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User`s manual FLIR A3xx sc series FLIR A6xx sc series

1. 13 2 7 Infrared lens 24 5 mm 25 Figure T638549 a1 40 5 mm 1 60 oe e E E N O Q 46 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 14 Network troubleshooting Try one of the following if you experience network problems Reset the modem and unplug and replug the Ethernet cable at both ends Reboot the computer with the cables connected Swap your Ethernet cable with another cable that is either brand new or known to be in working condition Connect your Ethernet cable to a different wall socket If you are still not able to get online you are probably experiencing a configuration issue Verify your IP address Disable Network Bridging Disable your Wi Fi connectivity if you use it to ensure that the wired Ethernet port is open Renew the DHCP license Make sure that the firewall is turned off when you troubleshoot Make sure that your wireless adapter is switched off If not the search for the camera might only look for a wireless connection Normally a modern computer will handle both crossed and uncrossed cable types automatically but for troubleshooting purposes try both or use a switch Turn off any network adapters that are not connected to the camera For troubleshooting purposes power both the camera and the computer using a mains adapter Some laptops turn off the network card to save power when using the battery If none of these s
2. 10 3 Infrared detector General Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image To remove any dust from the detector follow the procedure below NOTE This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared detector In some cases the dust cannot be removed by following this procedure the infrared detector must be cleaned mechanically This mechanical cleaning must be carried out by an authorized service partner CAUTION In Step 2 below do not use pressurized air from pneumatic air circuits in a workshop etc as this air usually contains oil mist to lubricate pneumatic tools Procedure Follow this procedure Remove the lens from the camera Use pressurized air from a compressed air canister to blow off the dust 28 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 11 Technical data For technical data for this product please refer to the product catalog and technical datasheets on the User Documentation CD ROM that comes with the camera The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http support flir com Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 29 12 Pin configurations and schematics 12 1 Pin configuration for camera I O connector Configuration 30 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 12 Pin configurations and schematics
3. 10 1 Camera housing cables and other items Liquids Use one of these liquids Warm water A weak detergent solution Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure Soak the cloth in the liquid Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid Clean the part with the cloth CAUTION Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage 26 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 10 Cleaning the camera 10 2 Liquids Equipment Procedure WARNING CAUTION Infrared lens Use one of these liquids 96 ethyl alcohol C H5OH DEE ether diethylether C H49O 50 acetone dimethylketone CH3 5CO 50 ethyl alcohol by volume This liquid prevents drying marks on the lens Cotton wool Follow this procedure Soak the cotton wool in the liquid Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Becareful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Donotclean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 27 10 Cleaning the camera
4. 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 58 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 17 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 Figure 17 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read t
5. temperature scale thermogram The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image 54 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 16 Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission or transmittance factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 55 17 Thermographic measurement techniques 17 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the obje
6. 60 17 6 Other Parameters sa sasa ag Ag KEN EE Ta te prse per dede vede a a C ee Aa NGT Ree 60 18 History of infrared technology ssssssssseenen eene 61 19 Theory of th rmograph saiia e r ener nnne a aa ER Eroi 65 19 1 Introduction 65 19 2 The electromagnetic spectrum 65 19 3 Blackbody radiation 66 19 39 10 RIAN CK SAW oi cce occ tette eee tee esee nee esee 67 19 3 2 Wiens displacement QW kas swasa aa ordeo eee ende ete titre pe rere ete aen 68 19 3 3 gt Stefan Boltzmann s JAW iecore rtt ette nete tete nete ee aire 70 19 8 4 Non blackbodgy emitters ssssssssssseneeneneen eene 71 19 4 Infrared semi transparent materials sess tnter etna 73 20 The measurement formula sse nnne enne 75 21 Emissivity tables eiiis nante testi teat itia eati kenapa anakaken eaaa 21 1 Referen GOS a n E n etii wie dane ie bte s 21 2 Important note about the emissivity tables ER 21 3 Tabl68 nisi iei ipee iim eri e eire vi Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 1 Warnings amp Cautions WARNING Applies only to Class A digital devices This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause interference to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with t
7. button Use an unbent paper clip or a similar tool to press the reset button through the small hole on the back of the camera for 5 seconds then release the NOTE Cables for digital I O ports should be 100 m 328 ft maximum Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 8 Connectors controls and indicators FLIR A3xx sc T638542 a1 series lt a EA Sm 12 24 VD pe dpi GigE d EH kirs 10654321 O lejojo o o o O B Explanation This table explains the figure above 1 Network cable with an RJ45 connector for Ethernet connectivity and PoE dependent on the camera model 2 Power cable for 12 24 VDC power in Note Only CAT 6 Ethernet cables should be used with this camera Note The power connector on the camera is polarity protected 3 USB cable with a USB mini B connector for control and image transfer 4 Digital I O ports opto isolated six pole screw terminal Pin configuration 1 IN 1 2IN2 3 OUT 1 4 OUT 2 5 I O 6 I O For a schematic overview of the digital I O ports see page 30 20 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 8 Connectors controls and indicators A Power indicator Type of signal The LED glows continuously or ange The LED glows continuously red The LED glows continuously green The LED flashes 10 times per sec ond Note The LEDs indicate the f
