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1. variable i ause isa lcs e E x I RIA Bi A ABS asserena 65 06 30 Re SW ews boas ered sees GENS 48 AGUS AE RR ERAT TASEREA WEARS E SEE ETE 49 ipe 50 ARGOS ssa era E ENEE ERR EES ER 49 ARSE oxecssu vere vated eda ka Meee sere S equa vara 49 ARTAN eg Ree cig SEN NEE one RYE AREE 49 ASIN EE 49 ATAN o etereo iranier Ebe SUS Ga Saa ge AREE 49 C CDF BERNOULLE SEENEN 62 CUP SE ER ee seeded aGens ened E ES 58 DEF BINUM et Ee SE EE 62 EE EE dE reamed ens 59 CDP COISO EE 59 CDF saci ceseesedh ERRAWEWREEXCADRAARG GRE 59 COP AE nese hssuteoe rene d eaves d ewe ieee deena surdus 59 CDP GAMMA EE EEN NEE NEE dE AE E 59 CDP GEOM aa cw sm wone ERR sabe Meee denne vena 62 CDF HYPER io uasa de eee RRRXCAE E dE NEEN 62 CDF LAPLACE oc dn aed Soh eS ened deeee ER a y e RRRCRUR 60 CDE UNORMAL Au ege dane E rerne n iaa 60 CUP LOGISTIC ET 60 CDE ug WEEN 62 CUP NORMAL 2 zbcex ra br qax EE ER H 60 CUP PARE es up RPX qu rx 3 eee eee E SQ EM 61 CDE POISSON o5 ere EES 62 CDF RAYLEIGH ease da ee hA Dee Shea 61 Hr gw rrr vr 61 CDP E een de eee maerse ET EA AREE S GI 61 CDR BU EE 61 CDF UNIFDBM oc cccaatetceace aa dedaeeateeadea abd 61 GDF VBNOR caesus eer Ra Rx EE e 58 CDF WEIBULL 2 12224 RR RETE ERRARE 61 CDENUIRM eg ere EES iere EE EE 60 ENEE 50 CUNCAT reg ab b e ab e E E 51 COS s 6 ares 56h ee ORE Eee Os SEAS Deeks ees 49 CTIME DAS 2 036 e es 65d00e i0eed eee he ee Gbe eee ae 53 CTIME BHUURS amp seoxskaekdexdG e E EE E as
2. All this is very confusing A few examples should help to clarify INPUT PROGRAM DATA LIST NOTABLE FILE a data X 1 10 DATA LIST NOTABLE FILE b data Y 1 10 END INPUT PROGRAM LIST The example above reads variable X from file a data and variable Y from file b data If one file is shorter than the other then the extra data in the longer file is ignored INPUT PROGRAM NUMERIC A B DO IF NOT A DATA LIST NOTABLE END A FILE a data X 1 10 END IF DO IF NOT B DATA LIST NOTABLE END B FILE b data Y 1 10 END IF DO IF A AND B END FILE END IF END CASE END INPUT PROGRAM LIST The above example reads variable X from a data and variable Y from b data If one file is shorter than the other then the missing field is set to the system missing value alongside the present value for the remaining length of the longer file INPUT PROGRAM NUMERIC A B DO IF A DATA LIST NOTABLE END B FILE b data X 1 10 DO IF B Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 75 END FILE ELSE END CASE END IF ELSE DATA LIST NOTABLE END A FILE a data X 1 10 DO IF NOT A END CASE END IF END IF END INPUT PROGRAM LIST The above example reads data from file a data then from b data and concatenates them into a single active dataset INPUT PROGRAM NUMERIC E0F LOOP IF NOT E0F DATA LIST NOTABLE END EOF FILE a data X 1 10 DO IF NOT E0F END CASE END IF END LOOP COM
3. 104 SORT E EE 119 13 Selecting data for analysis 120 ISCH RUSUR secon pene aces had wie eee ad ta ae entes 120 13 2 N OF CR GEG cene aentencactu per PEE LURPUM Cad eas 120 xr SAMPLE EN 121 13 4 SELECT IF eee II 121 13 5 SPLIT PILES vier Rie RERO ER cient RU PPS s 121 13 6 TEMPORARY ccc ccc nn 122 13 4 WBIGELT stees Seegen eS SERO RE e bs 123 14 Conditional and Looping Constructs 124 ISCH BREAK euer I aes PRESE ae er e EE EA aer 124 H2 DO IE eneeex bue Re e eked RONDE SE REPRE heed sees 124 143 DO REH KA NEEN 124 1421 LOOP EE 125 SSG GS e oe eee ate eed uos Bae Cee 127 15 41 DESCRIPTIVES sssessss Ie 127 152 FREQUENCIES deer Srel oo rer Ae ee 128 15 3 EXAMINE EE 130 154 GRAPH EE 132 15 5 OORRFLATIOND enterre 132 15 6 CRUISES E Re dE kn E PEG I Ee E KR 133 l5 TACTO EE 136 15 8 LOGISTICRRGRkSSION eee 138 15 9 MEANS Libia esi i RUE OCDE SR 139 15 10 NPAR TESTS osseeiss o tec en Cete i per RR EXE 141 15 10 1 Binomial test 141 15 10 2 Chisquare Test 142 15 10 3 Cochran Q Test erue reete e IRAE RE E 142 15 10 4 Friedman leet 142 15 10 5 Kendall s W Test ssssssessesss eens 143 15 10 6 Kolmogorov Smirnov let 143 15 10 7 Kruskal Wallis leet 143 15 10 8 Mann Whitney U leet 144 15 10 9 McNemar leet 144 15 10 10 Median Test EN bg oe NEE debe eevee ead edad 144 15 10 11 Runs Test rir 4 kem e EE BEE SNE ENER EN 144 15 10 12 Sign Tests oreet Re
4. 145 59 EUR3 145 59 CCB14 2 USD 3 145 59 USD 3 145 59 CCC11 2 R 3 145 59 R 3 145 59 CCD13 2 3 145 59 NIS 3 145 59 NIS CCE10 0 Rp 3 146 Rp 3 146 The default for all the custom currency formats is 7 equivalent to COMMA format 6 7 4 3 Legacy Numeric Formats The N and Z numeric formats provide compatibility with legacy file formats They have much in common Output is rounded to the nearest representable value with ties rounded away from zero Numbers too large to display are output as a field filled with asterisks The decimal point is always implicitly the specified number of digits from the right edge of the field except that Z format input allows an explicit decimal point Scientific notation may not be used The system missing value is output as a period in a field of spaces The period is placed just to the right of the implied decimal point in Z format or at the right end in N format or in Z format if no decimal places are requested A period is used even if the decimal point character is a comma Field width may range from 1 to 40 Decimal places may range from 0 up to the field width to a maximum of 16 When a legacy numeric format used for input is converted to an output format it is changed into the equivalent F format The field width is increased by 1 if any decimal places are specified to make room for a decimal point For Z format the field width is increased by 1 more column to make
5. F8 2 For a complete description of the LIST command see Section 8 10 LIST page 76 5 1 3 Reading data from a text file The previous example showed how to define a set of variables and to manually enter the data for those variables Manual entering of data is tedious work and often a file containing the data will be have been previously prepared Let us assume that you have a file called mydata dat containing the ascii encoded data Ahmed 188 00 Bertram 167 00 Catherine 134 23 David 109 10 Zachariah 113 02 You can can tell the DATA LIST command to read the data directly from this file instead of by manual entry with a command like PSPP gt data list file mydata dat list forename A12 height Notice however that it is still necessary to specify the names of the variables and their formats since this information is not contained in the file It is also possible to specify the file s character encoding and other parameters For full details refer to see Section 8 5 DATA LIST page 66 5 1 4 Reading data from a pre prepared P pp file When working with other PSPP users or users of other software which uses the PSPP data format you may be given the data in a pre prepared PSPP file Such files contain not only the data but the variable definitions along with their formats labels and other meta data Conventionally these files sometimes called system files have the suffix sav but that is not mandatory T
6. Footnotes Within a table footnote markers are output as bracketed letters following the cell s contents e g a b The footnotes themselves are output fol lowing the body of the table as a separate two column table introduced with a line that says Footnotes Each row in the table represent one footnote the first column is the marker the second column is the text Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 11 Text Text in output is printed as a field on a line by itself The TITLE and SUBTI TLE produce similar output prefixed by Title or Subtitle respectively Messages Errors warnings and notes are printed the same way as text Charts Charts are not included in CSV output Successive output items are separated by a blank line Chapter 4 Invoking psppire 12 4 Invoking psppire 4 1 The graphic user interface The PSPPIRE graphic user interface for PSPP can perform all functionality of the command line interface In addition it gives an instantaneous view of the data variables and statistical output The graphic user interface can be started by typing psppire at a command prompt Alternatively many systems have a system of interactive menus or buttons from which psppire can be started by a series of mouse clicks Once the principles of the PSPP system are understood the graphic user interface is designed to be largely intuitive and for this reason is covered only very briefly by this manual Chapter 5
7. It reads an SPSS system or portable file input and writes a copy of it to another output in a different format Synopsis pspp convert options input output pspp convert help pspp convert version The format of input is automatically detected when possible The character encoding of old SPSS system files cannot always be guessed correctly and SPSS PC system files do not include any indication of their encoding Use e encoding to specify the encoding in this case By default the intended format for output is inferred based on its extension p Comma separated value Each value is formatted according to its variable s print format The first line in the file contains variable names sav sys SPSS system file por SPSS portable file Use 0 extension to override the inferred format or to specify the format for unrecog nized extensions The following options are accepted 0 format output format format Specifies the desired output format format must be one of the extensions listed above e g 0 csv requests comma separated value output c maxcases cases maxcases By default all cases are copied from input to output Specifying this option to limit the number of cases written to output to maxcases e charset encoding charset Overrides the encoding in which character strings in input are interpreted l his option is necessary because old SPSS system files and SPSS PC system files do not self identify thei
8. KURT SEKURT SKEW SESKEW FIRST LAST HARMONIC GEOMETRIC DEFAULT ALL NONE MISSING TABLE INCLUDE DEPENDENT You can use the MEANS command to calculate the arithmetic mean and similar statistics either for the dataset as a whole or for categories of data The simplest form of the command is MEANS v which calculates the mean count and standard deviation for v If you specify a grouping variable for example MEANS v BY g Chapter 15 Statistics 140 then the means counts and standard deviations for v after having been grouped by g will be calculated Instead of the mean count and standard deviation you could specify the statistics in which you are interested MEANS x y BY g CELLS HARMONIC SUM MIN This example calculates the harmonic mean the sum and the minimum values of x and y grouped by g The CELLS subcommand specifies which statistics to calculate The available statistics are e MEAN The arithmetic mean e COUNT The count of the values e STDDEV The standard deviation e SEMEAN The standard error of the mean e SUM The sum of the values e MIN The minimum value e MAX The maximum value e RANGE The difference between the maximum and minimum values e VARIANCE The variance e FIRST The first value in the category e LAST The last value in the category e SKEW The skewness e SESKEW The standard error of the skewness e KURT The kurtosis e SEKURT The standard e
9. PRINT GROUP BLANK VALID MISSING The AUTORECODE procedure considers the n values that a variable takes on and maps them onto values 1 n on a new numeric variable Subcommand VARIABLES is the only required subcommand and must come first Specify VARIABLES an equals sign a list of source variables INTO and a list of target variables There must the same number of source and target variables The target variables must not already exist By default increasing values of a source variable for a string this is based on character code comparisons are recoded to increasing values of its target variable To cause increasing values of a source variable to be recoded to decreasing values of its target variable n down to 1 specify DESCENDING PRINT is currently ignored The GROUP subcommand is relevant only if more than one variable is to be recoded It causes a single mapping between source and target values to be used instead of one map per variable If BLANK MISSING is given then string variables which contain only whitespace are recoded as SYSMIS If BLANK VALID is given then they will be allocated a value like any other BLANK is not relevant to numeric values BLANK VALID is the default AUTORECODE is a procedure It causes the data to be read 12 3 COMPUTE COMPUTE variable expression or COMPUTE vector index expression COMPUTE assigns the value of an expression to a target variable Fo
10. The BINOMIAL subcommand compares the observed distribution of a dichotomous vari able with that of a binomial distribution The variable p specifies the test proportion of the binomial distribution The default value of 0 5 is assumed if p is omitted Chapter 15 Statistics 142 If a single value appears after the variable list then that value is used as the threshold to partition the observed values Values less than or equal to the threshold value form the first category Values greater than the threshold form the second category If two values appear after the variable list then they will be used as the values which a variable must take to be in the respective category Cases for which a variable takes a value equal to neither of the specified values take no part in the test for that variable If no values appear then the variable must assume dichotomous values If more than two distinct non missing values for a variable under test are encountered then an error occurs If the test proportion is equal to 0 5 then a two tailed test is reported For any other test proportion a one tailed test is reported For one tailed tests if the test proportion is less than or equal to the observed proportion then the significance of observing the observed proportion or more is reported If the test proportion is more than the observed proportion then the significance of observing the observed proportion or less is reported That is to say the test
11. The following keywords primarily cause information about variables to be displayed With these keywords by default information is displayed about all variable in the active dataset in the order that variables occur in the active dataset dictionary The SORTED keyword causes output to be sorted alphabetically by variable name The VARIABLES sub command limits output to the specified variables NAMES The variables names are displayed INDEX The variables names are displayed along with a value describing their position within the active dataset dictionary LABELS Variable names positions and variable labels are displayed Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 101 VARIABLES Variable names positions print and write formats and missing values are dis played DICTIONARY Variable names positions print and write formats missing values variable labels and value labels are displayed SCRATCH Variable names are displayed for scratch variables only see Section 6 7 5 Scratch Variables page 43 ATTRIBUTES ATTRIBUTES Datafile and variable attributes are displayed The first form of the command omits those attributes whose names begin with or In the second for all datafile and variable attributes are displayed With the VECTOR keyword DISPLAY lists all the currently declared vectors If the SORTED keyword is given the vectors are listed in alphabetical order otherwise they are listed in textual order of definiti
12. The pro cedure is appropriate for data which satisfy those assumptions typical in linear regression e The data set contains n observations of a dependent variable say Y Y and n observations of one or more explanatory variables Let X11 X45 Xj denote the n observations of the first explanatory variable X51 X5 denote the n observations of the second explanatory variable X 4 Xj denote the n observations of the kth explanatory variable e The dependent variable Y has the following relationship to the explanatory variables Y bo 64 X4 b Xy Zi where 5 5 b are unknown coefficients and Z Zn are independent normally distributed noise terms with mean zero and com mon variance The noise or error terms are unobserved This relationship is called the linear model The REGRESSION procedure estimates the coefficients bg 6 and produces output relevant to inferences for the linear model Chapter 15 Statistics 150 15 15 1 Syntax REGRESSION VARIABLES var_list DEPENDENT var_list STATISTICS ALL DEFAULTS R COEFF ANOVA BCOV Cl conf SAVE PRED RESID The REGRESSION procedure reads the active dataset and outputs statistics relevant to the linear model specified by the user The VARIABLES subcommand which is required specifies the list of variables to be analyzed Keyword VARIABLES is required The DEPENDENT subcommand specifies the de pendent variable of the linear mode
13. caa ab o ele eelere EE E Re 45 string formats sleiieterkR IER DET ERI ROG 43 string functiOnB s riri pe 44 RRRNERA PEPTIDE 51 SUPINE S sexcenta aee a iet qu eS ER Y Fas gts 28 strings case Of 51 53 strings concatenation of 51 strings converting from numbers 52 strings converting to numbers 52 strings finding length of 51 strings padding ol 52 strings searching backwards 52 strings taking substrings of 52 strings trimming 0000 51 52 e TEE EE 52 SUDITACHION Ae geese neon rei UR eee EES P bap 46 SUM EE 51 OV esser intret REPRE REN PUDEEDKPE MER ER QUU EHPLES 7 ele EE 45 Stegen teg ete ede be tert 44 DY OMI EE 18 Systemi EE 44 System leg cst BEE che ae e beeen be 15 system variables 00s cess eee ee 34 EEN 47 VS DeSl sniibiiRiewePtreesririeebPStr ssrtiepies 23 Lanpgent ilsn ce sk d e ee gere er I RGan EE RI S Rr 49 termunals 2 2 obese Dentist tod usen du E 45 terminals and nonterminals differences 45 testing for equality 0 0000 47 testing for mecualte 47 text leg eg Ee E deve alee betel SE 85 lte 56 time examination 0 eee eee eee 53 time formats EE 40 time concepis ii cilm 4r l9 nA eee sad p beets 53 time m dag ENEE insa su aaia 53 55 time in BOUTS ono Sen see eg RR FEES 54 55 time in hours minutes seconds 53 time in minutes ve ele rere eus 54 55 time in seconds 94
14. followed by a list of values and their associated labels separated by spaces Value labels in output are normally broken into lines automatically Put n in a label string to force a line break at that point The label may still be broken into lines at additional points Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 106 Before VALUE LABELS is executed any existing value labels are cleared from the variables specified Use ADD VALUE LABELS see Section 11 1 ADD VALUE LABELS page 100 to add value labels without clearing those already present 11 13 STRING STRING var_list fmt spec var _list fmt spec STRING creates new string variables for use in transformations Specify a list of names for the variable you want to create followed by the desired output format specification in parentheses see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 Variable widths are implicitly derived from the specified output formats The created variables will be initialized to spaces If you want to create several variables with distinct output formats you can either use two or more separate STRING commands or you can specify further variable list and format specification pairs each separated from the previous by a slash The following example is one way to create three string variables Two of the variables have format A24 and the other A80 STRING firstname lastname A24 address A80 Here is another way to achieve the
15. for more information Chapter 6 The PSPP language 45 6 10 Backus Naur Form The syntax of some parts of the PSPP language is presented in this manual using the formalism known as Backus Naur Form or BNF The following table describes BNF Words in all uppercase are PSPP keyword tokens In BNF these are often called ter minals There are some special terminals which are written in lowercase for clarity number A real number integer An integer number string A string var name A single variable name etc Operators and punctuators The end of the command This is not necessarily an actual dot in the syntax file See Section 6 2 Commands page 29 for more details Other words in all lowercase refer to BNF definitions called productions These pro ductions are also known as nonterminals Some nonterminals are very common so they are defined here in English for clarity var list A list of one or more variable names or the keyword ALL expression An expression See Chapter 7 Expressions page 46 for details means is defined as The left side of gives the name of the nonterminal being defined The right side of gives the definition of that nonterminal If the right side is empty then one possible expansion of that nonterminal is nothing A BNF definition is called production So the key difference between a terminal and a nonterminal is that a terminal cannot be
16. see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 otherwise the default is F8 2 Variables created with NUMERIC are initialized to the system missing value 11 10 PRINT FORMATS PRINT FORMATS var Hat fmt_spec var_list fmt_spec PRINT FORMATS sets the print formats for the specified variables to the specified format specification Its syntax is identical to that of FORMATS see Section 11 4 FORMATS page 101 but PRINT FORMATS sets only print formats not write formats 11 11 RENAME VARIABLES RENAME VARIABLES old_names new_names RENAME VARIABLES changes the names of variables in the active dataset Specify lists of the old variable names and new variable names separated by an equals sign within parentheses There must be the same number of old and new variable names Each old variable is renamed to the corresponding new variable name Multiple parenthesized groups of variables may be specified RENAME VARIABLES takes effect immediately It does not cause the data to be read RENAME VARIABLES may not be specified following TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEM PORARY page 122 11 12 VALUE LABELS VALUE LABELS var list value label value label VALUE LABELS allows values of numeric and short string variables to be associated with labels In this way a short value can stand for a long value To set up value labels for a set of variables specify the variable names after a slash
17. use transformations such as COMPUTE or RECODE to compute a filter variable of the required form then specify that variable on FILTER FILTER OFF turns off case filtering Filtering takes place immediately before cases pass to a procedure for analysis Only one filter variable may be active at a time Normally case filtering continues until it is explicitly turned off with FILTER OFF However if FILTER is placed after TEMPORARY it filters only the next procedure or procedure like command 13 2 N OF CASES N OF CASES num of cases ESTIMATED N OF CASES limits the number of cases processed by any procedures that follow it in the command stream N OF CASES 100 for example tells PSPP to disregard all cases after the first 100 When N OF CASES is specified after TEMPORARY it affects only the next procedure see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 Otherwise cases beyond the limit specified are not processed by any later procedure If the limit specified on N OF CASES is greater than the number of cases in the active dataset it has no effect When N OF CASES is used along with SAMPLE or SELECT IF the case limit is applied to the cases obtained after sampling or case selection regardless of how N OF CASES is placed relative to SAMPLE or SELECT IF in the command file Thus the commands N OF CASES 100 and SAMPLE 5 will both randomly sample approximately half of the active dataset s cases then select the first 100 of those sampled
18. 1 regardless of the current weighting variable The default format is F7 0 PGT var name value Percentage between 0 and 100 of values greater than the specified constant The default format is F5 1 PIN var name low high Percentage of values within the specified inclusive range of constants The default format is F5 1 PLT var name value Percentage of values less than the specified constant The default format is F5 1 POUT var name low high Percentage of values strictly outside the specified range of constants The de fault format is F5 1 SD var name Standard deviation of the mean Limited to numeric values The default format is F8 2 SUM var name Sum Limited to numeric values The default format is F8 2 Chapter 12 Data transformations 113 Aggregation functions compare string values in terms of internal character codes On most modern computers this is ASCII or a superset thereof The aggregation functions listed above exclude all user missing values from calculations To include user missing values insert a period at the end of the function name e g SUM Be aware that specifying such a function as the last token on a line will cause the period to be interpreted as the end of the command AGGREGATE both ignores and cancels the current SPLIT FILE settings see Section 13 5 SPLIT FILE page 121 12 2 AUTORECODE AUTORECODE VARIABLES src vars INTO dest_vars DESCENDING
19. 55 time instants of ENEE cee eee ete EN EIN 93 time intervals cieli cese rale 53 time lengths of 53 time mathematical properties of 56 DMCS erica caterer d bh Heed eew samen nes 53 times constructing cece eee eee 53 times e EEN 55 184 Ge EE 163 TO convention 00 eee eee ee eee 34 TOKENS cadarn A n AR dE 28 transformation za e ik ENEE ENEE eee asi 16 transformations 0 eee eee eee 30 110 trigonomelfy cies bere beheben 49 troubleshooting cesses 173 pore ET AT truncato siese iresi aed eeP E REA need aged 48 type of variables 00 eese 33 U U Mann Whitney Us 144 unimplemented commande 168 union logical eemper e rer roti e itd AT utility commande 30 V value label eseses resesi ea anien fama EA ov value labels 0 cece eee ee eee ene eee 33 values Boolean 2 cece eee eee eee eens 46 values missing ee eee eee eee 32 33 49 values system missing lselseeeesses AT KE EEN 45 Ver LEE 45 variable EEN 92 variable Jabel 33 variable names ending with period 32 variable role s ccce thi reper em wise 33 Ce CEET EN 14 variables attributes of 32 variables system 0 00 eee eee 34 variables type i i cecus rm rmt 33 variables width 33 KC ol variation coefficient of 50 W WEEK d ts e tertre apes ETE PETERA EEE 56 week Year repere is hake shee eee teed 54 Weekday ei
20. Files SAVE TRANSLATE OUTFILE file_name file handle TYPE CSV REPLACE MISSING IGNORE RECODE DROP var_list KEEP var_list RENAME src names target names UNSELECTED RETAIN DELETE FIELDNAMES CELLS VALUES LABELS TEXTOPTIONS DELIMITER delimiter TEXTOPTIONS QUALIFIER qualifier TEXTOPTIONS DECIMAL DOT COMMA TEXTOPTIONS FORMAT PLAIN VARIABLE The SAVE TRANSLATE command with TYPE CSV or TYPE TAB writes data in a comma or tab separated value format similar to that described by RFC 4180 Each variable becomes one output column and each case becomes one line of output If FIELDNAMES is specified an additional line at the top of the output file lists variable names The CELLS and TEXTOPTIONS FORMAT settings determine how values are written to the output file CELLS VALUES FORMAT PLAIN the default settings Writes variables to the output in plain formats that ignore the details of variable formats Numeric values are written as plain decimal numbers with enough digits to indicate their exact values in machine representation Numeric values include e followed by an exponent if the exponent value would be less than 4 or greater than 16 Dates are written in MM DD YYYY format and times in HH MM SS format WKDAY and MONTH values are written as decimal numbers Numeric values use by default the decimal point character set with SET DECIMAL see SET DECIMAL page 159
21. Roa ee HER PPS E Rhe 145 15 10 13 Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test 145 Ib Il TESTES MER 145 15 11 1 One Sample Mode 146 15 11 2 Independent Samples Mode 146 15 11 38 Paired Samples Mode 146 15 12 ONEWAY ic Re cR IRE eh RR e bees Chass 147 15 13 QUICK CLUSTER en 148 15 14 RANK secteur RERO PC eee eR pe IRR o e ies 148 15 15 REGRESSION ssseszuss heh dh nnn 149 Fer KL SYnBiaXil eren eise cer ee re eta ec eene e 150 15 15 2 Examples i ene rhe EH ee I ERE 150 I5 16 RELIABILITY EE 151 TDA ROG ett BN bre PE e ERE E 151 16 Utilities EE 153 16 1 ADD DOCUMENTT eae 153 16 2 CACHE EE ee 44 asad EE EA AALE 153 16 3 GC EE 153 16 4 COMMENT eege kd putes sete se whe aed Ree nage edd 153 16 5 DOCUMENTT e nee ened 153 16 6 DISPLAY DOCUMENTID 00 c cece eens 154 16 7 DISPLAY FILE LABEL 154 16 8 DROP DOCUMENTS II 154 16 9 ECHO ee lue p ERR bp Une e atus 154 16 11 EXECUTE eet tad dee y hg D Riv bI Es 154 16 12 JEILE LABEL Re rre tete n PI Cites 155 16 13 EEN 155 16 14 HOST RECENTE 155 16 15 INC EE 155 16 16 EE 155 ICH OQUEPUT iie eek EECE XM RR ERES Ue REP x tear RN 156 16 18 DPERMISGIOND ee eees 157 16 19 PRESERVE and RESTORE sees 157 503 0j MOT 157 16 21 SHOW PERSPICI 164 16 22 SUB TEELDB z septi e obo beret heb ODE ERE nores 165 16 23 WEL IE PLA 165 17 Invoking pspp convert ssse 166 18 Invoking pspp dump sav 167 19
22. Time Format Template Example TIME hh MM SS ss 04 31 17 01 DTIME DD HH MM SS ss 00 04 31 17 01 A date is a moment in the past or the future Internally PSPP represents a date as the number of seconds since the epoch midnight Oct 14 1582 The date formats translate between human readable dates and PSPP s numeric representation of dates and times PSPP has several date formats Date Format Template Example DATE dd mmm yyyy 01 0CT 1978 ADATE mm dd yyyy 10 01 1978 EDATE dd mm yyyy 01 10 1978 JDATE yyyyJjj 1978274 SDATE yyyy mm dd 1978 10 01 QYR q Q yyyy 3 Q 1978 MOYR mmm yyyy OCT 1978 WKYR ww WK yyyy 40 WK 1978 DATETIME dd mmm yyyy HH MM SS ss 01 OCT 1978 04 31 17 01 The templates in the preceding tables describe how the time and date formats are input and output dd Day of month from 1 to 31 Always output as two digits mm mmm Month In output mm is output as two digits mmm as the first three letters of an English month name January February In input both of these formats plus Roman numerals are accepted yyyy Year In output DATETIME always produces a 4 digit year other formats can produce a 2 or 4 digit year The century assumed for 2 digit years depends on the EPOCH setting see SET EPOCH page 159 In output a year outside the epoch causes the whole field to be filled with asterisks jjj Day of year Julian day from 1 to 366 This is exactly three digits giving the count of days from th
23. Use DECIMAL DOT or DEC IMAL COMMA to force a particular decimal point character CELLS VALUES FORMAT VARIABLE Writes variables using their print formats Leading and trailing spaces are re moved from numeric values and trailing spaces are removed from string values CELLS LABEL FORMAT PLAIN CELLS LABEL FORMAT VARIABLE Writes value labels where they exist and otherwise writes the values themselves as described above Regardless of CELLS and TEXTOPTIONS FORMAT numeric system missing values are output as a single space Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 93 For TYPE TAB tab characters delimit values For TYPE CSV the TEXTOPTIONS DELIMITER and DECIMAL settings determine the character that separate values within a line If DELIMITER is specified then the specified string separate values If DELIMITER is not specified then the default is a comma with DECIMAL DOT or a semicolon with DECIMAL COMMA If DECIMAL is not given either it is implied by the decimal point character set with SET DECIMAL see SET DECIMAL page 159 The TEXTOPTIONS QUALIFIER setting specifies a character that is output before and after a value that contains the delimiter character or the qualifier character The default is a double quote A qualifier character that appears within a value is doubled 9 8 SYSFILE INFO SYSFILE INFO FILE file name ENCODING encoding SYSFILE INFO reads the dictionary in an SPSS system file SPSS PC syst
24. Using PSPP 13 5 Using PSPP PSPP is a tool for the statistical analysis of sampled data You can use it to discover patterns in the data to explain differences in one subset of data in terms of another subset and to find out whether certain beliefs about the data are justified This chapter does not attempt to introduce the theory behind the statistical analysis but it shows how such analysis can be performed using PSPP For the purposes of this tutorial it is assumed that you are using PSPP in its interactive mode from the command line However the example commands can also be typed into a file and executed in a post hoc mode by typing pspp filename at a shell prompt where filename is the name of the file containing the commands Alternatively from the graphical interface you can select File New Syntax to open a new syntax window and use the Run menu when a syntax fragment is ready to be executed Whichever method you choose the syntax is identical When using the interactive method PSPP tells you that it s waiting for your data with a string like PSPP gt or data gt In the examples of this chapter whenever you see text like this it indicates the prompt displayed by PSPP not something that you should type Throughout this chapter reference is made to a number of sample data files So that you can try the examples for yourself you should have received these files along with your copy of PsPP Please note Normall
25. a De 66 databases cece eee eee e 16 84 Gatasets EE 32 date examination 0 0 c cece eee ee 55 date formats ge Z SSES aed tee Pees 40 date Julian ENEE NEIES ue re e A 57 Gat EE 53 dates concepts 0 cece eee eee eee eee 53 dates constructing eege A Y eere ned 54 dates day of the month 55 dates day of the week 56 dates day of the year 55 dates day month year 0 00 54 dates in EEN 55 dates in hours 55 dates in minutes cece eee eee ee eee 55 dates in months 2 meme ree dE NEIE 55 dates in ouarterg 0 cece eee eee eee 55 dates in seconds 55 dates in weekdays 0 e eee eee 56 dates in wecka 0 cece cece eee eee eee 56 dates 1n EE EELER Eech ee deg 56 dates mathematical properties of 56 dates month year 0 ee eee eee eee 54 dates quarter year 0 cece eee eee eee 54 dates time of day i osi0s coves ee eee 56 dates valid i eoe ml RI 53 dates week wear 54 dates year day cesses 55 day of the month 55 day of the week 56 day of the year cesses eere es e ena 55 dag montbh vear cles 54 e EE 53 55 decimal places 156 description of command syntax 45 deviation standard ol GichlONaLy EE 32 elt e EE 153 el VEER 46 DocBook ee e dE gl SIS one de selene NEE Ee 2 E embedding data in syntax files 66 Embedding data in syntax Dies 64 emb
26. a period as the decimal separator However if you are using a system with a locale which uses the comma as the decimal separator then you should in the subsequent lines substitute with Alternatively you could explicitly tell PsPP that the height variable is to be read using a period as its decimal separator by appending the text DOT8 3 after the word height For more information on data formats see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 e Normally PSPP displays the prompt PSPP gt whenever it s expecting a command How ever when it s expecting data the prompt changes to data so that you know to enter data and not a command e At the end of every command there is a terminating which tells PSPP that the end of a command has been encountered You should not enter when data is expected Chapter 5 Using PSPP 15 ie when the data prompt is current since it is appropriate only for terminating commands 5 1 2 Listing the data Once the data has been entered you could type PSPP gt list format numbered to list the data The optional text format numbered requests the case numbers to be shown along with the data It should show the following output Case forename height 1 Ahmed 188 00 2 Bertram 167 00 3 Catherine 134 23 4 David 109 10 Note that the numeric variable height is displayed to 2 decimal places because the format for that variable is
27. a pre prepared PSPP file 15 5 1 5 Saving data to a PSPP ne 16 5 1 6 Reading data from other source 16 SLT Exiting PSPP cir cde eed tee EE ERR a 16 5 2 Data Screening and Transformation 000 cece eee 16 5 2 1 Identifying incorrect data 16 5 2 2 Dealing with suspicious data 18 5 2 3 Inverting negatively coded variables 0005 19 5 2 4 Testing data consistency cece eee eee eee ee eee 19 5 2 5 Testing for normality 0 00 cece eee eee eee 20 5 3 Hypothesis Testing 0 cece eee teens 23 5 3 1 Testing for differences of means cece eens 23 5 3 2 Linear Regression sess 24 6 The PsPP language sese 28 GT okens eg dite SEENEN EE REC RR ES 28 6 2 Forming commands of tokens eee eee eee eens 29 6 3 Syntax Varlants seme ei tpe ha iet Dee sae ea 30 6 4 Types of Commandes 30 6 5 Order of Commande 31 6 6 Handling missing observations cee eee eee ee ees 32 6 7 Datas tsiccc i 44 ded wid hada ue Ra ad dod bier SES SE 32 6 7 1 Attributes of Variables 0 ccc cece cece eee 32 6 7 2 Variables Automatically Defined by PSPP 34 6 7 3 Lists of variable name 34 6 7 4 Input and Output Fuomatea 0 eee eee eee 34 6 7 4 1 Basic Numeric bommata 0 00 35 6 7 4 2 Custom Currency Formats cece eee od 6 7 4 3 Legacy Numeric Formatsa cece eee eee 38 6 7 4 4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats 39 6 7 4 5
28. aggregation variable receives the results of applying the specified aggregation function to the corresponding source variable The MEAN MEDIAN SD and SUM aggregation functions may only be applied to numeric variables All the rest may be applied to numeric and string variables The available aggregation functions are as follows FGT var name value Fraction of values greater than the specified constant The default format is F5 3 FIN var name low high Fraction of values within the specified inclusive range of constants The default format is F5 3 FLT var name value Fraction of values less than the specified constant The default format is F5 3 FIRST var name First non missing value in break group The aggregation variable receives the complete dictionary information from the source variable The sort performed by AGGREGATE and by SORT CASES is stable so that the first case with partic ular values for the break variables before sorting will also be the first case in that break group after sorting FOUT var name low high Fraction of values strictly outside the specified range of constants The default format is F5 3 LAST var name Last non missing value in break group The aggregation variable receives the complete dictionary information from the source variable The sort performed by AGGREGATE and by SORT CASES is stable so that the last case with partic ular values for the break variables before sorting will
29. and as user defined identifiers such as variable names Numbers are expressed in decimal A decimal point is optional Numbers may be expressed in scientific notation by adding e and a base 10 exponent so that 1 234e3 has the value 1234 Here are some more examples of valid numbers 5 3 14159265359 1e100 707 8945 Negative numbers are expressed with a prefix However in situations where a literal token is expected what appears to be a negative number is treated 6 as followed by a positive number No white space is allowed within a number token except for horizontal white space between and the rest of the number The last example above 8945 will be interpreted as two tokens 8945 and if it is the last token on a line See Section 6 2 Forming commands of tokens page 29 Strings are literal sequences of characters enclosed in pairs of single quotes or double quotes To include the character used for quoting in the string Chapter 6 The PSPP language 29 double it e g it s an apostrophe White space and case of letters are significant inside strings b Strings can be concatenated using so that a b c is equivalent to abc So that a long string may be broken across lines a line break may precede or follow or both precede and follow the However an entirely blank line
30. appearance parameters will have been modified and each new output table generated will use the new parameters Following TABLECELLS SELECT a list of cell classes must appear enclosed in square brackets This list determines the classes of values should be selected for modification Each class can be SIGNIFICANCE Significance of tests p values COUNT Counts or sums of weights The value of fmt_spec must be a valid output format see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 Note that not all possible formats are meaningful for all classes 16 18 PERMISSIONS PERMISSIONS FILE file name PERMISSIONS READONLY WRITEABLE PERMISSIONS changes the permissions of a file There is one mandatory subcommand which specifies the permissions to which the file should be changed If you set a file s permission to READONLY then the file will become unwritable either by you or anyone else on the system If you set the permission to WRITEABLE then the file will become writeable by you the permissions afforded to others will be unchanged This command cannot be used if the SAFER see Section 16 20 SET page 157 setting is active 16 19 PRESERVE and RESTORE PRESERVE RESTORE PRESERVE saves all of the settings that SET see Section 16 20 SET page 157 can adjust A later RESTORE command restores those settings PRESERVE can be nested up to five levels deep 16 20 SET SET data input BLANKS SYSMIS n
31. based on their name When a single input file contains a variable with a given name the output file will contain exactly that variable When more than one input file contains a variable with a given name those variables must all have the same type numeric or string and for string variables the same width Variables are matched after renaming with the RENAME subcommand Thus RENAME can be used to resolve conflicts e The variable label for each output variable is taken from the first specified input file that has a variable label for that variable and similarly for value labels and missing values e The file label of the new active dataset see Section 16 12 FILE LABEL page 155 is that of the first specified FILE that has a file label e The documents in the new active dataset see Section 16 5 DOCUMENT page 153 are the concatenation of all the input files documents in the order in which the FILE subcommands are specified e H all of the input files are weighted on the same variable then the new active dataset is weighted on that variable Otherwise the new active dataset is not weighted The remaining subcommands apply to the output file as a whole rather than to individ ual input files They must be specified at the end of the command specification following all of the FILE and related subcommands The most important of these subcommands is BY which specifies a set of one or more variables that may be used to find corr
32. before When IF is specified following TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 the LAG function may not be used see LAG page 57 12 7 RECODE The RECODE command is used to transform existing values into other user specified values The general form is RECODE src vars src value src_value dest value src value src_value dest value src value src_value dest value INTO dest vars Following the RECODE keyword itself comes src vars which is a list of variables whose values are to be transformed These variables may be string variables or they may be numeric However the list must be homogeneous you may not mix string variables and numeric variables in the same recoding After the list of source variables there should be one or more mappings Each mapping is enclosed in parentheses and contains the source values and a destination value separated by a single The source values are used to specify the values in the dataset which need to Chapter 12 Data transformations 117 change and the destination value specifies the new value to which they should be changed Each src_value may take one of the following forms number If the source variables are numeric then src_value may be a literal number string If the source variables are string variables then src_value may be a literal string like all strings enclosed in single or double quotes num THRU num2 This form is v
33. broken into smaller parts in fact every terminal is a single token see Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 On the other hand nonterminals are composed of a possibly empty sequence of terminals and nonterminals Thus terminals indicate the deepest level of syntax description In parsing theory terminals are the leaves of the parse tree nonterminals form the branches The first nonterminal defined in a set of productions is called the start symbol The start symbol defines the entire syntax for that command Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 46 7 Mathematical Expressions Expressions share a common syntax each place they appear in PSPP commands Expressions are made up of operands which can be numbers strings or variable names separated by operators There are five types of operators grouping arithmetic logical relational and functions Every operator takes one or more operands as input and yields exactly one result as output Depending on the operator operands accept strings or numbers as operands With few exceptions operands may be full fledged expressions in themselves 7 1 Boolean Values Some PSPP operators and expressions work with Boolean values which represent true false conditions Booleans have only three possible values 0 false 1 true and system missing unknown System missing is neither true nor false and indicates that the true value is unknown Boolean typed operands or function arguments must take
34. compensation in exchange for copies If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3 You may also lend copies under the same conditions stated above and you may publicly display copies 3 COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies or copies in media that commonly have printed covers of the Document numbering more than 100 and the Document s license notice requires Cover Texts you must enclose the copies in covers that carry clearly and legibly all these Cover Texts Front Cover Texts on the front cover and Back Cover Texts on the back cover Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible You may add other material on the covers in addition Copying with changes limited to the covers as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly you should put the first ones listed as many as fit reasonably on the actual cover and continue the rest onto adjacent pages If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100 you must either include a machine readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer n
35. defines two variables forename and height and reads data into them by manual input PSPP gt data list list forename A12 height PSPP gt begin data data gt Ahmed 188 data gt Bertram 167 data gt Catherine 134 231 data gt David 109 1 data gt end data PSPP gt Example 5 1 Manual entry of data using the DATA LIST command Two variables forename and height are defined and subsequently filled with manually entered data There are several things to note about this example e The words data list list are an example of the DATA LIST command See Section 8 5 DATA LIST page 66 It tells PSPP to prepare for reading data The word list intentionally appears twice The first occurrence is part of the DATA LIST call whilst the second tells PsPP that the data is to be read as free format data with one record per line e The character is important It marks the start of the list of variables which you wish to define e The text forename is the name of the first variable and A12 says that the variable forename is a string variable and that its maximum length is 12 bytes The second variable s name is specified by the text height Since no format is given this variable has the default format Normally the default format expects numeric data which should be entered in the locale of the operating system Thus the example is correct for English locales and other locales which use
36. distribution 15 10 4 Friedman Test FRIEDMAN var_list The Friedman test is used to test for differences between repeated measures when there is no indication that the distributions are normally distributed A list of variables which contain the measured data must be given The procedure prints the sum of ranks for each variable the test statistic and its significance Chapter 15 Statistics 143 15 10 5 Kendall s W Test KENDALL var bet The Kendall test investigates whether an arbitrary number of related samples come from the same population It is identical to the Friedman test except that the additional statistic W Kendall s Coefficient of Concordance is printed It has the range 0 1 a value of zero indicates no agreement between the samples whereas a value of unity indicates complete agreement 15 10 6 Kolmogorov Smirnov Test KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV NORMAL mu sigma UNIFORM min max POIS SON lambda EXPONENTIAL scale var Jet The one sample Kolmogorov Smirnov subcommand is used to test whether or not a dataset is drawn from a particular distribution Four distributions are supported viz Normal Uniform Poisson and Exponential Ideally you should provide the parameters of the distribution against which you wish to test the data For example with the normal distribution the mean mu and standard deviation sigma should be given with the uniform distribution the minimum min and maximu
37. distribution takes an additional parameter lambda Constraints dfl 0 df2 gt 0 lambda gt 0 x gt 0 0 lt p lt I PDF GAMMA x a b Function CDF GAMMA x a b Function IDF GAMMA p a b Function RV GAMMA a b Function Gamma distribution with shape parameter a and scale parameter b Constraints a gt 0 b gt 0 x gt 0 0 lt p lt l PDF LANDAU x Function RV LANDAU Function Landau distribution Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 60 PDF LAPLACE x a b Function CDF LAPLACE x a b Function IDF LAPLACE p a b Function RV LAPLACE a b Function Laplace distribution with location parameter a and scale parameter b Constraints b 0 0 p l RV LEVY c alpha Function Levy symmetric alpha stable distribution with scale c and exponent alpha Con straints 0 lt alpha lt 2 RV LVSKEW c alpha beta Function Levy skew alpha stable distribution with scale c exponent alpha and skewness pa rameter beta Constraints 0 lt alpha lt 2 1 lt beta lt 1 PDF LOGISTIC x a b Function CDF LOGISTIC x a b Function IDF LOGISTIC p a b Function RV LOGISTIC a b Function Logistic distribution with location parameter a and scale parameter b Constraints b 0 0 p l PDF LNORMAL x a b Function CDF LNORMAL x a b Function IDF LNORMAL p a b Function RV LNORMAL a b Function Lognormal distribution with parameters a and b Constr
