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Routing Configuration: Industrial ETHERNET (Gigabit

1. You can optionally perform the following configurations afterwards Interface s p ip pimsm dr Configure DR priority priority 0 2 147 483 647 Interface s p ip pimsm hello interval Configure Hello Interval in seconds lt 0 18000 gt default 30 s UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 137 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP O Optional Instead of defining the RPs statically you can configure BSR and RP candidates from which BSR and RP are selected Config ip pimsm bsr Configure BSR candidate candidate interface lt slot port gt Config ip pimsm rp Configure RP candidate candidate interface lt slot port gt UM Routing L3P 138 Release 8 0 05 2013 Mu Iticast Routing 9 4 Scoping 9 4 Scoping In t the TTL he Multicast transmission the protocol provides two options for limiting expansion of the Multicast data stream Multicast Address Scoping Boundary In the Multicast Address Scoping the administrator assigns a Multicast IP address range to a router interface see table 14 The router interface blocks the Multicast data streams with addresses within this address range Example ip mcast boundary 239 193 122 0 255 255 255 0 In this example the router interface blocks Multicast data streams with a Multicast IP address in the range 239 193 122 0 239 193 122 255 TTL Scoping Every Multicast data packet contains a TTL Time To Live The TTL isa counter wh
2. O Selecting a routing procedure On the basis of the network plan and the communication requirements of the connected devices you select the optimal routing procedure static routes RIP OSPF for your situation In doing so consider which routing procedures the routers can use along a route O Configuring a routing procedure Configure the selected routing procedure UM Routing L3P 12 Release 8 0 05 2013 Routing Basics 2 Routing Basics A router is a node for exchanging data on the layer 3 of the ISO OSI layer model This ISO OSI reference model had the following goals To define a standard for information exchange between open systems To provide a common basis for developing additional standards for open systems To provide international teams of experts with functional framework as the basis for independent development of every layer of the model To include in the model developing or already existing protocols for communications between heterogeneous systems To leave sufficient room and flexibility for the inclusion of future developments The reference model consists of 7 layers ranging from the application layer to the physical layer 7 Application Access to communication services from an application program 6 Presentation Definition of the syntax for data communication 5 Session Set up and breakdown of connections by synchronization and organization of the dialog 4 Transport Specification of the
3. 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 8 1 4 4 2 Application example for ping tracking 4 4 3 Application example for logical tracking VRRP HiVRRP VRRP 5 1 1 Configuration of VRRP HiVRRP HiVRRP Domains 5 3 1 Configuration of HiVRRP domains 5 3 2 Example of configuration of HiVRRP domains VRRP tracking VRRP with load sharing VRRP mit Multinetting RIP Convergence Maximum Network Size General Properties of RIP Configuring the RIP OSPF Se Topology Autonomous System Router ID Areas Virtual Link OSPF Router Link State Advertisement General Operation of OSPF Setting up the Neighbor Relationship NNNNNN h oo RR Synchronization of the LSD Route Calculation Configuring OSPF Protocol based VLANs General Configuration 51 52 55 56 59 60 64 66 70 76 7T 100 103 105 106 111 113 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Contents 8 2 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 Configuration of the Example Multicast Routing Multicast Addresses 9 1 1 IP Multicast Addresses 9 1 2 MAC Multicast Addresses 9 1 3 Mapping IP MAC Multicast Addresses Multicast Group Registration PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP 9 3 1 How PIM DM and DVMRP function 9 3 2 How PIM SM functions Scoping Multicast Configuration 9 5 1 Example with Layer 3 Redundancy 9 5 2 Example with Layer 2 redundancy HIPER Ring 9
4. IP 10 0 200 11 24 Port 2 2 IP 10 0 200 10 24 Port 2 1 GW 10 0 200 11 VLAN 1 Management IP 10 0 100 101 IP 10 0 10 1 24 GW 10 0 200 10 Port 3 1 Port 3 4 VLAN 2 Interface 9 2 IP 10 0 11 1 24 GW 10 0 200 10 MIPER Ring I SN 100 10 0 100 0 Port 1 1 VLAN 1 VLAN 1 Port 1 2 Interface 9 1 VLAN 1 IP 10 0 100 1 24 Interface 9 1 GW 10 0 200 10 IP 10 0 100 1 24 GW 10 0 200 10 Figure 54 IP parameters for layer 3 switch A L Configure the router function for layer 3 switch A You first configure the router interface at a port to which the configuration computer is connected The result of this is that in future you will access the layer 3 switch via subnet 10 O Change the IP parameters of your configuration computer to the values for subnet 10 You thus access layer 3 switch A again namely via the IP address of the router interface set up beforehand O Finish the router configuration for layer 3 switch A see figure 54 After the configuration of the router function on all layer 3 switches you have access to all the devices UM Routing L3P 160 Release 8 0 05 2013 Appendix A 5 Copyright of Integrated Software A 5 Copyright of Integrated Software A 5 1 Bouncy Castle Crypto APIs Java The Legion Of The Bouncy Castle Copyright c 2000 2004 The Legion Of The Bouncy Castle http www bouncycastle org Permission is hereby granted free of charge to any perso
5. Simple split horizon Omits the entries known by a neighbor when sending the routing table to this neighbor Simple split horizon with Sends the routing table to a neighbor with the entries known poison reverse by this neighbor but denotes these entries with the infinity metric 716 Thus the hop count 16 specifies the maximum size of a network with RIP as the routing procedure The longest paths may use up to 15 routers UM Routing L3P 84 Release 8 0 05 2013 RIP 6 3 General Properties of RIP 6 3 General Properties of RIP The RFC 1058 from June 1988 specifies RIP version 1 Version 1 has the following restrictions Use of broadcasts for protocol messages Does not support subnetworks CIDR No authentification The standardization of RIP version 2 in the RFC 2453 in 1998 eliminates the above restrictions RIP V2 sends its protocol messages as a multicast with the destination address 224 0 0 9 and supports subnetwork masks and authentication However the restrictions relating to the size of the network remain Advantages Disadvantages Easy to implement Routing tables in large networks very comprehensive Easy to administrate Routing information is distributed slowly because there are fixed sending intervals This applies in particular to connections that have elapsed since the routing table only contains existing paths Count to infinity Table 10 Advantages and disadvantages of Vector Distance
6. VRRP terms Virtual router A virtual router is a router or group of routers that act as the default gateway in a network and use the Virtual Router Redandancy Protocol VRRP router A VRRP router is a router that uses VRRP It can be part of one or more virtual routers UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 57 VRRP HiVRRP 5 1 VRRP Master router The master router is the router within the virtual router that is currently responsible for forwarding data packets and responding to ARP queries The master router periodically sends messages advertisements to the other VRRP routers backup routers to inform them about its existence Ip address owner The IP address owner is the VRRP router whose IP address is identical to the IP address of the virtual router By definition it has the highest VRRP priority 255 and is thus automatically the master router Backup router The backup router is a VRRP router that is not the master router The backup router is ready to take over the master role should the master fail VRRP priority The VRRP priority is a number between 1 and 255 It is used to determine the master router The value 255 is reserved for the IP address owner VRID The VRID virtual router ID uniquely identifies a virtual router Virtual router MAC address The virtual router MAC address is the MAC address of the virtual router see figure 4 Virtual router IP address The virtual router IP address is the IP addres
7. MLDv2 for SSM Draft ietf idmr dvmrp mib 11 txt DVMRP MIB Draft ietf idmr dvmrp v3 10 DVMRP Draft ietf magma igmpv3 and routing 05 txt IGMPv3 an Multicast Routing Protocol Interaction Draft ietf magma mgmd mib 03 txt Multicast Group Membership Discovery MIB Draft ietf pim v2 dm 03 PIM DM Draft ietf smm arch 06 txt Source Specific Multicast for IP UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 155 Appendix A 4 Entering the IP Parameters A 4 Entering the IP Parameters see Portbased Router Interface see VLAN based Router Interface Figure 52 Network plan UM Routing L3P 156 Release 8 0 05 2013 Appendix A 4 Entering the IP Parameters To configure the layer 3 function you require access to the management of the Switch as described in the Basic Configuration user manual Depending on your own application you will find many options for assigning IP addresses to the devices The following example describes one option that often arises in practice Even if you have other prerequisites this example shows the general method for entering the IP parameters and points out important things that you should note The prerequisites for the following example are All layer 2 and layer 3 switches have the IP address 0 0 0 0 state on delivery The IP addresses of the switches and router interfaces and the gateway IP addresses are defined in the network plan The devices and their connections are i
8. Release 8 0 05 2013 Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Switch to the Configuration mode Switch on the router function globally Switch on VRRP globally Select the port for setting up VRRP Assign the port its IP parameters Activate the router function at this interface Create the VRID for the first virtual router at this port Switch on the first virtual router at this port Assign virtual router 1 its IP address Assign virtual router 1 the router priority 200 L You configure every port at which VRRP will be active in the same way O You also perform the same configuration on the redundant router 59 VRRP HiVRRP 5 2 HiVRRP 5 2 HiVRRP HiVRRP provides a number of mechanisms for shortening the switching times or reducing the number of Multicasts shorter advertisement intervals link down notification preempt delay Unicast advertisement domains In compliance with RFC 2338 the master sends IP Multicast messages advertisements at intervals of one second to the other VRRP routers Only if this message does not appear three times do the remaining routers select a new master VRRP has typical switching times of 3 to 4 seconds UM Routing L3P 60 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 2 HiVRRP A 4 3 Advertisement Skew Time Interval Router A Backup Router _ Advertisement Master Router Router B ff Advertisement Master Router Router C a 0 1 2
9. Spanning tree for bridges FF FF FF FF FF FF 0806 ARP for IP and CHAOS as needed FF FF FF FF FF FF 8035 Reverse ARP Table 15 Examples of reserved MAC addresses UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 121 Multicast Routing 9 1 Multicast Addresses 9 1 3 Mapping IP MAC Multicast Addresses When IP data packets are sent via Ethernet the IP address is assigned to a MAC address and therefore IP Multicast addresses are also mapped onto MAC Multicast addresses The 23 lower value bits of the 32 bit IP Multicast address make up the 23 lower value bits of the 48 bit MAC Multicast address Of the remaining 9 bits of the IP Multicast address 4 bits are used as the class D identification for the Multicast address The remaining 5 bits ensure that 32 IP Multicast addresses can be mapped onto one and the same MAC Multicast address 32 bit Multicast IP Address 239 192 112 159 0 Internet Multicast 1 reserviert IEEE 802 3 Multicast MAC Address 0000 0001 0000 0000 0101 1110 d100 0000 0111 0000 1001 1111 foj 1 o o sliEl 4jlolirzl oleoltrj 48 bit Multicast MAC Address 01 00 5E 40 70 9F Figure 40 Conversion of the IP address to the MAC address UM Routing L3P 122 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 2 Multicast Group Registration 9 2 Multicast Group Registration The Internet Group Management Protocol IGMP describes the distribution of Multicast information between routers and
10. Deleting a VLAN deletes the VLAN router interface s entry in the router interface table UM Routing L3P 30 Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 3 Configuration of a Static Route 3 3 Configuration of a Static Route In the example below router A requires the information that it can reach the subnet 10 0 3 0 24 via the router B next hop It can obtain this information via a dynamic routing protocol or via a static routing entry With this information router A can transmit data from subnet 10 0 1 0 24 via router B into subnet 10 0 3 0 24 Vice versa to be able to forward data of subnet 10 0 1 0 24 router B also needs an equivalent route Interface 2 1 IP 10 0 2 2 Interface 2 2 IP 10 0 2 1 Figure 10 Static Routing You can enter static routing for port based and VLAN based router interfaces UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 31 Static Routing 3 3 Configuration of a Static Route 3 3 1 Configuration of a simple static route Enter a static route for router A based on the configuration of the router interface in the previous example see figure 8 enable configure ip routing ip route 10 0 3 0 255 255 255 0 10 0 2 2 exit Show ip route Total Number of Routes Network Subnet Address Mask Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Switch to the Configuration mode Switch on the router function globally Create the static routing entry Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Verify the routin
11. On the basis of this the administrator can define 255 virtual routers within a network UM Routing L3P 56 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 1 VRRP 00 00 56 00 01 Jo variable element VRID constant element Figure 20 Virtual MAC address The VRRP router sends IP Multicast messages to the IP Multicast address 224 0 0 18 in order to determine the master The router with the highest VRRP priority becomes the master The VRRP priority is specified by the administrator If the VRRP priorities are the same then the highest IP interface address of the VRRP routers is decisive If the virtual IP address is the same as the IP address of a router interface then this router is the IP address owner VRRP sets the VRRP priority of an IP address owner to the value 255 and thus declares it the master If there is no IP address owner then VRRP declares the router with the highest VRRP priority the master The master regularly sends IP Multicast messages default 1 s to the other VRRP routers in order to signal that it is ready for operation If this message does not appear three times in a row then the VRRP router with the highest remaining VRRP priority declares itself the new master 1 The IP address owner as it has the highest VRRP priority 255 by definition 2 The VRRP router with the highest VRRP priority 3 Ifthe priorities are the same the VRRP router with the highest IP address Table 4 Who shall be the master
12. UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 4 Synchronization of the LSD 7 4 Synchronization of the LSD The central part of the OSPF is the link state database LSD This database contains a description of the network and the states of all the routers It is the source for calculating the routing table It reflects the topology of the network It is set up after the designated router or the backup designated router has been determined within an area Broadcast networks To set up the LSD and update any topology changes the OSPF router sends link status advertisements LSA to all the directly accessible OSPF routers These link status advertisements consist of the interfaces and the neighbors of the sending OSPF router that can be reached via these interfaces OSPF routers put this information into their databases and flood the information to all the ports If no topology changes occur every router repeats its own LSAs every 30 minutes You can view the content of the Link State Database with the CLI command show ip ospf database whereby the entries are output in accordance with the areas enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show ip ospf database Displays the neighbor relationships of the router UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 103 OSPF 7 4 Synchronization of the LSD 92 168 1 1 92 169 1 1 92 169 0 0 Router Link States Area 0 0 0 0 Adv Router Age Sequence Chksm Options Rtr Opt 192
13. VLAN 1 is assigned to the HIPER Ring O Assign other VLAN IDs to the connected VLANs and leave the HIPER Ring exclusively in VLAN 1 You thus enable the transmission of the Multicast data streams on Layer 3 If you assign multiple VLANs to the HIPER Ring as transfer networks then the Switch transmits the Multicast data streams to every transfer network during the flood and prune phase This means that the Switch transmits the Multicast data streams to every VLAN and the network load is thus multiplied in the HIPER Ring IP 10 0 3 12 24 L GW 10 03 1 So VANS IP 10 0 3 11 24 Interface 9 2 IP 10 0 3 1 24 Interface 9 1 a IP 10 0 19 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 50 Multicast example configuration with HIPER Ring UM Routing L3P 144 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration 9 5 3 Tips for the configuration Selection of the PIM DM Multicast routing protocol You select PIM DM if your application requires fast switching times and is able to tolerate any packet duplications during the switching time You set fast switching times by reducing the Hello Time Packet duplications occur when multiple routers are connected to a subnetwork In this case the Assert process clarifies which router is permitted to send into the subnetwork Until this is clarified all routers send into this subnetwork Selection of the DVMRP Multicast routing protocol You select DVMRP if your application doe
14. VRRP priority router A 64 VRRP priority router B 128 VRRP priority router C 254 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 2 HiVRRP Another option provided by HiVRRP for shortening the switching times dramatically is the link down notification You can use this function when the virtual router consists of two VRRP routers As two VRRP routers are participating it is sufficient to send the link down notification in the form of a Unicast message In contrastto the Multicast message the Unicast message travels beyond the boundaries of the subnetwork This means that if the link is down to your own subnetwork the link down notification can also travel via another subnetwork to reach the second router of the virtual router As soon as HiVRRP detects that the link is down it sends the link down notification to the second router via a different route The second router takes over the master function immediately after receiving the link down notification In the preempt mode the backup router can take over the master function from the master router as soon as the backup router receives an advertisement from the master router for which the VRRP priority is lower than its own Thus the preempt mode in collaboration with VRRP tracking see on page 70 VRRP tracking can enable a switch to a better router However dynamic routing procedures take a certain amount of time to react to changed routes and refill their routing tab
15. are not yet familiar with the term subnet They also send an ARP request when they are looking for the MAC address for an IP address in a different subnet They neither have a network mask with which they could recognize that the subnet is a different one nor do they have a gateway entry In the example below the left PC is looking for the MAC address of the right PC which is in a different subnet In this example it would normally not get a reply Because the router knows the route to the right PC the proxy ARP function replies to this router interface on behalf of the right PC with its own MAC address Thus the left PC can address its data to the MAC address of the router which then forwards the data to the right PC Figure 5 ARP proxy funktion The proxy ARP function is available on the router interfaces on which you Switch on the proxy ARP UM Routing L3P 18 Release 8 0 05 2013 Routing Basics 2 2 CIDR 2 2 CIDR The original class allocation of the IP addresses only planned for three address classes to be used by the users see Basics of IP Parameters in the basic configuration of the user manual Since 1992 five classes of IP address have been defined in the RFC 1340 Class Network part Host part Address range A 1 byte 3 bytes 1 0 0 0 to 126 255 255 255 B 2 bytes 2 bytes 128 0 0 0 to 191 255 255 255 C 3 bytes 1 byte 192 0 0 0 to 223 255 255 255 D 224 0 0 0 to 239 255 255 255 E 240 0 0 0 to 255
