successive addresses return to step 3 If instruction entry is complete return to the Monito
7. or HHHH 4 Indirect X HH X or HHX 1 or HH X or HHX 1 Indirect Y HH Y or HH Y 1 Indirect HHHH 2 OPERAND FORMAT NOTES NOTES 1 Immediate page zero or relative addresses require the entry of two digits HH 2 Absolute addresses require the entry of four digits HHHH 3 symbol preceding hexadecimal digits is not permitted since all entries are defined as hexadecimal 4 For conditional branches the displacement from the program counter may be entered as a two digit relative address or as a four digit absolute address in which case the correct value of the displacement is automatically computed End the operand entry with RETURN or SPACE The op code and operand are computed and stored in memory The program counter address the op code the object code and the symbolic form of the opcode and operand are displayed This line contains the program counter and the object code form of both the op code and the operand If the operand is invalid an ERROR message will be generated and the entire instruction must be reentered An error in operand entry before RETURN or SPACE is entered may be corrected by using the backspace key the Monitor response is and re entering the correct date An error in operand entry after lt RETURN gt or SPACE is entered may be corrected by using lt ESC gt re entering the command re establishing the correct program counter address
8. register Index register Y or Y register Stack Pointer or S register Let us now briefly discuss each of these registers There is a more complete description in the 740 Family Software Manual 740 Software Users Manual pdf on the Starterkit CD and in the 3803 3804 Group User s Manual page 1 12 MSV3803_49 Users Manual PDF on the Starterkit CD Both are to find on www renesas com too 1 PROGRAM COUNTER or PC This is a 16 bit register which holds the address of the next instruction to be executed Every time the processor uses this register it adds one to the contents Thus the processor executes instructions sequentially unless a JUMP or BRANCH instruction specifically places a new value in the program counter 2 PROCESSOR STATUS or P This is an 8 bit register which reflects the current status of the CPU Its bits are Bit7 N 1 if the last result had a 1 in its most significant bit 0 if the last result had a 0 in its most significant bit This bit is often called the NEGATIVE or SIGN flag 27 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 V 1 if the last arithmetic operation produce a two s complement overflow 0 if it did not This bit is called the OVERFLOW flag T 1 if direct arithmetic operations and direct data transfers are enabled between memory locations 0 if it is not arithmetic operations are performed between accumulator and memory The bit is called the INDEX X MODE flag B 1
9. the display after the command or command line will start with the current address and the disassembly of this address You can look for Jumps and branches Find lines with a selected operand and Search for opcodes and the commands you look for And more you can Relocate operand addresses and Insert opcodes at a place you Go to And of course you can Move the program or parts of it to an other memory place and if you like the addresses automatically will be changed that the program will run on this new place again Start After Start of the AIM monitor this mode is automatically after switching on power and after pushing the reset button simply by typing E The CO ED will show these lines lt E gt PROM PROGRAMMER AND CO ED VER 1 0 There is a third line showing an accidentally address with the disassembled code of this address You should start with the command W Where to fix the memory working area which you like to work on Then you can test the other commands shown here Commands Select Working area commands W CODE BLOCK LOCATED FROM input starting address TO input ending address T goto TOP of working area and disassemble this address D goone step DOWN and disassemble this address B goto BOTTOM of working area and disassemble this address G GO to Address of working area you type after G command and disassemble this address zs Other commands in alphabetical order A relocate cu
