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1. UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT ven Si nen _ MAZEN MUNEER ABDULKAREM RASHED Date of bith 20 APRIL 1988 BASED ON OCCUPANCY FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Academic Session 2011 2012 Title AUTOMATIC LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM x i declare that this thesis is classified as ct 1272 NY CONFIDENTIAL jConicins corfidenticl information under the Official Secret p RESTRICTED Contcins restricted in ormarion os specified by the T E TONES organizction where research was done LN OPENACCESS age thar my thesis fo be oubiished as online open access full text acknowledged that Un versifi Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as folows 1 The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2 The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the rigFt to make copies for the purpose of research only 3 The Library a the righi to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange Certified by Ae ARI SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR 03912611 DR NURUL MU AZZAH ABDUL LATIFF NEW IC NO PASSPORT NO NAMEOFSUPERVISOR Date 28 June 2012 Date 28 June 2012 NOTES I the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED olease attach with the letter from the orgarization with period and reasors for confidentiality or restriction I hereby declare that I have read this report
2. i n tdefine Swi 2 Executing C Program Files HI TECH Software PICC 8 B2 bin pice exe omltion detection cof 4 GI Object Pes tdefine sensori 2 HI TEC C Compiler for PIC10 12 16 MCUs PRO Kode V9 82 ud Library Fies idefine sensor Copyright C 2011 Microchip Technology Inc Licensed for evaluation purposes only CI Other Ples dein 10 This licence will expire on Wed 04 Jul 2012 Varning 1090 G Final codes Motion Datection Hotion Detection c 41 var Varning 1295 there are 6 days left until this licence vill expire define output Menory Summary mais f nssion Program space used 46h 70 of 2000h words 0 94 tO a Dey Data space used 7h 7 of 170h bytes 1 94 EEPROM space used Oh 0 of 100h bytes 0 04 Configuration bits used Ih 1 ot Ih word 100 0 void main void ID Location space used Oh 0 of Ah bytes 0 07 unsigned char status Loaded G Final codes Motion Detection mtion detection cot unsigned long sitl sit unsigned int count D ea Bull successfull ww ADCONL Onde TAISA 0b11111111 TRISB 0511111111 TAIBC 0600000000 status led output while 8W1 n E res t Symbol lad PIC kit 2 PIC16F876A wid idc bank 0 Figure 3 12 Motion detection microcontroller programming with MPLAB IDE v8 30 MPLAB is a programming software that is used to develop applications for Microchip microcontrollers as well as digital signal controllers It 1s consi
3. 12 and 15 to toggle the light based on the light intensity of the place measured by an LDR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 9 10 54 REFERENCES Energy Saving Sensors 2010 2012 Energy Saving Tips for Lighting and Information on PIR Sensors Available http www energysavinsgsensors com General Information 1 htm C H Tsai Y W Bai C A Chu C Y Chung and M B Lin PIR sensor based Lighting Device with Ultra low Standby Power Consumption IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics vol 57 pp 1157 1164 Aug 2011 V Singhvi A Krause C Guestrin J H J Garrett and H S Matthews Intelligent light control using sensor networks presented at the Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems San Diego California USA 2005 M H B M Solehuddin Development Of Wireless Sensor Network For Motion Detection Bachelor Degree Wireless Communication Department Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2010 M Z Bin Anuar Location Tracking Using Wireless Sensor Network Bachelor Degree Wireless Communication Department Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2010 N S Binti Syamsuddin Design of Wireless Sensor Network for Environmental Monitoring WiSNEM Bachelor Degree Wireless Communication Department Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2008 L C Hang Wireless Sensor Network Bachelor Degree Wireless Communication Department Chines Univ
4. TI vas as vou ISSA vL 108 10S 0W gr 14001204 lt 29A ST d99 ISOLL LOH AHL ddA H19N 1 7 NOLLOSOLL 00H c HOSN3S Hid 1noco SS rNv svH um s aza LNOLONMOOL PVH O o z JdU VENV eVH BI s J3HAO JBHA ZNY 2VH HOLIMS El zg 8u INV LVH cH i WEIEN ONV OWH gt c ONG GH sz EH 99A 1nox1o eoso Ig iz LN 08H NIMTO LOSO KL lt LN TV1SAHO c 29 OS S 1 NOAH dog LX dog ER O vO qaT3aqolq ih M nol 13SJd To LO sss Hozz m n Ly AZL HOW E Es 8r INI gt LOOPNI 1ddS MS S e T lt OA n gd 5 Li GH cg 90182 Ld LMS LI y of 99A npolN 10sues uid pue 49 04 U09J91IN V94839LOId UO paseg N3119 uonoejeg uonolwy 58 APPENDIX C 315 MHz Transmitter Module Schematics pur c 99A c 994 2a JHIWISULIL JY ZHIN SLE e q 9 p 2 6 0q 6p zm LL HOcc J P OLH HOcc op E ELL HUSS po PT BH Hoc db rei LH uoce ES qp j QW Hues ee a GH Hozz 1N3ND3S Z Y0L Ely O 13S3H O HOW P Liv PI oldu V9 8439 Old JON PPN MO XL 90H CSSA OGS S0H VIS IGS voH ISSA IOS MOS 0H LECH SdOOHSOLULOH AHL ddA H1ON IMOLL OSOLL OOH 1INOZO SS PNV SVHY qod gu LNOLONMDOL PYH OOd 98u J3HA ENV EVH Gau J3uAO 33HA CNV 2VH INV LVH ONV OVH E LNOMTO 29SO e yoyons 1eujuie1604d yOODIN 1NI OgH Maien Le ES gt FASVAYONI CH 99A TV1SAHO zHW0z O3u3 dog LX HO O v 7 qa raaoia A 2 not ke K
5. yang pintar dan inisiatif meletakkan mereka di tahap yang tertinggi dalam senarai keutamaan pemaju Pada asasnya WSNs terdiri daripada beberapa nod pengesan yang kecil yang kemudiannya dapat meliputi rangkaian yang lebih luas Nod nod ini dikaitkan antara satu sama lain dan berkomunikasi dengan unit penyelaras melalui medium tanpa wayar Pada masa kini kadar teknologi pemantauan yang lebih besar adalah berdasarkan pada WSNs Aplikasinya digunakan secara meluas dalam bidang kawalan lalu lintas pengukuran dan pengesanan activiti manusia WSN menjanjikan masa depan yang cerah dengan lebih banyak aplikasi terutamanya dalam peralatan automasi dan perkhidmatan pintar Projek ini memfokus kepada salah satu aplikasi semasa WSWNs iaitu pengesanan kehadiran manusia atau aktiviti manusia Antara pengesan aktiviti manusia yang terkenal dan menggunakan teknologi ini adalah penggera keselamatan pemantauan CCTV dan pengesanan objek Fenomena pengesanan ini atau lebih dikenali sebagai pengesan Sinaran Inframerah pasif PIR telah dieksploitasikan Sistem yang dilaksanakan menggunakan kelebihan daripada mekanisme pengesan PIR untuk membangunkan sistem kawalan pencahayaan automatik yang mengawal lampu sama ada bernyala atau padam dimana ianya bergantung kepada kewujudan manusia Kegunaan projek ini sangat penting di tempat tempat awam kerana ianya dapat membantu mengurangkan penggunaan kuasa dan seterusnya dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan semasa ke atas kuasa hari
6. Radin N Teslic and M Vucelja An intelligent home networking system in Consumer Electronics Berlin IC CE Berlin 2011 IEEE International Conference on 2011 pp 48 51 Murata Manutacturing Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors User s Manual V 7 0 May 2011 Japan Cytron Technologies PIR Sensor Module User s Manual V1 1 December 2007 Malaysia COMedia Manufacturing KC778B Master PIR Control Chip MPCC Specification V 1 0 December 1994 China Cytron Technologies RF Transmitter Module User s Manual V 1 2 November 2008 Malaysia Cytron Technologies Sending Data using RF Module User s Manual V 1 2 August 2008 Malaysia Cytron Technologies RF Receiver Module User s Manual V 1 2 November 2008 Malaysia Microchip Technology PIC16F876A Data Sheet V 1 0 January 2003 USA APPENDICES APPENDIX A Motion Detection with KC778B IC and PIR Sensor Schematics Wp Id 1ddS MS 88 79 LMS ien py ue asuas jubijfeg Pajas ules OM Y HO UO af 1N0 Je SHO isnfpy Amyisuas We 99A 8 _ Tete Ta pax cl 6 2NH Juawisnipy eui uo 5 u00 INIWISUBI L 10SU9S Hid pUe 2 98419 UO peseg UU uoroejeq uollolN 57 APPENDIX B Motion Detection with PIC16F876A and PIR Sensor Schematics dino gt 99A V ZZZZNZ g LO e m d 9H qm S vd NZN V9 8491Ild UOO L cl ONS Hozz TA LX 4 204 PPA E vH TA 9 xueou een Isi gt s OGS 50H LONE GD 99A lt
7. and in my opinion this project is sufficient in terms of scope and guality for the award of Bachelor s Degree of Electrical Engineering Telecommunication x pe ee Signature S Name of Supervisor DR NURUL MU AZZAH ABDUL LATIFF Date 28 June 2012 11 iii AUTOMATIC LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON OCCUPANCY FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NEIWORK MAZEN MUNEER ABDULKAREM RASHED submitted to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electrical and Telecommunication Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JUNE 2012 declare that this report entitled Automatic Lighting Control System Based on Occupancy for Wireless Sensor Network is the result of my own work and research except as cited in the references Signature Name MAZEN MUNEER ABDULKAREM Date 28 June 2012 1V To my beloved father and mother for their encouragement support and blessing all time as well as to my lovely fianc for her continuous assistance vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the Name of ALLAH the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful I wish to express my deepest and sincerest gratitude to all those who supported me all throughout the way of finalizing this project I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Dr Nurul Mu azzah whose inspiring suggestions support guidance and dai