16. exit Switch to the Configuration mode ip route 10 0 3 0 Create the static routing entry for the redundant 255 255 255 0 10 0 4 2 2 route The 2 at the end of the command is the importance value When both routes are available the router uses the route via subnetwork 10 0 2 0 24 because this route has the higher importance default value 1 see on page 32 Configuration of a simple static route UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 33 Static Routing 3 3 Configuration of a Static Route 34 show ip route Verify the routing table Total Number Of Rout S e ssis essas nem weeds sues 5 Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address 10 0 10 255 255 255 0 Local 2 1 10 0 11 10 0 2 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 2 10 0 2 1 10 0 3 0 255 255 255 0 Static 2 2 10 0 2 2 1050 3 0 255 255 255 Static 2 3 10 0 4 2 10 0 4 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 3 10 0 4 1 show ip route bestroutes Check which routes the router actually uses for the transmission Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address 10 0 1 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 1 10 20 1 10 0 2 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 2 10 0 2 1 10 0 3 0 255 255 25540 Static 2 2 10 0 2 2 10 0 4 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 3 10 0 4 1 Total Number of RoOuteS i 425 5 9 itio imitt 4 Configure router B in the same way UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 3 Configuration of a Static Route 3 3 3 Configuration of a redundant
17. lt ip gt Configure IP address and subnetwork mask for lt mask gt the interface Interface s p routing Enable routing at the interface Interface s p ip ospf area id 0 0 0 0 Configure UC routing protocol for each interface Interface s p ip ospf Activate OSPF on the interface Interface s p ip igmp Enable IGMP for each interface Interface s p ip igmp version Optional Change version default 2 lt 1 2 3 gt Interface s p ip pimsm mode Enable PIM SM at the corresponding interfaces Interface s p exit Switch to the configuration mode Config exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show ip pimsm Display PIM SM status of the router copy system running config Save current configuration to NVRAM nvram startup config logout End CLI session Note Configure the rendezvous point RP on all routers on which you have enabled PIM SM also on the RP itself Alternatively define at least one bootstrap router BSR and at least one RP candidate If you want to use the advantages of the redundancy function configure 2 RP candidates and 2 BSR candidates The following CLI show commands show the PIM SM Multicast and IGMP parameters for your current configuration Interface s p show Display the possible show commands show ip pimsm Display the current PIM SM configuration show ip mcast Display the current Multicast configuration show ip igmp Display the current IGMP configuration
18. 168 1 1 122 80000007 0x5380 E E 192 169 1 1 120 80000007 Oxbf0e E E Network Link States Area 0 0 0 0 Adv Router Age Sequence Chksm Options Rtr Opt 1 129 80000002 0xad5a E 92 169 1 135 80000002 0xa066 E 1 137 80000002 0x9372 E i 132 80000002 0x867e E AS External States Adv Router Age Sequence Chksm Options Rtr Opt 92 169 1 178 80000002 Oxcalc The interpretation of the link ID presented depends on the corresponding LSA type Router Link States Link ID corresponds to router ID of source Network Link States Link ID corresponds to interface IP address of the designated router Network Summary States Link ID corresponds to the corresponding network Summary ASBR States AS External States 104 Link ID corresponds to router ID of described ASBR Link ID corresponds to the external network UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 5 Route Calculation 7 5 Route Calculation After the LSDs are learned and the neighbor relationships go to the full state every router calculates a path to every destination using the Shortest Path First SPF algorithm After the optimal path to every destination has been determined these routes are entered in the routing table The route calculation is generally based on the accessibility of a hop and the metric costs The costs are added up over all the hops to the destination The costs of an individual router interf
19. 255 255 255 Table 2 IP address classes Class C with a maximum of 254 addresses was too small and class B with a maximum of 65534 addresses was too large for most users as they would never require so many addresses This resulted in ineffective usage of the class B addresses available Class D contains reserved multicast addresses Class E is reserved for experimental purposes A gateway not participating in these experiments ignores datagrams with this destination address The Classless Inter Domain Routing CIDR provides a solution to these problems The CIDR overcomes these class boundaries and supports classless address ranges With CIDR you enter the number of bits that designate the IP address range You represent the IP address range in binary form and count the mask bits that designate the network mask The network mask indicates the number of bits that are identical for all IP addresses the network part in a given address range Example UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 19 Routing Basics 2 2 CIDR IP address decimal Network mask IP address binary decimal 149 218 112 1 255 255 255 128 10010101 11011010 01110000 00000001 149 218 112 127 10010101 11011010 01110000 01111111 25 mask bits CIDR notation 149 218 112 0 25 Mask bits The combination of a number of class C address ranges is known as supernetting This enables you to subdivide class B address ranges to a very
20. 3 4 5 6 t s Figure 21 Master router lt gt backup router switching times according to RFC 2338 VRRP priority router A 64 VRRP priority router B 128 VRRP priority router C 254 To be able to achieve faster switching times Hirschmann provides HiVRRP so that the cycle for sending the IP Multicast message can be shortened to as little as 0 1 seconds You can thus achieve switching times that are up to 10 times as fast UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 61 VRRP HiVRRP 5 2 HiVRRP The router supports up to 16 VRRP router interfaces with this shortened sending cycle HiVRRP skew time The HiVRRP skew time is the time dependent on the VRRP priority that specifies the time when the HiVRRP backup router names itself the HiVRRP master router HiVRRP skew time 256 VRRP priority 256 advertisement interval Times shown in milliseconds HiVRRP master down interval The HiVRRP master down interval specifies the time when the HiVRRP backup router names itself the HiVRRP master router HiVRRP master down interval 3 advertisement interval HiVRRP skew time Times shown in milliseconds A 4 3 Advertisement Skew Time Interval Reuters LL LL C LC eee ZY Advertisement Master Router Router B Backup Router Router C Advertisement Master Router i 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 t s Figure 22 Master router lt gt backup router switching times according to HiVRRP 62
21. 5 3 Tips for the configuration Appendix Abbreviations used Underlying IEEE Standards List of RFCs Entering the IP Parameters Copyright of Integrated Software A 5 1 Bouncy Castle Crypto APIs Java A 5 2 Broadcom Corporation Readers Comments Index Further Support UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 114 117 119 119 121 122 123 125 127 130 139 140 140 144 145 149 150 152 153 156 161 161 162 163 165 169 Contents UM Routing L3P 6 Release 8 0 05 2013 About this Manual About this Manual The Routing Configuration User Manual document contains the information you need to start operating the routing function It takes you step by step from a small router application through to the router configuration of a complex network The manual enables you to configure your router by following the examples The Routing Configuration user manual requires you to be familiar with the content of the Basic Configuration user manual You can use this manual to configure simple networks without any special knowledge The configuration of complex networks requires well founded knowledge on the subject of routing and of the protocols IP RIP OSPF IGMP and VRRP The Installation user manual contains a device description safety instructions a description of the display and the other information that you need to install the device The Basic Configuratio
22. 55 secondsRouter B sends its routing table Router B Destination Next hop Metric SN 10 Router A 1 SN 11 RouterA 5 Using the routing table from router B router A sees that router B knows a connection to SN 11 with a metric of 5 So router A increases its metric for SN 11 by 1 to 6 Because router A can see in the routing table from router D that router D has a connection to SN 11 with the smaller metric of 3 router A changes its entry for SN 11 70 secondsRouter A sends its routing table Router A Destination Next hop Metric UM Routing L3P 82 Release 8 0 05 2013 RIP 6 1 Convergence Router A SN 10 RouterA 1 SN 11 RouterD 4 After 70 seconds convergence has been achieved again UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 83 RIP 6 2 Maximum Network Size 6 2 Maximum Network Size The biggest problem with RIP is that routers only know their neighbors directly This results in long convergence times and the count to infinity problem Infinity refers to the inaccessibility of a destination and it is designated by hop count 16 in RIP If the above example did not contain the parallel path via routers D E and F then routers A and B would keep sending their routing tables until the metric reached a value of 16 Then the routers recognize that the destination is inaccessible Using the split horizon approach eliminates this looping problem between two neighboring routers Split horizon has two operating modes
23. B Solution with tracking For an optimal route you can now use the tracking function to also make router B the master for virtual router 10 0 2 254 By tracking the interrupted link and registering the virtual routers for this tracking object see on page 43 Tracking router A decrements its VRRP priority Thus when router B receives the next advertisement from router A router B detects that its own VRRP priority is higher than that of router A and takes over the master function see figure 26 Note As the IP address owner has the fixed VRRP priority 255 by definition the VRRP tracking function requires the IP addresses of the VRRP router interfaces to differ from the virtual router IP address UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 71 VRRP HiVRRP 5 4 VRRP tracking Note For the backup router to be able to take over the master function from the master router with the lower priority the VRRP tracking function requires that the preempt mode is activated Default Gateway Default Gateway 10 0 1 254 10 0 2 254 Port 1 2 10 0 2 254 10 0 22 Priority 200 Figure 26 VRRP tracking after a line interruption Router A Router A Router B Router B Interface 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 IP address 10 0 1 1 24 10 0 2 1 24 10 0 2 2 24 10 0 1 2 24 VRID 1 2 2 1 VRRP IP address 10 0 1 254 10 0 2 254 10 0 2 254 10 0 1 254 VRRP priority 250 250 200 200 VRRP preemption Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled Track I
24. DM use what is known as the Implicit Join method which means that a participant who has left the Multicast data stream is not included in the data flow To enable a participant who has left to receive Multicast data streams again the routers transmit to all participants again after the hold time has elapsed For DVMRP the hold time is fixed at 2 hours For PIM DM the variable hold time is set at 210 seconds PIM DM requires that you set the hold time to the same value for all the participating routers DVMRP PIM DM Knows the topology better because Fast convergence DVMRP uses its own protocol Optimization through changeable timers Table 17 Advantages of the protocols PIM SM Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode is an extended variant of PIM DM This version of PIM is mainly suitable for networks with a restricted bandwidth e g WANs and for networks with few participants from Multicast groups UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 125 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP PIM SM differs from PIM DM and DVMRP in the following ways as regards subscribing and unsubscribing participants PIM DM and DVMRP assume that very many participants are interested in the Multicast groups Therefore at the start of the communication PIM DM and DVMRP flood the information about available Multicast groups into the entire network Participants who are not interested in a Multicast group unsubscribe from this group expl
25. DR Designated Router DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol EUI Extended Unique Identifier FDB Forwarding Database GARP General Attribute Registration Protocol GMRP GARP Multicast Registration Protocol http Hypertext Transfer Protocol HiVRRPHirschmann Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol IGP Interior Gateway Protocol IP Internet Protocoll LED Light Emitting Diode LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol LSA Link Status Advertisement LSD Link State Database F O Optical Fiber MAC Media Access Control MC Multicast MICE Modular Industrial Communication Equipment NSSA Not So Stubby Area NTP Network Time Protocol OSPF Open Shortest Path First OUI Organizationally Unique Identifier PC Personal Computer PIM DM Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode UM Routing L3P 150 Release 8 0 05 2013 Appendix A 1 Abbreviations used PIM SM Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode PTP Precision Time Protocol RFC Request For Comment RM Redundancy Manager RS Rail Switch RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol RIP Routing Information Protocol RPF Reverse Path Forwarding SFP Small Form factor Pluggable SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol SPT Shortest Path Tree TCP Transfer Control Protocol tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol TP Twisted Pair TTL Time to live UDP U
26. L3P 8 Release 8 0 05 2013 Key Key The designations used in this manual have the following meanings List Work step Subheading Link Cross reference with link Note A note emphasizes an important fact or draws your attention to a dependency Courier ASCII representation in user interface ES Execution in the Graphical User Interface Execution in the Command Line Interface Symbols used WLAN access point t Router with firewall Ei Switch with firewall rj Router E lt Switch x UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 9 Bridge Hub A random computer Configuration Computer Server 10 M d 9 m n gg E PLC Programmable logic controller I O Robot UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Configuration 1 Configuration Because the configuration of a router is very dependent on the conditions in your network you are first provided with a general list of the individual configuration steps To optimally cover the large number of options this list is followed by examples of networks that usually occur in the industry sector The examples are selected so that the configurations for other applications can be easily derived from them The configuration of the routing function usually contains the following steps O Drawing a network plan Create a picture of your network so that you can clearly see the division into
27. OSPF at this port Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the Router Configuration mode Switch on OSPF globally Assign router ID 10 0 2 2 to router B Instruct OSPF to send the routes of the locally connected interfaces along with the learned routes in the RIP information and include subnetworks without OSPF in OSPF CIDR Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Check the settings for the global OSPF configuration 107 OSPF 7 6 Configuring OSPF Router ID 5 tus feta i Sh ha aia aie is isse bs te ial 10 0 2 2 OSPE Admin MOMS 5 ace eae ela ee en eis le pn Rn ocn Gla aoe IRL LG Enable ASBR Mode odes SaiGae Gave SGe REE SERRE Re Re AS Enable REC 1583 Compatibility asses Heese asa Haws awe e Oe Enable ABR StaLUSu e a sacs Soe UR eB eee 3 UR O88 4 3 93994 9 9 3 3o Disable Exit Overflow Interval s ok ehh RS ee ses 0 External LSA COUN Gis sce koe ee ead ie eos gue gus e eres cuve s es 0 External LSA Checksum 6540084068 RR ST Gs TES 0 New LSAS Originated lie ax ea en s we see x RC eS 0 GSAS RECEIVEG Gi esac ea kk PREX OR KDAURESGS EGER OK RUE RUE EUROS 0 External LSDB LIME cesed iiti t Ettie EEEE E No Limit Default MetriC ssa ae stata fees en 5a Ru e ww Ge ien b in c ee Sw Not configured Default Route Advertise een Disabled p3l c TT FALSE MOI d us Oe a eRe ee Re ee RN RR Re eee ee Rae cse E 10 JU ieu Metric TYDG 6264 bb be chee bbe eee ee S
28. Routing UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 85 RIP 6 4 Configuring the RIP 6 4 Configuring the RIP The advantage of RIP is the simple configuration After the router interface is defined and the RIP is switched on RIP automatically enters the required routes in the routing table Interface 2 1 IP 10 0 2 2 Interface 2 2 IP 10 0 2 1 Figure 31 Example of the configuration of RIP The configuration of RIP requires the following steps Configure router interfaces assign IP address and network mask gt Switch on RIP on port gt Switch on RIP globally gt Switch on routing globally if this has not already been done Configuration for router B enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 2 2 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 2 ip address 10 0 3 1 Assign the IP parameters to the port 255 255 255 0 routing Switch on the router function at this port exit Switch to the Configuration mode UM Routing L3P 86 Release 8 0 05 2013 RIP 6 4 Configuring the RIP interface 2 1 ip address 10 0 2 2 255 255 255 0 routing ip rip exit show ip rip interface brief Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 1 Assign the IP parameters to the port Switch on the router function at this port Switch on RIP at this port Switch to the Configuration mode Verify the settings for the RIP configurati
29. Time since last change 31 OR 21 22 DOWN Enable 0 0 day s 00 04 58 UM Routing L3P 54 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 VRRP HIVRRP Terminal devices usually give you the option of entering a default gateway for transmitting data packets in external subnetworks Here the term Gateway applies to a router by means of which the terminal device can communicate in other subnetworks If this router fails the terminal device cannot send any more data to external subnetworks In this case the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol VRRP provides assistance VRRP is a type of gateway redundancy VRRP describes a process that groups multiple routers into one virtual router Terminal devices always address the virtual router and VRRP ensures that a physical router belonging to the virtual router takes over the data transmission Even if a physical router fails VRRP ensures that another physical router takes over the distribution tasks as part of the virtual router VRRP has typical switching times of 3 to 4 seconds when a physical router fails In many cases such as Voice over IP Video over IP industrial controllers etc these long switching times are not acceptable The Hirschmann company has further developed the VRRP into the Hirschmann Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol HiVRRP With the appropriate configuration HiVRRP guarantees maximum switching times of 400 milliseconds Thanks to this guaranteed switching time
30. a better router when a link goes down If there is a line interruption between Switch S1 and router A see figure 25 router B takes over the master function for virtual router 10 0 1 254 Router A remains the master for virtual router 10 0 2 254 However router A no longer has a link to subnetwork 10 0 1 0 The virtual router interfaces are independent of each other Default Gateway Default Gateway 10 0 1 254 10 0 2 254 Priority 200 Figure 24 Typical VRRP application As soon as the VRRP master router with the VRRP tracking function active detects the interruption of one of its links it lowers its VRRP priority and informs the other VRRP routers of this Then another VRRP router which now has the highest priority due to this change in the situation can take over the master function within the skew time Solution without tracking Configure router A with a static route to router B or with a dynamic routing procedure so that router A finds a route into subnetwork 10 0 1 0 UM Routing L3P 70 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 4 VRRP tracking A direct link with preference 0 is the best route The static route with preference 1 is the second best route Then comes the dynamic route Default Gateway Default Gateway 10 0 1 100 10 0 2 10 Master Figure 25 Transmission path from PC B to PC A in the case of a line interruption without tracking The data from PC B is then transferred to PC A via router A and router
31. advertisements on behalf of all HiVRRP instances in its domain The supervisor puts itself and the other HiVRRP instances together into the master role or the backup role See figure 23 for an example of a flat network structure All cross VLAN data streams pass through the ring UM Routing L3P 64 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 3 HiVRRP Domains VLAN 1 2 3 4 HiVRRP 11 12 13 14 SS Virtual Router 1 Virtual Router 2 Virtual Router 3 Virtual Router 4 VLAN Router Interfaces Figure 23 Example of how a HiVRRP domain is used 5 3 1 Configuration of HiVRRP domains The configuration of HiVRRP domains consists of the following steps P Create VLANs gt Configure VLAN router interfaces gt Assign the IP addresses to the router interfaces gt Configure HiVRRP instances Activate VRRP instance all instances Assign IP address all instances Within a router you either configure all instances as IP address owners or no instance as an IP address owner Assign priority supervisor Assign the supervisors different priorities so that the VRRP routers can agree on a master router UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 65 VRRP HiVRRP 5 3 HiVRRP Domains Switch on HiVRRP all instances Assign to the domain all instances Specify sending interval supervisor Configure HIPER Ring in applications as in the above example Define the Ring ports as members of the VLANs Switch on routin
