- Night Hawks
Contents
1. We thus arrive at five categories to focus on Comfort heating and cooling Coolers and freezers Lights Ventilation P Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 13 5 Equipment replacements that are inexpensive The next task is then to devise saving advices within the five categories These should be easy to check but we also must give estimates on how much each advice saves which is difficult The saving factors can be either direct savings of kilowatt hours or a percentage of the observed consumption In the latter case we have to measure or estimate the actual consumption Finally we must collect the prices of end use energy electricity oil district heating gas in each location These prices should reflect the direct cost of the last energy unit spent ideally as this will be the first energy unit saved We must therefore exclude subscription charges and other fixed or indirect costs even tax VAT if the shop is able to recover it Table 4 is a proposal for a preliminary list of advices that are fairly easy to check The table also suggests how to calculate the savings Saving factors that are simple fractions of the observed consumption look persuasively simple to apply but it may be difficult to measure or estimate the observed consumption in practice This problem remains to be solved in detail The Night Hawks partners are asked to scrutinize Table 4 and provide their comments such that we can arrive at a pr2. 2010 It summarises the energy usage of a shop and shows the climate impact in terms of emissions The user inputs data about the energy consumption and fuel types information about refrigerators and freezers coolants and cooking The result is the number of tonnes of CO2 emitted and the amount of primary energy consumed in kWh year The Danish Energy Service issues a certificate Green Shop if the shop fulfils a certain set of criteria that include some energy measures Energitjenesten 2010 Energitjenesten 2013 There exists a spreadsheet tool with a short list of advices Klaesener et al 2013 The spreadsheet calculates the savings once the number of items has been agreed with the owner see the example in Table 1 It is clear that the savings owing to a replacement of an electric device is easier to calculate than savings owing to heating cooling advices Table 1 includes the heating advice Lower the temperature by 1 degree In this case the saving factor is a relative factor in percent of the observed consumption for heating For example given that advice number i i in 1 2 saves x kilowatt hours on heating the relative saving factor is defined as follows f 3 100 2 In our case it is possible to estimate f as shown earlier but it is necessary to measure estimate that part X of the total energy consumption which concerns heating in order to find x This can be difficult in the case of electric heating for e
3. Nem middag i aften Tag en 15 mu Imm i a L s t SI M 3 re i NTN bw
4. about 46 kWh if the operating time is 14h se ekv 2 1 1 31 2 49W 3342W 1 3 3kW 14h d 46 kWh d 2 Power m 3342W 330m 10W m Total energy use during a weekday for the lighting is 290 kWh Measurement Supermarket Total SM total 5873 Indllast kw 14 2013 07 03 17 16 00 C1 4 b1 2013 07 04 13 50 00 150 18 145 140 135 130 15 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 18 00 20 00 22 00 00 00 02 00 04 00 06 00 08 00 10 00 12 00 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 Energi kWh Effekt 70 66 25 87 143 75 1 452 52 Total energy use during 24 hours 70 66kW 24h 1695 kWh add 3 hours because the measurement was only 21 hours Coolingcentral SM Coolingcentral Indllast kw 14120130703141000 Ci I 2013 07 04 13 46 00 Ons Tor 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 35 34 32 30 28 26 24 16 00 18 00 00 00 04 00 10 00 12 00 20 00 22 00 02 00 06 00 08 00 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 Energy kWh Effekt 31 52 11 82 50 98 743 84 Energy use during 24 hours 745 kWh B E vw New cooling Probably the heating pump SM Ny kyl L74 kw 141201
5. and the climate independent component Forbrug 27 06 2013 til 04 07 2013 kWh Gennemsnit 12 00 i WI b ui 0 00 Torsdag Fredag L rdag S ndag Mandag Tirsdag Onsdag Dag Figure 6 Smart meter readings from the electronics shop Expert The graph spans one week where the last day is the day of our visit During our visit we asked to turn the spot lights off for two hours and this is visible in the last day arrow It is clear that the shop is closed on Sundays There is a minor load every day late in the evening for a short period square For some partners including the Samso Energy Academy it is only possible to apply current clamps on high voltage equipment if we engage an expensive electrician In those cases it will be necessary to lower the level of ambition and find easier ways to make measurements Table 3 shows a selection of tools available for the Samso Energy Academy With an air flow meter anemometer we can measure the ventilation flow and compare it with recommendations such as exchange all air in 2 hours The infrared thermometer measures room temperatures and temperatures inside coolers and freezers It is then easy to estimate a relative saving factor using Equations 1 and 2 It is also easy to estimate a similar saving factor regarding lights using the lux meter The last instrument in the table is a small data logger that measures temperature and humidity It contains a battery and can
6. by 1 lux Find target L where L is the current illuminance in lux values in the European standard Replace a T8 tube by a T5 tube Up to 35 W per tube Ventlation Reduce the operating time by 1 hour per day 1 where is the current number of operating hours Reduce the temperature of the injected air by I 1 where is the current air degree target is 1 or 2 degrees below room temperature and the T is the average outdoor temperature temperature fReducetheairflowtolm 1 1 m on electricity I 1 n on heating Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 lamp 5 1 7 W Gw mnd continuous class pump BENE mas be pump for hot water s Replace an old hot water tank with Jacket 1206 kWh save 4 W K size 100 litres by a new standard tank Bi annual service check of an oil boiler 935 kWh Bi annual service check of district heating unit 815 kWh small 1358 kWh large Install a standby switch on IT devices 90 kWh Table 5 Additional checklist with qualitative advices Category Comfort heating Set thermostatic valves in the same room at the same setting cooling Replace broken valves j Introduce setback when the building is unoccupied for example Lower the NEN feed temperature by 10 or stop the circulator pump Lower the morning temperature 20 in offices Insulate pipes valves and tanks Coolers freezers Instal