8. attached to it in order to monitor and gather data The data is then processed and transmitted with the aid of wireless network to the coordinator node where action is taken depending on the received signal and users predefined criteria Some of the widely used applications of WSNs operate in the detection of motion temperature heat optical light radiation chemical reactions current and voltage variation bandwidth acceding position and acceleration It is expected to have further more applications added daily to the list of WSNs This project investigated the application of WSN in the field of motion detection There are two types of motion detection sensors which are categorized depending on how they detect motion The first type is known as active sensor while the second one as passive sensor An active sensor operates on emitting energy mostly in the form of ultrasonic sound waves directed into the desired area This type of sensors is also called radar based motion detector A passive sensor is characterized as the type of sensors that does not emit any form of energy However it is able to detect any changes in the energy level based on predefined criteria The motion detection based on passive sensors has its endless list of practical system applications in smart environment such as security alarming object tracking and camera monitoring Another new application which is the core of this project is that automatic l
9. automatic controlling the lighting system of the place Subsystem D is an extra added circuit for future development It 1s a part of a sensor node where an LDR as an extra feature is added to operate on dimming the lights based on the natural light intensity 46 C End Node with 315MHz A Sensor node with PIC16F876A 315 receiver and automatic switching circuit MHz transmitter and two PIR sensors D Motion detection circuit with KC778B IC PIR B Sensor node with sensor and LDR KC778B IC 315 MHz transmitter and Designed for Future work PIR sensor Figure 4 8 Automatic light switching subsystems The system was able to sense for human motion in the range of detection and when an occupant was detected the lights remained on for a duration set by the user and switched off automatically when no motion was detected during the time set This is illustrated in Figure 4 9 and 4 10 Occupancy results 2 Motion detection circuit em gt 15 MHz transmitter Motion detection sensor node Wireless Medium 315 MHz receiver ee Controlled Received results lt lights Light control Ceili i 220V g M Coiling lights circuit Utility lights wil Wide Floor lamps and Automatic Light Switching bulbs Figure 4 9 Complete system scenario 41 When human Motion is Jetected lights will power Figure 4 10 Switching lights on off based on occupanc
10. different fields of lHfe_ 10 Figure 2 4 Common applications of wireless sensor networks 9J ooo oo 11 Figure 2 5 Illustration of automatic light control 16 Figure 3 1 Motion detection circuit with KC778B IC on breadboard 22 Figure 3 2 Motion detection circuit with microcontroller on breadboard 23 Figure 3 3 Motion detection circuit with KC778B IC on donut board 23 RO e 4 PIR Sopa Ea Nan Nan Na nan 24 Broure 3 5 PIR s ensordimensions 7 u un u aan naa nba kaa sayas a 24 Figure 3 6 PIR motion detection range sssessosooeeeeeeeesssssssssssssseertereressosssssssssssssseeerrreeees 24 Toure 5 7 KOS IC MOGEL sioe end sang anak 26 Hieure 3 8 KC77SB Pinsassienation PLS inn benua esa uan 26 Krater 3 9 SISJVIHZ RE transmitter 19 ea EN 30 Pisure 3 10 3 19 MEHZ RE Recetyer 21 u emas iha b EE kalau anu 31 Fisure 3 11 Communication process 20 memes hasan 32 Figure 3 12 Motion detection microcontroller programming with MPLAB IDE v8 30 33 Figure 3 13 Motion detection circuit with PIC16F876A flow chart 34 Figure 3 14 315 MHz transmitter module flow chart 39 Figure 3 15 315 MHz receiver module flow c
11. module and the receiver module 5 PIC16F876A Microcontroller PIC16F876A Figure 3 11 Communication process 20 3 4 3 Software Development At this stage the motion detection circuit with microcontroller has been programmed to function on detection of human motion with two PIR sensor modules to cover wider range Micro C programming language has been used with MPLAB IDE v8 30 to program the microcontroller as illustrated in Figure 3 12 After successful programming of the motion detection circuit the next task was to finish the code development for the transmitter and receiver units ala ON 0s M File Edit View Project Debugger Programmer Tools Configure Window Help Dek Ja GARE Debug dad 00 B Checksum xcJlc M a By h hs Can Fe rr rer E Won Detection ar Sag W mtion de 8 tinclude libDelay h Buld Version onto Fndin Fles Bu J mtion detection mep P LOE abs Build G Final codes Motion Detection mtion detection for device 16F076A CK Source Fles REE EAE Using driver C Program Files H TECH Sottware PICC 9 82 bin pice exe S ten CONFIG Ox3F32 Motion Detection Make The targat G VFinal codes Motion Detection libDelay p1 is up to date cQ Header Fes definining the pins Make The target GA Final codes Motion Detection Maton Detection pl is out of date Ri h Executing C Program Files HI TECH Sottware PICC 82 bin picc exe passt GA Final codes
12. operates as a low pass filter of the PIR input signal to block input signals equal or above the switching frequency of the band pass filter in pin 3 5 DC capacitor This pin Is connected to another external capacitor that holds average pyro source voltage The result obtained is based on the findings between the DC CAP average and the actual pyro source voltage in pin 8 which is then amplified and coupled to the band pass filter connected in pin 3 6 Voltage Regulator This pin is not used in this system as its function is to produce an output regulated voltage while in this project we are implementing an external voltage regulator that produces 5 V DC in this system 7 Pyro D This pin is connected internally to a noise cancellation circuit that improves the reliability and performance of the system It contains the pyro drain reference voltage The pin is connected to the pyro drain and externally connected to a capacitor The voltage stored in the capacitor can supply the sensitivity adjustment pin that is connected to the potentiometer 8 Pyro S This pin holds the pyro source input received from the PIR input signal 9 Gnd A This pin is a ground for the internal analog circuit in the chip 10 Gnd D This pin is a ground for the internal digital circuit in the chip 28 11 Daylight Adjust This pin will not be used in this system as it is more related for daylight detection based on photo diodes so it will be u
13. project The chosen standard has to minimize the needed power of operation of the whole system so that the battery can last for a longer period III Size Sensor nodes are mostly small and hence they can be easily installed in the needed areas Since the power supply is very limited we try to avoid complexity that may cost higher power consumption IV Security and reliability Based on the specifications of the design it is required to decide whether secure and reliable signal transmission is needed between the source node and end node or these two criteria may not have a great importance However sometimes it is important to have reliable transmission of the signal between the two nodes while security may not be an issue V Scalability It is known that in some situations WSN is built of numerous sensor nodes approximately more than thousands that operate together and transmit their monitored results at the same time without being affected by interference or exceeding bandwidth Choosing the right standard for the design will contribute to better performance 7 In Table 2 2 a comparison has been made between most of the common used wireless standards in the market to highlight their strengths and weakness as well as to show their suitable applications 14 Table 2 2 The most common wireless standards based on EPRI Report Applications Strengths Weaknesses resources Battery life days Transmission meters Ban
14. transmission from the sensor nodes and processes the received sensing IV Lighting control unit The circuit operates as a switch to on or off the lights in a specific area based on the command received from the coordinator unit 2 4 Wireless Communication Network WSN Currently several wireless standards are available in the market with brilliant features and reasonable price such as Wi Fi Bluetooth and GPRS which are the most commonly used in current designs When choosing wireless standard for a specific design several criteria must be taken into account depending on the requirements of the system The essential important criteria are transmission range energy consumption size security and scalability These criteria can be explained individually as I Transmission range It is important to choose the best standard that fits the required range of transmission of the system Some designs need smaller range for the signal to reach the coordinator unit so using a standard with higher range is a waste of bandwidth and may cause interference with other signals On the 13 other hand some designs reguire higher range of transmission when the coordinator unit is at great distance from the transmitter II Energy consumption It is very important to take into account the required power to operate the expected design In the case of sensors normally a battery and most of the time a non rechargeable one is used as in this
15. useful in application function based on daytime where a photo diode can be used with this MPCC The Operating chip voltage is between 4 15V the operating current is normally 300 u A and it can support 50 60 Hz AC line frequency 18 The pins assigned on this chip have been configured to suit the design requirements The data sheet provided by the manufacturing company was the main reference when deciding the values of the capacitors and resistors and the required connections based on the given data and applications O AO DO Ch und LA Wyo m Koch LA Ki Figure 3 8 KC778B Pins assignation 18 1 Vcc Pin This pin is designed for the regulated voltage to operate the chip where a voltage regulator will be connected to produce 5 Volt DC 21 2 Sensitivity Adjust The pin will be used for sensitivity threshold adjustment of the motion comparators In this case it will be connected to a variable resistor of 200K Ohm It is applied for the adjustment of the sensitivity to a moderate level in order to avoid fake motion detection while it can be connected to the ground to have the maximum sensitivity for other applications 3 Offset Filter This pin is connected to an external capacitor which will hold the average value of the band pass filter output Motion will be detected once a difference between this average and the actual filter output is greater than the value of sensitivity adjusted in pin 2 4 Anti Alias This pin
