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Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11

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1. 6 Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD Once the street has been classified you should assess the condition of the surface Pavement condition is important since it can be significant source of sediment as well as oil and grease and trace metals from ordinary car wear and tear Pavement conditions also provide clues about the nature and extent of recent street maintenance Poor pavement condition may also suggest that the street may be a source of sediment and other pollutants Cracked pavement refers to hairline fractures in the pavement where water seeps into the roadbed Broken pavement occurs when the surface has deteriorated to the point that gaps potholes patches or alligatoring are common Sediments and other pollutants can be trapped in broken pavement making it difficult to remove them during street sweeping operations The feasibility of street sweeping also depends on access to the curb so the next question examines the prevalence of on street parking Access to the curb and gutter and storm drain inlets can be limited if on street parking is permitted unless temporary parking restrictions are imposed Look for signs that indicate parking restrictions and assume that on street parking is permitted if no signs are present Note the extent of on street parking if it occurs You should investigate any cul de sacs present in the neighborhood Cul de sacs are local access streets with a closed circular
2. B VEHICLE OPERATIONS N A Skip to part C Observed Pollution Source B1 Types of vehicles _ Fleet vehicles _ School buses _ Other B2 Approximate number of vehicles B3 Vehicle activities circle all that apply Maintained Repaired Recycled Fueled Washed Stored B4 Are vehicles stored and or repaired outside Y LIN U Can t Tell Are these vehicles lacking runoff diversion methods L Y JN U Can t Tell B5 Is there evidence of spills leakage from vehicles L Y IN U Can t Tell B6 Are uncovered outdoor fueling areas present L Y IN Can t Tell B7 Are fueling areas directly connected to storm drains L Y LIN LI Can t Tell B8 Are vehicles washed outdoors Y LIN Can t Tell Does the area where vehicles are washed discharge to the storm drain YyY LIN _ Can t Tell C OUTDOOR MATERIALS _ N A Skip to part D Observed Pollution Source C1 Are loading unloading operations present L Y LIN L Can t Tell If yes are they uncovered and draining towards a storm drain inlet CY JN L Can t Tell C2 Are materials stored outside Y L N N _ Can t Tell If yes are they Liquid Solid Description Where are they stored _ grass dirt area _ concrete asphalt _ bermed area C3 Is the storage area directly or indirectly connected to storm drain circle one L Y LIN LI Can t Tell C4 Is staining or discoloration around the area visible L yY JN L Can
3. Dirty SSS eee eS eS SS BEBE Pe ee eee ee e e e e e ST SE SS l ee e e e e e E sip esses see ee Catch basins inspected M Y JN If yes include Unique Site ID from SSD sheet ME S D 3 E2 Storm water pond HY N Is ita wet pond or XJ dry pond Is it overgrown What is the estimated pond area _ lt 1 acre _ about 1 acre X gt lacre KIN dumping Y E3 Open Space X Y JN If yes is pet waste present 1 Y Box 7 The field crew in this example investigated how open space was managed in a 10 year old large lot subdivision While driving through the neighborhood the crew noted that storm drain inlets were present and inspected one catch basin using the SSD form The storm drain inlets were not stenciled but no sediment or pollutant accumulation was observed in the catch basin Traveling downhill the crew found that the storm drains led to a large dry storm water pond They took two digital photos of the pond that was overgrown with willows and noted that it might be worth investigating later as a possible retrofit The remaining open space consisted of a few acres of floodplain setbacks and a utility right of way both of which were regularly mowed and no dumping or pet waste was observed measure the pond area Be sure to take a few photos of the pond for your retrofit expert Manual 3 provides detailed information on storm water practices used to retrofit neighborhoods neighborhood should be assessed
4. Manual 9 Municipal Practices and Programs The ninth manual focuses on municipal programs that can directly support subwatershed restoration efforts The five broad areas include improved street and storm drain maintenance practices development redevelopment standards stewardship of public land delivery of municipal stewardship services and watershed education and enforcement This last practice manual presents guidance on how municipalities can use these five programs to promote subwatershed restoration goals The manual also contains a series of profile sheets that recommends specific techniques to implement effective municipal programs The series concludes with two user manuals that explain how to perform field assessments to discover subwatershed restoration potential in the stream corridor and upland areas Manual 10 The Unified Stream Assessment USA A User s Manual The Unified Stream Assessment USA is a rapid technique to locate and evaluate problems and restoration opportunities within the urban Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Foreword stream corridor The tenth manual is a user s guide that describes how to perform the USA and interpret the data collected to determine the stream corridor restoration potential for your subwatershed Manual 11 The Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance USSR A User s Manual The last manual examines pollution sources and restoration pote
5. Older buildings often require more maintenance and upkeep which might mean that repairs and cleaning occur frequently The simplest method to get the building s age is to look at the original building permit If you can t determine the age of the building just skip the question Parking lots are found at nearly every storm water hotspot Parking lots requires periodic maintenance including litter pickup sweeping pothole repair power washing steam cleaning de greasing re striping or re surfacing Parking lot maintenance operations can potentially pollute storm water runoff if sensible pollution prevention practices are not used Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Figure 25 Dumpster With Open Lid and Stain Showing Evidence of Leakage to Storm Drain Next you will want to examine how downspouts discharge rooftop runoff from the hotspot site Rain that lands on rooftops is directed into gutters and downspouts also known as roof leaders From there runoff can be discharged directly to the storm drain system Figure 26a to an impervious surface such as a sidewalk or parking lot Figure 26b or may drain onto a pervious surface such as a lawn or landscaped area Good opportunities to disconnect downspouts are frequently found at institutional and municipal hotspots that have greater amounts of pervious areas adjacent to buildings 4 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI E PHYSICAL PLANT C N A