7. largest share of electricity usage is lighting 41 of the total electricity consumption e France Lighting represents 48 of the total energy consumption of a shopping centre ventilation accounts for 1646 heating for 4 and air conditioning for 5 e German Austrian Swiss retail trade In the retail sector lighting needs 25 9 food trade or even 57 non food trade of the total electricity consumption Thus lighting is the largest electricity consumer in the non food trading sector In the food trading sector this is cooling with 45 2 and therefore ahead of lighting and air conditioning with a share of 10 9 of an enterprises power consumption The three statements agree that lights account for a large share of the electricity consumption In Denmark a shopping centre consumes electricity at an average rate of 50 kWh per m annually and a retail shop with food consumes four to five times as much Energiforum 2013a At the EU level the trade sector consumes 30 of the total electricity For almost all countries the trade sector represents the largest share of electricity consumption Odyssee 2013 Lighting is well understood and there are very good detailed descriptions concerning light quality and quantity SAENA 2013 SAENA 2013b Energimyndigheten 2012 Energimyndigheten 20xxa It is common practice to estimate the installed power simply by counting the number of lamps and multiply by their rated power One key f
8. 2013 and an Italian questionnaire for self assessment of the energy consumption http www unioncameredelveneto it content asp ID 429 Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 Those checklists contain yes no boxes to be filled and areas for free text comments but there are no indications of the magnitude of the savings Quite oppositely the Danish Energy Agency publishes and maintains a long list of official saving factors related to replacements Teknologisk Institut 2013 For example replacing a circulation pump with three speeds by a continuously controlled class A pump saves 280 kilowatt hours per year The actual savings could be higher but this is the officially approved factor in Denmark The list contains similar factors concerning lights district heating gas boilers building envelope coolers freezers office equipment cooking oil boilers PV panels solar hot water panels heat pumps and washing devices It is straight forward to use and the saving factors are officially approved ratings The list is limited however to equipment replacements in households In a similar manner the PINE project provides saving factors for the best available technological solutions for a range of industrial components PINE 20xxa There are many advices in a Swedish publication specifically for shops it estimates saving factors within a range of uncertainty EEF 20xx The Nordic Ecolabel organisation provides an online tool Svanen
9. 3 07 03 14 20 00 C1 T 1 2013 07 04 14 13 00 ER o r Ons Tor e I m gt 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 03 00 06 00 03 00 12 00 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 Energi kWh Effekt 112 1 10 0 3 4 269 Energy use during 24 hours 27kWh Ventilation store SM Vent butik nytt sk p kw 14 2013 07 03 14 38 00 c1 1 2013 07 04 14 14 00 Ons Tor 38 36 34 12 30 28 26 24 22 2 0 08 0 6 04 02 0 0 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 12 00 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 Energi kWh Effekt 1 93 1000 284 45 56 Energy use during 24 hours 46 kWh Ventilation Slauter SM vent slaktare L752 kw 14 2013 07 03 14 40 00 hI 2013 07 04 14 18 00 IP K e M e LARA RR s s e n s q ns or 115 112 105 100 95 9 0 85 8 0 75 72 55 amp 0 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 05 0 0 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 03 00 06 00 03 00 12 00 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 03 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 2013 07 04 Energi kWh Effekt 180 7 00 1 2 426 Energy use during 24 hours 43 kWh Pictures ies e vile bee 4 41
10. Checklista vid f retagsbes k Checklist for visits to enterprises Eskilstuna Sweden Energimyndigheten Energistyrelsen 2012 Standardfaktorer for br ndv rdier og CO2 emissioner Standard factors for heating values and CO2 emissions Copenhagen Klima og Energiministeriet Energitjenesten 2010 Indsatskatalog til Gr n Butik Action catalogue for Green Shop Denmark Energitjenesten Energitjenesten 2013 Gr n Butik Green shop Online Available at http www energitjenesten dk gron butik html Accessed 21 Jun 2013 European Parliament 2012 Directive 2012 27 EU on energy efficiency OJ L 315 OJ 25 Oct p 1 56 IEE 2013 Guide for Proposers WWW Intelligent Energy Europe http ec europa eu energy intelligent index_en htm Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 16 IPCC 2013 EFDB Emission Factors Database Online Available at http www ipcc nggip iges or jp EFDB main php Senest hentet eller vist den 22 Jun 2013 Klaesener A et al 2013 Energy Efficiency in Households Proc 7th Int Conf on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting Coimbra Portugal Sep 2013 in print Sep Lindholm D Jensen J amp Eds 2008 Den lille bl om varme The Little Blue on Heating 1st red Denmark Dansk Energi Night Hawks 2013 Grant Agreement Annex I Description of the Action Sweden Night Hawks Odyssee 2013 Energy Efficiency Indicators in Europe Online Available at http www
11. Energy savings are a playground for energy agencies Energy Saving Advices Based on Physics Close the door is a common energy saving advice in Denmark Obviously closing the front door in the winter time will save some heating energy and most people even children will abide by the advice Two other examples of climate independent advices are the following 1 to only use the dishwasher if it is full and 2 to shut the tap when running water is unnecessary These advices arise from common sense or let us say folk wisdom There are many folk wisdom advices on the World Wide Web also relevant for shops and industries Energimyndigheten 20xxb The following lists three good advices adapted from Energimyndigheten 20xxe e Insulate the heating installation e Make the portal air tight e Close the portal when possible However educational these advices may be they lack numerical information about how much is saved in terms of kilowatt hours of electricity litres of oil or megawatt hours of district heating Night Hawks promises in a performance indicator a number of savings in kilowatt hours Night Hawks 2013 Furthermore the energy efficiency directive quoted earlier speaks of the energy consumption before and Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 after implementing an energy efficiency measure Night Hawks must accordingly associate numerical measurements or estimates with the saving advices Advices based on physi
12. Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 survey of Existing Relevant Material and Tools Jan Jantzen and Michael Kristensen samso Energy Academy Strandengen 1 8305 Samso Denmark jj energiakademiet dk Abstract This project report collects and summarises the existing material concerning energy checks among the eight partners of the Night Hawks project The report approaches energy advices from a physics oriented point of view in order to create a solid foundation The goal is to arrive at a fairly short checklist that can be applied by energy advisors in shops shopping centres and retail parks The report provides a list of 22 advices with proposals for calculating the savings in terms of energy units and relative saving factors in percent These advices will be the basis for an upcoming course for energy advisors Contents vvs 2 Energy Saving Advices Based on 3 Night Walks Reveal Unnecessary Energy Loads 2 1 21 2 1 4 0 0000000000000000000000000000 000000000004 6 Checklist Approaches and Saving Factors 7 What is the Normal 8 Direct Measurement of the Actual Consumption 12020 00000 4000060000 00000000002002 000000008 0 00000000 10 Summary and Recommendations rae dev
13. What we saw here was that they can streamline the cold by changing temperatures and cover the coolers and refrigerated in a better way Hard to figure out how much energy use reduces It could be interesting to see the amount of district heating because if they cover the coolers and refrigerated area in a better way they probably save even district heating If there is possible to change the lighting in the old part so the installed power per square meter will be the same as in the new part they reduce the energy consumption for lighting with 119 kWh per 24 hours 18 5kWh 10kWh 14h d 119 kWh d This requires further investigation when they have problems with color rendering in the meat Energy consumption during the night Average power draw during the night is 37 kW Based on measurements inventory of lighting and some assumptions the distribution is Central cooling 25 kW plug in coolers 3kW circulation pumps 2kW night lighting 2 kW and other non defined processes 7 kW To get a more accurate distribution one can visit the store when it is closed then you see even if there is something that does not need to be on Attachments Inventory of lighting in the Supermarket Storage Area 13m 15 m 15m 5m 270 m The lighting in the inventory consists of 13 armatures with 2 58W T8 fluorescent in each armatures 1 2 13 2 58W including drivdon 7 stycken armaturer med 1 36W T8 fluorescent i varje armatur 1 2 7 36W including dri
14. a Poly Weekly Figure 7 Energy signature of household Each square is weekly measurement of energy kWh against heating degree days HDD The curve is characteristic for the house and the behaviour of the occupants Summary and Recommendations Our target group spans rather large spectrum of skills and it is challenge to settle on an appropriate level of difficulty or ease for the training material The Night Hawks project consortium contains skilled energy experts capable of performing energy audits SAENA 2009 At the other end of the spectrum we have shop owners with minor knowledge of energy that we wish to educate Furthermore an energy advisor should be able to perform an energy check in swift manner We therefore look for suitable level of saving advices which 15 between expert knowledge and folk wisdom We can limit the scope in order to exclude some technical detail and some work For Night Hawks it is probably sufficient to focus on just four areas heating cooling lights and ventilation An additional limitation is to focus primarily on behaviour related savings that is reduction of end use energy rather than improving the efficiency of the equipment or switching to renewable energy We can allow few exceptions however regarding replacements For example replacing an old circulation pump by new class A pump is a rather inexpensive action and the investment is paid back quickly
15. actical solution preferably in the form of a spreadsheet program Table 5 is a list of advices that are easy to suggest but difficult to quantify They are qualitative advices that may be appropriate in a discussion with the owner In comparison Table 4 attempts to go one step further by quantifying the savings Table 4 Sketch of a checklist for energy advisors It has 22 advices cooling the average outdoor temperature every night similarly for weekends and holidays d 365 times the initial advice where d 1s the number of days in a year with a lower temperature Install thermostatic valves on radiators 20 on each radiator Ss i i eee per year room temperature by degree k spaces the room temperature 1 degree Raise the temperature 1 degree target 18 C in hot water tanks a freezer and 5 C in a cooler and T is the average indoor temperature Switch off bottle coolers after hours 12 hours Nightly setback 8 hours of the room 8 24 x1 T T where T is the cold SSS Oo temperature by 1 degree temperature and is the current room temperature Setback of the room temperature by 1 degree d 365 xl T T where T is the cold during d days of the year temperature and 7 is the current room temperature Lower the temperature of the hot water tank 1 1 T T where is the hot water degree target is 55 deg C temperature and is the indoor temperature Reduce the illuminance
16. alculations easily become rather complex We may conclude however that it is a good idea to keep a separate account of the electricity saved owing to the gain of 2 5 from electricity to equivalent fossil fuel Flue gas losses 43 MWh Oil 610 566 Indoor comfort 967 Auxiliary processes Ventilation losses Transmission losses 207 gt Indoor comfort 298 Lighting 308 gt Compressed air L 90 Ventilation fans 903 Auxiliary processes Electricily 1480 35 Drying Production processes 140 Baking 577 L 402 Mixing Figure 4 Energy flow diagram of an enterprise adapted from Energimyndigheten 2010 Night Walks May Reveal Unnecessary Energy Loads The night walk is a simple understandable and attractive way for the shopping centres retail parks and shops to start to work with energy efficiency It works as an eye opener for the energy efficiency potential Night Hawks 2013 Energimyndigheten 2011 A night walk is a check of the shopping area after hours when nobody is present evening night weekend or holidays The energy advisor may discover open freezer compartments running ventilation lights that are on and computers in standby mode Sometimes the lights are turned on early in the morning although it could be sufficient to switch on only parts of it zo