16. very short while it is more than needed in GPRS GSM for sensor nodes Moreover the high cost of GPRS GSM eguipment and Bluetooth causes limitation on the maximum number of devices that can be added to a network thus excluding them from being used In such project Indeed ZigBee standard was the best fitting model for this project due to its sufficient range low power consumption scalability and reasonable hardware cost However this project implemented a system with a simplified version of ZigBee which has lower cost smaller size higher power conservation and can easily be built to suit the requirement of the design 10 11 2 5 Occupancy Sensor Occupancy sensor is simply a device that is able to detect the presence or absence of human body in the sensor s range and is able to respond with a suitable signal The system is usually built of a sensor control unit IC or PIC and control switch circuit Wireless communication network is the connection medium between the control unit and the control switch circuit Occupancy sensors are mostly used in applications that require a higher intelligence control that cannot be achieved using scheduling Such a system is powerful to use in places such as restrooms offices storage areas classrooms conference rooms corridors break rooms and other places where lights are normally left on even if the place is not occupied Nevertheless scheduling mostly fits implementation in entire buil
17. 2 4 Wireless Communication Network WSN 12 241 Choosing the most suitable standard to adopt for the proyect 14 2 Qcc unane V SellSOD csi ee 15 2 6 Rerated Orkes eni E aa Ben 18 TABLE OF CONTENTS ll 2 6 1 Energy Saving by Automatic Control of Power in Simple Home EE 18 2 6 2 An Intelligent Home Networking System 19 CHAPTER A NE kh s kans Ina kaka 20 ME THODOLOG Y EE 20 3 1 Literature Review and Data Colle HOD u u e DAE eee BN 20 3 2 Project Yati AON an aan mna mn tubo Qoae t Rete td abut 21 319 System Schematic Desis EE 2 3 4 Hardware and Software Development 22 Set Nilam SystemC Omponemts 5225 ee 23 0 0 2 wortWare Development eege 32 3 5 RTS en 37 CHAPTER eege 39 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ee te an editas nk 39 4 1 S T LE il pP 39 4 2 Te CRMC Resume a an t 4 421 Results from Motion Detection Sensor Node ooooo 4 A2 Results trom End Node uu BNN E e 44 422 Results om Wireless Un uyu n tuna EN 45 4 3 Complete System Function uy y uusha Bala eos nana 45 44 EE 41 4 5 Cost ot he Projeet ode et o aan NB de utut 48 4 6 DISCUSSION P EE 50 CHAPTER nini dd e Een aan Ge ede a mana aan 52 5 1 KEE 22 5 2 Recommendations and Future WolIk 53 REFERENCES na kha
18. 23 N3ZUW O e poaa ze o Z OCH AL O p 1037 2 a e e ON M e ik LEOTE MET OO 4 2up 6 O4 FO 3 r WI Ed r vd Al e DC al BAE EA 0 jJ4g881 282 e gt CO o e Jon o 3nd no E D E tu LG e e JI d82231 UJEM FENIATY uOft429e3e q Ur AO 2T 6 4emod andur
19. Izzul Hafizuddin 4 Mohd Zharif Bin Anuar 5 Nurul Syuhada 6 and Law Che Hang Anthony 7 It utilized the concepts and ideas that have been implemented in the above mentioned projects to facilitate the building up of a new system The expected design made use of the PIR sensors to detect human motion The approach comprised the interference caused in the infrared field by the heat emitted from the human body The detected results are forwarded to the transmitting unit where the signal is transmitted in 315 MHz to the receiving unit at the end node At this point the coordinator unit compares the received result at the receiver model to the user s pre defined criteria Then the light switching circuitry which is connected to the output of the coordinator unit either switches on or off depending on the decision taken The basic form of motion detection via WSN consists of two main types of nodes which are sensor node and end node In this project the sensor node consists of motion detector and transmitter while the end node consists of receiver and light switching circuitry 2 2 Background of Wireless Sensor Network Sensors are defined as hardware devices that produce a measurable response to a change in physical condition like temperature pressure humidity light etc Sensors work on monitoring the physical change in a given scenario to produce results based on defined criteria whenever a change occurs Table 2 1 Exampl
20. N in different fields of life 11 applications of wireless sensor networks Figure 2 4 Common applications of wireless sensor networks 9 The application of WSNs in lighting control system provides a practical idea towards the direct use of artificial intelligence techniques This application needs decision making when a doubtful situation is faced It places such a system of great demand in the market due its importance and fundamental benefits 2 3 Brief Descriptions on the project levels There were four main levels in the project that were important for the construction of a complete system of automatic lighting control based on occupancy for WSN They were as follows I PIR Sensing Circuit The detection unit of the system is responsible to sense for motion indicating human presence or absence in a specific area It generates information signal of the sensed data to be processed by the coordinator for further action 12 H Wireless Communication Network The connection is between the sensing circuit and the coordinator unit It consists of transmitter and receiver The transmitter is used to send the sensed data in the PIR sensing circuit and transmit it through the wireless medium in frequency of 315MHz On the other hand the receiver is used to pass the received signal to the coordinator unit for further processing IIl Coordinator The headquarter unit in the system which is responsible to manage the data
21. SSS ei m 4 8v LVNI ZOOVNI LAdS MS lt 3O O eq 90182 Ld LMS en 99A OIMPON JOMWSULIL jd ZHIN SLE yn24r uono l q UONOW npu OC A ct 6 CC Z HP 59 APPENDIX D 315 MHz Receiver Module Schematics pur c ele i Gel Bee lt DIN or J9AI999H JH ZHIN GLE V V qing 1uB 1 p J f wq vV9 839LOld 1G Xu 0H PPA MO XL 9OH ZSSA oqs sou vAS IaS 7DH LSSA TOS MOS OH 6p Ldoo zou Qu HUSS edOO ISOLL LOH AHL ddA H1OIN J P IMOLL OSOLL OOH CH uoce 1nO29 SS vNV SVH 9 D esses qod gu INOLOMMOOL PVH E yH uoce 00d 99H J3HA ENV EVH pp Ggu J3HAI 43H N 2NY 2VH Qu Hozz vau INV LVH SES WEIER ONV OVH q JH Hozz cau 2 gt L INOMTI 2DISO EIER D 9H Hozz LNI 0SH NI419 L9SO ise ML a xl 6H juawbas z 6 oo OV AO0cc er IVLSAHI ZHNOZ 0 344 LX E VO Hu yoyons sawwesbolg YOODIN ae Induj A Z1 6 HOW m Bp LYNI 1QdS MS a 4 o IA o Si d y cN 99A 9 npo N J9A1999H jd ZHIN SI APPENDIX E Motion Detection Circuit with PIC16F876A Microcontroller PCP Layout PIR 1 2 g a SJ LI PH Em Door OUL BSE s o HAI kel O CH Q CH C3 CH b L el oO O oO bk UICOOA 000 IN HWH Crystal 14138 30 MG per Ma LED kp Lido Motion Detection Circuit with PICL6FS76A Microcontroller gu ZT 6 aemod grauj 60 61 APPENDIX F Motion Detection Circuit with KC778B IC PCP Layout 3HSU
22. a more convenient environment with intelligent automation devices Table 2 4 The average power saving for different locations 1 Type of room Energy savings 20 Private office 15 to 52 Open plan office 22 to 30 Classroom A1 to 48 conference room 20 to 7O Restroom 30 to 90 Corridors 40 to 85 Storage area closet 45 to 80 18 2 6 Related Work In this section some previous related works concerning energy saving based on occupancy detection are discussed Most of these related projects focus more on providing a smart environment to the user as well as to help in the reduction of wasted energy 2 6 1 Energy Saving by Automatic Control of Power in Simple Home Appliances The world today focuses more on energy saving devices for efficient power management which reguire specific controlling mechanisms and managed most of the time by a microcontroller The mechanisms can be of light control based on natural light intensity in a specific place fan speed control based on the room temperature and motion detection based on the presence or absence of occupants in that place 14 Light dependent resistance LDR can be utilized in order to read the level of natural light intensity whether it is below the preset threshold predefined value so lights will be turned on or vice versa Room temperature can be taken from temperature sensor like LM35 to be compared with the predefined value If the collected readings are higher or egual to th
23. an yang digunakan dalam peratusan besar sehingga mencecah 90 berdasarkan lokasi dan persekitaran Sistem ini dibina daripada dua pengesan nod dan nod akhir Pengesan nod terdiri daripada pengesan PIR yang berfungsi sebagai pengawal IC pada litar yang lengkap yang bersambung dengan penghantar Pada nod akhir modul penerima 315MHz disambungkan kepada suis lampu operasi yang utama dan berfungsi sebagai suis lampu kawalan automatik Dengan menggunakan Proteus Professional v7 8 reka bentuk skematik Htar berjaya dihasilkan Modul pemancar dan penerima tanpa wayar menggunakan pengawal mikro PIC16F876A diprogramkan dengan menggunakan MPLAB IDE v8 30 ACKNOWLEDGEMEN Pas asas aa vi ABSTRACT oe uuu ass vii KWR ER Ka i TABLE OF CONTENTS uu uu kaka i LISTOR TABLES uyu EE iii E E RO OE EEUU JU Pm iv LIST OR APPENDIGES 255251 u pa ed da ea laua co eo ap e edu aa Cuba Qo ee pa eda asa vi LIST OFABBREVIA TIONS Fm cT E vii CHAPTER Tiene iei ee eo DE Reno ns 1 WTRODUC NON E I 1 1 Project Back roun e N l 1 2 Prota Se en assay ans 3 1 3 EEN tee elei eebe geed Eer 3 1 4 CODE OF WC Pro ee ee tere nun suu as 4 1 5 Isc port at aa an PN ee ome 6 OA ERA says eee 7 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 teo ERN ae asa sasak 7 Sch IntrOQUC HO EE 7 2 2 Background of Wireless Sensor NetwolIk 8 2 3 Brief Descriptions on the project levels ooo Wo 11