32. f HIRSCHMANN A BELDEN BRAND User Manual Routing Configuration Industrial ETHERNET Gigabit Switch PowerMICE MACH 104 MACH 1040 MACH 4000 UM Routing L3P Technical Support Release 8 0 05 2013 https hirschmann support belden eu com The naming of copyrighted trademarks in this manual even when not specially indicated should not be taken to mean that these names may be considered as free in the sense of the trademark and tradename protection law and hence that they may be freely used by anyone 2013 Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH Manuals and software are protected by copyright All rights reserved The copying reproduction translation conversion into any electronic medium or machine scannable form is not permitted either in whole or in part An exception is the preparation of a backup copy of the software for your own use For devices with embedded software the end user license agreement on the enclosed CD DVD applies The performance features described here are binding only if they have been expressly agreed when the contract was made This document was produced by Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH according to the best of the company s knowledge Hirschmann reserves the right to change the contents of this document without prior notice Hirschmann can give no guarantee in respect of the correctness or accuracy of the information in this document Hirschmann can accept no responsibility for damages resulti
33. fine degree Using mask bits simplifies the routing table The router determines in that direction in which most of the mask bits match longest prefix match UM Routing L3P 20 Release 8 0 05 2013 Routing Basics 2 3 Net directed Broadcasts 2 3 Net directed Broadcasts A net directed Broadcast is an IP data packet that a device sends to the network Broadcast address of a network to contact all the receivers of the network A net directed Broadcast is sent as a MAC Unicast frame in a transfer network If the router locally responsible for this network supports net directed Broadcasts then it transmits this data packet as a MAC Broadcast frame into its local network With VLAN based router interfaces it transmits the frame to all the ports that are members in the VLAN of the Router interface Thus net directed Broadcasts can relieve your transfer network of the multiple IP Unicasts that would be necessary to replace a net directed Broadcast If the router does not support net directed Broadcasts or if you switch off this function for a router interface the router discards IP data packets received at the network Broadcast address of the router interface With multinetting this also applies to the secondary IP addresses of the router interface 1 The network Broadcast address is the highest IP address of an IP network for which a router interface is responsible The device determines the Broadcast address from its interface IP add
34. port is assigned to VLAN 1 vlan pvid 2 Setthe port VLAN ID to 2 which means that data packets that are received without a tag at that port are assigned to VLAN 2 by the Switch exit Switch to the Configuration mode exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 2 VLAN based Router Interface show vlan 2 Check your entries in the static VLAN table VLAN ID 2 VLAN Name Gerhard VLAN Type Static Interface Current Configured Tagging 17 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 1 2 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 1 3 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 1 4 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 2 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 2 2 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 2 3 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 2 4 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 3 Include Include Untagged 3 2 Include Include Untagged 3 3 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 3 4 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 4 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 4 2 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 4 3 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 4 4 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 8 Exclude Autodetect Untagged show vlan port all Check the VLAN specific port settings Port Acceptable Ingress Default Interface VLAN ID Frame Types Filtering Priority 17 Admit All Disable 0 1 2 Admit All Disable 0 1 3 Admit All Disable 0 1 4 Admit All Disable 0 2 Admit All Disable 0 2 2 Admit All Disable 0 2 3 Admit All Disable 0 2 4 Admit All Disable 0 3 2 Admit All Disable 0 3 2 2 Admit All Disable 0 3 3 Admit All Disabl
35. subnetworks and the related distribution of the IP addresses This step is very important Good planning of the subnetworks with the corresponding network masks makes the router configuration much easier O Router basic settings Along with the global switching on of the routing function the router basic settings also contain the assignment of IP addresses and network masks to the router interfaces Note Adhere to the sequence ofthe individual configuration steps so that the configuration computer has access to all the layer 3 Switches throughout the entire configuration phase Note When you assign an IP address from the subnetwork of the management IP address to a router interface the Switch deletes the management IP address You access the Switch via the IP address of the router interface Activate the routing globally before you assign an IP address from the subnetwork of the management IP address to a router interface UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 11 Configuration Note When you assign the VLAN ID of the management VLAN to a router interface the Switch deactivates the management IP address You access the Switch via the IP address of the router interface The management VLAN is the VLAN by means of which you access the management of all the Switches Note Depending on your configuration steps it may be necessary to change the IP parameters of your configuration computer to enable access to the layer 3 Switches
36. terminal devices on Layer 3 Routers with an active IGMP function periodically send queries to find out which IP Multicast group members are connected to the LAN or to find out who is interested in becoming a group member Multicast group members reply with a Report message This Report message contains all the parameters required by the IGMP The router records the IP Multicast group address from the Report message in its routing table The result of this is that it transfers frames with this IP Multicast group address in the target address field only in accordance with the routing table Devices which no longer want to be members of a Multicast group can cancel their membership by means of a Leave message from IGMP version 2 and they do not transmit any more Report messages The router removes the routing table entry if it does not receive any Report messages within a specified period of time aging time If there are multiple routers with an active IGMP function in the subnetwork then for IGMP version 1 all routers in this subnetwork periodically send queries for IGMP versions 2 and 3 the routers decide which router takes over the query function Querier Election Protocol Standard IGMP v1 RFC 1112 IGMP v2 RFC 2236 IGMP v3 RFC 3376 Table 16 Standards which describe the Multicast Group Membership Discovery UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 123 Multicast Routing 9 2 Multicast Group Registration An advantage t
37. the corresponding segment Thus every router in an area only sets up the neighbor relationship with its designated router instead of with every neighbor The designated router is responsible for the distribution of all the link state information to its neighbor routers For security reasons OSPF provides for the selection of a backup designated router BDR which takes over the tasks of the DR if the DR fails The OSPF router with the highest router priority is the DR The router priority is specified by the administrator If two routers have the same priority the router with the higher router ID is selected The router ID is the smallest IP address of a router interface You configure this router ID manually when starting up the OSPF router see on page 92 Router ID Figure 36 LSA distribution with designated router and backup designated router UM Routing L3P 100 Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship To exchange information OSPF uses reserved multicast addresses Destination Multicast IP Mapped Multicast MAC address address All OSPF routers 224 0 0 5 01 00 5E 00 00 05 Designated routers 224 0 0 6 OSPF 01 00 5E 00 00 06 Table 12 OSPF Multicast addresses Hello packets are also used to check the configuration within an area area ID timer values priorities and to monitor the neighbor relationships Hello packets are sent cyclically hello interval If hello packets are not rece
38. the data throughput in Kbit s and when this limit is reached the router switches to the shortest path SPT enable Switch to the Privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the configuration mode ip pimsm spt threshold 1000 Activate the limit of 1000 Kbit s for the switch to the SPT no ip pimsm spt threshold Deactivate the limit for the switch to the SPT Configuration as Designated Router for PIM SM When using PIM SM you have the option of defining a router as the designated router candidate To do this you specify the priority with which the router offers itself as the designated router enable Switch to the Privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the configuration mode ip pimsm dr priority 2 1 Activate the router as the potential designated priority 2000 router with the priority 2000 no ip pimsm dr priority 2 1 Deactivate the router as a potential designated router Configuration as Bootstrap Router for PIM SM When using PIM SM you have the option of defining a router as the bootstrap router candidate To do this you specify the priority with which the router offers itself as the bootstrap router enable Switch to the Privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the configuration mode UM Routing L3P 146 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration ip pimsm bsr candidate 2 1 Activate the router as the potential bootstrap priority 20 router with the priority 20 no ip pimsm bsr candidate 2
39. the router to which such a device is connected is itself connected to the MAC address of the physical port the router can receive and transmit the packet However if the physical port belongs to a VLAN the VLAN router interface then has its own MAC address Thus the router rejects packets that are being sent to the port s MAC address A terminal device that performs the MAC IP address resolution according to the IP standard starts an ARP request to determine the correct MAC address before sending the reply to the determined VLAN MAC address see figure below MAC IP standard address resolution using ARP no MAC IP address resolution MACI IP address resolution via ARF complying with standard Figure 14 Addressing with simplified IP stack and compliant with the standard UM Routing L3P 40 Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 5 Adaptation for non IP compliant devices For you also to be able to connect devices with a simplified IP stack to a VLAN based router interface the router provides you with the VLAN single MAC mode In the VLAN single MAC mode all VLAN interfaces and all physical ports use the same MAC address with the exception of the port based router interface O Activating the VLAN single MAC mode enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode ip vlan single mac Activating the VLAN single MAC mode exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show ip vlan Display th
40. thus structure his network breaking it down into subnets see on page 19 CIDR The bigger a network gets the greater the data volume Because the available bandwidth has physical limitations the size of a network is also limited Dividing large networks into subnets limits the data volume on these subnets Routers divide the subnets from each other and only transmit the data that is intended for another subnet UM Routing L3P 14 Release 8 0 05 2013 Routing Basics Figure 2 MAC Data Transmission Unicast Data Packet left and Broadcast Data Packet right This illustration clearly shows that broadcast data packets can generate a considerable load on larger networks You also make your network easier to understand by forming subnets which you connect with each other using routers and strange as it sounds also separate securely from each other A Switch uses the MAC destination address to transmit and thus uses layer 2 A router uses the IP destination address to transmit and thus uses layer 3 The subscribers associate the MAC and IP addresses using the Address Resolution Protocol ARP UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 15 Routing Basics 2 1 ARP 2 1 ARP The Address Resolution Protocol ARP determines the MAC address that belongs to an IP address What is the benefit of this Let s suppose that you want to configure your Switch using the Web based interface You enter the IP address of your Switch
41. 0 0 00 80 63 51 74 2C 4 9 2 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 80 63 51 74 2D configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 2 1 vlan participation exclude 1 vlan participation include 2 vlan participation include 3 vlan pvid 2 protocol vlan group 1 exit interface 2 2 vlan participation exclude 1 vlan participation include 2 vlan participation include 4 vlan pvid 2 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 1 Remove port 2 1 from VLAN 1 Declare port 2 1 a member of VLAN 2 Declare port 2 1 a member of VLAN 3 Set the port VLAN ID to 2 which means that the Switch assigns non IP ARP data packets to VLAN 2 Assign VLAN protocol group 1 to interface 2 1 which means that the Switch assigns IP ARP data packets to VLAN 3 Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 2 Remove port 2 2 from VLAN 2 Declare port 2 2 a member of VLAN 2 Declare port 2 2 a member of VLAN 4 Set the port VLAN ID to 2 which means that the Switch assigns non IP ARP data packets to VLAN 2 115 Protocol based VLANs 8 2 Configuration of the Example 116 protocol vlan group 2 exit interface 2 3 vlan participation exclude 1 vlan participation include 2 vlan pvid 2 exit interface 9 1 ip address 10 0 1 1 255 255 255 0 routing exit interface 9 2 ip address 10 0 2 1 255 255 255 0 routing exit exit show ip
42. 1 Deactivate the router as a potential bootstrap router Limiting the PIM SM domain When you define an interface of the device as a BSR border the router does not forward any BSR messages via this interface In this way the router limits the PIM SM domain enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 2 1 Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 2 1 ip pimsm bsr border Deactivate the forwarding of BSR messages via interface 2 1 no ip pimsm bsr border Allow the forwarding of BSR messages via interface 2 1 Reducing the switching times With both DVMRP and PIM DM you can reduce the switching times by reducing the IGMP querier interval on the router interface This reduction becomes effective when an inactive router to which Multicast recipients are connected becomes active again enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 2 1 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 1 ip igmp Set the Query Max Response Time smaller than query max response time 10 the Query Interval In this example 1 second Default setting 10 seconds ip igmp query interval 5 Set Query Interval In this example 5 seconds Default setting 125 seconds UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 147 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration With PIM DM if you reduce the Hello Time a router can detect more quickly wh
43. 13 Static Routing 3 2 VLAN based Router Interface 3 2 VLAN based Router Interface A characteristic of the VLAN based router interface is that a number of devices in a VLAN are connected to different ports The devices within a subnet belong to one VLAN see figure 7 Within a VLAN the Switch exchanges data packets on layer 2 Terminal devices address data packets with a destination address in another subnet to the router as a gateway The router then exchanges the data packets layer 3 Below you will find an example of the simplest case of a routing application with VLAN based router interfaces For the VLAN 2 the router combines ports 3 1 and 3 2 into the VLAN router interface 9 1 A VLAN router interface remains in the routing table until at least one port of the VLAN has a connection VLAN 1 10 0 2 6 24 10 0 1 5 24 Port 3 1 Interface 9 1 VLAN 2 Interface 2 1 IP 10 0 2 1 24 IP 10 0 1 1 24 Port 3 2 10 0 2 5 24 Figure 9 VLAN based router interface Configuring a VLAN router interface enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode vlan database Switch to the VLAN mode vlan 2 Create a VLAN by entering the VLAN ID The VLAN ID is between 1 and 4 042 MACH 4000 3 966 vlan name 2 Gerhard Assign the name Gerhard to VLAN 2 vlan routing 2 Create a virtual router interface and activate the router function at this interface exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 27 Static Routi
44. 30 seconds factory setting There is an interval of 15 seconds between when router A sends its routing table and when router B sends its routing table gt HC 2 gt HC 2 3 Figure 30 Hop Count Time elapsing before convergence 0 seconds Interruption 10 seconds Router A sends its routing table Router A Destination Nexthop Metric SN 10 local 0 SN 11 RouterB 2 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 81 RIP 6 1 Convergence Using the routing table from router A router B sees that router A knows a connection to destination SN 11 with a metric of 2 Because it does not have its own connection to router C as the next hop to SN 11 router B changes its entry to destination SN 11 It enters router A as the next hop and increases the metric from router A by 1 to 3 distance learned distance 1 25 secondsRouter B sends its routing table Router B Destination Nex Hop Metrik SN 10 Router A 1 SN 11 RouterA 3 Using the routing table from router B router A sees that router B knows a connection to SN 11 with a metric of 3 So router A increases its metric for SN 11 by 1 to 4 40 secondsRouter A sends its routing table Router A Destination Next hop Metric SN 10 local 1 SN 11 RouterB 4 Using the routing table from router A router B sees that router A knows a connection to destination SN 11 with a metric of 4 So router B increases its metric for SN 11 by 1 to 5
45. 5 255 0 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 37 Static Routing 3 4 Static route tracking Prerequisites for further configuration gt The IP parameters of the router interface are configured see on page 25 Configuration of the router interfaces gt The router function is activated globally and at the ports router interface Ping tracking at interface 1 2 of router A is configured see on page 51 Application example for ping tracking Figure 13 Configuring static route tracking L Enter the two routes to destination network 10 0 5 0 24 in the static routing table of router A O Select the dialog Routing Routing Table Static O Click on Create Entry You thus open the input window for a new entry L Enter the data for the first static route Destination Network 10 0 5 0 Destination Netmask 255 255 255 0 Next Hop 10 0 2 53 Track ID 21 L Click OK O Click on Create Entry You thus open the input window for a new entry UM Routing L3P 38 Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 4 Static route tracking Enter the data for the first static route Destination Network 10 0 5 0 Destination Netmask 255 255 255 0 Next Hop 10 0 4 2 Track ID 0 Click OK enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode ip route 10 0 5 0 Create the static routing entry with preference 1 255 255 255 0 10 0 2 53 1 andtrack ID 21
46. AC RCAC RC RC ACE RSS PIMDM Entry COUME quigdriocieichee pode EEE E ied PE E Roe Sod Eod 0 Highest Entry COUNE fa sone ane OX RO RE a RB ws 0 show ip mcast mroute summary Multicast Route Table Summary Incoming Outgoing Source IP Group IP Protocol Interface Interface List 10 0 1 159 239 192 1 1 PIMDM 1 3 2 1 10 0 1 159 239 192 1 1 PIMDM 1 3 2 2 UM Routing L3P 142 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration show ip igmp GMP Admin ols eee ee vou eto ie ie a Enable IGMP INTERFACE STATUS nterface Interface Mode Protocol State 2 Enable Operational 3 Enable Operational 2 1 Enable Operational 2 2 Enable Operational show ip igmp interface 2 1 gelu Arlon TC 2 1 GME Admin Mod mem ere Oe acs A eee Ae E emia Enable Mier ace MO Si aca aee RIRs cete ele Geko ens sale co Enable GMP VES OE e sd ede eoe esee see ede sana aS put gaat 2 Query Interval SECS 444 444 4 pede re Rr a 125 Query Max Response Time 1 10 of a second 100 ROD SEtNeSS eene eem eue me use eme deeem mee eee 2 Startup Query Interval secs I Startup Query LOME asr rm gn sn TE es 2 Last Member Query Interval 1 10 of a second 10 Last Member Query COUMtusu es x Rx RE Rx RR Ro 2 O Configure router B and router C in the same way as router A UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 143 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration 9 5 2 Example with Layer 2 redundancy HIPER Ring