17. be left in a strategic place for a day a week or a month After the experiment the measurement data can be downloaded to a computer Table 3 Handheld instruments available to the Samso Energy Academy They are relatively inexpensive Conrad http www conrad de Anemometer Infrared thermometer Lux meter Testo Temperature and humidity data Testo 405 133 Testo 810 109 540 137 logger Lascar EL USB 2 96 Regarding heating and cooling it is useful to construct the energy signature of the building Energiforum 2013b Lindholm and Jensen 2008 It is a plot of the energy consumption relative to the outdoor Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 12 temperature in terms of heating cooling degree days Figure 7 is an example from a household which shows an almost linear dependency The intersection of the curve and the y axis is the climate independent consumption that is the heating of hot water The curve approximates the data points If the current consumption is above the curve the consumption is higher than usual and the plot thus provides an incentive to save energy The energy signature is a characteristic of the building and its state of insulation The energy signature is very useful to have but it requires many measurements the example contains one measurement every week for several years It is well suited for janitors who maintain the heating units of larger buildings Weekly Last dat
18. cs are more difficult to devise but they are on a more solid foundation than folk wisdom and they have broader scope The diagram in Figure 2 portrays the physics of a general energy flow The diagram indicates three major saving advices Klaesener et al 2013 as follows 1 Reduce the end use consumption 2 Improve the efficiency of fossil fuel conversion 3 Increase the share of renewable energy in the fuel Advice 1 is related to behaviour and reducing the consumption is usually costless or inexpensive Advice 2 is related to the building envelope the efficiency of the energy conversion units and the reduction of losses Advice 3 is related to free energy an investment is required to access a source of renewable energy but the investment can be economically viable The three items even form steps in a Swedish four step procedure for finding energy savings Energimyndigheten 2010 their fourth step concerns CO2 quota compensation Fuel End use Conversion Figure 2 Elementary energy flow The physical relationship between the indoor and the outdoor temperature in a building is simple in the sense that it is a linear relationship Klaesener et al 2013 Figure 3 illustrates a heated building with indoor temperature 7 heat loss and an outdoor temperature which is assumed lower than the indoor temperature for the case of illustration However the following is also valid in the case of co
19. e consumers and very visible Night Hawks 2013 Lighting air conditioning heating hot water elevators and escalators all consume energy most of it electric The cooling demand can be higher than the heating demand even in colder climates because the lights and the occupants emit more heat than needed in the building Lighting is the largest and most visible part of the energy consumption The heat produced by lights is rarely recycled into the heating system instead the lights cause a higher demand for cooling Energy advisors will visit volunteer enterprises from the target group and perform energy checks The advisors will employ night walks as a method for discovering potential savings A night walk is an energy check of the site after hours evening night morning weekend in order to identify the idle consumption and potential sources of energy loss It is a Swedish concept which has existed for some years Energimyndigheten 2010 A shop owner may be motivated to accept an energy check by the prospect of saving money but energy savings are also aligned with the legislation Fig 1 The European directive for energy efficiency establishes a common framework of measures in order to achieve the 2020 20 headline target on energy efficiency European Parliament 2012 Quoting from the directive energy savings means an amount of saved energy determined by measuring and or estimating consumption before and after implementation of an ene
20. e diagram the consumed energy is 566 MWh for indoor comfort The energy saved would be 8 of that or 45 MWh The map requires measurements by means of various kinds of hardware devices ampere meters watt meters smart meters calorimeters Furthermore it requires access to statistics characteristic key figures and engineering calculators Unfortunately it is prohibitively time consuming to map everything 100 96 correct but less accuracy is usually sufficient for all practical purposes There are software tools that can draw such a diagram PINE 2012 PINE 20xxb for example in the form of a Sankey diagram which is an energy flow diagram with some diagrammatic constraints An energy flow diagram can also be part of an energy performance certificate SAENA 2011 It is most relevant for the EU and also the most difficult to consider the so called primary energy in connection with energy savings and emissions primarily CO2 The term primary energy consumption refers to the gross inland consumption European Parliament 2012 That is primary energy is energy found in nature that has not been converted to other forms of energy Evidently it is the primary energy that the EU and national governments wish to protect A part of the primary energy is converted into secondary energy which is more convenient for the consumers for instance electricity petrol or hydrogen Secondary energy is converted by machinery to end use energy for in
21. engineering calculations software tools including simulation hardware tools and training material Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 We have some requirements that define the scope of our approach e It should be simple enough that an energy advisor will be able to perform an energy check after a little practice e The result should be presented quickly to the shop owner showing our estimate of the savings in terms of energy kilowatt hours and money euro or the local currency the energy check may include payback periods if available but to make a cash flow calculation from scratch is not a requirement e The energy check should be over in a short time The energy check gives just a first estimate of the savings at that particular point in time it is thus far from a certified energy audit but rather an inspiration to perform such an energy audit e The calculations must be as relevant as possible allowing for the local climate and local prices The following sections summarise the findings with an eye to what is necessary and sufficient for the upcoming handbook and training You save money The EU aims to and tax save 2096 by 2020 official policy You save energy for the next The EU wishes to have secure supply to generation and you act locally be competitive to be sustainable Figure 1 Why should I save energy If a consumer wishes to save energy left it is in agreement with national and EU goals right