8. May 7 2012 oa 2 Notice to user One 1 back up copy of the software may also be made for archive purposes 6 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 3 General Submitting a question Downloads Customer help For customer help visit http support flir com To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledge base for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC software User documentation Application stories Technical publications Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 N 4 Documentation updates General Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifications of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and n
9. Water ice covered with O T 0 98 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 thick Water snow WT 0 8 Water snow 10 T 0 85 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 95 21 Emissivity tables pine 4 different samples pine 4 different samples planed planed oak 70 20 20 0 81 0 89 0 67 0 75 0 8 0 9 0 90 planed oak 70 0 88 planed oak 70 plywood smooth dry 36 0 82 plywood untreat ed 20 0 83 white damp 20 0 7 0 8 oxidized at 400 C 400 0 11 oxidized surface polished sheet 1000 1200 200 300 50 0 50 0 60 0 04 0 05 0 20 96 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of the Helvetica typeface Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 List of effective files 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a19 20236703 xml a57 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9
10. tioned above please visit http www microsoft com windows Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 11 6 Installation 6 3 Installation General Last minute changes and other important information can be found in the read me file on the CD ROM We recommend that you read this file before you install the programs NOTE Ifyou experience problems during the installation please visit our Customer Help by pointing your browser to http support flir com You must be an Adminstrator or a user with Administrative Rights to install the programs A complete installation consists of several subinstallations some of which are from third party vendors Do not abort these subinstallations as they are needed for the complete installation A complete installation can take up to 10 minutes to complete Procedure Follow this procedure Close down all applications Insert the ThermoVision System Tools amp Utilities CD ROM into the CD ROM drive on the computer The installation should start automatically Should the installation not start automatically start Windows Explorer and double click SETUPHTM on the CD ROM Click one of the following Install FLIR IP Config Install FLIR IR Monitor Install FLIR Camera Player Install AXXX Control amp Image Interfaces Follow the on screen instructions 12 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012
11. 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 i 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 83 21 Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 2 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 T 0 06 1 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 1 emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 5 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 1 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 1 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 1 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 1 Brick fireclay 1000 T 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiO 64 Al Og 84
12. 100mm 1m 10m 2um 13 um Figure 19 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 65 19 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 19 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Fi
13. 2 Magnesium pow T 0 86 1 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 T 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 d 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished 90 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubr
14. 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a21 20254903 xml a75a6 20257003 xml a40 20257103 xml a17 20257303 xml a35 20279803 xml a8 20286103 xml a15 20286503 xml a16 20286603 xml a11 20286703 xml a17 20286803 xml a10 20286903 xml a8 20287303 xml a9 20287403 xml a9 20292403 xml a5 20295403 xml a3 20299703 xml a1 R129 rcp a7 config xml a5 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 97 98 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012
15. No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 Table of contents 10 11 12 13 Warnings amp Cautlons teer tere tet dente eee pee sra ed du NGA aa aa vaa sk A a 1 Notice to USN sr aariaa ia eaea EE Vak aE itid emitir recie 5 Customer help tre te E A e net en ENNO keni 7 Documentation Updates nicieni aiia apia eaii nnne rennen innere Kak 8 Important note about this manual sssssssn eene enne 9 Install tion 2 2 1 Uode tee eiue dec d p ee o deeds 10 6 1 General information 1 2 st Lene teen et ence ete aee b n ted 10 62 System requif menls nete eget teet edite titt at dene enda 11 6 3 Installation eie LE LM pe eri e eet eee eS Ue aan a eia 12 Mechanical installation ssssssssenn enne nnne 7 1 Installation of fixed cameras sssssssssseeeeeeeeenene nennen enne nnn nnn nnne nnns 7 2 Mounting and removing lenses A3xx sc series 7 2 1 Mounting an additional infrared lens 7 2 2 Removing an additional infrared lens 7 8 Mounting and removing lenses A6xx sc series 7 9 1 Removing an infrared lens 0e0eseseneneneneneneneeneneeenenoner aranan arannana tnter 7 9 2 Mounting an infrared lens 0esesesenenenenenenenenenenenenenoner aranana ranne neneme nenen nene Connectors controls and indicators isasesenese senen a eaaa nenen n aana aaa anaa anana anana n nee 18 Example system o