47. Activate IGMP at port ip pimdm mode Activate PIM DM as multicast protocol exit Switch to the Configuration mode UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 141 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration interface 1 3 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of Interface 1 3 ip multicast ttl threshold 3 Set threshold for Multicast expansion see on page 139 Scoping ip igmp Activate IGMP at port ip pimdm mode Activate PIM DM as multicast protocol exit Switch to the Configuration mode O Globally activate IGMP using the example of router A see figure 49 ip igmp Activate IGMP at port O Globally activate Multicast using the example of router A see figure 49 ip pimdm Select the Multicast routing protocol in the configuration mode ip multicast Globally activate Multicast transmission exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode O Check the Multicast routing settings show ip pimdm OMI MOMS EE ERETERTT TRI LT S TTE Enable PIM DM INTERFACE STATUS nterface Interface Mode Protocol State 73 Enable Operational 2 1 Enable Operational 2 2 Enable Operational show ip mcast Admin Modes esise erede esee 0x esd ee eee Rc Enable Protocol Stdtel sibessxzesescu sa4sdasqdcsU sdsssa Operational Table Max Size seca sa Heels ae Se es E ROS 3 8 R99 e os 256 Number Of Packets For Which Source Not Found 0 Number Of Packets For Which Group Not Found 0 PHOLOCOL sb Ae RA KOGDAOEOROACEDEUROEOROR RR ORUKCRORCAL
48. C mode Check the entries Netdir Multi CastFwd Disable Disable Check the remaining settings for interface 2 1 25 Static Routing 3 1 Port based Router Interface Primary IP Address Show ip route iate hte 64s ghe etit 10 0 1 1 255 255 255 0 Routing MOON ee Rx RR be MEME See Be Be P Re Enable Administrative Mode sse eR RR RE EU RE Enable Forward Net Directed Broadcasts Enable Proxy ARPS Mecnioxeduxcrue euie aude JS Seid ae que suey SURE Disable Botive State esiet ewe REA ERE AE ER RS Active Link Speed Data Bst e l esess se o moe no 100 Full MAG AddfesS ec e4 m o o Gra GG Gre S RS STA ES 00 80 63 51 74 0C Encapsulation T pa xs sss esse selec eae ease w 48 Ethernet B3MIUL A MERI os UES SESS SSeS eee eS 1500 Verify the routing table Total Number Of ROutG68 44 9 9 94 9 ea eum 2 Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address 10 0 1 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 1 10 0 1 1 10 0 2 0 255 255255 0 Local 2 2 10 0 2 T Show ip route bestroutes Check which routes the router actually uses for the transmission Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address 10 0 1 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 1 T0 20s SLE 10 0 2 0 255 255 2550 Local 2 2 10 0 2 1 Total Number of ROUTES o esameni o Re b s woe SD 2 Note To be able to see these entries in the routing table you need an active connection at the ports 26 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 20
49. D 2 1 Track decrement 100 100 Table 7 VRRP tracking configuration for the example above Router A Router A Router B Router B Track ID 1 2 Type Interface Interface Interface 1 1 1 2 Table 8 Tracking configuration for the example above UM Routing L3P 72 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 4 VRRP tracking The configuration of VRRP tracking requires the following steps Configure the tracking object see on page 49 Configuring the tracking Configure the VRRP Add the track ID to the VRRP entry 7 register the VRRP entry for the tracking object O Set up interface tracking at port 1 1 with a link down delay of 0 seconds and a link up delay of 3 seconds In the Routing Tracking Configuration dialog click on Wizard at the bottom right Select type Enter the values you desire Track ID 1 Type interface Click on Continue Properties Enter the values you desire Module Port Link up delay Link down delay 0 Click on Finish to leave the Wizard and save the entry temporarily in the configuration 1 1 3 enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode track 1 interface 1 1 Enter the tracking parameters and activate this link down delay 0 tracking object link up delay 3 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 73 VRRP HiVRRP 5 4 VRRP tracking O Sw itch on routing
50. E Eritu DERE EXE External Type 2 Maximum PabhS 5 524 3 409 a a ee RR as wi ug 4 RediesbributifQ ese poer Boa REOR EC Bee OR Uo E ORC WS SONG Su ose Sie Sa sist Rie Sis Bs Siw SS Sus SS RUE ELS RUSSE IUS SLT BLUR Ls Connected MEET T 4449444464 4448444 4444 04 54 444504 Not Configured More or q uit Metric Types sus sass eebe eee Meee ee ee dee vee ee Ke 2 BG Cf sm lana ead nee vera qp ue perpe cq cp n 0 SMG Sists se dee sweeter eens ia endo sane ie rd Gia ne 5 ood ere reyes 0 Yes Distribute LISE s eesse aa aE E P9 4 9099 8 99 9 909063 6 8 Not configured show ip ospf interface brief Check the settings for the OSPF interface configuration Router Hello Dead Retrax Retrax LSAAck Interface AdminMode Area ID Priority Intval Intval Intval Delay Intval 2 1 Enable 0 0 0 0 At 10 40 5 al al 2 2 Disable 0 0 0 0 1 10 40 5 1 1 configure Switch to the Configuration mode ip routing Switch on the router function globally exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode L Also perform the corresponding configuration on the other OSPF routers show ip ospf neighbor brief Check the OSPF neighborhood relationships UM Routing L3P 108 Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 6 Configuring OSPF Router ID show ip route Total Number of Network Address UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 IP Address Neighbor Interface RQU ESS ies esso e doe ded ae ee ua dee ene acess 3 Subnet Next Hop Mask Protocol Intf 255 255 255 0
51. Ethernet like MIB RFC 1757 RMON UDP TFTP IP ICMP TCP ARP Onn nT nT RFC 1867 HTML 2 0 Forms w file upload extensions RFC 1901 Community based SNMP v2 RFC 1905 Protocol Operations for SNMP v2 RFC 1906 Transport Mappings for SNMP v2 RFC 1907 Management Information Base for SNMP v2 RFC 1908 Coexistence between SNMP v1 and SNMP v2 RFC 1945 HTTP 1 0 RFC 2068 HTTP 1 1 protocol as updated by draft ietf http v 1 1 spec rev 03 RFC 2131 DHCP RFC 2132 DHCP Options RFC 2233 The Interfaces Group MIB using SMI v2 RFC 2236 IGMPv2 RFC 2246 The TLS Protocol Version 1 0 RFC 2271 SNMP Framework MIB RFC 2346 AES Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security RFC 2362 PIM SM RFC 2365 Administratively Scoped Boundaries RFC 2570 Introduction to SNMP v3 RFC 2571 Architecture for Describing SNMP Management Frameworks annann UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 153 Appendix A 3 List of RFCs RFC 2572 Message Processing and Dispatching for SNMP RFC 2573 SNMP v3 Applications RFC 2574 User Based Security Model for SNMP v3 RFC 2575 View Based Access Control Model for SNMP RFC 2576 Coexistence between SNMP v1 v2 amp v3 RFC 2578 SMI v2 RFC 2579 Textual Conventions for SMI v2 RFC 2580 Conformance statements for SMI v2 RFC 2613 SMON RFC 2618 RADIUS Authentication Client MIB RFC 2620 RADIUS Accounting MIB RFC 2674 Dot1p Q RFC 2818 HTTP
52. HiVRRP enables the use of gateway redundancy in time critical applications Even in tunnel controllers that require switching times of less than one second the user can improve the network availability with this form of gateway redundancy UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 55 VRRP HiVRRP 5 1 VRRP 5 1 VRRP All the routers within a network on which VRRP is active specify among themselves which router is to be the master This router contains the IP and MAC address of the virtual router All the devices in the network that have entered this virtual IP address as the default gateway use the master as the default gateway Redundancy through VRRP 10 0 1 13 10 0 1 12 Default Gateway 10 0 1 254 10 0 1 11 10 0 1 10 Figure 19 Illustration of the virtual router If the master fails then the remaining routers use the VRRP to specify a new master This router then takes over the IP and MAC address of the virtual router Thus the devices find their route via their default gateway as before The devices always only see the master with the virtual MAC and IP addresses regardless of which router is actually behind this virtual address The virtual router IP address is assigned by the administrator The VRRP specifies the virtual MAC address with 00 00 5e 00 01 lt VRID gt The first 5 octets form the fixed part in accordance with RFC 2338 The last octet is the virtual router ID VRID It is a number between 1 and 255
53. IDR 19 89 Classless Inter Domain Routing 19 89 Convergence 80 Count to infinity 84 D DR 100 DVMRP 125 Default gateway 56 57 Designated Router 100 Designated router 103 Distance 33 35 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol 125 Distance vector algorithm 79 E Extended Unique Identifier 121 F FAQ 169 Flooding 127 G Grafting 129 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 H HIPER Ring Hello packets HiVRRP Hop count I IANA IGMP IGMP Querier Interval IP IP address IP address owner IP data packet IP stack ISO OSI layer model Implicit Join Importance Industrial HiVision Industry Protocols Infinity Interface tracking 145 33 35 36 8 7 84 43 44 49 51 51 73 Interface tracking object 44 Interner Router 97 Internet Group Management Protocol 123 L LSA 97 103 LSD 103 Leave message 123 Link State Advertisement 97 Link State Database 103 Link aggregation interface 44 Link down delay 45 Link up delay 45 Link down notification 63 63 Load sharing 35 Logic tracking 43 Logical tracking 48 52 M MAC address 14 56 MACI IP address resolution 40 Master router 58 58 58 Metric 79 Multicast 14 Multicast address 101 118 Multinetting 22 165 Index N NSSA 93 Neighbor relationship 100 Netdirected Broadcasts 21 Netdirected Broadcasts Port basiert 25 Netdirected Broadcasts VLAN basiert 28 Network plan 11 Next hop 79 Not So Stubby Area 93 Oo OSI layer model 13 OSI refere
54. OSPF the following routing protocols can be exported connected local subnetworks on which OSPF is not switched on static static routes RIP 7 1 6 Link State Advertisement As a basis for building up a database via the link states OSPF uses Link State Advertisements LSA An LSA contains information about the router the connected subnets the routes that can be reached the network masks and the metrics UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 97 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology OSPF unterscheidet folgende LSA Typen Router LSAs type 1 LSAs Every router sends a router LSA to all its connected areas They describe the state and the costs of the router links router interfaces that the router has in the corresponding area Router LSAs are only flooded within the area Network LSAs Type 2 LSAs These LSAs are generated by the designated router DR see on page 100 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship and are sent for every connected network subnet within an area Summary LSAs type 3 type 4 LSAs Summary LSAs are generated by ABRs and describe inter area destinations meaning destinations in different areas of the same autonomous system Type 3 LSAs describe targets for IP networks individual routes or summarized routes Type 4 LSAs describe routes to ASBRs AS external LSAs type 5 LSAs These LSAs are generated by ASBRs and describe routes outside the autonomous system These LSAs are flooded ev
55. OSPF Ext T2 2 1 255 255 255 0 Local 2 1 250s 200 2990 Local 2 2 Next Hop IP Address 109 OSPF 7 6 Configuring OSPF UM Routing L3P 110 Release 8 0 05 2013 Protocol based VLANs 8 Protocol based VLANs Along with port based VLANs based on IEEE 802 1Q the Switch also supports protocol based VLANs based on IEEE 802 1v With port based VLANs the Switch uses the port VLAN ID of the receiving port to determine which VLAN a data packet belongs to if it is received without a VLAN tag With protocol based VLANs the Switch uses the protocol of the received data packet to determine which VLAN a data packet belongs to if it is received without a VLAN tag The Switch supports the protocols IP ARP IPX Data packets from other protocols received without a VLAN tag are assigned to a VLAN by the Switch in accordance with the port VLAN ID For the VLAN assignment the Switch takes into account firstly the VLAN tag then the protocol the data packet belongs to and finally the port VLAN ID Protocol based VLANs enable you to transfer data packets not relevant to routing across IP subnetwork boundaries Data packets relevant to routing are IP and ARP data packets UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 111 Protocol based VLANs SN alpha SN beta IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 38 Example of a protocol based VLAN In the example see figure 38 PC2 and Se1 communicate via IP These data packets are route
56. able Configure router interfaces This also includes specifying the Multicast boundaries activating IGMP and activating the selected Multicast routing protocol Globally activate IGMP and therefore also IGMP Snooping Globally activate the Multicast routing protocol Activate Multicast transmission forwarding UM Routing L3P 140 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration IP 1003224 GW 10 0 3 1 o IP 10 0 4 2 24 GW 10 0 4 1 Interface 2 2 IP 10 0 3 1 24 interface 2 1 IP 10 0 4 1 24 Interface 1 3 Ya Interface 1 2 IP 10 0 1 2 24 IP 10 0 10 2 24 IP 10 0 11 1 24 GW 10 0 1 1 Interface 1 2 IP 10 0 11 2 24 Interface 1 3 Interface 1 3 IP 10 0 12 1 24 IP 10 0 12 2 24 IUDA Figure 49 Multicast example configuration O Configure router interfaces using the example of router A see figure 49 enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 2 1 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 1 ip multicast ttl threshold 3 Setthreshold for Multicast expansion see on page 139 Scoping ip igmp Activate IGMP at port ip pimdm mode Activate PIM DM as multicast protocol exit Switch to the Configuration mode interface 2 2 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 2 ip multicast ttl threshold 3 Setthreshold for Multicast expansion see on page 139 Scoping ip igmp
57. ace By activating the redistribute function you can inject the routes to the terminal devices into the OSPF Subnet 10 0 1 0 24 Subnet 10 0 3 0 24 IP 10 0 1 5 24 Interface 2 1 IP 10 0 3 5 24 GW 10 0 1 1 IP 10 0 2 2 GW 40 0 34 x Mi i Interface 2 1 Nd ar Interface 2 2 tJ IP 10 0 1 1 Interface 2 2 IP 10 0 3 1 IP 10 0 2 1 Figure 37 Example of the configuration of OSPF The configuration of OSPF requires the following steps Configure router interfaces assign IP address and network mask Switch on OSPF at port Switch on OSPF globally Switch on routing globally if this has not already been done UM Routing L3P 106 Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 6 Configuring OSPF Configuration for router B enable configure interface 2 2 ip address 10 0 3 1 255 255 255 0 routing exit interface 2 1 ip address 10 0 2 2 255 255 2550 routing ip ospf exit router ospf enable router id 10 0 2 2 redistribute connected subnets exit exit show ip ospf UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 2 Assign the IP parameters to the port Switch on the router function at this port Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 2 1 to set up OSPF Assign the IP parameters to the port Switch on the router function at this port Switch on
58. ace are based on the available bandwidth of this link The calculation for the standard setting is based on the following formula Metric 10 000 000 bandwidth bits sec For Ethernet this leads to the following costs 10 Mbit 10 100 Mbit 1 1000 Mbit 1 0 1 rounded up to 1 The table shows that this form of calculation in the standard configuration does not permit any distinction between Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet You can change the standard configuration by assigning a different value for the costs to each OSPF interface This enables you to differentiate between Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 1 1 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 1 1 ip ospf cost 2 Assigns the value 2 to port 1 1 for the OSPF costs UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 105 OSPF 7 6 Configuring OSPF 7 6 Configuring OSPF In the state on delivery the default values are selected so that you can configure simple OSPF functions in just a few steps After the router interface is defined and OSPF is switched on OSPF automatically enters the required routes in the routing table The example see figure 37 shows a simple OSPF configuration Area 0 is already defined in the state on delivery The terminal devices do not have an OSPF function so you do not have to activate OSPF on the corresponding router interf
59. ach packet only once to the Multicast address instead of sending it to each recipient individually The recipients recognize a Multicast data stream intended for them by the Multicast address A common reason for introducing subnetworks is the restriction of Broadcast data streams Switches flood Broadcast Multicast data streams to all ports while routers block Broadcast Multicast data streams Multicast routing enables you to accurately transmit Multicast data streams beyond the boundaries of subnetworks Accurate transmission means sending data streams with defined Multicast addresses exclusively to those devices that want to receive the Multicast data stream IP 10 0 3 0 24 IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 39 Example of a Multicast application UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 117 Mu Iticast Routing To 118 the use of Multicast routing pertains Defined Multicast addresses A protocol for Multicast group registration that organizes the exchange of information by means of Multicast data streams e g IGMP This information relates to the reporting that network participants wish to receive Multicast data streams and querying this wish by means of intermediate devices A protocol that guides the Multicast data streams in accordance with the information on Multicast data streams e g PIM DM DVMRP UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 1 Multicast Addresses 9 1 Multicast Addr
60. acking the device uses ping requests to monitor the link status to other devices Figure 16 Monitoring a line with ping tracking The device sends ping requests to the device with the IP address that you entered in the IP Address column The Ping Interval column allows you to define the frequency for sending ping requests and thus the additional network load If the response comes back within the time entered in the Ping Timeout column this response is a valid Ping response received If the response comes back after the time entered in the Ping Timeout column or not at all this response is evaluated as No ping response Ping tracking objects can have the following statuses the number of No ping responses is greater than the number entered down and the number of Ping responses received is greater than the number entered up Entering a number for unreceived or received ping responses enables you to set the sensitivity of the ping behavior of the device The device informs the application about an object status change UM Routing L3P 46 Release 8 0 05 2013 Tracking 4 2 Ping tracking Ping tracking enables you to monitor the accessibility of defined devices As soon as a monitored device can no longer be accessed the device can choose to use an alternative path Interface Ping Logical TrackID Aktiv IP Adresse Modul Port Ping Timeout ms Intervall s Pi
61. an 2 3 lan 4 UNUM CER m 3 lam routing 3 Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Switch to the Configuration mode Create VLAN protocol group 1 for alpha subnetwork Create VLAN protocol group 2 for beta subnetwork Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Display the VLAN protocol groups created Switch to the Configuration mode Add IP of VLAN protocol group 1 Add ARP of VLAN protocol group 1 Add IP of VLAN protocol group 2 Add ARP of VLAN protocol group 2 Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Display the protocols assigned to the protocol groups Switch to the VLAN mode Create VLAN 2 Create VLAN 3 Create VLAN 4 Create a virtual router interface and activate the routing function for this interface UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Protocol based VLANs 8 2 Configuration of the Example vlan routing 4 protocol group 1 3 protocol group 2 4 exit show protocol all Create a virtual router interface and activate the routing function for this interface Assign VLAN protocol group 1 to VLAN 3 Assign VLAN protocol group 2 to VLAN 4 Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Display the protocols and VLANs assigned to the VLAN protocol groups Group Group Name ID Protocol s VLAN Interface s alpha I IP ARP 3 beta 2 IP ARP 4 show ip vlan Display the assignment of the virtual router interfaces to the VLANs Logical VLAN ID Interface IP Address Subnet Mask MAC Address 3 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
62. and VRRP globally O Select the Routing Global dialog O Select Routing O Click Set to save the changes temporarily O Select the dialog Redundancy VRRP HiVRRP Configuration L Select Operation O Click Set to save the changes temporarily ip routing Switch on the router function globally ip vrrp Switch on VRRP globally L Configure the IP address and VRRP at port 1 2 O Inthe Redundancy VRRP HiVRRP Configuration dialog click Wizard at the bottom right Create entry O Enter the values you desire Module 1 Port 2 VRID 2 O Click on Continue Edit entry O Enter the values you desire VRRP IP address 10 0 2 254 Priority 250 Preempt mode 1 L Click on Continue 74 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 4 VRRP tracking interface 1 2 Select the port for setting up VRRP ip address 10 0 2 1 Assign the port its IP parameters 255 255 2558 0 routing Switch on the router function at this port ip vrrp 2 Create the VRID for the first virtual router at this port ip vrrp 2 mode Switch on the first virtual router at this port ip vrrp 2 ip 10 0 2 254 Assign virtual router 1 its IP address ip vrrp 2 priority 250 Assign virtual router 1 the router priority 250 O Register VRRP for the tracking object Tracking Enter the values you desire Track ID 1 Decrement 100 Click on Add Click on Continue Click on Finish to
