Automatic Identification System: AIS-A Reception of AIS
Contents
1. eee 9 4 2 1 AIS A equipment types and 9 4 2 2 Standards satisfied ee Ded ue 10 43 TS B detecHons us REEL 11 4 3 1 AIS B detection all 11 4 32 AIS B detection within study 12 44 Other interesting findings observati ONS rennes 13 4 4 1 Display characteristics of Furuno 150 13 4 4 2 Vessel engagement with AIS Trial 14 4 4 3 Performance of single installation of SeaTex AIS 100 14 5 CONCLUSIO NS 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ni dnd iaaa 15 7 5 idi dede RE Fi 16 DSTO TN 0867 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F AIS MESSAGE REPORTING INTERVALS ssns 19 AIS INSTALLATION S rrr nnne n 21 SURVEY FORM 421 rennen nene e n 23 SURVEY FORM 2 incisis sic raris RR EY SN RS EE RR ERE ERE ARA 27 NEWCASTLE VESSEL AGENTS rennen en 31 AIS STANDARDS DOCUMENTS nace 33 15 5 AMSA AS AtoN BPC CS CSTDMA DSTO GPS IALA IEC ITU ITU R IMO JRC MMSI MSC 50 SOTDMA SOLAS TDMA VHF VDL2. Australian Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation Automatic Identification System AIS A Reception of A S B 2008 Study Sandra Tavener and Tristan Cooper Maritime O perations Division Defence Science and Technology Organisation DSTO TN 0867 ABSTRACT Theuseof the Automatic Identification System A IS has been mandated for ships over 300 gross tonnesince December 2004 Through Border Protection Command DSTO wastasked to assist the Australian Maritime Safety A uthority with the assessment of the performance of AIS and a new variant AIS B AIS B is acut down version meantfor smaller vessels but there have been concerns by the maritime community that AIS B cannot be detected sufficiently by vessels carrying AIS This report covers athree month study investigating this issue The outcome based on a survey of vessels entering N ewcastle Port was that the different 15 fitouts carried were capable of detecting AIS B signals H owever 1796 of these vessels did not report detections This was more likely to occur if the model of AIS equipment only displayed the vessel s identification number becauseit was not capableof decoding and displaying thename of theA IS B vessel Thisfinding indicates the lack of detection issue is to some extent caused by Vessel Masters not recognising thedetection on their AIS displays It was also discovered that even wherethename of the AIS B vessel was displayed the AIS d
3. DSTO TN 0867 Glossary Australian Communications and M edia A uthority Automatic Identification System Australian Maritime Systems Australian Maritime Safety Authority Australian Standard Aid to Navigation Border Protection Command Carrier Sense refers to CSTDMA Carrier SenseTime Division Multiple ccess Defence Science and Technology Organisation Global Positioning System International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities International Electrotechnical Commission International Telecommunication Union ITU Radiocommunication Sector International Maritime Organisation Japan Radio Company Maritime Mobile Service Identity Maritime Safety Committee IM O Self Organising refers to SOTDMA Self Organising Time Division Multiple A ccess Safety Of Life At Sea Time Division Multiple A ccess Very High Frequency VHF DataLink DSTO TN 0867 1 Introduction Border Protection Command BPC a joint Customs and Defence agency have requested the Defence Science and Technology Organisation DSTO assist the Australian M aritime Safety Authority AMSA in its work on the Automatic Identification System AIS In Australia AMSA is involved in a coordinated whole of government approach to AIS issues and has been leading the on going assessment of AIS performance This report covers a DSTO study requested by AMSA investigating the reception of AIS B signals by vessels carrying AIS A Since Dece
4. Edinburgh South Australia 5111 Australia 6a DSTO NUMBER 6b ARNUMBER 6c TYPE OF REPORT 7 DOCUMENT DATE DSTO TN 0867 AR 014 358 Technical Note December 2008 8 FILE NUMBER 9 TASK NUMBER 10 TASK SPONSOR 11 NO OF PAGES 12 NO OF REFERENCES 490 6 333 1 07 222 CJOPS 34 17 13 URL on the World Wide Web 14 RELEASE AUTHORITY http www dsto defence gov au corporate reports DSTO Chief Maritime Operations Division TN 0867 pdf 15 SECONDARY RELEASE STATEMENT OF THISDOCUMENT A pproved for public release OVERSEAS ENQUIRIES OUTSIDE STATED LIMITATIONS SHOULD BE REFERRED THROUGH DOCUMENT EXCHANGE PO BOX 1500 EDINBURGH SA 5111 16 DELIBERATE ANNOUNCEMENT NoLimitations 17 CITATION IN OTHER DOCUMENTS 18 DSTO RESEARCH LIBRARY THESAURUS http web vic dsto defence gov au workareas library resources dsto thesaurus shtml Automatic Identification System Maritime Safety M aritime Surveillance Ship tracking Small ships 19 ABSTRACT The use of the Automated Identification System 15 has been mandated for ships over 300 gross tonne since December 2004 Through Border Protection Command DSTO wastasked to assisttheA ustralian Maritime Safety A uthority with the assessment of the performance of 15 and a new variant AIS B AIS B is a cut down version meant for smaller vessels but there have been concerns by the maritime community that A IS B cannot bedetected sufficiently by vessels carrying AIS This report covers a
5. V1 of the survey form Appendix C asked Vessel Masters if they could detect the AIS Trial 1 unit and any other AIS B unit After a visit to two ships in dock DSTO discovered AIS A displays do not flag detections as either AIS A or AIS B Consequently there was no method for a Vessel Master to identify other AIS B detections This created confusion when they attempted to complete the survey DSTO also discovered that detection of the AIS Trial 1 unit was blocked by infrastructure at some berth locations and the AIS Trial 1 s installation was causing a reduced transmit range 3 3 1 2 Survey V ersion 2 To reduce these problems version 2 V2 was created Appendix D The main changes were four of the Newcastle dredges carrying AIS B were explicitly noted on the form and the range at which the survey was to be completed was reduced from 10 miles to 3 5 miles from the AIS Trial 1 unit Explicit naming of the dredges was added to remove the need for Vessel Masters to identify AIS B vessels on their displays Also because the dredges were working near the dock area they were within line of sight to ships in dock Consequently when the AIS Trial Lunit was not within line of sight because of infrastructure at least one of the dredges was and so at all times at least one vessel carrying AIS B was within line of sight to ships in dock The second change the reduced range was introduced because surveys were also being completed when ships w