16. States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil 48 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 15 About FLIR Systems China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations 10722703 a2 Figure 15 2 LEFT Thermovision amp Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR i7 from 2009 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detect
17. be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English Copyright 2012 FLIR Systems All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice iv Publ
18. for Up Equation 4 76 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 20 The measurement formula Doe XE obj atm T ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 20 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tien according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tam according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance e the relative humidity Tatm object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Tef and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It cou
19. specified otherwise in the user documentation High temperatures can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer Applies only to cameras with battery a Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless a specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to get wet Donot make holes in the battery with objects Do not hit the battery with a hammer Do not step on the battery or apply strong impacts or shocks to it Donotputthe batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process If the battery becomes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or ignition of the battery Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature loca tions a Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not use the battery if when you use charge or store the battery there is an u
20. to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 62 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 18 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 18 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based
21. upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 18 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 63 18 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovere
22. 0 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board 92 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 Platinum 22 T 0 03 Platinum 100 T 0 05 Platinum 260 T 0 06 Platinum 538 T 0 10 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 AN 0 18 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 Silver pure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 93 21 Emissivity tables Skin human 32 T 0 98 2 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 1 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 1 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 1 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 1 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92
23. 00 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 jT 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 sheet Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 87 21 Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron
24. 03 a4 Figure 19 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 103 um 2 Wavelength um 19 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have dones 2898 um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ama A good approximation of the value of Ama for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T 68 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 19 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 10399403 a1 Figure 19 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 pm in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occur
25. 1 Warnings amp Cautions CAUTION If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery If you do not use the correct equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion and injury to persons Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous If mounting the A3xx pt A3xx f series camera on a pole tower or any elevated lo cation use industry standard safe practices to avoid injuries Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at intensive energy Sources for example devices that emit laser radiation or the sun This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than 50 C 122 F unless
26. 12 2 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I O ports VO FILTERING Vo EMI OUT 1 Digital FILTERING VO Control EMI FILTERING PLE EMI FILTERING SIGNAL INT CONDITIONING EMI FILTERING IN 2 SIGNAL CONDITIONING Camera yo Ground Ground Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 31 12 Pin configurations and schematics 12 3 T639498 a1 Schematic overview of the A3xx pt board Serial and IP Communications Main Analog Video Male Ethernet BNC 54321 ER Main Port R23 2 Eg tiota 3 4 NPT maz ad Rs422 TIZES Gland or FFE cc 20 AWG MAX SN IZ NZ Serial Ethernet Video Control Auxiliary Analog Video and Power Male BNC oed 000 000 9 Ons ON mmm mmm SES 628 for Cable 938 838 Conduit sos lt 0 Tti Ux NON NON 7 u ul Chassis GND KN 16 AWG Shielded IL Back Cover NI G NIZ S pi 16 AWG Shielded Local GND Video 24 24 VACIDC VACIDC Gland A Camera End Gland B Camera End 32 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 Mechanical drawings 13 1 A3xx sc series 13 1 1 Camera dimensions front Figure 10770303 a1 70 0 mm 2 75 70 0 mm 2 75 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 33 13 Mechanical drawings 13 1 2 Camera dimensions side Figure T638626 a1 172 0 mm 6 77 gt 24 0 mm 0
27. 2 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 2 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 JT 0 35 1 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 9 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 9 Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 2 iron 94 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 Tungsten 1500 2200 AR 0 24 0 31 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 Water frost crystals 10 T 0 98