24. ance but it can be easily changed to any value from the program codes of the receiver module Figure 4 7 End node 315 MHz Receiver automatic light switching 45 4 2 3 Results from Wireless Units The transmitting unit and the receiving unit designs were assembled based on the requirements of the project design and to establish wireless communication media between the sensor node and the end node The range of transmission achieved was between 50 100 meters where it also depended on the surrounding environment and thickness of obstacles around the sensor node Single pole relays were used to interface between the transmitter input and the output of the sensing unit on the sensor node Another single pole relay was used to interface between the coordinator unit and receiver on the end node and the power supply to operate as a switch to turn lights on or off the lights based on whether the place is occupied or not 4 3 Complete System Functions Figure 4 8 shows closely all the system components in details The system was divided into four subsystems Subsystem A represents the first sensor node responsible about human motion detection and it is using a microcontroller with two PIR sensor modules for wider area coverage Subsystem B represents the second sensor node using KC778B IC with one PIR sensor Subsystem C is the end node where it is connected directly to the power supply of 220V AC and to the lights system to operate on
25. as illustrated in Figure 3 4 16 17 Figure 3 4 PIR sensor Figure 3 5 PIR sensor dimensions 17 The PIR Sensor range might vary based on the surrounding environmental conditions The sensor is designed to adapt slowly with the environmental changes but once a sudden change occurs in the surrounding environment such as a human motion within the range of the sensor is detected it will give a high response on its output The output will remain high as far as the motion is still in progress The output will switch to low after approximately 2 to 4 seconds after the stop of motion PINS 1 2 ON A HORIZONTAL PLANE PIR DETECTING AREA HEAT SOURCE MOVEMENT OUTPUT SIGNAL At X us m Figure 3 6 PIR motion detection range Fresnel lens is used to focus the infrared field disturbed by the human motion on crystalline elements in the PIR sensor that generates an electric charge when exposed to infrared radiation The changes in amount of infrared on the elements alter the voltages generated There is also an infrared sensitive IC that can monitor any change in the 25 infrared field s pattern of the environment with any disturbance of heat emitted by human body movement 17 There are two possible primary adjustments that need to be considered when dealing with PIR sensors 1 Time delay Control the time required for the sensor to wait before turning off the load after the place is unoccupied 10 minutes of delay mi
26. block the detection line of sight It is the best choice to provide a convenient environment by turning on the lights automatically when a person enters a room PIR sensor is able to reduce the lighting energy consumed by turning off the lights after a short time when the last occupant leaves the room Figure 2 5 Illustration of automatic light control 17 Researchers conducted a study on the power savings potential with occupancy sensors before the implementation in wireless networks in buildings spread in 24 states The study monitored the occupancy and the number of hours the lights kept on in 158 rooms 35 classrooms 37 private offices 33 conference rooms 11 break rooms and 42 restrooms They were able to reach the listed results in Table 2 3 of the potential energy saved 1 Table 2 3 Conducted study on the power savings potential 1 Space Type Savings Potential All Savings Potential Savings Potential Hours Normal Hours After Hours 2 4 Restroom 64 0 4 Conference room 52 29 23 Private office 40 27 13 Break room 30 16 14 Classroom 60 26 34 It is possible to reach an average of 80 power saving based on the characteristics of the place required to be controlled as shown in Table 2 4 This actually applies for places which are normally unoccupied or occupied for a short time The process is clear as to how the occupancy sensor can contribute to conservation of power consumption as well as to provide
27. d PIR sensor module was proved to have higher stability and less affected by noise At the same time it decreases the number of required sensor nodes to one sensor node with multiple sensor modules to cover wider area For the case of a small office store or a single room the IC based sensor node 1s sufficient and with lower cost of implementation 53 The detection range as well as the transmission range always depends on the surrounding area and the environmental conditions The higher the line of sight the higher the detection and transmission range 5 2 Recommendations and Future Work The system can be further developed to add extra features such as security alarms and CCTV For the case of security alarms it can be achieved by adding a buzzer to the end node and a switch can be used to change between automatic light control and security alarm modes The same thing can be applied for the case of CCTV where it can be connected to the end node and start recording only when a motion is detected For other appliances such as air conditioner modification on the components power rating in the end node to handle high power is reguired since the current system was designed specifically to handle low power appliances Another extra feature can be added is light dimming based on the daytime This feature is supported by KC778B IC but it is necessary to make some modifications on the motion detection circuit design to make use of pin 11
28. d for exhibition purposes to switch on off two light bulbs connected in parallel as an illustration for real life lighting systems of halls rooms offices or any type of lighting systems The complete project is illustrated in figure 4 4 Figure 4 4 Automatic light control complete system 4 21 Results from Motion Detection Sensor Node Two designs of sensor nodes were implemented for the purpose of cost stability and features comparison The first design implemented a KC778B IC and a PIR sensor on PCP board along with 315 MHz transmitter module as shown in figure 4 5 The second design applied PICI6F876A microcontroller and two PIR sensor modules fabricated on PCP board connected to another 315 MHz transmitter module as shown in figure 4 6 43 Figure 4 5 Sensor node with KC778B IC Figure 4 6 Sensor node with PIC16F876A The sensitivity of both designs can be controlled The IC based design sensitivity was controlled from the 200 K ohm variable resistor on the board where it is preferable to be kept moderate for lighting systems to avoid false indication On the other hand the microcontroller based design sensitivity was controlled from the PIR sensor module either to be high or moderate The sensors on both can detect any human motion in 3 5 meters away from the sensor node The detection range varies based on the environment and the motion position as indicated in the literature review section From the observation on t
29. dered as an Integrated Development Environment IDE since it provides a single integrated environment to ease developing codes for embedded microcontrollers It brings many changes to the PIC microcontroller developments Figures 3 13 to Figure 3 16 are the programming flow charts of the main system components which are motion detection circuit with PIC16F876A 315MHz RF transmitter module and 315 MHz RF receiver module respectively 34 SWI is pressed SW1 Motion Detection is Activated LEH Low Blinking Frequency PIR Sensor Sensorl Sensor2 Motion Detected LED Blinks with High Frequency Output Reset After 10 Seconds Figure 3 13 Motion detection circuit with PIC16F876A flow chart 35 315 MHz Transmitter Module Flow Chart Display Initial No on 7 Segment 0 is Displayed Initially Choose No No Increase Button or Decrease Button Display Chosen No on 7 Segment Possible No 0 2 4 6 8 A Send Button activated Continue Sending Data Figure 3 14 315 MHz transmitter module flow chart 36 315 MHz Receiver Module Flow Chart Continue Receiving Data Display Received No on 7 Segment O is Displayed Initially Yes SC Stop Recerving Data Data Received is either 0 2 4 6 8 A Yes Output data Reset After 10 Seconds Figure 3 15 315 MHz receiver module flow chart 37 3 5 Design Testing The com
30. detection range of the motion detection circuit It depends on the detection result obtained from the sensor nodes with the aid of wireless communication network 1 4 Scope of the Project The scope of this project was to develop a motion detection circuit designed to satisfy the reguirements for lighting control system It was achieved with the aid of softwares such as Proteus and Altium Some factors were taken into consideration such as daytime temperature changes and the environmental factors that might degrade the performance of the design The most appropriate results were obtained by choosing the right values of sensitivity and timing parameters which are suitable to the reguirements of the system to achieve the highest performance efficiency and to reduce the high cost At the same time the project focused on making use of the available components to build a sophisticated lighting control system with the lowest possible cost compared with the existing types in the market Another principal scope of this project was to integrate the concepts and protocols of WSN into hardware design and choose the appropriate available wireless communication standards to be implemented in the design In this project two of 315 MHz wireless transmitters and a receiver were used to build the wireless network because of the distance range of transmission and reception of these two modules is quite sufficient for such a system Moreover the required
31. dings that can be controlled on a fixed schedule Occupancy sensors are able to reduce the power consumption by 50 percent or more in some situations depending on the specific characteristic surrounding and design of the place 12 16 The two well known types of occupancy sensors are the passive infrared PIR and ultrasonic detectors as mentioned In the project background Each of the two technigues has their own advantages and disadvantages as well as their special range of applications PIR sensors detect the changes of heat emitted by humans when they are in motion from that in the surrounding environment This type of sensors reguires a line of sight to sense motion while it is unable to detect movement behind obstacles Ultrasonic sensors integrate the Doppler concept in order to detect occupancy by emitting very high ultrasonic freguency signal into space and sense the reflected signal frequency and then interpret the change in frequency as a motion in that area This type of sensor has the advantages that it does not require a line of sight to detect motion around corners unless a fabric partition walls exists They are suitable for open places and also spaces with obstacles 13 In this project PIR sensor was implemented as it possesses the characteristic of being capable to function safely in closed places when located at suitable position In addition PIR sensor covers a wider range of motion detection when no obstacles