6. and decoding an AIS B signal 1796 reported no AIS B detections The study results indicate this was more likely to occur when the AIS A equipment was not capable of displaying the name of the AIS B vessel and only displayed the vessel MM SI suggesting in some of these cases that the V essel M aster may not have recognised the detection Also a significant lesson learnt was that even where the vessel names are displayed it is important to specify particular AIS B vessels when questioning a Vessel Master about AIS B detections This is because AIS A displays do not distinguish AIS A detections from AIS B detections 14 DSTO TN 0867 6 Acknowledgements This three month study would not have been possible without the assistance and support from many organisations and people The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the following organisations and people for their efforts 2 Newcastle Port Corporation for guidance with the trial setup and information on ship movements 3 AMS for assistance with the Nobby s Head setup and assistance with AIS B equipment problems 4 AMSA for permission to use N obby s Head Lighthouse and setting up the AIS data feed for DSTO 5 ACMA for permission to transmit from land Newcastle Vessel Agents for distributing and collecting in surveys In particular Inchcape Shipping Services for arranging visits to commercial vessels Boskalis Dredeco JV for information on AIS dredge installation
7. gu z EE 83 gt gt E H Japan Radio Company JH S 180 3 C C Approved Japan Radio Company JHS 182 4 NM Approved Furuno FA 100 5 FA 150 6 Not listed Tokimec TRA 2000 7 M M NM M NM Not listed SAAB RA 8 cw Nauticast Nauticast 9 C C C C C Approved UAIS Debeg 3400 Former may SAM electronics 10 use Leica Tokimec MX420 11 NM Not listed SeaT ex AIS 100 12 13 C Former may use Kavin Hughes NIS 2002 14 C NM NM N ot listed M arine D ata Systems EN 60945 Noinformation available N ot listed Saracom UAIS SI 10 Noinformation available N ot listed Tokimec SA transponder Noinformation available N ot listed 4 3 AIS B detections 4 3 1 AIS B detection all ranges For the study an AIS B detection was recorded as true if any AIS B carrying vessel was reported as being detected During the trial this included the AIS Trial 1 unit and any of the five dredges working in Newcastle River Table 4 lists the number of completed surveys versus the number of AIS B detections at any range with respect to AIS A equipment model This table indicates all of the listed 11 5 0 0867 AIS A equipment representing 9490 of the fitouts observed the study are capable of detecting an 15 signal Of the completed surveys received six lis
8. 30 October 2008 so the reporting interval of the AIS Trial 1 unit was set back to the standard of three minutes On 10 December 2008 all of the equipment was removed from the lighthouse 3 2 2 ACMA approval to transmit Approval to have the AIS Trial 1 unit transmitting from land was required from the Australian Communications and Media Authority ACMA 5 roleis to ensure that the transmissions do not interfere with other existing transmissions in the area This approval was arranged by AMSA and was obtained in the form of a scientific license in time for the commencement of the study 3 2 3 Notice to Mariners A notice to mariners was also required because AIS Trial 1 was on land whereas AIS B units are normally not shored based Once again AMSA organised the notice to mariners DSTO activated the notice when the unit was turned on and deactivated the notice when the unit was turned off 3 2 4 Dredges carrying 15 There were five dredges managed by Boskalis Dredeco JV working in Newcastle River for the duration of the study Each of these dredges carried a transmitting 15 unit Details on the AIS B set up on two of the five dredges is contained in Appendix B Information on the AIS B set up on the remaining three dredges was not made available The dredges were invaluable as back ups in the study and consequently four were explicitly named in version 2 of the survey form see section 3 3 1 for a description of the s
9. over 1000 deliveries for Seatex AIS 10 Sept 2003 News article URL http www kongsberg com eng kog news default asp id 30391 IEC 2001 IEC 61993 2 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems Automatic identification systems AIS Part 2 Class A shipborne equipment of the universal automatic identification system 15 Operational and performance requirements methods of test and required test results International Electrotechnical Commission Geneva Switzerland 2007 Australian N ew Zealand Standard M aritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems Class B shipborne equipment of the automatic identification system AIS Part 1 Carrier sense time division multiple access CSTD A techniques Standards Australia Sydney Australia Standards New Zealand Wellington New Zealand 17 DSTO TN 0867 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 18 DSTO TN 0867 Appendix AIS message reporting intervals TableA 1 AIS A message reporting intervals 16 Platform condition Nominal reporting interval Vessel at anchor or moored and not moving and changing course faster than 3 knots Simus Vessel at anchor or moored and moving faster than 3 knots 10 seconds Vessel with a speed of between 0 14 knots 10 seconds Vessel with a speed of between 0 14 knots 1 3 and changing course Vessel with a spee