28. 3 mm 2 87 e o e E E Te N 40 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 Mechanical drawings 13 2 2 Camera dimensions side view without lens Figure T638546 a1 202 2 mm 7 96 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 41 13 Mechanical drawings 13 2 3 Camera dimensions side view with 24 5 mm 25 lens Figure T638545 a1 216 0 mm 8 5 74 5 mm 2 93 N E E N e Q 42 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 Mechanical drawings 13 2 4 Specification of mounting interfaces 1 Figure T638550 a1 6x M4 3x UNC 1 4 20 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 438 13 Mechanical drawings 13 2 5 Specification of mounting interfaces 2 Figure Teae544iat gt lo 9 NENG c E 72 3 mm 2 85 24 0 mm 0 94 12 0 mm 0 47 44 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 Mechanical drawings 13 2 6 Camera dimensions rear view Figure T638547 a1 73 mm 2 87 12 24 VD p oleae GigE 8 o O x Rst On E E E WO 654321 a Ojo o Jo o ofo O E S E 3 i n ys S 9 8 mm 0 39 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 45 13 Mechanical drawings
29. 499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 79 20 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F WP D Figure 20 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tren 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F 80 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 21 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings
30. 7 7 1 Mounting interfaces Notes on permanent mounting Vibrations Further information Mechanical installation Installation of fixed cameras The camera unit has been designed to allow it to be mounted in any position The housing has three mounting interfaces bottom left and right each with the follow ing threaded holes FLIR A3xx sc cameras a 2 X M4 metric threaded holes a 1x UNC 20 standard tripod mount FLIR A3xx sc cameras 2x M4 metric threaded holes a 1x UNC 20 standard tripod mount If the camera unit is to be permanently mounted at the application site certain steps are required The camera unit might need to be enclosed in a protective housing and depending on the ambient conditions e g temperature the housing may need to be cooled or heated by means of water or air In very dusty conditions the installation might also need to have a stream of pressur ized air directed at the lens in order to prevent dust build up When mounting the camera unit in harsh industrial environments every precaution should be taken when securing the unit Ifthe environment exposes the unit to severe vibrations there may be a need to secure the mounting screws by means of Loctite or another industrial brand of thread locking liquid as well as to dampen the vibrations by mounting the camera unit on a specially designed base For further information regarding mounting recommendations a
31. 94 12 0 mm 0 47 3 x 1 4 20 UNC 6x M4 33 3 mm 1 31 34 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 Mechanical drawings 13 1 3 Camera dimensions bottom Figure T638627 a1 I 6 x M4 3 3 x 1 4 20 UNC 9 E E amp x p N d uad 12 0 mm 0 47 35 0 mm 1 38 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 35 13 Mechanical drawings 13 1 4 Camera dimensions with 10 mm 45 lens Figure T638628 a1 171 0 mm 6 73 47 mm 1 85 3 x 1 4 20 UNC 6x M4 36 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 Mechanical drawings 13 1 5 Camera dimensions with 30 mm 15 lens Figure T638629 a1 171 0 mm 6 73 3 x 1 4 20 UNC 6x M4 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 37 13 Mechanical drawings 13 1 6 Infrared lens 10 mm 45 Figure 10762403 a1 38 4 mm 1 51 47 mm 1 85 38 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 Mechanical drawings 13 1 7 Infrared lens 30 mm 15 Figure 10762503 a1 24 3 mm 0 96 58 mm 2 28 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 39 13 Mechanical drawings 13 2 A6xx sc series 13 2 1 Camera dimensions front view without lens Figure T638548 a1 7
32. Camera Player A PC based remote control and video player for IR cameras from FLIR Systems A link to a web installation of FLIR AXXX Control amp Image Interfaces An installation that includes Interface Control Documents ICDs user documentation and C code examples We recommend that you read through the documentation C Program Files FLIR Systems YFLIR IP Config C Program Files FLIR Systems FLIR IR Monitor C Program Files FLIR Systems FLIR IR Camera Player C Program Files FLIR Systems AXXX Control amp Image Interfaces Functionality in the PC programs is dependent on the camera model 10 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 6 Installation 6 2 System requirements Operating system Microsoft Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 2 SP2 Microsoft Windows Vista Ultimate 32 bit Microsoft Windows 7 32 and 64 bit Personal computer with a 2 GHz 32 bit or 64 bit processor 1 GB of RAM or greater 20 GB of hard disk space Super VGA 1024 x 768 or higher resolution monitor Support for DirectX 9 graphics with WDDM driver 128 MB of graphics memory minimum a Pixel Shader 2 0 in hardware 32 bits per pixel DVD ROM drive Audio output Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or a compatible pointing device Hardware Software Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 or later SEE For specific information about system requirements for the operating systems men
33. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 19 RSS 210 NOTICE This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS 210 of Industry Canada Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 21 NOTICE Changes or modifica tions made to this equipment not expressly approved by manufacturer name may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment Applies only to digital devices subject to 2 1091 2 1093 OET Bulletin 65 Radiofre quency radiation exposure Information The radiated output power of the device is far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits Nevertheless the device shall be used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation is minimized Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation Applies only to cameras with battery Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if they become damaged can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 1