10. DA F4 instruction Note that the AIM65 automatically displays the memory address in which the next instruction will be placed 4 Type D 5 lt gt to enter the AND F5 instruction 5 S T A F 3 lt gt to enter the STA F3 instruction 6 K to enter the BRK instruction Note that no SPACE is necessary since the BRK instruction requires no operands 7 Type lt ESC gt to end program entry If you make a mistake you can generally recover quite easily In fact the AIM65 simply ignores most typing errors such as SAT instead of STA The problems come when you accidentally type a valid code that is not the one you wanted like STX instead of STA or type an address incorrectly e g F5 instead of F4 If you catch the error before you can complete the mnemonic code or type RETURN you can backspace and erase Note that a shows that you did erase one character For each you can type one new character However this does not work if you have entered 3 letter mnemonic or typed lt RETURN gt Then you must correct the line by restarting the entry procedure at the address where you made the error zz For example if typed STX instead of STA could correct my error by typing AT ADDRESS 0304 304 RETURN S STA F3 T A F 3 lt SPACE gt Note that all we have done so far is enter the program into memory We have not yet entered any data execut
11. FF If you like to get this Monitor onto an M38039 or M38049 Microprocessor then you have to download the file MSVAIMCOED hex to the programmer erase the flash of the Microprocessor and then program the flash If you have done this checksum 9000 FFFF is 1722 the Monitor is ready to use To switch on the LED display of the MSV38049 SKP simply press D on your keyboard to see your measuring value on this display write the 16 bit hex value into memory 00F3 00F4 the display will show it hope you will have a good testing time and good results of your work May 2007 Dirk Bruehl Contents 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 6 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 THE AIM65 MONITOR AIM65 MONITOR FEATURES MAJOR FUNCTIONS RESET ENTER AND INTIALIZE MONITOR DISPLAY ALTER REGISTERS DISPLAY ALTER MEMORY INSTRUCTION ENTRY DISASSEMBLY EXECUTION COMMAND G LOAD UPLOAD MEMORY PROGRAMMING ENTERING A PROGRAM ENTERING DATA EXECUTING A PROGRAM USING THE LED DISPLAY EXAMINING REGISTERS CHANGING REGISTERS MVSAIMCoED The MVS AIM65 CoED story 12 13 16 16 19 20 26 27 29 31 34 1 THE AIM65 MONITOR The AIM65 Monitor is a computer program that provides powerful software features and linkages to both AIM65 and user programs The Monitor is located in the flash memory area E000 FFFF the AIM65 CO ED see MSVAIMCoEd is located in the flash memory area 9000 9F FF 1
12. Format it has been changed here to Intel Hex to be compatible with the Mitsubishi Renesas Assembler SRA74 Use the L command as follows 1 Type L The Monitor will respond with lt L gt IN 2 You can select to see the downloaded data or to see the acceptation mark for successful loading To see the downloaded data use RETURN or lt SPACE gt To see the acceptation mark type L 3 Now click on HyperTerminal window s Transfer Send file Select your file 4 The Monitor will load the data from the serial line into memory If you have typed L you will receive for each one HEX record accepted a L as acceptation mark If you have used RETURN or SPACE you will see the loaded data 5 When all the code has been loaded the Monitor will show lt gt lt If any of the records being red contains a checksum error or if any part of the memory fails to write an error message will be shown indicating the first address of the record which caused the error Example lt RETURN gt or SPACE lt L gt IN 09040000EAA9FEE8DOFA4C100450MORE YFROM 0410 TO 0417 08041000A00288D0FD4C0 1049CMORE N 00000001 FF Example L lt L gt IN LLL 13 Command Upload Memory The U command is used to upload the contents of memory to the pc via serial line Memory contents uploaded are in Intel Hex Format from the address specified after FROM through the address specified after TO Multiple dumps from different portion
13. Location 0300 was changed to 0F Location 0301 was left unchanged one SPACE was entered Location 0302 was changed to 27 Location 0303 was unchanged lt RETURN gt was entered after Location 0302 was changed If an attempt is made to alter protected write only address flash or failed memory the Monitor will display a MEM FAIL message along with the address that caused the error Example lt M gt 1000 FF FF FF FF lt gt 1000 30 MEM FAIL 1000 If there is a address you can write but not read back the same result will appear Example lt M gt 0030 0D 80 BO EO lt gt 0030 44D MEM FAIL 0030 This is a special example Memory location 0030 is the serial transmit register for the serial port 3 which is used for the connection to your terminal via RS232 The typed value 44 will be sent by the serial interface and you get the result 44 is the ASCII value of the character D on the screen directly after the value you typed to change the memory the first seen value OD is the ASCII sign for lt RETURN3 gt this was the last character you typed after the M command 1 2 4 INSTRUCTION ENTRY DISASSEMBLY Two commands allow easy entry of R6500 instructions into memory and examination of instructions already in memory The command encodes or assembles symbolic instructions entered on the keyboard into directly executable object code stored in memory The K command decodes or disassembles object code from memory