63. based router interface A port based router interface rejects all the non routable packets Below see figure 8 you will find an example of the simplest case of a routing application with port based router interfaces UM Routing L3P 24 Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 1 Port based Router Interface 3 1 1 Configuration of the router interfaces CJ gt 10 0 1 5 24 10 0 2 5 24 Interface 2 1 2i Interface 2 2 g IP 10 0 1 1 24 IP 10 0 2 1 24 Figure 8 Simplest case of a route enable configure ip routing interface 2 1 ip address 10 0 1 1 255 255 255 0 routing exit interface 2 2 ip address 10 0 2 1 255 255 255 0 routing ip netdirbcast exit exit show ip interface brief Interface IP Address show ip interface 2 1 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 IP Mask Bcast 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 0 Enable Disable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Switch to the Configuration mode Switch on the router function globally Select the first port for entering the router interface IP address Assign the port its IP parameters Switch on the router function at this port Switch to the Configuration mode Select the second port for entering the router interface IP address Assign the port its IP parameters Switch on the router function at this port Einschalten der Vermittlung von Netdirected Broadcasts an diesem Port Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the privileged EXE
64. cast group in their configuration Dynamic RP configuration based on the Bootstrap Router procedure BSR In this procedure the routers in the network determine the rendezvous point dynamically A router has the option to offer itself as a candidate for the task of rendezvous point The dynamic procedure uses bootstrap routers to select the rendezvous point for a Multicast group The bootstrap messages also inform the other routers in the PIM SM domain about the router selected as the rendezvous point The PIM SM routers forward the Bootstrap messages within the PIM SM domain The PIM SM domain consists of all the reachable routers with an activated PIM SM protocol An active PIM SM router has the option of limiting the domain as a BSR border A router configured in this way drops the received BSR messages UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 3 0 24 IP 10 0 4 0 24 IP 10 0 5 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 47 Routers in the configuration as BSR borders drop bootstrap messages and limit the PIM SM domain E Application example for PIM SM The following example shows you how you can configure PIM SM using the Command Line Interface Task assignment gt Set up a PIM SM example configuration see following figure gt Configure IGMP OSPF and PIM SM gt Configure RP statically gt Use Multicast address range 239 1 0 0 16 Note The Unicast UC protocol us
65. d The devices Ro1 Ro2 and PC1 communicate via other Ethernet based protocols These data packets are switched in VLAN 2 Thus all IP data packets remain in their subnetworks apart from the IP data packets that are meant for a different subnetwork UM Routing L3P 112 Release 8 0 05 2013 Protocol based VLANs 8 1 General Configuration 8 1 General Configuration OoOdda t Create a VLAN protocol group for each subnetwork Assign the protocols to the VLAN protocol group for each subnetwork Create the VLANs Switch on the VLAN routing in the VLANs affected and thus create the virtual router interfaces Assign the VLAN protocol groups to the VLANs Configure the port interfaces VLAN membership Port VLAN ID for non ARP IP data packets Port of a VLAN protocol group and thus assign to a VLAN Configure virtual router interfaces Assign IP address Switch on routing Switch on routing globally UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 113 Protocol based VLANs 8 2 Configuration of the Example 8 2 Configuration of the Example 114 enable configure vlan protocol group alpha vlan protocol group beta exit show protocol all Group Group Name ID alpha 1 beta 2 configure vlan protocol group add protocol 1 ip vlan protocol group add protocol 1 arp vlan protocol group add protocol 2 ip vlan protocol group add protocol 2 arp exit show protocol all Group Name ID lan database l
66. e to maintenance concepts UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 169 Further Support With the Hirschmann Competence Center you have decided against making any compromises Our client customized package leaves you free to choose the service components you want to use Internet http www hicomcenter com UM Routing L3P 170 Release 8 0 05 2013 Further Support UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 171 f HIRSCHMANN A BELDEN BRAND
67. e 0 3 4 Admit All Disable 0 4 Admit All Disable 0 4 2 Admit All Disable 0 4 3 Admit All Disable 0 4 4 Admit All Disable 0 8 Admit All Disable 0 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 29 Static Routing 3 2 VLAN based Router Interface Select the dialog Routing Interfaces Configuration Click on Assistant at the bottom right to configure the VLAN router interface OO O Enter a number between 1 and 4 042 MACH 4000 3 966 as the VLAN ID in this example 2 L Click on Next at the bottom O nthe VLAN Name line above enter a name with which you want to identify the VLAN O In the Member column of the table you select the ports which will belong to this VLAN L Click on Next at the bottom O In the IP Address line of the Primary Address frame you enter the IP address for the VLAN L Enter the related network mask in the Network mask line O Click on Close to end the configuration of the VLAN based router interface In the router interface table the router interface 9 1 appears In the static VLAN table the VLAN appears L Tick the box in the column net directed broadcasts for the router interface 9 1 With Delete you have the opportunity to delete a selected virtual router interface from the table or to reset a physical router interface s entry Note When you delete a VLAN router interface the entry for the VLAN will remain in the VLAN table
68. e VLAN IP parameters Logical VLAN ID Interface IP Address Subnet Mask MAC Address 100 9 1 192 168 100 1 255 255 255 0 00 80 63 51 74 28 200 9 2 192 168 200 1 255 255 255 0 0U 80 63 51 74 2B UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 41 Static Routing 3 5 Adaptation for non IP compliant devices 42 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Tracking 4 Tracking The tracking function gives you the option of monitoring certain objects such as the availability of an interface A special feature of this function is that it forwards an object status change to an application e g VRRP which previously registered as an interested party for this information Tracking can monitor the following objects Link status of an interface interface tracking Accessibility of a device ping tracking Result of logical connections of tracking entries logic tracking An object can have the following statuses up OK down not OK The definition of up and down depends on the type of the tracking object e g interface tracking Tracking can forward the state changes of an object to the following applications VRRP see on page 70 VRRP tracking Static routing see on page 36 Static route tracking UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 43 Tracking 4 1 Interface tracking 4 1 Interface tracking With interface tracking the Switch monitors the link status of gt physical ports link aggregation interfaces in
69. e changes This speeds up the tuning time for updating the network topology UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 89 OSPF Saving network resources bandwidth optimization Because OSPF in contrast to RIP does not exchange the routing tables at regular short intervals no bandwidth is unnecessarily wasted between the routers Support of authentication OSPF supports the authentication of all nodes that send routing information Advantages Every router calculates its routes independently of the other routers All the routers have the same basic information Rapid detection of link interruptions and rapid calculation of alternative routes The data volume for router information is relatively small because information is only sent when it is required and only the information that applies to the immediate neighbors Optimal path selection through evaluation of the link quality Disadvantages Complicated to implement Complex administration due to the large number of options Table 11 Advantages and disadvantages of Link State Routing OSPF is a routing protocol based on the states of the links between the routers Using the link states collected from all the routers and the Shortest Path First algorithm an OSPF router dynamically creates its routing table 90 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology 7 1 OSPF Topology OSPF is hierarchically structured in order to limit the sco
70. ed further by the IANA IP address range Assignment 239 000 000 000 239 191 255 255 Reserved IANA 239 192 000 000 239 251 255 255 Organization local scope Meyer RFC2365 239 252 000 000 239 254 255 255 Site local scope reserved Meyer RFC2365 239 255 000 000 239 255 255 255 Site local scope Meyer RFC2365 Table 14 Assignment of the administratively scoped IP v4 Multicast area In the end the following multicast IP adress ranges are left over for disposal by an organisation s administrator 239 192 000 000 239 251 255 255 for an organisation s local areas 239 255 000 000 239 255 255 255 for an organisation s entire area Note When selecting the Multicast IP addresses ensure that they can be uniquely mapped onto MAC Multicast addresses see on page 122 Mapping IP MAC Multicast Addresses UM Routing L3P 120 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 1 Multicast Addresses 9 1 2 MAC Multicast Addresses The IEEE calls the 48 bit MAC address an Extended Unique Identifier It is the unique identifier of a device The first 24 bits of the MAC address Organizationally Unique Identifier OUI is assigned by the IEEE to the manufacturer The manufacturer uses the last 24 bits to uniquely identify their device interfaces A number of MAC addresses are reserved for specific applications MAC Address Type 01 00 5E 00 00 00 0800 01 80 C2 00 00 00 802 Use Internet Multicast RFC1112
71. ed in the example is OSPF You can also use RIP instead of OSPF UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 135 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP R1 10 12 1 1 10 12 2 1 enable set prompt Rx configure Config ip routing Config show ip brief Config router ospf Config router router id x 1 1 1 Config router enable Config router redistribute connected subnets Config router exit Config ip igmp Config ip multicast Config ip pimsm 136 RP 10 13 1 1 16 10 13 3 1 16 Figure 48 Example configuration for PIM SM O You use the following CLI command sequence to configure PIM SM Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Set input prompt for better orientation replace x by router number Switch to the configuration mode Enable routing Display overview of IP information Configure UC routing protocol globally Switch to the router configuration mode for OSPF Open Shortest Path First Switch back to the configuration mode Enable IGMP globally automatically enables MC routing and IGMP snooping Enable Multicast forwarding routing Enable PIM SM globally UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP Config ip pimsm rp address lt ip gt Set the static Rendezvous Point for a Multicast lt MC gt range Config interface lt s p gt Configure routing interfaces slot port Interface s p ip address
72. egistered applications UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Tracking 4 4 Configuring the tracking 4 4 2 Application example for ping tracking While the interface tracking monitors the directly connected link see figure 15 the ping tracking monitors the entire link to Switch S2 see figure 16 5 Set up ping tracking at port 1 2 for IP address 10 0 2 53 with the preset parameters In the Routing Tracking Configuration dialog click on Wizard at the bottom right Select type Enter the values you desire Track ID 21 Type ping Click on Continue Properties Enter the values you desire IP address 10 0 2 53 Module Port 1 2 Ping interval s 1 No ping response 3 Ping responses received 2 Ping timeout ms 100 Click on Finish to leave the Wizard and save the entry temporarily in the configuration enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode track 21 ping 10 0 2 53 Enter the tracking parameters and activate this interface 1 2 interval l miss tracking object 3 success 2 timeout 100 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 51 Tracking 4 4 Configuring the tracking Tracking ID 21 created Tracking type set to Ping Target IP address set to 10 0 2 53 Interface used for sending pings to target set to 1 2 Ping Interval for target set to 1 sec Max no of missed ping replies from target set to 3 Min no of rec
73. eived ping replies from target set to 2 Timeout for ping replies from target set to 100 ms Tracking ID 21 activated exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show track Display the configured tracks Ping Tracking No of Time since ID Type IP Address Intvl Status Mode Changes last change 21 Ping 10 0 2 53 1s DOWN Enable 1 0 day s 00 13 39 4 4 3 Application example for logical tracking The figure see figure 15 shows an example of monitoring the connection to a redundant ring By monitoring lines L 2 and L 4 you can detect a line interruption from router A to the redundant ring With a ping tracking object at port 1 1 of router A you monitor the connection to Switch S2 With an additional ping tracking object at port 1 1 of router A you monitor the connection to Switch S4 Only the OR link of both ping tracking objects delivers the precise result that router A has no connection to the ring One ping tracking object for Switch S3 could indicate an interrupted connection to the redundant ring but in this case there could be another reason for the lack of a ping response from Switch S3 For example there could be a power failure at Switch S3 UM Routing L3P 52 Release 8 0 05 2013 Tracking 4 4 Configuring the tracking The following is known Operand No 1 track ID 21 Operand No 2 track ID 22 Prerequisites for further configuration gt The ping tracking objects for operands 1 and 2 are configured see on pa
74. en a downstream router becomes inactive or active again In this example 1 second ip pimdm query interval 1 Set the PIM DM Query Interval Hello Time Default setting 30 seconds With PIM DM using a default route that has been entered can reduce the switching time While the router is gathering information about the path to the source RPF the router can use a default route that has been entered ip route 10 0 3 0 Create the static default route 255 255 255 0 10 0 2 2 exit Switch to the Configuration mode Special feature of VLAN routing The router floods a Multicast data stream to all ports of a VLAN routing interface if the Multicast data stream comes from another subnetwork and atleast one recipient on this VLAN interface has registered via IGMP for this Multicast data stream IGMP global on VLAN based VLAN based Interface 9 1 Interface 9 2 Figure 51 Registered Multicast data stream on the VLAN routing interface UM Routing L3P 148 Release 8 0 05 2013 Appendix A Appendix UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 149 Appendix A 1 Abbreviations used A 1 Abbreviations used ABR Area Border Router ACA AutoConfiguration Adapter AS Autonomous System ASBR Autonomous System Border Router BC Broadcast BDR Backup designated Router BGP Border Gateway Protocol BOOTP Bootstrap Protocol CIDR Classless Inter Domain Routing CLI Command Line Interface DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
75. er networks Static routing makes the routes transparent for the administrator and can be easily configured in small networks If for example a line interruption causes the topology to change the dynamic routing can react automatically to this in contrast to the static routing If you combine static and dynamic routing you can configure the static routes in such a way that they have a higher priority than a route selected by a dynamic routing procedure The first step in configuring the router is to globally switch on the router function and configure the router interfaces The Switch allows you to define port based and VLAN based router interfaces see figure 7 Example Connecting two production cells Configuration PC Port based VLAN based Figure 7 Static routes UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 23 Static Routing 3 1 Port based Router Interface 3 1 Port based Router Interface A characteristic of the port based router interface is that a subnet is connected to a port see figure 7 Special features of port based router interfaces If there is no active connection then the entry from the routing table is omitted because the router transmits exclusively to those ports for which the data transfer is likely to be successful The entry in the interface configuration table remains A port based router interface does not recognize VLANs which means that the router rejects tagged frames which it receives at a port
76. erywhere apart from to stub areas and NSSAs NSSA external LSAs type 7 LSAs A stub area does not flood any external routes represented by type 5 LSAs and therefore does not support any Autonomous System Border Routers ASBRs at its boundaries Thus an ASBR cannot carry any routes from other protocols into a stub area RFC 1587 specifies the functioning of NSSAs According to RFC 1587 ASBRs send type 7 LSAs instead of type 5 LSAs for the external routes within an NSSA These type 7 LSAs are then converted into type 5 LSAs by an ABR and flooded into the backbone area This translator role is negotiated among the ABRs in an NSSA the router with the highest router ID but it can also be configured manually UM Routing L3P 98 Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 2 General Operation of OSPF 7 2 General Operation of OSPF OSPF was specially tailored to the needs of larger networks and provides a fast convergence and minimum usage of protocol messages The concept of OSPF is based on the creation maintenance and distribution of what is called the link state database This data basis describes all the routers within a routing domain area and their active interfaces and routes how they are linked to each other and the costs of these links All the routers within an area have an identical data basis which means that they all know the exact topology within this area Every router plays its part in setting up the respective data basi
77. esses 9 1 1 IP Multicast Addresses The IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority defines the IP addresses of the class D IP address space as Multicast addresses IP Multicast addresses are in the range from 224 0 0 0 to 239 255 255 255 IP address range Assignment 224 0 0 0 Base address reserved 224 0 0 1 224 0 0 255 Local Network Control Block reserved for routing protocols IGMP etc For example 224 0 0 1 all hosts of a subnetwork 224 0 0 2 all routers of a subnetwork 224 0 0 4 all DVMRP routers 224 0 0 5 all OSPF routers 224 0 0 6 all OSPF DR routers 224 0 0 9 all RIP v2 routers 224 0 0 13 all PIM routers 224 0 0 18 all VRRP routers 224 0 0 22 all IGMP v3 reports 224 0 1 0 224 0 1 255 Internetwork Control Block 224 0 2 0 224 0 255 255 AD HOC Block 224 1 0 0 238 255 255 255 Various organizations protocols applications reservations For example 232 0 0 0 232 255 255 255 Source specific Multicasts 239 0 0 0 239 255 255 255 Administratively scoped IP v4 Multicast space These Multicast addresses are not transferred by any router beyond the local boundaries and into the Internet Therefore the administrator can assign these addresses any way he wants within these local boundaries Table 13 Assignment of the IP Multicast address range UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 119 Multicast Routing 9 1 Multicast Addresses The administratively scoped IP v4 Multicast area is subdivid
78. g and VRRP globally 5 3 2 Example of configuration of HiVRRP domains Example of possible settings for the application in figure 23 Subnetwo IP address range VLAN VLAN ID rk A 10 0 11 0 24 1 11 B 10 0 12 0 24 2 12 C 10 0 13 0 24 3 13 D 10 0 14 0 24 4 14 Table 5 Configuration of the Switches in the subnetwork Virtual VRID IP address of the Router interface of Router interface of VLAN router virtual router router A IP address router B IP address ID 1 11 10 0 11 1 24 10 0 11 2 24 10 0 11 3 24 11 2 12 10 0 12 1 24 10 0 12 2 24 10 0 12 3 24 12 3 13 10 0 13 1 24 10 0 13 2 24 10 0 13 3 24 13 4 14 10 0 14 1 24 10 0 14 2 24 10 0 14 3 24 14 Table 6 Configuration of the two routers UM Routing L3P 66 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 3 HIVRRP Domains O Configure VLAN router interface and assign IP address enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode vlan database Switch to the VLAN mode vlan 11 Create a VLAN by entering the VLAN ID vlan name 11 VLAN1 Assign the name VLAN1 to VLAN 11 vlan routing 11 Create a virtual router interface and activate the router function at this interface exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show ip vlan Display the virtual router interface that the router has set up for the VLAN Show ip vlan Logical VLAN ID Interface IP Address Subnet Mask MAC Address 11 9 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 80 63 51 74 2C show ip interface brief Check the entry for the virtual ro