34. ISH EN May 7 2012 17 Thermographic measurement techniques 17 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 17 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 17 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 17 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 17 2 1 Reflection source Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 57 17 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings a Emissivity 1 0 LI Donj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 Figure 17 3 1 Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom mended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 17 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil
35. ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 15 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 15 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 15 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 50 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 15 About FLIR Systems B 10401403 a1 Figure 15 4 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 10401503 a1 Figure 15 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 51 16 Term or expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR
36. In furnace and other high temperature applications you must mount a heatshield on the camera Using the camera in furnace and other high temperature applica tions without a heatshield can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled Do not disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period typically max 30 minutes Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm or ir reparably damage the detector The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed with their designated covers hatches or caps This includes but is not limited to compartments for data storage batteries and connectors Applies only to FLIR A3xx f A3xx pt series cameras Exceptas described in this manual do not open the FLIR A3xx pt A3xx f series camera for any reason Disassembly of the camera including removal of the cover can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty Donotto leave fingerprints on the FLIR A3xx pt A3xx f series camera s infrared optics The FLIR A3xx pt A3xx f series camera requires a power supply of 24 VDC Operating the camera outside of the specified input voltage range or the specified operating temperature range can cause permanent damage When lifting the FLIR A3xx pt series camera use the camera body and base not the tubes Applies only to FLIR GF309 cameras CAUTION The exceptionally wide tem
37. No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 V 13 2 1 Camera dimensions front view without lens s 40 13 2 3 Camera dimensions side view without lens eee 41 13 2 3 Camera dimensions side view with 24 5 mm 25 lens essees 42 13 2 4 Specification of mounting interfaces 41 43 13 2 5 Specification of mounting interfaces 2 44 13 2 6 Camera dimensions rear view we 45 13 2 7 Infrared lens 24 5 mm 25 ooo ee eceesceeeeseeeeeneteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeeeaesaeeneseeeneseeeeaeene 46 14 Network troubleshooting sssssseeeeeneeneeeeneene nnne 47 15 About FLIR Systems 48 15 1 More than just an infrared camera 49 15 2 Sharing G r khowledge 5 n dee itenim GG KE NGAYA Na aana 50 15 3 Supportirig Our CUSIOmmers eiit nitet ie miter iet is 50 15 4 A few images from our facilities 50 16 GIOSSay MEA 52 17 Thermographic measurement techniques 56 17 1 Introduction 17 2 Emissivity 17 2 4 Finding the emissivity of a sample sse 57 17 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 57 17 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 00 0 eens 59 17 3 Reflected apparent temperature sss 60 17 4 Distance 60 17 5 Relative humidity
38. Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 Carbon charcoal powder 1 0 96 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 T 0 98 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 if 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 85 21 Emissivity tables Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 03 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Co
39. Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 ITC Technical publication 32 ITC Technical publication 29 21 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The type of camera that has been used when compiling the emissivity data is specified in column 4 The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 81 21 Emissivity tables 21 3 Tables Figure 21 1 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 5 Emissivity 6 Reference to literature source above 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several col ors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl el
40. User s manual FLIR A3xx sc series FLIR A6xx sc series Publ No 1559499 Revision a605 User s manual FLIR TERTE e Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two 2 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten 10 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivere
41. asured estimated atmospheric transmission A transmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one 52 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 16 Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso image correction internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR lution of an IR camera Away of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera la
42. asurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference temperature reflection relative humidity A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in satu ration conditions saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks every thing saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values temperature range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration
43. case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 T Wren 1 1 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 20 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource ON short distance generates a camera output signal Uso c that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 75 20 The measurement formula D sm CW T oc or with simplified notation ans za CW oiri where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of th