14. MVS AIM65 Users Manual MONITOR FOR THE Mitsubishi Renesas M38039 M38049 Microprocessors and the MSV38049 SKP Preface This is the User Manual for the AIM65 converted to be used with the Mitsubishi Renesas M38039 M38049 Microprocessors and the Mitsubishi MSV38049 SKP Starterkit The MSV AIM is a powerful tool for testing and developing microprocessor hard and software It is specially made to test hardware in the development phase of a project because you can download and upload programs check and alter memory check and alter internal microprocessor registers start and alter programs use the LED display of the starter kit The MSV AIM monitoring program is ready to use when flashed into the MSV38049 SKP starter kit You only have to connect this MSV38049 SKP via RS232 to your PC start your Hypertext and connect the MSV38049 SKP to power The Module will give a response and you can start A description of the usage of this monitor you will find within this paper The Monitor uses flash memory from E000 FFFF the CoEd uses flash memory from 9000 9FFF and RAM area up to 01FF Monitor and 0200 021F CoEd All other flash areas 1000 8FFF and A000 BFFF are free for your programs With this monitor you can download and test your programs into RAM area 0300 07FF and then you have some space for variables at addresses 0220 02FF Free zero page addresses are from address OOF5 to address OO
15. NG REGISTERS You may change the contents of the registers with the following commands Remember that PC is 4 digits long Accumulator A X register X Y register Y Stack pointer Processor Status P Qe qe oreet We have listed these roughly in the order of frequency of use You will find that you often want to change the program counter accumulator and index registers You will seldom want to change the stack pointer or processor status Examples 1 Place 03E1 in the Program Counter Type Comment ALTER PC 0 PC 03E1 3 E 1 lt RETURN gt 2 Place 5F in the accumulator Type Comment A ALTERA 5 A 5F F 29 3 Place 10 in index register Type X ALTER X 1 X 10 0 4 Place 37 in index register Y Type Y ALTER Y 3 Y 237 7 Remember that all entries are in hexadecimal Now we are at the end of this little AIM65 Monitor Tutorial hope you did successfully examine all the examples and did see the results of your effort For requests and suggestions and if you have questions or problems do not hesitate to contact by email lt solutions bruehlconsult com gt will give you an information and answer as soon as possible 30 3 MVSAIMCoED CO ED The CO ED is a powerful tool for analyzing and changing software written for microprocessors with a 6502 opcode kernel The 6502 is a subset of the Mitshubishi MELPS 740 series When switched on each line on
16. and reenter the complete instruction When entering additional instructions return to step 2 If instruction entry is complete return to the Monitor by using lt ESC gt 10 Example lt l gt 0300 0400 0400 0401 LDA FE A9FE 0403 INX E8 0404 BNE 0400 0406 JMP 0410 4C 1004 0409 0410 0410 LDY 02 A002 0412 DEY 88 0413 BNE 0412 DOFD 0415 JMP 0401 4C 01 04 0418 K Command Disassemble Memory The K command disassembles object code from memory into symbolic R6500 instructions Starting from a specified address each byte of memory is disassembled until a valid opcode is decoded Once a valid opcode is found the appropriate number of following bytes are disassembled to determine and display the instruction operand Invalid op codes are indicated by question mark Refer to a list of valid instructions Use the K command as follows 1 Type K The Monitor will respond with lt K gt _ 2 Enter the starting address in hexadecimal then press RETURN If 0400 was entered the Monitor will respond with lt gt 0400 3 Specify the number of instructions to disassemble by entering a decimal count from 01 to 99 lt RETURN gt meaning one instruction or a or lt SPACE gt meaning continuous disassembly 00 means 100 instructions The Terminal will respond by disassembling instructions until the specified number of instructions are disassembled RESET is pressed or ESC is used The dis
