Pregnancy test for visually impaired women Tereza Hyková
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1. the application will have its own She is used to working with more text to speech programs because she also teaches other blind people to use them and said that all the programs are controlled a bit differently The user B was happy about the fact that the application would also announce how clearly the result is visible but did not understand what the label With certainty means and suggested more understandable label User C The third testing took about 20 minutes and was performed at the user s home The user C also suggested smaller depth of menu hierarchy She was concerned about whether the application checks the stripe that indicates that the test was taken correctly and the result is correct After getting the test result she wanted to save it because she thought some women who try to get pregnant and perform the test often want to keep track about the dates and the result She also said that she would like to have the images saved so that if she is not sure about the correctness of interpreted result by the application she can show them to another person for recheck Test results and recommendations The depth of menu hierarchy should be as small as possible and the application should guide the user in one way rather than leaving more options at one time open The application needs to give the user as much feedback as possible so that she knows what is going on at all points For example the countdown timer should give feedbac2. Pregnancy test for visually impaired women Tereza Hykova hykovter fel cvut cz Task description The goal of this project is to find a solution that will enable visually impaired women to interpret the result of a pregnancy test in privacy and without the help of another person The output should be a user interface for an application which accepts an image of taken pregnancy test and reports its result The suggested solutions are either the use of a scanner and a PC application or the use of a camera integrated in a mobile phone and a mobile application We will try to describe the advantages and disadvantages of both solutions and choose one eventually find other possible options Target group The target group are girls and women that are incapable of interpreting the result of a pregnancy test on their own due to their visual impairment Screener The following screener is designed to be given only to visually impaired persons 1 Gender male female 2 Age lt 17 17 30 gt 30 3 Are you blind since your birth yes no 4 Have you got any experience with pregnancy tests personal experience friends experience no experience other Targets 1 90 female 10 male 2 50 17 30 yrs 50 31 yrs and more 3 50 yes 50 no 4 80 personal or friends 20 no experience Notes 1 The target group are women but we can include men in the user research as well thanks to their experience with controlling technical de
3. comfortable with using of a scanner and a laptop with a reading program She controls the laptop using keyboard only These devices are very common to her and she believes that it is an essential equipment of every visually impaired person She does not think that scanner is capable of resolution high enough to be able to interpret a small test stripe She also fears that the scanner will get dirty when scanning the test A mobile phone is very common equipment to her as well she uses a completely ordinary phone with a Mobile speak software installed However she does not use the integrated camera at all and it is the same with all the other visually impaired people because she is not capable of targeting a specific object It seems that she can hardly imagine the capabilities of a camera or guess even an approximate composition of the taken image She is willing to try to use it for this purpose though The combination of a camera in a mobile phone and a mobile application would be much preferred by interviewee A The main reasons are the good portability of a phone and already stated distrust in scanner s capabilities Interviewee B Interviewee B is a middle aged man who has no experience with pregnancy test from a blind person s view However he believes that a special solution would be very useful He is highly skilled in controlling both mobile phone and PC with scanner he even visited a special course where visually impaired peopl
4. de a reliable interpretation Also the option of sending the image anonymously for interpretation is inacceptable for various reasons given above Use cases and scenarios Since our application is focused on a single main task with just a few bonus features the use cases and scenarios are rather brief and simple 1 Browse the tests database e Find what types of tests the application supports Before the user wants to take a pregnancy test she needs to know what types of tests the application supports To do this she opens the application database and loops through available test names e Find a user manual for a desired type of test Once the user purchases a specific test she needs to know how to use it She opens the application database selects the type she wants and has the detail open Detail shows all the information needed for performing the test correctly 2 Countdown timer e Let the application countdown desired amount of time Once the test is taken it is common that the user needs to wait a specific number of minutes before she can see the correct result It is also common that the results should not be interpreted after a given number of minutes i The user selects the countdown time option chooses the number of minutes for the first and optionally the number of minutes for the second alarm Once the alarm rings she can stop it ii Another option to use the countdown time feature is to start it right from a test deta