10. three month study investigating this issue Theoutcome based on a survey of vessels entering N ewcastlePort was that thedifferent AISfitouts carried werecapable of detecting AIS B signals However 17 of these vessels did not report detections This was morelikely to occur if the model of AIS equipment only displayed thevesse s identification number becauseit was not capable of decoding and displaying thenameof the A IS B vessel This finding indicates the lack of detection issue is to some extent caused by Vessel Masters not recognising the detection on their AIS displays It was also discovered that even where the name of the AIS B vessel was displayed the AIS displays do not distinguish between AIS and 15 detections Page dassification UNCLASSIFIED
11. 0 DB RG58 RG58 VHF antenna cable length 25m 25m unknown unknown GPS antenna manufacturer Rojone Rojone Furuno Furuno MaxiNav Active MaxiNav Active 5V GPS antenna model 5V standard standard GPA 170 GPA 170 GPS antenna cable type LMR 400 DB LMR 400 DB RG58 RG58 GPS antenna cable length 25m 25m unknown unknown Standard IEC 62287 1 2006 Complies Complies Complies Complies Standard IEC 61162 1 2000 Complies Complies Complies Complies Standard IEC 61162 2 1998 Complies Complies Complies Complies 1 Modified to allow transmit rate to be set by software 21 DSTO TN 0867 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK DSTO TN 0867 Appendix Survey Form 1 Vessel Masters Your assistance is required with an important survey being conducted for the Australian Maritime Safety Authority during the period 1 Sept 2008 to 28 Nov 2008 All commercial vessels of 3001 and over are mandated to carry and use the Automated Identification System AIS A More recently a cut down version of AIS A called AIS B has become available to smaller craft Both systems use the same VHF bands and should be detected by each other See AMSA Automatic Identification System AIS Brochure email attachment handout or web site http www amsa gov au publications ais brochure pdf attachment AMSA AIS brochure pdf The Defence Science and Technology Organisation DSTO has been tasked to provide AMSA with the information it needs regarding the
12. 7 Contents GLOSSARY r INTRODUCTIO Na 1 2 AIS B DESCRIPTION 1 Si To 2 3 1 Study assumptions i icai rue Dade Rcs LG 2 3 2 oed dea Fol GI 3 3 21 Nobby s Head installation seen 3 3 2 2 ACMA approval to 5 3 2 3 Notice to MapITiete sueco ape idee top 5 3 2 4 Dredges 16 22 2 5 3 3 Collection of data nini nini i i i n 6 3 31 Survey TOMS eie pid eme bn n 6 3311 Survey Version T i no Id eee deed etes 7 3 3 12 Survey Version 2 ooo tant 7 3313 Distribution of SUIVEYS 2 7 3 32 essel 2 duc ob 8 3 3 3 AMSA 15 1 2 020 00 4122 74 0411 041404040666 8 3 3 4 AIS B sdf reporting sess eiectus otf 8 4 STUDY RESULT S 8 4 1 lt 8 4 1 1 Results SUIVGYS ah cicer tee ceci te 8 42 AIS equipment on board commercial vessels
13. 8 Tony White DSTO for manufacturing and performing the installation at Nobby s H ead 15 DSTO TN 0867 10 11 13 16 7 References International Maritime Organization International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea SOLAS 1974 The December 2002 amendments conference Measures to enhance maritime security Periodical December 2008 International Maritime Organization URL http www imo org Safety United States Coast Guard U nited States Coast Guard M aritime Information Exchange D efinitions 8 December 2008 Definitions URL http cgmix uscg mil Equipment Definitions aspx Japan Radio Co Ltd Jan 2003 JH S 280 A utomatic Identification System Instruction M anual Edition 3 Japan Radio Co Ltd Tokoyo Japan Also found at URL https resources myeporia com company 44 JHS 180 20Instruction pdf 11 Dec 2008 Japan Radio Co Ltd Dec 2008 AIS Automatic Identification System JH S 182 URL http www jrc co jp eng product marine product jhs182 jhs182 outline html Marine Electronic Shoppe Furuno FA 100 AIS A utomatic Identification System 11 Dec 2008 Sales article URL http www marineelectronicshoppe com Furuno FA 100 asp Furuno Electric Co Ltd Jan 2005 Furuno UAIS Transponder FA 150 perator s M anual Furuno Electric Co Ltd Nishinomiya Japan Also found at URL http www uploads tx vtfuruno 150 OME44310B OlLp
14. Date survey completed dd mm yyyy Time completed Australian Eastern Standard Time hh mm Completed by full name OWN VESSEL Position lat long Course Speed knots Vessel Name Call sign MMSI Type of ship IMO Flag of registry AIS B CONTACT 1 Named AIS Trial 1 Contact detected YES NO MMSI 005030154 Location 32 55 1 5 151 47 9 Newcastle Nobby s Head Light House OTHER AIS B CONTACTS List other AIS B contacts detected 1 Name MMSI 2 Name MMSI 3 Name MMSI 4 Name MMSI 24 DSTO TN 0867 OWN VESSEL AIS EQUIPMENT Manufacturer Model Location on ship AIS display type MKD ECDIS Radar ARPA Other Manufacturer Model AIS B filter status ON OFF Not Applicable MKD Minimum Keyboard Display ECDIS Electronic Chart Display System ARPA Automatic Radar Plotting Aid 25 DSTO TN 0867 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 26 DSTO TN 0867 Appendix D Survey Form 2 Vessel Masters Your assistance is required with an important survey being conducted for the Australian Maritime Safety Authority during the period 1 Sept 2008 to 28 Nov 2008 All commercial vessels of 300t and over are mandated to carry and use the Automated Identification System AIS A More recently a cut down version of AIS A called AIS B has become available to smaller craft Both systems use the same VHF bands and should be detected by each other See AMSA Aut
15. IS B signals by ships carrying AIS to determine the extent of the problem To this end DSTO performed a three month study from 1 September 2008 until 28November 2008 in N ewcastlePort DSTO placed an AIS B transmitter at the mouth of NewcastlePort on N obby sH ead Lighthouse and commercial vessels entering port were surveyed The survey collected information about the AIS equipment on board and whether an AIS B signal was detected displayed by this equipment Theresults from the study indicatethat 9496 of the AIS equipment carried by the vessels that entered N ewcastle Port and completed a survey is capableof receiving and decoding AIS B signals No conclusion could be drawn on the remaining 6 of units because insufficient information was collected via the surveys Of the vessels carrying A IS equipment that the surveys show ed were capableof receiving and decoding an AIS B signal 1796 reported no AIS B detections The study results indicate this was more likely to occur when the AIS A equipment was not capable of displaying thenameof theAIS B vessel suggesting in some of these cases that the V essel Master may not have recognised the detection A significant lesson learnt was that even where the vessel names are displayed it is important to specify particular AIS B vessels when questioning a Vessel Master about 15 detections This is because AIS A displays do not distinguish AIS A detections from 5 detections DSTO TN 086