17. ange working area with last working area this is the prompt after using the eXchange command eXchange back again leave CO ED back E and X command 330 Remarks Please select as working area only parts of your program with known opcodes Data and unknown opcodes may cause problems If parts of the code are not commands of the 6502 subset the disassembler will show these unknown commands with question marks The powerful Relocate and Insert tools then cannot be used Problems may occur when you are working within a memory area with data or unknown opcodes only reset or switching off power helps but try lt ESC gt first lt 39 4 The MVS AIM65 CoED story The AIM65 is a microprocessor development system written to use for Rockwells 6502 microprocessors These microprocessors have originally been developed by former Motorola engineers they developed the 6800 predecessor of 68HC11 who founded MOS Technology Commodore did buy this company later on The 6502 software development system run at first on Rockwells proprietary work station and then was transferred to the typewriter like microprocessor system AIM65 This system did help Rockwell to sell their microprocessors The German company SIEMENS did manufacture this system on Rockwells license but later on SIEMENS tried to buy AllenBradley failed against Rockwell and SIEMENS did leave the 6502 rail The 6502 and its derivates have been used inside the first Apple comp
18. assembly can be suspended by using RETURN use SPACE to resume the disassembly Rm Example lt K gt 0400 05 0400 EA NOP 0401 A9 LDA FE 0403 E8 INX 0404 DO BNE 0400 0406 4C JMP 0410 lt K gt 0410 04 0410 AO LDY 02 0412 88 DEY 0413 DO BNE 0412 0415 4C JMP 0401 1 2 5 EXECUTION COMMAND G The G command starts execution of a user program at the current value of the program counter Use the G command as follows 1 2 Initialize the value of the program counter using the command Display the register headings and contents using the R command Type G The Monitor will respond with G The microprocessor will execute instructions as follows until a terminating condition occurs Execution will continue until a BRK instruction is executed at which time control will be returned to the Monitor Use the R command to check the value of the program counter before resuming execution NOTE If the CPU attempts to execute an unimplemented op code or a jump to an improper address it may hang up If this occurs the RESET switch must be pressed to interrupt program execution and allow the Monitor to regain control ao 1 2 6 LOAD UPLOAD MEMORY Two commands allow code and data to be loaded into memory from the pc or uploaded from memory to the PC L Command Load Memory The L command loads data and code over the serial line into memory using Intel Hex Format the original AIM65 uses Rockwell
19. e I O and initializes the AIM65 Monitor Perform a warm reset by depressing the RESET button on the microprocessor board Perform a cold reset by either turning the microprocessor boards power off waiting a couple of seconds and then reapplying power to the microprocessor board or by changing address 014A to 00 and then depressing the RESET button Example Press RESET ROCKWELL AIM 65 lt ESC gt Command Re enter Monitor The lt ESC gt command escapes from the existing command and returns to the Monitor lt ESC gt is operative only in the commands that sample the serial line RS232 The Monitor will respond to lt ESC gt by displaying the AIM65 Monitor prompt lt 1 2 2 DISPLAY ALTER REGISTERS Seven commands are provided to display or alter the contents of the six microprocessor registers program counter processor status accumulator X register Y register and stack pointer The alter commands are used most often to establish initial register values for checkout purposes During normal program operation the register contents would be initialized by previously executed instructions Command Alter Program Counter The command changes the value of the program counter Use the command as follows 1 lt SHIFT gt and simultaneously The Monitor will respond with lt gt _ 2 Enter the new hexadecimal value of the program counter End the input with RETURN SPACE Example
20. ed the program or produced any results Still another simple program takes the contents of memory location F4 clears the four most significant bits and stores the result in memory location F3 We can clear the four most significant bits by logically ANDing the accumulator with OF hex 00001111 Remember that logically ANDing with 0 always gives zero why The program is LDA F4 AND 0F STA F3 BRK Note the following features of this program 1 AND 0F logically ANDs the accumulator with the number OF This is called immediate addressing Note the difference between AND 0F and AND OF which logically ANDs the accumulator with the contents of memory location OOOF That memory location is the Timer Y Z count source selection register and could contain nearly any 8 bit number 2 The sign means immediate the following number is data rather than address The BRK instruction at the end of the program restores control to the monitor just as the previous example 18 We can enter this program as follows 1 Type 2 Again we will start our program at memory location 0300 Type 0300 RETURN to set the start address to 0300 3 Type L D A F 4 lt SPACE gt to enter the LDA F4 instruction 4 A N D 0 F lt SPACE gt to enter the AND OF instruction Remember to shift to type 5 Type S T A F 3 lt SPACE gt to enter the STA F3 instruction 6 Type B R K to enter