6. Skip to part F Observed Pollution Soira El Building Approximate age yrs Condition of surfaces K Clean _ Stained Dirty _ Breaking up dl Evidence that maintenance results in discharge to storm drains staining discoloration WZ Y CI N J Don t know E2 Parking Lot Approximate age _fL yrs Condition 7 Clean ij Stained _ Dirty Breaking up O Surface material 7 Paved Concrete Gravel Permeable Don t know E3 Do downspouts discharge to impervious surface Y C N Don t know None visible O Are downspouts directly connected to storm drains Y C N H Don t know i E4 Evidence of poor cleaning practices for construction activities stains lead to storm drain Y C N Can t Tell O Box 14 The field crew in this example inspected a trucking distribution center identified during the desktop screening phase The site consisted of a large pre fabricated warehouse that appeared to be about ten years old as well as an adjoining parking lot where truck rigs were parked The crew noted that maintenance crews were power washing the building s exterior during their visit and observed a small amount of flow reaching the parking lot Downspouts from the building discharged directly to the parking lot but there were no pervious areas available near the building to disconnect them The crew then looked at the parking lot and noticed a few oil stains Once again they had a hard time figuring out ho
7. The dominant native tree species were red maple and tulip poplar with a few red oaks interspersed Only a few native species were found in the understory but multi flora rose and invasive plants covered nearly 40 of the forest floor Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 5 Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA 52 The PAA form provides a column for two types of vegetative cover forest and wetland If the remnant is a forested wetland complete both columns Forest fragments are important features of the subwatershed and are quickly assessed by the PAA Spring and summer are the best seasons to evaluate forest fragments as both forest species and canopy coverage are more easily observed In terms of canopy coverage shaded areas are defined as parcels receiving little or no direct sunlight Partly shaded areas receive intermittent direct sunlight for less than six hours each day Open areas receive full sunlight throughout the day Record the percent of the forest area fragment that is subject to each of these canopy conditions and make sure they total 100 Next you should survey the overhead canopy and record the dominant tree species of the forest fragment The understory is comprised of small trees shrubs and vegetation that grow under the larger trees in the fragment and you should also record the dominant understory species You may also want to make notes about estimated age and structure of the forest rem
8. Y N CantTell If yes are runoff diversion methods berms curbs lacking H Y N Can t Tell ALL pote e Agie fie Box 13 In this example the field crew drove behind a fast food restaurant and discovered an overflowing dumpster They elected to fill out an HSI form since it appeared to be an obvious pollution source The dumpster contained garbage had no lid and lacked any kind of runoff diversion method The crew noted staining and leakage between the dumpster and a drop inlet at the edge of the parking lot Based on this connection they checked the box indicating that the dumpster was an observed pollution source even though it was a very small site 4 7 Assessing the Physical Plant This part of the HSI form evaluates whether maintenance practices at the physical plant could be a source of storm water pollution or illicit discharge Box 14 Many routine practices used to maintain walls and rooftops of buildings can potentially cause storm water pollution Examples include washing power washing sanding sandblasting painting graffiti removal and roof maintenance Maintenance practices generate polluted wash water that can directly enter the storm drain system during dry weather Other maintenance practices can deposit fine particles or chemicals that wash off during storms e g cleaners paint solvents or sealers You should estimate the approximate age of the building and its general condition
9. and age This method requires more effort since you often need to adjust boundaries based on field observations Also make sure you have the most recent street map available since many neighborhoods are being continually developed or redeveloped Figure 4 illustrates a neighborhood using a standard Street map Field Work Once neighborhoods are delineated you can map out a route through the subwatershed You should assess every neighborhood identified on your map using a random sample method An NSA form should be completed for at least three randomly selected lots in the neighborhood Together the lot samples represent the average conditions for the neighborhood as a whole Randomly selecting lots from aerial photos or tax maps is ideal but if this cannot be done lots can be randomly selected in the field Each NSA form should include a sketch of the lot with the driveway house sidewalk landscaping features and any forest canopy cover As an alternative crews can drive the entire neighborhood and make a composite sketch of the average lot on a single NSA form The Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 composite sheet method is suitable for crews that have acquired a lot of experience with the NSA NSA Field Forms Each neighborhood is assigned its own Unique Site ID A simple way to label neighborhoods is to combine the names of the subwatershed and the subdivision For example a subdivision calle
10. and be reforested with minimal site preparation Parcels that meet these criteria are good candidates for more detailed investigations and land owner contact May be reforested with extensive site preparation These parcels may be good candidates for reforestation but may require more costly site preparation Parcels have full or partial sun and a nearby water source but suffer from soil compaction invasive plants trash dumping or storm water erosion Heavy equipment may be needed to remove rubble or invasive plants or to amend soils Depending on their size and location these parcels may be recommended for further investigation Poor reforestation or regeneration site Parcels are considered poor candidates for reforestation if they have three or more of the following characteristics poor access an unwilling land owner a conflicting land use potential soil or water contamination dominant invasive species and extensive storm water or dumping impacts These factors can preclude cost effective reforestation and make the parcel a low priority for further investigation E INITIAL RECOMMENDATION Box 25 In this example the field crew felt the parcel would be a good candidate for reforestation based on its good access and public ownership even though some site preparation would be needed to alleviate soil compaction and the lack of organic matter Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 57 Chapter 5 Pervious Area A