16. Jackons MANAGER VESSEL TRACKING MARITIME STANDARDS DIVISION Australian Maritime Safety Authority 27 DSTO TN 0867 DSTO AMSA survey v2 AIS A reception of AIS B Return completed forms to your Newcastle Vessel Agent Electronic fill in press Insert key Hand fill in print in CAPITAL LETTERS Date survey completed dd mm yyyy Time completed Australian Eastern Standard Time hh mm Completed by full name OWN VESSEL Position lat long Course Speed knots Vessel Name Call sign MMSI IMO Type of ship Flag of registry 28 AIS 5 5 AIS Base station AIS Trial 1 MILCLYN LEGEND LYDIA PT ZARKA BKA RELIANCE MMSI 005030150 005030154 563018000 503392000 503098900 503084000 OWN VESSEL AIS EQUIPMENT Manufacturer Model Location on ship AIS display type MKD ECDIS Radar ARPA Other MKD Minimum Keyboard Display Manufacturer Model DSTO TN 0867 Location Detected 32 55 15 151 47 9 32 55 13 151 47 9 moving moving moving moving ECDIS Electronic Chart Display System ARPA Automatic Radar Plotting Aid 29 DSTO TN 0867 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK DSTO TN 0867 Appendix Newcastle V essel A gents AAL Shipping Agencies Pty Ltd Asia World Shipping Clark Shipping Pty Ltd Gulf Agency Company Australia Pty Ltd H etherington Ki
17. S Trial 1 unit was operational during the survey the AMSA AIS data feed from Newcastle port was made available This feed comes from an AIS base station located approximately 13m from the light house upon which the AIS Trial 1 unit was installed The data feed was checked periodically to ensure the correct operation of the AIS Trial 1 unit This included checking both that the unit was transmitting and that it was transmitting at the correct rate 3 3 4 AIS B self reporting A cellular modem was installed with the AIS Trial 1 unit with the intention of making the data feed both transmitted and received AIS messages available during the study The modem was not always operational and limited amounts of data were collected by this method 4 Study results 4 1 Surveys Of the 313 individual ships that entered Newcastle Port a total of 169 surveys were received a return rate of 54 One survey was provided by a N ewcestle Port Pilot From 17 September 2008 Vessel Agents were asked to distribute V2 of the survey rather than V 1 Unfortunately a seamless transfer from one version to the other was not achieved V1was still being distributed by some Vessel Agents until 16 Nov 08 4 1 1 Results from surveys Table 2 displays the breakdown of returned surveys by version type V1 or V2 and how many of these were not completed Table 2 does not include the one survey provided by the N ewcastle Port Pilot that was in neither format Completed he
18. aging this work and they kept DSTO informed of what works were occurring and when To check the reception in the different dock areas a DSTO team drove an AIS A receiver around these areas monitoring the detection of the AIS Trial 1unit The standard rate of transmission of a stationary AIS B unit is three minutes A three minute interval between transmissions made testing very difficult and an inaccurate activity To enable testing of the installation from 10 September 2008 until the end of the study 28 November 2008 item 1 was exchanged for an AM EC Comar AIS B unit still referred to as the AIS Trial 1 unit in this document This unit could be software set for specific reporting intervals Table 1 contains the AIS Trial 1reporting intervals used during the study DSTO TN 0867 Tablel Thereporting intervals of AIS Trial 1 with respect to date D ate Reporting Interval 1 Sept 08 10 Sept 08 3minutes 10 Sept 08 30 Oct 08 2 seconds 30 Oct 08 28 Nov 08 3 minutes On 30 October 2008 a loose connection to the VHF antenna was discovered and improved Prior to this date the resulting reduced transmit power of AIS Trial 1 led to a transmit range of about 3 5 miles as determined from the surveys received Once the connection to the antenna was improved the transmit range increased to at least 10 n miles The maximum actual transmit range was not measured Testing of the installation was no longer required after
19. at visit DSTO were able to confirm that no AIS B vessels appeared on the displays available to the Vessel Master DSTO was also able to confirm by placing a portable AIS A receiver on the deck just outside the bridge of this ship that AIS B detections were possible from this berth location When this ship returned to Newcastle the new AIS Trial 1 unit Camino 101 was in place transmitting at 2s interval On DSTO s request this ship completed another survey The response was another No for AIS B detection Kongsberg the manufacturer of the equipment was contacted and confirmed there was no manufacturing reason why an AIS B signal would not be detected this model of equipment Also that this model of equipment was in wide use in other parts of the world The SeaTex AIS 100 has been given approval by the German Bundesamt fur Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie 15 Further investigation into why the equipment on this particular ship was unable to detect an AIS B signal was not possible because it would have involved close inspection of the actual installation 5 Conclusions In summary on the vessels that entered N ewcastle Port and completed a survey at least 9496 of the AIS A fitouts are capable of receiving and decoding AIS B signals No conclusion can be drawn on the remaining 6 of units because insufficient information was collected via the surveys Of the vessels carrying AIS equipment that the survey has shown is capable of receiving