21. for the second example program since it only uses memory locations F4 for the original data and F3 for the result 2 3 EXECUTING A PROGRAM To have the M38049 execute a program all we have to do is tell it where to start and then use the G command for GO Remember to put a BRK instruction at the end of your program or the AIM65 may go and never come back If this happens press the RESET button So to have the AIM65 execute a program starting in memory location 400 simply type Key Comment s STARTING ADDRESS 4 0 0 lt RETURN gt G GO lt RETURN gt Note that typing G is just one step in a long process To actually run a program we must T Enter the program into memory using the command 2 Enter the data into memory using the M and commands 3 Select the starting address using the command 4 Execute the program using the G command 5 Observe the results using the M command Let us now see how the entire procedure works in some simple cases Example Logically AND the contents of memory locations F4 and F5 and place the result in F3 DATA RESULT F3 23 Remember that the parentheses around the address means contents of 1 PROGRAM ENTRY Type Comment BEGIN PROGRAM ENTRY AT ADRESS 0400 4 0 0 RETURN L LDA F4 D A F 4 SPACE A AND F5 N D F 5 SPACE S STA F3 1 A F 3 SPACE B BRK lt ES gt gt END PROGRAM 424 2
22. lear carry need no operands since the processor knows what to do from the operation code alone On the Reference Card such instructions are described as having implied addressing Let us look at a simple example program that logically ANDs the contents of memory locations F4 and F5 and places the result in memory location F3 Remember that all the addresses are hexadecimal The program is LDA F4 AND F5 STA F3 BRK Note the following features of this program 1 LDA F4 loads the accumulator from memory location F4 The address is really OOOF but we do not have to enter the leading zeros 446 2 AND F5 logically ANDs the accumulator with the contents of memory location F5 The result is placed in the accumulator 3 STA F3 stores the accumulator in memory location F3 4 BRK returns control to the AIM65 Monitor after the program has been executed You should place this instruction at the end of all your programs so that the computer does not go wandering off aimlessly Remember that the computer will continue executing instructions sequentially unless it is specifically told to do otherwise Now let us enter the program into memory as follows 1 Type 1 The AIM65 responds by displaying the memory address at which it will start placing the instructions 2 We will start our program at memory location 0300 0300 RETURN to set the start address to 0300 3 Type L D 4 lt gt to enter the L
23. m You do not have to write a software routine with a character table to convert your data und program this into the flash it is all built in the only thing you have to do is to change memory address and or 00 4 by typing MF3 lt Return gt 3412 and you will see the result lt Return gt means pressing the Return key You also can take a look at the display driver files SKP_LED prn and SKP_LED a74 to see how the display programming is done The display is not automatically initialized with startup of the microprocessor because this would be a problem if you use this MVSAIM65 monitor for the M38049 microprocessor board developed by your own without display Now hope you will enjoy your work and see the advantage of using this powerful tool May 2007 Dirk Bruehl xb
24. ng record with a zero byte count Example lt U gt FROM 0400 0408 OUT L 09040000EAA9FEE8DOFAA4C100450 MORE Y FROM 0410 0417 08041000A00288DO0FD4C01049C MORE N 00000001FF 15 2 PROGRAMMING This is an introduction for your first steps to programming But at first you should read the AIM65 Monitor text and try the examples When you have done this you are ready for entering a program 2 1 ENTERING A PROGRAM To enter a machine language program please use the R6500 Microprocessor Programming Card for these first steps This card contains the 3 letter mnemonics for all R6500 instructions The M38049 microprocessor is a member of the Mitsubishi MEPLS 740 series and has all these instructions and more To start learning to program you do not need all sophisticated and complex instructions of the M38049 It is sufficient if you use the basic R6500 instructions and start to make your experience This little restriction will support you to learn programming with the help of the AIM65 Monitor and the powerful AIM65 CO ED For now we will just discuss some simple examples You can enter a program by typing followed by the proper series of mnemonics and operands The operands give the microprocessor the additional information that it needs to execute the instructions e g the memory address from which to load the accumulator or the destination for a branch instruction Some instructions like TAX move A to X or CLC c