79. g table 10 0 1 0 255 255 255 0 10 0 2 0 255 255 255 0 10 0 3 0 255 255 255 0 32 m 3 Next Hop Next Hop Protocol Intf IP Address Local 2 1 10 0 1 1 Local 2 2 10 0 2 1 Static 2 2 10 0 2 2 O Configure router B in the same way UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 3 Configuration of a Static Route 3 3 2 Configuration of a redundant static route To ensure a reliable connection between the two routers you can connect the two routers with two or more lines Subnet 10 0 1 0 24 Subnet 10 0 3 0 24 Interface 2 3 Interface 2 3 10 0 1 5 24 IP 10 0 4 1 IP 10 0 4 2 10 0 3 5 24 a Ed y Interface 2 1 hd hel Interface 2 2 tJ IP 10 0 1 1 Interface 2 2 Interface 2 1 P 10 0 3 1 IP 10 0 2 1 IP 10 0 2 2 Figure 11 Redundant static route You have the option of assigning importance distance to a route If there are a number of routes to a destination then the router chooses the route with the highest importance If you do not assign a value for the importance during the configuration the router takes the default value 1 for the importance This is the highest importance O Configure router A enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 2 3 Select the port at which you want to connect the redundant route ip address 10 0 4 1 Assign the port its IP parameters 255 255 255 0 routing Switch on the router function at this port
80. ge 51 Application example for ping tracking Figure 18 Monitoring the accessibility of a device in a redundant ring L1 Set up a logical tracking object as an OR link In the Routing Tracking Configuration dialog click on Wizard at the bottom right Select type O Enter the values you desire Track ID 31 Type Logical Click on Continue UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 53 Tracking 4 4 Configuring the tracking Properties O Enter the values you desire Operator or Operand 1 track ID 21 Operand 2 track ID 22 O Click on Finish to leave the Wizard and save the entry temporarily in the configuration enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode track 31 logical or 21 22 Enter the tracking parameters and activate this tracking object Tracking ID 31 created Tracking type set to Logical Logical Operator set to or Logical Instance 21 included Logical Instance 1 included Tracking ID 31 activated exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show track Display the configured tracks Ping Tracking No of Time since ID Type IP Address Intvl Status Mode Changes last change 21 Ping 10 0 2 53 1s DOWN Enable 1 0 day s 00 13 39 Ping Tracking No of Time since ID Type IP Address Intvl Status Mode Changes last change 22 Ping 10 0 2 54 1s DOWN Enable 1 0 day s 00 14 39 Logical Tracking No of ID Type Instances Status Mode Changes
81. gure 27 Virtual router with load sharing To use load sharing you perform the following configuration steps O Define a second VRID for the same router interface O Assign the router interface its own IP address for the second VRID O Assign the second virtual router a lower priority than the first virtual router O When configuring the redundant router make sure that you assign the second virtual router a higher priority than the first Give the terminal devices one of the virtual router IP addresses as a default gateway UM Routing L3P 76 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 6 VRRP mit Multinetting 5 6 VRRP mit Multinetting The router allows you to combine VRRP with Multinetting Default Gateway 10 0 1 100 10 0 1 12 10 0 1 11 Default Gateway 100 2100 100 213 Figure 28 Virtual router with multinetting To use VRRP with multinetting you perform the following configuration steps on the basis of an existing VRRP configuration see figure 19 O Assign a second secondary IP address to the port O Assign a second secondary IP address to the virtual router interface 2 3 Select the port at which you want to configure multinetting ip address 10 0 2 1 Assign the second IP address to the port 255 255 255 0 secondary ip vrrp 1 ip 10 0 2 100 Assign the second IP address to the virtual router secondary with the VR ID 1 L Perform the same configuration on the redundant router also UM Rou
82. h the highest importance The router detects an existing route by the state of the router interface While connection L 1 see table 3 on the router interface may be fine the connection to remote router B at location L 2 may be interrupted In this case the router continues transmitting via the interrupted route Figure 12 Example of static route tracking With the static route tracking function the router uses a tracking object such as a ping tracking object see on page 46 Ping tracking to detect the connection interruption The active static route tracking function then deletes the interrupted route from the current routing table If the tracking object returns to the up state the router enters the static route in the current routing table again UM Routing L3P 36 Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 4 Static route tracking 3 4 2 Application example for the static route tracking function The figure see figure 13 shows an example of the static route tracking function Router A monitors the best route via L 1 with ping tracking If there is a connection interruption router A transmits via redundant connection L 3 The following is known Parameter Router A Router B IP address interface IF 1 1 10 0 4 1 IP address interface IF 1 2 10 0 2 1 10 0 4 2 IP address interface IF 1 3 10 0 2 53 IP address interface IF 1 4 10 0 1 112 IP address interface IF 2 2 10 0 5 1 Netmask 255 255 255 0 255 25
83. hat IGMP version 2 has over IGMP version 1 is that a Multicast recipient can cancel his membership in a Multicast group thus freeing up his bandwidth more quickly Another advantage is the introduction of the Querier Election IGMP version 3 provides more security with the Source Filtering option Multicast recipients can define the sources from which they want to receive Multicast data streams The router blocks Multicast data streams with other Source addresses The different versions of IGMP are compatible downwards This means that an IGMP version 3 router can also process version 1 and version 2 If there are different IGMP versions in a subnetwork the participating routers agree on the smallest version UM Routing L3P 124 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP The DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is a routing protocol that uses its own distance vector algorithm to create its own Multicast routing table DVMRP works similarly to RIP and is limited to 32 hops In the past DVMRP was very widely used and it is used today because of its compatibility with existing applications PIM DM Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode is a routing protocol that uses the available Unicast routing table of other protocols to steer Multicast data streams This ability and the fast convergence it enables is the reason why PIM DM is now very widely used DVRP and PIM
84. hich is calculated from the available bit rate of a link OSPF was developed by IETF OSPF is currently specified as OSPFv2 in RFC 2328 Along with many other advantages of OSPF the fact that it is an open standard has contributed to the wide usage of this protocol OSPF has replaced the Routing Information Protocol RIP as the standard Interior Gateway Protocol IGP in large networks OSPF has a number of significant advantages to offer Cost based routing metrics In contrast to RIP OSPF provides clear metrics based on the bandwidth of each individual network connection OSPF provides major flexibility in designing a network because the user can simply change these costs Routing via multiple paths equal cost multiple path ECMP OSPF is able to support a number of equal paths to a given destination OSPF thus provides efficient utilization of the network resources load distribution and improves the availability redundancy Hierarchical routing By logically dividing the network into areas OSPF shortens the time required to distribute routing information The messages about changes in a subnetwork remain within the subnetwork without putting any load on the rest of the network Support of Classless Inter Domain Routing CIDR and Variable Length Subnet Mask VLSM This allows the network administrator to assign the IP address resources efficiently Fast tuning time OSPF supports the fast distribution of messages about rout
85. ich each router de increments when it transmits a Multicast data packet In TTL Scoping the administrator assigns a TTL threshold to an interface The router interface blocks every Multicast data packet for which the TTL is below the TTL threshold Example ip multicast ttl threshold 64 In this example the router interface blocks Multicast data streams with a TTL whose value is less than 64 Range 0 Restricted to the same host 1 Restricted to the same subnetwork 32 Restricted to a particular location organization or department 64 Restricted to the same region 128 Restricted to the same continent 255 Unrestricted global Table 18 Usual scope for TTLs UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 139 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration 9 5 Multicast Configuration Select the Multicast protocol that suits your application best As the Multicast routing protocols use different methods for the Multicast transmission the router prevents you from using more than one Multicast routing protocol at the same time When one Multicast routing protocol is activated the router deactivates any other active Multicast routing protocol 9 5 1 Example with Layer 3 Redundancy The Multicast configuration consists of the following steps Configure the routing function on the participating routers for example with OSPF see on page 106 Configuring OSPF Specify Multicast addresses if applic
86. icitly In contrast PIM SM assumes that very few participants in the network are interested in the Multicast groups PIM SM waits for the participants to actively subscribe without itself sending information about available Multicast groups to the network All participants who are interested in a Multicast group subscribe to a group explicitly With this procedure PIM SM reduces the data traffic in the network UM Routing L3P 126 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP 9 3 1 How PIM DM and DVMRP function In the first step for setting up the Multicast routes a PIM DM DVMRP router floods Multicast data streams to all ports with the exception of the receiving port flooding IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 41 Multicast Flooding UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 127 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP Routers that are not interested in the Multicast data stream send what are known as prune messages so that they will not be sent any Multicast data streams from this source in the future The routers send the prune messages back in the direction from which they received the Multicast data streams upstream A router transmits a Multicast data stream until the hold time has elapsed when it is using IGMP to determine a Multicast recipient which is connected to a port directly or via a switch or when a router that is connected to a Multicast recipient is connected directly to a po
87. in the address line of your browser But which MAC address will your PC now use to display the information in the Switch in your browser window If the IP address of the Switch is in the same subnet as your PC then your PC sends what is known as an ARP request This is a MAC broadcast data packet that requests the owner of the IP address to send back his MAC address The Switch replies with a unicast data packet containing his MAC address This unicast data packet is called an ARP reply Figure 3 ARP request and reply UM Routing L3P 16 Release 8 0 05 2013 Routing Basics 2 1 ARP If the IP address of the Switch is in a different subnet then the PC asks for the MAC address of the gateway entered in the PC The gateway router replies with its MAC address Now the PC packs the IP data packet with the IP address of the switch the final destination into a MAC frame with the MAC destination address of the gateway router and sends the data The router receives the data and releases the IP data packet from the MAC frame so that it can then forward it in accordance with its transmission rules Layer 2 IP header with IP source address and IP destination address Layer 3 Data Layer 4 und h her Figure 4 Structure of a data packet from the ISO OSI layer model perspective UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 17 Routing Basics 2 1 ARP All terminal devices still working with IPs of the first generation for example
88. in the routing tables of the internal routers At the same time however a limited number of external networks which can be reached across the boundaries of the NSSA can be propagated into the backbone area Autonomous System BGP Border Gateway Protocol Figure 33 LSA distribution into the area types enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode router ospf Switch to the Router Configuration mode area area id Assign the area ID to the area area 2 nssa Define area 2 as the NSSA area 3 stub Define area 3 as the stub area area 3 default cost 10 Instruct the ABR to inject the default route with the metric 10 into the stub area no area 3 stub summerylsa Make stub area 3 the totally stubby area UM Routing L3P 94 Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology 7 1 4 Virtual Link OSPF requires that the backbone area can be passed through However if this is not actually possible then OSPF provides a virtual link VL to connect parts of the backbone area with each other see figure 35 A VL even allows you to connect an area that is connected with the backbone area via another area Figure 34 Linking a remote area to the backbone area via a virtual link VL Router 2 Router 1 Router ID Router ID 1 1 1 1 Figure 35 Expanding the backbone area via a virtual link VL UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 95 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology Configuration for ex
89. interface brief Assign VLAN protocol group 2 to interface 2 2 which means that the Switch assigns IP ARP data packets to VLAN 4 Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 2 3 Remove port 2 3 from VLAN 1 Declare port 2 3 a member of VLAN 2 Set the port VLAN ID to 2 which means that data packets that are received without a tag at that port are assigned to VLAN 2 by the Switch Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 9 1 Assign the IP parameters to the router interface Activate the router function at this interface Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 9 2 Assign the IP parameters to the router interface Activate the router function at this interface Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Display the entries of the virtual router interface Netdir Multi Interface IP Address IP Mask Beast CastFwd 9 1 10 0 1 1 255 255 255 0 Disable Disable 9 2 10 20 2 1 255 255 255 0 Disable Disable configure Switch to the Configuration mode ip routing Switch on the router function globally UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 Multicast Routing Multicast data streams are data packets that a sender sends to multiple recipients To reduce the network load the sender uses a Multicast address He thus sends e
90. ived for a specific period dead interval the neighbor relationship is terminated and all the corresponding routes are deleted The hello interval default 10 seconds and the dead interval default 30 seconds can be configured for each router interface but they must be uniform within an area enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 1 1 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of interface 1 1 ip ospf hello intervall 20 Sets hello interval to 20 seconds ip ospf dead intervall 60 Sets dead interval to 60 seconds exit Switch to the Configuration mode exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show ip ospf neighbor brief BDisplays the neighbor relationships of the router all Router ID IP Address Neighbor Interface State 192 168 1 1 10 20 24 l 1 1 Full 192 168 1 2 11 0 1 1 1 2 Full 192 168 1 3 12011 1 3 Full 192 168 1 4 13 0 1 1 1 4 Full UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 101 OSPF 7 3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship The neighbor relationships can have the following states Down No hello packets received yet Init Receiving hello packets 2 way Bidirectional communication determination of the DR and the BDR Exstart Determination of master slave for LSA exchange Exchange LSAs are exchanged or flooded Loading Completion of the LSA exchange Full Data basis complete and uniform in the area Routes can now be 102 calculated
91. le To avoid the loss of packets during this time delayed switching preempt delay from the master router to the backup router enables the dynamic routing procedure to fill the routing tables HiVRRP provides an additional advantage for networks with devices that have problems with higher volumes of Multicasts Instead of sending advertisements in the form of Multicasts HiVRRP can send the advertisements in the form of Unicast data packets VRRP destination address when using up to two HiVRRP routers Note If you wantto avail ofthe advantages of HIVRRP then only use VRRP routers equipped with the HiVRRP function from Hirschmann as the virtual router UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 63 VRRP HiVRRP 5 3 HiVRRP Domains 5 3 HiVRRP Domains In large flat network structures HiVRRP domains enable you to switch over all HiVRRP routers very quickly in the case of redundancy use the available bandwidth more effectively configure more than 16 VRRP router interfaces for each router using HiVRRP operate Multicast sensitive terminal devices in large HiVRRP networks A HiVRRP instance is a router interface configured as HIVRRP with functions that HiVRRP contains In a HiVRRP domain you combine multiple HiVRRP instances of a router into one administrative unit You nominate one HiVRRP instance as the supervisor of the HiVRRP domain This supervisor regulates the behavior of all HiVRRP instances in its domain The supervisor sends its
92. le threshold value the router of the Multicast recipient unsubscribes from the rendezvous point Instead the router of the Multicast recipient creates a direct link to the last router before the Multicast source UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 131 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 3 0 24 IP 10 0 4 0 24 IP 10 0 5 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 45 Topology change from the RPT to the direct path STP Designated Router A participant who is interested in a Multicast group sends a corresponding IGMP message to the next reachable router This router then sends a join message in the direction of the rendezvous point If there are additional routers between the sending router and the rendezvous point these forward the join message This transmission ends either at the rendezvous point itself or at an already existing branch of the RPT After the participant subscribes PIM SM creates or extends the path between the rendezvous point and the participant When a participant unsubscribes from a Multicast group the next router reachable from the participant sends a prune message to the rendezvous point The prune message thus removes the related branch from the RPT In a network with multiple PIM SM routers exactly one router takes over the transmission of the join and prune messages between the Multicast recipients and the rendezvous point In the following figure this procedure is represented b
93. leave the Wizard and save the entry temporarily in the configuration ip vrrp 2 track 1 decrement Register the first VRRP entry for the tracking 100 object exit Switch to the Configuration mode exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show track applications Display the registered applications TrackId Application Changes Time since last change al VRRP 1 2 VRID 2 0 0 day s 00 38 24 L You also perform the same configuration on the redundant router UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 75 VRRP HiVRRP 5 5 VRRP with load sharing 5 5 VRRP with load sharing With the simple configuration a router performs the gateway function for all terminal devices The capacity of the redundant router lies idle VRRP allows you to also use the capacity of the redundant router By setting up a number of virtual routers you can enter different default gateways on the connected terminal devices and thus steer the data flow When both routers are active the data flows via the router on which the IP address of the default gateway has the higher VRRP priority If a router fails then all the data flows via the remaining routers 100 Priority 200 10 01 13 200 Priority 100 lt lt aa UU L oo oo No Default Gateway 10 0 1 100 10 0 1 12 10 0 1 11 Default Gateway 10 0 1 200 4909 4 10 IP 10 0 1 2 VRID 1 VR IP 10 0 1 100 Priority 100 VRID 2 VR IP 10 0 1 200 Priority 200 Fi
94. link to outside the area The use of stub areas keeps the routing table small within the stub area Totally Stubby Area You define a totally stubby area if along with the external orange and yellow LSAs the LSAs ofthe internal blue routes are also notto be sent into the area Internal means between the areas of the autonomous system A router within a totally stubby area thus only knows the routes within its own area and the default route out of the area Configuration notes For a stub area all the routers within the stub area must be defined as stub routers A stub area does not allow passage for a virtual link The backbone area cannot be defined as a stub area Not So Stubby Area NSSA You define an area as NSSA if the external yellow routes of a system directly connected to the NSSA that is outside your own autonomous System are to be led into the area redistributed These external yellow LSAs then also lead from the NSSA to other areas in your own autonomous system External orange LSAs within your own autonomous system do not on the other hand lead into an NSSA By using NSSAs you can integrate ASBRs into the area without foregoing the advantage of stub areas namely that external routes from the UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 93 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology backbone are not flooded into the corresponding area Thus NSSAs have the advantage that external routes coming from the backbone are not all entered