38. excluded If VARIABLE is set then missing values are excluded on a variable by variable basis if LISTWISE is set then the entire case is excluded whenever any value in that case has a system missing or if INCLUDE is set user missing value The FORMAT subcommand affects the output format Currently the LABELS NOLABELS and NOINDEX INDEX settings are not used When SERIAL is set both valid and missing number of cases are listed in the output when NOSERIAL is set only valid cases are listed The SAVE subcommand causes DESCRIPTIVES to calculate Z scores for all the specified variables The Z scores are saved to new variables Variable names are generated by trying first the original variable name with Z prepended and truncated to a maximum of 8 characters then the names ZSC000 through ZSC999 STDZ00 through STDZ09 ZZZZ00 through ZZZZ09 ZQZQ00 through ZQZQ09 in that sequence In addition Z score variable names can be specified explicitly on VARIABLES in the variable list by enclosing them in parentheses after each variable When Z scores are calculated PSPP ignores TEMPORARY treating temporary transformations as permanent The STATISTICS subcommand specifies the statistics to be displayed ALL All of the statistics below MEAN Arithmetic mean SEMEAN Standard error of the mean STDDEV Standard deviation Chapter 15 Statistics 128 VARIANCE Variance KURTOSIS Kurtosis and standard error of the kurtosis SKEWNESS Skewness and standar
39. files Most of these commands replace any previous data or variables with new data or variables At least one file definition command must appear before the first command in any of the categories below See Chapter 8 Data Input and Output page 64 Input program commands Though rarely used these provide tools for reading data files in arbitrary textual or binary formats See Section 8 9 INPUT PROGRAM page 73 Transformations Perform operations on data and write data to output files Transformations are not carried out until a procedure is executed Restricted transformations Transformations that cannot appear in certain contexts See Section 6 5 Order of Commands page 31 for details Chapter 6 The PSPP language 31 Procedures Analyze data writing results of analyses to the listing file Cause transforma tions specified earlier in the file to be performed In a more general sense a procedure is any command that causes the active dataset the data to be read 6 5 Order of Commands PSPP does not place many restrictions on ordering of commands The main restriction is that variables must be defined before they are otherwise referenced This section describes the details of command ordering but most users will have no need to refer to them PSPP possesses five internal states called initial input program file type transformation and procedure states Please note the distinction between the INPUT PROGRAM and FILE TYPE co
40. free documentation a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does But this License is not limited to software manuals it can be used for any textual work regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work in any medium that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License Such a notice grants a world wide royalty free license unlimited in duration to use that work under the conditions stated herein The Document below refers to any such manual or work Any member of the public is a licensee and is addressed as you You accept the license if you copy modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law A Modified Version of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it either copied verbatim or with modifications and or translated into another language A Secondary Section is a named appendix or a front matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document s overall subject or to related matters and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject Thus i
41. in set do not cause NAME to return system missing 7 7 6 Statistical Functions Statistical functions compute descriptive statistics on a list of values Some statistics can be computed on numeric or string values other can only be computed on numeric values Their results have the same type as their arguments The current case s weighting factor see Section 13 7 WEIGHT page 123 has no effect on statistical functions These functions argument lists may include entire ranges of variables using the var1 TO var2 syntax Unlike most functions statistical functions can return non missing values even when some of their arguments are missing Most statistical functions by default require only 1 non missing value to have a non missing return but NAME NAME and NAME require 2 These defaults can be increased but not decreased by appending a dot and the minimum number of valid arguments to the function name For example MEAN 3 X Y Z would only return non missing if all of X Y and Z were valid CFVAR number number Function Results in the coefficient of variation of the values of number The coefficient of variation is the standard deviation divided by the mean MAX value value Function Results in the value of the greatest value The values may be numeric or string MEAN number number Function Results in the mean of the values of number MIN number number Func
42. is a PSPP extension ARSIN number Function ASIN number Function Takes the arcsine in radians of number Results in system missing if number is not between 1 and 1 inclusive ARTAN number Function ATAN number Function Takes the arctangent in radians of number COS angle Function Takes the cosine of angle which should be in radians SIN angle Function Takes the sine of angle which should be in radians TAN angle Function Takes the tangent of angle which should be in radians Results in system missing at values of angle that are too close to odd multiples of 7 2 Portability none 7 7 4 Missing Value Functions Missing value functions take various numeric arguments and yield various types of results Except where otherwise stated below the normal rules of evaluation apply within expression arguments to these functions In particular user missing values for numeric variables are converted to system missing values MISSING expr Function Returns 1 if expr has the system missing value 0 otherwise NMISS expr expr Function Each argument must be a numeric expression Returns the number of system missing values in the list which may include variable ranges using the var1 TO var2 syntax NVALID expr expr Function Each argument must be a numeric expression Returns the number of values in the list that are not system missing The list may include variable ranges using the var1 TO
43. is a seemingly bizarre height for an adult person We can examine the data in more detail with the EXAMINE command see Section 15 3 EXAMINE page 130 In Example 5 3 you can see that the lowest value of height is 179 which we suspect to be erroneous but the second lowest is 1598 which we know from the DESCRIPTIVES command is within 1 standard deviation from the mean Similarly the weight variable has a lowest value which is negative but a plausible value for the second lowest value This suggests that the two extreme values are outliers and probably represent data entry errors Chapter 5 Using PSPP 18 continue from Example 5 2 PSPP gt examine height weight statistics extreme 3 Output a aana Case Number Value H 2 2 2 2 l 2 2 2 22 f 2 jjB2 4 Height in millimetres Highest 1 14 1903 00 2 15 1884 00 3 12 1801 65 0 A25 d 29 gpe Lowest 1 30 179 00 2 31 1598 00 3 28 1601 00 Ho ASRS d sa aa Weight in kilograms Highest 1 13 92 074 2 5 92 07 3 17 91 744 C SSE dc aa Lowest 1 38 55 60 2 39 54 48 3 33 55 454 a aaa ana z Example 5 3 Using the EXAMINE command to see the extremities of the data for different variables Cases 30 and 38 seem to contain values very much lower than the rest of the data They are possibly erroneous 5 2 2 Dealing with suspicious data I
44. is always performed in the observed direction PSPP uses a very precise approximation to the gamma function to compute the binomial significance Thus exact results are reported even for very large sample sizes 15 10 2 Chisquare Test CHISQUARE var list lo hi EXPECTED EQUALIf1 f2 fn The CHISQUARE subcommand produces a chi square statistic for the differences between the expected and observed frequencies of the categories of a variable Optionally a range of values may appear after the variable list If a range is given then non integer values are truncated and values outside the specified range are excluded from the analysis The EXPECTED subcommand specifies the expected values of each category There must be exactly one non zero expected value for each observed category or the EQUAL keyword must be specified You may use the notation n f to specify n consecutive expected categories all taking a frequency of f The frequencies given are proportions not absolute frequencies The sum of the frequencies need not be 1 If no EXPECTED subcommand is given then then equal frequencies are expected 15 10 3 Cochran Q Test COCHRAN var list The Cochran Q test is used to test for differences between three or more groups The data for var list in all cases must assume exactly two distinct values other than missing values The value of Q will be displayed and its Asymptotic significance based on a chi square
45. is currently ignored The CELLS subcommand controls the contents of each cell in the displayed crosstabula tion table The possible settings are COUNT Frequency count ROW Row percent COLUMN Column percent TOTAL Table percent EXPECTED Expected value RESIDUAL Residual SRESIDUAL Standardized residual ASRESIDUAL Adjusted standardized residual ALL All of the above NONE Suppress cells entirely CELLS without any settings specified requests COUNT ROW COLUMN and TOTAL If CELLS is not specified at all then only COUNT will be selected The STATISTICS subcommand selects statistics for computation CHISQ Pearson chi square likelihood ratio Fisher s exact test continuity correction linear by linear association PHI Phi CC Contingency coefficient LAMBDA Lambda UC Uncertainty coefficient BTAU Tau b CTAU Tau c RISK Risk estimate GAMMA Gamma D Somers D KAPPA Cohen s Kappa ETA Eta CORR Spearman correlation Pearson s r Chapter 15 Statistics 136 ALL All of the above NONE No statistics Selected statistics are only calculated when appropriate for the statistic Certain statis tics require tables of a particular size and some statistics are calculated only in integer mode STATISTICS without any settings selects CHISQ If the STATISTICS subcommand is not given no statistics are calculated The BARCHART subcommand produces a clustered bar chart fo
46. jag enbe dee eae APPLY DIGTIONARY escher eves ee Sh at AUTO RECUDE m ele eat oe os RM E AER B BEGIN WAT NEE IER RE EE CHISQUARE iis 1niisisete ebe EA E GO CHAM s t t doers Sasso ee beer eee COMMENT ie ini e ogccta ut eee ea qr waa es D DATA GIST iiu elle el A DATA LIST FIXED nene nbl mers DATA LIST FREE eng die Eeer sae ES DATA BIST TiS Toe ot eee Ree anus DATAFILE AITRIBUTE Eee tes DATASETS EE DATASET ACTIVATE ennreic ge Penton DATASET GL SE e EEN REEL DATASET C BY 2 ede Ree He ER eR DATASET DECLARE vsco c 00 a9 eu A e hacia DATASET DISPLAY bd fec sie EA AE A DATASET NAME met dae erereemeei eae be DELETE VARIABLES e R sed os eas reeche d Ak DESORIPTIVES ebe e eebe d 178 E ECHO e eese essere lens 154 EE 70 END nun 64 EE 70 FAE 154 EE 130 po 154 EE 82 F FACTOR a one ege 136 FILE HANDLE isse ees 70 PILETABER I cceesovagesvesdueeeeseasasiueds 155 EE eege eege 120 ENEE been ege 155 EES 115 EE 101 FREQUENCIES cse 128 FRIEDMAN Lei esepreces er bad sec PPreni kb E es 142 BB s E DM LM D 15 82 GET DATE geed deed Seel dva peas 83 EE 132 H HOST EE 155 I mp 116 SEENEN 89 mem 155 INPUT PROGRAM eee 73 meer 155 K EEN 143 Ee 143 KENDALL nanunua oaaao oraaa 143 KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV ense 143 KRUSKAL WALLIS EEN 143 L EEN 101 EE T 15 76 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 00 000eeeeeee 138 Chapter 22 Command Index MANN WHLINEY EE MATCH FILE
47. language 43 The system missing value is output as a period at the right end of the field 6 7 4 6 Date Component Formats The WKDAY and MONTH formats provide input and output for the names of weekdays and months respectively On output these formats convert a number between 1 and 7 for WKDAY or between 1 and 12 for MONTH into the English name of a day or month respectively If the name is longer than the field it is trimmed to fit If the name is shorter than the field it is padded on the right with spaces Values outside the valid range and the system missing value are output as all spaces On input English weekday or month names in uppercase or lowercase are converted back to their corresponding numbers Weekday and month names may be abbreviated to their first 2 or 3 letters respectively The field width may range from 2 to 40 for WKDAY or from 3 to 40 for MONTH No decimal places are allowed The default output format is the same as the input format 6 7 4 7 String Formats The A and AHEX formats are the only ones that may be assigned to string variables Neither format allows any decimal places In A format the entire field is treated as a string value The field width may range from 1 to 32 767 the maximum string width The default output format is the same as the input format In AHEX format the field is composed of characters in a string encoded as hex digit pairs On output hex digits are output in upperc
48. lt 0 or if end lt start and incr gt 0 then the loop is never executed index_var is nevertheless set to the value of start Modifying index_var within the loop is allowed but it has no effect on the value of index_var in the next iteration Chapter 14 Conditional and Looping Constructs 126 Specify a boolean expression for the condition on LOOP to cause the loop to be executed only if the condition is true If the condition is false or missing before the loop contents are executed the first time the loop contents are not executed at all If index and condition clauses are both present on LOOP the index variable is always set before the condition is evaluated Thus a condition that makes use of the index variable will always see the index value to be used in the next execution of the body Specify a boolean expression for the condition on END LOOP to cause the loop to terminate if the condition is true after the enclosed code block is executed The condition is evaluated at the end of the loop not at the beginning so that the body of a loop with only a condition on END LOOP will always execute at least once If neither the index clause nor either condition clause is present then the loop is executed max_loops see Section 16 20 SET page 157 times The default value of max_loops is 40 BREAK also terminates LOOP execution see Section 14 1 BREAK page 124 Loop index variables are by default reset to system missing from one c
49. num or range string ALL num or range takes one of the following forms number mum TO num2 Chapter 14 Conditional and Looping Constructs 125 DO REPEAT repeats a block of code textually substituting different variables numbers or strings into the block with each repetition Specify a dummy variable name followed by an equals sign and the list of replace ments Replacements can be a list of existing or new variables numbers strings or ALL to specify all existing variables When numbers are specified runs of increasing integers may be indicated as num1 TO num2 so that 1 TO 5 is short for 12345 Multiple dummy variables can be specified Each variable must have the same number of replacements The code within DO REPEAT is repeated as many times as there are replacements for each variable The first time the first value for each dummy variable is substituted the second time the second value for each dummy variable is substituted and so on Dummy variable substitutions work like macros They take place anywhere in a line that the dummy variable name occurs This includes command and subcommand names so command and subcommand names that appear in the code block should not be used as dummy variable identifiers Dummy variable substitutions do not occur inside quoted strings comments unquoted strings such as the text on the TITLE or DOCUMENT command or inside BEGIN DATA END DATA Subst
50. on one of these three values Other values are considered false but provoke a warning when the expression is evaluated Strings and Booleans are not compatible and neither may be used in place of the other 7 2 Missing Values in Expressions Most numeric operators yield system missing when given any system missing operand A string operator given any system missing operand typically results in the empty string Exceptions are listed under particular operator descriptions String user missing values are not treated specially in expressions User missing values for numeric variables are always transformed into the system missing value except inside the arguments to the VALUE and SYSMIS functions The missing value functions can be used to precisely control how missing values are treated in expressions See Section 7 7 4 Missing Value Functions page 49 for more details 7 3 Grouping Operators Parentheses are the grouping operators Surround an expression with parentheses to force early evaluation Parentheses also surround the arguments to functions but in that situation they act as punctuators not as operators 7 4 Arithmetic Operators The arithmetic operators take numeric operands and produce numeric results a b Yields the sum of a and b a b Subtracts b from a and yields the difference a b Yields the product of a and b If either a or b is 0 then the result is 0 even if the other operand is missing C
51. one year to Jan 1 the next year is considered to be a full year but Feb 29 of a leap year to the following Feb 28 is not Similarly one month spans from a given day of the month to the same day of the following month Thus there is never a full month from Jan 31 of a given year to any day in the following February DATESUM date quantity unit method Function Returns date advanced by the given quantity of the specified unit which must be one of the strings years quarters months weeks days hours minutes and seconds When unit is years quarters or months only the integer part of quantity is considered Adding one of these units can cause the day of the month to exceed the number of days in the month In this case the method comes into play if it is omitted or specified as closest as a quoted string then the resulting day is the Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 57 last day of the month otherwise if it is specified as rollover then the extra days roll over into the following month When unit is weeks days hours minutes or seconds the quantity is not rounded to an integer and method if specified is ignored 7 7 9 Miscellaneous Functions LAG variable ali Function variable must be a numeric or string variable name LAG yields the value of that variable for the case n before the current one Resu
52. optional The format of each variable is determined by the format of the spreadsheet cell containing the first datum for the variable If this cell is of string text format then the width of the variable is determined from the length of the string it contains unless the ASSUMEDSTRWIDTH subcommand is given The SHEET subcommand specifies the sheet within the spreadsheet file to read There are two forms of the SHEET subcommand In the first form SHEET name sheet_name the string sheet_name is the name of the sheet to read In the second form SHEET index idx idx is a integer which is the index of the sheet to read The first sheet has the index 1 If the SHEET subcommand is omitted then the command will read the first sheet in the file The CELLRANGE subcommand specifies the range of cells within the sheet to read If the subcommand is given as CELLRANGE FULL then the entire sheet is read To read only part of a sheet use the form CELLRANGE range top_left_cell bottom_right_cell For example the subcommand CELLRANGE range C3 P19 reads columns C P and rows 3 19 inclusive If no CELLRANGE subcommand is given then the entire sheet is read If READNAMES ON is specified then the contents of cells of the first row are used as the names of the variables in which to store the data from subsequent rows This is the default If READNAMES OFF is used then the variables receive automatically assigned names The ASSUMEDSTRWIDTH
53. page 120 It ignores TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 so that temporary transformations become permanent 12 6 IF IF condition variable expression or IF condition vector index expression The IF transformation conditionally assigns the value of a target expression to a target variable based on the truth of a test expression Specify a boolean valued expression see Chapter 7 Expressions page 46 to be tested following the IF keyword This expression is evaluated for each case If the value is true then the value of the expression is computed and assigned to the specified variable If the value is false or missing nothing is done Numeric and string variables may be assigned When a string expression s width differs from the target variable s width the string result of the expression is truncated or padded with spaces on the right as necessary The expression and variable types must match The target variable may be specified as an element of a vector see Section 11 20 VEC TOR page 109 In this case a vector index expression must be specified in parentheses following the vector name The index expression must evaluate to a numeric value that after rounding down to the nearest integer is a valid index for the named vector Using IF to assign to a variable specified on LEAVE see Section 11 5 LEAVE page 101 resets the variable s left state Therefore LEAVE should be specified following IF not
54. preceding or following the is interpreted as ending the current command Strings may also be expressed as hexadecimal character values by prefixing the initial quote character by x or X Regardless of the syntax file or ac tive dataset s encoding the hexadecimal digits in the string are interpreted as Unicode characters in UTF 8 encoding Individual Unicode code points may also be expressed by specifying the hex adecimal code point number in single or double quotes preceded by u or V For example Unicode code point U 1D11E the musical G clef character could be expressed as U 1D11E Invalid Unicode code points above U 10FFFF or in between U D800 and U DFFF are not allowed When strings are concatenated with each segment s prefix is considered individually For example The G clef symbol is u 1di1e inserts a G clef symbol in the middle of an otherwise plain text string Punctuators and Operators These tokens are the punctuators and operators pg eq xec fo o m o E Most of these appear within the syntax of commands but the period punctuator is used only at the end of a command It is a punctuator only as the last character on a line except white space When it is the last non space character on a line a period is not treated as part of another token even if it would otherwise be part of e g an identifier or a floating point number 6 2 Forming commands
55. room for a negative sign The output field width is capped at 40 columns Chapter 6 The PsPP language 39 N Format The N format supports input and output of fields that contain only digits On input leading or trailing spaces a decimal point or any other non digit character causes the field to be read as the system missing value As a special exception an N format used on DATA LIST FREE or DATA LIST LIST is treated as the equivalent F format On output N pads the field on the left with zeros Negative numbers are output like the system missing value Z Format The Z format is a zoned decimal format used on IBM mainframes Z format encodes the sign as part of the final digit which must be one of the following 0123456789 ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQR where the characters in each row represent digits 0 through 9 in order Characters in the first two rows indicate a positive sign those in the third indicate a negative sign On output Z fields are padded on the left with spaces On input leading and trailing spaces are ignored Any character in an input field other than spaces the digit characters above and causes the field to be read as system missing The decimal point character for input and output is always even if the decimal point character is a comma see SET DECIMAL page 159 Nonzero negative values output in Z format are marked as negative even when no nonzero digits are output For example 0
56. same result STRING firstname lastname A24 STRING address A80 and here is yet another way STRING firstname A24 STRING lastname A242 STRING address A80 11 14 VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE VARIABLES var list ATTRIBUTE name value name value ATTRIBUTE name index value name index value DELETE name name DELETE namelindex name index VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE adds modifies or removes user defined attributes associated with variables in the active dataset Custom variable attributes are not interpreted by PSPP but they are saved as part of system files and may be used by other software that reads them The required VARIABLES subcommand must come first Specify the variables to which the following ATTRIBUTE or DELETE subcommand should apply Use the ATTRIBUTE subcommand to add or modify custom variable attributes Specify the name of the attribute as an identifier see Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 followed by the desired value in parentheses as a quoted string The specified attributes are then added or modified in the variables specified on VARIABLES Attribute names that begin with are reserved for PSPP s internal use and attribute names that begin with 9 or 0 are not Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 107 displayed by most PSPP commands that display other attributes Other attribute names are not treated specially Attributes may also be organized into array
57. series of short chunks called tokens Tokens are then grouped to form commands each of which tells PSPP to take some action read in data write out data perform a statistical procedure etc Each type of token is described below Identifiers Identifiers are names that typically specify variables commands or subcom Keywords Numbers Strings mands The first character in an identifier must be a letter or The remaining characters in the identifier must be letters digits or one of the fol lowing special characters _ Identifiers may be any length but only the first 64 bytes are significant Iden tifiers are not case sensitive foobar Foobar FooBar FOOBAR and FoObaR are different representations of the same identifier Some identifiers are reserved Reserved identifiers may not be used in any con text besides those explicitly described in this manual The reserved identifiers are ALL AND BY EQ GE GT LE LT NE NOT OR TO WITH Keywords are a subclass of identifiers that form a fixed part of command syntax For example command and subcommand names are keywords Keywords may be abbreviated to their first 3 characters if this abbreviation is unambiguous Unique abbreviations of 3 or more characters are also accepted FRE FREQ and FREQUENCIES are equivalent when the last is a keyword Reserved identifiers are always used as keywords Other identifiers may be used both as keywords
58. sorted in ascending order To override sort order specify D or DOWN after a list of variables to get descending order or A or UP for ascending order These apply to all the listed variables up until the preceding A D CUP or DOWN The sort algorithms used by SORT CASES are stable That is records that have equal values of the sort variables will have the same relative order before and after sorting As a special case re sorting an already sorted file will not affect the ordering of cases SORT CASES is a procedure It causes the data to be read SORT CASES attempts to sort the entire active dataset in main memory If workspace is exhausted it falls back to a merge sort algorithm that involves creates numerous temporary files SORT CASES may not be specified following TEMPORARY Chapter 13 Selecting data for analysis 120 13 Selecting data for analysis This chapter documents PSPP commands that temporarily or permanently select data records from the active dataset for analysis 13 1 FILTER FILTER BY var_name FILTER OFF FILTER allows a boolean valued variable to be used to select cases from the data stream for processing To set up filtering specify BY and a variable name Keyword BY is optional but rec ommended Cases which have a zero or system or user missing value are excluded from analysis but not deleted from the data stream Cases with other values are analyzed To filter based on a different condition
59. spaces Other types of white space are not removed RTRIM string padding Function Returns string after removing trailing padding characters If padding does not con tain exactly one character returns an empty string STRING number format Function Returns a string corresponding to number in the format given by format specifier format For example STRING 123 56 F5 1 has the value 123 6 SUBSTR string start Function Returns a string consisting of the value of string from position start onward Returns an empty string if start is system missing less than 1 or greater than the length of string Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 53 SUBSTR string start count Function Returns a string consisting of the first count characters from string beginning at position start Returns an empty string if start or count is system missing if start is less than 1 or greater than the number of characters in string or if count is less than 1 Returns a string shorter than count characters if start count 1 is greater than the number of characters in string Examples SUBSTR abcdefg 3 2 has value cd SUBSTR nonsense 4 10 has the value sense UPCASE string Function Returns string changing lowercase letters to uppercase letters 7 7 8 Time amp Date Functions For compatibility PSPP considers dates before 15 Oct 1582 invalid Most time and date functions will not accept earlier dates 7 7 8 1 How times a
60. specified The first FILE subcommand names the master file and the rest name transaction files Every input file must either be sorted on the variables named on the BY subcommand or the SORT subcommand must be used just after the FILE subcommand for that input file UPDATE uses the variables specified on the BY subcommand which is required to attempt to match each case in a transaction file with a case in the master file e When a match is found then the values of the variables present in the transaction file replace those variables values in the new active file If there are matching cases in more than more transaction file PSPP applies the replacements from the first transaction file then from the second transaction file and so on Similarly if a single transaction file has cases with duplicate BY values then those are applied in order to the master file When a variable in a transaction file has a missing value or when a string variable s value is all blanks that value is never used to update the master file e Ifa casein the master file has no matching case in any transaction file then it is copied unchanged to the output e Ifa case in a transaction file has no matching case in the master file then it causes a new case to be added to the output initialized from the values in the transaction file Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 100 11 Manipulating variables The variables in the active dataset dictionary are importan
61. subcommand specifies the maximum width of string variables read from the file If omitted the default value is determined from the length of the string in the first spreadsheet cell for each variable 9 4 2 Postgres Database Queries GET DATA TYPE PSQL CONNECT connection info SQL query ASSUMEDSTRWIDTH w UNENCRYPTED BSIZE n The PSQL type is used to import data from a postgres database server The server may be located locally or remotely Variables are automatically created based on the table col umn names or the names specified in the SQL query Postgres data types of high precision will loose precision when imported into PSPP Not all the postgres data types are able to Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 85 be represented in PSPP If a datum cannot be represented a warning will be issued and that datum will be set to SYSMIS The CONNECT subcommand is mandatory It is a string specifying the parameters of the database server from which the data should be fetched The format of the string is given in the postgres manual http www postgresql org docs 8 0 static libpq html LIBPQ CONNECT The SQL subcommand is mandatory It must be a valid SQL string to retrieve data from the database The ASSUMEDSTRWIDTH subcommand specifies the maximum width of string variables read from the database If omitted the default value is determined from the length of the string in the first value read for each variable The U
62. the VARIABLES subcommand selects variables to be transformed into cases and variables not specified are discarded If the VARIABLES subcommand is omitted all variables are selected for transposition The variables specified by NEWNAMES which must be a string variable is used to give names to the variables created by FLIP Only the first 8 characters of the variable are used If NEWNAMES is not specified then the default is a variable named CASE LBL if it exists If it does not then the variables created by FLIP are named VAR000 through VAR999 then VAR1000 VAR1001 and so on When a NEWNAMES variable is available the names must be canonicalized before becoming variable names Invalid characters are replaced by letter V in the first position or by _ in subsequent positions If the name thus generated is not unique then numeric extensions are added starting with 1 until a unique name is found or there are no remaining possibilities If the latter occurs then the FLIP operation aborts The resultant dictionary contains a CASE_LBL variable a string variable of width 8 which stores the names of the variables in the dictionary before the transposition Vari Chapter 12 Data transformations 116 ables names longer than 8 characters are truncated If the active dataset is subsequently transposed using FLIP this variable can be used to recreate the original variable names FLIP honors N OF CASES see Section 13 2 N OF CASES
63. the device as configured by the SET command s output routing subcommands see Section 16 20 SET page 157 By default output written to standard output is considered a terminal device and other output is considered a listing device no output Disables output entirely if neither o nor 0 is also used If one of those options is used no output has no effect e error file error file error file Configures a file to receive PSPP error warning and note messages in plain text format Use as error file to write messages to standard output The default error file is standard output in the absence of these options but this is suppressed if an output device writes to standard output or another terminal to avoid printing every message twice Use none as error file to explicitly suppress the default I dir include dir Appends dir to the set of directories searched by the INCLUDE see Section 16 15 INCLUDE page 155 and INSERT see Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 commands I no include Clears all directories from the include path including directories inserted in the include path by default The default include path is the current direc tory followed by pspp in the user s home directory followed by PSPP s system configuration directory usually etc pspp or usr local etc pspp Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 6 b batch i interactive These options forces syntax files to be interpreted in batc
64. to be excluded from the analysis A setting of INCLUDE means they are to be included The default is EXCLUDE Using the POSTHOC subcommand you can perform multiple pairwise comparisons on the data The following comparison methods are available e LSD Least Significant Difference e TUKEY Tukey Honestly Significant Difference e BONFERRONI Bonferroni test Chapter 15 Statistics 148 e SCHEFFE Scheff s test e SIDAK Sidak test e GH The Games Howell test The optional syntax ALPHA value is used to indicate that value should be used as the confidence level for which the posthoc tests will be performed The default is 0 05 15 13 QUICK CLUSTER QUICK CLUSTER var list CRITERIA CLUSTERS k MXITER max iter MISSING EXCLUDE INCLUDE LISTWISE PAIRWISE The QUICK CLUSTER command performs k means clustering on the dataset This is useful when you wish to allocate cases into clusters of similar values and you already know the number of clusters The minimum specification is QUICK CLUSTER followed by the names of the variables which contain the cluster data Normally you will also want to specify CRITERIA CLUSTERS k where k is the number of clusters If this is not given then k defaults to 2 The command uses an iterative algorithm to determine the clusters for each case It will continue iterating until convergence or until max_iter iterations have been done The default value of max_iter is 2 The MISSING s
65. various graphical representations of the frequency distribution Chapter 15 Statistics 129 The VARIABLES subcommand is the only required subcommand Specify the variables to be analyzed The FORMAT subcommand controls the output format It has several possible settings TABLE the default causes a frequency table to be output for every variable specified NOTABLE prevents them from being output LIMIT with a numeric argument causes them to be output except when there are more than the specified number of values in the table Normally frequency tables are sorted in ascending order by value This is AVALUE DVALUE tables are sorted in descending order by value AFREQ and DFREQ tables are sorted in ascending and descending order respectively by frequency count The MISSING subcommand controls the handling of user missing values When EXCLUDE the default is set user missing values are not included in frequency tables or statistics When INCLUDE is set user missing are included System missing values are never included in statistics but are listed in frequency tables The available STATISTICS are the same as available in DESCRIPTIVES see Section 15 1 DESCRIPTIVES page 127 with the addition of MEDIAN the data s median value and MODE the mode If there are multiple modes the smallest value is reported By default the mean standard deviation of the mean minimum and maximum are reported for each variable PERCENTILES cause
66. width of 8 with 2 decimal places See Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 Write format Similar to print format but used by the WRITE command see Section 8 17 WRITE page 80 Custom attributes User defined associations between names and values See Section 11 14 VARI ABLE ATTRIBUTE page 106 Role The intended role of a variable for use in dialog boxes in graphical user inter faces See Section 11 19 VARIABLE ROLE page 108 Chapter 6 The PSPP language 34 6 7 2 Variables Automatically Defined by PSPP There are seven system variables These are not like ordinary variables because system variables are not always stored They can be used only in expressions These system variables whose values and output formats cannot be modified are described below CASENUM Case number of the case at the moment This changes as cases are shuffled around DATE Date the PSPP process was started in format A9 following the pattern DD MMM YY JDATE Number of days between 15 Oct 1582 and the time the PSPP process was started LENGTH Page length in lines in format F11 SYSMIS System missing value in format F1 TIME Number of seconds between midnight 14 Oct 1582 and the time the active dataset was read in format F20 WIDTH Page width in characters in format F3 6 7 3 Lists of variable names To refer to a set of variables list their names one after another Optionally their names may be separated by com
67. 2 is output in Z1 0 format as J The negative zero value supported by most machines is output as positive 6 7 4 4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats The binary and hexadecimal formats are primarily designed for compatibility with existing machine formats not for human readability All of them therefore have a F format as default output format Some of these formats are only portable between machines with compatible byte ordering endianness or floating point format Binary formats use byte values that in text files are interpreted as special control func tions such as carriage return and line feed Thus data in binary formats should not be included in syntax files or read from data files with variable length records such as ordinary text files They may be read from or written to data files with fixed length records See Section 8 8 FILE HANDLE page 70 for information on working with fixed length records P and PK Formats These are binary coded decimal formats in which every byte except the last in P format represents two decimal digits The most significant 4 bits of the first byte is the most significant decimal digit the least significant 4 bits of the first byte is the next decimal digit and so on In P format the most significant 4 bits of the last byte are the least significant decimal digit The least significant 4 bits represent the sign decimal 15 indicates a negative value decimal 13 indicates a po
68. 34 BEEN ee SE ES 34 SWIDTH 2 0 ccc ccc I me en 34 D Een Een ude ainda Sharp adie weber 47 3 ee 28 EE 48 ue KEE 46 rr 48 Lor 46 BERE EEE A ED Mathes eae E ENER 47 KEE 46 9 PSPP command structure 29 PSPP INVOKING er E et opo r whan spears 4 PSPP languages eiert dE Re Eed suena idem 28 Um EE 46 47 180 EE 32 ET 45 f sees ADEM RU UU EUM PE RERO E GENS E 46 lt S iere ee TEE take see tees AT EEN AT Oba quan REP RARUS E RE PRG EUNTEM E AT LTEM AT gt EE AT Il Ie Eet Lamon hee AT eebe 32 6 ig defined EEN 45 aeann te OEE E E E Ee AT aleet ee ad AT EXE LS Ud BU See Wed ne gn AT A absolute value 22 cece eee cece e eee 48 lee e EE 46 analysis of variance eee 147 IA 47 ANOVA NEE EEN e AE geg A 147 EE 49 ALCSING jp peeve EE se hee Rha ees 49 ue GE 49 Area under eure suse sese 151 arguments mvaltd s s s snusnurrrrrrrern 54 arguments minimum valid 50 arguments of date construction functions 54 Chapter 23 Concept Index arguments of date extraction functions 55 arithmetic mean 6 eee eee eee ee eee 140 arithmetic Operators eee eee eee eee 46 attributes of variable 32 B Backus Naur Fam 45 et CI 129 136 Batchsyntax EEN 30 e ae EE 39 binomial t stt cnicssctwess cena bee Rp REESE 141 bivariate logistic regression 138 BNE g2is 624 choad tar eweds meen ten ene canes 45 giele e El 46 47 IDOX EE
69. 360 fields of type A that extend beyond the end of a record read from disk are padded with spaces in the host s native character set which are then translated from EBCDIC to the native character set Thus when the host s native character set is based on ASCII these fields are effectively padded with character X 80 This wart is implemented for compatibility The NAME subcommand specifies the name of the file associated with the handle It is required in all modes but SCRATCH mode in which its use is forbidden The ENCODING subcommand specifies the encoding of text in the file For reading text files in CHARACTER mode all of the forms described for ENCODING on the INSERT command are supported see Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 For reading in other file based modes encoding autodetection is not supported if the specified encoding requests autodetection then the default encoding will be used This is also true when a file handle is used for writing a file in any mode 8 9 INPUT PROGRAM INPUT PROGRAM input commands END INPUT PROGRAM INPUT PROGRAM END INPUT PROGRAM specifies a complex input program By placing data input commands within INPUT PROGRAM PSPP programs can take advantage of more complex file structures than available with only DATA LIST The first sort of extended input program is to simply put multiple DATA LIST commands within the INPUT PROGRAM This will cause all of the data files to be read in para
70. 43 1 61 38 d d 4 4 4 4 1 2 T TEST Independent Samples Test a lt Levene s t test for Equality of Means 4 4 4 cH ISig 2l F Sig t df tailed Mean Diff a a a i D height Equal variances 97 33 14 02 37 00 001 185 72 Unequal variances 15 15 32 71 00 185 72 temperature Equal variances 31 58 1 31138 00 20 75 Unequal variances 1 33 37 99 19 75 i a a a aca Gg Example 5 6 The T TEST command tests for differences of means Here the height variable s two tailed significance is less than 0 05 so the null hypothesis can be rejected Thus the evidence suggests there is a difference between the heights of male and female persons However the significance of the test for the temperature variable is greater than 0 05 so the null hypothesis cannot be rejected and there is insufficient evidence to suggest a difference in body temperature 5 3 2 Linear Regression Linear regression is a technique used to investigate if and how a variable is linearly related to others If a variable is found to be linearly related then this can be used to predict future values of that variable In example Example 5 7 the service department of the company wanted to be able to predict the time to repair equipment in order to improve the accuracy
71. 4T geometric mean NEES EEN NEE EELER 140 GMUMETICH sgrath eke pte An Tii dean ES 84 Graphic user interface 0 00 eee eee 12 teater thaise spinge rhea ge rere EE HERR 47 greater than or equal to 47 grouping operators 6 cee eee eee 46 eeben erger 47 harmonic MeaNn 6 cece eee 140 headers Rev webs bes eg 163 hexadecimal formats 000 eee eee 39 histOgram ENER 1 x DR RD 129 130 132 ele ile e Iexee e ERREUR RUE 54 55 hours minutes seconds 000ccceee eee 53 E RRC 2 9 Hypothesis testing 2 eee eee ee 23 I el EE 28 identifiers reserved 28 182 inequality testing cii esee ee rete hn 47 hehe EEN 64 input program Commande 30 IDLteger la senerd du ed EERE Id eddie basins 45 IDL6BgerS cnsiiiea bea phe cade pee he RiS ODORE 28 Interactive syntax cesses eese 30 intersection logical suusuurrrrrrrrrrene 47 introduction sie re hb mh RR ra Re E 2 Inverse COSIG Gg te eka he Ru Dalee ed ahah 49 I yverse SING ci psi le bte nebeRLEO REIHE PE ba 49 invers tangent sse ttp x EE 49 inversion Jogiecal 0 eee eee eee ees 47 Inverting data ci sis sacubiet ode ceed vaau oad 19 INVOCALION EEN 4 Invocation SES SEENEN dass 166 167 J Julian date eeh icine EE dE eer dele ER are 57 K K means clustering usnssrururrrrrrrrrno 148 Kendall s W test 143 key WOIGS cec duris reme ise ans ee eos 45 Kolmogorov Smirnov Let 143 Kruskal Wallis test 143
72. 55 7 7 8 6 Time and Date Arithmetic 0 cece eee 56 7 7 9 Miscellaneous Functions 000 cece cece eee ees 57 7 7 10 Statistical Distribution Functions 0085 oe 7 7 10 1 Continuous Distributions 00 eee 58 7 7 10 2 Discrete Distributions 0 000 62 7 8 Operator Precedence 0 ccc cece cece eee 63 ii 8 Data Input and Output 64 8 1 BEGIN DATA 64 822 CLOSE FILE HANDELEN 64 83 DATAFILE ATTRIBUTIE II 64 8 4 DATASET commande 65 8 5 DATA LIST 5e tonenn t e Re rr pe eer EVER tose aes 66 8 5 1 DATA LIST RED 66 e ETT 68 8 5 2 DATA LISTERER eee 69 8 5 3 DATA LIST LIST ete RH EyRRRERS Md hr pret 70 8 6 END GASB A edel 70 8 7 END FILE Eet EE OR Oe git e Res 70 8 8 FILE HANDLE e oes Aen see cians Fees os 70 8 9 INPUT PROGRAM T3 810 LIST EE 76 8 11 NEWFUR 2 c cent n 76 812 FEINEN cccs 3aeisen be e geet p TERRENI de NER 76 813 PRINT EJIECGT else e E ERE NE T RE RU EU TT 8 4 PRINT SHARE EIERE SEENEN 78 8 15 REREAD i ek EEN WEE Ga A etna 78 8 16 REPEATING DATA 78 SIT WRITE EE 80 9 System and Portable File I O 81 9 1 APPLY DIOTIONARN 0 20 ccc cece eee eee 81 9 2 EXPORTS E 82 9 9 GET dense RC ELREI AA Y ua Lea E Ehe I RPG dus 82 94 GET DATA i ooi I nex ra EUREN LP whine ERO RERO 83 9 4 1 Spreadsheet Hles eee eee ene e eee 84 9 4 2 Postgres Database Oueren 84 9 4 3 Textual Data bes 85 9 4 3 1 Reading Delimited Data 86
73. 9 4 3 2 Reading Fixed Columnar Data 88 9 5 IMPORT 5 dete Serre RR Se EE e 89 9 6 SAVE c iutexie res ee E HORRORE Ue d pite is ad beads 89 9 7 HANETRANSLATk II 91 9 7 1 Writing Comma and Tab Separated Data Files 92 9 8 SYSFILEE INFO ssc ANE sa dir NENNEN ZE ee d 93 9 9 XEXPORT eege ca be EERSTEN RET CR ced 93 9 10 XSAV DEE 94 10 Combining Data Files 95 10 1 Common Syntax EE 95 10 2 ADDRILES 0 I In 97 10 3 MATCH PILES ts dees ARA SE eta 98 10 4 UPDATE ett ge Ste EE AEN SEENEN oes 99 11 Manipulating variables 100 11 1 ADDVALUELARELS esses 100 11 2 DELETE VARIABLES 0 cc cece eee eee 100 EE 100 Il FORMATS EE 101 113 LAVE EEN 101 11 6 MISSING VALUES In 102 11 7 MODIFY VARS 0 0 n eens 103 TS MIR EE 103 11 9 UE EH LEE 105 11 10 PRINT FORMAT 105 11 11 RENAMEVARIADLkS cece ene 105 T112 VALUE LABELS eeteRRDRMP PS EEN d eee Rie 105 m Eed 106 11 14 VARIABLE ATIRIBUIE mI 106 11 15 VARIABLE LABEL 107 11 16 VARIABLE ALIGNMENT 00 c cece eens 107 11 17 VARIABLE WIDTH 108 11 18 VARIABLE LEVEL esse I 108 11 19 VARIABLE ROLF 108 11 20 GEET 109 11 21 WRITE FORMAT 109 12 Data transformations 110 193 AGGREGATE EE 110 12 2 AUTDORECOIDER 0 II 113 123 COMPUTE PT 113 124 COUNT eee steer eg hae Be E a E h 114 PS e EEN 115 TO Reeg 116 12 7 AER SS UE EE 116