11. outfalls dumping sites bank erosion etc These maps can powerfully demonstrate the link between current residential behaviors and stream quality in the subwatershed The key point to remember is that maps are only a tool of restoration and not a product unto themselves Try to map with a purpose in mind A large number of cluttered subwatershed maps may only confuse you while a smaller number may stimulate ideas for the initial restoration strategy 7 5 Deriving Subwatershed and Neighborhood Metrics Subwatershed metrics is a term used to describe the process of aggregating data from individual USSR forms to get a clearer picture of what is happening at the neighborhood or subwatershed scale An example of a subwatershed metric is the percent of the subwatershed that can potentially be treated by on site retrofits This metric can be estimated by analyzing NSA forms for individual neighborhoods You can start by estimating the fraction of rooftop area for the neighborhood i e number of homes multiplied by the average area of the rooftop and then multiply it by the fraction of rooftops that can be feasibly disconnected Next add up the total acreage of disconnectable rooftops for all the neighborhoods in the subwatershed You would then add to this any additional on site retrofit acreage possible from parking lot retrofits from the SSD forms and hotspot retrofits from the HSI forms Lastly you would divide
12. site retrofits source controls street sweeping and pervious area restoration Based on the screening subwatershed 2 clearly had the greatest overall restoration potential according to three of the four metrics and was selected for priority implementation The same basic approach can be used to screen neighborhoods within in a subwatershed to effectively target education efforts Table 28 provides a hypothetical example of how neighborhood screening works In this case the pollutants of concern for the subwatershed were nutrients and bacteria Four neighborhood metrics were developed that were strongly related to these pollutants These metrics include the proportion of high input turf overall turf cover and the presence of pet waste and septic systems Based on this simple screening process it was evident that neighborhood A should be the top priority for nutrient education since it scored high for three of the four metrics Table 26 USSR Subwatershed Metrics Data Acreage of high input turf in each neighborhood subwatershed NSA HSI Percent of the subwatershed that can potentially be treated by on site retrofits Percent of subwatershed neighborhood undergoing redevelopment Percent of subwatershed with reforestation potential Percent of subwatershed with neighborhoods that have severe NPS rating Percentage of hotspots in subwatershed with severe rating Estimated percentage of catch basins in need of cleaning Percentage of stree
13. t Tell C5 Does outdoor storage area lack a cover Yy JN L Can t Tell C6 Are liquid materials stored without secondary containment Y LIN L Can t Tell C7 Are storage containers missing labels or in poor condition rusting L Y LIN L Can t Tell D WASTE MANAGEMENT _ N A Skip to part E Observed Pollution Source D1 Type of waste check all that apply _ Garbage _ Construction materials _ Hazardous materials D2 Dumpster condition check all that apply _ No cover Lid is open _ Damaged poor condition _ Leaking or evidence of leakage stains on ground _ Overflowing D3 Is the dumpster located near a storm drain inlet L Y J N _ Can t Tell If yes are runoff diversion methods berms curbs lacking Yy CIN Can t Tell E PHYSICAL PLANT _ N A Skip to part F Observed Pollution Source E1 Building Approximate age __ yrs Condition of surfaces _ Clean _ Stained L Dirty Damaged Evidence that maintenance results in discharge to storm drains staining discoloration 1 Y L NL Don t know Index O denotes potential pollution source denotes confirmed polluter evidence was seen A 5 Urban Subwoatershed Restoration Manual Hotspot Site Investigation E2 Parking Lot Approximate age yrs Condition _ Clean _ Stained L Dirty L Breaking up Surface material _ Paved Concrete _ Gravel _ Permeable _ Don t know E3 Do downspouts discharge to impervio
14. the parcel may not be a realistic relation to other parcels Box 18 restoration target Likewise a parcel with an unwilling landowner can make restoration infeasible You can discover land ownership on tax maps or from GIS parcel data and remember to record the owner s name and any contact information on the PAA form The first feature to estimate is the parcel area Pervious areas of the subwatershed have already been screened by the two or five acre thresholds Getting a better estimate of parcel area is important since it is often directly related to restoration potential larger parcels 5 4 Assessing Natural Area are usually better candidates than smaller Remnants parcels Tax maps or aerial photos can be used to determine parcel area in the office In both cases remember to double check the parcel in the field in case boundaries have changed since the map or photo was produced If neither is available make a visual estimate of parcel area in the field This part of the PAA form examines the condition and quality of the vegetative cover in natural area remnants Box 19 A PARCEL DESCRIPTION acre s Access to site check all that apply Foot access x Vehicle access AlHeavy equipment access Ownership _ Private K Public Current Management Ww School Park Right of way Vacant land C Other please describe as 2 Contact Information menty Schoo 30 SF Connected to other pervious area Y K N If yes
15. 52 IMMOGUCTION tO ME PAA morina A r A Aaa 50 5 3 Basic Parcel Characterization s sesessersrsrersrsrernnnrerrrnrnrrnnnrnrnnernrnrnrnrnenennnurnrnrnrnrnne 51 5 4 Assessing Natural Area REMINONNS cccscccccecsecseceeseeeseceeaeeaeeaeseeseeeesesaesaeseeneaeeaeaes 5I 5 5 Assessing Open Pervious AIEOS s ssssesessssrrsrrrrrrerrrrsrrrrsrerrrrenrrrsrrrrsrerrrrenrsrsrrrrerene 54 5 6 Initial Management Recommendations ssssssssrsrsrsrrerrrsrsrrrnrrrrerrrsrsrererrnrenrrsrsas 56 Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD sssssssssnssnnnnnssnnunnennnnnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnn 59 6 1 BASICS Of SITESCTS and Storm DANS erranaren r A E rN 59 6 2 Mroduchom 1O Me SSD riina a a 59 6 3 BASIC CHONACTSNIZGMON remire ioin a a A a a 60 OA SWEET COMMONS iniedi aa aA eal a 60 6 5 Siorm Drain inlets and Catch BASINS criin E 63 6 6 Non Residential Parking LOTS s sessnsnsnsnnnnrsrnsrersrsrnrrrrrrsrsrsrennrrrrsrersrsrenerrnrersrsrerean 64 6 7 Recommended Municipal Practices ssesesesssrsnenrsrererrnrsrnrrnrernrnnrnrnrrernrnererrrnrrnne 65 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 67 TiN MOU HON unnar a AA E ee O aN 67 7 2 Basic Data Management and Quality Control ssssssssssssrsrerrrrernsrsrrrrrrerrersrereses 67 7 3 Simple Subwatershed Project Counts cccecseceeseceesueeeceeeeeeesuesesueeeseeeseesetersereetess 68 ZA MapDNO USSR DONG kreipiniai A 6
16. Actions and Neighborhood Indexes ssssessserssrsrrrrrrerrsrsrrrrsrene 27 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI ssssssssnsssnnsnsssnnnnssnnnnnsnnnnnnnnnsnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnas 31 Al BASICS lg 5 91 0 Ke eran eee eRe ATA A A TA 31 4 2 INMOGUCION TO IMG Hol seeen sqecceiadantunedd teanidowbead steer 34 AS CMOTACICHIZIING TS SINS ses a crceeulsencny cise sence Gaaneobemeutawal vac teewssmusanateass 36 4 4 Assessing Vehicle Operations sesssssrsessrsrnrrsrrrrsrsrrrrsrrrrsrorrrrerrnrsrrrrrrererrsrrrrsrerene 36 4 5 Assessing Outdoor Material StOrdgGe s sssssssssrsrrsrsrrrrerrrrsrnrrrrnrenrsrrrrrrererrsrrrrrrerene 38 4 6 Assessing Waste Management Practices sssssessssrrrrrrsrrrsrrrsrsrrrrrrrrsrsrsrsrrrerrrrne 40 4 7 Assessing the Physical Plant enensnsnssnnnsnnnsnsnsrsrnrnrrrrnrrrrrsrsrererrnnrrrrsrsrererrrerrnrenne 4 4 8 Assessing Turf Landscaping Practices ssssssrsrsersrerrsrrrrsrnrrrrsrerrsrerrrrerrrrsrrrrrrerene 42 4 9 Evaluating Private Storm Water Infrastructure sssessserssrsrsrssrnrrsrsrrrrsrerrrrsrrrrsrernne 44 4 10 Designating Storm Water Hotspot StOTUS ensesenennensnnrnsrnrnrrererrsrnrrrrerrrrsrrrrsrerene 45 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 yii Table of Contents viii Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA ccsscccssecsseecsseeceeesaneceseeeeeseaeesaneensnesaeeseaes 49 5 1 BASICS Of Pervious ATGAS pirni daara A aE 49