25. omputers the R6501 and R6511 for my first own microprocessor boards Later on Rockwell produced the R65F11 FORTH microprocessor which was used inside NASA space shuttle equipment did transfer the AIM65 and the R65F11 operating system under written personal license of Rockwell International to the R6511 using the AIM65 CO ED The handling of the operating system had to be changed with this project Now have transferred the AIM65 software to the Mitsubishi M38049 microprocessor and have added the driver software for the interrupt driven LED display of the MSV38049 SKP With this little operating system it is easy to test hardware and software without using expensive Addon s like Incircuit Emulator an so on It is possible to download software assembled with Mitsubishis SRA74M assembler and Link74m linker to the MSV38049 RAM area 34 It is even possible to develop small software modules with the onboard one pass 6502 assembler and analyze software with the onboard 6502 disassembler This is helpful for hardware development You can bytewise change I O memory cells simply by typing the desired new values using the monitor commands You can test this very easy Start the Hyperterminal which is used for the Starterkit connect the Starterkit pcb via RS232 cable to your pc connect the Starterkit pcb to power and after power up type D for Display the display will now show 0000 you know this from the Starterkit demo progra
26. owing sample cases A F4 F3 Result F3 03 F4 AB Result F3 0B 25 2 4 USING THE LED DISPLAY When executing the above programs you may have asked We have a 4 digit display Why not displaying the two values of the example on this display This is a good question Now let us see how to do this At first we have to do a little modification to our program More than once have mentioned to add a BRK instruction to the end of your program to give control back to the AIM65 Monitor This is very important and you can use it for all programs and all development platforms But it has one drawback it stops the execution of interrupt programs You know at our first trials to make our own program for the MSV38049 SKP we did use the display to show a number we typed in This program was downloaded to the FLASH MCU SERIAL PROGRAMMER then we did program our module on a special area of the flash memory of the microprocessor And on power on the display was showing 0000 and when we typed a number it was shown at the rightmost digit of the display Of course you can now download your trial program into RAM and test it again You have to change the start address of your program to 0400 or 0500 or what you like to use of the ram memory area And of course instead of RTS return from subroutine at the end of the program module you have to make BRK instruction The Break instruction cancels the interrupt execution and the
27. r by pressing lt ESC gt If the op code requires an operand continue to step 4 If the opcode is invalid an ERROR message will appear The correct op code may then be re entered without altering the program counter address since it has not been incremented If a valid but undesired opcode was entered it may be corrected in one of two ways A If the opcode requires an operand enter RETURN before entering an operand or deliberately enter an invalid operand An ERROR message will be generated and the whole instruction can be re entered since the program counter address was not changed B If the opcode does not require an operand the object code was entered into memory and the program counter incremented In this case re establish the previous program counter address as in step 2 4 Enter the operand in hexadecimal in accordance with the addressing mode formats In some cases a short form is allowed The Monitor shows the standard format except for branch instructions which show the absolute address rather than the relative address This is that you not have to calculate the relative addresses The form for operand entry in the appropriate address mode is shown below where is the hexadecimal data ADRESSING MODE Accumulator A Immediate HH 1 Zero Page HH 1 Zero Page X HH X or HHX 1 Zero Page Y HH Y or HHY 1 Absolute HHHH 2 Absolute X HHHH X or HHHHX 2 Absolute Y HHHH Y or HHHHY 2 Relative HH