32. dwidth Connection with customer site Limited within Access between WAN customers site E networks and customers seni deployment site falling costs 1 5 s Additional security layers reguired Accessing web emails and videos Low power and implementation cost Reading user interface at imited range amp customers site Good scalability lower data rates probably sufficient Connection of sensors s Designed for and other equipment in a industrial use More secure than customer LAN and home other standards automation or security applications 100 1000 1 Limited maximum number of devices More mature in a network than ZigBee amp higher data rates Security than ZigBee vulnerabilities amp short range Connection of sensors and other equipment in a customer LAN Cable replacement Higher cost of Higher equipment and transmission implementation range and lower bandwidth Higher operation power required Transmission of voice and data for longer distance 1 7 ett 250x041 4Kb 32Kb NEN 2 4 1 Choosing the most suitable standard to adopt for the project Table 2 2 indicates the power consumption for the operation of Wi Fi Bluetooth and GPRS GSM is very high and the battery cannot last for more than seven days It is expensive and not practical if we keep changing the battery every week In addition the 15 transmission range in Bluetooth is
33. e highest percentage of electricity power particularly in public places industries educational institutes as well as in our houses The percentage of the consumed electricity reaches almost to 80 of the total consumed energy as in the case of public places 1 These results highlight the importance of taking serious actions to bring to an end the high percentage of wasted energy when nobody is taking its advantage This in turn will help also in reducing the amount of money paid for such unused energy Furthermore the rapid technology development increased the need for intelligent automation devices and services which became crucial to live in a smart environment The challenge now is to develop a stable WSN that can detect the presence of human body The system should not be affected by the change of room temperature and day time Moreover the system must consume the lowest energy for its operation to save the highest possible amount of electricity power and to reduce the amount of electricity bills to be paid 2 1 3 Objective The main objective of this project was to develop human motion detection circuit that is able to detect the heat emitted from human body and then to transmit a signal to the coordinator unit at the end node At the end node the automatic light switching occurs based on the occupancy of the place The circuit was designed to operate automatically on controlling the lighting system of an area covered by the
34. e of the current applications of WSNs which is occupancy detection Famous well marketed examples that implement this technology in occupancy detection include security alarms CCTV monitors and object trackers The occupancy detection phenomenon of a type of sensors called Passive Infrared Radiation sensors PIR is exploited The implemented system takes the advantage of PIR sensor mechanism to develop an automatic lighting control system that switches the lights on off depending on the obtained occupancy results The project has vital uses in public places to aid reducing power consumption and thus greatly decreasing the current expenditure on daily consumed power by a great percentage reaches to 90 based on the location and the surrounding environment The system is mainly built of two sensor nodes and an end node The sensor node consists of a PIR sensor as well as a controller IC on a complete circuitry connected to a transmitter On the end node a receiver module of 315 MHz connected to the main light switch operating as an automatic light control switch The circuits schematic design is accomplished using Proteus Professional 7 8 SP2 The motion detection circuit transmitter and receiver wireless modules are using PIC16F876A microcontrollers programmed using MPLAB IDE v8 30 ABSTRAK Rangkaian pengesan wayarles WSNs memainkan peranan yang penting dalam membantu kehidupan seharian setiap individu Sumbangan WSNs kepada persekitaran
35. e predefined threshold then the fans will run at their high speed On the other hand if it is some degrees below the predefined threshold the fans will be turned off The fan speed is represented by the voltage where the speed can be changed by varying the voltage level supplied to the fan Motion detection is achieved with the aid of a PIR sensor When the room is unoccupied for a predefined duration the loads presented by the fans are turned off to reduce the power consumption 14 19 2 6 2 An Intelligent Home Networking System Another focus of the world s developers nowadays is concerning home networking systems which mainly operate on energy monitoring and controlling That is due to the increase of awareness related to the need of decreasing energy consumption especially for of home appliances The system mainly consists of light dimmer switches that are wirelessly controlled smart outlets remote controllers and PIR sensors The system can be utilized with ZigBee 2 4GHz wireless communication protocol for lower cost longer transmission and higher reliability Light dimmer switches are managed wirelessly by a remote control with special sensors like LDR instead of the typical mechanical buttons for more convenient and smart house experience Power consumption is controlled with smart outlets by home energy controller based on the determined level of reguired power which is then used to perform predefined user s tasks 15 T
36. e use of WSN The price range is between US 200 700 The big difference between the implemented design in this project with those available in the market in terms of cost functions and technology will place it at a high demand in case it is developed packed and send to the market 4 6 Discussion The objective of this project has been fulfilled This was illustrated by the successful implementation of the software and hardware as expected From the achieved results it has been proven that the system is able to switch the lights on off based on the occupancy results and so reduce power consumption In addition the wireless communication standard implemented between the sensor node and the end node was effectively sufficient as expected Table 4 2 summarizes the comparison between the two implemented systems in this project and the available ones in the market from different perspectives 51 Table 4 2 Comparison between the implemented systems and the current available in market Available devices IC based sensor node Microcontroller based Type of Device in the market device sensor node device US 43 US 50 o YES YES WSN Support N with 50 100 m range with 50 100 m range 9 12 V Battery or Odelia aw 9 12 V Battery 9 12 V Battery or 9 12 V DC adapter 9 12 V DC adapter Sensitivity adjustable Adjustable on Yes Yes Supporting extra e i e Security Alarms i e Security Alarms O features CCTV Monttors and CCTV Mon
37. ept of wireless sensor networks is simply understood by the following equation Sensing processing Radio Thousands of potential applications That is illustrated in Figure 2 2 Figure 2 2 Equation towards understanding WSN 10 Understanding the capabilities of a wireless sensor network is the reason behind the widespread of its famous applications which include the concept as a combination of modern technologies In some applications WSN consists of thousands of installed sensors in a specified area and operate together without suffering interference from each other while delivering their results to a coordinator unit Once a sensor detects physical changes as in the case of temperature pressure and speed depending on the type of sensors it generates a corresponding signal The signal is then sent through the wireless network medium until it reaches the coordinator unit to be processed The coordinator unit is where decision making takes place after comparing the received data information with the input criteria Finally an action is taken depending on the related application 7 Nowadays WSN is found almost everywhere in our life and is integrated in different fields as in biomedical uses military weapons habitat monitoring home automation and commercial applications as demonstrated in Figure 2 3 and Figure 2 4 Vehicle net Medical Monitoring x 7A Wireless Sensor analysis Figure 2 3 Integration of WS
38. ersity of Hong Kong 2007 J S Wilson Sensor technology handbook Amsterdam Boston Elsevier 2008 Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development 2012 2012 OECD Better Policies for Better Lives Available http www oecd org home 0 2987 en 2649 201185 1 1 1 1 1 00 html D Crouse M Diaz and D Budimir 2004 2012 Wireless Home Security System Available http www ee uconn edu SeniorDesign projects ecesd48 ECEProjectStatement p df 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 55 C H Chueng Wireless Home Security System Bachelor Degree Wireless Communication Department Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2008 M Lee Y Uhm Y Kim G Kim and S Park Intelligent Power Management Device with Middleware based Living Pattern Learning for Power Reduction IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics vol 55 pp 2081 2089 Nov 2009 B Ying Wen L Zong Han and X Zi Li Enhancement of the complement of an embedded surveillance system with PIR sensors and ultrasonic sensors in Consumer Electronics ISCE 2010 IEEE 14th International Symposium on 2010 pp 1 6 K M Kadir M S Forhad M M Fadlullah N Quader M M R Al Arif and M A Dhali Energy saving by automatic control of power in simple home appliances in Communication Software and Networks ICCSN 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on 2011 pp 311 315 V Nuhyevic S Vukosavljev B