20. d of between 14 23 knots 6 seconds Vessel with a speed of between 14 23 knots 2 seconds and changing course Vessel with a speed of greater than 23 knots 2 seconds Vessel with a speed of greater than 23 knots P nepfid TableA 2 Shipborne mobile Carrier 15 message 18 reporting intervals 17 Platform condition Nominal reporting interval Vessel not moving faster than 2 knots minutes Vessel moving faster than 2 knots 30 seconds Static data messages 24A and 24B are reported every 6 minutes in addition and independent to message 18 M essage 24B will be sent within one minute of message 24A 16 19 DSTO TN 0867 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 20 Appendix B AIS installations DSTO TN 0867 No details on the AIS B installations on the other N ewcastle dredges was available TableB 1 AIS B installation details on vessds involved in the study Name of V essel Unit AIS Trial 1 Old AIS Trial 1 New Bec MM SI 005030154 005030154 503098000 503229800 AIS B manufacturer Shine Micro mec Comar Comar AIS B model AIS BX Camino 1011 CSB 200 CSB 200 VHF antenna manufacturer Pacific A erials Pacific Aerials Glomex Glomex VHF antenna model Longreach Longreach RAI225 RAI225 VHF antenna length 2 5m 2 5m 2 4m 2 4m VHF antenna gain 3dB 3dB 6dB 6dB VHF antenna cabletype LM R 400 DB LMR 40
21. df 11Dec 2008 Tokoyo Keika Website in Japanese 11 Dec 2008 URL http www tokyo keiki co jp marine j products ais html SAAB Systems R4 AIS Transponder System Saab Transponder Tech AB Linkoping Sweden Also found at URL http www saabgroup com N R rdonlyres 428D 7DE8 6163 4380 81C5 41C713DEECF 7 5058 R4A1S070325 pdf 11 Dec 2008 Sales article ACR Electronics Inc 11 Dec 2008 Sales article URL http www nauticast com uploads media Acrnauticastspec 01 M XMarine 11 Dec 2008 Certificate URL http www mx marine com downloads mx531 M X531 Cert AIS 734 2 0059 1 20 03 pdf Navico 11 Dec 2008 Sales Article URL http www mx marine com products mx420fl yer html Kongsberg Maritime AS 11 Dec 2008 Sales article URL http www km kongsberg com ks web nokbg0240 nsf All Web 53738454937302E C125722500488379 O penDocument United States Coast Guard U nited States Coast Guard M aritime Information Exchange A pproved equipment 12 Dec 2008 Un official certificate URL http cgmix uscg mil Equipment EquipmentD tails aspx EQI D 13996 14 16 17 DSTO TN 0867 Marine Group Limited Products A I S Automatic Identification Systems Kelvin ughes NIS 2002 M kli A I S 12 Dec 2008 Sales article URL http www emarinegroup com Kelvin Hughes NIS 2002 AlS htm Kongsberg Gruppen Offshore Europe 2003 Aberdeen September 2003 BSH Certification and
22. ead installation With the approval of AMSA on 28 August 2008 DSTO set up an AIS B system on Nobby s Head Lighthouse Newcastle 32 55 1 S 151 47 9 E Figure 1 shows the AIS Trial 1 unit location with respect to N ewcastle Port docking locations Google Eye alt 5 63km Figurel Newcastle Port Represent ship docking locations Image covers area 3 78 n miles by 2 86 n miles From 28 August 2008 until 10 September 2008 the system comprised 1 Shine Micro AIS B transponder from here on called AIS Trial 1 N extG 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications System modem Associated power supplies 2 5m VHF half wave whip antenna Rojone Global Positioning System GPS antenna DSTO TN 0867 Items 1 to were located in a crate on the lower level of the light house Items 4 and 5 were secured to a mast and fixed to the light shield on the southern exterior of the light house Figure 2 shows the set up For details of the AIS B units VHF antenna and GPS antenna see A ppendix B 28 Figure2 AIS Trial 1 setup at Nobby s ead Lighthouse showing the equipment crate top left the location of the crate the lower floor bottom left and the positioning of the VHF and GPS antennae on the exterior right The required cables were loosely fixed to the lighthouse to cater for works planned on the lighthouse balcony Australian Maritime Systems AM S were the contractors man
23. educed set of AIS message types e messages are sent less frequently see Table 2 in Appendix A for CS AIS B reporting intervals e uses a different network access method that is intended not to interfere with AIS A transmissions AIS B uses two message types for autonomous transmission 18 and 24 Message 18 contains only a vessel s MMSI location course and heading Message 24 is sent in two parts and contains the static vessel information such the vessel s name length and beam The shortest standard autonomous reporting interval is 30 seconds 3 Study set up 3 1 Study assumptions The aim of the study was to determine the reception of AIS B by commercial vessels carrying AIS A However engaging with every commercial ship in Australian waters was beyond the resources available for the study Instead a sub set of ships was engaged Ships entering N ewcastle Port were selected as the sample set for two reasons One a review of ship movements indicated sufficient ships would enter Newcastle Port over a three month period to providea statistically meaningful data set Two N ewcastle Port was ableto offer the support required to perform the study The reduced data set has led to thefollowing assumption for the study 1 The AIS A equipment carried on commercial vessels entering Newcastle Port is a reasonable sample of what would be carried by ships operating in Australian waters DSTO TN 0867 32 Installation 3 2 1 Nobby s H
24. ere anchored offshore Unfortunately the reduced transmit range of the AIS Trial 1 unit meant the signal was not detectable past approximately 3 5 n miles On 17 September 2008 Vessel Agents were asked to distribute V2 instead of V1 of the survey form 3 3 1 3 Distribution of surveys The distribution and collection of the surveys was not undertaken directly by DSTO because DSTO did not have ready access to the commercial vessels entering Newcastle Instead this function was performed by the Newcastle Vessel Agents There were a total of twelve companies approached for assistance with distributing and collecting in surveys The list of Vessel Agent companies is given in Appendix The Vessel A gents distributed the forms in the manner that suited their mode of operation Distribution methods used were by hand email and fax The ships returned the completed surveys to the Vessel Agents who then returned them by email or fax to DSTO DSTO TN 0867 3 3 2 Vessel movements The number of ships entering Newcastle Port was obtained from Newcastle Port Corporations website http www newportcorp com au site index cfm This website is updated daily For ships that returned surveys the ship movement information recorded on the website was the same as that reported in the respective surveys Consequently the movement of all ships listed on the website was taken to be accurate for the study 3 3 3 AMSA AIS data To verify that the AI