17. D1 D3 G2 m 7 J E J J J J J J J J E1 E4 F1 G2 Hydrocarbons B5 B6 E2 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 47 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI 48 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA 5 1 Basics of Pervious Areas Pervious areas and natural remnants often present an opportunity for restoration in subwatersheds Most pervious areas are municipally owned but institutional land owners can also have extensive lawns and open space Figure 33 The Pervious Area Assessment PAA looks at large parcels of open land such as parks public golf courses schools rights of way or protected open space Together pervious areas may comprise as much as five to 10 of total subwatershed area Large institutional land owners such as hospitals colleges corporate parks private golf courses cemeteries and private schools may also contain underutilized areas on their grounds with restoration potential Both municipal and institutional pervious areas are attractive from the standpoint of restoration because of their large size and ownership Portions of each parcel may be good candidates for land reclamation reforestation or revegetation The PAA also evaluates the status of larger natural area remnants that still exist in the subwatershed Forest and wetland fragments are potential targets for forest or
18. Dumping mowing and sheds buildings are some typical examples of encroachment As a rule of thumb look for large mowed open areas that might be potential candidates for reforestation Routine maintenance is vital to the proper function of any storm water pond Vegetation can be present in different areas of the pond but should not be growing out of control 3 8 Recommended Actions and Neighborhood Indexes Figure 14 compares an overgrown dry pond that is not functioning as designed with a well maintained dry pond Both of these ponds may be good candidates for storm water retrofitting Neighborhood open space presents an opportunity for restoration Any stream buffers floodplains and open areas in the After the neighborhood survey is done you are asked to compile indices that rank the overall neighborhood nonpoint pollution severity and restoration opportunities for the neighborhood This section provides guidance on deriving neighborhood indexes and making initial recommendations for neighborhood restoration and stewardship actions E e i x r mE pe z z f i 1 a i Eb 7 ava Pha rG Eii u Figure 14 Overgrown Dry Pond a and a Well Maintained One b Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA To start the form asks you to rate the major pollutants that are potentially being generated by the neighborhood Box 8 To help you make
19. Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 B 1 Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators B 2 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators Overview Identification of land uses that may impact water quality in local streams can be a difficult and time consuming task Research suggests that program managers might wish to preferentially investigate certain land uses when looking for the sources of possible pollutant loads These land uses are all considered to be hotspot sites where routine operations can produce higher levels of storm water pollutants and or present a higher potential risk for spills leaks or illicit discharges The two basic types of hotspots are regulated hotspots that are known sources of pollution and are subject to federal or state regulations and unregulated hotspots which are operations suspected to be potential pollution sources and are not currently regulated Identifying Potential Generating Sites The number and type of hotspot sites present in a subwatershed may vary greatly and currently there is no public database available to identify all the regulated sites in a subwatershed Instead multiple databases need to be queried to identify generating sites that may be targets for source control or illicit discharge investigations A three phase approach is useful for gathering as much information as possible on suspect si
20. This zone is where pet waste tends to accumulate since it is where most residents walk their dogs During storms pet waste can be easily washed from the sidewalk zone to the storm drain system and send bacteria to streams see Profile Sheet N 18 in Manual 8 for more information Check to see if pet waste is present in the sidewalk zone and record it on the form tee Street with Trees a Curb and Gutter System b Clogged Storm Drain Inlet C Long Term Car Parking Figure 11 Common Driveway Sidewalk and Curb Conditions Figure 10 Sidewalk Lined Curb and gutters are used to quickly deliver storm water from the road to storm drains and provide no pollutant removal Figure 11a If curb and gutters are present you should look closely at the level of pollutant and organic matter accumulation in the gutters Clean and dry gutters suggest that the municipality may be performing routine street sweeping while flowing or standing water may indicate non target irrigation illicit discharges or clogging of the storm drain inlet Figure 11b The NSA form asks for an estimate of the density of car parking along the curb Figure 11c Long term parking can make street sweeping difficult and may be a potential source of pollution Note the presence of any sediment organic matter or litter accumulated in the curb and gutter Overhead tree canopy illustrated in Figure 11a can also be a source of organic matter in the stree
21. Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 73 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 74 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Appendix A USSR Field Sheets Appendix A USSR Field Sheets Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 A 1 Appendix A USSR Field Sheets A 2 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Dare _ _ 7 o Sse O Ca A NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERIZATION PIC Neighborhood Subdivision Name Neighborhood Area acres If unknown address or streets surveyed Homeowners Association Y L N L Unknown If yes name and contact information Residential circle average single family lot size Single Family Attached Duplexes Row Homes lt 1 4 acre Multifamily Apts Townhomes Condos _ Single Family Detached M u Y 1 gt l acre _ Mobile Home Park Estimated Age of Neighborhood years Percent of Homes with Garages With Basements INDEX Sewer Service Y L N Index of Infill Redevelopment and Remodeling _ No Evidence _ lt 5 of units 5 10 _ gt 10 Record percent observed for each of the following indicators depending on applicability and or site complexity B YARD AND LAWN CONDITIONS B1 of lot with impervious cover B2 of lot with grass cover B3 of lot with landscaping e g mulched bed areas B4 of lot with bare soil ee Note B1 through B4 m