39. es on sensor types and their outputs 8 9 Physical property Sensor Output Temperature Thermocouple Voltage Silicon Voltage Current Resistance temperature detector RTD Resistance Thermistor Resistance Force Pressure Strain Gauge Resistance Piezoelectric Voltage Acceleration Accelerometer Capacitance Flow Transducer Voltage Transmitter Voltage Current Position Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDT AC Voltage Light Intensity Photodiode Current A sensor node is normally small and consumes very low energy for its operation Wireless sensor nodes mostly consist of very small electronic devices eguipped with limited power source A battery of 9 volts or less is normally enough to feed such a system and some of the most commonly used sensor nodes for different applications MiCA2 700 MHz TelosB 2 4 GHz MICAz 2 4GHz Imote2 2 4 GHz and XBee 2 4 GHz 7 WSN was firstly introduced in military applications This was due to several factors such as its small size power consumption and other aspects that make it so beneficial in the battlefield surveillance as illustrated in Figure 2 1 Due to the diverse variety of WSN applications dramatic development in WSN field technology is taking place globally At the current time WSN has become popular and is mobilized in several civilian areas and industrial applications Figure 2 1 Wireless sensor network WSN for surveillance applications The conc
40. etection circuit wireless communication network coordinator unit and lighting control circuit were implemented and fabricated The next step in this stage was to program the microcontrollers in the transmitter modules motion detection circuit and the receiver module At the beginning the circuits were built on breadboard and donut board for performance and functionality examination as illustrated in Figures 3 1 to Figure 3 3 When the circuit passed all the required tests in terms of correct motion detection and signal transmission then it has been soldered on PCP boards Figure 3 1 Motion detection circuit with KC778B IC on breadboard 22 Figure 3 3 Motion detection circuit with KC778B IC on donut board 3 4 Main System Components This section explains briefly about the four main components used to build the system for the motion detection unit and the communication units which are Passive Infrared Radiation sensor KC778B Master PIR Control Chip 315 MHz RF transmitter and 315 MHz RF receiver 3 4 1 1 Passive Infrared Radiation Sensor PIR PIR is an abbreviation for Passive Infra Red sensor It is a Pyroelectric sensor which detects human motion up to 5 meters from its installation position It can sense objects up to 120 within 1 meter range The operation requires voltage ranges between 24 5 V to 20V for the PIR sensor module and 2V to 3V for the PIR sensor unit The dimensions of this sensor are very small
41. etection with PIC16F876A and PIR Sensor Schematics APPENDIX C 315 MHz Transmitter Module Schematics APPENDIX D 315 MHz Receiver Module Schematics APPENDIX E Motion Detection Circuit with PIC16F876A PCP Layout APPENDIX F Motion Detection Circuit with KC778B IC PCP Layout vi AC dB DC EPRI IC YO LDR OECD PCP PIC PIR RF RFI UART WSN Vil LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Alternative Current Decibel unit Direct Current Electric Power Research Institute Integrated Circuit Input Output Light dependent resistor Organization for Economic Co operation and Development Printed Circuit Board Peripheral Interface Control Passive Infrared Radiation Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Interference Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Wireless Sensor Network CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Project Background In the last few years WSNs have been positively affected by the rapid revolution in the field of technology Several researches were conducted to help in the development of WSNs for its wide range of applications The greatest advantage of WSNs that is in terms of information gathering methods has made this technology one of the developer s highest priorities This is related to the sophisticated structure of WSNs which mainly consists of several self organized sensing nodes that operate together to collect data information In each node a sensing device is
42. ght be more convenient to turn lights off after the last person leaves the place 2 Sensitivity level It allows selecting the best sensitivity level between high moderate or low based on the application In security systems it will be significantly important to choose higher sensitivity level but for automatic lighting system it is desirable to have moderate sensitivity to avoid false motion 3 4 1 2 KC778B Master PIR Control Chip This project utilizes an IC called KC778B as the main controller IC of the sensing unit The IC is designed to be a Master PIR Control Chip MPCC with easier implementation in types of systems with functions based on motion detection aided by PIR sensors This is related to the fact that it has a high level of sensitivity and reliability There are several advantages of this IC which can be summarized as follows it minimizes the external components reduces the cost of implementation saves time in skipping microcontrollers programming part noise cancellation and its high immunity to RFI 26 20 pin DIP Figure 3 7 KC778B IC Model The IC can be adjusted for the gain value to be either 62 dB or 68 dB based on the application In addition the sensitivity in terms of motion detection level can be also adjusted based on the requirements Band pass filter internally integrated as a switched capacitor reduces the number of external components as well as improves reliability The IC can be much more
43. hart 36 Figure 3 16 The stages of project development 38 Figure 4 1 Most common places to implement WSN automatic light control 40 Fiseure 4 2 Test 4 Figure 4 3 Possible installation packages of sensor nodes 41 Figure 4 4 Automatic light control complete system 4 Figure 4 5 Sensor node with KC778B IC 43 Higure 4 6 Sensor node with PIC TOES Eeer 43 Figure 4 7 End node 315 MHz Receiver automatic light switchine 44 Figure 4 8 Automatic light switching subsystems 46 Iisured 9 Complete system scenario bana anna 46 Figure 4 10 Switching lights on off based on occupancy detection 47 Figure 4 11 Comparison on the number of hours lights are kept on with the use of attomatecontrol SyStein senen edi eut mcs ipaa Da aaa maaa uuu NN 48 Figure 4 12 Current available light control devices 49 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A Motion Detection with KC778B IC and PIR Sensor Schematics APPENDIX B Motion D
44. he functioning of both sensor nodes it was found that the microcontroller based design was much more stable compared to the IC based 44 design Some false human detection results have been observed when using the IC based sensor node On the other hand the microcontroller based design exhibited a very smooth and accurate indication when human motion is detected That can be explained by the fact that the PIR sensor module as well as the PIC16F876A implemented in the microcontroller based sensor node were designed to have an effective noise cancellation and to be less affected by the electromagnetic field interference compared to that implemented in the controller IC of KC778B Another key feature in the microcontroller based sensor node is that many PIR sensor modules can be connected to the same sensor node to cover wider area with one circuit while only one PIR sensor can be connected to the IC based sensor node design 17 22 4 2 2 Results from End Node 315 MHz receiver module connected to light control switch circuit was implemented and linked directly to the main power supply as well as to the lights of a place Figure 4 7 For illustration it was successfully functioning on switching two bulbs on off based on the occupancy of the place In real life the on time can be set to 10 15 minutes before the system shut down the lights in case of no motion is detected In this project the time was set to 10 seconds to examine its perform
45. he use of home energy controller as a platform inside households will give the ability to users to write recipes which will be used to automatically control smart outlets by defining a list of tasks for each variation in the energy consumption plan An example of such a genius system is the presence detection sensors which can recognize unoccupied place where the recipe s predefined operation would be to turn off the lights In this way users can control the energy consumed in their houses in an efficient and intelligent way That is due to the fact that any predefined task will be triggered whenever the thresholds limitations are violated leading to automatic performing the necessary task It has been proven that such home energy controller responds immediately with accurate action as designed and can be further developed to utilize various sensors data and process them for complete automatic control of smart outlets 15 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter will explain the methodology used in the development of wireless sensor network to achieve automatic light control system The methodology in this project was divided into five stages which are literature review project virtualization schematic design hardware and software development and design testing for further development 3 1 Literature Review and Data Collection In this stage information on sensor nodes occupancy sensors PIR sensors sensor applications and existing au