22. i ad aN E EEE EO EAEE KESEN SER 2 Acknowledgement and Disclaimer LLULLU Lu uu Ew eges er ata as as 14 gt mmm 15 Appendix A Field Report by Peter Karlsson Link ping University Visit to Samso 2 5 Jul 2013 17 Co funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Night Hawks Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 Introduction The Night Hawks project concerns energy savings in shops and shopping centres as opposed to households or industries Some Night Hawks partners already have material and experience within energy savings and this report surveys the existing practices among the partners in order to create a starting point The Night Hawks project description defines the objective for this report as follows o Objective To identify already existing tools and material developed internationally or nationally in order to share them and implement them into the Night Hawks project Night Hawks 2013 Thereafter in a following task the Samso Energy Academy SE will extract the essential material create an online handbook and disseminate the outcome to the other partners by distance teaching There is a German example of a virtual enterprise on the Web which is useful for self study Energieagentur NRW 2013b Shopping centres retail parks and shops are the target energy consumers of the project because they are larg
23. ight Hawks project which is co funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe programme of the European Union grant agreement 12 671 512 644734 The sole responsibility for the content of this deliverable lies with the authors It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union Neither the EACI nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein 14 Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 15 Bibliography 2011a Energikrav for lokalbyggnader Energy specifications for office buildings Sweden 20 Spara energi i din butik Save energy in your shop Sweden Energieagentur NRW 2013a Energieeffizienz im Lebensmittel Einzelhandel Energy efficiency in food stores retail Online Available at http www energieagentur nrw de unternehmen energieeffizienz im lebensmittel einzelhandel 3743 asp Accessed 21 Jun 2013 Energieagentur NRW 2013b Virtuelles Unternehmen Virtual enterprise Online Available at http www energieagentur nrw de unternehmen themen virtuelles unternehmen 12423 asp Accessed 21 Jun 2013 Energiforum 2013a N gletal for bygninger Key figures for buildings Online Available at http energiwiki dk index php N C3 B8gletal for bygninger ELO n C3 B8gletal Accessed 20 Jun 2013 Energiforum 2013b Graddage energisignatur Degree days energy signature Online Availab
24. igure is the installed power per square metre and it is straightforward to compare the observed number with a recommendation Table 2 Often the easiest action 1s to reduce excessive lighting A European standard EN 12464 1 recommends the following values among others e 100 lux for corridors e 300 lux for a sales area or a reception desk and e 500 lux for a till area or for reading typing and data processing in an office There are many such standard values for lighting of indoor workplaces Zumtobel 2011 Example A handheld lux meter measures 750 lux in an office workplace with a computer The European recommendation is to have 500 lux The relative saving factor 15 thus 750 500 750 250 750 which is equivalent to 3396 It is thus possible to save 3396 of the energy spent on lights just by removing enough light bulbs to reach the target value assuming that the energy is proportional to the lux values End of example Many ventilation systems consume more than 100 000 kWh per year counting both electricity and heating The following three general advices reduce the energy consumption Poulsen 20xx Decrease the operating hours of the ventilation e Decrease the temperature of the air injected into the room e Decrease the air flow It is not necessary to start the ventilation when the first person arrives in the morning because one person makes only a little difference to the air quality Instead it is reasonable to
25. l night curtains for the freezers and fridges hot water tanks Defrost the freezers and fridges on regular basis Set thermostatic valves correctly food 5 C frost 18 Introduce setback when the building is unoccupied for example Shut bottle coolers off ss F 1 is F 9 i s Lower the temperature of the hot water tank to 55 Lower the humidity in rooms with display coolers and freezers Reduce unnecessary lighting overloaded spots ete o o Jo Ensure all outdoor lighting is lit only when needed light and motion sensors Install day light sensor indoors PG Install motion sensors in corridors changing rooms and toilets L J SS s Replacements Replace Incandescent lamps by class A lamps Replace spotlights by LED lamps Removals Remove lamps for instance incandescent lamps or old T tubes Choose bright colours Paint the room in bright colours next time Use solar light Install skylight windows and channels Ventilation Adjust the operation time according to 50 occupancy That is start it when 50 of the occupants have shown up in the morning and shut it down after 50 have left in the evening Set the temperature of the injected air to 1 degree below the desired morning temperature Lower the airflow if possible the fans may allow two speed settings Use solar powered ventilation Acknowledgement and Disclaimer This report is a deliverable of the N
26. le at http energiwiki dk index php title Graddage energisignatur amp redirect no Accessed 21 Jun 2013 Energimyndigheten 2010 Energikoll i sma och medelstora foretag Energy checks in small and medium size enterprises Eskilstuna Sweden Energimyndigheten Energimyndigheten 2011 Nattvandring Night walk Online Available at http energimyndigheten se sv Foretag Energieffektivisering i foretag Kartlagg energianvandningen Nattvandring Accessed 21 Jun 2013 Energimyndigheten 2012 Belysning Lighting Online Available at http www energimyndigheten se sv Foretag Energieffektivisering i foretag Belysning Accessed 2013 Jun 2013 Energimyndigheten 2013 Checklista ver energieffektiviseringsatgdrder inom handeln Checklist for energy efficiency actions within commerce Online Available at http www energimyndigheten se sv Foretag Energieffektivisering 1 foretag Handel Checklista for handeln Accessed 20 Jun 2013 Energimyndigheten 20xxa V gledning f r energieffektiv och god belysning Guide to energy efficient and good lighting Eskilstuna Sweden Energimyndigheten Energimyndigheten 20xxb Minska foretagets energianvdndning Reduce the energy consumption of the enterprise Eskilstuna Sweden Energimyndigheten Energimyndigheten 20 Minska f retagets energikostnader nu Reduce the energy costs of the enterprise now Eskilstuna Sweden Energimyndigheten Energimyndigheten 20xxe