22. Yes to overgrown or to dry pond To complete the index compare your NSA field Restoration Opportunity Index value to the benchmark and if it exceeds the benchmark check the circle or diamond Next e More than five diamonds checked count the total number of checked circles or suggests a high restoration potential for diamonds and rate the neighborhood using the this neighborhood scoring system provided below e Three to five diamonds checked indicates a moderate restoration potential Pollution Severity Index e If two or fewer diamonds are checked this suggests a low restoration potential for this e More than 10 circles checked indicates neighborhood severe potential to generate pollutants e Five to 10 circles checked suggests a high potential to generate pollutants e One to five circles checked suggests a moderate potential to generate pollutants e If no circles were checked the neighborhood has a low potential to generate pollutants Both indexes are used to compare and rank neighborhoods across subwatersheds to prioritize restoration projects and stewardship campaigns More guidance on interpreting and using NSA index data to screen subwatersheds is provided in Chapter 7 of this manual 30 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI 4 1 Basics of Hotspots Storm water hotspots are defined as commercial industrial insti
23. a nearby water source is present and describe it e g automatic irrigation system perennial stream nearby faucet or hose or storm water pond Other constraints Urban reforestation must always respect adjacent infrastructure so check for overhead wires pavement buildings or underground utilities that may constrain planting If any of these are present you should make notes about the approximate location and sketch them for future reference Notes and Sketch The last part of the PAA form is where you can provide notes on any impacts or unusual features found at the parcel When you draw a rough sketch of the site be sure to show your proposed planting area and include other features such as the following e Gullies e Vegetative cover types e Dumping locations e Any storm water outfalls or channels e Location of supplemental water sources and access points e Proposed planting areas e Overhead wires and potential underground utilities e Invasive species 9 6 Initial Management Recommendations This part of the PAA form asks you to initially recommend possible restoration actions for the parcel Natural Area Remnant Three initial recommendations can be made to restore or conserve a forest or wetland fragment and determine what if any additional field surveys are needed Box 24 Good candidate for conservation protection Natural area remnant sites are E INITIAL RECOMMENDATION _ Good candidate
24. aaa ion eee aetna eet oot 47 Possible Pollution Indicator QUESTIONS c cccececccceeeeeeeueeeeeeueeuaueueeueueueueavaueuteneneenens 47 PAA Factors and Possible Restoration Recommendations ccccceeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeenenens 49 SSD Assessment Factors and Possible Restoration Recommendations 00e0 60 Benchmarks Used fo Select SSD Pollution Prevention Strategies nenese 66 USSR Subwatershed Metrics Date ccccccccccceseseeeeeeeeeeueeeeueueeeguaueueguaueueeuauestevenaunans 71 Example of USSR Data Being Used to Compare Across Subwatersheds 065 71 Example of USSR Data Being Used to Compare Across Neighborhoods 5 71 Follow up Investigations Triggered by USSR Metrics ssssssssesererrsrsrrrrsrerrsrrrrrrerene 73 List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Four USSR Assessment Feld FOI iniii a A 2 Sample Subwatershed Residential RECONNAISSANCE MAD ccseceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeens 8 Aerial Photo Showing Delineated Neighborhoods in Maidens Choice Subwatershed in Baltimore MD cc
25. and Restoration Opportunities The USSR helps restoration planning by identifying potential pollution sources in the upland areas of the subwatershed that may adversely affect water quality and assembling a comprehensive initial inventory of promising restoration projects Table 1 The USSR also identifies additional stakeholders in each subwatershed that can be invited to join the restoration planning process The USSR generates a wealth of data that can help you narrow your focus on those behaviors practices or sites that have the greatest impact on pollutant load or runoff reduction in the subwatershed After analyzing your USSR data you will have a better handle on what restoration practices are appropriate for specific neighborhoods hotspots and large pervious areas Later chapters describe the corresponding restoration practices that can address these problems TF E Ta Figure 1 Four USSR Assessment Field Forms Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance Table 1 How the USSR Helps in Subwatershed Restoration Neighborhoods Evaluates pollutant producing behaviors in individual neighborhoods and assigns a pollution severity index for screening purposes Rates each neighborhood for overall restoration potential and identifies specific restoration projects Examines the feasibility of on site storm water retrofits Indicates restoration projec
26. assessment may even be used to fill out part of the PAA field form For example data on parcel area current management ownership and connection to other pervious areas can often be derived from good quality aerial photos and GIS parcel data If GIS data are available your local planning agency may be able to supply parcel layers that identify land owners and parcel areas before you go out to the field If a GIS parcel layer is not available check to see if local agencies have tax maps or land use maps that can be helpful to identify PAA sites A separate PAA form should be completed for each pervious parcel with a unique landowner For example if a local government owns two acres of an eight acre contiguous forest and the remaining six acres are privately owned two PAA forms should be completed WATERSHED Achcabe Cr SUBWATERSHED Gm ley K ASSESSED By As far as special equipment goes aerial photographs and a screwdriver are helpful You might also want to consult good field guides on native tree shrub species and invasive plant species and learn the basics of field identification Field Work The PAA form is divided into three parts The parts you fill out depend on the type of parcel assessed Part I is used to evaluate natural area remnants such as forest parcels and wetland fragments while Part II is designed to assess Open pervious areas such as turf vacant land and meadows Part III is used to sketch th
27. contact numbers for emergency assistance can be pasted to the field crew s clip board to immediately report problems to the appropriate agency Examples include illegal dumping sanitary sewer overflows hazardous waste spills clogged storm drains or illicit discharges Staff To avoid the logistical problem of trying to simultaneously navigate while recording data two people should perform the USSR One crew member drives while the other notes addresses marks hotspot locations fills out the field forms scouts out dining locations and takes photographs Stony Run Watershed Reconnaissance Survey Areas aoe A C Ayman Park iiourth i Legend L Survey Area A Inatitutional Aron EA Public Parkland Siraat Property Boundary Figure 2 Sample Subwatershed Residential Reconnaissance Map Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 2 2 Desktop Analysis to Support a USSR Survey Before you go out to the field a desktop analysis is needed to acquire current mapping and subwatershed data These data are then transferred to a working reconnaissance map to make field site visits more efficient and help organize post field data analysis Local agencies often possess most of the data needed for the desktop analysis although it is often housed in many different departments These data need to be compiled and consolidated before fieldwork begins Table 6 lists some of the local agencies that may Chapter 2 Prep