95. ments and suggestions help us to further improve the quality of our documentation Your assessment of this manual Very Good Satisfactory Mediocre Poor Good Precise description O O O O O Readability O O O O O Understandability O O O O O Examples O O O O O Structure O O O O O Comprehensive O O Oo O O Graphics O O O O O Drawings O O O O O Tables O O O O O Did you discover any errors in this manual If so on what page UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 163 Readers Comments Suggestions for improvement and additional information General comments Sender Company Department Name Telephone number Street Zip code City E mail Date Signature Dear User Please fill out and return this page as a fax to the number 49 0 7127 14 1600 or per mail to Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH Department 01RD NT Stuttgarter Str 45 51 72654 Neckartenzlingen 164 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Index C Index A ABR 92 97 ARP 16 18 40 ARP data packet 111 ASBR 92 97 Address Resolution Protocol 16 Adjacency 100 Advertisement 58 Advertisement interval 58 Aging time 123 Area Border Router 92 97 Assert process 145 Autonomous System Area Border Router 97 Autonomous System Boundary Router 92 B BDR 100 Backup Designated Router 100 Backup designated router 103 Backup router 58 58 Boundary 139 Broadcast 14 c C
96. n user manual contains the information you need to start operating the device It takes you step by step from the first startup operation through to the basic settings for operation in your environment The Redundancy Configuration user manual document contains the information you require to select the suitable redundancy procedure and configure it The Industry Protocols user manual describes how the device is connected by means of a communication protocol commonly used in the industry such as EtherNet IP and PROFINET IO You will find detailed descriptions of how to operate the individual functions in the Web based Interface and Command Line Interface reference manuals UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 7 About this Manual The Industrial HiVision Network Management Software provides you with additional options for smooth configuration and monitoring Simultaneous configuration of multiple devices Graphical user interface with network layout Auto topology discovery Event log Event handling Client server structure Browser interface ActiveX control for SCADA integration SNMP OPC gateway Maintenance Hirschmann is continually working to improve and develop our software You should regularly check whether there is a new version of the software that provides you with additional benefits You will find software information and downloads on the product pages of the Hirschmann website UM Routing
97. n obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files the Software to deal in the Software without restriction including without limitation the rights to use copy modify merge publish distribute sublicense and or sell copies of the Software and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so subject to the following conditions The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT TORT OR OTHERWISE ARISING FROM OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 161 Appendix A 5 Copyright of Integrated Software A 5 2 Broadcom Corporation c Copyright 1999 2007 Broadcom Corporation All Rights Reserved UM Routing L3P 162 Release 8 0 05 2013 Readers Comments B Readers Comments What is your opinion of this manual We are constantly striving to provide as comprehensive a description of our product as possible as well as important information to assist you in the operation of this product Your com
98. nce model 13 OSPF 7 12 80 89 OUI 121 Open Shortest Path First 89 Operand 53 Operators 48 Organizationally Unique Identifier 121 P PIM DM 125 PIM SM 125 PROFINET IO 7 Packet duplications 145 Ping interval 46 Ping request 46 Ping response 46 Ping timeout 46 Ping tracking 36 43 46 Port based router Interface 24 Preempt delay 63 Preempt mode 63 Preference 71 Protocol based VLAN 111 Proxy ARP 18 Prune messages 128 Querier Election 123 R RFC 153 RIP 7 12 79 RPF 128 Redistribute 93 Redistributing 93 Redistribution 92 Redundancy 7 Redundant static route 33 Report message 123 Reverse Path Forwarding 128 Route Summarization 92 Route tracking 36 166 Router 7 Router ID 100 Router priority 100 Routing Information Protocol 79 Routing table 26 27 36 79 Routing tables 63 Routingtabelle 125 S SPF 105 SPT 128 Scoping 139 Shortest Path First 105 Shortest Path Tree 128 Skew time 58 Source filtering 124 124 Source routed 128 Split horizon 84 Static route tracking 36 Static routes 12 Static routing 43 Stub Area 93 Switching times 145 Symbol 9 T TTL 139 Technical Questions 169 Time to Live 139 Totally Stubby Area 93 Tracking 7 36 43 Tracking VRRP 43 Training Courses 169 U Upstream 128 v VL 95 VLAN protocol group 113 VLAN router interface 44 VLAN routing 113 VLAN based router interface 41 VLSM 89 VRID 56 58 VRRP 7 43 VRRP Tracking 43 VRRP priority 57 58 58 VRRP router 57 Variable Length S
99. ng 3 2 VLAN based Router Interface 28 show ip vlan Display the virtual router interface that the router has set up for the VLAN show ip vlan Logical VLAN ID Interface IP Address Subnet Mask MAC Address show ip interface brief Check the entry for the virtual router interface Netdir Multi Interface IP Address IP Mask Beast CastFwd 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disable Disable configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 9 1 Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 9 1 ip address 10 0 2 1 Assign the IP parameters to the router interface 255 255 255 0 routing Activate the router function at this interface ip netdirbcast Enable the transmission of net directed broadcasts for this interface exit Switch to the Configuration mode interface 3 1 Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 3 1 vlan participation include 2 Declare port 3 1 a member of VLAN 2 vlan participation exclude 1 Remove port 3 1 from VLAN 1 In the state on delivery every port is assigned to VLAN 1 vlan pvid 2 Setthe port VLAN ID to 2 which means that data packets that are received without a tag at that port are assigned to VLAN 2 by the Switch exit Switch to the Configuration mode interface 3 2 Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 3 2 vlan participation include 2 Declare port 3 2 a member of VLAN 2 vlan participation exclude 1 Remove port 3 2 from VLAN 1 In the state on delivery every
100. ng Antworten Ping Antworten senden zi Iw 00253 Ping Ausbleibende Ankemmende Anderungsnachricht Figure 17 Ping Tracking dialog UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Tracking 4 3 Logical tracking 4 3 Logical tracking Logical tracking enables you to logically link multiple tracking objects with each other and thus perform relatively complex monitoring tasks You can use logical tracking for example to monitor the link status for a network node to which redundant paths lead see on page 52 Application example for logical tracking The device provides the following options for a logical link AND OR For a logical link you can combine up to 8 operands with one operator Logical tracking objects can have the following statuses The result of the logical link is incorrect down The result of the logical link is correct up When a logical link delivers the result incorrect the device can choose to use an alternative path UM Routing L3P 48 Release 8 0 05 2013 Tracking 4 4 Configuring the tracking 4 4 Configuring the tracking You configure the tracking by setting up tracking objects The following steps are required to set up a tracking object Enter the tracking object ID number track ID Select a tracking type e g interface Depending on the track type enter additional options such as port or link up delay in the interface tracking Note The registration of applicatio
101. ng from the use of the network components or the associated operating software In addition we refer to the conditions of use specified in the license contract You can get the latest version of this manual on the Internet at the Hirschmann product site www hirschmann com Printed in Germany Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH Stuttgarter Str 45 51 72654 Neckartenzlingen Germany Tel 49 1805 141538 Rel 8 0 05 2013 29 04 2013 Contents Contents 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 4 1 4 2 4 3 44 About this Manual Key Configuration Routing Basics ARP CIDR Net directed Broadcasts Multinetting Static Routing Port based Router Interface 3 1 1 Configuration of the router interfaces VLAN based Router Interface Configuration of a Static Route 3 3 1 Configuration of a simple static route 3 3 2 Configuration of a redundant static route 3 3 3 Configuration of a redundant static route with load sharing Static route tracking 3 4 1 Description of the static route tracking function 3 4 2 Application example for the static route tracking function Adaptation for non IP compliant devices Tracking Interface tracking Ping tracking Logical tracking Configuring the tracking 4 4 1 Configuring interface tracking UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 11 13 16 19 21 22 23 24 25 27 31 33 35 36 36 37 40 43 44 46 48 49 49 Contents
102. ns e g VRRP to which the tracking function reports status changes is performed in the application itself see on page 70 VRRP tracking 4 4 1 Configuring interface tracking O Set up interface tracking at port 1 1 with a link down delay of 0 seconds and a link up delay of 3 seconds In the Routing Tracking Configuration dialog click on Wizard at the bottom right Select type Enter the values you desire Track ID 1 Type interface Click on Continue UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 49 Tracking 4 4 Configuring the tracking 50 Properties O Enter the values you desire Module Port 1 1 Link up delay 3 Link down delay 0 O Click on Finish to leave the Wizard and save the entry temporarily in the configuration enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode track 1 interface 1 1 Enter the tracking parameters and activate this link down delay 0 tracking object link up delay 3 Tracking ID 1 created Tracking type set to Interface Target interface set to 1 1 Link Down Delay for target interface set to 0 sec Link Up Delay for target interface set to 3 sec Tracking ID 1 activated exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show track Display the configured tracks Link Delay No of ID Type Intf Down Up Status Mode Changes Time since last change 1 rntf 1 1 0s 3s DOWN Enable 0 0 day s 00 00 29 Unconfigured Track IDs with r
103. nstalled Redundant connections are open see VRRP and HIPER Ring To avoid loops in the configuration phase close the redundant connections only after the configuration phase UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 157 Appendix A 4 Entering the IP Parameters Figure 53 Network plan with management IP addresses O Assign the IP parameters to your configuration computer During the configuration phase the configuration computer is located in subnet 100 This is necessary so that the configuration computer has access to the layer 3 switches throughout the entire configuration phase O Start HiDiscovery on your configuration computer UM Routing L3P 158 Release 8 0 05 2013 Appendix A 4 Entering the IP Parameters E Give all the layer 2 and layer 3 switches their IP parameters in accordance with the network plan You can access the devices in subnets 10 to 14 again when you have completed the following router configuration Configure the router function for the layer 3 switches Note the sequence 1 Layer 3 switch C 2 Layer 3 switch B The sequence is important you thus retain access to the devices As soon as you assign an IP address from the subnet of the management IP address SN 100 to a router interface the Switch deletes the management IP address You access the Switch via the IP address of the router interface UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 159 Appendix A 4 Entering the IP Parameters
104. on Send Receive RIP Link Interface IP Address Version Version Mode State 2 1 0 0 0 0 RIP 2 Both Enable Down The IP address entries remain at 0 0 0 0 as long as the routing function is Switched off globally router rip redistribute connected enable exit ip routing show ip rip interface brief Switch to the router configuration mode Tell RIP to send the routes of the locally connected interfaces along with the learned routes in the RIP information Switch on RIP globally Switch to the Configuration mode Switch on the router function globally Verify the settings for the RIP configuration Send Receive RIP Link Interface IP Address Version Version Mode State 2 1 10 0 2 2 RIP 2 Both Enable Up show ip route Verify the routing table Total Number of ROUTES eheee acs nin ace ace are ee ees ales 3 Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Inte IP Address DD 255 255 255 0 RIP 2 1 10 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 1 10 0 2 2 00 30 255 255 2554 0 Local 2 2 10 0 31 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Also perform the corresponding configuration on the other RIP routers 87 RIP 6 4 Configuring the RIP UM Routing L3P 88 Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 OSPF Open Shortest Path First OSPF is a dynamic routing protocol based on the Link State Algorithm This algorithm is based on the link states between the routers involved The significant metric in OSPF is the OSPF costs w
105. over TLS RFC 2851 Internet Addresses MIB RFC 2865 RADIUS Client RFC 2866 RADIUS Accounting RFC 2868 RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support RFC 2869 RADIUS Extensions RFC 2869bis RADIUS support for EAP RFC 2933 IGMP MIB RFC 3164 The BSD Syslig Protocol RFC 3376 IGMPv3 RFC 3580 802 1X RADIUS Usage Guidelines RFC 4330 SNTP obsoletes RFCs 1769 and 2330 Routing RFC 826 Ethernet ARP RFC 894 Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks RFC 896 Congestion Control in IP TCP Networks RFC 919 IP Broadcast RFC 922 IP Broadcast in the presence of subnets RFC 950 IP Subnetting RFC 1027 Using ARP to implement Transparent Subnet Gateways Proxy ARP RFC 1256 ICMP Router Discovery Messages RFC 1321 Message Digest Algorithm RFC 1519 CIDR RFC 1724 RIP v2 MIB Extension RFC 1765 OSPF Database Overflow RFC 1812 Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers UM Routing L3P 154 Release 8 0 05 2013 Appendix A 3 List of RFCs RFC 1850 OSPF MIB Draft ietf ipv6 rfc2096 update 07 txt IP Forwarding Table MIB RFC 2082 RIP 2 MD5 Authentication RFC 2131 DHCP Relay RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 RFC 2453 RIP v2 RFC 2787 VRRP MIB RFC 2863 The Interfaces Group MIB RFC 2932 IPv4 Multicast Routing MIB RFC 2934 PIM MIB for IPv4 RFC 3046 DHCP BootP Relay RFC 3101 The OSPF Not So Stubby Area NSSA Option RFC 3376 IGMPV3 RFC 3768 VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Draft holbrook idmr igmpv3 ssm 08 txt IGMPv3
106. panding the backbone area see figure 35 Router 1 enable configure router ospf area 1 virtual link 2 2 2 2 Router 2 96 enable configure router ospf area 1 virtual link 1 1 1 1 Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the Router Configuration mode Enter the neighboring router ID for a virtual link in area 1 Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the Router Configuration mode Enter the neighboring router ID for a virtual link in area 1 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology 7 1 5 OSPF Router OSPF distinguishes between the following router types Internal Router All OSPF interfaces of an internal router are within the same area Area Border Router ABR ABRs have OSPF interfaces in a number of areas including the backbone area ABRs thus participate in multiple areas Where possible you summarize a number of routes and send Summary LSAs to the backbone area Autonomous System Area Border Router ASBR An ASBR is located on the boundary of an autonomous system and links OSPF to other autonomous systems routing protocols These external routes are transferred into OSPF using what is known as redistributing and are then summarized as AS external LSAs and flooded into the area Switch on the redistributing explicitly If you want to use subnetting then you enter this explicitly In
107. pe of the OSPF information to be exchanged in large networks You divide up your network using what are known as areas 7 1 1 Autonomous System An Autonomous System AS is a number of routers that are managed by a single administration and use the same Interior Gateway Protocol IGP Exterior Gateway Protocols EGP on the other hand are used to connect a number of autonomous systems OSPF is an Interior Gateway Protocol Autonomous System Figure 32 Autonomous System UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 91 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology An AS uses an Autonomous System Boundary Router ASBR to connect with the outside world An ASBR understands multiple protocols and serves as a gateway to routers outside the areas An ASBR is able to transfer routes from different protocols into the OSPF This process is known as redistribution 7 1 2 Router ID The router ID in the form of an IP address is used to uniquely identify every router within an autonomous system To improve the transparency it is necessary to manually configure the router ID of every OSPF router Thus there is no automatic function that selects the router ID from the IP interfaces of the router enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode router ospf Switch to the Router Configuration mode router id 192 168 1 0 Assign router ID e g 192 168 1 0 enable Switch on OSPF globally 7 1 3 Areas Each area first form
108. ress and the related netmask For example if a router interface has the IP address 192 168 1 1 and the netmask 255 255 255 0 it is responsible for network 192 168 1 0 24 The network Broadcast address here is 192 168 1 255 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 21 Routing Basics 2 4 Multinetting 2 4 Multinetting Multinetting allows you to connect a number of subnets to one router port Multinetting provides a solution for when you want to connect existing subnets to a router within a physical medium In this case you can use multinetting to assign a number of IP addresses for the different subnets to the routing port to which you are connecting the physical medium For a long term solution other network design strategies provide more advantages with regard to problem solving and bandwidth management Figure 6 Example of multinetting UM Routing L3P 22 Release 8 0 05 2013 Static Routing 3 Static Routing Static routes are user defined routes which the Switch uses to transmit data from one subnet to another The user specifies to which router next hop the Switch forwards data for a particular subnet Static routes are kept in a table which is permanently stored in the Switch Compared to dynamic routing the advantage of this transparent route selection is offset by the increased workload involved in configuring the static routes Static routing is therefore suited to very small networks or to selected areas of larg
109. rt IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 42 Multicast Pruning In the second step PIM DM DVMRP calculates the shortest paths STP Shortest Path Tree between the Multicast source and the Multicast recipients The result is the source routed Multicast distribution tree Source routed means that the calculation method is tracing back from the recipient to the source RPF Reverse Path Forwarding To avoid loops RPF rejects all Multicast data streams received at a port that belongs to a longer path than the shortest path UM Routing L3P 128 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP The method of the shortest paths is very efficient with regard to the data paths However it does have the disadvantage that depending on the topology the routers require a lot of memory space to store the many Multicast trees A participant who has unsubscribed from the Multicast data stream can subscribe to the Multicast data stream again This procedure is known as grafting Grafting enables the participant to receive Multicast data streams again before the hold time has elapsed IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 43 Multicast Grafting UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 129 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP 9 3 2 How PIM SM functions PIM SM differs from PIM DM and DVMRP with regard to the topology of the Multicast distribution PIM DM and DVMRP always use the direct paths SPT Sho
110. rtest Path Tree between the Multicast source and the Multicast recipients With the standard setting PIM SM uses the path via a central transmission point Rendezvous Point RP This path is known as the Rendezvous Point Tree RPT At the rendezvous point the Multicast recipients report their interest in a Multicast group The Multicast sources register at a rendezvous point and send the data exclusively to this rendezvous point which forwards the data to the Multicast recipients There is exactly one rendezvous point for each group A PIM SM router serves as the rendezvous point for one or more Multicast groups The rendezvous point tree extends between the rendezvous point of the Multicast group and the Multicast recipients The recipients of a Multicast group share this RPT as a shared tree With this procedure PIM SM reduces the amount of stored tree information in the routes and thus reduces the processor load for the devices UM Routing L3P 130 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 3 0 24 IP 10 0 4 0 24 IP 10 0 5 0 24 IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 44 Rendezvous Point in the PIM SM protocol Depending on the application there are shorter paths between the Multicast recipients and the Multicast source than the rendezvous point tree In these cases PIM SM enables a switch to the direct path SPT If the data rate for the Multicast transmission via the RPT exceeds a configurab