74. BBBB are 4 character hexadecimal representations of the red green and blue components respectively 0 orientation orientation Either portrait or landscape Default portrait 0 left margin dimension 0 right margin dimension 0 top margin dimension 0 bottom margin dimension Sets the margins around the page See below for the allowed forms of dimension Default 0 Gin 0 prop font font name 0 emph font font name 0 fixed font font name Sets the font used for proportional emphasized or fixed pitch text Most sys tems support CSS like font names such as serif and monospace but a wide range of system specific font are likely to be supported as well Default proportional font serif emphasis font serif italic fixed pitch font monospace 0 font size font size Sets the size of the default fonts in thousandths of a point Default 10000 10 point Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 8 0 line gutter dimension Sets the width of white space on either side of lines that border text or graphics objects Default 1pt 0 line spacing dimension Sets the spacing between the lines in a double line in a table Default 1pt 0 line width dimension Sets the width of the lines used in tables Default 0 5pt Each dimension value above may be specified in various units based on its suffix mm for millimeters in for inches or pt for points Lacking a suffix numbers below 50 are assumed to be in inches an
75. BERNOULLI x Function CDF BERNOULLI x p Function RV BERNOULLI p Function Bernoulli distribution with probability of success p Constraints x 0 or 1 0 lt p lt 1 PDF BINOM x n p Function CDF BINOM x n p Function RV BINOM n p Function Binomial distribution with n trials and probability of success p Constraints integer n gt 0 0 lt p lt 1 integer x lt n PDF GEOM x n p Function CDF GEOM x n p Function RV GEOM n p Function Geometric distribution with probability of success p Constraints 0 lt p lt 1 integer x gt 0 PDF HYPER x a b c Function CDF HYPER x a b c Function RV HYPER a b c Function Hypergeometric distribution when b objects out of a are drawn and c of the available objects are distinctive Constraints integer a gt 0 integer b lt a integer c lt a integer x gt 0 PDF LOG x p Function RV LOG p Function Logarithmic distribution with probability parameter p Constraints 0 lt p lt 1 x gt 1 PDF NEGBIN x n p Function CDF NEGBIN x n p Function RV NEGBIN n p Function Negative binomial distribution with number of successes parameter n and probability of success parameter p Constraints integer n gt 0 0 lt p lt 1 integer x gt 1 PDF POISSON x mu Function CDF POISSON x mu Function RV POISSON mu Function Poisson distribution with mean mu Const
76. CASES regardless of ordering in the syntax file see Section 13 2 N OF CASES page 120 The same values for SAMPLE may result in different samples To obtain the same sample use the SET command to set the random number seed to the same value before each SAMPLE Different samples may still result when the file is processed on systems with differing en dianness or floating point formats By default the random number seed is based on the system time 13 4 SELECT IF SELECT IF expression SELECT IF selects cases for analysis based on the value of expression Cases not selected are permanently eliminated from the active dataset unless TEMPORARY is in effect see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 Specify a boolean expression see Chapter 7 Expressions page 46 If the value of the expression is true for a particular case the case will be analyzed If the expression has a false or missing value then the case will be deleted from the data stream Place SELECT IF as early in the command file as possible Cases that are deleted early can be processed more efficiently in time and space When SELECT IF is specified following TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 the LAG function may not be used see LAG page 57 13 5 SPLIT FILE SPLIT FILE LAYERED SEPARATE BY var Hat SPLIT FILE OFF Chapter 13 Selecting data for analysis 122 SPLIT FILE allows multiple sets of data present in one data file to be analyzed sep
77. CE OUTFILE file name ENCODING encoding n_lines PRINT SPACE prints one or more blank lines to an output file The OUTFILE subcommand is optional It may be used to direct output to a file specified by file name as a string or file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 If OUTFILE is not specified then output will be directed to the listing file The ENCODING subcommand may only be used if OUTFILE is also used It specifies the character encoding of the file See Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 for information on supported encodings n lines is also optional If present it is an expression see Chapter 7 Expressions page 46 specifying the number of blank lines to be printed The expression must evaluate to a nonnegative value 8 15 REREAD REREAD FILE handle COLUMN column ENCODING encoding The REREAD transformation allows the previous input line in a data file already processed by DATA LIST or another input command to be re read for further processing The FILE subcommand which is optional is used to specify the file to have its line re read The file must be specified as the name of a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 If FILE is not specified then the last file specified on DATA LIST will be assumed last file specified lexically not in terms of flow of control By default the line re read is re read in its entirety With the COLUMN subcommand a prefix of the line can be exe
78. COMPRESSED PERMISSIONS WRITEABLE READONLY DROP var_list KEEP var_list VERSION version RENAME src_names target_names NAMES MAP The XSAVE transformation writes the active dataset s dictionary and data to a system file It is similar to the SAVE procedure with two differences e XSAVE is a transformation not a procedure It is executed when the data is read by a procedure or procedure like command e XSAVE does not support the UNSELECTED subcommand See Section 9 6 SAVE page 89 for more information Chapter 10 Combining Data Files 95 10 Combining Data Files This chapter describes commands that allow data from system files portable files and open datasets to be combined to form a new active dataset These commands can combine data files in the following ways e ADD FILES interleaves or appends the cases from each input file It is used with input files that have variables in common but distinct sets of cases e MATCH FILES adds the data together in cases that match across multiple input files It is used with input files that have cases in common but different information about each case e UPDATE updates a master data file from data in a set of transaction files Each case in a transaction data file modifies a matching case in the primary data file or it adds a new case if no matching case can be found These commands share the majority of their syntax which is described in the following section f
79. CONVERT This mapping if it appears must be the last mapping given and the INTO dest vars clause must also be given and must not refer to a string variable CONVERT causes a number specified as a string to be converted to a numeric value For example it will convert the string 3 into the numeric value 3 note that it will not convert three into 3 If the string cannot be parsed as a number then the system missing value is assigned instead In the following example cases where the value of x a string variable is the empty string are recoded to 999 and all others are converted to the numeric equivalent of the input value The results are placed into the numeric variable y recode x 999 convert into y It is possible to specify multiple recodings on a single command Introduce additional recodings with a slash to separate them from the previous recodings Chapter 12 Data transformations 119 recode a 2 22 else 99 b 1 3 into z Here we have two recodings The first affects the source variable a and recodes in place the value 2 into 22 and all other values to 99 The second recoding copies the values of b into the variable z changing any instances of 1 into 3 12 8 SORT CASES SORT CASES BY var_list D A var_list D A SORT CASES sorts the active dataset by the values of one or more variables Specify BY and a list of variables to sort by By default variables are
80. EE Ee 54 MONS PLE 55 MOTE cc Hite is Aes Drdarr t e RR wes Guess PEE 163 multiplication 4 2 eben rtr ces 46 names of function 48 EE 47 e LEE 47 nonparametric Let 141 nonterminals 0 cece eee eee ee eens 45 normality testing 00 20 130 132 Dim 4T DDplob EE 130 null hypothesis 0 0 e eee eee 23 TEEN 45 MUMDETS EE 28 numbers converting from strings 52 numbers converting to strings 52 numeric formats 0 00 cece eee eee ees 35 O obligations vour 0 eee eee eee 3 Observations geet eege e stds 64 OpenDocument 0 ec eee eee eee 84 operations order of 63 operator precedence cece eee eee 63 3 Os EE 29 45 48 operators arithmetic ec eee eee eee 46 operators grouping eee eee ee eee 46 operators logical 0 0 eee eee eee eee 47 OR EE 47 order of commande 31 order of operations 0 cece ee eee eee 63 OULU rostire vance ENEE WEN were eg E 64 OUtpUt EE 44 183 P Dale ett een ENEE NEES e E 23 padding sting 52 EE 163 parentheses 2 cece eee eee eee eee 46 48 IER EE 2 Percentiles e hee neret e RR oxen ee 129 131 Detlodsenioenceer9i eres AE 32 piechart EE 129 Portable Mle wwsinccee ec npectacaee wen pi tpi 44 P StPTES eg E 84 Postscript eresse enne dived burs Ara o ete tex 7 PoOstSCTipt lt VE EE y ve eed sed by eee Meee 2 precedence Ope
81. HOST COMMAND command HOST suspends the current PSPP session and temporarily returns control to the operating system This command cannot be used if the SAFER see Section 16 20 SET page 157 setting is active If the COMMAND subcommand is specified as a sequence of shell commands as quoted strings within square brackets then PSPP executes them together in a single subshell If no subcommands are specified then PSPP invokes an interactive subshell 16 15 INCLUDE INCLUDE FILE filename ENCODING encoding INCLUDE causes the PSPP command processor to read an additional command file as if it were included bodily in the current command file If errors are encountered in the included file then command processing will stop and no more commands will be processed Include files may be nested to any depth up to the limit of available memory The INSERT command see Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 is a more flexible alterna tive to INCLUDE An INCLUDE command acts the same as INSERT with ERROR STOP CD NO SYNTAX BATCH specified The optional ENCODING subcommand has the same meaning as with INSERT 16 16 INSERT INSERT FILE file_name CD NO YES ERROR CONTINUE STOP SYNTAX BATCH INTERACTIVE ENCODING LOCALE charset_name H INSERT is similar to INCLUDE see Section 16 15 INCLUDE page 155 but somewhat more flexible It causes the command processor to read a file as if it were embedde
82. I confidence ALL CRITERIA BCON min_delta TERATE max interations LCON min_likelihood_delta EPS min epsilon CUT cut point MISSING INCLUDE EXCLUDE Bivariate Logistic Regression is used when you want to explain a dichotomous dependent variable in terms of one or more predictor variables The minimum command is LOGISTIC REGRESSION y WITH x1 x2 xn Here y is the dependent variable which must be dichotomous and x1 xn are the predictor variables whose coefficients the procedure estimates By default a constant term is included in the model Hence the full model is y bo b1X b2X2 tbe Predictor variables which are categorical in nature should be listed on the CATEGORICAL subcommand Simple variables as well as interactions between variables may be listed here If you want a model without the constant term bo use the keyword ORIGIN NOCONST is a synonym for ORIGIN An iterative Newton Raphson procedure is used to fit the model The CRITERIA sub command is used to specify the stopping criteria of the procedure and other parameters The value of cut point is used in the classification table It is the threshold above which predicted values are considered to be 1 Values of cut point must lie in the range 0 1 Dur ing iterations if any one of the stopping criteria are satisfied the procedure is considered complete The stopping criteria are Chapter 15 Statistics 139 e The n
83. IMPORTCASE may be used with delimited and fixed format data The remaining subcommands which apply only to one of the two file arrangements are described below 9 4 3 1 Reading Delimited Data GET DATA TYPE TXT FILE file_name file_handle ARRANGEMENT DELIMITED FIXED FIRSTCASE first_case IMPORTCASE ALL FIRST max_cases PERCENT percent DELIMITERS delimiters QUALIFIER quotes ESCAPE DELCASE LINE VARIABLES n_variables VARIABLES del_var1 del_var2 where each del_var takes the form variable format The GET DATA command with TYPE TXT and ARRANGEMENT DELIMITED reads input data from text files in delimited format where fields are separated by a set of user specified delimiters Its capabilities are similar to those of DATA LIST FREE see Section 8 5 2 DATA LIST FREE page 69 with a few enhancements The required FILE subcommand and optional FIRSTCASE and IMPORTCASE subcommands are described above see Section 9 4 3 GET DATA TYPE TXT page 85 DELIMITERS which is required specifies the set of characters that may separate fields Each character in the string specified on DELIMITERS separates one field from the next The end of a line also separates fields regardless of DELIMITERS Two consecutive delimiters in the input yield an empty field as does a delimiter at the end of a line A space character as a delimiter is an exception consecutive spaces do not yield an empty field and neither d
84. L labels ale coe isha eren SEET oo neces een 33 labels variable 33 language P pp 2 28 language command structure 29 language lexical analysis 28 language oke 28 EE AT lengbih senescere needa E Redes 163 less CHAN ENEE peda ceeeeeenerkria via eats 47 less than or equal to 47 lexical analysis dt dE cau riiai iene 28 CONGO acer E ene ESA 3 CONSE ictor d er EE da 3 Likert Seales cist eer PEE iad 19 linear regression 0 eee eee 24 149 ee 163 logarithms esac ea ec obese aeree deerit 48 logical Intersections 2 SNE NNN EES ado wees 4T logical inversion ePeTEPRRGs 47 logical operators viciecei diets eer e hipanta t AT logical union eee 50 ee tales e PETRUM ERE AT logistic regression ocesec re p Deer Rer see 138 le Em 124 a AT Chapter 23 Concept Index mathematical expressions eslssssse 46 mathematics 48 mathematics advanced sence eee 48 mathematics applied to times amp dates 56 mathematics miscellaneous suse 48 e oe e EE 50 MeNemar test EN NEE ee eri resas 144 MEAD EE 50 EE 139 Median feet lees ENN eee Re DRESS 144 membership of set 50 memory amount used to store cases 161 Minm EE 50 minimum valid number of arguments 50 OR 94 55 missing values 0 ccc eee ee 32 33 49 lee 157 lee A EE 48 modulus by 105 22 nire tet nasser ewe A 48 monthzyear cere e pem ea
85. LATE command is used to save data into various formats understood by other applications The OUTFILE and TYPE subcommands are mandatory OUTFILE specifies the file to be written as a string file name or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 TYPE determines the type of the file or source to read It must be one of the following CSV Comma separated value format TAB Tab delimited format By default SAVE TRANSLATE will not overwrite an existing file Use REPLACE to force an existing file to be overwritten With MISSING IGNORE the default SAVE TRANSLATE treats user missing values as if they were not missing Specify MISSING RECODE to output numeric user missing values like system missing values and string user missing values as all spaces By default all the variables in the active dataset dictionary are saved to the system file but DROP or KEEP can select a subset of variable to save The RENAME subcommand can also be used to change the names under which variables are saved UNSELECTED determines whether cases filtered out by the FILTER command are written to the output file These subcommands have the same syntax and meaning as on the SAVE command see Section 9 6 SAVE page 89 Each supported file type has additional subcommands explained in separate sections below SAVE TRANSLATE causes the data to be read It is a procedure Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 92 9 7 1 Writing Comma and Tab Separated Data
86. LEs at least one FILE must specified Table lookup files are treated in the same way as other input files for most purposes and in particular table lookup files must be sorted on the BY variables or the SORT subcommand must be specified for that TABLE Cases in table lookup files are not consumed after they have been used once This means that data in table lookup files can correspond to any number of cases in FILE input files Table lookup files are analogous to lookup tables in traditional relational database systems If a table lookup file contains more than one case with a given set of BY variables only the first case is used Chapter 10 Combining Data Files 99 When MATCH FILES creates an output case variables that are only in files that are not present for the current case are set to the system missing value for numeric variables or spaces for string variables 10 4 UPDATE UPDATE Per input file FILE file_name RENAME src_names target_names IN var_name SORT Once per command BY var_list D A var Iist DIA DROP var_list KEEP var_list MAP UPDATE updates a master file by applying modifications from one or more transaction files UPDATE shares the bulk of its syntax with other PSPP commands for combining multiple data files See Section 10 1 Combining Files Common Syntax page 95 above for an explanation of this common syntax At least two FILE subcommands must be
87. Mean 1 88 19 95 Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 1 47 Upper Bound 2 29 5 Trimmed Mean 1 88 Median 2 09 Variance 54 Std Deviation p Minimum 49 Maximum 3 28 Range 2 79 Interquartile Range 92 Skewness 16 58 Kurtosis 09 1 12 d 2 2 2 2 2clcllllcllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 2 l Ijj 4b Example 5 5 Testing for normality using the EXAMINE command and applying a logarith mic transformation The mtbf variable has a large positive skew and is therefore unsuitable for linear statistical analysis However the transformed variable mtbf In is close to normal and would appear to be more suitable Chapter 5 Using PSPP 23 5 3 Hypothesis Testing One of the most fundamental purposes of statistical analysis is hypothesis testing Re searchers commonly need to test hypotheses about a set of data For example she might want to test whether one set of data comes from the same distribution as another or whether the mean of a dataset significantly differs from a particular value This section presents just some of the possible tests that PSPP offers The researcher starts by making a null hypothesis Often this is a hypothesis which he suspects to be false For example if he suspects that A is greater than B he will state the null hypothesis as A B The p value is a recurring concept in hypot
88. N 130 le je 173 C CASE HIERT usce ue recs veru e erue 53 Gase sensltlvIby ee RE EIER AE eee e rua 28 CBES eiee niere ebd um yeu ERN E E Ser Y duro us 64 changing directory 2 ee rep v eRPERHRE YR 153 changing file permissions 157 chi square EE 135 e OR 135 chisquare test ic iicoseborechcrer eer tina cine 142 Clusterin E s DeL oor sequ bp E ERU I NRI ob u 148 Cochran Q test osse sri t ren Ben C RR Mad 142 coefficient of concordance srererecccs 143 coefficient of variation 0 ee eee 50 comma separated values 0000e eee 16 command WEE 44 command syntax description of 45 commands ordering 0 31 commands structure 29 commands unimplemented sss 168 concatenation esccainte teieni denenin E Puri e 51 conditional ANE As i thee sent er 124 ee 19 constructing dates cles 54 constr cting HIMES 4 es eae ek er isis 53 control HOW geegent EE een 124 tee Te ENN EE 34 COPYTIGHE EE 3 Geen sid erg sada Seen 133 COSINE EE 49 ee EE 133 Cronbach s Alpha 151 cross case function ec cece eee eee eee 57 c rreney e 37 custom attributes 0 0 eee eee eee eee 33 181 daia files ssstser do rnesa n daa Ne 85 data reduction 0 0 e cece eee eee ees 136 data embedding in syntax files 66 Data embedding in syntax files 64 data fixed format reading 66 data reading from
89. NENCRYPTED subcommand allows data to be retrieved over an insecure connection If the connection is not encrypted and the UNENCRYPTED subcommand is not given then an error will occur Whether or not the connection is encrypted depends upon the underlying psql library and the capabilities of the database server The BSIZE subcommand serves only to optimise the speed of data transfer It specifies an upper limit on number of cases to fetch from the database at once The default value is 4096 If your SQL statement fetches a large number of cases but only a small number of variables then the data transfer may be faster if you increase this value Conversely if the number of variables is large or if the machine on which PSPP is running has only a small amount of memory then a smaller value will be better The following syntax is an example GET DATA TYPE PSQL CONNECT host example com port 5432 dbname product user fred passwd xxxx SQL select from manufacturer 9 4 3 Textual Data Files GET DATA TYPE TXT FILE file_name file_handle ENCODING encoding ARRANGEMENT DELIMITED FIXED FIRSTCASE first case IMPORTCASE ALL FIRST max cases PERCENT percent additional subcommands depending on ARRANGEMENT When TYPE TXT is specified GET DATA reads data in a delimited or fixed columnar format much like DATA LIST see Section 8 5 DATA LIST page 66 The FILE subcommand is mandatory Specify the fil
90. Not Implemented 168 BO e EE 173 20 1 When to report bugs 173 20 2 How to report bugs 173 21 Function Index 175 22 Command Index 178 23 Concept Index 180 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License Eh eege 185 vi Chapter 1 Introduction 2 1 Introduction PSPP is a tool for statistical analysis of sampled data It reads the data analyzes the data according to commands provided and writes the results to a listing file to the standard output or to a window of the graphical display The language accepted by PSPP is similar to those accepted by SPSS statistical products The details of PSPP s language are given later in this manual PSPP produces tables and charts as output which it can produce in several formats currently ASCII PostScript PDF HTML and DocBook are supported The current version of PSPP 0 8 4 g531de5 is incomplete in terms of its statistical pro cedure support PSPP is a work in progress The authors hope to fully support all features in the products that PSPP replaces eventually The authors welcome questions comments donations and code submissions See Chapter 20 Submitting Bug Reports page 173 for instructions on contacting the authors Chapter 2 Your rights and obligations 3 2 Your rights and obligations PSPP is not in the public domain It is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distri bution but these restrictions are designed to permit
91. November 1 2008 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC BY SA on the same site at any time before August 1 2009 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 192 ADDENDUM How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page Copyright C year your name Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License If you have Invariant Sections Front Cover Texts and Back Cover Texts replace the with Texts line with this with the Invariant Sections being list their titles with the Front Cover Texts being list and with the Back Cover Texts being list If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts or some other combination of the three merge those two alternatives to suit the situation If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license such as the GNU Ge
92. ONE RESULTS Applies to everything not in one of the above categories such as the results of statistical procedures The default is BOTH These subcommands have no effect on output in the PSPP GUI environment Output driver option subcommands affect output drivers settings These subcommands are HEADERS LENGTH MORE WIDTH TNUMBERS The TNUMBERS option sets the way in which values are displayed in output tables The valid settings are VALUES LABELS and BOTH If TNUMBERS is set to VALUES then all values are displayed with their literal value which for a numeric value is a number and for a string value an alphanumeric string If Chapter 16 Utilities 163 TNUMBERS is set to LABELS then values are displayed using their assigned labels if any See Section 11 12 VALUE LABELS page 105 If the a value has no label then it will be displayed using its literal value If TNUMBERS is set to BOTH then values will be displayed with both their label if any and their literal value in parentheses TVARS The TVARS option sets the way in which variables are displayed in output tables The valid settings are NAMES LABELS and BOTH If TVARS is set to NAMES then all variables are displayed using their names If TVARS is set to LABELS then variables are displayed using their label if one has been set If no label has been set then the name will be used See Section 11 15 VARIABLE LABELS page 107 If TVARS is set to BOTH then variable
93. PLACE 2 e n ebensReHSRERHER ERES 60 176 RV ENORMAE e d i e exis SEA e ase 60 AV SLOG cet Lec leg 62 RV LOGISTIC ee Seu Seene 60 RV LVSKEM sisse e ees 60 RV NEGBIN ois sites seas beac mat Men Gales E ges 62 RV NORMAL sisse eee 60 In 60 RV PARETO ccia sssivinicsdsaatsssimbnseseneaes 61 RV POISSON 00 00 00 cece cece eee 62 RV RAYLEIGH 00000 0000 see 61 RV ARTAT EEN 61 Be NEM 61 RV UNIFORM Less ee eee 61 RV WEIBULL sisse ee ee 62 RV XPOWER Lille 59 S MED EE 51 SIGJCHISQu I d sei V Dep REPRE PR CURE 59 SIGUE ck LI T 59 SIN SS conss oe tenia kai LEE tM UE 49 EH Mee 48 STRING EH 52 SUBSTR ee 52 53 EEN 51 EEN 49 T Tiiainen e e ens 49 TIME DAYS csse eee 53 TIME gw 53 EE 48 U UNIFORM 0 00 cece cece e 61 WPCA EENEG 53 V VALUE c propere tetlesoNMgede putei orbi uds 50 VARIANCE eee lee 51 X XDATESDATE ete ret nr Potens 55 XDATE HOUR ccs eee 55 XDATE JDAY csse ee 55 XDATE MDAY cse e ee 55 XDATE MINUTE isses 55 XDATE MONTH iis 55 XDATE QUARTER eee ee 55 XDATE SECOND isse 55 XDATE TIDAY ee See d ve swag oth AN 55 XDATE TIME cesse ee e eee 56 DATE WEEK 56 Chapter 21 Function Index 177 XDATE WKDAY eese nenne ias ap Y XDATE EAR 56 Chapter 22 Command Index 22 Command Index ADD DOCUMENT ee er EE eee EE anges OAI WR DEEN ADD VALUE LABELS nei cem REI AGGREGATE discs Os Goa bed
94. PORARY treating temporary transformations as permanent 15 15 2 Examples The following PSPP syntax will generate the default output and save the predicted values and residuals to the active dataset title Demonstrate REGRESSION procedure data list vO 1 2 A vi v2 3 22 10 begin data b 7 735648 23 97588 b 6 142625 19 63854 Chapter 15 Statistics 151 651430 25 26557 125125 16 57090 245789 25 80001 031540 17 56743 832291 28 35977 343832 16 79548 838262 29 25689 200189 18 58219 end data list regression variables v0 vi v2 statistics defaults dependent v2 save pred resid method enter oP apapnpasp O00 oo HAAN 15 16 RELIABILITY RELIABILITY VARIABLES var_list SCALE name var list ALL MODEL ALPHA SPLIT n SUMMARY TOTAL ALL MISSING EXCLUDE INCLUDE The RELIABILITY command performs reliability analysis on the data The VARIABLES subcommand is required It determines the set of variables upon which analysis is to be performed The SCALE subcommand determines which variables reliability is to be calculated for If it is omitted then analysis for all variables named in the VARIABLES subcommand will be used Optionally the name parameter may be specified to set a string name for the scale The MODEL subcommand determines the type of analysis If ALPHA is specified then Cronbach s Alpha is calculated for the scale If the model is SPLIT then the variab
95. PSPP Users Guide GNU PSPP Statistical Analysis Software Release 0 8 4 g531de5 This manual is for GNU PSPP version 0 8 4 g531de5 software for statistical analysis Copyright C 1997 1998 2004 2005 2009 2012 2013 2014 Free Software Foundation Inc Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License The authors wish to thank Network Theory Ltd http www network theory co uk for their financial support in the production of this manual Table of Contents WR Ee eet EE 2 2 Your rights and obligations 3 3 Invoking Depp ccs AE EE A St Maim Options cererii enoa ee EEN EE doops 4 3 2 PDF PostScript and SVG Output Options 7 3 3 Plain Text Output Option 8 3 4 HTML Output Option 9 3 5 OpenDocument Output Options 0 ee eee eee 10 3 6 Comma Separated Value Output Option 10 4 Invoking psppire ssssss 12 4 1 The graphic user mterface 0 cece eee eee eens 12 5 Using PSPP EE 13 5 1 Preparation of Data bes 13 5 1 1 Defining Vanables 0 cece cee e 14 5 1 2 Listing the data 15 5 1 3 Reading data from a text De 15 5 1 4 Reading data from
96. PSPP commands that display other attributes Other attribute names are not treated specially Attributes may also be organized into arrays To assign to an array element add an integer array index enclosed in square brackets and between the attribute name and value Array indexes start at 1 not 0 An attribute array that has a single element number 1 is not distinguished from a non array attribute Use the DELETE subcommand to delete an attribute Specify an attribute name by itself to delete an entire attribute including all array elements for attribute arrays Specify an attribute name followed by an array index in square brackets to delete a single element of an attribute array In the latter case all the array elements numbered higher than the deleted element are shifted down filling the vacated position To associate custom attributes with particular variables instead of with the entire active dataset use VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE see Section 11 14 VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE page 106 instead DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE takes effect immediately It is not affected by conditional and looping structures such as DO IF or LOOP 8 4 DATASET commands DATASET NAME name WINDOW ASIS FRONT DATASET ACTIVATE name WINDOW ASIS FRONT DATASET COPY name WINDOW MINIMIZED HIDDEN FRONT DATASET DECLARE name WINDOW MINIMIZED HIDDEN FRONT DATASET CLOSE name ALL DATASET DISPLAY The DATASET commands simplify use of multiple datase
97. PUTE EOF O LOOP IF NOT E0F DATA LIST NOTABLE END EOF FILE b data X 1 10 DO IF NOT E0F END CASE END IF END LOOP END FILE END INPUT PROGRAM LIST The above example does the same thing as the previous example in a different way INPUT PROGRAM LOOP I 1 TO 50 COMPUTE X UNIFORM 10 END CASE END LOOP END FILE END INPUT PROGRAM LIST FORMAT NUMBERED The above example causes an active dataset to be created consisting of 50 random variates between 0 and 10 Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 76 8 10 LIST LIST VARIABLES var_list CASES FROM start_index TO end_index BY incr_index FORMAT UNNUMBERED NUMBERED WRAP SINGLE The LIST procedure prints the values of specified variables to the listing file The VARIABLES subcommand specifies the variables whose values are to be printed Keyword VARIABLES is optional If VARIABLES subcommand is not specified then all variables in the active dataset are printed The CASES subcommand can be used to specify a subset of cases to be printed Specify FROM and the case number of the first case to print TO and the case number of the last case to print and BY and the number of cases to advance between printing cases or any subset of those settings If CASES is not specified then all cases are printed The FORMAT subcommand can be used to change the output format NUMBERED will print case numbers along with each case UNNUMBERED the default causes the case numbers t
98. RD EXTENDED MXMEMORY max_memory SCRIPTTAB c TB1 XXX XXXXXXXXXXX TBFONTS string XSORT YES NO SET allows the user to adjust several parameters relating to PSPP s execution Since there are many subcommands to this command its subcommands will be examined in groups For subcommands that take boolean values ON and YES are synonymous as are OFF and NO when used as subcommand values The data input subcommands affect the way that data is read from data files The data input subcommands are BLANKS DECIMAL FORMAT EPOCH RIB This is the value assigned to an item data item that is empty or contains only white space An argument of SYSMIS or will cause the system missing value to be assigned to null items This is the default Any real value may be assigned This value may be set to DOT or COMMA Setting it to DOT causes the decimal point character to be and the grouping character to be Setting it to COMMA causes the decimal point character to be and the grouping character to be The default value is determined from the system locale Allows the default numeric input output format to be specified The default is F8 2 See Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 Specifies the range of years used when a 2 digit year is read from a data file or used in a date construction expression see Section 7 7 8 4 Date Construction page 54 If a 4 digit year is specifie
99. S EE MISSING VALUES d RR DR RI ec eae Ie MODIFY VARS Aere Pav MEUS IPS MBSETS eg Eer ESCHER N ONEWAY EE OUTPUT WEE P PERMISSIONS 2 l2iiickxkStROeR IER gelesen PRESERVE ie d e tE EDERE ERR ReEPDCDET PRINT EJECT 2r erre eye eeBI EG Rr PRINT FORMATS mee encre ein mute ae ana PRINT SPAGE de pUSUH Ui Wei Erici ibus Q REGODE cue RR x Exe He EE REGRESS LON 2I rrefieneetzetenhisegsceee 24 RELIABILITY 2 22 13 xb n Eb EET RENAME VARIABLES eeseeeseeeeeeeee REPEATING DATA ra RI f rete 179 S SAMPLE ee e eene in 121 EE 16 89 SAVE TRANSLATE 5244 004 52 9 001 b26a0eabanien 91 SELECT TE 6 sit ee dE ee 121 Ee 157 EE 164 EE 145 EEN 119 SPLIT FILE uoaa ouou anore roroa 121 STRING us eeso En 106 EE EN 165 SYSFILE DEn 93 T TEST EE 23 145 TEMPORARY cse esee 122 EEN 165 U UE 99 V VALUES LABELS ciii Vader E EE 105 VARIABLE ALIGNMENT esee 107 VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE oo ununura 106 VARIABLE LABELS 0 00ceeeseeeeees 107 VARIXBLEULEVEES eegene EA 108 VARIABLE ROLE cse 108 VARIABLE WIDTH ss SNE EENS 108 EE 109 W WEIGHT o on unuon ER EES Seed ae 123 vc 145 Eecher 80 WRITE FORMATS 00 0 0 c0cceeeseeeeeeeees 109 X SEXES e geeiert e 93 Chapter 23 Concept Index 23 Concept Index PSPP language eebe SNE geren bes E 2 E I ET 28 SOASENUM gps de e exe d AEN Se A 34 RE 34 GIN EE 34 LENGTH Ess EEN EEN e 34 eh EE
100. S SSS SSH fH Hf F Constant 10 50 96 00 10 96 Mean time between failures months 3 11 09 99 33 39 ee eee ae ae es 2 3 2 REGRESSION Coefficients a a a Significance aa a a oo Constant O6 Mean time between failures months OO a aa oe A Example 5 7 Linear regression analysis to find a predictor for mttr The first attempt including duty_cycle produces some unacceptable high significance values However the second attempt which excludes duty_cycle produces significance values no higher than 0 06 This suggests that mtbf alone may be a suitable predictor for mttr Chapter 5 Using PSPP 27 The coefficients in the first table suggest that the formula mttr 9 81 3 1 x mtbf 1 09 x duty_cycle can be used to predict the time to repair However the significance value for the duty_cycle coefficient is very high which would make this an unsafe predictor For this reason the test was repeated but omitting the duty_cycle variable This time the significance of all coefficients no higher than 0 06 suggesting that at the 0 06 level the formula mttr 10 5 3 11 x mtbf is a reliable predictor of the time to repair Chapter 6 The PSPP language 28 6 The PsPP language This chapter discusses elements common to many PSPP commands Later chapters will describe individual commands in detail 6 1 Tokens PSPP divides most syntax file lines into
101. Section 6 7 Datasets page 32 The aggregated cases are written to this file If is specified then the aggregated cases replace the active dataset s data Use of OUTFILE to write a portable file is a PSPP extension If OUTFILE is given then the subcommand MODE may also be specified The mode subcommand has two possible values ADDVARIABLES or REPLACE In REPLACE mode the entire active dataset is replaced by a new dataset which contains just the break variables and the destination varibles In this mode the new file will contain as many cases as there are unique combinations of the break variables In ADDVARIABLES mode the destination variables will be appended to the existing active dataset Cases which have identical com binations of values in their break variables will receive identical values for the destination variables The number of cases in the active dataset will remain unchanged Note that if ADDVARIABLES is specified then the data must be sorted on the break variables By default the active dataset will be sorted based on the break variables before ag gregation takes place If the active dataset is already sorted or otherwise grouped in terms of the break variables specify PRESORTED to save time PRESORTED is assumed if MODE ADDVARIABLES is used Specify DOCUMENT to copy the documents from the active dataset into the aggregate file see Section 16 5 DOCUMENT page 153 Otherwise the aggregate file will not contain any
102. The range depends on dist and is identical to the domain for the corresponding CDF RV dist param Random variate function for dist The range depends on the distribution NPDF dist x param Noncentral probability density function The result is the density of the given noncentral distribution at x The domain of x depends on dist The range is nonnegative real numbers Only a few distributions include an NAME function NCDF dist x param Noncentral cumulative distribution function for dist that is the probability that a random variate drawn from the given noncentral distribution is less than x The domain of x depends dist The result is a probability Only a few distributions include an NCDF function The individual distributions are described individually below 7 7 10 1 Continuous Distributions The following continuous distributions are available PDF BETA x Function CDF BETA x a b Function IDF BETA p a b Function RV BETA a b Function NPDF BETA x a b lambda Function NCDF BETA x a b 1ambda Function Beta distribution with shape parameters a and b The noncentral distribution takes an additional parameter lambda Constraints a gt 0 b gt 0 lambda gt 0 0 lt x lt 1 0 2 p 2 1 PDF BVNOR x0 x1 rho Function CDF VBNOR x0 x1 rho Function Bivariate normal distribution of two standard normal variables with correlation coef ficient rho Two va
103. Time and Date bomats cee eee eee A0 6 7 4 6 Date Component bormats 000 cece eee eee 43 6 7 4 7 String Formats oo cete p keines 43 6 7 5 Scratch Vanables e 43 6 8 Files Used by G tt 43 60 9 File Handles ee d eed OA BARR d AAR d quus 44 6 10 Backus Naur bom 45 Mathematical Expressions 46 7 1 Boolean Values ssssseeeeeesssss es 46 7 2 Missing Values in Fapresgionzg 000 cee eee eee eens 46 7 3 Grouping Operators 0c cect eee eens 46 7 4 Arithmetic Operators 000 e 46 7 5 Logical Operatorg 0 cence eens 4T 7 6 Relational Operatorg 6 cece cent erer ee eees AT ZC Punctionssci cl Rec RR PE RS EA 4 4 Fae dae ee 48 7 7 1 Mathematical Functions 00 0 0 ccc eee e eee ees 48 7 7 2 Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions 48 7 7 3 Trigonometric Functions 0 cece cece eee eee eee 49 7 7 4 Missing Value Hunctong 00 cece eee eee eens A0 7 7 5 Set Membership Functions 000 0c eee eee eens 50 7 7 6 Statistical bunctons 0 0 0 cece een eee eens 50 7 7 7 String Functions 0 00 cece eee eee nee 51 7 7 8 Time amp Date Functions 0 000 ccc cece eee 53 7 7 8 1 How times amp dates are defined and represented 53 7 7 8 2 Functions that Produce Umes 53 7 7 8 3 Functions that Examine Times 53 7 7 8 4 Functions that Produce Dates 0 00 e eee 54 7 7 8 5 Functions that Examine Date
104. VG 64 bit VAX G format in VAX endian byte order ZS 32 bit IBM Z architecture short format hexadecimal floating point in big endian byte order ZL 64 bit IBM Z architecture long format hexadecimal floating point in big endian byte order Z architecture also supports IEEE 754 floating point The ZS and ZL formats are only for use with very old input files The default is NATIVE Interaction subcommands affect the way that PSPP interacts with an online user The interaction subcommands are MXERRS The maximum number of errors before PSPP halts processing of the current command file The default is 50 MXWARNS The maximum number of warnings errors before PSPP halts processing the current command file The special value of zero means that all warning situ ations should be ignored No warnings will be issued except a single initial warning advising the user that warnings will not be given The default value is 100 Syntax execution subcommands control the way that PSPP commands execute The syntax execution subcommands are Chapter 16 Utilities 161 LOCALE Overrides the system locale for the purpose of reading and writing syntax and data files The argument should be a locale name in the general form language_ country encoding where language and country are 2 character language and country abbreviations respectively and encoding is an IANA character set name Example locales are en_US UTF 8 UTF 8 encoded English as spoken i
105. a is not compressed Each numeric value uses 8 bytes of disk space Each string value uses one byte per column width rounded up to a multiple of 8 bytes COMPRESSED Data is compressed with a simple algorithm Each integer numeric value be tween 99 and 151 inclusive or system missing value uses one byte of disk space Each 8 byte segment of a string that consists only of spaces uses 1 byte Any other numeric value or 8 byte string segment uses 9 bytes of disk space ZCOMPRESSED Data is compressed with the deflate compression algorithm specified in RFC 1951 the same algorithm used by gzip Files written with this compression level cannot be read by PSPP 0 8 1 or earlier or by SPSS 20 or earlier COMPRESSED is the default compression level The SET command see Section 16 20 SET page 157 can change this default The PERMISSIONS subcommand specifies permissions for the new system file WRITE ABLE the default creates the file with read and write permission READONLY creates the file for read only access By default all the variables in the active dataset dictionary are written to the system file The DROP subcommand can be used to specify a list of variables not to be written In contrast KEEP specifies variables to be written with all variables not specified not written Normally variables are saved to a system file under the same names they have in the active dataset Use the RENAME subcommand to change these names Spec
106. a non parametric estimate and the NEGEXPO method a bi negative ex ponential distribution estimate The NEGEXPO method should only be used when the number of positive actual states is equal to the number of negative actual states The default is FREE e The CUTOFF parameter is for compatibility and is ignored The MISSING subcommand determines whether user missing values are to be included or excluded in the analysis The default behaviour is to exclude them Cases are excluded on a listwise basis if any of the variables in var list or if the variable state var is missing then the entire case will be excluded Chapter 16 Utilities 153 16 Utilities Commands that don t fit any other category are placed here Most of these commands are not affected by commands like IF and LOOP they take effect only once unconditionally at the time that they are encountered in the input 16 1 ADD DOCUMENT ADD DOCUMENT line one line two last line ADD DOCUMENT adds one or more lines of descriptive commentary to the active dataset Documents added in this way are saved to system files They can be viewed using SYSFILE INFO or DISPLAY DOCUMENTS They can be removed from the active dataset with DROP DOCUMENTS Each line of documentary text must be enclosed in quotation marks and may not be more than 80 bytes long See Section 16 5 DOCUMENT page 153 16 2 CACHE CACHE This command is accepted for compatibility but it ha
107. able is 1 in the last case with a given of BY values and 0 in other cases When any of these commands creates an output case variables that are only in files that are not present for the current case are set to the system missing value for numeric variables or spaces for string variables These commands may combine any number of files limited only by the machine s mem ory 10 2 ADD FILES ADD FILES Per input file FILE file_name RENAME src names target names IN var name SORT Once per command BY var _list D A var_list D A DROP var list KEEP var list FIRST var_namel LAST var_name MAP ADD FILES adds cases from multiple input files The output which replaces the active dataset consists all of the cases in all of the input files ADD FILES shares the bulk of its syntax with other PSPP commands for combining mul tiple data files See Section 10 1 Combining Files Common Syntax page 95 above for an explanation of this common syntax When BY is not used the output of ADD FILES consists of all the cases from the first input file specified followed by all the cases from the second file specified and so on When BY is used the output is additionally sorted on the BY variables Chapter 10 Combining Data Files 98 When ADD FILES creates an output case variables that are not part of the input file from which the case was drawn are set to the system missi
108. ad and execute the named syntax file If no syntax files are specified PSPP prompts for commands If any syntax files are specified PSPP by default exits after it runs them but you may make it prompt for commands by specifying as an additional syntax file o output file Write output to output file PSPP has several different output drivers that support output in various formats use help to list the available formats Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 5 Specify this option more than once to produce multiple output files presumably in different formats Use as output file to write output to standard output If no o option is used then PSPP writes text and CSV output to standard output and other kinds of output to whose name is based on the format e g pspp pdf for PDF output 0 option value Sets an option for the output file configured by a preceding o Most options are specific to particular output formats A few options that apply generically are listed below 0 format format PSPP uses the extension of the file name given on o to select an output format Use this option to override this choice by specifying an alternate format e g o pspp out 0 html to write HTML to a file named pspp out Use help to list the available formats 0 device terminal listing Sets whether PSPP considers the output device configured by the preceding o to be a terminal or a listing device This affects what output will be sent to
109. ads and writes files in formats first used for tapes in the 1960s on IBM mainframe operating systems and still supported today by the modern successors of those operating systems For more information see OS 400 Tape and Diskette Device Programming available on IBM s website Alphanumeric data in mode 360 files are encoded in EBCDIC PSPP translates EBCDIC to or from the host s native format as necessary on input or output using an ASCII EBCDIC translation that is one to one so that a round trip from ASCII to EBCDIC back to ASCII or vice versa always yields exactly the original data The RECFORM subcommand is required in mode 360 The precise file format depends on its setting F FIXED This record format is equivalent to IMAGE mode except for EBCDIC translation IBM documentation calls this F fixed length deblocked format V VARIABLE The file comprises a sequence of zero or more variable length blocks Each block begins with a 4 byte block descriptor word BDW The first two bytes of the BDW are an unsigned integer in big endian byte order that specifies the length of the block including the BDW itself The other two bytes of the BDW are ignored on input and written as zeros on output Following the BDW the remainder of each block is a sequence of one or more variable length records each of which in turn begins with a 4 byte record descriptor word RDW that has the same format as the BDW Following the RDW the rem
110. age 44 command file syntax file These names synonyms refer to the file that contains instructions that tell PSPP what to do The syntax file s name is specified on the PSPP command line Syntax files can also be read with INCLUDE see Section 16 15 INCLUDE page 155 data file Data files contain raw data in text or binary format Data can also be embedded in a syntax file with BEGIN DATA and END DATA listing file One or more output files are created by PSPP each time it is run The output files receive the tables and charts produced by statistical procedures The output files may be in any number of formats depending on how PSPP is configured system file System files are binary files that store a dictionary and a set of cases GET and SAVE read and write system files portable file Portable files are files in a text based format that store a dictionary and a set of cases IMPORT and EXPORT read and write portable files 6 9 File Handles A file handle is a reference to a data file system file or portable file Most often a file handle is specified as the name of a file as a string that is enclosed within or A file name string that begins or ends with is treated as the name of a command to pipe data to or from You can use this feature to read data over the network using a program such as curl e g GET curl s S http example com mydata sav to read compressed data from a file us
111. ainder of each record is the record data The maximum length of a record in VARIABLE mode is 65 527 bytes 65 535 bytes the maximum value of a 16 bit unsigned integer minus 4 bytes for the BDW minus 4 bytes for the RDW In mode VARIABLE LRECL specifies a maximum not a fixed record length in bytes The default is 8 192 IBM documentation calls this VB variable length blocked unspanned format Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 73 VS SPANNED The file format is like that of VARIABLE mode except that logical records may be split among multiple physical records called segments or blocks In SPANNED mode the third byte of each RDW is called the segment con trol character SCC Odd SCC values cause the segment to be appended to a record buffer maintained in memory even values also append the segment and then flush its contents to the input procedure Canonically SCC value 0 designates a record not spanned among multiple segments and values 1 through 3 designate the first segment the last segment or an intermediate segment respectively within a multi segment record The record buffer is also flushed at end of file regardless of the final record s SCC The maximum length of a logical record in VARIABLE mode is limited only by memory available to PSPP Segments are limited to 65 527 bytes as in VARIABLE mode This format is similar to what IBM documentation call VS variable length deblocked spanned format In mode