46. ighting control system based on WSN The importance of this type of system stands behind the daily increase of the electricity power consumption cost It is known that lighting system consumes a considerable amount of electricity power in our houses universities schools hospitals industries and in public places The challenge is to reach a solution that help to reduce the power consumption The project was based on human motion detection that operates on controlling the lighting system of a place when an individual passes through or comes across an area under the range of the motion detection sensor network The sensor that was used in this project is called Passive Infrared Radiation sensor PIR This type of sensors is very sensitive to any changes in the infrared field surrounding it and produces a signal whenever a disturbance occurs The disturbance is in the form of heat emitted from a human body as he she passes through the range of detection This disturbs the infrared field around the motion detection sensor indicating a positive motion Then action is taken either to switch on or off the lights based on whether a motion is detected or not in that area 1 2 Problem Statement Nowadays the world is facing a terrifying increase of electrical power consumption cost which makes it significantly important to reduce the amount of consumed power Several statistical researches revealed that the lighting system consumes almost th
47. le relay 3 3 System Schematic Design This is the principal stage for the successful implementation of the project All the required parameters for accurate sensing were carefully chosen and noise cancellation techniques were implemented Another aspect was to minimize the consumed power by the circuit so as to enhance the long lasting property of the battery which was considered a great priority in this stage Four schematics have been done which are motion detection circuit with KC778B IC motion detection circuit with microcontroller transmitter and receiver The motion detection circuit with KC778B IC schematics was developed based on the data sheet provided by the manufacturer while motion detection circuit with microcontroller was developed from an available security system to suite the requirements of the design On the other hand transmitter and receiver schematic design were modified from current available RF system in the market 22 Proteus Professional version 7 2 SP2 was used in the schematic design of the sensor nodes and end node Proteus is PCB design software that is used for schematic capture and PCB layout to provide one of the most powerful schematic design and simulation tools It has the ability to design and simulate electronic circuits and model programmable devices such as microcontrollers microprocessors and various types of ICs 3 4 Hardware and Software Development In this stage the occupancy sensor d
48. ly encouragement helped me at every step of this project I am deeply thankful to my academic advisors Dr Abu Sahmah Dr Usman and Eng Sameer Al Jilani who have greatly aided me in shaping my ideas and continuously contributed towards improving my level of understanding At the same time I cannot forget my lovely colleagues to whom I share my sincere appreciation for supporting me by all means and at all times Last but not least my special thanks to my father mother and to my whole family for their love encouragement and support which without it I would not have been able to complete this work My sincere appreciation also extends to my fianc and friends for their advice and motivation Vil ABSTRACT Wireless sensor networks WSNs perform a significant task in facilitating every individual s daily life The contribution of WSNs to smart and initiative environment places them at the highest level of developers priorities They basically consist of numerous small sensor nodes that subsequently cover wider ranges These nodes are linked to each other and communicate with a coordinator unit via wireless medium Nowadays a greater proportion of the monitoring technologies are based on WSNs Their widespread applications are in the field of traffic control measurements and occupancy detection WSN future is promising with many applications especially in automation devices and smart services This project focuses on on
49. m of a place by detecting the presence or absence of human body utilizing occupancy wireless sensor network The system consisted of a pair of sensor nodes limited to a single pair for illustration operates together to sense motion in a specific area The sensed data is forwarded to the transmitter unit of each sensor node Wireless signal is transmitted in 315 MHz from the transmitting unit built in the sensor node to acknowledge the detection of either positive or negative motion The received signal is then processed in the coordinator unit which is the receiver module in the end node Another circuit was connected to the output of the coordinator unit to execute an action based on the decision taken in the coordinator unit The action is either to switch the lights on or off depending on the sensed data of either a motion is detected or not within the range of the sensor nodes The system was designed to help in reducing the power consumption in private and public places and to provide a more convenient and green environment The percentage of reduction is based on the percentage of how often the place is occupied It is estimated to reach more than 80 of power consumption reduction in places which are normally unoccupied The average power consumption in places which are normally 40 occupied might vary between 30 50 as it is explained in details in the case study section 1 This project can be utilized in various places
50. n dmn kbbi m 54 APPENDICES nisan naat anakan 56 61 iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO TITLE PAGE Table 2 1 Examples on sensor types and their outputs IS 9 8 Table 2 2 The most common wireless standards based on EPRI Report 14 Table 2 3 Conducted study on the power savings potential 1 17 Table 2 4 The average power saving for different locations 1 17 Table 3 1 KC778B pins connection specifications 18 29 Table 3 2 315 MHz RF Transmitter Specifications 20 30 Table 3 3 315 MHz RF Receiver Specifications 20 31 Table A 1 Comparison on project implementation cost 49 Table 4 2 Comparison between the implemented systems and the available in market 51 1V LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE Figure 1 1 Project complete design umts erret anne mna eee e ER eae eee oes 5 Figure 2 1 Wireless sensor network WSN for surveillance applications 9 Figure 2 2 Equation towards understanding WSN 9 Figure 2 3 Integration of WSN in
51. nconnected 12 Daylight Sense This pin will not be used in this system as it is more related for daylight detection based on photo diodes thus it 1s needed to be connected to Vcc to cancel its function 13 Gain Select This pin is used to select the benefits of the PIR circuitry either to be 62 dB or 68 dB depending on the connection In this system it is leaved unconnected to provide 68 dB It can also be connected to Vcc to produce the same gain while it will produce 62 dB of gain if it is connected to the ground 14 ONVAUTO OFF This pin is not connected in this system to allow the chip to Operate in its preconfigured operating mode that suits the application of automatic light control 15 Toggle This pin is used to determine the operation of the chip and needs to be unconnected as it depends on the connection state of pin 14 16 OUT This pin has the output of the chip which will be connected to the load through a relay in this case 17 LED This pin is connected to LED that will be used to indicate whether a motion is detected or not hence it will light on when a motion is detected 18 Off Timer Delay C This pin is the input to the OFF timer oscillator which will determine the period of detection and forward the results The OFF timer delay in seconds of the system will follow the equation of OFF timer delay 5678 x 40 000 Resistance in Ohms x Capacitance in Farads 19 Off Timer Output R This is
52. ons RF Transmitter Module Operating Current Max lt 40mA 12V Min lt 9mA 3V Freguency 315MHz 5 U U TT ee Modulation ASK OOK Ra Transmitter power 25mW 315MHz at 12V 31 3 4 1 4 315 MHz RF Receiver This kind of receiver can be considered as the twin of the 315 MHz transmitter It is also small in size and a low cost receiver that can receive any signal transmitted by a 315MHz transmitter It 1s designed to operate with very low power consumption between 3V to 12V and 4 mA It has a very high sensitivity to capture weak signals 20 21 Figure 3 10 315 MHz RF Receiver 21 The specifications of the transmitter provided by the manufacturer in terms of the transfer rate transmission power needed antenna length and operating power can be summarized as in Table 3 3 Table 3 3 315 MHz RF Receiver Specifications 20 Operating Current lt 5 5mA at 5 0V Modulation OOK ASK c MN y MN Bandwidth s Rate lt 9 6Kbps 315MHz at 95dBm Antenna Length 24cm 22 The following diagram illustrates the basic communication process between the transmission unit and the receiving unit The push bottom in the transmission unit will be connected to the output of the sensing unit using a relay The 7 segment display on the end node will be connected to the light control circuit through a relay as demonstrated in Figure 3 11 for the whole communication process between the transmitter
53. operating power is very small compared with the other wireless standards where a battery of 9 volt is sufficient to feed the system for a longer time of operation The design requires using microcontroller programming language where Micro C is used with the aid of MPLAB IDE v8 30 The following block diagram explains the complete designed units where all the components are joined to form the complete project design Figure 1 1 Project complete design units 1 5 Report Outline This report is organized into six chapters Chapter 1 gives an overview of the project with an introduction Chapter 2 covers literature review on wireless sensor networks and motion detection as well as on related previous work Chapter 3 describes the methodology including hardware and software development of the project Chapter 4 describes the results and discussion of the complete project implementation Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of this project and recommendations for future work and improvements CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Introduction Several studies were conducted in the area of motion detection for different kinds of applications A great number of projects were built to reduce the power consumption However most of the projects did not use PIR sensors as the detection sensor and none of them applied the wireless medium for delivery 3 This project was a continuation of previous projects designed by Mohd