28. end to Landscaped Island allow vehicles to turn around Many of these cul de sacs can have a radius of more than 40 feet From a storm water perspective cul de sacs create a huge bulb of impervious cover increasing the amount of storm water runoff Retrofitting cul de sacs with small landscaped islands in the center that can infiltrate storm water runoff may help alleviate storm water impacts Figure 37 Next turn your attention to the curb and gutter and evaluate its current pollutant accumulation A curb and gutter system is a type of storm water conveyance that quickly delivers storm water from the road into storm drains Figure 38 They are not designed to provide any treatment or pollutant removal If curb and gutters are present in the neighborhood look along the sides of the street and rate the level of pollutant accumulation in the system Clean and dry curbs may suggest that the street has recently been swept good housekeeping or merely a recent storm Flowing or standing water could mean that storm drain inlets are clogged or an illicit discharge is occurring You are asked to separately rate the degree of sediment organic matter and litter in the curb on a five point scale with a value of one indicating no accumulation and a value of five indicating heavy accumulation Figure 39 Figure 38 Examples of a Curb and Gutter System Going to Storm Drain Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 6
29. in relation to the subwatershed e Neighborhoods with high on site retrofit potential e Neighborhoods with high nonpoint source severity index scores e Clusters of severe or confirmed storm water hotspots e Candidate sites for upland reforestation e Remaining forest and wetland fragments e Parking lot retrofit sites e Neighborhoods with storm drain stenciling potential Subwatershed maps that depict the locations of all potential upland restoration sites are especially helpful For example maps that overlay project locations over aerial photographs can show stakeholders and team members exactly where candidate restoration sites are located in the subwatershed Figure Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 41 These maps can also help identify adjacent stakeholders that should be consulted about proposed restoration projects Where possible you should try to integrate USSR outputs with USA outputs to better understand the relationship between upland areas and the stream corridor For example you may want to see how the potential for rooftop disconnection in upland areas can influence stream corridor restoration projects as shown in Figure 42 By combining USSR and USA data on a single map you may discover connections between upland sites with high pollution potential and stream corridor areas that reflect these impacts e g suspect
30. in spring summer or fall Winter surveys are not recommended especially for NSA and PAA components The day of the week is important due to its influence on the NSA and HSI components While weekends are probably best to accurately characterize Basic USSR field maps consist of the following e A minimum 1 2000 scale e g scale of a 7 5 minute USGS quadrangle sheet street map and or aerial photograph Street maps offer the advantage of simplicity availability and well labeled road networks and urban landmarks but fall short on land use details that recent aerial photographs provide The location of all known NPDES residential behaviors such as car washing lawn care and car maintenance weekday surveys of hotspots are more likely to discover discharges from storm water hotspots Maps Good maps are essential for the USSR Easy desktop analysis is needed to screen the individual neighborhoods parcels and hotspots to be investigated These sites should industrial storm water SARA 312 and RCRA permittees as well as storm water treatment practices All publicly owned pervious areas greater than two acres and all privately owned pervious areas greater than five acres Boundaries of all neighborhoods and major commercial industrial and institutional parcels be identified and delineated based on Table 4 Selection Criteria for USSR Site Assessment _USSR Selection Criteria Visit all neighborh
31. information Office of Planning Current development projects and permits Office of Planning Zoning Wetland forest projects State wetland inventory maps Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR 10 Table 7 Mapping Data for USSR Fieldwork Required Cie O Aerial photos Utilities sewer storm drain system Roads Soils Topography Tax maps with parcels Vegetative cover Storm water treatment facilities Point sources storm water treatment plants NPDES permittees Buildings parking lots State wetland inventory map 2 3 Site and Neighborhood Delineation Mapping to Support the USSR The next step involves delineating subwatersheds and individual neighborhoods and locating known hotspots and open parcels This step is essential to help plan your time and routes in the field Subwatershed Delineation The boundaries of the watershed and its component subwatersheds should be delineated first Subwatersheds generally have a drainage area of 10 square miles or less and include streams ranging from first to third order In practice you will need to exercise some discretion in drawing actual subwatershed boundaries Manual 2 provides practical techniques to help delineate subwatersheds Neighborhood Delineation Subwatersheds should be further subdivided into individual neighborhood units that will be examined during the NSA Delineation of neighborhood units
32. list major species that are found Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 B IMPACTS B1 Observed Impacts check all that apply C Poor Vegetative Health Other describe Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA X Soil Compaction X Erosion _ Trash and Dumping Box 22 The field crew in this example recorded that both soil compaction and erosion were evident in the turf area at the back of the school They could only penetrate the soil a few inches with a screwdriver and observed rills and gullies on steeper slopes that had patchy grass cover which they drew on their sketch Impacts This part of the PAA evaluates possible impacts that will influence what site preparation techniques may be needed to restore the parcel Box 22 The degree of site preparation needed before reforestation or reclamation can have an impact on restoration project ranking Five basic site impacts are provided on the form soil compaction erosion trash dumping poor vegetative health and other impacts e g storm water runoff You are asked to visually determine if more detailed soil or planting investigations will be needed in subsequent visits Soil Compaction Look for evidence of potential soil compaction which can include standing water surface crusting of soil or evidence of construction traffic Take a screwdriver to see how easily it can penetrate the soil If you can only go down a few inches you may have to deal