44. ct and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 17 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature 56 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGL
45. d The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 64 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 19 Theory of thermography 19 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 19 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 4 100m 1km 10nm Wem dm Uum Toon mm 10mm
46. d the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure commu nications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually fade
47. d by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty shall
48. e atmosphere The object temperature is Toyj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T er It has here been assumed that the temperature Tam is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TWa tm where 1 T is the emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is T atm The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wo ETW E TW on 1 7 W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Uo ETU pa Ser Lae atm Solve Equation 3
49. ea of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 19 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost b ack There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction T may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted th
50. ectri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 33 cal tape Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 4 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 2 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 9 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO3 100 ib 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 82 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 10 um 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder T 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder alu T 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T
51. galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 88 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room temperature LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room temperature MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 4 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 89 21 Emissivity tables Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07
52. gure 19 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application ofthe principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 66 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 19 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the i
53. he heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 18 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays lronically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed
54. he limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference Applies only to Class B digital devices This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular in stallation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver a Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected
55. he same temperature as your previous measure ment Note Write down the emissivity Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 59 17 Thermographic measurement techniques Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 17 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 17 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 17 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity
56. icating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 iT 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue i 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 91 21 Emissivity tables Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black T 0 90 1 Paper black dull T 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Paper coated with black T 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 Ti 0 7 0 9 1 Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow T 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 7
57. image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction continuous adjust The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being me
58. ld though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tres 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 77 20 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure U 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uspj Utot we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts in
59. ncipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 19 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 19 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula rhe x10 Watt m um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 67 19 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength Ana and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 103271
60. nd environmental enclosures contact FLIR Systems Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 13 7 Mechanical installation 7 2 Mounting and removing lenses A3xx sc series 7 2 1 Mounting an additional infrared lens NOTE Do nottouch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 10 2 Infrared lens on page 27 Procedure Follow this procedure to mount an additional infrared lens Push the lens release button to unlock the lens ring The lens ring is made of plastic and holds the plastic lens cap Rotate the lens ring 30 counter clockwise looking at the front of the lens Carefully pull out the lens ring from the bayonet ring Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring Carefully push the lens into position Rotate the lens 30 clockwise looking at the front of the lens 14 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 7 Mechanical installation 7 2 2 Removing an additional infrared lens NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 10 2 Infrared lens on page 27 When you have removed the lens put the lens caps on the lens immediately to protect it from dust and fingerprints Procedure Follow this procedure to remove an additional infrared lens Push the le
61. nfrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature For cameras where the detector is cooled by a mechanical cooler this time period excludes the time it takes to cool down the detector 10742803 a1 As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environ mentally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com http www rtraining com http www irtraining eu This license permits the user to install and use the software on any compatible computer provided the software is used on a maximum of two 2 computers at the same time for example one laptop computer for on site data acquisition and one desktop computer for analysis in the office Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN
62. ns release button to unlock the lens Rotate the lens counter clockwise 30 looking at the front of the lens Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring Correctly position the lens ring in front of the bayonet ring Carefully push the lens ring into position Rotate the lens ring 30 clockwise looking at the front of the lens Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 15 7 Mechanical installation 7 3 Mounting and removing lenses A6xx sc series 7 3 1 Removing an infrared lens NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 10 2 Infrared lens on page 27 When you have removed the lens put the lens caps on the lens immediately to protect it from dust and fingerprints Procedure Follow this procedure to remove an infrared lens Rotate the lens counter clockwise 30 looking at the front of the lens Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring 16 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 7 Mechanical installation 7 3 2 Mounting an infrared lens NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 10 2 Infrared lens on page 27 Procedure Follow this procedure to mount an infrared lens Correctly position the lens in front of the bayone
63. nusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 1 Warnings amp Cautions The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F unless specified otherwise in the user documenta tion If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documen tation Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the per formance or the life cycle of the battery When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before you discard it Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it a Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Becareful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating
64. o so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W coT Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 72 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 19 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 19 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 19 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 19 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 73 19 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes pa
65. ollowing Explanation The camera is starting up An error has been detected Con tact service The camera has started An error has been detected Con tact service B Hardware reset button for a factory default reset button Use an unbent paper clip or a similar tool to press the reset button through the small hole on the back of the camera for 5 seconds then release the NOTE Cables for digital I O ports should be 100 m 328 ft maximum Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 9 Example system overviews 9 1 A3xx sc series Figure 10777308 a2 22 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 9 Example system overviews Explanation This table explains the figure on the previous page Computer CAT 6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors Laboratory set up with a FLIR A3xx sc camera Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 23 9 Example system overviews 9 2 A6xx sc series Figure T638543 a1 a 24 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 9 Example system overviews Explanation This table explains the figure on the previous page Computer CAT 6 Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors Laboratory set up with a FLIR A3xx sc camera Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 25 10 Cleaning the camera
66. or design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 15 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 49 15 About FLIR Systems camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 15 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the
67. otifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products 8 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 5 Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models software parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications and or functionality at any time without prior notice Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 6 6 1 Explanation Default installation paths NOTE Installation General information The following programs are included on the ThermoVision System Tools amp Utilities application CD FLIR IP Config A set up and configuration program to detect and find FLIR au tomation and science cameras on a network and automatically assign or manually set IP addresses FLIR IR Monitor A program to control FLIR automation and science cameras on a network You typically use FLIR IR Monitor to change camera settings lay out measurement tools on the screen set up alarms etc FLIR IR
68. per ature range of the FLIR GF309 infrared camera is designed for performing highly accurate electrical and mechanical inspections and can also see through flames for inspecting gas fired furnaces chemical heaters and coal fired boilers IN ORDER TO DERIVE ACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THESE ENVIRON MENTS THE GF309 OPERATOR MUST HAVE A STRONG UNDERSTANDING OF RADIOMETRIC FUNDAMENTALS AS WELL AS THE PRODUCTS AND CONDI TIONS OF COMBUSTION THAT IMPACT REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASURE MENT The Infrared Training Center itc offers a wide range of world class infrared Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 3 1 Warnings amp Cautions training for thermography professionals including GF309 operators For more in formation about obtaining the training and certification you require contact your FLIR sales representative or itc at www infraredtraining com 4 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 2 Typographical conventions User to user forums Calibration Accuracy Disposal of electronic waste Training Additional license information Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Exchange ideas problems and i