5. dicator e g stripe that should always appear when taking the test does not appear HTA and plans 1 Pregnancy test interpreter 2 3 Gettest result Finda test in Countdown database time eA 1z s peN as an az Piaf is h i fi For Selecta test Getthe detail image file Define test type interpretation Getthe result 24 2 3 3 2 1 22 Setnumber of Start e a i Stop the alarm Open a file Scan an image minutes countdown a nae Pe ison Put ee in ree j Choose a file P Scan the test browser opening scanner the scanner Plan 1 Find a test in the database do 1 1 then 1 2 then 1 3 Plan 2 Countdown specified amount of time do 2 1 then 2 2 after the time expires do 2 3 Plan 1 then 2 2 after the time expires do 2 3 Plan 3 Get test result Do 3 1 i either 3 2 1 1 then 3 2 1 2 then 3 2 1 3 ii or 3 2 2 1 then 3 2 2 2 then 3 2 2 3 Do 3 2 Plan1 3 1 and 3 2 can be done in any order Then 3 3 then 3 4 Prototype Since we are creating an application for heavily visually impaired people we do not need a visual user interface The behavior of the application can be described by a state machine where each node describes a certain state and has a label which will be read to the user upon entering this state The edges are named according to what key they are connected to and specify wha
6. e it is not very comfortable and obvious to work with for the tester The users also need to create a more suitable imagination about the application structure which will be easier to comprehend and remember We therefore decided to visualize and design this state machine as a hierarchy of menus Key UP and DOWN move between the menu items ENTER confirms the selected choice ESC or BACKSPACE work the same as selecting the back choice The prototype scheme is shown in the Figure 1 Figure 1 A hierarchy of the menus in low fidelity prototype Testing The user will not interact directly with this prototype She will use controls that actually have no effect and the tester will simulate the application behavior by moving his position in the prototype and reading the labels of the current state The actual scanning or file browsing part was skipped since it is not in the scope of the low fidelity prototype All the women helping with the testing were willing to help as much as they could and wanted no reward except for some small rather symbolic favors The location was highly influenced by the current availability of both the user and the tester but was chosen to be a quiet place with as much privacy as possible The users were limited by time from various personal reasons We therefore could not go through all the scenarios to cover the whole application thoroughly including testing of extreme cases such as various errors that mig
7. e are taught these abilities But he refuses to give any advices himself and leaves this matter exclusively to the experts in this field He considers these devices as an absolute must for all blind people Both devices communicate with him using reading software he controls the mobile phone as an every other phone and laptop solely with keyboard Interviewee B absolutely refuses using a camera and considers it as a completely useless device for blind people On the other hand he highly supports the use of scanner and PC mainly because of the fact that they are so widely available and used among the target group He states that it is much simpler to put something on a scanner desk than target a desired object with a camera Interviewee C The third interviewee is a middle aged woman She has a husband and a son both of whom can see she however feels that she and all the other women would welcome the chance to be capable of interpreting the pregnancy test on their own So far she has been dealing with the problem using a help of another person and claims it is the only option She does not know what types of tests there are and how they are interpreted because she never actually needed to know She finds the countdown timer a useless tool because she will use her mobile phone for that anyway but a small database of tests manuals seems like a good idea to her The idea of sending the image anonymously for interpretation to another person seems rath
8. er ridiculous to her She claims that the community is too small to keep it anonymous and thinks some women who are trying to get pregnant and use the test often would be embarrassed Interviewee C owns a PC and a scanner knows how to use them but does not actually use them much anymore she has no need for it since e books became widely available She has a hard time understanding what the output of a scanner might be and thinks it is directly a text that can be read by screen reader To control a PC she uses a keyboard and a screen reader or Braille display She thinks that not all visually impaired people should be expected to own these devices though because they are allowed to ask for them only once per 5 years Especially young girls might not have need for them at first and then need to wait a long time before they can ask another time She uses a mobile phone often but does not use the integrated camera She tried a few times but never managed to target what she wanted She claims that some blind people use it but they only make abstract photographs and need other person to describe what is in it Therefore she does not think the option of taking a picture of a taken test is a good idea Knowledge gained summary A pregnancy test for visually impaired women would be a very welcome tool because there is no solution for this problem at all yet We did not find any unexpected problems in the user research that would not be obvious from t