27. nes before the shop opens Rydqvist 2010 The idle consumption is the energy consumption when the shop is idle empty and this is sometimes unnecessarily high An energy advisor performs the walk together with a staff member and the walk can be used as a natural introduction to the energy check at the site Nightly setback of the room temperature fits well into the night walk concept If the room temperature is decreased by 1 degree some energy losses through the building envelope will be saved in accordance with Equation 1 It is therefore useful if the energy advisor uncovers the thermostatic device that controls the temperature if there is one and to discuss with the staff member if it would be acceptable to reduce the heating during the night weekends and holidays Ventilating the room or the building with cool outdoor air during the night will increase the cooling so this is an advice to be aware of Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 Example Given that the average outdoor temperature at Samso is 9 deg celsius and the heating unit keeps the indoor temperature at T 21 degrees then the temperature difference is on average T T 21 9 z 12 degrees Lowering the indoor temperature by 1 degree saves 1 out of the 12 degrees difference that is 1 12 of the energy spent to balance the losses through the walls Limiting to 8 hours during the night saves just 8 24 The total saving is thus 8 24 x 1 12 1 36 Thi
28. odyssee indicators org Accessed 21 Jun 2013 PINE 2012 User s Manual Computer tool for the diagnosis characterization and improvement of energy efficiency in industrial sectors Scouting phase WWW Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency PINE http www pineaudit eu eng resources aspx PINE 20xxa D 2 5 Benchmark Analysis Report on Best Performing Available Technologies WWW Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency PINE http www pineaudit eu eng resources aspx PINE 20xxb User Guide Audit Tool WWW Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency PINE http www pineaudit eu eng resources aspx Poulsen P 20xx Energirigtig Drift Energy Conscious Operation Copenhagen Denmark Copenhagen municipality RETScreen International 2005 Clean Energy Project Analysis 3rd ed Ottawa Natural Resources Canada www retscreen net Rydqvist M 2010 5 spar du energi Handelslokaler This is how you save energy commercial premises Sweden Energimyndigheten SAENA 2009 Der Sdchsische Gewerbeenergiepass fiir Industrie Gewerbe und Handwerk The Saxon energy certificate for industry commerce and crafts Dresden Sachsischer Energieagentur SAENA SAENA 2011 S chsischer Gewerbeenergiepass f r B ckereien Saxon commercial energy certificate for bakeries Dresden S chsische Energieagentur SAENA SAENA 2013b Vorlage Antragsnummer SN Innenbeleuchtung Antragssteller 2013 02 07 Excel Dresden S chsische Energieagent
29. oling T gt T One model is to view the wall as a resistor The higher the resistance the less heat flows out of the house The heat flow is proportional to the temperature difference as described by the following fundamental law NM 1 It is thus the temperature difference that drives the flow of heat through the wall depending on the degree of insulation expressed as The corresponding energy consumption is the flow of heat accumulated over time Equation 1 indicates two ways to reduce the heat loss 1 to decrease the difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures by adjusting the indoor temperature and 2 to increase the resistance R by adding more insulation The same reasoning can be applied to a hot water tank Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 Figure 3 Heat transfer Definition of variables Since the partners of Night Hawks come from eight different countries it is necessary to consider the local climate The local climate affects the average outdoor temperature and the average temperature of the main supply of water groundwater An overview of the energy flow helps to identify savings or the saving potential Figure 4 shows a map of the energy flow of a whole enterprise Energimyndigheten 2010 For example if it is known that lowering the temperature inside the offices from 22 C to 21 C saves 8 energy the diagram helps to calculate the saved megawatt hours MWh According to th
30. re additional supplies to the lighting that we did not found So we count for manually There were 52 halogenspotts on 35 W each Installed effect 52 1 2 35W 2184W Annual energy use 2 184kW 2500h ar 5460k Wh ar Om de investerar 1 LED Installed effect 52 4W 208 W Annual energy use 0 208kW 2500h ar 5 20k Wh ar Reduced energy use 5460kWh ar 520kWh ar 4940k Wh ar Reduced cost 4940kWh ar 2kr kWh 98 8 0kr ar Investment for LED about 3500kr 52 182000kr Pay off 182000kr 9880kr ar 18 ar It s a long payback period so maybe they ll see if they can reduce the number of ads instead The second proposal to turn off the television set when it is not in the store they should try to implement for example with presence sensors I think we came to the conclusion that it would reduce costs by 4 5000 kr per year If there is something you wonder or if we missed something so just give us a message Have a nice summer Peter and Eva Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 The bank pdf gt lt Supermarket pdf gt 18 The lighting the Bank s ground floor consists of 41 armatures 4W LED spottar effekten antagen 44 armatures med 2 18W low energy light bulbs in each armature 1 1 2 18W inclusive drivdon 4 stycken halogenspotlights on either 35 W 1 2 35W inklusive drivdon 32 armatures 18 W T5 lysr r 1 1 18W inclusive drivdon above the ramp with LED spottar 6 armatures 36 W halogen ceiling lights 1 2 36 W inclusive d
31. rgy efficiency improvement measure The Night Hawks energy check is less detailed than an energy audit The latter is a systematic procedure with the purpose of obtaining adequate knowledge of the existing energy consumption profile identifying and quantifying cost effective energy savings opportunities and reporting the findings European Parliament 2012 On the contrary our energy check will be performed in a few hours by an energy advisor and the result is a rough estimate The energy check should thus be viewed as a precursor which promotes an energy audit it is not meant to be a competitive action The energy efficiency area 15 large and in order to limit the scope of this report the project partners were asked to point to certain types of material only Consequently a large part of the area is excluded from this report such as waste management sustainability environmental impact assessment life cycle cost calculations and project management Although economic appraisal payback period return on investment is an important part of official energy audits it is also excluded from this report because it will be too time consuming within Night Hawks to find prices for refurbishment in each participating country The partners were instead asked to report back on the following topics of interest energy audits and standards performance indicators statistics catalogues of saving factors checklists guidelines procedures