33. of erosion and sediment runoff during storms Forest canopy is operationally defined as the portion of the average lot covered by trees with a diameter greater than six inches Forest canopy cover includes any part of the lot covered by the tree drip line which is illustrated in Figure 8 A drip line is an imaginary area on the ground that encircles the outermost foliage of the tree above Estimating Cover Area You will need to sketch the lot to accurately calculate each of the five cover types The bottom right corner of the back of the NSA form contains a grid and Figure 9 provides a sample sketch and calculation The process of sketching lot cover types to scale has four steps In the first step you set the scale for the grid based on the lot size Table 11 can help you choose the appropriate scale to mark your grid The second step assumes that the lot is square which makes subsequent calculations much easier The five lot cover types are then sketched on the grid in the third step Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Figure 7 Example of Bayscaping Figure 8 Tree Drip Line The last step involves calculating the percentage of each cover type from the ground You can make a visual estimate directly from the sketch or calculate it using the square counting method as illustrated in Figure 9 The management status of the grass cover on the lot is very importa
34. restoration efforts These unique characteristics directly influence the ability to widely implement restoration practices such as on site retrofits neighborhood source controls and better stewardship While some neighborhood characteristics can be discerned from maps and aerial photographs field assessments are needed to get quantitative data on pollutant source areas and their restoration potential e Yards and Lawns e Driveways Sidewalks and Curbs e Rooftops e Common Areas Table 9 describes the polluting behaviors measured by the NSA and the next section describes the four neighborhood source areas where they can occur Table 9 Key Behaviors Within Residential Source Areas aoe Driveways Sidewalks and Curbs Rooftops Added Impervious Cover Exposed Soils Pet Waste Common Areas Unmaintained Storm Water Practices Buffer Encroachment Storm Drain Dumping Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 13 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA 14 Yards and Lawns Individual yards account for about 70 of the turf cover in urban subwatersheds and usually the majority of total pervious cover Yards tend to be intensively managed and can be a potentially significant source of nutrients pesticides sediment and runoff At least 10 different behaviors in the yard can have an impact on subwatershed quality Table 9 including lawn fertilization pesticide use watering landscaping and yard waste
35. runoff delivered to a stream see Manual 3 Stream hydrology can be improved and pollutants can be reduced if a large fraction of neighborhood rooftops can be disconnected However downspout disconnection is not always feasible in all neighborhoods small lots basements impermeable soils and steep slopes can constrain widespread implementation The NSA also examines whether new rooftops are being built in the neighborhood such as additions decks outbuildings and residential redevelopment Collectively these additions and expansions can sharply increase neighborhood impervious cover and become a source of sediment erosion during construction If the NSA reveals significant redevelopment activity in a neighborhood it may indicate a need for residential erosion and sediment control and education Many residents also store household hazardous wastes such as fertilizers pesticides paints and oil The NSA asks whether garages are present which provides clues as to where and how household hazardous wastes are managed Common Areas Newer neighborhoods often have considerable areas of community open space in the form of stream buffers protected flood plains storm water management practices rights of way and pocket parks Common areas are an important focus of the NSA even though they are located outside of the individual home site Specific behaviors assessed in common areas include how residents dispose of pet wa
36. that constrain reforestation are sun exposure adjacent water and infrastructure The following criteria can help you evaluate reforestation constraints Exposure Parcels that are fully exposed to sun and wind may experience poor planting survival therefore you should rate the amount of exposure at the planting site Full sun is defined as more than six hours of direct sunlight each day whereas partial sun refers to areas that get direct sunlight for less than six 55 Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA C REFORESTATION CONSTRAINTS C1 Sun exposure A Full sun _ Partial sun _ Shade Unknown C2 Nearby water source X Y C N C Unknown C3 Other constraints _ Overhead wires Underground Utilities Pavement A Buildings C Other please describe Box 23 In this example the field crew noted that the site received full sunlight and was near a water source which would make reforestation easier They did notice however that buildings were nearby and they drew this on the sketch hours a day or filtered light throughout the e Adjacent streams roads impervious cover entire day A planting site is considered shady and structures if it gets little or no direct sunlight or receives less than six hours of filtered light per day from the overhead canopy Nearby water source Urban trees usually require supplemental water to survive the first few years after planting Therefore check to see if
37. that require additional field and desktop investigation The most common desktop investigation is the Source Control Plan SCP which is used to define the focus targets methods and scope for residential and or business source control programs in the subwatershed The SCP recommends specific outreach education and municipal assistance tools to control the major pollution source s in your subwatershed Chapter 7 discusses the many different ways USSR data can be incorporated into your subwatershed restoration plan Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance 6 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR predetermined selection criteria to keep the number of sites to a manageable level Some selection criteria rely on a minimum site area requirement to ensure that restoration 1s feasible Table 4 shows some examples of selection criteria used to identify sites 2 1 What Do Need to Get Started The USSR requires minimal field equipment mapping and staff effort although access to Geographic Information Systems GIS data layers can greatly enhance the efficiency of the survey Timing is important to consider when scheduling USSR fieldwork Two scheduling decisions need to be made the season and the day of the week that will provide the most useful USSR data In general the USSR is most useful