25. ess method for AIS B and other components not critical to this study such as standards for base stations channel management and binary messages A diagram of standards documents can be found in Appendix F The standards reported to be satisfied by the different AIS A equipment observed in the study is contained in Table 3 Equipment listed in italics were captured under Other in Figure 5 For a few pieces of equipment no information could be found on the internet It should be noted that DSTO did not verify the equipment details provided by Vessel Masters in the completed survey 10 DSTO TN 0867 forms so it is possible that the manufacturer and model details provided to DSTO may have been incorrect Note Mentioned means the standard was mentioned in the documentation available to DSTO but the context could not be determined because the information was not in English Former may use is a United States Coast Guard nominated status indicating the Product is no longer approved for production but previously produced items may continue to be used as long as in good and serviceable condition 2 Table3 15 equipment recorded in the study and their status with respect to the standards Key C Complies M entioned NM Not M entioned 8 gt p gt 5 ri 3 8 iix i 5 Y 5 5 5 5 Jg X fs
26. f their equipment was capable of displaying the vessel s name as they were provided with the name s of the AIS B trial unit and vessels Also Vessel Masters were more likely to report this detection if completing V2 of the form 4 4 Other interesting findings observations 4 4 1 Display characteristics of Furuno FA 150 Furuno FA 150 user manual 6 states a vessel either anchored or moored and travelling at less than 3knots for which a signal has not been received for 10min would be classified as lost but still be displayed If lost for a further 6 minutes and 40 seconds then the vessel information will be removed from the display Therefore a slow speed anchored or moored vessel carrying 15 would be classified as lost after 3 missed messages and removed from the display after a further two messages 13 DSTO TN 0867 4 4 2 Vessel engagement with AIS Trial 1 unit Whilst inspecting the base station log it was noted a number of vessels sent the AIS Trial 1 unit messages It can only be assumed the Vessel Master expected someone to reply We do not know if the ships that did attempt communication were aware of the study at the time 4 4 3 Performance of single installation of SeaTex AIS 100 The SeaTex AIS 100 equipment was carried by only one vessel This vessel entered port twice during the study DSTO happened to visit this vessel during its first visit when the first AIS Trial 1 unit AIS was in place During th
27. impact of AIS B on the total AIS system for safety purposes As part of this work a three month study will be carried out in Newcastle The aim of the study will be to determine the proportion of commercial vessels over 300t that can detect display an AIS B signal The AIS B signal will be from a fixed land unit located at Newcastle s Nobby s Head Light House As the master of a vessel over 300t entering Newcastle Port you are requested to complete the survey below IMPORTANT The survey is to be completed between 1 September 2008 and 28 November 2008 and when within 10nm of the trial AIS B unit 32 55 1 S 151 47 9 E Return completed surveys to your Newcastle Vessel Agent Final collated results from the survey will be posted on www amsa gov au in early 2009 Individual ship details will not be posted All information collected through this survey will be available only to DSTO and AMSA for the investigation of AIS issues Your assistance with this study is greatly appreciated Sandra Tavener DSTO Study Lead Sandra Tavener Defence Science Technology Organisation Maritime Operations Division Study customer Jillian Carson Jackons MANAGER VESSEL TRACKING MARITIME STANDARDS DIVISION Australian Maritime Safety Authority 23 DSTO TN 0867 DSTO AMSA survey AIS A reception of AIS B Return completed forms to your Newcastle Vessel Agent Electronic fill in press Insert key Hand fill in print in CAPITAL LETTERS
28. isplayed by this equipment This report covers the setup and results from the study 2 AIS B description 15 referred to AIS A for clarity this report automatically transmits packets of data over the VHF There are a number of message types used and the frequency of the transmission depends upon the message type and activity of the vessel see Table A 1 Appendix A for reporting intervals Primarily the vessel s name Maritime Mobile Service Identity MMSI location speed course and heading are transmitted The shortest reporting interval is 2 seconds 1 is a variant of AIS A and 15 intended for smaller vessels There are two types of AIS B equipment differing from each other in network access method Carrier sense CS AIS B equipment does not reserve transmission slots on the VHF Data Link VDL and DSTO TN 0867 will not transmit in a slot used by AIS A equipment Self organising SO AIS B does reserve slots and behaves similarly to AIS A in its access of the VDL Like CS AIS B SO AIS B uses a lower set of reporting rates As the dominant variant of AIS B in Australia is CS this is the only type of AIS B examined by this study references to AIS B in this report refer to the CS AIS B variant unless otherwise stated Different standards apply to AIS B equipment for a number of reasons induding ensuring the safety role of AIS A is not compromised When compared to 15 AIS B e isonly able to transmit a r