112. aints a gt 0 b gt 0 x gt 0 0 lt p lt l PDF NORMAL x mu sigma Function CDF NORMAL x mu sigma Function IDF NORMAL p mu sigma Function RV NORMAL mu sigma Function Normal distribution with mean mu and standard deviation sigma Constraints b gt 0 0 lt p lt 1 Three additional functions are available as shorthand CDFNORM x Function Equivalent to CDF NORMAL x 0 1 PROBIT p Function Equivalent to IDF NORMAL p 0 1 NORMAL sigma Function Equivalent to RV NORMAL sigma PDF NTAIL x a sigma Function RV NTAIL a sigma Function Normal tail distribution with lower limit a and standard deviation sigma This dis tribution is a PSPP extension Constraints a 0 x a 0 p I Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 61 PDF PARETO x a b Function CDF PARETO x a b Function IDF PARETO p a b Function RV PARETO a b Function Pareto distribution with threshold parameter a and shape parameter b Constraints a 0 b 0 x a 0 p l PDF RAYLEIGH x sigma Function CDF RAYLEIGH x sigma Function IDF RAYLEIGH p sigma Function RV RAYLEIGH sigma Function Rayleigh distribution with scale parameter sigma This distribution is a PSPP exten sion Constraints sigma gt 0 x gt 0 PDF RTAIL x a sigma Function RV RTAIL a sigma Function Rayleigh tail distribution with lower limit a and scale parameter sigma This distri bution
113. al model fitting MANOVA Multivariate analysis of variance MAPS Geographical display MATRIX Matrix processing MATRIX DATA Matrix data input MCONVERT Convert covariance correlation matrices MIXED Mixed linear models MODEL CLOSE Close server connection MODEL HANDLE Define server connection MODEL LIST Show existing models 169 Chapter 19 Not Implemented MODEL NAME Specify model label MULTIPLE CORRESPONDENCE Multiple correspondence analysis MULT RESPONSE Multiple response analysis MVA Missing value analysis NAIVEBAYES Small sample bayesian prediction NLR Non Linear Regression NOMREG Multinomial logistic regression NONPAR CORR Nonparametric correlation NUMBERED OLAP CUBES On line analytical processing OMS Output management ORTHOPLAN Orthogonal effects design OVERALS Nonlinear canonical correlation PACF Partial autocorrelation PARTIAL CORR Partial correlation PLANCARDS Conjoint analysis planning PLUM Estimate ordinal regression models POINT Marker in keyed file PPLOT Plot time series variables PREDICT Specify forecast period PREFSCAL Multidimensional unfolding PRINCALS PCA by alternating least squares PROBIT Probit analysis PROCEDURE OUTPUT Specify output file PROXIMITIES Pairwise similarity 170 Chapter 19 Not Implemented PROXSCAL Multidimensional scaling of proximity data RATIO STATISTICS Descriptives of ratios READ MODEL Read new model RECORD TYPE Define
114. al to use in calculation of the descriptives command The default is 95 The PERCENTILES subcommand specifies which percentiles are to be calculated and which algorithm to use for calculating them The default is to calculate the 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 percentiles using the HAVERAGE algorithm The TOTAL and NOTOTAL subcommands are mutually exclusive If NOTOTAL is given and factors have been specified in the VARIABLES subcommand then then statistics for the unfactored dependent variables are produced in addition to the factored variables If there are no factors specified then TOTAL and NOTOTAL have no effect The following example will generate descriptive statistics and histograms for two vari ables score and score2 Two factors are given viz gender and gender BY culture There fore the descriptives and histograms will be generated for each distinct value of gender and for each distinct combination of the values of gender and race Since the NOTOTAL keyword is given statistics and histograms for scorel and score2 covering the whole dataset are not produced EXAMINE score score2 BY gender gender BY culture STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES PLOT HISTOGRAM NOTOTAL Here is a second example showing how the examine command can be used to find extremities 2 HISTOGRAM uses Sturges rule to determine the number of bins as approximately 1 log 2 n where n is the number of samples Note that FREQUENCIES uses a different algo
115. alid only when the source variables are numeric It specifies all values in the range between num1 and num2 including both endpoints of the range By convention numl should be less than num2 Open ended ranges may be specified using LO or LOWEST for num1 or HI or HIGHEST for num2 MISSING The literal keyword MISSING matches both system missing and user missing values It is valid for both numeric and string variables SYSMIS The literal keyword SYSMIS matches system missing values It is valid for both numeric variables only ELSE The ELSE keyword may be used to match any values which are not matched by any other src_value appearing in the command If this keyword appears it should be used in the last mapping of the command After the source variables comes an and then the dest_value The dest_value may take any of the following forms number A literal numeric value to which the source values should be changed This implies the destination variable must be numeric string A literal string value enclosed in quotation marks to which the source values should be changed This implies the destination variable must be a string variable SYSMIS The keyword SYSMIS changes the value to the system missing value This implies the destination variable must be numeric COPY The special keyword COPY means that the source value should not be modified but
116. ally When WEIGHT is specified after TEMPORARY it affects only the next procedure see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 WEIGHT does not cause cases in the active dataset to be replicated in memory Chapter 14 Conditional and Looping Constructs 124 14 Conditional and Looping Constructs This chapter documents PSPP commands used for conditional execution looping and flow of control 14 1 BREAK BREAK BREAK terminates execution of the innermost currently executing LOOP construct BREAK is allowed only inside LOOP END LOOP See Section 14 4 LOOP page 125 for more details 14 2 DO IF DO IF condition ELSE IF condition ELSE END IF DO IF allows one of several sets of transformations to be executed depending on user specified conditions If the specified boolean expression evaluates as true then the block of code following DO IF is executed If it evaluates as missing then none of the code blocks is executed If it is false then the boolean expression on the first ELSE IF if present is tested in turn with the same rules applied If all expressions evaluate to false then the ELSE code block is executed if it is present When DO IF or ELSE IF is specified following TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEMPO RARY page 122 the LAG function may not be used see LAG page 57 14 3 DO REPEAT DO REPEAT dummy_name expansion END REPEAT PRINT expansion takes one of the following forms var Dot
117. also be the last case in that break group after sorting MAX var name Maximum value The aggregation variable receives the complete dictionary information from the source variable MEAN var name Arithmetic mean Limited to numeric values The default format is F8 2 Chapter 12 Data transformations 112 MEDIAN var_name The median value Limited to numeric values The default format is F8 2 MIN var name Minimum value The aggregation variable receives the complete dictionary information from the source variable N var name Number of non missing values The default format is F7 0 if weighting is not enabled F8 2 if it is see Section 13 7 WEIGHT page 123 N Number of cases aggregated to form this group The default format is F7 0 if weighting is not enabled F8 2 if it is see Section 13 7 WEIGHT page 123 NMISS var name Number of missing values The default format is F7 0 if weighting is not enabled F8 2 if it is see Section 13 7 WEIGHT page 123 NU var name Number of non missing values Each case is considered to have a weight of 1 regardless of the current weighting variable see Section 13 7 WEIGHT page 123 The default format is F7 0 NU Number of cases aggregated to form this group Each case is considered to have a weight of 1 regardless of the current weighting variable The default format is F7 0 NUMISS var name Number of missing values Each case is considered to have a weight of
118. alysed should be given in the VARIABLES subcommand The list of variables must be followed by the BY keyword and the name of the independent or factor variable You can use the STATISTICS subcommand to tell PSPP to display ancillary information The options accepted are e DESCRIPTIVES Displays descriptive statistics about the groups factored by the in dependent variable e HOMOGENEITY Displays the Levene test of Homogeneity of Variance for the variables and their groups The CONTRAST subcommand is used when you anticipate certain differences between the groups The subcommand must be followed by a list of numerals which are the coefficients of the groups to be tested The number of coefficients must correspond to the number of distinct groups or values of the independent variable If the total sum of the coefficients are not zero then PSPP will display a warning but will proceed with the analysis The CONTRAST subcommand may be given up to 10 times in order to specify different contrast tests The MISSING subcommand defines how missing values are handled If LISTWISE is specified then cases which have missing values for the independent variable or any dependent variable will be ignored If ANALYSIS is specified then cases will be ignored if the independent variable is missing or if the dependent variable currently being analysed is missing The default is ANALYSIS A setting of EXCLUDE means that variables whose values are user missing are
119. among the variables in the set if none of the variables has a label the name of the first variable is used LABELSOURCE VARLABEL must be used with CATEGORYLABELS COUNTEDVALUES It is mutually exclusive with LABEL The MCGROUP subcommand creates a new multiple category set or replaces an existing multiple response set The NAME and VARIABLES specifications are required and LABEL is optional Their meanings are as described above in MDGROUP PSPP warns if two variables in the set have different value labels for a single value since each of the variables in the set should have the same possible categories The DELETE subcommand deletes multiple response groups A list of groups may be named within a set of required square brackets or ALL may be used to delete all groups The DISPLAY subcommand displays information about defined multiple response sets Its syntax is the same as the DELETE subcommand Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 105 Multiple response sets are saved to and read from system files by e g the SAVE and GET command Otherwise multiple response sets are currently used only by third party software 11 9 NUMERIC NUMERIC var_list fmt_spec NUMERIC explicitly declares new numeric variables optionally setting their output for mats Specify a slash followed by the names of the new numeric variables If you wish to set their output formats follow their names by an output format specification in parentheses
120. and Portable File I O 88 price F5 type A4 age F2 Consider the following information on animals in a pet store IPet s Name Age Color Date Received Price Height Type Years Dollars Rover 4 5 Brown 12 Feb 2004 80 1 4 Dog Charlie Gold 5 Apr 2007 12 3 3 Fish Molly 2 Black 12 Dec 2006 25 5 Cat Gilly White 10 Apr 2007 10 3 Guinea Pig The following syntax can be used to read the pet store data GET DATA TYPE TXT FILE pets data DELIMITERS QUALIFIER ESCAPE P FIRSTCASE 3 VARIABLES name A10 age F3 1 color A5 received EDATE10 price F5 2 height a5 type a10 9 4 3 2 Reading Fixed Columnar Data GET DATA TYPE TXT FILE file name file handle ARRANGEMENT DELIMITED FIXED FIRSTCASE first_case IMPORTCASE ALL FIRST max cases PERCENT percent FIXCASE n VARIABLES fixed var fixed var rec fixed var fixed var where each fixed var takes the form variable start end format The GET DATA command with TYPE TXT and ARRANGEMENT FIXED reads input data from text files in fixed format where each field is located in particular fixed column positions within records of a case Its capabilities are similar to those of DATA LIST FIXED see Section 8 5 1 DATA LIST FIXED page 66 with a few enhancements The required FILE subcommand and optional FIRSTCASE and IMPORTCASE subc
121. any of the options shown in the table below to cus tomize the output format 0 format csv Specify the output format This is only necessary if the file name given on o does not end in csv 0 separator field separator Sets the character used to separate fields Default a comma 0 quote qualifier Sets qualifier as the character used to quote fields that contain white space the separator or any of the characters in the separator if it contains more than one character or the quote character itself If qualifier is longer than one character only the first character is used if qualifier is the empty string then fields are never quoted 0 titles boolean Whether table titles brief descriptions should be printed Default on 0 captions boolean Whether table captions more extensive descriptions should be printed De fault on The CSV format used is an extension to that specified in RFC 4180 Tables Each table row is output on a separate line and each column is output as a field The contents of a cell that spans multiple rows or columns is output only for the top left row and column the rest are output as empty fields Titles When a table has a title and titles are enabled the title is output just above the table as a single field prefixed by Table Captions When a table has a caption and captions are enabled the caption is output just below the table as a single field prefixed by Caption
122. arately using single statistical procedure commands Specify a list of variable names to analyze multiple sets of data separately Groups of adjacent cases having the same values for these variables are analyzed by statistical procedure commands as one group An independent analysis is carried out for each group of cases and the variable values for the group are printed along with the analysis When a list of variable names is specified one of the keywords LAYERED or SEPARATE may also be specified If provided either keyword are ignored Groups are formed only by adjacent cases To create a split using a variable where like values are not adjacent in the working file you should first sort the data by that variable see Section 12 8 SORT CASES page 119 Specify OFF to disable SPLIT FILE and resume analysis of the entire active dataset as a single group of data When SPLIT FILE is specified after TEMPORARY it affects only the next procedure see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 13 6 TEMPORARY TEMPORARY TEMPORARY is used to make the effects of transformations following its execution tem porary These transformations will affect only the execution of the next procedure or procedure like command Their effects will not be saved to the active dataset The only specification on TEMPORARY is the command name TEMPORARY may not appear within a DO IF or LOOP construct It may appear only once between procedures and procedure like c
123. ase on input uppercase and lowercase are both accepted The default output format is A format with half the input width 6 7 5 Scratch Variables Most of the time variables don t retain their values between cases Instead either they re being read from a data file or the active dataset in which case they assume the value read or if created with COMPUTE or another transformation they re initialized to the system missing value or to blanks depending on type However sometimes it s useful to have a variable that keeps its value between cases You can do this with LEAVE see Section 11 5 LEAVE page 101 or you can use a scratch variable Scratch variables are variables whose names begin with an octothorpe Scratch variables have the same properties as variables left with LEAVE they retain their values between cases and for the first case they are initialized to 0 or blanks They have the additional property that they are deleted before the execution of any procedure For this reason scratch variables can t be used for analysis To use a scratch variable in an analysis use COMPUTE see Section 12 3 COMPUTE page 113 to copy its value into an ordinary variable then use that ordinary variable in the analysis 6 8 Files Used by PSPP PSPP makes use of many files each time it runs Some of these it reads some it writes some it creates Here is a table listing the most important of these files Chapter 6 The PSPP langu
124. ase to another not left unless a scratch variable is used as index When loops are nested this is usually undesired behavior which can be corrected with LEAVE see Section 11 5 LEAVE page 101 or by using a scratch variable as the loop index When LOOP or END LOOP is specified following TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEMPO RARY page 122 the LAG function may not be used see LAG page 57 Chapter 15 Statistics 127 15 Statistics This chapter documents the statistical procedures that PSPP supports so far 15 1 DESCRIPTIVES DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES var_list MISSING VARIABLE LISTWISE INCLUDE NOINCLUDE FORMAT LABELS NOLABELS NOINDEX INDEX LINE SERIAL SAVE STATISTICS ALL MEAN SEMEAN STDDEV VARIANCE KURTOSIS SKEWNESS RANGE MINIMUM MAXIMUM SUM DEFAULT SESKEWNESS SEKURTOSIS SORT NONE MEAN SEMEAN STDDEV VARIANCE KURTOSIS SKEWNESS RANGE MINIMUM MAXIMUM SUM SESKEWNESS SEKURTOSIS NAME A D The DESCRIPTIVES procedure reads the active dataset and outputs descriptive statistics requested by the user In addition it can optionally compute Z scores The VARIABLES subcommand which is required specifies the list of variables to be analyzed Keyword VARIABLES is optional All other subcommands are optional The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of missing variables If INCLUDE is set then user missing values are included in the calculations If NOINCLUDE is set which is the default user missing values are
125. ata and replaces them with a dictionary and data from a system file or portable file The FILE subcommand which is the only required subcommand specifies the portable file to be read as a file name string or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 The TYPE subcommand is currently not used DROP KEEP and RENAME follow the syntax used by GET see Section 9 3 GET page 82 IMPORT does not cause the data to be read only the dictionary The data is read later when a procedure is executed Use of IMPORT to read a system file is a PSPP extension 9 6 SAVE SAVE OUTFILE file name file handle UNSELECTED RETAIN DELETE UNCOMPRESSED COMPRESSED ZCOMPRESSED PERMISSIONS WRITEABLE READONLY DROP var_list KEEP var_list Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 90 VERSION version RENAME src_names target_names NAMES MAP The SAVE procedure causes the dictionary and data in the active dataset to be written to a system file OUTFILE is the only required subcommand Specify the system file to be written as a string file name or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 By default cases excluded with FILTER are written to the system file These can be excluded by specifying DELETE on the UNSELECTED subcommand Specifying RETAIN makes the default explicit The UNCOMPRESSED COMPRESSED and ZCOMPRESSED subcommand determine the system file s compression level UNCOMPRESSED Dat
126. ataset has a weighting variable see Section 13 7 WEIGHT page 123 and the system file does not or if the weighting variable in the system file does not exist in the active dataset then the active dataset weighting variable if any is re tained Otherwise the weighting variable in the system file becomes the active dataset weighting variable APPLY DICTIONARY takes effect immediately It does not read the active dataset The system file is not modified Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 82 9 2 EXPORT EXPORT OUTFILE file name UNSELECTED RETAIN DELETE DIGITS n DROP var_list KEEP var_list RENAME src_names target_names TYPE COMM TAPE MAP The EXPORT procedure writes the active dataset s dictionary and data to a specified portable file By default cases excluded with FILTER are written to the file These can be excluded by specifying DELETE on the UNSELECTED subcommand Specifying RETAIN makes the default explicit Portable files express real numbers in base 30 Integers are always expressed to the maximum precision needed to make them exact Non integers are by default expressed to the machine s maximum natural precision approximately 15 decimal digits on many machines If many numbers require this many digits the portable file may significantly increase in size As an alternative the DIGITS subcommand may be used to specify the number of decimal digits of precision to write DIGITS applies o
127. ault variables are considered to be in F format see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 This default can be changed see Section 16 20 SET page 157 for more information In columnar style to use a variable format other than the default specify the format type in parentheses after the column numbers For instance for alphanumeric A format use A In addition implied decimal places can be specified in parentheses after the column numbers As an example suppose that a data file has a field in which the characters 1234 should be interpreted as having the value 12 34 Then this field has two implied decimal places and the corresponding specification would be 2 If a field that has implied decimal places contains a decimal point then the implied decimal places are not applied Changing the variable format and adding implied decimal places can be done together for instance N 5 When using columnar style the input and output width of each variable is computed from the field width The field width must be evenly divisible into the number of variables specified FORTRAN style is an altogether different approach to specifying field locations With this approach a list of variable input format specifications separated by commas are Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 68 placed after the variable names inside parentheses Each format specifier advances as many characters into the inp
128. bles certain unsafe operations This includes the ERASE and HOST com mands as well as use of pipes as input and output files testing mode Invoke heuristics to assist with testing PSPP For use by make check and similar scripts Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 7 3 2 PDF PostScript and SVG Output Options To produce output in PDF PostScript and SVG formats specify o file on the PSPP com mand line optionally followed by any of the options shown in the table below to customize the output format PDF PostScript and SVG output is only available if your installation of PSPP was compiled with the Cairo library 0 format pdf ps svg Specify the output format This is only necessary if the file name given on o does not end in pdf ps or svg 0 paper size paper size Paper size as a name e g a4 letter or measurements e g 210x297 8 5x11in The default paper size is taken from the PAPERSIZE environment variable or the file indicated by the PAPERCONF environment variable if either variable is set If not and your system supports the LC PAPER locale category then the default paper size is taken from the locale Otherwise if etc papersize exists the default paper size is read from it As a last resort A4 paper is assumed 0 foreground color color 0 background color color Sets color as the color to be used for the background or foreground Color should be given in the format RRRRGGGGBBBB where RRRR GGGG and
129. ce of the test will be printed The abbreviated subcommand K W may be used in place of KRUSKAL WALLIS Chapter 15 Statistics 144 15 10 8 Mann Whitney U Test MANN WHITNEY var Jet BY var groupl group2 The Mann Whitney subcommand is used to test whether two groups of data come from different populations The variables to be tested should be specified in var_list and the grouping variable that determines to which group the test variables belong in var Var may be either a string or an alpha variable Group and group2 specify the two values of var which determine the groups of the test data Cases for which the var value is neither group or group2 will be ignored The value of the Mann Whitney U statistic the Wilcoxon W and the significance will be printed The abbreviated subcommand M W may be used in place of MANN WHITNEY 15 10 9 McNemar Test MCNEMAR var list WITH var Jet PAIRED J Use McNemar s test to analyse the significance of the difference between pairs of corre lated proportions If the WITH keyword is omitted then tests for all combinations of the listed variables are performed If the WITH keyword is given and the PAIRED keyword is also given then the number of variables preceding WITH must be the same as the number following it In this case tests for each respective pair of variables are performed If the WITH keyword is given but the PAIRED keyword is omitted then tests for each combination o
130. ch line must contain all the data for exactly one case For additional flexibility to allow a single case to be split among lines or multiple cases to be contained on a single line specify VARIABLES n variables where n variables is the number of variables per case The VARIABLES subcommand is required and must be the last subcommand Specify the name of each variable and its input format see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 in the order they should be read from the input file Examples On a Unix like system the etc passwd file has a format similar to this root 1 nyeSP5gD pDq 0 0 root bin bash blp 1 BrP pFg4 g70G 1000 1000 Ben Pfaff home blp bin bash john 1 JBuq Fiog g4A 1001 1001 John Darrington home john bin bash jhs 1 D31i4hPL 88X1 1002 1002 Jason Stover home jhs bin csh The following syntax reads a file in the format used by etc passwd GET DATA TYPE TXT FILE etc passwd DELIMITERS VARIABLES username A20 password A40 uid F10 gid F10 gecos A40 home A40 Shell A40 Consider the following data on used cars model year mileage price type age Civic 2002 29883 15900 Si 2 Civic 2003 13415 15900 EX 1 Civic 1992 107000 3800 n a 12 Accord 2002 26613 17900 EX 1 The following syntax can be used to read the used car data GET DATA TYPE TXT FILE cars data DELIMITERS FIRSTCASE 2 VARIABLES model A8 year F4 mileage F6 Chapter 9 System
131. copied directly to the destination value This is meaningful only if INTO dest vars is specified Mappings are considered from left to right Therefore if a value is matched by a src value from more than one mapping the first leftmost mapping which matches will be considered Any subsequent matches will be ignored The clause INTO dest_vars is optional The behaviour of the command is slightly different depending on whether it appears or not If INTO dest_vars does not appear then values will be recoded in place This means that the recoded values are written back to the source variables from whence the original values came In this case the dest_value for every mapping must imply a value which has the same type as the src_value For example if the source value is a string value it is not permissible for dest_value to be SYSMIS or another forms which implies a numeric result It is also not permissible for dest_value to be longer than the width of the source variable Chapter 12 Data transformations 118 The following example two numeric variables x and y are recoded in place Zero is recoded to 99 the values 1 to 10 inclusive are unchanged values 1000 and higher are recoded to the system missing value and all other values are changed to 999 recode x y 0 99 1 THRU 10 COPY 1000 THRU HIGHEST SYSMIS ELSE 999 If INTO dest_vars is given then recoded values are written into the variabl
132. d error of the skewness RANGE Range MINIMUM Minimum value MAXIMUM Maximum value SUM Sum DEFAULT Mean standard deviation of the mean minimum maximum SEKURTOSIS Standard error of the kurtosis SESKEWNESS Standard error of the skewness The SORT subcommand specifies how the statistics should be sorted Most of the possi ble values should be self explanatory NAME causes the statistics to be sorted by name By default the statistics are listed in the order that they are specified on the VARIABLES sub command The A and D settings request an ascending or descending sort order respectively 15 2 FREQUENCIES FREQUENCIES VARIABLES var_list FORMAT TABLE NOTABLE LIMIT limit AVALUE DVALUE AFREQ DFREQ MISSING EXCLUDE INCLUDE STATISTICS DEFAULT MEAN SEMEAN MEDIAN MODE STDDEV VARIANCE KURTOSIS SKEWNESS RANGE MINIMUM MAXIMUM SUM SESKEWNESS SEKURTOSIS ALL NONE NTILES ntiles PERCENTILES percent HISTOGRAM MINIMUM x min MAXIMUM x max FREQ y_max PERCENT y_max NONORMAL NORMAL PIECHART MINIMUM x min MAXIMUM x max FREQ PERCENT NOMISSING MISSING BARCHART MINIMUM x_min MAXIMUM x max FREQ PERCENT These options are not currently implemented HBAR GROUPED The FREQUENCIES procedure outputs frequency tables for specified variables FREQUENCIES can also calculate and display descriptive statistics including median and mode and percentiles and
133. d for the epoch then 2 digit years are interpreted starting from that year known as the epoch If AUTOMATIC the default is specified then the epoch begins 69 years before the current date PSPP extension to set the byte ordering endianness used for reading data in IB or PIB format see Section 6 7 4 4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats page 39 In MSBFIRST ordering the most significant byte appears at the left Chapter 16 Utilities 160 end of a IB or PIB field In LSBFIRST ordering the least significant byte appears at the left end VAX ordering is like MSBFIRST except that each pair of bytes is in reverse order NATIVE the default is equivalent to MSBFIRST or LSBFIRST depending on the native format of the machine running PSPP RRB PSPP extension to set the floating point format used for reading data in RB for mat see Section 6 7 4 4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats page 39 The possibilities are NATIVE The native format of the machine running PSPP Equivalent to either IDL or IDB ISL 32 bit IEEE 754 single precision floating point in little endian byte order ISB 32 bit IEEE 754 single precision floating point in big endian byte order IDL 64 bit IEEE 754 double precision floating point in little endian byte order IDB 64 bit IEEE 754 double precision floating point in big endian byte order VF 32 bit VAX F format in VAX endian byte order VD 64 bit VAX D format in V X endian byte order
134. d in the current command file Chapter 16 Utilities 156 If CD YES is specified then before including the file the current directory will be changed to the directory of the included file The default setting is CD NO Note that this directory will remain current until it is changed explicitly with the CD command or a subsequent INSERT command with the CD YES option It will not revert to its original setting even after the included file is finished processing If ERROR STOP is specified errors encountered in the inserted file will cause processing to immediately cease Otherwise processing will continue at the next command The default setting is ERROR CONTINUE If SYNTAX INTERACTIVE is specified then the syntax contained in the included file must conform to interactive syntax conventions See Section 6 3 Syntax Variants page 30 The default setting is SYNTAX BATCH ENCODING optionally specifies the character set used by the included file Its argument which is not case sensitive must be in one of the following forms LOCALE The encoding used by the system locale or as overridden by the SET command see Section 16 20 SET page 157 On GNU Linux and other Unix like sys tems environment variables e g LANG or LC_ALL determine the system locale charset_name One of the character set names listed by IANA at http www iana org assignments character sets Some examples are ASCII United States IS0 8859 1 weste
135. d those about 50 are assumed to be in millimeters 3 3 Plain Text Output Options PSPP can produce plain text output drawing boxes using ASCII or Unicode line drawing characters To produce plain text output specify o file on the PSPP command line optionally followed by options from the table below to customize the output format Plain text output is encoded in UTF 8 0 format txt Specify the output format This is only necessary if the file name given on o does not end in txt or list 0 charts template png none Name for chart files included in output The value should be a file name that includes a single and ends in png When a chart is output the is replaced by the chart number The default is the file name specified on o with the extension stripped off and replaced by png Specify none to disable chart output Charts are always disabled if your instal lation of PSPP was compiled without the Cairo library 0 foreground color color 0 background color color Sets color as the color to be used for the background or foreground to be used for charts Color should be given in the format RRRRGGGGBBBB where RRRR GGGG and BBBB are 4 character hexadecimal representations of the red green and blue components respectively If charts are disabled this option has no effect 0 paginate boolean If set PSPP writes an ASCII formfeed the end of every page Default off 0 headers boolean If enabled PSPP prints t
136. ded toward zero DATE DMY day month year Function DATE MDY month day year Function Results in a date value corresponding to the midnight before day day of month month of year year DATE MOYR month year Function Results in a date value corresponding to the midnight before the first day of month month of year year DATE QYR quarter year Function Results in a date value corresponding to the midnight before the first day of quarter quarter of year year DATE WKYR week year Function Results in a date value corresponding to the midnight before the first day of week week of year year Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 55 DATE YRDAY year yday Function Results in a date value corresponding to the day yday of year year 7 7 8 5 Functions that Examine Dates These functions take numeric arguments in PSPP date or time format and give numeric results These names are used for arguments date A numeric value in PSPP date format time A numeric value in PSPP time format time or date A numeric value in PSPP time or date format XDATE DATE time or date Function For a time results in the time corresponding to the number of whole days date or time includes For a date results in the date corresponding to the latest midnight at or before date or time that is gives the date that date or time is in XDATE HOUR time or date Function For a time results in the number of whole hours beyond the number
137. documents even if the aggregate file replaces the active dataset Normally only a single case for SD and SD two cases need be non missing in each group for the aggregate variable to be non missing Specifying MISSING COLUMNWISE inverts this behavior so that the aggregate variable becomes missing if any aggregated value is missing If PRESORTED DOCUMENT or MISSING are specified they must appear between OUTFILE and BREAK At least one break variable must be specified on BREAK a required subcommand The values of these variables are used to divide the active dataset into groups to be summarized In addition at least one dest_var must be specified Chapter 12 Data transformations 111 One or more sets of aggregation variables must be specified Each set comprises a list of aggregation variables an equals sign the name of an aggregation function see the list below and a list of source variables in parentheses Some aggregation functions expect additional arguments following the source variable names Aggregation variables typically are created with no variable label value labels or missing values Their default print and write formats depend on the aggregation function used with details given in the table below A variable label for an aggregation variable may be specified just after the variable s name in the aggregation variable list Each set must have exactly as many source variables as aggregation variables Each
138. e MISSING VALUES command takes effect immediately It is not affected by conditional and looping constructs such as DO IF or LOOP 11 7 MODIFY VARS MODIFY VARS REORDER FORWARD BACKWARD POSITIONAL ALPHA var list RENAME old names new names DROP KEEP var_list MAP MODIFY VARS reorders renames and deletes variables in the active dataset At least one subcommand must be specified and no subcommand may be specified more than once DROP and KEEP may not both be specified The REORDER subcommand changes the order of variables in the active dataset Specify one or more lists of variable names in parentheses By default each list of variables is rearranged into the specified order To put the variables into the reverse of the specified order put keyword BACKWARD before the parentheses To put them into alphabetical order in the dictionary specify keyword ALPHA before the parentheses BACKWARD and ALPHA may also be combined To rename variables in the active dataset specify RENAME an equals sign and lists of the old variable names and new variable names separated by another equals sign within parentheses There must be the same number of old and new variable names Each old variable is renamed to the corresponding new variable name Multiple parenthesized groups of variables may be specified The DROP subcommand deletes a specified list of variables from the active dataset The KEEP subcommand keeps the
139. e matrix is printed e KMO The Kaiser Meyer Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett test of sphericity is printed e SIG The significance of the elements of correlation matrix is printed e ALL All of the above are printed e DEFAULT Identical to INITIAL and EXTRACTION If PLOT EIGEN is given then a Scree plot of the eigenvalues will be printed This can be useful for visualizing which factors components should be retained The FORMAT subcommand determined how data are to be displayed in loading matrices If SORT is specified then the variables are sorted in descending order of significance If BLANK n is specified then coefficients whose absolute value is less than n will not be printed If the keyword DEFAULT is given or if no FORMAT subcommand is given then no sorting is performed and all coefficients will be printed The CRITERIA subcommand is used to specify how the number of extracted factors components are chosen If FACTORS n is specified where n is an integer then n factors will be extracted Otherwise the MINEIGEN setting will be used MINEIGEN 1 requests that all factors whose eigenvalues are greater than or equal to 1 are extracted The default value of 1 is 1 The ECONVERGE setting has effect only when iterative algorithms for factor extraction such as Principal Axis Factoring are used ECONVERGE delta specifies that iteration should cease when the maximum absolute value of the communality esti
140. e start of the year January 1 is considered day 1 q Quarter of year from 1 to 4 Quarters start on January 1 April 1 July 1 and October 1 WW Week of year from 1 to 53 Output as exactly two digits January 1 is the first day of week 1 DD Count of days which may be positive or negative Output as at least two digits hh Count of hours which may be positive or negative Output as at least two digits HH Hour of day from 0 to 23 Output as exactly two digits Chapter 6 The PSPP language 42 MM Minute of hour from 0 to 59 Output as exactly two digits SS ss Seconds within minute from 0 to 59 The integer part is output as exactly two digits On output seconds and fractional seconds may or may not be included depending on field width and decimal places On input seconds and fractional seconds are optional The DECIMAL setting controls the character accepted and displayed as the decimal point see SET DECIMAL page 159 For output the date and time formats use the delimiters indicated in the table For input date components may be separated by spaces or by one of the characters or and time components may be separated by spaces or On input the Q separating quarter from year and the WK separating week from year may be uppercase or lowercase and the spaces around them are optional On input all time and date formats accept any amount of leading and trailing
141. e to be read as a string file name or for textual data only a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 The ENCODING subcommand specifies the character encoding of the file to be read See Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 for information on supported encodings The ARRANGEMENT subcommand determines the file s basic format DELIMITED the default setting specifies that fields in the input data are separated by spaces tabs or other user specified delimiters FIXED specifies that fields in the input data appear at particular fixed column positions within records of a case Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 86 By default cases are read from the input file starting from the first line To skip lines at the beginning of an input file set FIRSTCASE to the number of the first line to read 2 to skip the first line 3 to skip the first two lines and so on IMPORTCASE can be used to limit the number of cases read from the input file With the default setting ALL all cases in the file are read Specify FIRST max_cases to read at most max_cases cases from the file Use PERCENT percent to read only percent percent approximately of the cases contained in the file The percentage is approximate because there is no way to accurately count the number of cases in the file without reading the entire file The number of cases in some kinds of unusual files cannot be estimated PSPP will read all cases in such files FIRSTCASE and
142. ed to contain groups of data The ending column is optional If it is not specified then the record width of the input file is used For the inline file see Section 8 1 BEGIN DATA page 64 this is 80 columns for a file with fixed record widths it is the record width for other files it is 1024 characters by default The OCCURS subcommand is required It must be a number or the name of a numeric variable Its value is the number of groups present in the current record The DATA subcommand is required It must be the last subcommand specified It is used to specify the data present within each repeating group Column numbers are specified relative to the beginning of a group at column 1 Data is specified in the same way as with DATA LIST FIXED see Section 8 5 1 DATA LIST FIXED page 66 All other subcommands are optional FILE specifies the file to read either a file name as a string or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 If FILE is not present then the default is the last file handle used on DATA LIST lexically not in terms of flow of control By default REPEATING DATA will output a table describing how it will parse the input data Specifying NOTABLE will disable this behavior specifying TABLE will explicitly enable it The LENGTH subcommand specifies the length in characters of each group If it is not present then length is inferred from the DATA subcommand LENGTH can be a number or a variable name No
143. ed field width depends on the floating point format NATIVE the default format IDL IDB VD VG and ZL formats should use a field width of 8 ISL ISB VF and ZS formats should use a field width of 4 Other field widths will not produce useful results The maximum field width is 8 No decimal places may be specified The default output format is F8 2 PIBHEX and RBHEX Formats These are hexadecimal formats for reading and writing binary formats where each byte has been recoded as a pair of hexadecimal digits A hexadecimal field consists solely of hexadecimal digits 0 9 and A EI Upper case and lowercase are accepted on input output is in uppercase Other than the hexadecimal representation these formats are equivalent to PIB and RB formats respectively However bytes in PIBHEX format are always ordered with the most significant byte first big endian order regardless of the host machine s native byte order or PSPP settings Field widths must be even and between 2 and 16 RBHEX format allows no decimal places PIBHEX allows as many decimal places as a PIB format with half the given width 6 7 4 5 Time and Date Formats In PSPP a time is an interval The time formats translate between human friendly descrip tions of time intervals and PSPP s internal representation of time intervals which is simply the number of seconds in the interval PSPP has two time formats Chapter 6 The PSPP language Al
144. edding fixed format data 66 encoding character 163 a WEE AT equality testing SEENEN en 47 erroneous data 16 errors In daba dE nee SEN ina CE NEE EEE et 16 examination of Umes ee eee ee eee 53 Chapter 23 Concept Index Exploratory data analysis 130 132 exponentiation eee eee 47 expreSSl0n i eebnse vet edbesefeprOPr Ser GER 45 expressions Mathematical 46 extraction of dates 2 cece eee eee eee 55 extraction of Ume 2 0 eee eee eee ee 53 F factor amalysis ENEE ce esee 136 false 2 2 29 EE EEN degen bess cadena 4T file definition commande 30 file handles ASSEN crewed eee Re 44 fil mode eb ss Rete etsi 157 file command e Eed gg aapna 44 HG d la o irr ete tdg noe utes buses 44 file OUUDUl e sus panase ans bessere eti EE Rd 44 file portable 0 eee eee eee eee 44 file syntax Die 44 file Sy8teT 22 9 eae re Ere HERR HER dE A 44 fixed format data reading 66 flow o controla ies testes tree nr saved Berd 124 TOMAS lt 5 sec o6 Londen been P ge de ud idu 34 Friedman est 142 function cross case 6 6 ee eee eee eee eee 57 functions EEN sews Ee 48 functions miscellaneous 00000 57 functions muissing value 49 functions statistical eee ee eee 50 functions sting icc 8 ER EE EES IRE 51 functions time amp date 53 G LEE
145. em file or SPSS portable file and displays the information in its dictionary Specify a file name or file handle SYSFILE INFO reads that file and displays information on its dictionary PSPP automatically detects the encoding of string data in the file when possible The character encoding of old SPSS system files cannot always be guessed correctly and SPSS PC system files do not include any indication of their encoding Specify the ENCODING subcommand with an IANA character set name as its string argument to override the default or specify ENCODING DETECT to analyze and report possibly valid encodings for the system file The ENCODING subcommand is a PSPP extension SYSFILE INFO does not affect the current active dataset 9 9 XEXPORT XEXPORT OUTFILE file name DIGITS n DROP var_list KEEP var_list RENAME src_names target_names TYPE COMM TAPE MAP The EXPORT transformation writes the active dataset dictionary and data to a specified portable file This transformation is a PSPP extension It is similar to the EXPORT procedure with two differences e XEXPORT is a transformation not a procedure It is executed when the data is read by a procedure or procedure like command e XEXPORT does not support the UNSELECTED subcommand See Section 9 2 EXPORT page 82 for more information Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 94 9 10 XSAVE XSAVE OUTFILE file name UNCOMPRESSED COMPRESSED Z
146. ent a space is inserted at beginning of each output line even lines that otherwise would be blank The ENCODING subcommand may only be used if the OUTFILE subcommand is also used It specifies the character encoding of the file See Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 for information on supported encodings The RECORDS subcommand specifies the number of lines to be output The number of lines may optionally be surrounded by parentheses TABLE will cause the PRINT command to output a table to the listing file that describes what it will print to the output file NOTABLE the default suppresses this output table Introduce the strings and variables to be printed with a slash Optionally the slash may be followed by a number indicating which output line will be specified In the absence of this line number the next line number will be specified Multiple lines may be specified using multiple slashes with the intended output for a line following its respective slash Literal strings may be printed Specify the string itself Optionally the string may be followed by a column number specifying the column on the line where the string should start Otherwise the string will be printed at the current position on the line Variables to be printed can be specified in the same ways as available for DATA LIST FIXED see Section 8 5 1 DATA LIST FIXED page 66 In addition a variable list may be followed by an asterisk which indica
147. entation License 189 titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version s license notice These titles must be distinct from any other section titles You may add a section Entitled Endorsements provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties for example statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front Cover Text and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back Cover Text to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version Only one passage of Front Cover Text and one of Back Cover Text may be added by or through arrangements made by any one entity If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of you may not add another but you may replace the old one on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one The author s and publisher s of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version 5 COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions provided that you include in the combination all of the Invar