32. rivdon above the tables with pamphlets 3 round lights that contain 4 light source each The effect could not be seen but is assumed to 18 W per light source These lamps are not energy efficient Light exchange was very bad Total installed power on the ground floor is ca 3 4 kW se ekv 1 Annual energy use for entrance floor is about 9300 kWh ar provided that the operating time is the right se eqv 2 41 4W 44 1 1 2 18W 4 1 2 35W 32 1 1 18W 6 1 2 36W 12 18W 3347W 1 0 16 kW 8760h ar 3 18 kW 2500h r 1402kWh r 7950kWh r 9352kWh r 2 Possible energy efficient operation The light fittings on the roof contains 2st 18W lights One suggestion is to delete one of each The operation reduces energy usage by 2178 kWh r if the operating time is 2500h year 1 1 44 18W 2500h ar 2178kWh ar A very cursory analysis of energy use Sams supermarket is the result of our work made a balance during 24 h as we agreed The total energy use during 24 h the 4 7 2013 was 1453 kWh Normally we measured over a longer period of time often a week Energybalans during a weekday Energy kWh ce e 1 _ IN Cooling Not defined Lighting Ventilation Heat pump energy Under not defind energy there are all plug in coolers probably more ventilation m m To get a complete energybalans a more detailed analysis is needed After this part of the work we try to find energy efficient measures
33. s is equivalent to about 3 saved for every degree that the night temperature can be lowered If the room contains food coolers the same action even saves cooling End of example The example shows that significant amounts depending on the climate could be saved by nightly setback It is therefore useful to measure the indoor temperature during the night or even log the temperature during a longer period 24 hours one week one month or a whole year Equation 1 indicates that saving advices related to changes to the indoor or hot water temperature depend on climate through the outdoor temperature For a given location it is thus necessary to estimate the average outdoor temperature on a monthly basis the average main water supply temperature in the case of hot water as well as heating and cooling degree days on a monthly basis These are all available in the RETScreen software package which is downloadable and free of charge RETScreen International 2005 Figure 5 shows a simulation of a hot water tank before and after introducing nightly setback Before the temperature is steady just below 55 C After introducing setback the temperature starts to drop when the setback kicks in At the end of the setback period the temperature rises fairly quickly to its operational level The temperature drop has the shape of a downward triangle and thus the average temperature during this period is lower the losses are proportional to temperat
34. stance heating cooling or hot water As a rule of thumb a saved kilowatt hour of electricity 15 equivalent to 2 5 kilowatt hours of primary energy IEE 2013 since electricity is formed from primary energy with an overall efficiency of roughly 40 96 Again it is difficult to back propagate a saving of end use energy to find the exact composition of the primary energy In order to calculate the amount of fossil fuel that was used to produce electricity coal oil gas the local electricity provider must supply the emission factors They will always be approximate since nobody knows exactly where the electricity is produced It is easier and more relevant for a shop owner to calculate the savings of end use energy That is the saved end use fuel in terms of its own energy content in kilowatt hours In order to find that energy the saved amount of fuel oil natural gas liquid pressurised gas must be multiplied by its heating value Energistyrelsen 2012 The situation is the same in the case of emissions We can calculate the saved emissions as a factor times the saved amount of end use fossil fuel IPCC 2013 This will be an approximation since we disregard the losses from converting primary energy to secondary energy In the case of electricity we could multiply Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 by the factor 2 5 mentioned earlier to find the equivalent amount of fossil fuel saved in tonnes of oil equivalents toe The c
35. start the ventilation when 50 of the occupants have arrived and to stop it again after 50 of the occupants have left the building This scheme is recommended by the Copenhagen municipality in Denmark but other countries may have stricter regulations or recommendations that disqualify such scheme Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 10 The temperature of the injected air should be 1 2 degrees below the target room temperature The air is usually injected from the ceiling and since it is colder it will fall and get mixed naturally with the existing air The air contains moisture and energy is saved when air and moisture is heated to a lesser temperature If possible one should try to lower the air flow because it saves both electricity and heating Many ventilation plants have a choice between two air flow speeds Switching to 1 2 of the air flow will often result in 1 8 of the electricity consumption Table 2 Lighting recommendations by Minergie Switzerland SAENA 2013 Application Installed power Usage Specific energy W m h target consumption kWh m Single or group office 19 4 580 11 25 Large room office 11 0 1610 17 75 Class room 14 4 730 10 5 Lecture hall 11 1 1460 16 25 Food shop 13 6 4250 58 0 Restaurant 5 9 1600 9 5 Multi purpose hall 9 4 2260 21 25 Bedroom 3 9 2640 10 25 Production fine 13 4 2180 29 25 Storage 10 0 2510 25 0 Direct Measurement of the Actual Consumption As mentioned earlier we wo
36. uld like to know the energy balance as in Figure 4 or at least an approximation Assuming that electricity accounts for most of the energy in a shop one approach is to measure the electricity consumption of groups of equipment at the electric distribution board Peter Karlsson University of Link ping uses current clamps with data loggers to measure strategically selected circuits He visited Samso and together we performed energy checks in three shops a and electronics shop Expert a supermarket Superbrugsen and a bank Jyske Bank Below is a short summary of our findings Appendix A e Supermarket Cooling accounts for at least 44 of the electricity consumption There are cool rooms vegetables butcher surrounded by warm spaces and it is likely that the cooling equipment is driven into saturation it runs at full speed by the heat exchange between the cool and warm rooms In an older part of the shop the installed lighting power is relatively high 18 5 W m and it is likely that it could be brought down to the level of the new part 10 W m We shall investigate whether it is possible to apply nightly setback of the temperature in the shop 21 C and the butcher 14 C Furthermore we will ask the manager if he will install a removable partition at least during night time to insulate the cold rooms e Electronics shop The lighting consists of background lights tubes and spot lights We found that the spot lights acco