29. isplays do not distinguish between AIS and AIS B detections RELEASE LIMITATION A pproved for public release Published by M aritime O perations D ivision DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation PO Box 1500 Edinburgh South Australia5111 Australia Telephone 08 8259 5555 Fax 08 8259 6567 Commonwealth of Australia 2008 AR 014 358 D ecember 2008 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE A utomatic Identification System AIS A Reception of 15 2008 Study Executive Summary Border Protection Command a joint Customs and Defence agency have requested the Defence Science and Technology Organisation DSTO assist the Australian Maritime Safety Authority AMSA in its work on the Automated Identification System AIS In Australia AMSA is involved in a coordinated whole of government approach to AIS issues and has been leading the on going assessment of AIS performance This report covers a DSTO study requested by AM SA investigating the reception of AIS B signals by vessels carrying AISA Within AIS there is a new variant AIS B which is intended for small vessels Before widespread uptake of AIS B occurs AMSA would like assurances that it will operate as intended One of the issues raised in the maritime community is that some commercial vessels with AIS have been reported to have been unableto detect the AIS B signals from smaller vessels Accordingly AMSA requested DSTO perform a study investigating the reception of A
30. mber 2004 1 all international voyaging ships over 300 gross tonne have been mandated by the International Maritime Organisation IMO to carry and use AIS 15 isa Very High Frequency VHF radio broadcast system that transfers ship position and identification information Ships equipped with AIS are able to display the location of other AIS carrying ships on their radar screens or electronic chart displays This improves their situational awareness assisting in collision avoidance The AIS information is also collected by land based stations for usein search and rescue activities Within AIS there is a new variant AIS B which is intended for small vessels Before widespread uptake of AIS B occurs AMSA would like assurances that it will operate as intended One of the issues raised in the maritime community is that some commercial vessels with AIS have been reported to have been unable to detect the AIS B signals from smaller vessels Accordingly AMSA requested DSTO perform a study investigating the reception of AIS B signals by ships carrying 15 to determine the extent of the problem To this end DSTO performed a three month study from 1September 2008 until 28 November 2008 in Newcastle Port DSTO placed an AIS B transmitter at the mouth of Newcastle Port on Nobby s Head Lighthouse and commercial vessels entering port were surveyed The survey collected information about the AIS equipment on board and whether an AIS B signal was detected d
31. ngsbury Inchcape Shipping Services McArthur Shipping amp Agency Monson Agencies NYK Lines Australia Pty Ltd Strang International Pty Ltd Wilhelmsen Shipping Services 31 DSTO TN 0867 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 32 DSTO TN 0867 Appendix AIS Standards Documents History of AIS Documentation 1998 2000 2002 IMO MSC 74 69 Annex 3 May 1998 ITU R M 1371 Nov 1998 A 123 A 124 A 126 Clarification on Shore based AIS Shore based AIS Dec 2002 Dec 2003 SOLAS Chapter V AIS Mandatory Dec 2000 Into Force July 2002 ITU R M 1371 1 Aug 2001 IEC 61993 2 Class A Shipborne Dec 2001 ITU R M 1371 2 Mar 2006 IEC 62287 1 Class B CSTDMA Mar 2006 Use of AIS AtoN Jun 2007 ITU R M 1371 3 Jun 2007 IEC 62320 1 Base Stations Feb 2007 AS NZS 62287 1 2007 Class B CSTDMA Feb 2007 ITU R M 1371 3 Jun 2008 IEC 62320 2 AtoN Stations 2008 33 DSTO TN 0867 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Page classification UNCLASSIFIED DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION DOCUMENTCONTTIORPATA 2 TITLE 3 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION FOR UNCLASSIFIED REPORTS THAT ARE LIMITED RELEASE USE L NEXT TO DOCUMENT Automatic Identification System AIS A Reception of AIS B 2008 CLASSIFICATION Study Document Title Abstract 4 AUTHOR S 5 CORPORATE AUTHOR Sandra Tavener and Tristan Cooper DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation PO Box 1500
32. omatic Identification System AIS Brochure email attachment handout or web site http www amsa gov au publications ais brochure pdf attachment AMSA AIS brochure pdf The Defence Science and Technology Organisation DSTO has been tasked to provide AMSA with the information it needs regarding the impact of AIS B on the total AIS system for safety purposes As part of this work a three month study will be carried out in Newcastle The aim of the study will be to determine the proportion of commercial vessels over 300t that can detect display an AIS B signal The AIS B signal will be from a fixed land unit located at Newcastle s Nobby s Head Light House As the master of a vessel over 300t entering Newcastle Port you are requested to complete the survey below IMPORTANT The survey is to be completed between 1 September 2008 and 28 November 2008 and when within 3 5nm of the trial AIS B unit 32 55 1 S 151 47 9 E Return completed surveys to your Newcastle Vessel Agent Final collated results from the survey will be posted on www amsa gov au in early 2009 Individual ship details will not be posted All information collected through this survey will be available only to DSTO and AMSA for the investigation of AIS issues Your assistance with this study is greatly appreciated Sandra Tavener DSTO Study Lead Sandra Tavener Defence Science Technology Organisation Maritime Operations Division Study customer Jillian Carson