148. entire case is excluded from analysis whenever any variable specified in the VARIABLES PAIRS or GROUPS subcommands contains a missing value If ANALYSTS is set then missing values are excluded only in the analysis for which they would be needed This is the default 15 11 1 One Sample Mode The TESTVAL subcommand invokes the One Sample mode This mode is used to test a pop ulation mean against a hypothesized mean The value given to the TESTVAL subcommand is the value against which you wish to test In this mode you must also use the VARIABLES subcommand to tell PSPP which variables you wish to test 15 11 2 Independent Samples Mode The GROUPS subcommand invokes Independent Samples mode or Groups mode This mode is used to test whether two groups of values have the same population mean In this mode you must also use the VARIABLES subcommand to tell PSPP the dependent variables you wish to test The variable given in the GROUPS subcommand is the independent variable which deter mines to which group the samples belong The values in parentheses are the specific values of the independent variable for each group If the parentheses are omitted and no values are given the default values of 1 0 and 2 0 are assumed If the independent variable is numeric it is acceptable to specify only one value inside the parentheses If you do this cases where the independent variable is greater than or equal to this value belong to the first gr
149. er any procedure or procedure like command is executed The variables contained in the vectors remain unless they are scratch variables see Section 6 7 5 Scratch Variables page 43 Variables within a vector may be referenced in expressions using vector index syntax 11 21 WRITE FORMATS WRITE FORMATS var bet fmt spec var list fmt spec WRITE FORMATS sets the write formats for the specified variables to the specified format specification Its syntax is identical to that of FORMATS see Section 11 4 FORMATS page 101 but WRITE FORMATS sets only write formats not print formats Chapter 12 Data transformations 110 12 Data transformations The PSPP procedures examined in this chapter manipulate data and prepare the active dataset for later analyses They do not produce output as a rule 12 1 AGGREGATE AGGREGATE OUTFILE file name file handle MODE REPLACE ADDVARIABLES PRESORTED DOCUMENT MISSING COLUMNWISE BREAK var list dest var label agr_func src_vars args AGGREGATE summarizes groups of cases into single cases Cases are divided into groups that have the same values for one or more variables called break variables Several functions are available for summarizing case contents The OUTFILE subcommand is required and must appear first Specify a system file or portable file by file name or file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 or a dataset by its name see
150. er or as one of MEAN MEDIAN or MODE Following the threshold specification comes the list of variables whose values are to be tested Chapter 15 Statistics 145 The subcommand shows the number of runs the asymptotic significance based on the length of the data 15 10 12 Sign Test SIGN var_list WITH var_list PAIRED l The SIGN subcommand tests for differences between medians of the variables listed The test does not make any assumptions about the distribution of the data If the WITH keyword is omitted then tests for all combinations of the listed variables are performed If the WITH keyword is given and the PAIRED keyword is also given then the number of variables preceding WITH must be the same as the number following it In this case tests for each respective pair of variables are performed If the WITH keyword is given but the PAIRED keyword is omitted then tests for each combination of variable preceding WITH against variable following WITH are performed 15 10 13 Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test WILCOXON var list WITH var_list PAIRED The WILCOXON subcommand tests for differences between medians of the variables listed The test does not make any assumptions about the variances of the samples It does however assume that the distribution is symmetrical If the WITH keyword is omitted then tests for all combinations of the listed variables are performed If the WITH keyword is given and t
151. es of fields separated by spaces tabs commas or line breaks Each field s content may be unquoted or it may be quoted with a pairs of apostrophes or double quotes Unquoted white space separates fields but is not part of any field Any mix of spaces tabs and line breaks is equivalent to a single space for the purpose of separating fields but consecutive commas will skip a field Alternatively delimiters can be specified explicitly as a parenthesized comma separated list of single character strings immediately following FREE The word TAB may also be used to specify a tab character as a delimiter When delimiters are specified explicitly only the given characters plus line breaks separate fields Furthermore leading spaces at the beginnings of fields are not trimmed consecutive delimiters define empty fields and no form of quoting is allowed The NOTABLE and TABLE subcommands are as in DATA LIST FIXED above NOTABLE is the default The FILE SKIP and ENCODING subcommands are as in DATA LIST FIXED above Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 70 The variables to be parsed are given as a single list of variable names This list must be introduced by a single slash The set of variable names may contain format spec ifications in parentheses see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 Format specifications apply to all variables back to the previous parenthesized format specification In addit
152. es specified in dest_vars which must therefore contain a list of valid variable names The number of variables in dest_vars must be the same as the number of variables in src_vars and the respective order of the variables in dest_vars corresponds to the order of src_vars That is to say recoded values whose original value came from the nth variable in src_vars will be placed into the nth variable in dest_vars The source variables will be unchanged If any mapping implies a string as its destination value then the respective destination variable must already exist or have been declared using STRING or another transformation Numeric variables however will be automatically created if they don t already exist The following example deals with two source variables a and b which contain string values Hence there are two destination variables v1 and v2 Any cases where a or b contain the values apple pear or pomegranate will result in v1 or v2 being filled with the string fruit whilst cases with tomato lettuce or carrot will result in vegetable Any other values will produce the result unknown string vi a20 string v2 a20 recode a b apple pear pomegranate fruit tomato lettuce carrot vegetable ELSE unknown into v v2 There is one very special mapping not mentioned above If the source variable is a string variable then a mapping may be specified as
153. esponding cases in each of the input files The variables specified on BY must be present in all of the input files Furthermore if any of the input files are not sorted on the BY variables then SORT must be specified for those input files Chapter 10 Combining Data Files 97 The variables listed on BY may include A or D annotations to specify ascending or descending sort order See Section 12 8 SORT CASES page 119 for more details on this notation Adding A or D to the BY subcommand specification is a PSPP extension The DROP subcommand can be used to specify a list of variables to exclude from the output By contrast the KEEP subcommand can be used to specify variables to include in the output all variables not listed are dropped DROP and KEEP are executed in left to right order and may be repeated any number of times DROP and KEEP do not affect variables created by the IN FIRST and LAST subcommands which are always included in the new active dataset but they can be used to drop BY variables The FIRST and LAST subcommands are optional They may only be specified on MATCH FILES and ADD FILES and only when BY is used FIRST and LIST each adds a numeric variable to the new active dataset with the name given as the subcommand s argument and F1 0 print and write formats The value of the FIRST variable is 1 in the first output case with a given set of values for the BY variables and 0 in other cases Similarly the LAST vari
154. ests rely upon certain properties of the data One common property upon which many linear tests depend is that of normality the data must have been drawn from a normal distribution It is necessary then to ensure normality before deciding upon the test procedure to use One way to do this uses the EXAMINE command In Example 5 5 a researcher was examining the failure rates of equipment produced by an engineering company The file repairs sav contains the mean time between failures mtbf of some items of equipment subject to the study Before performing linear analysis on the data the researcher wanted to ascertain that the data is normally distributed A normal distribution has a skewness and kurtosis of zero Looking at the skewness of mtbf in Example 5 5 it is clear that the mtbf figures have a lot of positive skew and are therefore not drawn from a normally distributed variable Positive skew can often be Chapter 5 Using PSPP 21 compensated for by applying a logarithmic transformation This is done with the COMPUTE command in the line compute mtbf_ln ln mtbf Rather than redefining the existing variable this use of COMPUTE defines a new variable mtbf_In which is the natural logarithm of mtbf The final command in this example calls EXAMINE on this new variable and it can be seen from the results that both the skewness and kurtosis for mtbf_In are very close to zero This provides some confidence that the mtbf_In variable is no
155. etwork location from which the general network using public has access to download using public standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document free of added material If you use the latter option you must take reasonably prudent steps when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy directly or through your agents or retailers of that edition to the public It is requested but not required that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document 4 MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it In addition you must do these things in the Modified Version A Use in the Title Page and on the covers if any a title distinct from that of the Document and from those of previous versions which should if there were any Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 188 N O be listed in the History section of t
156. everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of this program that they might get from you Specifically we want to make sure that you have the right to give away copies of PSPP that you receive source code or else can get it if you want it that you can change these programs or use pieces of them in new free programs and that you know you can do these things To make sure that everyone has such rights we have to forbid you to deprive anyone else of these rights For example if you distribute copies of PSPP you must give the recipients all the rights that you have You must make sure that they too receive or can get the source code And you must tell them their rights Also for our own protection we must make certain that everyone finds out that there is no warranty for PSPP If these programs are modified by someone else and passed on we want their recipients to know that what they have is not what we distributed so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on our reputation Finally any free program is threatened constantly by software patents We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses in effect making the program proprietary To prevent this we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone s free use or not licensed at all The precise co
157. f possible suspect data should be checked and re measured However this may not always be feasible in which case the researcher may decide to disregard these values PSPP has a feature whereby data can assume the special value SYSMIS and will be disregarded in future analysis See Section 6 6 Missing Observations page 32 You can set the two suspect values to the SYSMIS value using the RECODE command PSPP gt recode height 179 SYSMIS PSPP gt recode weight LOWEST THRU O SYSMIS The first command says that for any observation which has a height value of 179 that value should be changed to the SYSMIS value The second command says that any weight values of zero or less should be changed to SYSMIS From now on they will be ignored in analysis For detailed information about the RECODE command see Section 12 7 RECODE page 116 Chapter 5 Using PSPP 19 If you now re run the DESCRIPTIVES or EXAMINE commands in Example 5 2 and Example 5 3 you will see a data summary with more plausible parameters You will also notice that the data summaries indicate the two missing values 5 2 3 Inverting negatively coded variables Data entry errors are not the only reason for wanting to recode data The sample file hotel sav comprises data gathered from a customer satisfaction survey of clients at a par ticular hotel In Example 5 4 this file is loaded for analysis The line display dictionary tells PSPP to display the var
158. f the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters or of legal commercial philosophical ethical or political position regarding them The Invariant Sections are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated as being those of Invariant Sections in the notice that says that the Document is released Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 186 under this License If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none The Cover Texts are certain short passages of text that are listed as Front Cover Texts or Back Cover Texts in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License A Front Cover Text may be at most 5 words and a Back Cover Text may be at most 25 words A Transparent copy of the Document means a machine readable copy represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or for images com posed of pixels generic paint programs or for drawings some widely available drawing editor and that is suitable for input to text formatters o
159. f variable preceding WITH against variable following WITH are performed The data in each variable must be dichotomous If there are more than two distinct variables an error will occur and the test will not be run 15 10 10 Median Test MEDIAN value var_list BY variable valuel value2 The median test is used to test whether independent samples come from populations with a common median The median of the populations against which the samples are to be tested may be given in parentheses immediately after the MEDIAN subcommand If it is not given the median will be imputed from the union of all the samples eL The variables of the samples to be tested should immediately follow the sign The keyword BY must come next and then the grouping variable T wo values in parentheses should follow If the first value is greater than the second then a 2 sample test is performed using these two values to determine the groups If however the first variable is less than the second then a k sample test is conducted and the group values used are all values encountered which lie in the range valuel value2 15 10 11 Runs Test RUNS MEAN MEDIAN MODE value var_list The RUNS subcommand tests whether a data sequence is randomly ordered It works by examining the number of times a variable s value crosses a given threshold The desired threshold must be specified within parentheses It may either be specified as a numb
160. fault output format that specifies the formatting used when the value is output later It is always possible to explicitly specify an output format that resembles the input format Usually this is the default but in cases where the input format is unfriendly to human readability such as binary or hexadecimal formats the default output format is an easier to read decimal format Chapter 6 The PsPP language 35 Every variable has two output formats called its print format and write format Print formats are used in most output contexts write formats are used only by WRITE see Section 8 17 WRITE page 80 Newly created variables have identical print and write formats and FORMATS the most commonly used command for changing formats see Section 11 4 FORMATS page 101 sets both of them to the same value as well Thus most of the time the distinction between print and write formats is unimportant Input and output formats are specified to PSPP with a format specification of the form TYPEw or TYPEw d where TYPE is one of the format types described later w is a field width measured in columns and d is an optional number of decimal places If d is omitted a value of 0 is assumed Some formats do not allow a nonzero d to be specified The following sections describe the input and output formats supported by PSPP 6 7 4 1 Basic Numeric Formats The basic numeric formats are used for input and output of real numbers in standard or scien
161. following forms number string num THRU num2 MISSING SYSMIS where numl is a numeric expression or the words LO or LOWEST and num2 is a numeric expression or HI or HIGHEST COUNT creates or replaces a numeric target variable that counts the occurrence of a criterion value or set of values over one or more fest variables for each case The target variable values are always nonnegative integers They are never missing The target variable is assigned an F8 2 output format See Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 Any variables including string variables may be test variables User missing values of test variables are treated just like any other values They are not treated as system missing values User missing values that are criterion values or inside ranges of criterion values are counted as any other values However for numeric variables keyword MISSING may be used to refer to all system and user missing values COUNT target variables are assigned values in the order specified In the command COUNT A A B 1 B A B 2 the following actions occur The number of occurrences of 1 between A and B is counted A is assigned this value The number of occurrences of 1 between B and the new value of A is counted B is assigned this value Chapter 12 Data transformations 115 Despite this ordering all COUNT criterion variables must exist before the procedure is executed they may not be created as ta
162. for more information on syntax and usage PRINT and WRITE differ in only a few ways e WRITE uses write formats by default whereas PRINT uses print formats e PRINT inserts a space between variables unless a format is explicitly specified but WRITE never inserts space between variables in output e PRINT inserts a space at the beginning of each line that it writes to an output file and PRINT EJECT inserts 1 at the beginning of each line that should begin a new page but WRITE does not e PRINT outputs the system missing value according to its specified output format whereas WRITE outputs the system missing value as a field filled with spaces Binary formats are an exception Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 81 9 System and Portable File I O The commands in this chapter read write and examine system files and portable files 9 1 APPLY DICTIONARY APPLY DICTIONARY FROM file name file handle APPLY DICTIONARY applies the variable labels value labels and missing values taken from a file to corresponding variables in the active dataset In some cases it also updates the weighting variable Specify a system file or portable file s name a data set name see Section 6 7 Datasets page 32 or a file handle name see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 The dictionary in the file will be read but it will not replace the active dataset s dictionary The file s data will not be read Only variables with names
163. gether END DATA must appear by itself on a single line with no leading white space and exactly one space between the words END and DATA like this END DATA 8 2 CLOSE FILE HANDLE CLOSE FILE HANDLE handle_name CLOSE FILE HANDLE disassociates the name of a file handle with a given file The only specification is the name of the handle to close Afterward FILE HANDLE The file named INLINE which represents data entered between BEGIN DATA and END DATA cannot be closed Attempts to close it with CLOSE FILE HANDLE have no effect CLOSE FILE HANDLE is a PSPP extension 8 3 DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE name value name value ATTRIBUTE name index value name index value DELETE name name DELETE namelindex name index DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE adds modifies or removes user defined attributes associated with the active dataset Custom data file attributes are not interpreted by PSPP but they are saved as part of system files and may be used by other software that reads them Use the ATTRIBUTE subcommand to add or modify a custom data file attribute Specify the name of the attribute as an identifier see Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 followed by the desired value in parentheses as a quoted string Attribute names that begin with Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 65 are reserved for PSPP s internal use and attribute names that begin with or 0 are not displayed by most
164. gn or or by one of the letters e or d in uppercase or lowercase or by a letter followed by a sign A single space may follow the letter or the sign or both Chapter 6 The PsPP language 36 On fixed format DATA LIST see Section 8 5 1 DATA LIST FIXED page 66 and in a few other contexts decimals are implied when the field does not contain a decimal point In F6 5 format for example the field 314159 is taken as the value 3 14159 with implied decimals Decimals are never implied if an explicit decimal point is present or if scientific notation is used E and F formats accept the basic syntax already described The other formats allow some additional variations e COMMA DOLLAR and DOT formats ignore grouping characters within the integer part of the input field The identity of the grouping character depends on the format e DOLLAR format allows a dollar sign to precede the number In a negative number the dollar sign may precede or follow the minus sign e PCT format allows a percent sign to follow the number All of the basic number formats have a maximum field width of 40 and accept no more than 16 decimal places on both input and output Some additional restrictions apply e Asinput formats the basic numeric formats allow no more decimal places than the field width As output formats the field width must be greater than the number of decimal places that is large enough to allow for a decimal p
165. h a collection and distribute it individu ally under this License provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 190 7 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium is called an aggregate if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation s users beyond what the individual works permit When the Document is included in an aggregate this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate the Document s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate 8 TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission fro
166. h mode or interac tive mode respectively rather than the default auto mode See Section 6 3 Syntax Variants page 30 for a description of the differences r no statrc Disables running rc at PSPP startup time a enhanced compatible algorithm enhanced compatible With enhanced the default PSPP uses the best implemented algorithms for statistical procedures With compatible however PSPP will in some cases use inferior algorithms to produce the same results as the proprietary program SPSS Some commands have subcommands that override this setting on a per com mand basis x enhanced compatible syntax enhanced compatible With enhanced the default PSPP accepts its own extensions beyond those compatible with the proprietary program SPSS With compatible PSPP rejects syntax that uses these extensions syntax encoding encoding Specifies encoding as the encoding for syntax files named on the command line The encoding also becomes the default encoding for other syntax files read during the PSPP session by the INCLUDE and INSERT commands See Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 for the accepted forms of encoding help Prints a message describing PSPP command line syntax and the available device formats then exits V version Prints a brief message listing PSPP s version warranties you don t have copying conditions and copyright and e mail address for bug reports then exits s safer Disa
167. hapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 4T a b a b a Divides a by b and yields the quotient If a is 0 then the result is 0 even if b is missing If b is zero the result is system missing Yields the result of raising a to the power b If a is negative and b is not an integer the result is system missing The result of O 0 is system missing as well Reverses the sign of a 7 5 Logical Operators The logical operators take logical operands and produce logical results meaning true or false Logical operators are not true Boolean operators because they may also result in a system missing value See Section 7 1 Boolean Values page 46 for more information a AND b a amp b a OR b alb NOT a a True if both a and b are true false otherwise If one operand is false the result is false even if the other is missing If both operands are missing the result is missing True if at least one of a and b is true If one operand is true the result is true even if the other operand is missing If both operands are missing the result is missing True if a is false If the operand is missing then the result is missing 7 6 Relational Operators The relational operators take numeric or string operands and produce Boolean results Strings cannot be compared to numbers When strings of different lengths are compared the shorter string is right padded with spaces to match the length of the longer string The resul
168. he PAIRED keyword is also given then the number of variables preceding WITH must be the same as the number following it In this case tests for each respective pair of variables are performed If the WITH keyword is given but the PAIRED keyword is omitted then tests for each combination of variable preceding WITH against variable following WITH are performed 15 11 T TEST T TEST MISSING ANALYSIS LISTWISE EXCLUDE INCLUDE CRITERIA CIN confidence One Sample mode TESTVAL test value VARIABLES var list Independent Samples mode GROUPS var valuel value2 VARIABLES var_list Paired Samples mode PAIRS var _list WITH var_list PAIRED Chapter 15 Statistics 146 The T TEST procedure outputs tables used in testing hypotheses about means It oper ates in one of three modes e One Sample mode e Independent Groups mode e Paired mode Each of these modes are described in more detail below There are two optional subcom mands which are common to all modes The CRITERIA subcommand tells PSPP the confidence interval used in the tests The default value is 0 95 The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of missing variables If INCLUDE is set then user missing values are included in the calculations but system missing values are not If EXCLUDE is set which is the default user missing values are excluded as well as system missing values This is the default If LISTWISE is set then the
169. he Document You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission List on the Title Page as authors one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document all of its principal authors if it has fewer than five unless they release you from this requirement State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version as the publisher Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices Include immediately after the copyright notices a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License in the form shown in the Addendum below Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document s license notice Include an unaltered copy of this License Preserve the section Entitled History Preserve its Title and add to it an item stating at least the title year new authors and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page If there is no section Entitled History in the Docu ment create one stating the title year authors and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page then add an item describing the Mod
170. he active dataset is specified by name or if is specified then the active dataset becomes unnamed If a different dataset is specified by name then it is deleted and becomes unavailable Specifying ALL deletes all datasets except for the active dataset which becomes unnamed The DATASET DISPLAY command lists all the currently defined datasets Many DATASET commands accept an optional WINDOW subcommand In the PSPPIRE GUI the value given for this subcommand influences how the dataset s window is displayed Outside the GUI the WINDOW subcommand has no effect The valid values are ASIS Do not change how the window is displayed This is the default for DATASET NAME and DATASET ACTIVATE FRONT Raise the dataset s window to the top Make it the default dataset for running syntax MINIMIZED Display the window minimized to an icon Prefer other datasets for running syntax This is the default for DATASET COPY and DATASET DECLARE HIDDEN Hide the dataset s window Prefer other datasets for running syntax 8 5 DATA LIST Used to read text or binary data DATA LIST is the most fundamental data reading com mand Even the more sophisticated input methods use DATA LIST commands as a building block Understanding DATA LIST is important to understanding how to use PSPP to read your data files There are two major variants of DATA LIST which are fixed format and free format In addition free format has a minor variant list fo
171. he encoding may be specified either as an encoding name or alias see http www iana org assignments character sets or as a locale name If given as a locale name only the character encoding of the locale is relevant Chapter 16 Utilities 164 System files written by PSPP will use this encoding System files read by PSPP for which the encoding is unknown will be interpreted using this encoding The full list of valid encodings and locale names alias are operating system dependent The following are all examples of acceptable syntax on common GNU Linux systems SET LOCALE iso 8859 1 SET LOCALE ru_RU cp1251 SET LOCALE japanese Contrary to the intuition this command does not affect any aspect of the system s locale 16 21 SHOW SHOW ALL BLANKS CC CCA CCB CCC CCD CCE COPYING DECIMALS DIRECTORY ENVIRONMENT FORMAT LENGTH MXERRS MXLOOPS MXWARNS N SCOMPRESSION TEMPDIR UNDEFINED VERSION WARRANTY WEIGHT WIDTH SHOW can be used to display the current state of PSPP s execution parameters Parameters that can be changed using SET see Section 16 20 SET page 157 can be examined using SHOW using the subcommand with the same name SHOW supports the following additional subcommands ALL Show all settings Chapter 16 Utilities 165 CC Show all custom currency settings CCA through CCE DIRECTORY Shows the current working directory ENVIRONMENT Shows t
172. he file label contained in the active dataset if any See Section 16 12 FILE LABEL page 155 This command is a PSPP extension 16 8 DROP DOCUMENTS DROP DOCUMENTS DROP DOCUMENTS removes all documents from the active dataset New documents can be added with DOCUMENT see Section 16 5 DOCUMENT page 153 DROP DOCUMENTS changes only the active dataset It does not modify any system files stored on disk 16 9 ECHO ECHO arbitrary text Use ECHO to write arbitrary text to the output stream The text should be enclosed in quotation marks following the normal rules for string tokens see Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 16 10 ERASE ERASE FILE file_name ERASE FILE deletes a file from the local filesystem file name must be quoted This command cannot be used if the SAFER see Section 16 20 SET page 157 setting is active 16 11 EXECUTE EXECUTE EXECUTE causes the active dataset to be read and all pending transformations to be executed Chapter 16 Utilities 155 16 12 FILE LABEL FILE LABEL file_label FILE LABEL provides a title for the active dataset This title will be saved into system files and portable files that are created during this PSPP run file_label should not be quoted If quotes are included they are literally interpreted and become part of the file label 16 13 FINISH FINISH FINISH terminates the current PSPP session and returns control to the operating system 16 14 HOST HOST
173. he following syntax loads a file called my file sav Chapter 5 Using PSPP 16 PSPP gt get file my file sav You will encounter several instances of this in future examples 5 1 5 Saving data to a PSPP file If you want to save your data along with the variable definitions so that you or other PSPP users can use it later you can do this with the SAVE command The following syntax will save the existing data and variables to a file called my new file sav PSPP gt save outfile my new file sav If my new file sav already exists then it will be overwritten Otherwise it will be created 5 1 6 Reading data from other sources Sometimes it s useful to be able to read data from comma separated text from spreadsheets databases or other sources In these instances you should use the GET DATA command see Section 9 4 GET DATA page 83 5 1 7 Exiting PSPP Use the FINISH command to exit PSPP PSPP gt finish 5 2 Data Screening and Transformation Once data has been entered it is often desirable or even necessary to transform it in some way before performing analysis upon it At the very least it s good practice to check for errors 5 2 1 Identifying incorrect data Data from real sources is rarely error free PSPP has a number of procedures which can be used to help identify data which might be incorrect The DESCRIPTIVES command see Section 15 1 DESCRIPTIVES page 127 is used to generate simple l
174. he operating system details N Reports the number of cases in the active dataset The reported number is not weighted If no dataset is defined then Unknown will be reported TEMPDIR Shows the path of the directory where temporary files will be stored VERSION Shows the version of this installation of PSPP WARRANTY Show details of the lack of warranty for PSPP COPYING LICENSE Display the terms of PSPP s copyright licence see Chapter 2 License page 3 Specifying SHOW without any subcommands is equivalent to SHOW ALL 16 22 SUBTITLE SUBTITLE subtitle_string or SUBTITLE subtitle_string SUBTITLE provides a subtitle to a particular PSPP run This subtitle appears at the top of each output page below the title if headers are enabled on the output device Specify a subtitle as a string in quotes The alternate syntax that did not require quotes is now obsolete If it is used then the subtitle is converted to all uppercase 16 23 TITLE TITLE title_string or TITLE title_string TITLE provides a title to a particular PSPP run This title appears at the top of each output page if headers are enabled on the output device Specify a title as a string in quotes The alternate syntax that did not require quotes is now obsolete If it is used then the title is converted to all uppercase Chapter 17 Invoking pspp convert 166 17 Invoking pspp convert pspp convert is a command line utility accompanying PSPP
175. he values in the ITEM variable Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 102 DATA LIST ITEM 1 3 COMPUTE SUM SUM ITEM PRINT ITEM SUM LEAVE SUM BEGIN DATA 123 404 555 999 END DATA Partial output from this example 123 123 00 404 527 00 555 1082 00 999 2081 00 It is best to use LEAVE command immediately before invoking a procedure command because the left status of variables is reset by certain transformations for instance COMPUTE and IF Left status is also reset by all procedure invocations 11 6 MISSING VALUES MISSING VALUES var list missing values where missing values takes one of the following forms num numl num2 numl num2 num3 num THRU num2 num THRU num2 num3 string 1 stringl string2 stringl string2 string3 As part of a range LO or LOWEST may take the place of num1 HI or HIGHEST may take the place of num2 MISSING VALUES sets user missing values for numeric and string variables Long string variables may have missing values but characters after the first 8 bytes of the missing value must be spaces Specify a list of variables followed by a list of their user missing values in parentheses Up to three discrete values may be given or for numeric variables only a range of values optionally accompanied by a single discrete value Ranges may be open ended on one end indicated through the use of the keyword LO or LOWEST or HI or HIGHEST Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 103 Th
176. hesis testing It is the highest acceptable probability that the evidence implying a null hypothesis is false could have been obtained when the null hypothesis is in fact true Note that this is not the same as the probability of making an error nor is it the same as the probability of rejecting a hypothesis when it is true 5 3 1 Testing for differences of means A common statistical test involves hypotheses about means The T TEST command is used to find out whether or not two separate subsets have the same mean Example 5 6 uses the file physiology sav previously encountered A researcher sus pected that the heights and core body temperature of persons might be different depending upon their sex To investigate this he posed two null hypotheses e The mean heights of males and females in the population are equal e The mean body temperature of males and females in the population are equal For the purposes of the investigation the researcher decided to use a p value of 0 05 In addition to the T test the T TEST command also performs the Levene test for equal variances If the variances are equal then a more powerful form of the T test can be used However if it is unsafe to assume equal variances then an alternative calculation is necessary PSPP performs both calculations For the height variable the output shows the significance of the Levene test to be 0 33 which means there is a 33 probability that the Levene test p
177. hin parentheses a list of variable names followed by an equals sign and the names that they should be renamed to Multiple parenthesized groups of variable names can be included on a single RENAME subcommand Variables names may be swapped using a RENAME subcommand of the form RENAME A B B A Alternate syntax for the RENAME subcommand allows the parentheses to be eliminated When this is done only a single variable may be renamed at once For instance RENAME A B This alternate syntax is deprecated DROP KEEP and RENAME are executed in left to right order Each may be present any number of times GET never modifies a file on disk Only the active dataset read from the file is affected by these subcommands PSPP automatically detects the encoding of string data in the file when possible The character encoding of old SPSS system files cannot always be guessed correctly and SPSS PC system files do not include any indication of their encoding Specify the ENCODING subcommand with an IANA character set name as its string argument to override the default Use SYSFILE INFO to analyze the encodings that might be valid for a system file The ENCODING subcommand is a PSPP extension GET does not cause the data to be read only the dictionary The data is read later when a procedure is executed Use of GET to read a portable file is a PSPP extension 9 4 GET DATA GET DATA TYPE GNM ODS PSQL TXT additional subcommands de
178. iables and associated data The output from this command has been omitted from the example for the sake of clarity but you will notice that each of the variables v1 v2 v5 are measured on a 5 point Likert scale with 1 meaning Strongly disagree and 5 meaning Strongly agree Whilst variables v1 v2 and v4 record responses to a positively posed question variables v3 and v5 are responses to negatively worded ques tions In order to perform meaningful analysis we need to recode the variables so that they all measure in the same direction We could use the RECODE command with syntax such as recode v3 1 5 2 4 4 2 1 However an easier and more elegant way uses the COMPUTE command see Section 12 3 COMPUTE page 113 Since the variables are Likert variables in the range 1 5 subtracting their value from 6 has the effect of inverting them compute var 6 var Example 5 4 uses this technique to recode the variables v3 and v5 After applying COMPUTE for both variables all subsequent commands will use the inverted values 5 2 4 Testing data consistency A sensible check to perform on survey data is the calculation of reliability This gives the statistician some confidence that the questionnaires have been completed thoughtfully If you examine the labels of variables v1 v3 and v4 you will notice that they ask very similar questions One would therefore expect the values of these variables after recoding to closel
179. iant Sections of all of the original documents unmodified and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers The combined work need only contain one copy of this License and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it in parentheses the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known or else a unique number Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work In the combination you must combine any sections Entitled History in the vari ous original documents forming one section Entitled History likewise combine any sections Entitled Acknowledgements and any sections Entitled Dedications You must delete all sections Entitled Endorsements 6 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects You may extract a single document from suc
180. ich represents the positive state The optional subcommand PLOT is used to determine if and how the ROC curve is drawn The keyword CURVE means that the ROC curve should be drawn and the optional keyword REFERENCE which should be enclosed in parentheses says that the diagonal reference line should be drawn If the keyword NONE is given then no ROC curve is drawn By default the curve is drawn with no reference line The optional subcommand PRINT determines which additional tables should be printed Two additional tables are available The SE keyword says that standard error of the area under the curve should be printed as well as the area itself In addition a p value under the null hypothesis that the area under the curve equals 0 5 will be printed The COORDINATES keyword says that a table of coordinates of the ROC curve should be printed The CRITERIA subcommand has four optional parameters e The TESTPOS parameter may be LARGE or SMALL LARGE is the default and says that larger values in the predictor variables are to be considered positive SMALL indicates that smaller values should be considered positive e The CI parameter specifies the confidence interval that should be printed It has no effect if the SE keyword in the PRINT subcommand has not been given e The DISTRIBUTION parameter determines the method to be used when estimating the area under the curve There are two possibilities viz FREE and NEGEXPO The FREE method uses
181. ified Version as stated in the previous sentence Preserve the network location if any given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on These may be placed in the History section You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission For any section Entitled Acknowledgements or Dedications Preserve the Title of the section and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and or dedications given therein Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document unaltered in their text and in their titles Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles Delete any section Entitled Endorsements Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled Endorsements or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers If the Modified Version includes new front matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant To do this add their Appendix A GNU Free Docum
182. ify within paren theses a list of variable names followed by an equals sign and the names that they should be renamed to Multiple parenthesized groups of variable names can be included on a single RENAME subcommand Variables names may be swapped using a RENAME subcom mand of the form RENAME A B B A Alternate syntax for the RENAME subcommand allows the parentheses to be eliminated When this is done only a single variable may be renamed at once For instance RENAME A B This alternate syntax is deprecated Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 91 DROP KEEP and RENAME are performed in left to right order They each may be present any number of times SAVE never modifies the active dataset DROP KEEP and RENAME only affect the system file written to disk The VERSION subcommand specifies the version of the file format Valid versions are 2 and 3 The default version is 3 In version 2 system files variable names longer than 8 bytes will be truncated The two versions are otherwise identical The NAMES and MAP subcommands are currently ignored SAVE causes the data to be read It is a procedure 9 7 SAVE TRANSLATE SAVE TRANSLATE OUTFILE file_name file handle TYPE CSV TAB REPLACE MISSING IGNORE RECODE DROP var list KEEP var list RENAME src names target names UNSELECTED RETAIN DELETE MAP additional subcommands depending on TYPE The SAVE TRANS
183. ime CTIME MINUTES time Function Results in the number of minutes and fractional minutes in time CTIME SECONDS time Function Results in the number of seconds and fractional seconds in time CTIME SECONDS does nothing CTIME SECONDS x is equivalent to x 7 7 8 4 Functions that Produce Dates These functions take numeric arguments and give numeric results that represent dates Arguments taken by these functions are day Refers to a day of the month between 1 and 31 Day 0 is also accepted and refers to the final day of the previous month Days 29 30 and 31 are accepted even in months that have fewer days and refer to a day near the beginning of the following month month Refers to a month of the year between 1 and 12 Months 0 and 13 are also accepted and refer to the last month of the preceding year and the first month of the following year respectively quarter Refers to a quarter of the year between 1 and 4 The quarters of the year begin on the first day of months 1 4 7 and 10 week Refers to a week of the year between 1 and 53 yday Refers to a day of the year between 1 and 366 year Refers to a year 1582 or greater Years between 0 and 99 are treated according to the epoch set on SET EPOCH by default beginning 69 years before the current date see SET EPOCH page 159 If these functions arguments are out of range they are correctly normalized before con version to date format Non integers are roun
184. inear statistics for a dataset It is also useful for identifying potential problems in the data The example file physiology sav contains a number of physiological measurements of a sample of healthy adults selected at random However the data entry clerk made a number of mistakes when entering the data Example 5 2 illustrates the use of DESCRIPTIVES to screen this data and identify the erroneous values Chapter 5 Using PSPP 17 S PSPP gt get file usr local share pspp examples physiology sav PSPP gt descriptives sex weight height Output DESCRIPTIVES Valid cases 40 cases with missing value s 0 4 4 4 4 Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum i it i g K sex 40 45 50 00 1 00 height 40 1677 12 262 87 179 00 1903 00 weight 40 72 12 26 70 55 60 92 07 4 4 4 4 Example 5 2 Using the DESCRIPTIVES command to display simple summary information about the data In this case the results show unexpectedly low values in the Minimum column suggesting incorrect data entry In the output of Example 5 2 the most interesting column is the minimum value The weight variable has a minimum value of less than zero which is clearly erroneous Similarly the height variable s minimum value seems to be very low In fact it is more than 5 standard deviations from the mean and
185. ing a program such as zcat e g GET zcat mydata sav gz and for many other purposes PSPP also supports declaring named file handles with the FILE HANDLE command This command associates an identifier of your choice the file handle s name with a file Later the file handle name can be substituted for the name of the file When PSPP syntax accesses a file multiple times declaring a named file handle simplifies updating the syntax later to use a different file Use of FILE HANDLE is also required to read data files in binary formats See Section 8 8 FILE HANDLE page 70 for more information In some circumstances PSPP must distinguish whether a file handle refers to a system file or a portable file When this is necessary to read a file e g as an input file for GET or MATCH FILES PSPP uses the file s contents to decide In the context of writing a file e g as an output file for SAVE or AGGREGATE PSPP decides based on the file s name if it ends in por with any capitalization then PSPP writes a portable file otherwise PSPP writes a system file INLINE is reserved as a file handle name It refers to the data file embedded into the syntax file between BEGIN DATA and END DATA See Section 8 1 BEGIN DATA page 64 for more information The file to which a file handle refers may be reassigned on a later FILE HANDLE command if it is first closed using CLOSE FILE HANDLE See Section 8 2 CLOSE FILE HANDLE page 64