28. register YY Stack pointer 55 Example lt R gt PS AA XX YY SS 0300 00 01 02 03 D9 In the above example the registers and their contents are Program counter 0300 Processor status PS 00 Accumulator AA 01 X register XX 02 Y register YY 03 Stack pointer SP D9 which means that the stack is at address 0009 since it is page zero The R commands also provides column headings for reference when breakpoints are being used 1 2 3 DISPLAY ALTER MEMORY Three commands are provided to display or alter memory The memory addressed may be used for program instructions data or I O M Command Display Specified Memory Contents The M command displays the hexadecimal contents of four consecutive memory locations starting at the specified address Use the M command as follows 1 Type M The Monitor will respond with lt M gt _ 2 Enter the hexadecimal address of the first of the four memory locations to be displayed If the hexadecimal address typing is ready end the input with lt RETURN gt or lt SPACE gt 3 The Monitor will display the contents of the four memory locations Example lt M gt 0300 EA AD 00 A2 In the above example the memory locations and their contents are ADRESS CONTENTS 0300 EA 0301 AD 0302 00 0303 A2 lt SPACE gt Command Display Next Four Memory Contents The lt SPACE gt command displays the contents of the next four memory locations
29. result will be that only one digit will be illuminated That makes no sense So we have to look for another solution And there is one We make a jump to the AIM65 Monitor program and we are back again without disturbing interrupt execution And do not forget we have to allow interrupt execution inside our program module So change the BRK instruction to CLI and use the next address for JMP E182 that is the start address of the AIM65 Monitor Let us do this stepwise 1 Enter the last example above logical AND between F4 and OF only if it is lost 2 Set the current address to the address of the BRK instruction with the command 3 Insert the CLI instruction by typing C L 1 3 Insert the JMP E182 instruction by typing J M P E 1 8 2 lt RETURN gt lt ESC gt 4 Start the Display with the D command 5 Change the memory F4 to the value you like to process 26 6 Start the last example program at address 0400 7 See what happens Now you can imagine a little bit wnat you can do with the microprocessor and you have seen how easy this microprocessor is to use with the AIM65 Monitor Before we close this chapter we exercise the examining of the microprocessor internal registers 2 5 EXAMINING REGISTERS The M38049 microprocessor actually performs its operations using the following registers Program Counter Processor Status or P register Accumulator or A register Index register X or X
30. rrent working area to new code area RELOCATE CURRENT ADRESS TO C F 1 J K M R S X w Esc With the A command you can prepare the code of the with W chosen ram memory area to be used at the flash memory area This makes sense when the onsite flash programming module is ready Change operand of the current disassembled line Works only if there is an operand Type the new 8 or 16 bit operand and the operand at the current address will change Find operand starting with momentary address Name operand as 8 bit or 16 bit value The addresses commands and operands will be shown Inserts Bytes and invokes One Pass Assembler starting with momentary address Leave assembler with Esc restart the CoEd with E command Show Jumps Subroutines and Branches if there are starting at momentary address Shows each known opcode address and tries to disassemble starting with the shown address Unknown opcodes will result in a question mark and occasionally in jumps to higher addresses MOVE from address to new address with or without relocating the code RELOCATE code working area Relocation area and new working area selectable This is extremely useful when you like to change the RAM area used for variables Search for opcode String starting with momentary address Name opcode String as list of assembled bytes separated by blanks The addresses of appearance will be shown and disassembled eXch
31. s of memory may be performed by entering new beginning and ending addresses after responding Y to the MORE prompt An N response is required to terminate the upload properly Use the U command as follows 1 Type U The Monitor will respond by asking for the upload beginning address lt U gt FROM Enter the beginning address to be uploaded in hexadecimal An input error may be corrected by continuing to enter up to 11 numbers the Monitor will accept only the last four numbers entered End the input with RETURN or SPACE If 0400 was entered the Monitor will respond by asking for the upload ending address FROM 0400 Enter the ending address to be uploaded in hexadecimal An input error may be corrected in the same manner as in the beginning address End the input with a RETURN or SPACE If 0430 was entered the Monitor will respond with FROM 0400 0417 OUT Type SPACE or lt RETURN3 gt or L to start the upload The memory contents will be uploaded to the serial line in Intel Hex Format When memory has been uploaded through the specified ending address the Monitor will display MORE If another section of memory is to be uploaded enter a Y yes response The Monitor will ask for the new beginning and ending addresses If no more memory is to be uploaded enter an no response N or Return or SPACE 14 7 After an no response the Monitor will output the terminati