9. he task description we can stay focused on an application for getting the interpretation of visual information The manipulation with the given technical devices is a very common thing to most of the visually impaired people except for the camera All of the interviewees agree that they do not and probably will not use it mainly because of their inability to target a desired object and choose an appropriate distance All the interviewees control the mobile phone and PC by keys and have reading software installed Some use a Braille display No other options than scanning or taking a picture with a camera was suggested by any of the interviewees and they mostly rather stick to the scanning The idea of sending an anonymous image for interpretation was either completely refused or accepted but it will probably be not used anyway Requirements and recommendations All the interviewees require only the basic functionality i e a simple program that will interpret the test result for them whether it is positive or negative They do not refuse the other functions such as countdown timer or most common tests database and their manuals but they hardly require them From the suggested options we will stick to the use of a scanner rather than a camera because of the technical limitations The picture taken by visually impaired people will probably not have a quality good enough for a machine processing and therefore the application would not provi
10. ht occur so we concentrated on a single scenario that covered all the key points of its functionality The single task all the women were asked to perform was to 1 see what types of tests the application supports and select one 2 have the application countdown desired amount of time 3 insert an image of the performed test 4 interpret the test and get its result All users were asked to speak as much as possible during the testing especially if they were not sure what a certain button does or if they were stuck and did not know how to proceed After each testing we corrected the main mistakes made in the prototype so that the next testing both confirms that the choice of how to solve a certain problem was correct and finds new usually less significant problems that appeared UserA The testing took approximately an hour and was performed in a quiet gallery in a conservatory where A spends much of her time and feels comfortable The testing went fine until the user reached screen 4 test detail where she did not know what the button Select this test type does and where she currently is in the application after pressing that She did not remember the Interpret test option in the main menu and did not know how to continue In this menu she also did not know what she will find exactly in the User manual option and thought more specific label should be used She also wanted the application to start reading the manual after hitting ente
11. il screen In this case the numbers of minutes is automatically set according to the user manual in the database 3 Interpret atest e Open a scanned test in the application The user scans the test in another scanning program she is used to and saves it as an image Then in our application she selects the option to open a file and chooses this image The application will report whether the image was successfully open Scan an image right inside the application The user selects the option to scan an image The settings will be automatically set to common values with highest resolution possible The user puts the test in the scanner and selects the start scanning option The application will report whether the image was successfully scanned Define used test type The user needs to define the type of test she used so that the application knows how to interpret the image data She selects it from the database the way already described Interpret a test With image and test type defined the user can order the interpretation to start If the processing is successful the application announces the result of the test positive or negative and the probability of correct answer for example in the first month of pregnancy only a very light stripe can be seen which indicates a positive result If it is unsuccessful an error and its cause are reported This can happen for example if the defined test type is not found in the image or if the check in
12. k every half minute the result interpreter should announce whether the correct test indicator was found or the application should announce what keys to press to continue at points where it is not completely obvious e g To go back to main menu press enter to exit the application press Escape We will leave both the options scan test and open test image from file open Both user B and C knew how to save scanned image as an image file and thought they might want to use it someday If not its presence certainly does not mind But we can give this option a lower priority Some labels were changed as suggested by all three users They are used to some words used by many text to speech programs and know perfectly their meaning without having to think about it An option of saving the result will be added and tested in the next iterations The control keys should also include TAB with the same effect as the key DOWN and typing of the first letters of a word should directly lead to a desired option The user manual should provide more information handy to a visually impaired woman than just the manual provided with the test such as how to recognize what side of the test to put in the scanner The Back button will be removed because all the users are used to pressing Esc or Backspace key and one extra item in menu delays their work The application should not repeat what menu the user just entered because she already knows that from pre