111. s by propagating its local viewpoint as Link State Advertisements LSAs These LSAs are then flooded to all the other routers within an area OSPF supports a range of different network types such as point to point networks for example packet over SONET SDH broadcast networks Ethernet or non broadcast networks Broadcast networks are distinguished by the fact that a number of systems terminal devices switches routers are connected to the same segment and thus can all be addressed simultaneously via broadcasts multicasts OSPF generally performs the following three steps in carrying out its tasks in the network Setting up the neighbor relationships hello protocol Synchronizing the link state database Route calculation UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 99 OSPF 7 3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship 7 3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship When a router is started it uses what are called hello packets to contact its neighboring routers With these hello packets an OSPF router finds out which OSPF routers are near it and whether they are suitable for setting up a neighbor relationship adjacency In broadcast networks such as Ethernet the number of neighbors increases with the number of routers connected as does the information exchange for clarifying and maintaining the neighbor relationships To reduce these volumes within an area OSPF uses the hello protocol to determine a designated router DR within
112. s its own database using the link states within the area The data exchange required for this remains within the area Each area uses an Area Border Router ABR to link to other areas The routing information is summarized as much as possible between the areas route summarization UM Routing L3P 92 Release 8 0 05 2013 OSPF 7 1 OSPF Topology Every OSPF router must be a member of at least one area An individual router interface can only be assigned to one area In the state on delivery every router interface is assigned to the backbone area OSPF distinguishes between the following particular area types Backbone Area This is by definition the area 0 or 0 0 0 0 An OSPF network consists of at least the backbone area It is the central area which is linked to all the other areas directly The backbone area receives all the routing information and is responsible for forwarding this information Stub Area You define an area as a stub area if external LSAs are not to be flooded into the area External means outside the autonomous system These external LSAs are the yellow and orange links in the illustration see figure 33 Thus the routers within a stub area only learn internal routes blue links e g no routes that are exported into OSPF from another log redistributing All the destinations outside the autonomous system are assigned to a default route Stub areas are thus generally used if only one route in the area has a
113. s not tolerate packet duplications and is content with higher switching times DVMRP provides a big advantage when you are using divided subnetworks VLANs in a HIPER Ring With the Unicast table DVMRP already knows the topology and thus prevents packet duplications Selection of the PIM SM Multicast routing protocol You select PIM SM if your application has few participants and you can tolerate longer paths for your application In this case PIM SM has the advantage that the data volume created in the routers remains small Configuration as Rendezvous Point for PIM SM When using PIM SM you have the option of defining a router as a rendezvous point candidate for a Multicast group To do this you specify the Multicast group for which the router can be used as the rendezvous point enable Switch to the Privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the configuration mode UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 145 Multicast Routing 9 5 Multicast Configuration ip pimsm rp candidate Activate the router as the potential rendezvous interface 1 1 225 1 1 1 point for group 225 1 1 1 24 259 255 255 0 no ip pimsm rp candidate Deactivate the router as a potential rendezvous interface 1 1 225 1 1 1 point 255 255 255 0 Configuration of the limit for the switch to SPT When using PIM SM you have the option of defining the limit for the switch to SPT on the last routers for the Multicast recipients To do this you specify the limit for
114. s of the virtual router Advertisement interval The advertisement interval describes the frequency with which the master router sends its existence message advertisement to all the VRRP routers of its virtual router The values for the advertisement interval are between 1 and 255 seconds The default value is 1 second Skew time The skew time is the time dependent on the VRRP priority that specifies the time when the backup router names itself the master router Skew time 256 VRRP priority 256 1 second Master down interval The master down interval specifies the time when the backup router names itself the master router Master down interval 3 advertisement interval skew time UM Routing L3P 58 Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 1 VRRP 5 1 1 Configuration of VRRP The configuration of VRRP requires the following steps Switch on routing globally if this has not already been done Switch on VRRP globally Configure port assign IP address and network mask Switch on VRRP at the port Create virtual router ID VRID because you have the option of activating a multiple virtual routers for each port Assign virtual router IP address Switch on virtual router Assign VRRP priority enable configure ip routing ip vrrp interface 2 3 ip address 10 0 1 1 255 255 255 0 routing ip vrrp ip vrrp ip vrrp ip vrrp 1 mode 1 ip 10 0 1 100 l priority 200 UM Routing L3P
115. ser Datagramm Protocol URL Uniform Resourve Locator UTC Coordinated Universal Time VL Virtual Link VLAN Virtual Local Area Network VLSM Variable Length Subnet Mask VRID Virtual Router Identification VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 151 Appendix A 2 Underlying IEEE Standards A 2 Underlying IEEE Standards IEEE 802 1AB Topology Discovery LLDP IEEE 802 1D Switching GARP GMRP Spanning Tree Supported via 802 1S implementation IEEE 802 1D 1998 Media Access Control MAC Bridges includes IEEE 802 1p Priority and Dynamic Multicast Filtering GARP GMRP IEEE 802 1Q 1998 Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks VLAN Tagging Port Based VLANs GVRP IEEE 802 1S Multiple Spanning Tree IEEE 802 1v Protocol Based VLANs IEEE 802 1 w 2001 Rapid Reconfiguration Supported via 802 18 implementation IEEE 802 1 X Port Authentication IEEE 802 3 2002 Ethernet IEEE 802 3 ac VLAN Tagging IEEE 802 3 ad Link Aggregation with Static LAG and LACP support IEEE 802 3 x Flow Control UM Routing L3P 152 Release 8 0 05 2013 Appendix A 3 List of RFCs A 3 List of RFCs RFC 768 RFC 783 RFC 791 RFC 792 RFC 793 RFC 826 RFC 854 Telnet RFC 855 Telnet Option RFC 951 BOOTP RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting RFC 1155 SMIv1 RFC 1157 SNMPv1 RFC 1212 Concise MIB Definitions RFC 1213 MIB2 RFC 1493 Dot1d RFC 1542 BOOTP Extensions RFC 1643
116. static route with load sharing The router shares the load between the two routes load sharing when the routes have the same importance distance ip route 10 0 3 0 255 255 255 0 10 0 2 2 show ip route assign the importance 2 to the existing static 2 routing entry see on page 32 Configuration of a simple static route When both routes are available the router uses both routes for the data transmission Verify the routing table Total Number of ROUbDSS ERE Siete oie aoe EN ENS 4 Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address 10 0 1 0 2555250525540 Local 2 1 10 0 1 1 10 0 2 0 255 2505425540 Local 2 2 10 0 2 1 10 0 3 0 255 255 255 0 Statio 2 2 1070 22 2 3 10 0 4 2 10 0 4 0 255 255 7255 0 Local 2 3 10 0 4 1 show ip route bestroutes the transmission Check which routes the router actually uses for Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Intf IP Address 10 0 1 0 2557255725530 Local 2 1 10 0 1 1 10 0 2 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 2 10 0 2 1 10 0 30 255 255 255 0 Static 2 2 10 0 2 2 2 3 10 0 4 2 10 0 4 0 255 255 255 0 Local 2 3 10 0 4 1 Total Number of RO t6S i umeros innen ono eR Rog eee 4 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 35 Static Routing 3 4 Static route tracking 3 4 Static route tracking 3 4 1 Description of the static route tracking function With static routing if there are a number of routes to a destination the router chooses the route wit
117. sts of the address of the next hop the destination address and the metric The RIP routing table always contains the most efficient route to the destination This is the route with the smallest metric and the longest suitable network mask prefix UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 79 RIP Figure 29 Counting Hops Router A Destinati Next Hop Metric on SN 10 lokal 0 SN 11 RouterB 2 HC 2 gt HC 3 Router B Destinati Next Hop Metric on SN 10 SN 11 RouterA 1 RouterC 1 Table 9 Routing table to the figure above Router D Destinati Next Hop Metric on SN 10 SN 11 RouterA 1 RouterE 3 In contrast to OSPF a RIP router regularly exchanges the content of its entire routing table with its direct neighbor Every router knows only its own routes and the routes of its direct neighbor Thus it only has a local perspective When changes are made in the network it takes a while until all the routers have the same uniform view of the network The process of achieving this condition is known as convergence 80 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 RIP 6 1 Convergence 6 1 Convergence How does RIP react to changes in the topography In the following example of a line interruption between router B and router C you can see the resulting changes in the address table Assumptions The interruption occurs 5 seconds after B sent its routing table The routers send their routing table every
118. terfaces 8 x gt VLAN router interfaces interfaces 9 x Figure 15 Monitoring a line with interface tracking Ports interfaces can have the following link statuses gt interrupted physical link link down and existing physical link link up A link aggregation interface has link status down if the link to all the participating ports is interrupted A VLAN router interface has link status down if the link is interrupted from all the physical ports link aggregation interfaces that are members of the corresponding VLAN Setting a delay time enables you to insert a delay before informing the application about an object status change An interface tracking object is given the down status if the physical link interruption remains for longer than the link down delay delay time An interface tracking object is given the up status if the physical link holds for longer than the link up delay delay time UM Routing L3P 44 Release 8 0 05 2013 Tracking 4 1 Interface tracking State on delivery delay times 0 seconds This means that if a status changes the registered application is informed immediately You can set the link down delay and link up delay delay times independently of each other in the range from 0 to 255 seconds You can define an interface tracking object for each interface UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 45 Tracking 4 2 Ping tracking 4 2 Ping tracking With ping tr
119. terminal connection with the necessary transport quality 3 Network Transparent data exchange between two transport entities 2 Data Link Access to physical media and detection of transmission errors 1 Physical Transmission of bit strings via physical media Table 1 OSI Reference Model UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 13 Routing Basics What does the data exchange on the layer 3 mean in comparison with the data exchange on the layer 2 Layer 2 Switch 1 Layer 3 Switch Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 2 Figure 1 Data Transport by a Switch and a Router in the OSI Reference Model s Layers On the layer 2 the MAC address signifies the destination of a data packet The MAC address is an address tied to the hardware of a device The layer 2 expects the receiver in the connected network The data exchange to another network is the task of layer 3 Layer 2 data traffic is spread over the entire network Every subscriber filters the data relevant for him from the data stream Layer 2 switches are capable of steering the data traffic that is intended for a specific MAC address It thus relieves some of the load on the network Broadcast and multicast data packets are forwarded by the layer 2 switches at all ports IP is a protocol on the layer 3 IP provides the IP address for addressing data packets The IP address is assigned by the network administrator By systematically assigning IP addresses he can
120. the Ring port as a member of the VLAN interface 2 1 interface 2 1 vlan participation include 11 exit exit Show vlan 11 0 0 11 1 00 00 5e 00 01 01 None 00 Enable Enable nitialized 200 Disabled Supervisor Supervisor is down 224 0 0 18 Switch to the Interface Configuration mode of Assign the interface to the VLAN Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the privileged EXEC mode Display the configuration of VLAN 11 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 VRRP HiVRRP 5 3 HiVRRP Domains VLAN ID zm VLAN Name VLAN1 VLAN Type Static VLAN Creation Time 0 days 00 00 06 System Uptime Interface Current Configured Tagging 17 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 1 2 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 1 3 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 1 4 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 2 Include Include Untagged 2 2 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 2 3 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 2 4 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 3 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 3 2 Exclude Autodetect Untagged 9 Exclude Autodetect Untagged Switch on routing and VRRP globally enable Switch to the privileged EXEC mode configure Switch to the Configuration mode ip routing Switch on the router function globally ip vrrp Switch on VRRP globally UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 69 VRRP HiVRRP 5 4 VRRP tracking 5 4 VRRP tracking By monitoring certain router statuses e g line interruption VRRP tracking makes it possible to switch to
121. ting L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 77 VRRP HiVRRP 5 6 VRRP mit Multinetting UM Routing L3P 78 Release 8 0 05 2013 RIP 6 RIP The Routing Information Protocol RIP is a routing protocol based on the distance vector algorithm It is used for the dynamic creation of the routing table for routers When you start a router the router only knows the networks directly connected to it and it sends this routing table to the neighboring routers At the same time it requests the routing tables of its neighboring routers The router adds this information to its routing table and thus learns which networks can be accessed via which routers and how much effort is involved in this In order to detect changes in the network when a router fails or starts the routers regularly repeat the exchange of all the routing tables usually every 30 seconds This involves a considerable bandwidth requirement in large networks The costs also known as the metric refer to the work involved in reaching a particular network RIP uses the hop count for this which describes the number of routers that are traversed along the path to the destination network The name distance vector is derived from the fact that the distance metric is the criterion for determining the route and the direction is specified by the next hop vector The next hop refers to the neighboring router along the path to the destination address An entry in the routing table consi
122. track 21 ip route 10 0 5 0 Create the static routing entry with preference 2 255 255 255 0 10 0 4 2 2 exit Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show ip route Verify the routing table Total Number of BOULOB 9 9 n pup RR eT 3 Network Subnet Next Hop Next Hop Address Mask Protocol Tact IP Address 10 0 1 0 255 255 255 0 Local 1 4 10 0 1 112 10 0 2 0 255 255 255 0 Local 1 2 10 0 2 1 10 0 5 0 255 255 255 0 Static 1 2 10 0 2 53 O On router B create a ping tracking object with the track ID for example 22 for IP address 10 0 2 1 O Enter the two routes to destination network 10 0 1 0 24 in the static routing table of router B Destinati Destination Next Hop Preference Track ID on Netmask Network 10 0 1 0 255 255 255 0 10 0 2 1 1 22 10 0 1 0 255 255 255 0 10 0 4 1 2 Table 3 Static routing entries for router B UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 39 Static Routing 3 5 Adaptation for non IP compliant devices 3 5 Adaptation for non IP compliant devices Some devices use a simplified IP stack that does not correspond to the IP standard Without an ARP request these devices send their responses to the MAC address contained as the source address in the requesting packet see figure below no MAC IP address resolution These devices exhibit this behavior with ping requests in particular ICMP echo request Some of these devices also exhibit this behavior with other data packets As long as the router interface of
123. ubnet Mask 89 Virtual MAC address 56 Virtual router 57 Virtual router ID 56 Virtual router IP address 58 UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Index Virtual router MAC address Virtual router interface p port based router interface v virtual link UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 58 113 41 95 167 Index UM Routing L3P 168 Release 8 0 05 2013 Further Support D Further Support Technical Questions For technical questions please contact any Hirschmann dealer in your area or Hirschmann directly You will find the addresses of our partners on the Internet at http www hirschmann com Contact our support at https hirschmann support belden eu com You can contact us in the EMEA region at Tel 49 0 1805 14 1538 E mail hac support belden com in the America region at Tel 1 717 217 2270 E mail inet support us belden com in the Asia Pacific region at Tel 65 6854 9860 E mail inet ap belden com Hirschmann Competence Center The Hirschmann Competence Center is ahead of its competitors Consulting incorporates comprehensive technical advice from system evaluation through network planning to project planning Training offers you an introduction to the basics product briefing and user training with certification The current technology and product training courses can be found at http Awww hicomcenter com Support ranges from the first installation through the standby servic
124. uter interface Netdir Multi Interface IP Address IP Mask Bcast CastFwd 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disable Disable configure Switch to the Configuration mode interface 9 1 Switch to the interface configuration mode of interface 9 1 ip address 10 0 11 2 Assign the interface its IP parameters 255 255 255 0 routing Activate the router function at this interface O Set up virtual router and configure port ip vrrp 1 ip vrrp l priority 200 ip vrrp 1 mode ip vrro Ll ip 10 0 11 1 ip vrrp 1 domain 1 supervisor UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 Create the VRID for the first virtual router at this port Assign virtual router 1 the router priority 200 Switch on the first virtual router at this port Assign virtual router 1 its IP address Assign the HiVRRP domain and the domain role to the interface 67 VRRP HiVRRP 5 3 HiVRRP Domains 68 ip vrrp 1 timers advertise milliseconds 100 interface exit exit Assign the HiVRRP notification interval to the Switch to the Configuration mode Switch to the privileged EXEC mode show ip vrrp interface 9 1 1 Display the configuration of VLAN 11 Primary IP Address VMAC Address Authentication Type Base Priority Advertisement Interval Pre empt Mode Administrative Mode Curbenb PIIOCSIty la aee ele Se on Se POR Mis CR Oe Ble OR Soe Preeption Delay seconds Link Down Notification VRRP Domain VRRP Domain Role VRRP Domain State Advertisement Address Define
125. y green arrows On the side of the Multicast sources one of the PIM SM routers also registers the available Multicast groups at the rendezvous point The figure uses blue arrows to show this procedure These routers are called designated routers DR In the standard setting UM Routing L3P 132 Release 8 0 05 2013 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP the routers select the designated router using the IP address The PIM SM router with the highest IP address in a network segment takes over the task of the designated router The DR selection can be controlled by setting a special priority for the designated routers In this case the router with the highest priority takes over the tasks of the designated router The IP address is only used in the selection process if the priorities are the same IP 10 0 1 0 24 IP 10 0 3 0 24 IP 10 0 4 0 24 IP 10 0 5 0 24 Multicast IP 10 0 2 0 24 Figure 46 Designated routers forward messages from Multicast sources and Multicast participants to the rendezvous point UM Routing L3P Release 8 0 05 2013 133 Multicast Routing 9 3 PIM DM PIM SM DVMRP Bootstrap router PIM SM provides two procedures for selecting the rendezvous point for a Multicast group 134 Static RP configuration In this procedure one of the routers in the network is fixed as the rendezvous point for a Multicast group The other routers contain the IP address of this router and the address of the related Multi

Routing Configuration: Industrial ETHERNET (Gigabit

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