32. the BRK instruction 7 Type lt ESC gt to end program entry You should read the description of the command in file AIM65_Monitor for details how to enter instructions that we have not discussed here 2 2 ENTERING DATA Before we have the AIM65 execute a program we need some way of entering data and observing the results This is simple since we can use the procedures that we have described in file AIM65_Monitor for examining and changing the contents of memory For example the first program from the previous discussion was LDA F4 AND F5 STA F3 BRK This program requires data in memory locations F4 and F5 The result is saved in memory location F3 Entering the data requires the following steps 1 3 lt gt to observe the contents of memory locations F3 through F6 19 2 SPACE 7 6 3 RETURN to enter the data into memory locations F4 and F5 We have placed B7 in memory location F4 and 63 in memory location F5 but any other values would be just as easy to enter Note that you might want to put zero in memory location F3 just to be sure that the answer was not already there To observe the result after the program has been executed all we have to do is type M 3 lt RETURN gt The first number memory location is the result while the second and the third numbers are the original data memory locations F4 and F5 The situation is even simpler
33. the above example the value of the X Register was changed to 02 Y Command Alter Y Register The Y command alters the contents of the Y Register To alter the Y Register tyoe Y The Monitor will respond with lt Y gt _ Enter the new value of the Y Register as a two digit hexadecimal number A leading zero must be entered in the left digit if the left digit value is zero Example lt Y gt 03 In the above example the value of the Y Register was changed to 03 S Command Alter Stack Pointer The S command alters the contents of the stack pointer To alter the stack pointer type S The Monitor will respond with lt S gt _ Enter the new value of the stack pointer as a two digit hexadecimal number A leading zero must be entered in the left digit if the left digit value is zero Example lt S gt D9 In the above example the value of the stack pointer was set to D9 Note that the stack pointer with this Monitor is always in page zero of memory so the adress of the stack is therefore 00D9 tod Command Display Register Contents The R Command is used to display the current contents of the six registers To display the contents of the registers type R The Monitor will show two lines The first line shows the symbols for the registers and the second line shows the actual contents The registers and their corresponding symbols are KKK Program counter Processor status PS Accumulator AA X register XX Y
34. uters and inside the Commodore PET and VC64 computers Mitsubishi added opcodes to the 6502 kernel and named it MELPS740 software series Mitsubishi has a broad range of microprocessors with this extended 6502 kernel The M38049 is one of them it is Mitsubishis 8 bit FLASH microprocessor Mitsubishi processors are inside a lot of devices telephones fax machines and so on They are very reliable and easy to use have had a project for the German company SIEMENS to add data transfer via GSM and to add the use of credit cards to the features of their vending machines for parking tickets developed a microprocessor board with a Mitsubishi M38004 microprocessor without flash memory inside but we used a separate flash circuit on board to collect the payment data This was important because these vending machines are powered by sunlight and only the display is running whole the time With this Mitsubishi microprocessor never had any problems It is working 24 hours a day sometimes in harsh environment hot and cold since a lot of years by myself did start in 1975 with the KIM Keyboard Input Monitor from MOS Technologies and used this pcb for my first projects adding the I O hardware to these boards and bipolar PROMs for the firmware Later used the AIM65 for development tasks Customers of me used the AIM65 as personal computer for their daily work When the first 65xx Onechip microcomputers came to the marketplace used these microc
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