186. ing the label associated with the current value of variable If the current value of variable has no associated label then this function returns the empty string variable may be a numeric or string variable 7 7 10 Statistical Distribution Functions PSPP can calculate several functions of standard statistical distributions These functions are named systematically based on the function and the distribution The table below describes the statistical distribution functions in general PDF dist x param Probability density function for dist The domain of x depends on dist For continuous distributions the result is the density of the probability function at x and the range is nonnegative real numbers For discrete distributions the result is the probability of x Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 58 CDF dist x param Cumulative distribution function for dist that is the probability that a random variate drawn from the distribution is less than x The domain of x depends dist The result is a probability SIG dist x param Tail probability function for dist that is the probability that a random variate drawn from the distribution is greater than x The domain of x depends dist The result is a probability Only a few distributions include an NAME function IDF dist p param Inverse distribution function for dist the value of x for which the CDF would yield p The value of p is a probability
187. ion an asterisk may be used to indicate that all variables preceding it are to have input output format F8 0 Specified field widths are ignored on input although all normal limits on field width apply but they are honored on output 8 5 3 DATA LIST LIST DATA LIST LIST TAB NOTABLE TABLE FILE filename ENCODING encoding SKIP record count var spec where each var spec takes one of the forms var list type spec var list With one exception DATA LIST LIST is syntactically and semantically equivalent to DATA LIST FREE The exception is that each input line is expected to correspond to exactly one input record If more or fewer fields are found on an input line than expected an appropriate diagnostic is issued 8 6 END CASE END CASE END CASE is used only within INPUT PROGRAM to output the current case See Section 8 9 INPUT PROGRAM page 73 for details 8 7 END FILE END FILE END FILE is used only within INPUT PROGRAM to terminate the current input program See Section 8 9 INPUT PROGRAM page 73 8 8 FILE HANDLE For text files FILE HANDLE handle name NAME file name MODE CHARACTER ENDS CR CRLF TVABWIDTH tab width ENCODING encoding Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 71 For binary files in native encoding with fixed length records FILE HANDLE handle_name NAME file_name MODE IMAGE LRECL rec_len ENCODING encoding For binary fi
188. is a PSPP extension Constraints a gt 0 sigma gt 0 x gt a PDF T x df Function CDF T x df Function IDF T p df Function RV T df Function T distribution with df degrees of freedom The noncentral distribution takes an additional parameter lambda Constraints df gt 0 0 lt p I PDF T1G x a b Function CDF T1G x a b Function IDF T1G p a b Function Type 1 Gumbel distribution with parameters a and b This distribution is a PSPP extension Constraints 0 lt p lt 1 PDF T2G x a b Function CDF T2G x a b Function IDF T2G p a b Function Type 2 Gumbel distribution with parameters a and b This distribution is a PSPP extension Constraints x gt 0 0 p I PDF UNIFORM x a b Function CDF UNIFORM x a b Function IDF UNIFORM p a b Function RV UNIFORM a b Function Uniform distribution with parameters a and b Constraints a lt x lt b 0 lt p lt 1 An additional function is available as shorthand UNIFORM b Function Equivalent to RV UNIFORM O0 b PDF WEIBULL x a b Function CDF WEIBULL x a b Function Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 62 IDF WEIBULL p a b Function RV WEIBULL a b Function Weibull distribution with parameters a and b Constraints a gt 0 b 0 x gt 0 0 lt p lt 1 7 7 10 2 Discrete Distributions The following discrete distributions are available PDF
189. itive the result is system missing LNGAMMA number Function Yields the base e logarithm of the complete gamma of number If number is a negative integer the result is system missing SQRT number Function Takes the square root of number If number is negative the result is system missing 7 7 2 Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions Miscellaneous mathematical functions take numeric arguments and produce numeric results ABS number Function Results in the absolute value of number MOD numerator denominator Function Returns the remainder modulus of numerator divided by denominator If numerator is 0 then the result is 0 even if denominator is missing If denominator is 0 the result is system missing MOD10 number Function Returns the remainder when number is divided by 10 If number is negative MOD10 number is negative or zero RND number Function Takes the absolute value of number and rounds it to an integer Then if number was negative originally negates the result TRUNC number Function Discards the fractional part of number that is rounds number towards zero Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 49 7 7 3 Trigonometric Functions Trigonometric functions take numeric arguments and produce numeric results ARCOS number Function ACOS number Function Takes the arccosine in radians of number Results in system missing if number is not between 1 and 1 inclusive This function
190. itution occurs only on whole words so that for example a dummy variable PRINT would not be substituted into the word PRINTOUT New variable names used as replacements are not automatically created as variables but only if used in the code block in a context that would create them e g on a NUMERIC or STRING command or on the left side of a COMPUTE assignment Any command may appear within DO REPEAT including nested DO REPEAT commands If INCLUDE or INSERT appears within DO REPEAT the substitutions do not apply to the included file If PRINT is specified on END REPEAT the commands after substitutions are made are printed to the listing file prefixed by a plus sign 14 4 LOOP LOOP index var start TO end BY incr IF condition END LOOP IF condition LOOP iterates a group of commands A number of termination options are offered Specify index var to make that variable count from one value to another by a particular increment index var must be a pre existing numeric variable start end and incr are numeric expressions see Chapter 7 Expressions page 46 During the first iteration index var is set to the value of start During each successive iteration index var is increased by the value of incr If end gt start then the loop terminates when index var gt end otherwise it terminates when index var lt end If incr is not specified then it defaults to 1 or 1 as appropriate If end gt start and incr
191. l The DEPENDENT subcommand is required All variables listed in the VARIABLES subcommand but not listed in the DEPENDENT subcommand are treated as explanatory variables in the linear model All other subcommands are optional The STATISTICS subcommand specifies additional statistics to be displayed The fol lowing keywords are accepted ALL All of the statistics below R The ratio of the sums of squares due to the model to the total sums of squares for the dependent variable COEFF A table containing the estimated model coefficients and their standard errors CI conf This item is only relevant if COEFF has also been selected It specifies that the confidence interval for the coefficients should be printed The optional value conf which must be in parentheses is the desired confidence level expressed as a percentage ANOVA Analysis of variance table for the model BCOV The covariance matrix for the estimated model coefficients DEFAULT The same as if R COEFF and ANOVA had been selected The SAVE subcommand causes PSPP to save the residuals or predicted values from the fitted model to the active dataset PSPP will store the residuals in a variable called RES1 if no such variable exists RES if RES1 already exists RES3 if RES1 and RES already exist etc It will choose the name of the variable for the predicted values similarly but with PRED as a prefix When SAVE is used PSPP ignores TEM
192. l variables should be taken at their face value and not excluded MISSING DEPENDENT says that user missing values in the dependent variables should be taken at their face value however cases which have user missing values for the categorical variables should be omitted from the calculation 15 10 NPAR TESTS NPAR TESTS nonparametric test subcommands STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES MISSING ANALYSIS LISTWISE INCLUDE EXCLUDE METHOD EXACT TIMER n NPAR TESTS performs nonparametric tests Non parametric tests make very few assump tions about the distribution of the data One or more tests may be specified by using the corresponding subcommand If the STATISTICS subcommand is also specified then summary statistics are produces for each variable that is the subject of any test Certain tests may take a long time to execute if an exact figure is required Therefore by default asymptotic approximations are used unless the subcommand METHOD EXACT is specified Exact tests give more accurate results but may take an unacceptably long time to perform If the TIMER keyword is used it sets a maximum time after which the test will be abandoned and a warning message printed The time in minutes should be specified in parentheses after the TIMER keyword If the TIMER keyword is given without this figure then a default value of 5 minutes is used 15 10 1 Binomial test BINOMIAL p var_list valuel value2
193. les are divided into 2 subsets An optional parameter n may be given to specify how many variables to be in the first subset If n is omitted then it defaults to one half of the variables in the scale or one half minus one if there are an odd number of variables The default model is ALPHA By default any cases with user missing or system missing values for any variables given in the VARIABLES subcommand will be omitted from analysis The MISSING subcommand determines whether user missing values are to be included or excluded in the analysis The SUMMARY subcommand determines the type of summary analysis to be performed Currently there is only one type SUMMARY TOTAL which displays per item analysis tested against the totals 15 17 ROC ROC var list BY state var state value PLOT CURVE REFERENCE NONE PRINT SE COORDINATES CRITERIA CUTOFF INCLUDE EXCLUDE Chapter 15 Statistics 152 TESTPOS LARGE SMALL CI confidence DISTRIBUTION FREE NEGEXPO MISSING EXCLUDE INCLUDE The ROC command is used to plot the receiver operating characteristic curve of a dataset and to estimate the area under the curve This is useful for analysing the efficacy of a variable as a predictor of a state of nature The mandatory var_list is the list of predictor variables The variable state_var is the variable whose values represent the actual states and state_value is the value of this variable wh
194. les in native encoding with variable length records FILE HANDLE handle_name NAME filename MODE BINARY LRECL rec_len ENCODING encoding For binary files encoded in EBCDIC FILE HANDLE handle_name NAME file_name MODE 360 RECFORM FIXED VARIABLE SPANNED LRECL rec_len ENCODING encoding Use FILE HANDLE to associate a file handle name with a file and its attributes so that later commands can refer to the file by its handle name Names of text files can be specified directly on commands that access files so that FILE HANDLE is only needed when a file is not an ordinary file containing lines of text However FILE HANDLE may be used even for text files and it may be easier to specify a file s name once and later refer to it by an abstract handle Specify the file handle name as the identifier immediately following the FILE HANDLE command name The identifier INLINE is reserved for representing data embedded in the syntax file see Section 8 1 BEGIN DATA page 64 The file handle name must not already have been used in a previous invocation of FILE HANDLE unless it has been closed by an intervening command see Section 8 2 CLOSE FILE HANDLE page 64 The effect and syntax of FILE HANDLE depends on the selected MODE e In CHARACTER mode the default the data file is read as a text file Each text line is read as one record In CHARACTER mode only tabs are expanded to spaces by input programs exce
195. les in the same command precede the subsequent variable list with a slash 11 16 VARIABLE ALIGNMENT VARIABLE ALIGNMENT var_list LEFT RIGHT CENTER var list LEFT RIGHT CENTER var_list LEFT RIGHT CENTER VARIABLE ALIGNMENT sets the alignment of variables for display editing purposes This only has effect for third party software It does not affect the display of variables in the PSPP output Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 108 11 17 VARIABLE WIDTH VARIABLE WIDTH var_list width var_list width var_list width VARIABLE WIDTH sets the column width of variables for display editing purposes This only affects third party software It does not affect the display of variables in the PSPP output 11 18 VARIABLE LEVEL VARIABLE LEVEL var_list SCALE NOMINAL ORDINAL var_list SCALE NOMINAL ORDINAL var_list SCALE NOMINAL ORDINAL VARIABLE LEVEL sets the measurement level of variables Currently this has no effect except for certain third party software 11 19 VARIABLE ROLE VARIABLE ROLE role var_list role var_list VARIABLE ROLE sets the intended role of a variable for use in dialog boxes in graphical user interfaces Each role specifies one of the following roles for the variables that follow it INPUT An input variable such as an independent variable TARGET An output variable such as an dependent variable BOTH A variable
196. llel Input will stop when end of file is reached on any of the data files Transformations such as conditional and looping constructs can also be included within INPUT PROGRAM These can be used to combine input from several data files in more complex ways However input will still stop when end of file is reached on any of the data files Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 74 To prevent INPUT PROGRAM from terminating at the first end of file use the END subcom mand on DATA LIST This subcommand takes a variable name which should be a numeric scratch variable see Section 6 7 5 Scratch Variables page 43 It need not be a scratch variable but otherwise the results can be surprising The value of this variable is set to 0 when reading the data file or 1 when end of file is encountered Two additional commands are useful in conjunction with INPUT PROGRAM END CASE is the first Normally each loop through the INPUT PROGRAM structure produces one case END CASE controls exactly when cases are output When END CASE is used looping from the end of INPUT PROGRAM to the beginning does not cause a case to be output END FILE is the second When the END subcommand is used on DATA LIST there is no way for the INPUT PROGRAM construct to stop looping so an infinite loop results END FILE when executed stops the flow of input data and passes out of the INPUT PROGRAM structure INPUT PROGRAM must contain at least one DATA LIST or END FILE command
197. lowing is an example of a useful bug report When I run PSPP 0 8 4 on the system Linux knut 3 5 3 gnu 1 PREEMPT Tue Aug 28 10 49 41 UTC 2012 mips64 GNU Linux Executing the following syntax DATA LIST FREE x BEGIN DATA 123 END DATA LIST Chapter 20 Bugs 174 results in 4 5 6 I think the output should be 1 2 3 Here the developers have the necessary information to reproduce the circumstances of the bug report and they understand what the reporter expected Conversely the following is a useless bug report I downloaded the latest version of PSPP and entered a sequence of numbers but when I analyse them it gives the wrong output In that example it is impossible to reproduce and there is no indication of why the reporter thought what he saw was wrong Note that the purpose of bug reports is to help improve the quality of PSPP for the benefit of all users It is not a consultancy or support service If that is what you want you are welcome to make private arrangements Since PSPP is free software consultants have access to the information they need to provide such support The PsPP developers appreciate all users feedback but cannot promise an immediate response Please do not use the bug reporting address for general enquiries or to seek help in using installing or running the program For that use the pspp users mailing list mentioned above Chapter 21 Function Index 21 Function Index
198. lts in system missing for numeric variables or blanks for string variables for the first n cases LAG obtains values from the cases that become the new active dataset after a procedure executes Thus LAG will not return values from cases dropped by transformations such as SELECT IF and transformations like COMPUTE that modify data will change the values returned by LAG These are both the case whether these transformations precede or follow the use of LAG If LAG is used before TEMPORARY then the values it returns are those in cases just before TEMPORARY LAG may not be used after TEMPORARY If omitted ncases defaults to 1 Otherwise ncases must be a small positive constant integer There is no explicit limit but use of a large value will increase memory consumption YRMODA year month day Function year is a year either between 0 and 99 or at least 1582 Unlike other PSPP date functions years between 0 and 99 always correspond to 1900 through 1999 month is a month between 1 and 13 day is a day between 0 and 31 A day of 0 refers to the last day of the previous month and a month of 13 refers to the first month of the next year year must be in range year month and day must all be integers YRMODA results in the number of days between 15 Oct 1582 and the date specified plus one The date passed to YRMODA must be on or after 15 Oct 1582 15 Oct 1582 has a value of 1 VALUELABEL variable Function Returns a string match
199. lue for each variable At any given time PSPP has exactly one distinguished dataset called the active dataset Most PSPP commands work only with the active dataset In addition to the active dataset PSPP also supports any number of additional open datasets The DATASET commands can choose a new active dataset from among those that are open as well as create and destroy datasets see Section 8 4 DATASET page 65 The sections below describe variables in more detail 6 7 1 Attributes of Variables Each variable has a number of attributes including Name An identifier up to 64 bytes long Each variable must have a different name See Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 Some system variable names begin with but user defined variables names may not begin with The final character in a variable name should not be because such an iden tifier will be misinterpreted when it is the final token on a line FOO will be divided into two separate tokens FOO and indicating end of command See Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 Chapter 6 The PsPP language 33 6 The final character in a variable name should not be _ because some such identifiers are used for special purposes by PSPP procedures As with all PSPP identifiers variable names are not case sensitive PSPP capi talizes variable names on output the same way they were capitalized at their point of definition in the input Type Numeric or
200. m max value should be provided However if the parameters are omitted they will be imputed from the data Imputing the parameters reduces the power of the test so should be avoided if possible In the following example two variables score and age are tested to see if they follow a normal distribution with a mean of 3 5 and a standard deviation of 2 0 NPAR TESTS KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV normal 3 5 2 0 score age If the variables need to be tested against different distributions then a separate sub command must be used For example the following syntax tests score against a normal distribution with mean of 3 5 and standard deviation of 2 0 whilst age is tested against a normal distribution of mean 40 and standard deviation 1 5 NPAR TESTS KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV normal 3 5 2 0 score KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV normal 40 1 5 age The abbreviated subcommand K S may be used in place of KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV 15 10 7 Kruskal Wallis Test KRUSKAL WALLIS var_list BY var lower upper The Kruskal Wallis test is used to compare data from an arbitrary number of populations It does not assume normality The data to be compared are specified by var list The categorical variable determining the groups to which the data belongs is given by var The limits lower and upper specify the valid range of var Any cases for which var falls outside lower upper will be ignored The mean rank of each group as well as the chi squared value and significan
201. m their copyright holders but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections You may include a translation of this License and all the license notices in the Document and any Warranty Disclaimers provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer the original version will prevail If a section in the Document is Entitled Acknowledgements Dedications or His tory the requirement section 4 to Preserve its Title section 1 will typically require changing the actual title 9 TERMINATION You may not copy modify sublicense or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License Any attempt otherwise to copy modify sublicense or distribute it is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However if you cease all violation of this License then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated a provisionally unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license and b permanently if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation Moreover your license from a particular c
202. mas To include a range of variables from the dictionary in the list write the name of the first and last variable in the range separated by TO For instance if the dictionary contains six variables with the names ID X1 X2 GOAL MET and NEXTGOAL in that order then X2 TO MET would include variables X2 GOAL and MET Commands that define variables such as DATA LIST give TO an alternate meaning With these commands TO define sequences of variables whose names end in consecutive integers The syntax is two identifiers that begin with the same root and end with numbers separated by TO The syntax X1 TO X5 defines 5 variables named X1 X2 X3 X4 and X5 The syntax ITEMOO08 TO ITEMOO13 defines 6 variables named ITEMOO08 ITEMOO09 ITEMOO10 ITEMOO11 ITEMOO12 and ITEMOO013 The syntaxes QUESO01 TO QUES9 and QUES6 TO QUES3 are invalid After a set of variables has been defined with DATA LIST or another command with this method the same set can be referenced on later commands using the same syntax 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats An input format describes how to interpret the contents of an input field as a number or a string It might specify that the field contains an ordinary decimal number a time or date a number in binary or hexadecimal notation or one of several other notations Input formats are used by commands such as DATA LIST that read data or syntax files into the PSPP active dataset Every input format corresponds to a de
203. mate be tween one iteration and the previous is less than delta The default value of delta is 0 001 The ITERATE m may appear any number of times and is used for two different purposes It is used to set the maximum number of iterations m for convergence and also to set Chapter 15 Statistics 138 the maximum number of iterations for rotation Whether it affects convergence or rota tion depends upon which subcommand follows the ITERATE subcommand If EXTRACTION follows it affects convergence If ROTATION follows it affects rotation If neither ROTATION nor EXTRACTION follow a ITERATE subcommand it will be ignored The default value of m is 25 The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of missing variables If INCLUDE is set then user missing values are included in the calculations but system missing values are not If EXCLUDE is set which is the default user missing values are excluded as well as system missing values This is the default If LISTWISE is set then the entire case is excluded from analysis whenever any variable specified in the VARIABLES subcommand contains a missing value If PAIRWISE is set then a case is considered missing only if either of the values for the particular coefficient are missing The default is LISTWISE 15 8 LOGISTIC REGRESSION LOGISTIC REGRESSION VARIABLES dependent_var WITH predictors CATEGORICAL categorical predictors NOCONST ORIGIN NOORIGIN H PRINT SUMMARY DEFAULT C
204. mmands and the input program and file type states PSPP starts in the initial state Each successful completion of a command may cause a state transition Each type of command has its own rules for state transitions Utility commands e Valid in any state e Do not cause state transitions Exception when N OF CASES is executed in the procedure state it causes a transition to the transformation state DATA LIST e Valid in any state e When executed in the initial or procedure state causes a transition to the transformation state e Clears the active dataset if executed in the procedure or transformation state INPUT PROGRAM e Invalid in input program and file type states e Causes a transition to the intput program state e Clears the active dataset FILE TYPE e Invalid in intput program and file type states e Causes a transition to the file type state e Clears the active dataset Other file definition commands e Invalid in input program and file type states e Cause a transition to the transformation state e Clear the active dataset except for ADD FILES MATCH FILES and UPDATE Transformations e Invalid in initial and file type states e Cause a transition to the transformation state Restricted transformations e Invalid in initial input program and file type states Chapter 6 The PSPP language 32 e Cause a transition to the transformation state Procedures e Invalid in initial input program and file type state
205. mp dates are defined and represented Times and dates are handled by PSPP as single numbers A time is an interval PSPP measures times in seconds Thus the following intervals correspond with the numeric values given 10 minutes 600 1 hour 3 600 1 day 3 hours 10 seconds 97 210 40 days 3 456 000 A date on the other hand is a particular instant in the past or the future PSPP represents a date as a number of seconds since midnight preceding 14 Oct 1582 Because midnight preceding the dates given below correspond with the numeric PSPP dates given 15 Oct 1582 86 400 4 Jul 1776 6 113 318 400 1 Jan 1900 10 010 390 400 1 Oct 1978 12 495 427 200 24 Aug 1995 13 028 601 600 7 7 8 2 Functions that Produce Times These functions take numeric arguments and return numeric values that represent times TIME DAYS ndays Function Returns a time corresponding to ndays days TIME HMS nhours nmins nsecs Function Returns a time corresponding to nhours hours nmins minutes and nsecs seconds The arguments may not have mixed signs if any of them are positive then none may be negative and vice versa 7 7 8 3 Functions that Examine Times These functions take numeric arguments in PSPP time format and give numeric results CTIME DAYS time Function Results in the number of days and fractional days in time Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 54 CTIME HOURS time Function Results in the number of hours and fractional hours in t
206. mpted from re reading Specify an expression see Chapter 7 Expressions page 46 evaluating to the first column that should be included in the re read line Columns are numbered from 1 at the left margin The ENCODING subcommand may only be used if the FILE subcommand is also used It specifies the character encoding of the file See Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 for information on supported encodings Issuing REREAD multiple times will not back up in the data file Instead it will re read the same line multiple times 8 16 REPEATING DATA REPEATING DATA STARTS start end OCCURS n occurs Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 79 FILE filename LENGTH length CONTINUED cont_start cont_end 1D id start id end id var TABLE NOTABLE DATA var_spec where each var_spec takes one of the forms var list start end type spec var list fortran_spec REPEATING DATA parses groups of data repeating in a uniform format possibly with sev eral groups on a single line Each group of data corresponds with one case REPEATING DATA may only be used within an INPUT PROGRAM structure see Section 8 9 INPUT PRO GRAM page 73 When used with DATA LIST it can be used to parse groups of cases that share a subset of variables but differ in their other data The STARTS subcommand is required Specify a range of columns using literal numbers or numeric variable names This range specifies the columns on the first line that are us
207. n the United States and ja_JP EUC JP EUC JP encoded Japanese as spoken in Japan MEXPAND MITERATE MNEST MPRINT Currently not used MXLOOPS The maximum number of iterations for an uncontrolled loop see Section 14 4 LOOP page 125 The default max_loops is 40 SEED The initial pseudo random number seed Set to a real number or to RANDOM which will obtain an initial seed from the current time of day UNDEFINED Currently not used WORKSPACE The maximum amount of memory in kilobytes that PSPP will use to store data being processed If memory in excess of the workspace size is required then PSPP will start to use temporary files to store the data Setting a higher value will in general mean procedures will run faster but may cause other applications to run slower On platforms without virtual memory management setting a very large workspace may cause PSPP to abort Data output subcommands affect the format of output data These subcommands are CCA CCB CCC CCD CCE Set up custom currency formats See Section 6 7 4 2 Custom Currency For mats page 37 for details DECIMAL The default DOT setting causes the decimal point character to be A setting of COMMA causes the decimal point character to be FORMAT Allows the default numeric input output format to be specified The default is F8 2 See Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 WIB PSPP extension to set the byte ordering endia
208. n EE gebr d 62 PDF BVN R e le bg RR EE EE Sa 58 PDF GAUCHY ieeereneiiee rk nesBRR REIR RE 59 DE EA ere e Re c e RIP Ehe 59 PDE E lieiGge ae Rt hee a et ea bx hesr dup 59 PDE GAN e or RAE I Reg RE DEERSPRI ES 59 PDE GEUM ems kl RI EES AE 62 PDF HYPER e pr R e mer per REPRISE 62 PDF LANDAU geseet ed geed 59 PDF LAPLACE EE 60 PDF TENOR MA ci onc cide tt ace Eeer eee itr Rer 60 PDE BUG 1x bdedc kk ERA d eee 62 PDF LOGISTIC eer gr cad emdtinnedin dete 60 PDF NEGBIN ii2 imem gege Eier RR 62 PDF MURT vas ser d 60 PDE KR EEN 60 PDF PARETO eege Ier eere rer 61 PDF P ISSUN 2i I e ESI EIER E EE 62 PDF RAY GEUGH n ei topita Mp ION 61 PDF RTIAIL i secre UREPPPes icd DU Xe 61 PDE T lese graviter te dese beim dee dus 61 PD Bes EE 61 PDE T2U0 ocean eh IpD ew Ye rubber even reme 61 PDE UNIF URM iveerekercepertp emvueer ferens 61 PDF WETIBULL ceenfeetueeni stensmeetves dus 61 PDE XP WER 5 Seed ddae a de Ede 59 PR BTT i hbheehehersueheB EPOR ResuepRS E 60 R RANGE rsen eme SE deae e rues 50 RINDEX iere 52 CIE 48 RPAD Aer tone bent ege 52 RIRIM EE 52 RV BERNOULLI vta ber fesstmr ee In E Pan edibus 62 EV 2 BET Are Ll sse beso eese eu dg bimus 58 RV BINOM aitoren tiem ve ee 62 e Le KEE 59 RV sCH AE 59 BV EAP EE 59 RV GF EE 59 RV GAMMA e els eR RES Re da pada SE 59 RV GEUM iie enc p RE ESL A RR EE SE 62 RV HYPER ee RI pPRRRRPRRERRR neiaie 62 RV LANDAU ceepor Rr RR eee eee aca Ie 59 RV LA
209. nd In batch mode an end of line period or a blank line also ends a command Additionally it treats any line that has a non blank character in the leftmost column as beginning a new command Thus in batch mode the second and subsequent lines in a command must be indented Regardless of the syntax mode a plus sign minus sign or period in the leftmost column of a line is ignored and causes that line to begin a new command This is most useful in batch mode in which the first line of a new command could not otherwise be indented but it is accepted regardless of syntax mode The default mode for reading commands from a file is auto mode It is the same as batch mode except that a line with a non blank in the leftmost column only starts a new command if that line begins with the name of a PSPP command This correctly interprets most valid PSPP syntax files regardless of the syntax mode for which they are intended The interactive or i or batch or b options set the syntax mode for files listed on the PSPP command line See Section 3 1 Main Options page 4 for more details 6 4 Types of Commands Commands in PSPP are divided roughly into six categories Utility commands Set or display various global options that affect PSPP operations May appear anywhere in a syntax file See Chapter 16 Utility commands page 153 File definition commands Give instructions for reading data from text files or from special binary system
210. nd covariance estimators to be displayed for each pair of variables The keyword ALL is the union of DESCRIPTIVES and XPROD 15 6 CROSSTABS CROSSTABS TABLES var_list BY var bet BY var list MISSING TABLE INCLUDE REPORT WRITE NONE CELLS ALL FORMAT TABLES NOTABLES Chapter 15 Statistics 134 PIVOT NOPIVOT AVALUE DVALUE NOINDEX INDEX BOX NOBOX CELLS COUNT ROW COLUMN TOTAL EXPECTED RESIDUAL SRESIDUAL ASRESIDUAL ALL NONE STATISTICS CHISQ PHI CC LAMBDA UC BTAU CTAU RISK GAMMA D KAPPA ETA CORR ALL NONE BARCHART Integer mode VARIABLES var_list low high The CROSSTABS procedure displays crosstabulation tables requested by the user It can calculate several statistics for each cell in the crosstabulation tables In addition a number of statistics can be calculated for each table itself The TABLES subcommand is used to specify the tables to be reported Any number of dimensions is permitted and any number of variables per dimension is allowed The TABLES subcommand may be repeated as many times as needed This is the only required subcommand in general mode Occasionally one may want to invoke a special mode called integer mode Normally in general mode PSPP automatically determines what values occur in the data In integer mode the user specifies the range of values that the data assumes To invoke this mode specify the VARIABLES subcommand giving a range of data values in parentheses fo
211. nding to date where 1 represents Sunday XDATE YEAR date Function Returns the year as an integer 1582 or greater corresponding to date 1 1 8 6 Time and Date Arithmetic Ordinary arithmetic operations on dates and times often produce sensible results Adding a time to or subtracting one from a date produces a new date that much earlier or later The difference of two dates yields the time between those dates Adding two times produces the combined time Multiplying a time by a scalar produces a time that many times longer Since times and dates are just numbers the ordinary addition and subtraction operators are employed for these purposes Adding two dates does not produce a useful result Dates and times may have very large values Thus it is not a good idea to take powers of these values also the accuracy of some procedures may be affected If necessary convert times or dates in seconds to some other unit like days or years before performing analysis PSPP supplies a few functions for date arithmetic DATEDIFF date datei unit Function Returns the span of time from date to date in terms of unit which must be a quoted string one of years quarters months weeks days hours minutes and seconds The result is an integer truncated toward zero One year is considered to span from a given date to the same month day and time of day the next year Thus from Jan 1 of
212. nditions of the license for PSPP are found in the GNU General Public License You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 51 Franklin Street Fifth Floor Boston MA 02110 1301 USA This manual specifically is covered by the GNU Free Documentation License see Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License page 185 Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 4 3 Invoking pspp PSPP has two separate user interfaces This chapter describes pspp PSPP s command line driven text based user interface The following chapter briefly describes PSPPIRE the graphical user interface to PSPP The sections below describe the pspp program s command line interface 3 1 Main Options Here is a summary of all the options grouped by type followed by explanations in the same order In the table arguments to long options also apply to any corresponding short options Non option arguments syntax file Output options o output output file 0 option value 0 format format 0 device terminal listing no output e error file error file Language options I include dir I no include b batch i interactive r no statrc a algorithm compatible enhanced x syntax compatible enhanced syntax encoding encoding Informational options h help V version Other options s safer testing mode syntax file Re
213. neral Public License to permit their use in free software
214. ng all variables is produced The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of missing variables If INCLUDE is set then user missing values are included in the calculations but system missing values are not If EXCLUDE is set which is the default user missing values are excluded as well as system missing values If LISTWISE is set then the entire case is excluded from analysis whenever any variable specified in any VARIABLES subcommand contains a missing value If PAIRWISE is set then a case is considered missing only if either of the values for the particular coefficient are missing The default is PAIRWISE The PRINT subcommand is used to control how the reported significance values are printed If the TWOTAIL option is used then a two tailed test of significance is printed If the ONETAIL option is given then a one tailed test is used The default is THOTAIL If the NOSIG option is specified then correlation coefficients with significance less than 0 05 are highlighted If SIG is specified then no highlighting is performed This is the default The STATISTICS subcommand requests additional statistics to be displayed The key word DESCRIPTIVES requests that the mean number of non missing cases and the non biased estimator of the standard deviation are displayed These statistics will be displayed in a separated table for all the variables listed in any VARIABLES subcommand The XPROD keyword requests cross product deviations a
215. ng value for numeric variables or spaces for string variables 10 3 MATCH FILES MATCH FILES Per input file FILE TABLE file_name RENAME src_names target_names IN var_name SORT Once per command BY var_list D A var_list DIA DROP var_list KEEP var_list FIRST var_name LAST var_name MAP MATCH FILES merges sets of corresponding cases in multiple input files into single cases in the output combining their data MATCH FILES shares the bulk of its syntax with other PSPP commands for combining multiple data files See Section 10 1 Combining Files Common Syntax page 95 above for an explanation of this common syntax How MATCH FILES matches up cases from the input files depends on whether BY is spec ified e If BY is not used MATCH FILES combines the first case from each input file to produce the first output case then the second case from each input file for the second output case and so on If some input files have fewer cases than others then the shorter files do not contribute to cases output after their input has been exhausted e If BY is used MATCH FILES combines cases from each input file that have identical values for the BY variables When BY is used TABLE subcommands may be used to introduce table lookup file TABLE has same syntax as FILE and the RENAME IN and SORT subcommands may follow a TABLE in the same way as FILE Regardless of the number of TAB
216. nly to non integers The OUTFILE subcommand which is the only required subcommand specifies the portable file to be written as a file name string or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 DROP KEEP and RENAME follow the same format as the SAVE procedure see Section 9 6 SAVE page 89 The TYPE subcommand specifies the character set for use in the portable file Its value is currently not used The MAP subcommand is currently ignored EXPORT is a procedure It causes the active dataset to be read 9 3 GET GET FILE file_name file_handle DROP var_list KEEP var_list RENAME src_names target_names ENCODING encoding GET clears the current dictionary and active dataset and replaces them with the dictio nary and data from a specified file The FILE subcommand is the only required subcommand Specify the SPSS system file SPSS PC system file or SPSS portable file to be read as a string file name or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 83 By default all the variables in a file are read The DROP subcommand can be used to specify a list of variables that are not to be read By contrast the KEEP subcommand can be used to specify variable that are to be read with all other variables not read Normally variables in a file retain the names that they were saved under Use the RENAME subcommand to change these names Specify wit
217. nness used for writing data in IB or PIB format see Section 6 7 4 4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats page 39 In MSBFIRST ordering the most significant byte appears at the left Chapter 16 Utilities 162 end of a IB or PIB field In LSBFIRST ordering the least significant byte appears at the left end VAX ordering is like MSBFIRST except that each pair of bytes is in reverse order NATIVE the default is equivalent to MSBFIRST or LSBFIRST depending on the native format of the machine running PSPP WRB PSPP extension to set the floating point format used for writing data in RB for mat see Section 6 7 4 4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats page 39 The choices are the same as SET RIB The default is NATIVE In the PSPP text based interface the output routing subcommands affect where output is sent The following values are allowed for each of these subcommands OFF NONE Discard this kind of output TERMINAL Write this output to the terminal but not to listing files and other output devices LISTING Write this output to listing files and other output devices but not to the ter minal ON BOTH Write this type of output to all output devices These output routing subcommands are ERRORS Applies to error and warning messages The default is BOTH MESSAGES Applies to notes The default is BOTH PRINTBACK Determines whether the syntax used for input is printed back as part of the output The default is N
218. nput source then TEMPORARY must not be in effect Each FILE subcommand may be followed by any number of RENAME subcommands that specify a parenthesized group or groups of variable names as they appear in the input file followed by those variables new names separated by an equals sign e g RENAME OLD1 NEW1 OLD2 NEW2 To rename a single variable the parentheses may be omitted RENAME old new Within a parenthesized group variables are renamed simulta neously so that RENAME A B B A exchanges the names of variables A and B Otherwise renaming occurs in left to right order Each FILE subcommand may optionally be followed by a single IN subcommand which creates a numeric variable with the specified name and format F1 0 The IN variable takes value 1 in an output case if the given input file contributed to that output case and 0 otherwise The DROP KEEP and RENAME subcommands have no effect on IN variables If BY is used see below the SORT keyword must be specified after a FILE if that input file is not already sorted on the BY variables When SORT is specified PSPP sorts the input file s data on the BY variables before it applies it to the command When SORT is used BY is required SORT is a PSPP extension PSPP merges the dictionaries of all of the input files to form the dictionary of the new active dataset like so e The variables in the new active dataset are the union of all the input files variables matched
219. o be omitted The WRAP and SINGLE settings are currently not used Case numbers start from 1 They are counted after all transformations have been con sidered LIST attempts to fit all the values on a single line If needed to make them fit variable names are displayed vertically If values cannot fit on a single line then a multi line format will be used LIST is a procedure It causes the data to be read 8 11 NEW FILE NEW FILE NEW FILE command clears the dictionary and data from the current active dataset 8 12 PRINT PRINT OUTFILE file name RECORDS n lines NOTABLE TABLE ENCODING encoding line_no arg arg takes one of the following forms string start var list start end type spec var list fortran_spec var list The PRINT transformation writes variable data to the listing file or an output file PRINT is executed when a procedure causes the data to be read Follow PRINT by EXECUTE to print variable data without invoking a procedure see Section 16 11 EXECUTE page 154 Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 77 All PRINT subcommands are optional If no strings or variables are specified PRINT outputs a single blank line The OUTFILE subcommand specifies the file to receive the output The file may be a file name as a string or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 If OUTFILE is not present then output will be sent to PSPP s output listing file When OUTFILE is pres
220. oes any number of spaces at the end of a line To use a tab as a delimiter specify t at the beginning of the DELIMITERS string To use a backslash as a delimiter specify as the first delimiter or if a tab should also be a delimiter immediately following t To read a data file in which each field appears on a separate line specify the empty string for DELIMITERS The optional QUALIFIER subcommand names one or more characters that can be used to quote values within fields in the input A field that begins with one of the specified Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 87 quote characters ends at the next matching quote Intervening delimiters become part of the field instead of terminating it The ability to specify more than one quote character is a PSPP extension By default a character specified on QUALIFIER cannot itself be embedded within a field that it quotes because the quote character always terminates the quoted field With ESCAPE however a doubled quote character within a quoted field inserts a single instance of the quote into the field For example if is specified on QUALIFIER then without ESCAPE a b specifies a pair of fields that contain a and b but with ESCAPE it specifies a single field that contains a b ESCAPE is a PSPP extension The DELCASE subcommand controls how data may be broken across lines in the data file With LINE the default setting ea
221. of their quotations It was suggested that the time to repair might be related to the time between failures and the duty cycle of the equipment The p value of 0 1 was chosen for this investigation In order to investigate this hypothesis the REGRESSION command was used This command Chapter 5 Using PSPP 25 not only tests if the variables are related but also identifies the potential linear relationship See Section 15 15 REGRESSION page 149 Chapter 5 Using PSPP 26 a N PSPP gt get file usr local share pspp examples repairs sav PSPP gt regression variables mtbf duty_cycle dependent mttr PSPP gt regression variables mtbf dependent mttr Output 1 3 1 REGRESSION Coefficients B Std Error Betal t tt d 2 2 2 2z 2 4 2 l lclllllllllllllllllllllllll f2 4 2 2 2 j4 2 4 2 4 Constant 89 81 1 50 00 6 54 Mean time between failures months 3 10 10 99 32 43 Ratio of working to non working time 1 09 1 78 02 61 E 1 3 2 REGRESSION Coefficients a ee Significance a aa a Constant 10 Mean time between failures months O01t Ratio of working to non working time 55 a a oo 2 3 1 REGRESSION Coefficients dH 2 2 2 2 2cllcllclcllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllzljj2 j42 2 2 2 j4 2 4 2 4 B Std Error Betal t 2 SSS SSS SSS SSS SSH HHS SSH fH SS
222. of tokens Most PSPP commands share a common structure A command begins with a command name such as FREQUENCIES DATA LIST or N OF CASES The command name may be ab breviated to its first word and each word in the command name may be abbreviated to its first three or more characters where these abbreviations are unambiguous The command name may be followed by one or more subcommands Each subcommand begins with a subcommand name which may be abbreviated to its first three letters Some subcommands accept a series of one or more specifications which follow the subcommand name optionally separated from it by an equals sign Specifications may be separated from each other by commas or spaces Each subcommand must be separated from the next if any by a forward slash There are multiple ways to mark the end of a command The most common way is to end the last line of the command with a period as described in the previous section see Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 A blank line or one that consists only of white space or comments also ends a command Chapter 6 The PsPP language 30 6 3 Syntax Variants There are three variants of command syntax which vary only in how they detect the end of one command and the start of the next In interactive mode which is the default for syntax typed at a command prompt a period as the last non blank character on a line ends a command A blank line also ends a comma