69. pper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Ebonite T 0 89 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 Enamel 20 T 0 9 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 samples 86 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 21 Emissivity tables Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 1
70. rough an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation Oy py 7 1 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 71 19 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Was Ey Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zer
71. rt of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 amp 1 7 l pr A Cy When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 74 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 20 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In
72. s at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 69 19 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 Figure 19 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 19 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance Wy of a blackbody W oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to Amax is only 25 ofthe total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 7O Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 19 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 19 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface ar
73. ser pointer level An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value manual adjust Away to adjust the image by manually changing certain param eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters object signal A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 53 16 Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature me
74. similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 61 18 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where t
75. t ring Carefully push the lens into position Rotate the lens 30 clockwise looking at the front of the lens until a click is heard Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 17 Connectors controls and indicators FLIR A3xx sc 793862521 series ec Fal EM 12 24 VDC vo TE 65 4 3 21 Explanation This table explains the figure above 1 Network cable with an RJ45 connector for Ethernet connectivity and PoE dependent on the camera model Note Only CAT 6 Ethernet cables should be used with this camera 2 Power cable for 12 24 VDC power in Note The power connector on the camera is polarity protected 3 Digital I O ports opto isolated six pole screw terminal Pin configuration 1IN 1 2 IN2 3 OUT 1 4 OUT2 51 0 6 I O For a schematic overview of the digital I O ports see page 30 18 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 8 Connectors controls and indicators A Power indicator Type of signal The LED glows continuously or ange The LED glows continuously red The LED glows continuously green The LED flashes 10 times per sec ond Note The LEDs indicate the following Explanation The camera is starting up An error has been detected Con tact service The camera has started An error has been detected Con tact service B Hardware reset button for a factory default reset
76. teps help you contact your ISP Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 47 15 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems T638608 a1 PATENT SPECIFICATION 1 eS TECIRIG United States Patent Office 555 55 PER JOHAN LINDBERG and HANS GUNNER MALAMRERG 1057 624 Debs pert tl ig Combi in 5 D sewang wel vor sco a Published Feb 1 1967 Crown Copyright 1967 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism enda on the ax atn tinal mds slo substanti tilting the Figure 15 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 200 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United
77. the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 50 17 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or win dows used in front of the camera 60 Publ No 559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 18 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 18 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave
78. to tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 78 Publ No T559499 Rev a605 ENGLISH EN May 7 2012 20 The measurement formula 10400603 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 0 6 Ds Atm x A Figure 20 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tren 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F Publ No T559
79. verviews 0senenananenenen ene a anae anana anana a nana e anane a ennemi nnns 22 9 1 A3xx sc series 9 2 A6xx sc series Cleaning the camera sess 26 10 1 Camera housing cables and other items 26 10 2 d frared lefns use ee ed aii wien ee pa EE ere ree 27 10 3 Infrared detector eit PH vr aee grec eee gocce need 28 Technical data 1 o baad asec ease a e a AL Na E AAN a Ca A A A GG NAN TEN san aga a repre iret 29 Pin configurations and schematics 0aaanannenen anana naar ene e nane n eee nen nnns 30 12 1 Pin configuration for camera I O connector 12 2 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I O ports 31 12 8 Schematic overview of the A3xx pt board aaaaaenenenenenenenene nenen ne nenen n anana anana anane e nen nenen 32 Mechanical drawings asirini raeed ede anie a akng av e 33 ISOM GASYX SC SONOS M T 33 13 1 1 Camera dimensions front sse 33 13 1 2 Camera dimensions side ssssseeeeeeeneeenenneneenennnne 34 13 1 3 Camera dimensions bottom sssssseneeeneneneneeee nennen 35 13 1 4 Camera dimensions with 10 mm 45 lens 13 1 5 Camera dimensions with 30 mm 15 lens 13 1 6 Infrared lens 10 mmy 45 38 13 1 7 Infrared lens 80 mm 15 ssssssssssseseeeeeeenennennennenen eee nnne 39 IMs M M 40 Publ

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