54. plete circuit has been tested for functionality and stability Alterations and development have been considered After a complete check on the performance of the system and no error was detected then the final step was to connect it to the electricity power system to form the light control switching Finally observations on the project implementation have been collected to ensure it is properly functioning to announce the project success The observations were based on data collection for detection range transmission range sensitivity stability and automatic light switching functionality 38 Figure 3 13 illustrates the different stages of the whole project implementation starting from literature review and data collection and ending by testing Literature Review Project Virtualization Schemetic Design PIR Sensor Detection AN Unit Hardware enn Transmitter NI Unit Receiver A Unit PIR Sensor unit Transmitter Software and Receiver Micrcontroler Development Programming 4 Examining all units e Sensing Unit e Transmitting Unit eReceiving Unit Testing e Build the Light Light Control Control circuit and Ci connect with the 1rcuit the whole system Figure 3 16 The stages of project development CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41 Overall Results The outcome of this project was a complete system that can automatically control the lighting syste
55. such as university halls classrooms meeting rooms libraries public places study rooms offices car garages and any place which facilitates its practical application Figure 4 1 Most common places to implement WSN automatic light control The system can be easily implemented in new buildings design as well as in old ones where the lighting system will be controlled automatically with wireless switch to provide a friendly environment The switch demonstrates the lighting control circuit that was attached to the coordinator unit in this project 41 Wireless Occupancy Sensor Node Wireless IN Light Switch Figure 4 2 Installation of the system The sensor node can be installed on a wall roof or kept on a position where it can be exposed to have the maximum motion detection coverage area When the sensor nodes are used in outdoors protections need to be considered in order to avoid the sensor from being affected by sunshine rain or dust E levelonc w Figure 4 3 Possible Installation packages of sensor nodes With the practical application of such a system it will create much fun and comfort to live In a smart and elegant environment with highly user friendly devices At the same time we can reduce the energy consumption and contribute to the continuous maintenance of a healthy green environment 42 4 2 Technical Results The project was successtully implemented and modele
56. the output pin of the OFF timer 20 Frequency Reference This pin holds 160 Hz reference of the oscillator input Table 3 1 KC778B pins connection specifications 18 BEER Sensitivity Adjust PIR Motion Sensitivity Input Anti Alias PIR Anti Alias Filter MM pn VReg Voltage Regulator Output Hu S Pyro S Pyro Source Input Signal TIM Gnd D Digital Circuitry Ground 11 i Daylight Sense Silicon Photo Diode Input maan Ce ON AUTO OFF Mode Select Tri State Input MUNI I OUT Lights ON OFF Output O Im C OFF Timer Oscillator Input 19 FRef Frequency Reference Oscillator 29 30 3 4 1 3 315 MHz RF Transmitter This is a very low cost and small size RF transmitter that can be used to transmit a signal up to 100 meters This type of transmitters mostly fits short distance transmission which applies to this project where approximately 50 meters is sufficient for the communication between the sensor node and the end node The reguired battery supply can vary between 2 5 volt to 12 volt based on the design of the module and the required transmission range 19 Figure 3 9 315 MHz RF transmitter 19 The specifications of the transmitter provided by the manufacturer in terms of the transfer rate transmission power needed antenna length and operating power can be summarized as in Table 3 2 Table 3 2 315 MHz RF Transmitter Specifications 20 Specificati
57. tomatic light control systems were gathered from different sources to build the project on a strong basis with profound knowledge foundation and deep knowledge It had further helped to lessen and avoid the errors that were encountered in previous projects and helped gaining the benefits from previous relevant ideas and recommendations In addition a study has been undertaken on wireless sensor network standards and architecture to build the project on a suitable standard Furthermore some statistics have been collected regarding the estimated power consumption reduction percentage when the project is successfully implemented 21 3 2 Project Virtualization In this stage the mapping of the whole project and planning for the steps needed to be taken were demonstrated for a successful design and implementation The project was constructed with a pair of PIR sensor nodes allocated in separate distance from each other to cover a wider range Hence two motion detection circuits were fabricated and a transmitter was connected to each motion detection circuit to form the two sensor nodes Single pole relay was utilized to link the output of the motion detection circuit with the input of the transmitter On the other hand only one receiver module will be required to form the end node since it will function as a coordinator unit to the whole system The output of the coordinator unit is then linked to the light control circuit via a single po
58. ttors and Air Conditioner On Off Air Conditioner On Off Supporting New and Old Only new Both Both constructions US 100 plus 232 CHAPTER 5 5 1 Conclusion Wireless sensor network applications have turned out to be a significant aspect in our daily life Its wide spread application and the services provided by this green technology makes it one of the most popular areas of research and development The revolution in technology always eases people s lives and provides them with intelligent systems having higher quality services One of these modern advanced and intelligent systems is automatic light controlling based on motion detection sensors This smart system will not just make life easier while enjoying living in innovative and convenient environment but it will also help in reducing the amount of money paid on wasted power The system as a whole can be considered as an application of artificial intelligence since it integrates decision making based on obtained results and predefined criteria The number of sensor nodes needed for a particular area will always depend on the structure and design of the place while it should be installed in a suitable place to monitor a larger area At the same time the choice of a suitable wireless standard will increase the performance of the system as well as it will minimize the cost and the power required for its operation The sensor node based microcontroller an
59. ugh this project implemented WSN technology to make it easier for the installation of this system in new constructions as well as 1n old constructions and to provide more convenient and smart environment 49 Table 4 1 Comparison on project implementation cost eener Anion Control Sutan esas Lapang e Bai PN Ge PIC 16F876A and PIR s nsormodi ile Item Descriptions Item Cost Item Descriptions Item Cost Microcontrollers x 1 Microcontrollers x 3 RM 60 2 315 MHz Transmitter RM 15425 2 315 MHz Transmitter RM 15725 315 MHz Receiver 315 MHz Receiver PIR Sensor z RM 15 5 3 PIRS Modul RM 25 5 Controller IC KC778B aye sia E goth 4 AN Necessary components RM30 4 All Necessary components RM 40 Total cost RM 130 USS 43 Total cost RM 170 USS 55 Table 4 11 indicates the differences between the implementation of both sensor node designs where the microcontroller based design coasted around US 10 higher than that of the IC based However the microcontroller based design decreased the number of required sensor nodes to cover a wider area since several PIR sensor modules could be connected to the same sensor node Figure 4 12 Current available light control devices Figure 4 12 illustrates some of similar devices that have the same function as the implemented one in this project However most of them are used to switch a single light 50 bulb attached to the device directly without th
60. y detection 4 4 Case Study For illustrating the benefits of the project a case study has been conducted on a class room in Faculty of Electrical Engineering UTM The class s schedule on Thursday for semester two 2012 was observed to notice the differences in case the project was implemented in such a scenario The lights were normally switched on by the technician or students at 8 am and kept on until the end of the day where they were switched off by the technician at around 5 30 pm It is obvious from Figure 4 11 the number of hours lights were kept on without necessity which gave an idea of how much power was wasted in such scenarios 48 Comparison on the number of hours lights are kept On in PO5 104 id Lights On H without Automatic Light control ll Lights On H with Automatic Light control 8 10 10 12 am 12 2 5 4 4 6 pm m Figure 4 11 Comparison on the number of hours lights are kept on with the use of automatic control system The implementation of the project will not just save more than 4 hours of wasted power on lighting a university class room in a normal day which is about 40 45 of the average wasted energy on a normal day but it will also provide a convenient way for students and technicians to have the lights switched on only when needed 4 5 Cost of the Project The hardware and implementation cost of the project was much less than that of similar devices available in the market even tho

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