33. re means sufficient DSTO TN 0867 information was provided to be useful for the study A slightly higher percentage of V2 surveys were completed than V 1 Table2 Number of surveys collected as well as the number of in complete surveys with respect to survey version Survey version Number received Number in complete V1 80 7 8 896 V2 88 4 4 5 Figure 4 displays for each mode of AIS A equipment the number of surveys received as well as the number completed with respect to version number of the survey For V1 of the form five of the seven uncompleted forms occurred when Vessel Masters were using models JH S 180 or 100 For V2 of the form no more than one form was uncompleted for any particular model of equipment See section 4 2 1 for a description of the capabilities of different AIS A models A Number of surveys o Surveys received V1 completed 1 completed V2 completed v2 completed JHS 180 JHS 182 150 100 5 2000 Nauticast UAIS Debeg 3400 E MX420 Figure4 Number of surveys and number of survey
34. s completed with respect to survey version and AIS A equipment model 42 AlS equipment on board commercial vessels 4 2 1 AIS A equipment types and capabilities As shown in Figure 5 the majority of the AIS A equipment carried by large commercial vessels entering Newcastle Port is sold by either Japan Radio Company JRC or Furuno DSTO TN 0867 Both of these companies have two models in use in the market For both companies the older model JH S 180 FA 100 is not capable of decoding M essage 24 whilst the newer model is capable Decoding of message 24 is required to obtain the name of the vessel Of the AIS A fitouts surveyed in Newcastle Port 37 did not decode message 24 consequently did not display the name of the vessel carrying the AIS B system These systems displayed the vessel s MMSI instead In Figure 5 Other covers equipment for which either only one survey was received for a particular model of AIS A equipment or the section in the survey covering details of the AIS A equipment was not completed Distribution of AIS A equipment 3 6 E JHS 180 Bl JHS 182 FA 100 D FA 150 il TRA 2000 E R4 26 Nauticast UAIS Debeg 3400 MX420 B Others unknown 2196 Figure5 Distribution of AIS A equipment as reported by vessels 4 2 2 Standards satisfied The AIS standard has evolved since its inception to include more message types an additional network acc
35. s used that is not dependant upon system s setup only the data from the second unit has been classed as reliable Consequently the reliable data in Figure 6 covers the 100 completed surveys received during the period 10 September 2008 until 28 November for AIS A models of equipment for which more than one survey was received when ships were within 3 5 n miles of the AlS Trial 1 unit At a range of 3 5n miles from Nobby s Head Lighthouse any ship carrying an AIS receiver would reliably receive the signal from at least one of the dredges or the AIS Trial 1 unit post 10 Sept 08 Figure 6 displays the number of AIS B detections at ranges of 3 5 miles or less for the same equipment listed in Table 4 DSTO TN 0867 25 i Completed surveys V1 received ERU v1 with AIS B detection EU v2 received 1 2 with AIS B detection Number of surveys 5 1 100 150 R4 MX420 JHS 180 JHS 182 TRA 2000 AIS equipment model Nauticast UAIS Debeg 2400 Figure6 Number of AIS B detections non detections at ranges of 3 5 n miles or less with respect to survey version and AIS A equipment model Of ships with AISA equipment capable of detecting an AIS B signal 83 reported detecting the AIS B signal that was in range Vessel Masters were more likely to recognise AIS B detection i
36. ted equipment that was only named once during the trial period Another three did not list the AIS A equipment in use In these cases a conclusion could not be drawn about whether this equipment was able to detect AIS B signals as the equipment was either unknown or there was only one sample point Consequently no conclusions will be drawn from these 9 surveys 6 Note Table 4 does not indicate reliability The data in Table 4 is for all ranges but the signal from the dredges or AIS Trial 1 unit was only reliable out to 3 5n miles Table4 Number of surveys with AIS B detections at any range with respect to survey form version and AIS A equipment model Number of surveys Number of surveys with Manufacturer M odel completed any AIS B detections Furuno FA 100 33 26 Furuno FA 150 14 11 JRC JRC 180 24 14 JRC JRC 182 42 33 Nauticast Nauticast 4 2 SAAB R4 8 8 SAM electronics UAIS Debeg 3400 5 5 Tokimec TRA 2000 14 11 Tokimec Leica MX420 5 5 4 3 2 AIS B detection within study range It was noted that surveys completed when the first AIS Trial 1 unit was in place show different trend regarding AIS B detections to the surveys completed when the second system was in place As the only change to the study was the replacement of the AIS Trial 1 unit it is felt this difference indicates additional unknown installation problems early in thetrial To ensureonly reliable data i
37. urvey forms P T Kythira was not mentioned on the survey form because the study team were unaware of its presence until after V2 of the survey was distributed to Vessel Agents From the surveys it was noted that even when the AIS Trial 1 unit could not be detected because of a reduced transmit range commercial vessels were able to detect the dredges These dredges often went offshore not far from the Newcastle Port entrance to dump DSTO TN 0867 spoil and were very useful when ships completed the survey whilst anchored offshore waiting to enter port Figure 3 shows the indicative routes taken by the dredges Dredge Position Reports 18 11 08 to 4 12 08 T T T M A Lf 1 1 L Figure3 Indicative routes of dredges working in N ewcastle Port during the study period 3 3 Collection of data Four different forms of data were collected for the study the study survey 2 the movement of ships into N ewcastle port 3 AlSTrial 1 signal as received by the nearby AMSA base station and 4 theAlSTrial 1 activity as reported by the unit itself 3 3 1 Survey forms The primary study data was collected using a survey form Vessel M asters were asked to complete the survey when within a specified distance from the AIS Trial 1 unit location given as latitude and longitude 32 55 15 151 47 9 E Two versions of the survey form were used in the study DSTO TN 0867 3 3 1 1 Survey Version 1 Version 1
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