13. mmunicate with you d What do you think in general about the option of scanning the taken test 4 Mobile device with integrated camera a Do you own a mobile device with a camera b What type of mobile phone have you got are you capable of installing new mobile applications c Do you use the camera If not why d Howdo you control your mobile phone how does it communicate with you e What do you think in general about the option of using a camera and mobile application to interpret the test Interviews summary Interviewee A The first interviewee is a woman in her forties She has not used a pregnancy test her whole life until recently when she was provided with one at the doctor s She believes that many blind women and girls are not even aware of their existence and deal with the consequences when it is already late She also thinks that there is currently no solution for visually impaired people available the only option is to visit a docto Interviewee r or get a help from acquaintances who can see A did some personal research and found out that the manuals how to use the specific tests are available on the internet She would however be glad to have it as a part of the application database including the countdown timer She does not directly refuse the option of sending the image to a person who can see to ask for the interpretation but does not trust the provided anonymity Interviewee A is very
14. r not right upon selection of this option She was confused by what happens when she presses Esc or Backspace compared to the Back button she got disoriented when she was back at the menu option where she came from instead of at the start of the menu The user did not understand the Open image from file option After an explanation she said that she does know how to scan and save an image as an image file because she only uses program which directly recognizes the text She suggested some change of labels to use words that are more commonly used by text to speech programs etc She also suggested an option of finding an option in the menu by typing first letters of its name User B The second testing took approximately half an hour and was performed at the user s home User B was confused at some points of the application when she did not know how to continue and expected the application to guide her through by telling what keys to press for what option She got a bit disoriented by deeply nested submenus She suggested that the user manual should contain information about how to recognize what side of the pregnancy test she should put on the scanner She also thought it could contain some hints how to scan the test without getting the scanner dirty and proposed for example using transparent foil She was also concerned about how the navigation in the longer text will work if she should use the key shortcuts she is used to or
15. ssing the button The first option should be selected after opening a new menu The last and corrected version of the prototype is shown in Figure 2 am a F AT JES PEIPRAVTE TEST KE SCANMOVA hs Figure 2 Last version of the prototype
16. t state the user will move into upon pressing this key Because all the people who helped with testing are Czechs all the labels are in Czech We therefore attach a small dictionary of labels used Hlavni menu Odpo t v n asu Datab ze test Ukon it program Zadejte po et minut Potvrdit Zp t Aktu ln odpo et zb v minut zastavit odpo t v n odpo et zastaven detail testu pou it zvolit k interpretaci test zvolen main menu countdown timer tests database exit the program insert the number of minutes confirm back currently running countdown minutes left stop the countdown countdown stopped test detail user manual select for interpretation test selected Low Fidelity Prototype spustit odpo t v n odpo et ukon en vypnout zvon n skenovat test p ipravte skenr ke skenov n otev t test ze souboru spustit interpretaci nebyl zvolen typ testu nebyl vlo en obr zek testu prob h rozpozn v n v sledek testu je pozitivn s jistotou negativn n vrat do hl menu start countdown timer countdown finished stop the ringing scan the test repare the scanner for scanning open test from file start the interpretation test type was not selected test image was not inserted recognition is running the test result is positive with certainty negative back to main menu Although the state machine is what the application actually works lik
17. vices which is not gender dependent 2 Weare trying to gather information both from adult women and young girls who are more expected to have the lack of privacy problem 3 We assume and need to prove this assumption that the ability to control a camera is highly influenced by the fact whether the person is blind since the birth or not 4 Most information about specific problems with pregnancy tests will most likely be given by people who already have some experience with them Even people whose acquaintances already encountered this problem are expected to have some insight However we also need to know if there are any essential reasons why some people have no experience at all for example they might not even be aware of the existence of pregnancy tests User research interview Preparation 1 Pregnancy test in general a How have you been solving this problem so far b Do you think a new solution would be useful c What experience with pregnancy tests have you got d Would you trust a technical device to let it interpret the test for you 2 Experience with pregnancy test a What type of test did you use b How did you find out how to use it c What did you use to countdown the time d How did you interpret the result 3 Scanner and PC a Do you own or have you got an access to these devices b Are you comfortable with using these devices If not why c How do you control PC how do the PC programs co
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