223. of whole days represented by date or time For a date results in the hour as an integer between 0 and 23 corresponding to date or time XDATE JDAY date Function Results in the day of the year as an integer between 1 and 366 corresponding to date XDATE MDAY date Function Results in the day of the month as an integer between 1 and 31 corresponding to date XDATE MINUTE time or date Function Results in the number of minutes as an integer between 0 and 59 after the last hour in time or date XDATE MONTH date Function Results in the month of the year as an integer between 1 and 12 corresponding to date XDATE QUARTER date Function Results in the quarter of the year as an integer between 1 and 4 corresponding to date XDATE SECOND time or date Function Results in the number of whole seconds after the last whole minute as an integer between 0 and 59 in time or date XDATE TDAY date Function Results in the number of whole days from 14 Oct 1582 to date Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 56 XDATE TIME date Function Results in the time of day at the instant corresponding to date as a time value This is the number of seconds since midnight on the day corresponding to date XDATE WEEK date Function Results in the week of the year as an integer between 1 and 53 corresponding to date XDATE WKDAY date Function Results in the day of week as an integer between 1 and 7 correspo
224. oint and the number of requested decimal places DOLLAR and PCT formats must allow an additional column for or A e The default output format for a given input format increases the field width enough to make room for optional input characters If an input format calls for decimal places the width is increased by 1 to make room for an implied decimal point COMMA DOT and DOLLAR formats also increase the output width to make room for grouping characters DOLLAR and PCT further increase the output field width by 1 to make room for or The increased output width is capped at 40 the maximum field width e The E format is exceptional For output E format has a minimum width of 7 plus the number of decimal places The default output format for an E input format is an E format with at least 3 decimal places and thus a minimum width of 10 More details of basic numeric output formatting are given below e Output rounds to nearest with ties rounded away from zero Thus 2 5 is output as 3 in F1 0 format and 1 125 as 1 13 in F5 1 format e The system missing value is output as a period in a field of spaces placed in the decimal point s position or in the rightmost column if no decimal places are requested A period is used even if the decimal point character is a comma e number that does not fill its field is right justified within the field e A number is too large for its field causes decimal places to be dropped
225. ollowed by one section for each command that describes its specific syntax and semantics 10 1 Common Syntax Per input file FILE file_name RENAME src_names target_names IN var_name SORT Once per command BY var_list D A var list DIAJ DROP var list KEEP var list FIRST var name LAST var name MAP This section describes the syntactical features in common among the ADD FILES MATCH FILES and UPDATE commands The following sections describe details specific to each command Each of these commands reads two or more input files and combines them The com mand s output becomes the new active dataset None of the commands actually change the input files Therefore if you want the changes to become permanent you must explicitly save them using an appropriate procedure or transformation see Chapter 9 System and Portable File IO page 81 The syntax of each command begins with a specification of the files to be read as input For each input file specify FILE with a system file or portable file s name as a string a dataset see Section 6 7 Datasets page 32 or file handle name see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 or an asterisk to use the active dataset as input Use of portable files on FILE is a PSPP extension Chapter 10 Combining Data Files 96 At least two FILE subcommands must be specified If the active dataset is used as an i
226. ommands Scratch variables cannot be used following TEMPORARY An example may help to clarify DATA LIST X 1 2 BEGIN DATA 2 4 10 15 20 24 END DATA COMPUTE X X 2 TEMPORARY COMPUTE X X 3 DESCRIPTIVES X DESCRIPTIVES X Chapter 13 Selecting data for analysis 123 The data read by the first DESCRIPTIVES are 4 5 8 10 5 13 15 The data read by the first DESCRIPTIVES are 1 2 5 7 5 10 12 13 7 WEIGHT WEIGHT BY var_name WEIGHT OFF WEIGHT assigns cases varying weights changing the frequency distribution of the active dataset Execution of WEIGHT is delayed until data have been read If a variable name is specified WEIGHT causes the values of that variable to be used as weighting factors for subsequent statistical procedures Use of keyword BY is optional but recommended Weighting variables must be numeric Scratch variables may not be used for weighting see Section 6 7 5 Scratch Variables page 43 When OFF is specified subsequent statistical procedures will weight all cases equally A positive integer weighting factor w on a case will yield the same statistical output as would replicating the case w times A weighting factor of 0 is treated for statistical purposes as if the case did not exist in the input Weighting values need not be integers but negative and system missing values for the weighting variable are interpreted as weighting factors of 0 User missing values are not treated speci
227. ommands are described above see Section 9 4 3 GET DATA TYPE TXT page 85 The optional FIXCASE subcommand may be used to specify the positive integer number of input lines that make up each case The default value is 1 The VARIABLES subcommand which is required specifies the positions at which each variable can be found For each variable specify its name followed by its start and end column separated by e g 0 9 followed by an input format type e g EI or a full format specification e g DOLLAR12 2 For this command columns are numbered starting Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 89 from 0 at the left column Introduce the variables in the second and later lines of a case by a slash followed by the number of the line within the case e g 2 for the second line Examples Consider the following data on used cars model year mileage price type age Civic 2002 29883 15900 Si 2 Civic 2003 13415 15900 EX 1 Civic 1992 107000 3800 n a 12 Accord 2002 26613 17900 EX 1 The following syntax can be used to read the used car data GET DATA TYPE TXT FILE cars data ARRANGEMENT FIXED FIRSTCASE 2 VARIABLES model 0 7 A year 8 15 F mileage 16 23 F price 24 31 F type 32 40 A age 40 47 F 9 5 IMPORT IMPORT FILE file name TYPE COMM TAPE DROP var list KEEP var list RENAME src_names target_names The IMPORT transformation clears the active dataset dictionary and d
228. on within the PSPP syntax file For related commands see Section 16 6 DISPLAY DOCUMENTS page 154 and Section 16 7 DISPLAY FILE LABEL page 154 11 4 FORMATS FORMATS var_list fmt_spec var list fmt spec FORMATS set both print and write formats for the specified variables to the specified format specification See Section 6 7 4 Input and Output Formats page 34 Specify a list of variables followed by a format specification in parentheses The print and write formats of the specified variables will be changed All of the variables listed together must have the same type and for string variables the same width Additional lists of variables and formats may be included following the first one FORMATS takes effect immediately It is not affected by conditional and looping structures such as DO IF or LOOP 11 5 LEAVE LEAVE var_list LEAVE prevents the specified variables from being reinitialized whenever a new case is processed Normally when a data file is processed every variable in the active dataset is initialized to the system missing value or spaces at the beginning of processing for each case When a variable has been specified on LEAVE this is not the case Instead that variable is initialized to 0 not system missing or spaces for the first case After that it retains its value between cases This becomes useful for counters For instance in the example below the variable SUM maintains a running total of t
229. ons are required The others are optional e NAME specifies the name used in syntax for the new multiple dichotomy set The name must begin with it must otherwise follow the rules for identifiers see Section 6 1 Tokens page 28 e VARIABLES specifies the variables that belong to the set At least two variables must be specified The variables must be all string or all numeric e VALUE specifies the counted value If the variables are numeric the value must be an integer If the variables are strings then the value must be a string that is no longer than the shortest of the variables in the set ignoring trailing spaces e CATEGORYLABELS optionally specifies the source of the labels for each category in the set VARLABELS the default uses variable labels or for variables without variable labels variable names PSPP warns if two variables have the same variable label since these categories cannot be distinguished in output COUNTEDVALUES instead uses each variable s value label for the counted value PSPP warns if two variables have the same value label for the counted value or if one of the variables lacks a value label since such categories cannot be distinguished in output e LABEL optionally specifies a label for the multiple response set If neither LABEL nor LABELSOURCE VARLABEL is specified the set is unlabeled e LABELSOURCE VARLABEL draws the multiple response set s label from the first variable label
230. opyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License for any work from that copyright holder and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 191 10 11 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns See http www gnu org copyleft Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License or any later version applies to it you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation If the Document does not specify a version number of this License you may cho
231. ose any version ever published not as a draft by the Free Software Foundation If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used that proxy s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document RELICENSING Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site or MMC Site means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server A Massive Multiauthor Collaboration or MMC contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site CC BY SA means the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3 0 license pub lished by Creative Commons Corporation a not for profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco California as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization Incorporate means to publish or republish a Document in whole or in part as part of another Document An MMC is eligible for relicensing if it is licensed under this License and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC 1 had no cover texts or invariant sections and 2 were thus incorporated prior to
232. oup and cases less than this value belong to the second group When using this form of the GROUPS subcommand missing values in the independent variable are excluded on a listwise basis regardless of whether MISSING LISTWISE was specified 15 11 3 Paired Samples Mode The PAIRS subcommand introduces Paired Samples mode Use this mode when repeated measures have been taken from the same samples If the WITH keyword is omitted then tables for all combinations of variables given in the PAIRS subcommand are generated If Chapter 15 Statistics 147 the WITH keyword is given and the PAIRED keyword is also given then the number of variables preceding WITH must be the same as the number following it In this case tables for each respective pair of variables are generated In the event that the WITH keyword is given but the PAIRED keyword is omitted then tables for each combination of variable preceding WITH against variable following WITH are generated 15 12 ONEWAY ONEWAY VARIABLES var_list BY var MISSING ANALYSIS LISTWISE EXCLUDE INCLUDE CONTRAST valuel value2 valueN STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES HOMOGENEITY POSTHOC BONFERRONI GH LSD SCHEFFE SIDAK TUKEY AL PHA value The ONEWAY procedure performs a one way analysis of variance of variables factored by a single independent variable It is used to compare the means of a population divided into more than two groups The dependent variables to be an
233. pending on TYPE The GET DATA command is used to read files and other data sources created by other applications When this command is executed the current dictionary and active dataset are replaced with variables and data read from the specified source The TYPE subcommand is mandatory and must be the first subcommand specified It determines the type of the file or source to read PSPP currently supports the following file types GNM Spreadsheet files created by Gnumeric http gnumeric org ODS Spreadsheet files in OpenDocument format http opendocumentformat org PSQL Relations from PostgreSQL databases http postgresql org TXT Textual data files in columnar and delimited formats Each supported file type has additional subcommands explained in separate sections below Chapter 9 System and Portable File I O 84 9 4 1 Spreadsheet Files GET DATA TYPE GNM ODS FILE file_name SHEET NAME sheet_name INDEX n CELLRANGE RANGE range FULL READNAMES ON OFF ASSUMEDSTRWIDTH n Gnumeric spreadsheets http gnumeric org and spreadsheets in OpenDocument format http libreplanet org wiki Group OpenDocument Software can be read using the GET DATA command Use the TYPE subcommand to indicate the file s format TYPE GNM indicates Gnumeric files TYPE ODS indicates OpenDocument The FILE subcommand is mandatory Use it to specify the name file to be read All other subcommands are
234. pp users e Try an up to date version of PSPP the problem may have been recently fixed e If the problem persists in the up to date version check to see if it has already been reported Reported issues are listed at http savannah gnu org bugs group pspp For known issues in individual language features see the relevant section in see Chapter 6 Language page 28 e If the problem exists in a recent version and it has not already been reported then please report it 20 2 How to report bugs The best way to send a bug report is using the web page at http savannah gnu org bugs group pspp Alternatively bug reports may be sent by email to bug gnu pspp gnu org In your bug report please include e The version of PSPP in which you encountered the problem That means the precise version number Do not simply say the latest version releases happen quickly and bug reports are archived indefinitely e The operating system and type of computer on which it is running On a GNU or other unix like system the output from the uname command is helpful e A sample of the syntax which causes the problem or if it is a user interface problem the sequence of steps required to reproduce it Screen shots are not usually helpful unless you are reporting a bug in the graphical user interface itself e A description of what you think is wrong What happened that you didn t expect and what did you expect to happen The fol
235. pt by DATA LIST FREE with explicitly specified delimiters Each tab is 4 characters wide by default but TABWIDTH a PSPP extension may be used to specify an alternate width Use a TABWIDTH of 0 to suppress tab expansion A file written in CHARACTER mode by default uses the line ends of the system on which PSPP is running that is on Windows the default is CR LF line ends and on other systems the default is LF only Specify ENDS as CR or CRLF to override the default PSPP reads files using either convention on any kind of system regardless of ENDS Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 72 e In IMAGE mode the data file is treated as a series of fixed length binary records LRECL should be used to specify the record length in bytes with a default of 1024 On input it is an error if an IMAGE file s length is not a integer multiple of the record length On output each record is padded with spaces or truncated if necessary to make it exactly the correct length e In BINARY mode the data file is treated as a series of variable length binary records LRECL may be specified but its value is ignored The data for each record is both preceded and followed by a 32 bit signed integer in little endian byte order that specifies the length of the record This redundancy permits records in these files to be efficiently read in reverse order although PSPP always reads them in forward order The length does not include either integer e Mode 360 re
236. r each variable to be used on the TABLES subcommand Data values inside the range are truncated to the nearest integer then assigned to that value If values occur outside this range they are discarded When it is present the VARIABLES subcommand must precede the TABLES subcommand In general mode numeric and string variables may be specified on TABLES In integer mode only numeric variables are allowed The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of user missing values When set to TABLE the default missing values are dropped on a table by table basis When set to INCLUDE user missing values are included in tables and statistics When set to REPORT which is allowed only in integer mode user missing values are included in tables but marked with an M for missing and excluded from statistical calculations Currently the WRITE subcommand is ignored The FORMAT subcommand controls the characteristics of the crosstabulation tables to be displayed It has a number of possible settings TABLES the default causes crosstabulation tables to be output NOTABLES suppresses them PIVOT the default causes each TABLES subcommand to be displayed in a pivot table format NOPIVOT causes the old style crosstabulation format to be used AVALUE the default causes values to be sorted in ascending order DVALUE asserts a descending sort order INDEX and NOINDEX are currently ignored Chapter 15 Statistics 135 BOX and NOBOX
237. r each case the expression is evaluated and its value assigned to the target variable Numeric and string variables may be assigned When a string expression s width differs from the target vari able s width the string result of the expression is truncated or padded with spaces on the right as necessary The expression and variable types must match Chapter 12 Data transformations 114 For numeric variables only the target variable need not already exist Numeric variables created by COMPUTE are assigned an F8 2 output format String variables must be declared before they can be used as targets for COMPUTE The target variable may be specified as an element of a vector see Section 11 20 VEC TOR page 109 In this case an expression index must be specified in parentheses fol lowing the vector name The expression index must evaluate to a numeric value that after rounding down to the nearest integer is a valid index for the named vector Using COMPUTE to assign to a variable specified on LEAVE see Section 11 5 LEAVE page 101 resets the variable s left state Therefore LEAVE should be specified following COMPUTE not before COMPUTE is a transformation It does not cause the active dataset to be read When COMPUTE is specified following TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEMPORARY page 122 the LAG function may not be used see LAG page 57 12 4 COUNT COUNT var_name var value Each value takes one of the
238. r encoding h help Prints a usage message on stdout and exits y version Prints version information on stdout and exits Chapter 18 Invoking pspp dump sav 167 18 Invoking pspp dump sav pspp dump sav is a command line utility accompanying PSPP It reads one or more SPSS system files and prints their contents The output format is useful for debugging system file readers and writers and for discovering how to interpret unknown or poorly under stood records End users may find the output useful for providing the PSPP developers information about system files that PSPP does not accurately read Synopsis pspp dump sav d maxcases data maxcases file pspp dump sav help h pspp dump sav version v The following options are accepted d maxcases data maxcases By default pspp dump sav does not print any of the data in a system file only the file headers Specify this option to print the data as well If maxcases is specified then it limits the number of cases printed h help Prints a usage message on stdout and exits v version Prints version information on stdout and exits Some errors that prevent files from being interpreted successfully cause pspp dump sav to exit without reading any additional files given on the command line Chapter 19 Not Implemented 168 19 Not Implemented This chapter lists parts of the PSPP language that are not yet implemented 2SLS Two stage least sq
239. r entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public A section Entitled XYZ means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below such as Acknowledgements Dedications Endorsements or History To Preserve the Title of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section Entitled XYZ according to this definition The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License but only as regards disclaiming warranties any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License 2 VERBATIM COPYING Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 187 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium either commercially or noncommercially provided that this License the copyright notices and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute However you may accept
240. r for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup or absence of markup has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text A copy that is not Transparent is called Opaque Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup Texinfo input format LaTEX input format SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD and standard conforming simple HTML PostScript or PDF designed for human modification Examples of transparent image formats include PNG XCF and JPG Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors SGML or XML for which the DTD and or processing tools are not generally available and the machine generated HTML PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only The Title Page means for a printed book the title page itself plus such following pages as are needed to hold legibly the material this License requires to appear in the title page For works in formats which do not have any title page as such Title Page means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work s title preceding the beginning of the body of the text The publisher means any person o
241. r the first two variables on each table If a table has more than two variables the counts for the third and subsequent levels will be aggregated and the chart will be produces as if there were only two variables Please note Currently the implementation of CROSSTABS has the following limitations e Significance of some symmetric and directional measures is not calculated e Asymptotic standard error is not calculated for Goodman and Kruskal s tau or sym metric Somers d e Approximate T is not calculated for symmetric uncertainty coefficient Fixes for any of these deficiencies would be welcomed 15 7 FACTOR FACTOR VARIABLES var list METHOD CORRELATION COVARIANCE EXTRACTION PC PAF ROTATION VARIMAX EQUAMAX QUARTIMAX PROMAX k NOROTATE PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION ROTATION UNIVARIATE COR RELATION COVARIANCE DET KMO SIG ALL DEFAULT PLOT EIGEN FORMAT SORT BLANK n DEFAULT CRITERIA FACTORS n MINEIGEN I ITERATE m ECON VERGE delta DEFAULT MISSING LISTWISE PAIRWISE INCLUDE EXCLUDE The FACTOR command performs Factor Analysis or Principal Axis Factoring on a dataset It may be used to find common factors in the data or for data reduction purposes The VARIABLES subcommand is required It lists the variables which are to partake in the analysis The EXTRACTION subcommand is used to specify the way in which factors components a
242. raints mu gt 0 integer x gt 0 Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 63 7 8 Operator Precedence The following table describes operator precedence Smaller numbered levels in the table have higher precedence Within a level operations are always performed from left to right The first occurrence of represents unary negation the second binary subtraction 1 xk xo qos EQ GE GT LE LT NE AND NOT OR mE Er E Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 64 8 Data Input and Output Data are the focus of the PsPP language Each datum belongs to a case also called an observation Each case represents an individual or experimental unit For example in the results of a survey the names of the respondents their sex age etc and their responses are all data and the data pertaining to single respondent is a case This chapter examines the PSPP commands for defining variables and reading and writing data There are alternative commands to read data from predefined sources such as system files or databases See Section 9 3 GET page 82 Note These commands tell PSPP how to read data but the data will not actually be read until a procedure is executed 8 1 BEGIN DATA BEGIN DATA END DATA BEGIN DATA and END DATA can be used to embed raw ASCII data in a PSPP syntax file DATA LIST or another input procedure must be used before BEGIN DATA see Section 8 5 DATA LIST page 66 BEGIN DATA and END DATA must be used to
243. rator 2 c eee eee eee eee 63 precision of output ee eee eee 156 principal axis factoring 20006 136 principal components analysis 136 E Met 33 t al productions 2i ge rsisi enen ERR REAPER 45 PSPp convert e a e hebes 166 pspp dump saw iol peer boiled epe aes d 167 PSPPIBB EE 12 p rnctuators ieeesescsester nsiet onari raia 29 45 Q Q Cochran seed seed KN ee eee teme 142 QUATLEr Vear EE 54 le UE EE EE 55 R reading data EE 15 reading data from a Die 66 reading fixed format data 66 1628 etuer tas esed sien ut edu ee du Penne diete uin 28 Receiver Operating Characteristic 151 recoding EEN 18 EELER 149 Telia bility 5k erede ne PER bel eared ey 19 reserved identifiers eee e eee eee eee 28 restricted transformations esses 30 rights YOUE co prbge nde tiene de ne pennin eii 3 TOUNCING 3 cede etebatede tia PUE MR EE 48 runs EE 144 S SAVING ceiooe ieee R DP PIE Lae EET Preig 16 e KEE 132 scratch variable 43 SCREECHING eege e ed IPIE 16 searching EE 51 SecODdS ciis chads dedi KEREN E 54 55 set membership sssssserererrrsrerererens 50 Sur 4X LT 145 Chapter 23 Concept Index spreadlevel plot 130 spreadsheet files 00 cece cece eee ee eee 84 spreadsheets 2 00 c cece eee eee eee eee 16 SQUATE TOOTS e popa ewe eee False SEAN e ege A 48 standard deviation s ssrsresrrsresrrr 51 Ge 45 Statistiese sie ied ate wen EE da ERES 50
244. rdinate to display the frequency of each category whereas the PERCENT option will display relative percentages The FREQ and PERCENT options on HISTOGRAM and PIECHART are accepted but not cur rently honoured 1 The number of bins is chosen according to the Freedman Diaconis rule 2x IQR z n V 9 where IQ R x is the interquartile range of x and n is the number of samples Note that EXAMINE uses a different algorithm to determine bin sizes Chapter 15 Statistics 130 15 3 EXAMINE EXAMINE VARIABLES var var2 varN BY factorl BY subfactor1 factor2 BY subfactor2 factor3 BY subfactor3 STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES EXTREME n ALL NONE PLOT BOXPLOT NPPLOT HISTOGRAM SPREADLEVEL t ALL NONE CINTERVAL p COMPARE GROUPS VARIABLES 1D identity variable TOTAL NOTOTAL PERCENTILE percentiles HAVERAGE WAVERAGE ROUND AEM PIRICAL EMPIRICAL MISSING LISTWISE PAIRWISE EXCLUDE INCLUDE NOREPORT REPORT The EXAMINE command is used to perform exploratory data analysis In particular it is useful for testing how closely a distribution follows a normal distribution and for finding outliers and extreme values The VARIABLES subcommand is mandatory It specifies the dependent variables and optionally variables to use as factors for the analysis Variables listed before the first BY keyword if any are the dependent variables The dependent variables may optionally be followed b
245. re extracted from the data If PC is specified then Principal Components Analysis is used Chapter 15 Statistics 137 If PAF is specified then Principal Axis Factoring is used By default Principal Components Analysis will be used The ROTATION subcommand is used to specify the method by which the extracted solution will be rotated Three orthogonal rotation methods are available VARIMAX which is the default EQUAMAX and QUARTIMAX There is one oblique rotation method viz PROMAX Optionally you may enter the power of the promax rotation k which must be enclosed in parentheses The default value of k is 5 If you don t want any rotation to be performed the word NOROTATE will prevent the command from performing any rotation on the data The METHOD subcommand should be used to determine whether the covariance matrix or the correlation matrix of the data is to be analysed By default the correlation matrix is analysed The PRINT subcommand may be used to select which features of the analysis are re ported e UNIVARIATE A table of mean values standard deviations and total weights are printed e INITIAL Initial communalities and eigenvalues are printed e EXTRACTION Extracted communalities and eigenvalues are printed e ROTATION Rotated communalities and eigenvalues are printed e CORRELATION The correlation matrix is printed e COVARIANCE The covariance matrix is printed e DET The determinant of the correlation or covarianc
246. record If RECORDS is not specified then the number of lines per record is calculated from the list of variable specifications later in DATA LIST The END subcommand is only useful in conjunction with INPUT PROGRAM See Section 8 9 INPUT PROGRAM page 73 for details The optional SKIP subcommand specifies a number of records to skip at the beginning of an input file It can be used to skip over a row that contains variable names for example DATA LIST can optionally output a table describing how the data file will be read The TABLE subcommand enables this output and NOTABLE disables it The default is to output the table The list of variables to be read from the data list must come last Each line in the data record is introduced by a slash Optionally a line number may follow the slash Following any number of variable specifications may be present Each variable specification consists of a list of variable names followed by a description of their location on the input line Sets of variables may be specified using the DATA LIST TO convention see Section 6 7 3 Sets of Variables page 34 There are two ways to specify the location of the variable on the line columnar style and FORTRAN style In columnar style the starting column and ending column for the field are specified after the variable name separated by a dash For instance the third through fifth columns on a line would be specified 3 5 By def
247. regardless of their order in the command file N OF CASES with the ESTIMATED keyword gives an estimated number of cases before DATA LIST or another command to read in data ESTIMATED never limits the number of cases processed by procedures PSPP currently does not make use of case count estimates Chapter 13 Selecting data for analysis 121 13 3 SAMPLE SAMPLE om FROM num2 SAMPLE randomly samples a proportion of the cases in the active file Unless it follows TEMPORARY it operates as a transformation permanently removing cases from the active dataset The proportion to sample can be expressed as a single number between 0 and 1 If k is the number specified and N is the number of currently selected cases in the active dataset then after SAMPLE k approximately k N cases will be selected The proportion to sample can also be specified in the style SAMPLE m FROM N With this style cases are selected as follows 1 If N is equal to the number of currently selected cases in the active dataset exactly m cases will be selected 2 If N is greater than the number of currently selected cases in the active dataset an equivalent proportion of cases will be selected 3 If N is less than the number of currently selected cases in the active exactly m cases will be selected from the first N cases in the active dataset SAMPLE and SELECT IF are performed in the order specified by the syntax file SAMPLE is always performed before N OF
248. rget variables earlier in the command Break such a command into two separate commands The examples below may help to clarify A Assuming QO Q2 Q9 are numeric variables the following commands 1 Count the number of times the value 1 occurs through these variables for each case and assigns the count to variable QCOUNT 2 Print out the total number of times the value 1 occurs throughout all cases using DESCRIPTIVES See Section 15 1 DESCRIPTIVES page 127 for details COUNT QCOUNT QO TO Q9 1 DESCRIPTIVES QCOUNT STATISTICS SUM B Given these same variables the following commands 1 Count the number of valid values of these variables for each case and assigns the count to variable QVALID 2 Multiplies each value of QVALID by 10 to obtain a percentage of valid values using COMPUTE See Section 12 3 COMPUTE page 113 for details 3 Print out the percentage of valid values across all cases using DESCRIPTIVES See Section 15 1 DESCRIPTIVES page 127 for details COUNT QVALID QO TO Q9 LO THRU HI COMPUTE QVALID QVALID 10 DESCRIPTIVES QVALID STATISTICS MEAN 12 5 FLIP FLIP VARIABLES var list NEWNAMES var name FLIP transposes rows and columns in the active dataset It causes cases to be swapped with variables and vice versa All variables in the transposed active dataset are numeric String variables take on the system missing value in the transposed file N subcommands are required If specified
249. riates x0 and x1 must be provided Constraints 0 lt rho lt 1 0 lt p lt 1 Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 59 PDF CAUCHY x a b Function CDF CAUCHY x a b Function IDF CAUCHY p a b Function RV CAUCHY a b Function Cauchy distribution with location parameter a and scale parameter b Constraints b 0 0 p l CDF CHISQ x df Function SIG CHISQ x df Function IDF CHISQ p df Function RV CHISQ df Function NCDF CHISQ x df lambda Function Chi squared distribution with df degrees of freedom The noncentral distribution takes an additional parameter lambda Constraints df gt 0 lambda gt 0 x gt 0 0 lt p lt 1 PDF EXP x a Function CDF EXP x a Function IDF EXP p a Function RV EXP a Function Exponential distribution with scale parameter a The inverse of a represents the rate of decay Constraints a gt 0 x gt 0 0 lt p lt I PDF XPOWER x a b Function RV XPOWER a b Function Exponential power distribution with positive scale parameter a and nonnegative power parameter b Constraints a gt 0 b gt 0 x gt 0 0 lt p lt 1 This distribution is a PSPP extension PDF F x df1 df2 Function E F x df1 df2 Function SIG F x df1 df2 Function IDF F p df1 df2 Function RV F dfi df2 Function F distribution of two chi squared deviates with dfl and df2 degrees of freedom The noncentral
250. ring identical to string except that all uppercase letters are changed to lowercase letters The definitions of uppercase and lowercase are system dependent LPAD string length Function If string is at least length characters in length returns string unchanged Otherwise returns string padded with spaces on the left side to length length Returns an empty string if length is system missing negative or greater than 255 LPAD string length padding Function If string is at least length characters in length returns string unchanged Otherwise returns string padded with padding on the left side to length length Returns an empty string if length is system missing negative or greater than 255 or if padding does not contain exactly one character LTRIM string Function Returns string after removing leading spaces Other white space such as tabs car riage returns line feeds and vertical tabs is not removed Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 52 LTRIM string padding Function Returns string after removing leading padding characters If padding does not con tain exactly one character returns an empty string NUMBER string format Function Returns the number produced when string is interpreted according to format specifier format If the format width w is less than the length of string then only the first w characters in string are used e g NUMBER 123 F3 0 and NUMBER 1234 F3 0 both have
251. rithm to find the bin size Chapter 15 Statistics 132 EXAMINE height weight BY gender STATISTICS EXTREME 3 PLOT BOXPLOT COMPARE GROUPS ID name In this example we look at the height and weight of a sample of individuals and how they differ between male and female A table showing the 3 largest and the 3 smallest values of height and weight for each gender and for the whole dataset will be shown Boxplots will also be produced Because COMPARE GROUPS was given boxplots for male and female will be shown in the same graphic allowing us to easily see the difference between the genders Since the variable name was specified on the ID subcommand this will be used to label the extreme values Warning If many dependent variables are specified or if factor variables are specified for which there are many distinct values then EXAMINE will produce a very large quantity of output 15 4 GRAPH GRAPH HISTOGRAM var SCATTERPLOT BIVARIATE var1 WITH var2 BY var3 MISSING LISTWISE VARIABLE EXCLUDE INCLUDE NOREPORT REPORT The GRAPH produces graphical plots of data Only one of the subcommands HISTOGRAM or SCATTERPLOT can be specified i e only one plot can be produced per call of GRAPH The MISSING is optional The subcommand SCATTERPLOT produces an xy plot of the data The different values of the optional third variable var3 will result in different colours and or markers for the plot The follo
252. rmally all the data groups are expected to be present on a single line Use the CONTINUED command to indicate that data can be continued onto additional lines If data on continuation lines starts at the left margin and continues through the entire field width no column specifications are necessary on CONTINUED Otherwise specify the possible range of columns in the same way as on STARTS When data groups are continued from line to line it is easy for cases to get out of sync through careless hand editing The ID subcommand allows a case identifier to be present on each line of repeating data groups REPEATING DATA will check for the same identifier Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 80 on each line and report mismatches Specify the range of columns that the identifier will occupy followed by an equals sign and the identifier variable name The variable must already have been declared with NUMERIC or another command REPEATING DATA should be the last command given within an INPUT PROGRAM It should not be enclosed within a LOOP structure see Section 14 4 LOOP page 125 Use DATA LIST before not after REPEATING DATA 8 17 WRITE WRITE OUTFILE file name RECORDS n lines NOTABLE TABLE line_no arg arg takes one of the following forms string start end var list start end type spec var list fortran spec var list WRITE writes text or binary data to an output file See Section 8 12 PRINT page 76
253. rmally distributed and thus safe for linear analysis In the event that no suitable transformation can be found then it would be worth considering an appropriate non parametric test instead of a linear one See Section 15 10 NPAR TESTS page 141 for information about non parametric tests Chapter 5 Using PSPP 22 j PSPP gt examine mtbf statistics descriptives PSPP gt compute mtbf_ln ln mtbf PSPP gt examine mtbf ln statistics descriptives PSPP gt get file usr local share pspp examples repairs sav Output 1 2 EXAMINE Descriptives d 2 2 2 2 lclcllllcllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll2 2 l j4j 4b Statistic Std Error d 2 2 2 2 lclcllllcllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll j2 4j 4b mtbf Mean 8 32 1 62 95 Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 4 85 Upper Bound 11 79 5 Trimmed Mean 7 69 Median 8 12 Variance 39 21 Std Deviation 6 26 Minimum 1 63 Maximum 26 47 Range 24 84 Interquartile Range 5 83 Skewness 1 85 58 Kurtosis 4 49 1 12 d 2 2 2 2 2clcllcllclllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 2 jj 4 2 2 EXAMINE Descriptives d 2 2 2 2 2clcllllclllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 2 l 4j 4b Statistic Std Error d 22 2 2 2clcllclllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 2 l 4j 4b imtbf 1n
254. rmat which is discussed in terms of its differences from vanilla free format Each form of DATA LIST is described in detail below See Section 9 4 GET DATA page 83 for a command that offers a few enhancements over DATA LIST and that may be substituted for DATA LIST in many situations 8 5 1 DATA LIST FIXED DATA LIST FIXED TABLE NOTABLE FILE filename ENCODING encoding RECORDS record count END end_var SKIP record count line_no var spec where each var spec takes one of the forms var list start end type spec var list fortran_spec DATA LIST FIXED is used to read data files that have values at fixed positions on each line of single line or multiline records The keyword FIXED is optional Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 67 The FILE subcommand must be used if input is to be taken from an external file It may be used to specify a file name as a string or a file handle see Section 6 9 File Handles page 44 If the FILE subcommand is not used then input is assumed to be specified within the command file using BEGIN DATA END DATA see Section 8 1 BEGIN DATA page 64 The ENCODING subcommand may only be used if the FILE subcommand is also used It specifies the character encoding of the file See Section 16 16 INSERT page 155 for information on supported encodings The optional RECORDS subcommand which takes a single integer as an argument is used to specify the number of lines per
255. rn Europe EUC JP Japan and windows 1252 Windows Not all systems support all character sets Auto encoding Automatically detects whether a syntax file is encoded in an Unicode encoding such as UTF 8 UTF 16 or UTF 32 If it is not then PSPP generally assumes that the file is encoded in encoding an IANA character set name However if encoding is UTF 8 and the syntax file is not valid UTF 8 PSPP instead assumes that the file is encoded in windows 1252 For best results encoding should be an ASCII compatible encoding the most common locale encodings are all ASCII compatible because encodings that are not ASCII compatible cannot be automatically distinguished from UTF 8 Auto Auto Locale Automatic detection as above with the default encoding taken from the system locale or the setting on SET LOCALE When ENCODING is not specified the default is taken from the syntax encoding command option if it was specified and otherwise it is Auto 16 17 OUTPUT OUTPUT MODIFY SELECT TABLES TABLECELLS SELECT SIGNIFICANCE COUNT FORMAT fmt_spec Chapter 16 Utilities 157 Please note In the above synopsis the characters and are literals They must appear in the syntax to be interpreted OUTPUT changes the appearance of the tables in which results are printed In particular it can be used to set the format and precision to which results are displayed After running this command the default table
256. roduces this outcome when the variances are equal Had the significance been less than 0 05 then it would have been unsafe to assume that the variances were equal However because the value is higher than 0 05 the homogeneity of variances assumption is safe and the Equal Variances row the more powerful test can be used Examining this row the two tailed significance for the height t test is less than 0 05 so it is safe to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean heights of males and females are unequal For the temperature variable the significance of the Levene test is 0 58 so again it is safe to use the row for equal variances The equal variances row indicates that the two tailed significance for temperature is 0 20 Since this is greater than 0 05 we must reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the body temperature of male and female persons are different This example assumes that it is already proven that B is not greater than A Chapter 5 Using PSPP 24 S PSPP gt get file usr local share pspp examples physiology sav PSPP gt recode height 179 SYSMIS PSPP gt t test group sex 0 1 variables height temperature Output 1 1 T TEST Group Statistics a a sex N Mean Std Deviation SE Mean a deeg eege height Male 22 1796 49 49 71 10 60 Female 17 1610 77 25 43 6 17 temperature Male 22 36 68 1 95 421 Female 18 37
257. rror of the kurtosis e HARMONIC The harmonic mean e GEOMETRIC The geometric mean In addition three special keywords are recognized e DEFAULT This is the same as MEAN COUNT STDDEV e ALL All of the above statistics will be calculated e NONE No statistics will be calculated only a summary will be shown More than one table can be specified in a single command Each table is separated by a For example MEANS TABLES cde BY x a b BY x y f BY y BY z has three tables the TABLE is optional The first table has three dependent variables c d and e and a single categorical variable x The second table has two dependent variables a and b and two categorical variables x and y The third table has a single dependent variables f and a categorical variable formed by the combination of y and z Chapter 15 Statistics 141 By default values are omitted from the analysis only if missing values either system missing or user missing for any of the variables directly involved in their calculation are encountered This behaviour can be modified with the MISSING subcommand Three options are possible TABLE INCLUDE and DEPENDENT MISSING TABLE causes cases to be dropped if any variable is missing in the table specification currently being processed regardless of whether it is needed to calculate the statistic MISSING INCLUDE says that user missing values either in the dependent variables or in the categorica
258. s e Cause a transition to the procedure state 6 6 Handling missing observations PSPP includes special support for unknown numeric data values Missing observations are assigned a special value called the system missing value This value actually indicates the absence of a value it means that the actual value is unknown Procedures automatically exclude from analyses those observations or cases that have missing values Details of missing value exclusion depend on the procedure and can often be controlled by the user refer to descriptions of individual procedures for details The system missing value exists only for numeric variables String variables always have a defined value even if it is only a string of spaces Variables whether numeric or string can have designated user missing values Every user missing value is an actual value for that variable However most of the time user missing values are treated in the same way as the system missing value For more information on missing values see the following sections Section 6 7 Datasets page 32 Section 11 6 MISSING VALUES page 102 Chapter 7 Expressions page 46 See also the documentation on individual procedures for information on how they handle missing values 6 7 Datasets PSPP works with data organized into datasets A dataset consists of a set of variables which taken together are said to form a dictionary and one or more cases each of which has one va
259. s To assign to an array element add an integer array index enclosed in square brackets and between the attribute name and value Array indexes start at 1 not 0 An attribute array that has a single element number 1 is not distinguished from a non array attribute Use the DELETE subcommand to delete an attribute from the variable specified on VARIABLES Specify an attribute name by itself to delete an entire attribute including all array elements for attribute arrays Specify an attribute name followed by an array index in square brackets to delete a single element of an attribute array In the latter case all the array elements numbered higher than the deleted element are shifted down filling the vacated position To associate custom attributes with the entire active dataset instead of with particular variables use DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE see Section 8 3 DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE page 64 instead VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE takes effect immediately It is not affected by conditional and looping structures such as DO IF or LOOP 11 15 VARIABLE LABELS VARIABLE LABELS var_list var_label var_list var label var_list var label VARIABLE LABELS associates explanatory names with variables This name called a variable label is displayed by statistical procedures To assign a variable label to a group of variables specify a list of variable names and the variable label as a string To assign different labels to different variab
260. s a type of record within FILE TYPE REFORMAT Read obsolete files REPEATING DATA Specify multiple cases per input record REPORT Pretty print working file RMV Replace missing values SCRIPT Run script file SEASON Estimate seasonal factors SELECTPRED Select predictor variables SPCHART Plot control charts SPECTRA Plot spectral density STEMLEAF Plot stem and leaf display SUMMARIZE Univariate statistics SURVIVAL Survival analysis TDISPLAY Display active models TREE Create classification tree TSAPPLY Apply time series model TSET Set time sequence variables TSHOW Show time sequence variables TSMODEL Estimate time series model TSPLOT Plot time sequence variables TWOSTEP CLUSTER Cluster observations UNIANOVA Univariate analysis UNNUMBERED obsolete VALIDATEDATA Identify suspicious cases 171 Chapter 19 Not Implemented VARCOMP Estimate variance VARSTOCASES Restructure complex data VERIFY Report time series WLS Weighted least squares regression XGRAPH High resolution charts 172 Chapter 20 Bugs 173 20 Bugs Occasionally you may encounter a bug in PSPP 20 1 When to report bugs If you discover a bug please first e Make sure that it really is a bug Sometimes what may appear to be a bug turns out to be a misunderstanding of how to use the program If you are unsure ask for advice on the pspp users mailing list Information about the mailing list is at http lists gnu org mailman listinfo ps