37. unt for 1 3 of the power consumption by turning them off for a test period of two hours Furthermore many TV sets were on consuming around 100 W each according to their own energy labels We will suggest to decrease the use of spot lights and to use a motion sensor to start the TV monitors when customers wish to watch them only e Bank entrance room is one large office room There is a large amount of background lights and some inefficient large round table lamps We will measure the lux level at the workplaces and suggest savings of light Even if we only find small savings it may be implemented in all branches all over the country and thus become significant by the volume Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 11 Since all Samso consumers smart meters we asked for access to the meter readings of the electronics shop Figure 6 shows the effect of turning the spot lights off The plot also revealed a periodic consumption during night time for 1 5 hours after 22 00 hours We discovered by means of a night walk that the outdoor parking lights and the shop signs were turned on automatically and this may be unnecessary The smart meter readings cover a long period and it may be possible to read the idle consumption after hours the variation during the week and the seasonal variation Furthermore it may be possible to subtract the summer consumption from the winter consumption in order discover the climate dependent component
38. ur SAENA SAENA 2013 Energiekennzahlen f r Betriebsvergleiche Energy key figures for company comparisons Online Available at http www gewerbeenergiepass de SaeGEP Energiekennzahlen2 html Accessed 20 Jun 2013 Svanen 2010 Nordic Ecolabelling s Energy Tool Online Available at http energytool svanen se Accessed 20 Jun 2013 Teknologisk Institut 2013 Standardverdikatalog for energibesparelser Catalogue of standard values for energy savings Online Available at 2013 Accessed Jun 21 2013 Zumtobel 2011 The Lighting Handbook 3rd ed Dornbirn Austria Zumtobel Lighting GmbH Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 17 Appendix A Field Report by Peter Karlsson Link ping University Visit to Samso 2 5 jul 2013 Hello Jan and Michael Thank you for the visit on Sams it was very nice We have tried to summarize what we found during the course of our work I enclose a summary of energy use at the supermarket and a summary of the lighting on the Bank s entr e plan It was probably a misunderstanding I thought that we would only look at the lighting on entr e plan but if I understand correctly we would have looked at all the lights You can count the lights in the rest of the Bank and add it Then of course also the energy saving will increase if they remove a light bulb in every armature When it comes to Expert there is something which 1s not matching with the measurement Most likely there a
39. ure and therefore lesser For simplicity there is no consumption of water during the simulation period tank volume is 110 litres losses are 9 7 W K corresponding to no insulation ambient temperature is 21 1000 T i 60 800 95 600 Power W Temperature C A 400 200 0 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 b Figure 5 Nightly setback in a hot water tank The power a is off for 12 hours every night and the temperature b dips during those hours The dash dotted line shows the situation before introducing setback Horizontal axes indicate time hours Checklist Approaches and Saving Factors The ideal situation for the energy advisor is to have a checklist to follow which also gives quantities of energy saved The Swedish Energy Agency promotes a checklist for enterprises Energimyndigheten 20xxc Energimyndigheten 20xxe There are eight pages of questions to consider with the following headings general questions heating building envelope cooling hot water lights ventilation electricity compressed air machinery and transportation Since Night Hawks concerns shops only a subset of categories will be relevant that is heating cooling lights and ventilation The Swedish Energy Agency even published a similar checklist specifically for night walks Energimyndigheten 2010 as well as other checklists Energimyndigheten 2013 There is a German checklist regarding lights SAENA
40. vdon Total installed power in the layer is ca 2 1 kW se bilaga ekv 1 Energy use during a weekday is ca 29 4 kWh If the operating time is 14h se ekv 2 13 1 2 2 58W 7 1 2 36W 2112W 1 2 1 kW 14h d 29 4 kWh d 2 Power m 2112W 270m 7 8W m Butchery section Area 50 m2 The lighting in the butchery section consists of 14 armatures with 4 14W T5 fluorescent in each armature 14 1 1 4 14W including drivdon Total installed power in the butchery section is ca 0 8 kW se bilaga ekv 1 Energy use during a weekday is about 12 kWh If the operating time is 14h se ekv 2 14 1 1 4 14W 862 4W 1 0 86kW 14h d 12kWh d 2 Power m 862 4W 50 17W m Butik Old part Area 783 m2 The lighting in the old part of the store consists of 90 armatures with 2 58W 8 fluorescent in each armature 1 2 90 2 58W including drivdon 47 stycken halogenspotlights on either 35 W 1 2 47 35W including drivdon Total installed power in the butchery section is ca 14 5kW se bilaga ekv 1 Energy use during a weekday is about 203 kWh if the operating time is 14h se ekv 2 1 2 90 2 58W 1 2 47 35W 214502W 1 14 5 kW 14h d 203 kWh d 2 Power m 14502W 783m 18 5W m Butik New part Area 330 m2 The lighting in the butik new part consists of 31 armatures with 2 49W T5 fluorescent in each armature 1 1 31 2 49W including drivdon Total installed power in the new part is ca 3 3 kW se bilaga ekv 1 Energy use during a weekday is
41. xample if all electric consumption including lights is measured altogether by a single meter The spreadsheet is built for households though and some of the advices do not fit shops Table 1 Simple checklist The advisor inputs the number of items and an underlying spreadsheet calculates the savings of energy and money Advice Saving per Unit Items Saved Energy price Saved item input energy EUR kWh money kWh EUR Replace 1 old circulation 280 kWh 2 560 0 18 101 pump by a class A pump Lower the indoor 4 5 1 636 0 12 74 temperature 1 degree to save heating What is the Normal Consumption We would like to uncover whether a shop spends little or much energy A norm would be ideal as a reference but there is only little consensus about this Building regulations provide threshold values that could be used as a guide BELOK 2011a These values apply to new buildings however There are other lists of target values and benchmark figures Energieagentur NRW 2013 Night Hawks deliverable 2 2 21 Sep 2013 The energy consumption depends among other things on the heated floor space what kind of shop it is the climate and the number of occupants The Night Hawks partners have nevertheless delivered a little guidance Night Hawks 2013 e Sweden The largest potential is within lighting ventilation and cooling systems for food storage The specific usage of electricity is very different in different kind of shops but the
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search