261. s case the cases are gathered into groups and ranks calculated for each group The TIES subcommand specifies how tied values are to be treated The default is to take the mean value of all the tied cases The FRACTION subcommand specifies how proportional ranks are to be calculated This only has any effect if NORMAL or PROPORTIONAL rank functions are requested The PRINT subcommand may be used to specify that a summary of the rank variables created should appear in the output The function subcommands are RANK NTILES NORMAL PERCENT RFRACTION PROPORTION and SAVAGE Any number of function subcommands may appear If none are given then the default is RANK The NTILES subcommand must take an integer specifying the number of partitions into which values should be ranked Each subcommand may be followed by the INTO keyword and a list of variables which are the variables to be created and receive the rank scores There may be as many variables specified as there are variables named on the VARIABLES subcommand If fewer are specified then the variable names are automatically created The MISSING subcommand determines how user missing values are to be treated A setting of EXCLUDE means that variables whose values are user missing are to be excluded from the rank scores A setting of INCLUDE means they are to be included The default is EXCLUDE 15 15 REGRESSION The REGRESSION procedure fits linear models to data via least squares estimation
262. s no effect 16 3 CD CD new directory CD changes the current directory The new directory will become that specified by the command 16 4 COMMENT Two possibles syntaxes COMMENT comment text comment text COMMENT is ignored It is used to provide information to the author and other readers of the PSPP syntax file COMMENT can extend over any number of lines Don t forget to terminate it with a dot or a blank line 16 5 DOCUMENT DOCUMENT documentary_text DOCUMENT adds one or more lines of descriptive commentary to the active dataset Doc uments added in this way are saved to system files They can be viewed using SYSFILE INFO or DISPLAY DOCUMENTS They can be removed from the active dataset with DROP DOCUMENTS Specify the documentary text following the DOCUMENT keyword It is interpreted literally any quotes or other punctuation marks will be included in the file You can extend Chapter 16 Utilities 154 the documentary text over as many lines as necessary Lines are truncated at 80 bytes Don t forget to terminate the command with a dot or a blank line See Section 16 1 ADD DOCUMENT page 153 16 6 DISPLAY DOCUMENTS DISPLAY DOCUMENTS DISPLAY DOCUMENTS displays the documents in the active dataset Each document is pre ceded by a line giving the time and date that it was added See Section 16 5 DOCUMENT page 153 16 7 DISPLAY FILE LABEL DISPLAY FILE LABEL DISPLAY FILE LABEL displays t
263. s the specified percentiles to be reported The percentiles should be presented at a list of numbers between 0 and 100 inclusive The NTILES subcommand causes the percentiles to be reported at the boundaries of the data set divided into the specified number of ranges For instance NTILES 4 would cause quartiles to be reported The HISTOGRAM subcommand causes the output to include a histogram for each specified numeric variable The X axis by default ranges from the minimum to the maximum value observed in the data but the MINIMUM and MAXIMUM keywords can set an explicit range Histograms are not created for string variables Specify NORMAL to superimpose a normal curve on the histogram The PIECHART subcommand adds a pie chart for each variable to the data Each slice represents one value with the size of the slice proportional to the value s frequency By default all non missing values are given slices The MINIMUM and MAXIMUM keywords can be used to limit the displayed slices to a given range of values The keyword NOMISSING causes missing values to be omitted from the piechart This is the default If instead MISSING is specified then a single slice will be included representing all system missing and user missing cases The BARCHART subcommand produces a bar chart for each variable The MINIMUM and MAXIMUM keywords can be used to omit categories whose counts which lie outside the spec ified limits The FREQ option default causes the o
264. s will be displayed with both their label if any and their name in parentheses Logging subcommands affect logging of commands executed to external files These subcommands are JOURNAL LOG These subcommands which are synonyms control the journal The default is ON which causes commands entered interactively to be written to the journal file Commands included from syntax files that are included interactively and error messages printed by PSPP are also written to the journal file prefixed by gt OFF disables use of the journal The journal is named pspp jn1 by default A different name may be specified System file subcommands affect the default format of system files produced by PSPP These subcommands are COMPRESSION Not currently used SCOMPRESSION Whether system files created by SAVE or XSAVE are compressed by default The default is ON Security subcommands affect the operations that commands are allowed to perform The security subcommands are SAFER Setting this option disables the following operations e The ERASE command e The HOST command e The PERMISSIONS command e Pipes file names beginning or ending with Be aware that this setting does not guarantee safety commands can still over write files for instance but it is an improvement When set this setting cannot be reset during the same session for obvious security reasons LOCALE This item is used to set the default character encoding T
265. seful to visualise how the variance of differs between factors Boxplots will also show you the outliers and extreme values The SPREADLEVEL plot displays the interquartile range versus the median It takes an optional parameter t which specifies how the data should be transformed prior to plotting The given value t is a power to which the data is raised For example if t is given as 2 then the data will be squared Zero however is a special value If t is 0 or is omitted then data will be transformed by taking its natural logarithm instead of raising to the power of t The COMPARE subcommand is only relevant if producing boxplots and it is only useful there is more than one dependent variable and at least one factor If COMPARE GROUPS is specified then one plot per dependent variable is produced each of which contain boxplots for all the cells If COMPARE VARIABLES is specified then one plot per cell is produced each containing one boxplot per dependent variable If the COMPARE subcommand is omitted then PSPP behaves as if COMPARE GROUPS were given The ID subcommand is relevant only if PLOT BOXPLOT or STATISTICS EXTREME has been given If given it should provide the name of a variable which is to be used to labels extreme values and outliers Numeric or string variables are permissible If the ID subcommand is not given then the case number will be used for labelling The CINTERVAL subcommand specifies the confidence interv
266. sitive value Chapter 6 The PSPP language 40 Numbers are rounded downward on output The system missing value and numbers outside representable range are output as zero The maximum field width is 16 Decimal places may range from 0 up to the number of decimal digits represented by the field The default output format is an F format with twice the input field width plus one column for a decimal point if decimal places were requested IB and PIB Formats These are integer binary formats IB reads and writes 2 s complement binary integers and PIB reads and writes unsigned binary integers The byte ordering is by default the host machine s but SET RIB may be used to select a specific byte ordering for reading see SET RIB page 159 and SET WIB similarly for writing see SET WIB page 161 The maximum field width is 8 Decimal places may range from 0 up to the number of decimal digits in the largest value representable in the field width The default output format is an F format whose width is the number of decimal digits in the largest value representable in the field width plus 1 if the format has decimal places RB Format This is a binary format for real numbers By default it reads and writes the host machine s floating point format but SET RRB may be used to select an alternate floating point format for reading see SET RRB page 160 and SET WRB similarly for writing see SET WRB page 162 The recommend
267. specified list of variables in the active dataset Any unlisted variables are deleted from the active dataset MAP is currently ignored If either DROP or KEEP is specified the data is read otherwise it is not MODIFY VARS may not be specified following TEMPORARY see Section 13 6 TEMPO RARY page 122 11 8 MRSETS MRSETS MDGROUP NAME name VARIABLES var_list VALUE value CATEGORYLABELS VARLABELS COUNTEDVALUES LABEL label LABELSOURCE VARLABEL MCGROUP NAME name VARIABLES var_list LABEL label DELETE NAME names ALL DISPLAY NAME names ALL Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 104 MRSETS creates modifies deletes and displays multiple response sets A multiple re sponse set is a set of variables that represent multiple responses to a single survey question in one of the two following ways e A multiple dichotomy set is analogous to a survey question with a set of checkboxes Each variable in the set is treated in a Boolean fashion one value the counted value means that the box was checked and any other value means that it was not e A multiple category set represents a survey question where the respondent is instructed to list up to n choices Each variable represents one of the responses Any number of subcommands may be specified in any order The MDGROUP subcommand creates a new multiple dichotomy set or replaces an existing multiple response set The NAME VARIABLES and VALUE specificati
268. ssccodicidae core FPD EnEn Te EIE QC 56 white space trimming ss escrerrrcrcrs 51 52 EE 163 width of variables 00 e eee eee eee 33 wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test 145 KA EE 161 Write EE 33 Y EU EUR ER iawn EE haat ode URP Sede teases ta 55 EE 56 your rights and obligations 3 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 185 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 3 November 2008 Copyright 2000 2001 2002 2007 2008 Free Software Foundation Inc http fet org Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed 0 PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual textbook or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it with or without modifying it either commercially or non commercially Secondarily this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others This License is a kind of copyleft which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense It complements the GNU General Public License which is a copyleft license designed for free software We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software because free software needs
269. striking which may not be supported by all the software to which you might pass the output Default none 3 4 HTML Output Options To produce output in HTML format specify o file on the PSPP command line optionally followed by any of the options shown in the table below to customize the output format 0 format html Specify the output format This is only necessary if the file name given on o does not end in html 0 charts template png none Sets the name used for chart files See Section 3 3 Plain Text Output Options page 8 for details 0 borders boolean Decorate the tables with borders If set to false the tables produced will have no borders The default value is true 0 css boolean Use cascading style sheets Cascading style sheets give an improved appearance and can be used to produce pages which fit a certain web site s style T he default value is true Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 10 3 5 OpenDocument Output Options To produce output as an OpenDocument text ODT document specify o file on the PSPP command line If file does not end in odt you must also specify 0 format odt ODT support is only available if your installation of PSPP was compiled with the libxml2 library The OpenDocument output format does not have any configurable options 3 6 Comma Separated Value Output Options To produce output in comma separated value CSV format specify o file on the PSPP command line optionally followed by
270. string Width string variables only String variables with a width of 8 characters or fewer are called short string variables Short string variables may be used in a few contexts where long string variables those with widths greater than 8 are not allowed Position Variables in the dictionary are arranged in a specific order DISPLAY can be used to show this order see Section 11 3 DISPLAY page 100 Initialization Either reinitialized to 0 or spaces for each case or left at its existing value See Section 11 5 LEAVE page 101 Missing values Optionally up to three values or a range of values or a specific value plus a range can be specified as user missing values There is also a system missing value that is assigned to an observation when there is no other obvious value for that observation Observations with missing values are automatically excluded from analyses User missing values are actual data values while the system missing value is not a value at all See Section 6 6 Missing Observations page 32 Variable label A string that describes the variable See Section 11 15 VARIABLE LABELS page 107 Value label Optionally these associate each possible value of the variable with a string See Section 11 12 VALUE LABELS page 105 Print format Display width format and for numeric variables number of decimal places This attribute does not affect how data are stored just how they are displayed Example a
271. string where x is A B C D or E and string is no more than 16 characters long string must contain exactly three commas or exactly three periods but not both except that a single quote character may be used to escape a following comma period or single quote If three commas are used commas will be used for grouping in output and a period will be used as the decimal point Uses of periods reverses these roles The commas or periods divide string into four fields called the negative prefix prefix suffix and negative suffix respectively The prefix and suffix are added to output whenever space is available The negative prefix and negative suffix are always added to a negative number when the output includes a nonzero digit Chapter 6 The PSPP language 38 The following syntax shows how custom currency formats could be used to reproduce basic numeric formats SET CCA 2 Same as COMMA SET CCB Same as DOT SET ccc Same as DOLLAR SET CCD Like PCT but groups with commas Here are some more examples of custom currency formats The final example shows how to use a single quote to escape a delimiter SET CCA EUR Euro SET CCB USD US dollar SET CCC 2 R Brazilian real SET CCD NIS Israel shekel SET CCE Rp Indonesia Rupiah These formats would yield the following output Format 3145 59 3145 59 CCA12 2 EUR3
272. t There are several utility functions for examining and adjusting them 11 1 ADD VALUE LABELS ADD VALUE LABELS var_list value label value label ADD VALUE LABELS has the same syntax and purpose as VALUE LABELS see Section 11 12 VALUE LABELS page 105 but it does not clear value labels from the variables before adding the ones specified 11 2 DELETE VARIABLES DELETE VARIABLES var bat DELETE VARIABLES deletes the specified variables from the dictionary It may not be used to delete all variables from the dictionary use NEW FILE to do that see Section 8 11 NEW FILE page 76 DELETE VARIABLES should not be used after defining transformations but before execut ing a procedure If it is used in such a context it causes the data to be read If it is used while TEMPORARY is in effect it causes the temporary transformations to become permanent 11 3 DISPLAY DISPLAY SORTED NAMES VARIABLES var_list DISPLAY SORTED INDEX VARIABLES var_list DISPLAY SORTED LABELS VARIABLES var list DISPLAY SORTED VARIABLES VARIABLES var_list DISPLAY SORTED DICTIONARY VARIABLES var list DISPLAY SORTED SCRATCH VARIABLES var_list DISPLAY SORTED ATTRIBUTES VARIABLES var list DISPLAY SORTED ATTRIBUTES VARIABLES Tvar list DISPLAY SORTED VECTORS DISPLAY displays information about the active dataset A variety of different forms of information can be requested
273. tes that the variables should be printed in their dictionary print formats separated by spaces A variable list followed by a slash or the end of command will be interpreted the same way If a FORTRAN type specification is used to move backwards on the current line then text is written at that point on the line the line will be truncated to that length although additional text being added will again extend the line to that length 8 13 PRINT EJECT PRINT EJECT OUTFILE file name RECORDS n lines NOTABLE TABLE line no arg arg takes one of the following forms string start end var list start end type spec var list fortran spec var list PRINT EJECT advances to the beginning of a new output page in the listing file or output file It can also output data in the same way as PRINT All PRINT EJECT subcommands are optional Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 78 Without OUTFILE PRINT EJECT ejects the current page in the listing file then it produces other output if any is specified With OUTFILE PRINT EJECT writes its output to the specified file The first line of output is written with 1 inserted in the first column Commonly this is the only line of output If additional lines of output are specified these additional lines are written with a space inserted in the first column as with PRINT See Section 8 12 PRINT page 76 for more information on syntax and usage 8 14 PRINT SPACE PRINT SPA
274. that exist in both the active dataset and the system file are considered Variables with the same name but different types numeric string will cause an error message Otherwise the system file variables attributes will replace those in their matching active dataset variables e If a system file variable has a variable label then it will replace the variable label of the active dataset variable If the system file variable does not have a variable label then the active dataset variable s variable label if any will be retained e If the system file variable has custom attributes see Section 11 14 VARIABLE AT TRIBUTE page 106 then those attributes replace the active dataset variable s cus tom attributes If the system file variable does not have custom attributes then the active dataset variable s custom attributes if any will be retained e If the active dataset variable is numeric or short string then value labels and missing values if any will be copied to the active dataset variable If the system file variable does not have value labels or missing values then those in the active dataset variable if any will not be disturbed In addition to properties of variables some properties of the active file dictionary as a whole are updated e If the system file has custom attributes see Section 8 3 DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE page 64 then those attributes replace the active dataset variable s custom attributes e If the active d
275. tific notation The following table shows an example of how each format displays positive and negative numbers with the default decimal point setting Format 3141 59 3141 59 F8 2 3141 59 3141 59 COMMA9 2 3 141 59 3 141 59 DOT9 2 3 141 59 3 141 59 DOLLAR10 2 3 141 59 3 141 59 PCT9 2 3141 59 3141 59 E8 1 3 1E 003 3 1E 003 On output numbers in F format are expressed in standard decimal notation with the requested number of decimal places The other formats output some variation on this style e Numbers in COMMA format are additionally grouped every three digits by inserting a grouping character The grouping character is ordinarily a comma but it can be changed to a period see SET DECIMAL page 159 e DOT format is like COMMA format but it interchanges the role of the decimal point and grouping characters That is the current grouping character is used as a decimal point and vice versa e DOLLAR format is like COMMA format but it prefixes the number with e PCT format is like F format but adds after the number e The E format always produces output in scientific notation On input the basic numeric formats accept positive and numbers in standard decimal notation or scientific notation Leading and trailing spaces are allowed An empty or all spaces field or one that contains only a single period is treated as the system missing value In scientific notation the exponent may be introduced by a si
276. tion Results in the value of the least value The values may be numeric or string Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 51 SD number number Function Results in the standard deviation of the values of number SUM number number Function Results in the sum of the values of number VARIANCE number number Function Results in the variance of the values of number 7 7 7 String Functions String functions take various arguments and return various results CONCAT string string Function Returns a string consisting of each string in sequence CONCAT abc def ghi has a value of abcdefghi The resultant string is truncated to a maximum of 255 characters INDEX haystack needle Function Returns a positive integer indicating the position of the first occurrence of needle in haystack Returns 0 if haystack does not contain needle Returns system missing if needle is an empty string INDEX haystack needles needle len Function Divides needles into one or more needles each with length needle_len Searches haystack for the first occurrence of each needle and returns the smallest value Re turns 0 if haystack does not contain any part in needle It is an error if needle len does not evenly divide the length of needles Returns system missing if needles is an empty string LENGTH string Function Returns the number of characters in string LOWER string Function Returns a st
277. tive sign Thus 9 99 in DOLLAR6 2 format is output as 9 99 e In scientific notation the exponent is output as E followed by or and exactly three digits Numbers with magnitude less than 10 999 or larger than 10 999 are not supported by most computers but if they are supported then their output is considered to overflow the field and will be output as asterisks 6 e On most computers no more than 15 decimal digits are significant in output even if more are printed In any case output precision cannot be any higher than input precision few data sets are accurate to 15 digits of precision Unavoidable loss of precision in intermediate calculations may also reduce precision of output e Special values such as infinities and not a number values are usually converted to the system missing value before printing In a few circumstances these values are output directly In fields of width 3 or greater special values are output as however many characters will fit from Infinity or Infinity for infinities from NaN for not a number or from Unknown for other values if any are supported by the system In fields under 3 columns wide special values are output as asterisks 6 7 4 2 Custom Currency Formats The custom currency formats are closely related to the basic numeric formats but they allow users to customize the output format The SET command configures custom currency formats using the syntax SET CCx
278. to make room If dropping decimals does not make enough room scientific notation is used if the field is wide enough If a number does not fit in the field even in scientific notation the overflow is indicated by filling the field with asterisks e COMMA DOT and DOLLAR formats insert grouping characters only if space is available for all of them Grouping characters are never inserted when all decimal places must be dropped Thus 1234 56 in COMMA5 2 format is output as 1235 Chapter 6 The PSPP language 37 without a comma even though there is room for one because all decimal places were dropped e DOLLAR or PCT format drop the or only if the number would not fit at all without it Scientific notation with or is preferred to ordinary decimal notation without it e Except in scientific notation a decimal point is included only when it is followed by a digit If the integer part of the number being output is 0 and a decimal point is included then the zero before the decimal point is dropped In scientific notation the number always includes a decimal point even if it is not followed by a digit e A negative number includes a minus sign only in the presence of a nonzero digit 0 01 is output as 01 in F4 2 format but as 0 in F4 1 format Thus a negative zero never includes a minus sign e In negative numbers output in DOLLAR format the dollar sign follows the nega
279. ts of string comparisons other than tests for equality or inequality depend on the character set in use String comparisons are case sensitive a EQ b a b aLEb a b aLTb a b a GE b a b aGT b a b a NE b a zb a lt gt b True if a is equal to b True if a is less than or equal to b True if a is less than b True if a is greater than or equal to b True if a is greater than b True if a is not equal to b Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 48 7 7 Functions PSPP functions provide mathematical abilities above and beyond those possible using simple operators Functions have a common syntax each is composed of a function name followed by a left parenthesis one or more arguments and a right parenthesis Function names are not reserved Their names are specially treated only when followed by a left parenthesis so that EXP 10 refers to the constant value e raised to the 10th power but EXP by itself refers to the value of a variable called EXP The sections below describe each function in detail 7 7 1 Mathematical Functions Advanced mathematical functions take numeric arguments and produce numeric results EXP exponent Function Returns e approximately 2 71828 raised to power exponent LG10 number Function Takes the base 10 logarithm of number If number is not positive the result is system missing LN number Function Takes the base e logarithm of number If number is not pos
280. ts within a PSPP session They allow datasets to be created and destroyed At any given time most PSPP commands work with a single dataset called the active dataset The DATASET NAME command gives the active dataset the specified name or if it already had a name it renames it If another dataset already had the given name that dataset is deleted The DATASET ACTIVATE command selects the named dataset which must already exist as the active dataset Before switching the active dataset any pending transforma tions are executed as if EXECUTE had been specified If the active dataset is unnamed before switching then it is deleted and becomes unavailable after switching The DATASET COPY command creates a new dataset with the specified name whose contents are a copy of the active dataset Any pending transformations are executed as if EXECUTE had been specified before making the copy If a dataset with the given name already exists it is replaced If the name is the name of the active dataset then the active dataset becomes unnamed The DATASET DECLARE command creates a new dataset that is initially empty that is it has no dictionary or data If a dataset with the given name already exists this has no effect The new dataset can be used with commands that support output to a dataset e g AGGREGATE see Section 12 1 AGGREGATE page 110 Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 66 The DATASET CLOSE command deletes a dataset If t
281. uares regression ACF Autocorrelation function ALSCAL Multidimensional scaling ANACOR Correspondence analysis ANOVA Factorial analysis of variance CASEPLOT Plot time series CASESTOVARS Restructure complex data CATPCA Categorical principle components analysis CATREG Categorical regression CCF Time series cross correlation CLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS Clears transformations from active dataset CLUSTER Hierarchical clustering CONJOINT Analyse full concept data CORRESPONDENCE Show correspondence COXREG Cox proportional hazards regression CREATE Create time series data CSDESCRIPTIVES Complex samples descriptives CSGLM Complex samples GLM CSLOGISTIC Complex samples logistic regression CSPLAN Complex samples design CSSELECT Select complex samples CSTABULATE Tabulate complex samples CTABLES Display complex samples CURVEFIT Fit curve to line plot DATE Create time series data DEFINE Syntax macros Chapter 19 Not Implemented DETECTANOMALY Find unusual cases DISCRIMINANT Linear discriminant analysis EDIT obsolete END FILE TYPE Ends complex data input FILE TYPE Complex data input FIT Goodness of Fit GENLOG Categorical model fitting GET TRANSLATE Read other file formats GGRAPH Custom defined graphs HILOGLINEAR Hierarchical loglinear models HOMALS Homogeneity analysis IGRAPH Interactive graphs INFO Local Documentation KEYED DATA LIST Read nonsequential data KM Kaplan Meier LOGLINEAR Gener
282. ubcommand determines the handling of missing variables If INCLUDE is set then user missing values are considered at their face value and not as missing values If EXCLUDE is set which is the default user missing values are excluded as well as system missing values If LISTWISE is set then the entire case is excluded from the analysis whenever any of the clustering variables contains a missing value If PAIRWISE is set then a case is considered missing only if all the clustering variables contain missing values Otherwise it is clustered on the basis of the non missing values The default is LISTWISE 15 14 RANK RANK VARIABLES var Jet A D BY var bat TIES MEAN LOW HIGH CONDENSE FRACTION BLOM TUKEY VW RANKIT PRINT YES NO MISSING EXCLUDE INCLUDE RANK INTO var Iist NTILES k INTO var list NORMAL INTO var_list PERCENT INTO var_list RFRACTION INTO var Iist PROPORTION INTO var Jet N INTO var_list Chapter 15 Statistics 149 SAVAGE INTO var at The RANK command ranks variables and stores the results into new variables The VARIABLES subcommand which is mandatory specifies one or more variables whose values are to be ranked After each variable A or D may appear indicating that the variable is to be ranked in ascending or descending order Ascending is the default If a BY keyword appears it should be followed by a list of variables which are to serve as group variables In thi
283. umber DECIMAL DOT COMMA FORMAT fmt_spec EPOCH AUTOMATIC year Chapter 16 Utilities 158 RIB NATIVE MSBFIRST LSBFIRST VAX RRB NATIVE ISL ISB IDL IDB VF VD VG ZS ZL interaction MXERRS max_errs MXWARNS max warnings WORKSPACE workspace size syntax execution LOCALE locale MEXPAND ON OFF MITERATE max iterations MNEST max nest MPRINT ON OFF MXLOOPS max_loops SEED RANDOM seed value UNDEFINED WARN NOWARN data output CC A B C D E npre pre suf nsuf npre pre suf nsuf DECIMAL DOT COMMA FORMAT fmt spec WIB NATIVE MSBFIRST LSBFIRST VAX WRB NATIVE ISL ISB IDL IDB VF VD VG ZS ZL output routing ERRORS ON OFF TERMINAL LISTING BOTH NONE MESSAGES ON OFF TERMINAL LISTING BOTH NONE PRINTBACK ON OFF TERMINAL LISTING BOTH NONE RESULTS ON OFF TERMINAL LISTING BOTH NONE output driver options HEADERS NO YES BLANK LENGTH NONE n_lines MORE ON OFF WIDTH NARROW WIDTH n characters TNUMBERS VALUES LABELS BOTH TVARS NAMES LABELS BOTH logging JOURNAL ON OFF filename system files COMPRESSION ON OFF SCOMPRESSION ON OFF miscellaneous Chapter 16 Utilities 159 SAFER ON LOCALE string obsolete settings accepted for compatibility but ignored BOXSTRING xxx xxxxxxxxxxx CASE UPPER UPLOW CPI cpi_value HIGHRES ON OFF HISTOGRAM c LOWRES AUTO ON OFF LPI Ipi value MENUS STANDA
284. umber of iterations exceeds max_iterations The default value of max_iterations is 20 e The change in the all coefficient estimates are less than min_delta The default value of min delta is 0 001 e The magnitude of change in the likelihood estimate is less than min likelihood delta The default value of min delta is zero This means that this criterion is disabled e The differential of the estimated probability for all cases is less than min epsilon In other words the probabilities are close to zero or one The default value of min epsilon is 0 00000001 The PRINT subcommand controls the display of optional statistics Currently there is one such option CI which indicates that the confidence interval of the odds ratio should be displayed as well as its value CI should be followed by an integer in parentheses to indicate the confidence level of the desired confidence interval The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of missing variables If INCLUDE is set then user missing values are included in the calculations but system missing values are not If EXCLUDE is set which is the default user missing values are excluded as well as system missing values This is the default 15 9 MEANS MEANS TABLES var_list BY var_list BY var_list BY var_list var_list BY var_list BY var_list BY var_list CELLS MEAN COUNT STDDEV SEMEAN SUM MIN MAX RANGE VARIANCE
285. us 54 OTIME MINUTES 6x0 case nes RN RR RUM ra dae EY 54 CTIME SECONDS 244 ccs000s RE RR Rr m xw 54 D DATE DMY cases das PekG e a ETERNA ZREQWERLETRRES 54 DATE MDY aie eaeditec e 4h E RA RR ERR YR ERLES ES 54 DATE MOT 6 uaque quatiens Ru NUR P ERE RR 54 175 e EEN 54 DATE VIR 54 DATE YRDAY cesse eee 55 DEn 56 DATESUM esses e eee 56 E i METRE 48 I IDF PET 58 IDF CAUCHY EEN 59 IDF CHISQ ege ENEE BEER 59 TDF EXP iste oo cds esti cot cons docu nee cee 59 HORN 59 IDF GAN 59 IDF LAPLACE sess eee 60 IDF LNORMAL sess eene 60 IDF LOGISTIC ee eege dE 60 TDF NORMALS ee Re AE aces Re Ps 60 IDF PARETO 000000cc cece cece eee 61 IDF RAYLEIGH eee 61 Eeer 61 EE 61 DEE elek 61 IDF UNIFORM sess ees 61 IDF WEIBULL sese 61 INDEX OY cs Sas ente erat ebe E 51 L EEN 57 LENGTH eeh Ae eet Ee Gut 51 EE 48 DN LT 48 LNGAMMA 0 0 000 cece cece eee eee 48 LOWER 0 0 e cece cece e e ee 51 Ee ee 51 PTR IMS EE 51 52 M EE 50 MEAN EE EE E T 50 Eeer dee 50 ACEN 49 ele 48 MOD10 00 eee e cece eee 48 N Mopp PET 58 NCDE CHISQ in phe RR nisi uni graiia 59 Chapter 21 Function Index NMI SS ene NEES ER ERE Sas 49 NORMAL 20 5 cd a cced guess c ae KEREN dade 60 NPDF BETA ee EE EES EE EE na 58 NUMBER EES sedan dad EES SE 52 NVABETDz lee ele eieiei 49 P PDF BERNOULLT onoigcseiuceccebeIPiRe e 62 PDE BETA EEN 58 PDE BINOM x3 ege deeded Gege
286. used for input and output NONE No role assigned This is a variable s default role PARTITION Used to break the data into groups for testing SPLIT No meaning except for certain third party software This role s meaning is unrelated to SPLIT FILE The PSPPIRE GUI does not yet use variable roles as intended Chapter 11 Manipulating variables 109 11 20 VECTOR Two possible syntaxes VECTOR vec_name var_list VECTOR vec_name_list count format VECTOR allows a group of variables to be accessed as if they were consecutive members of an array with a vector index notation To make a vector out of a set of existing variables specify a name for the vector followed by an equals sign and the variables to put in the vector All the variables in the vector must be the same type String variables in a vector must all have the same width To make a vector and create variables at the same time specify one or more vector names followed by a count in parentheses This will cause variables named vec through veccount to be created as numeric variables By default the new variables have print and write format F8 2 but an alternate format may be specified inside the parentheses before or after the count and separated from it by white space or a comma Variable names including numeric suffixes may not exceed 64 characters in length and none of the variables may exist prior to VECTOR Vectors created with VECTOR disappear aft
287. ut line as it uses Implied decimal places also exist in FORTRAN style A format specification with d decimal places also has d implied decimal places In addition to the standard format specifiers see Section 6 7 4 Input and Output For mats page 34 FORTRAN style defines some extensions X Advance the current column on this line by one character position Tx Set the current column on this line to column x with column numbers consid ered to begin with 1 at the left margin NEWRECx Skip forward x lines in the current record resetting the active column to the left margin Repeat count Any format specifier may be preceded by a number This causes the action of that format specifier to be repeated the specified number of times specl specN Group the given specifiers together This is most useful when preceded by a repeat count Groups may be nested arbitrarily FORTRAN and columnar styles may be freely intermixed Columnar style leaves the active column immediately after the ending column specified Record motion using NEWREC in FORTRAN style also applies to later FORTRAN and columnar specifiers Examples 1 DATA LIST TABLE NAME 1 10 A INFO1 TO INFOS 12 17 1 BEGIN DATA John Smith 102311 Bob Arnold 122015 Bill Yates 918 6 END DATA Defines the following variables e NAME a 10 character wide string variable in columns 1 through 10 e INFO1 a numeric variable in columns 12 through 13 e INFO2 a numeric
288. value 123 If w is greater than string s length then it is treated as if it were right padded with spaces If string is not in the correct format for format system missing is returned RINDEX string format Function Returns a positive integer indicating the position of the last occurrence of needle in haystack Returns 0 if haystack does not contain needle Returns system missing if needle is an empty string RINDEX haystack needle needle_len Function Divides needle into parts each with length needle len Searches haystack for the last occurrence of each part and returns the largest value Returns 0 if haystack does not contain any part in needle It is an error if needle len does not evenly divide the length of needle Returns system missing if needle is an empty string RPAD string length Function If string is at least length characters in length returns string unchanged Otherwise returns string padded with spaces on the right to length length Returns an empty string if length is system missing negative or greater than 255 RPAD string length padding Function If string is at least length characters in length returns string unchanged Otherwise returns string padded with padding on the right to length length Returns an empty string if length is system missing negative or greater than 255 or if padding does not contain exactly one character RTRIM string Function Returns string after removing trailing
289. var2 syntax SYSMIS expr Function When expr is simply the name of a numeric variable returns 1 if the variable has the system missing value 0 if it is user missing or not missing If given expr takes another form results in 1 if the value is system missing 0 otherwise Chapter 7 Mathematical Expressions 50 VALUE variable Function Prevents the user missing values of variable from being transformed into system missing values and always results in the actual value of variable whether it is valid user missing or system missing 7 7 5 Set Membership Functions Set membership functions determine whether a value is a member of a set They take a set of numeric arguments or a set of string arguments and produce Boolean results String comparisons are performed according to the rules given in Section 7 6 Relational Operators page 47 ANY value set set Function Results in true if value is equal to any of the set values Otherwise results in false If value is system missing returns system missing System missing values in set do not cause NAME to return system missing RANGE value low high low high Function Results in true if value is in any of the intervals bounded by low and high inclusive Otherwise results in false Each low must be less than or equal to its corresponding high value low and high must be given in pairs If value is system missing returns system missing System missing values
290. variable in columns 14 through 15 e INFO3 a numeric variable in columns 16 through 17 The BEGIN DATA END DATA commands cause three cases to be defined Case NAME INFO1 INFO2 INFOS3 1 John Smith 10 23 11 2 Bob Arnold 12 20 15 3 Bill Yates 9 18 6 The TABLE keyword causes PSPP to print out a table describing the four variables defined Chapter 8 Data Input and Output 69 DAT LIS FIL survey dat ID 1 5 NAME 7 36 A SURNAME 38 67 A MINITIAL 69 A Q01 TO Q50 7 56 Defines the following variables e ID a numeric variable in columns 1 5 of the first record e NAME a 30 character string variable in columns 7 36 of the first record e SURNAME a 30 character string variable in columns 38 67 of the first record e MINITIAL a l character string variable in column 69 of the first record e Fifty variables Q01 Q02 Q03 Q49 Q50 all numeric Q01 in column 7 Q02 in column 8 Q49 in column 55 Q50 in column 56 all in the second record Cases are separated by a blank record Data is read from file survey dat in the current directory This example shows keywords abbreviated to their first 3 letters 8 5 2 DATA LIST FREE DATA LIST FREE TAB c NOTABLE TABLE FILE file_name ENCODING encoding SKIP record cnt var spec where each var spec takes one of the forms var list type_spec var list In free format the input data is by default structured as a seri
291. white space The maximum width for time and date formats is 40 columns Minimum input and output width for each of the time and date formats is shown below Format Min Input Width Min Output Width Option DATE 8 9 4 digit year ADATE 8 8 4 digit year EDATE 8 8 4 digit year JDATE 5 5 4 digit year SDATE 8 8 4 digit year QYR 4 6 4 digit year MOYR 6 6 4 digit year WKYR 6 8 4 digit year DATETIME 17 17 seconds TIME 5 5 seconds DTIME 8 8 seconds In the table Option describes what increased output width enables 4 digit year A field 2 columns wider than minimum will include a 4 digit year DATETIME format always includes a 4 digit year seconds A field 3 columns wider than minimum will include seconds as well as minutes A field 5 columns wider than minimum or more can also include a decimal point and fractional seconds but no more than allowed by the format s decimal places For the time and date formats the default output format is the same as the input format except that PSPP increases the field width if necessary to the minimum allowed for output Time or dates narrower than the field width are right justified within the field When a time or date exceeds the field width characters are trimmed from the end until it fits This can occur in an unusual situation e g with a year greater than 9999 which adds an extra digit or for a negative value on TIME or DTIME which adds a leading minus sign Chapter 6 The PSPP
292. wing is an example for producing a scatterplot GRAPH SCATTERPLOT height WITH weight BY gender This example will produce a scatterplot where height is plotted versus weight Depending on the value of the gender variable the colour of the datapoint is different With this plot it is possible to analyze gender differences for height vs weight relation The subcommand HISTOGRAM produces a histogram Only one variable is allowed for the histogram plot For an alternative method to produce histograms see Section 15 3 EXAMINE page 130 The following example produces a histogram plot for the variable weight GRAPH HISTOGRAM weight 15 5 CORRELATIONS CORRELATIONS Chapter 15 Statistics 133 VARIABLES var bet WITH var list VARIABLES var bet WITH var list VARIABLES var bet WITH var bet PRINT TWOTAIL ONETAIL SIG NOSIG STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES XPROD ALL MISSING PAIRWISE LISTWISE INCLUDE EXCLUDE The CORRELATIONS procedure produces tables of the Pearson correlation coefficient for a set of variables The significance of the coefficients are also given At least one VARIABLES subcommand is required If the WITH keyword is used then a non square correlation table will be produced The variables preceding WITH will be used as the rows of the table and the variables following will be the columns of the table If no WITH subcommand is given then a square symmetrical table usi
293. wo lines of header information giving title and subtitle page number date and time and PSPP version are printed at the top of every page These two lines are in addition to any top margin requested Default off Chapter 3 Invoking pspp 9 0 length line count Physical length of a page Headers and margins are subtracted from this value You may specify the number of lines as a number or for screen output you may specify auto to track the height of the terminal as it changes Default 66 0 width character count Width of a page in characters Margins are subtracted from this value For screen output you may specify auto in place of a number to track the width of the terminal as it changes Default 79 0 top margin top margin lines Length of the top margin in lines PSPP subtracts this value from the page length Default O 0 bottom margin bottom margin lines Length of the bottom margin in lines PSPP subtracts this value from the page length Default 0 0 box ascii unicode Sets the characters used for lines in tables If set to ascii the characters and for single width lines and and for double width lines are used If set to unicode then Unicode box drawing characters will be used The default is unicode if the locale s character encoding is UTF 8 or ascii otherwise 0 emphasis none bold underline How to emphasize text Bold and underline emphasis are achieved with over
294. y a list of factors which tell PSPP how to break down the analysis for each dependent variable Following the dependent variables factors may be specified The factors if desired should be preceded by a single BY keyword The format for each factor is factorvar BY subfactorvar Each unique combination of the values of factorvar and subfactorvar divide the dataset into cells Statistics will be calculated for each cell and for the entire dataset unless NOTOTAL is given The STATISTICS subcommand specifies which statistics to show DESCRIPTIVES will produce a table showing some parametric and non parametrics statistics EXTREME produces a table showing the extremities of each cell A number in parentheses n determines how many upper and lower extremities to show The default number is 5 The subcommands TOTAL and NOTOTAL are mutually exclusive If TOTAL appears then statistics will be produced for the entire dataset as well as for each cell If NOTOTAL appears then statistics will be produced only for the cells unless no factor variables have been given These subcommands have no effect if there have been no factor variables specified The PLOT subcommand specifies which plots are to be produced if any Available plots are HISTOGRAM NPPLOT BOXPLOT and SPREADLEVEL The first three can be used to visualise how closely each cell conforms to a normal distribution whilst the spread vs level plot can Chapter 15 Statistics 131 be u
295. y follow one another and we can test that with the RELIABILITY command see Section 15 16 RELIABILITY page 151 Example 5 4 shows a PSPP session where the user after recoding negatively scaled variables requests reliability statistics for v1 v3 and v4 Chapter 5 Using PSPP 20 PSPP gt get file usr local share pspp examples hotel sav PSPP gt display dictionary PSPP gt recode negatively worded questions PSPP gt compute v3 6 v3 PSPP gt compute v5 6 v5 PSPP gt reliability vi v3 v4 Output dictionary information omitted for clarity 1 1 RELIABILITY Case Processing Summary d 2 2 2 22 2 2zcc cc 4j 4 4 NI 4 dH d 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 c c c 4j 4 4 Cases Valid 17 100 00 Excluded 0 OOH Total 17 100 00 H 2 2 2 2 2 2cl l c j4j 4 4 1 2 RELIABILITY Reliability Statistics d 4 Cronbach s Alpha N of Items a eege 81 3 d ff dt Example 5 4 Recoding negatively scaled variables and testing for reliability with the RELIABILITY command The Cronbach Alpha coefficient suggests a high degree of reliability among variables v1 v3 and v4 As a rule of thumb many statisticians consider a value of Cronbach s Alpha of 0 7 or higher to indicate reliable data Here the value is 0 81 so the data and the recoding that we performed are vindicated 5 2 5 Testing for normality Many statistical t
296. y these files are installed in the directory usr local share pspp examples If however your system administrator or operating system vendor has chosen to install them in a different location you will have to adjust the examples accordingly 5 1 Preparation of Data Files Before analysis can commence the data must be loaded into PSPP and arranged such that both PSPP and humans can understand what the data represents There are two aspects of data e The variables these are the parameters of a quantity which has been measured or estimated in some way For example height weight and geographic location are all variables e The observations also called cases of the variables each observation represents an instance when the variables were measured or observed For example a data set which has the variables height weight and name might have the observations 1881 89 2 Ahmed 1192 107 01 Frank 1230 67 Julie The following sections explain how to define a dataset 1 These files contain purely fictitious data They should not be used for research purposes Chapter 5 Using PSPP 14 5 1 1 Defining Variables Variables come in two basic types viz numeric and string Variables such as age height and satisfaction are numeric whereas name is a string variable String variables are best reserved for commentary data to assist the human observer However they can also be used for nominal or categorical data Example 5 1

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