38. the neighborhood This fraction can then be multiplied by total neighborhood area to get a planning estimate of the acreage of high input turf for the neighborhood as a whole Once again the metric is computed by aggregating the results from all the neighborhoods that compose the subwatershed The high input turf metric provides insight about the significance of lawns as a potential pollution source at the subwatershed level and can be used to target lawn care education efforts at the neighborhood level Additional ideas on how to compute other neighborhood and subwatershed metrics are provided in Table 26 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 7 6 Screening Across Neighborhoods and Subwatersheds Subwatershed metrics have considerable value to screen or rank the restoration potential among groups of neighborhoods and subwatersheds The basic approach is simple select metrics that are most important to your watershed planning goals then see how individual neighborhoods or subwatersheds rank in the process A simple example of how metrics can be used for screening is provided in Table 27 In this hypothetical example stakeholders selected three subwatersheds to compare upland restoration potential based on four different metrics related to subwatershed treatment The four metrics were the percent of subwatershed area that could be treated by on
39. this determination Table 13 indicates the specific NSA questions linked to specific pollutant sources If two or more questions are answered affirmatively you should check the appropriate pollutant index box Boxes are also provided to describe any recommended restoration actions for the This part of the NSA also asks you to recommend specific actions for neighborhood restoration or retrofits based on your initial field observations Other Restoration Manuals offer more specific guidance on how to make neighborhood recommendations On site retrofits are used by homeowners to reduce storm water runoff generated by their lots by disconnecting downspouts Examples include rain gardens rain barrels and cisterns neighborhood which are described in Manual 3 Table 13 Pollution Indicators Pollutant Reference Questions Potential Cause Stained driveways Boo Trrashin Yards Nutrients Oil and Grease Trash Litter Dumping Dumping S Bacteria Sediment F INITIAL NEIGHBORHOOD ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on field observations this neighborhood has significant indicators for the following check all that apply A Nutrients _ Oil and Grease _ Trash Litter Bacteria m Sediment _ Other Recommended Actions Describe Recommended Actions Specific Action king lot LAA Aki _ Onsite retrofit potential K Better lawn landscaping practice _ Better management of common space N Pond retro
40. what type Forest _ Wetland _ Other Estimated size of connected pervious area acre s Record Unique Site ID of connected fragment Box 18 The field crew first tackled the forest fragment adjacent to Pearsons Elementary School which was about four acres in size Before starting the forest survey they dropped by the office to get permission to be on school grounds and obtained follow up contact information The crew indicated that the site was not connected to any other natural area remnants after looking more closely at their aerial photos B CURRENT VEGETATIVE COVER Bi Percent of forest with the following canopy coverage B1 of wetland with following vegetative zones Open 20 Partly shaded O Shaded 20 Aquatic Note these should total 100 Emergent B2 Dominant tree species fed maple tv Up Forested ee S S 0 oak Note these should total 100 B3 Understory species B2 Dominant species ___ Spicebush wood TOES ee B4 Are invasive species present K Y ON B3 Are invasive species present Y C N C Unknown C Unknown If yes of forest with invasives 49 If yes o of wetland with invasives Species he _ FOS Species Box 19 In this example the crew surveyed a forest fragment at the elementary school They estimated the fragment to be about 20 years old based on the size of the trees The fragment was mixed with respect to canopy coverage with 20 open 60 partly shaded and 20 shaded
41. 2 concludes by offering staffing and cost estimates to scope and budget a USSR Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Introduction Chapter 3 Neighborhood source Assessment NSA Every subwatershed has many neighborhoods which can be significant sources of pollution and offer many restoration opportunities Chapter 3 introduces the basics of the neighborhood in the context of the USSR and introduces the four lawn and yard behaviors assessed during the NSA It also provides detailed guidance on completing the NSA form in the field The chapter concludes with tips on organizing and analyzing NSA data to rank priority restoration opportunities and determine pollution severity at the neighborhood scale Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Hotspots are specific operations in a subwatershed that may generate high storm water pollution This chapter introduces the basics of hotspots and the six areas common to each hotspot that are assessed during the HSI It also provides specific guidance on completing the HSI field form and concludes by ranking the severity of hotspot sites and recommending pollution prevention practices that may be warranted Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA Natural area remnants and large parcels of open land are found in every subwatershed and they represent opportunities for reforestation and restoration This chapter introduces the basics of pervious areas and introduces the PAA fi
42. 241 Coal Mines and Coal Mining Related Facilities Sector I Oil and Gas Extraction and Refining Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas 1321 Natural Gas Liquids 1381 1389 Oil and Gas Field Services 2911 Petroleum refining 1411 Dimension Stone 1422 1429 Crushed and Broken Stone Including Rip Rap 1481 Nonmetallic Minerals Except Fuels 1442 1446 Sand and Gravel Clay Ceramic and Refractory Materials Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals Except Fuels 5015 5093 4011 4013 Railroad Transportation 4111 4173 Local and Highway Passenger Transportation 4212 4231 Motor Freight Transportation and Warehousing 4311 United States Postal Service 5171 Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals 4412 4499 O Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual Table B2 SIC Codes for NPDES Industrial Storm Water Regulated Facilities T Treatment Works U Food and Kindred Products 2011 2015 Meat Products 2021 2026 Dairy Products 2032 Canned Frozen and Preserved Fruits Vegetables and Food Specialties 2041 2048 Grain Mill Products 2051 2053 Bakery Products 2061 2068 Sugar and Confectionery Products 2074 2079 Fats and Oils 2082 2087 Beverages 2091 2099 Miscellaneous Food Preparations and Kindred Products 2111 2141 Tobacco Products V Textile Mills Apparel and Other Fabric Product Manufacturing 2211 2299 Textile Mill Products 2311 2399 Apparel and Other Finished Products Ma
43. 3 Thickness of organic matter at surface D inches A4 Are invasive species present Y KIN Unknown If yes of site with invasives Species Box 21 The field crew looked at the acre of unutilized open land at the back boundary of the school property in this example They didn t bother to assess the other four acres of ball fields on the school grounds since the crew figured they were not suitable for reforestation any time soon The crew noted that the unutilized open land parcel had 100 turf and was mowed frequently The grass itself was bunchy and sparse and no organic matter was found at the soil surface 54 5 5 Assessing Open Pervious Areas This part of the PAA form quickly assesses whether large parcels of open pervious land are suitable for reforestation or reclamation Box 21 The form asks you to assess the condition and management regime for the current vegetative cover at the parcel Most open parcels are dominated by one or more types of ground cover such as turf grass herbaceous cover bare soil and shrubs Some parcels may also have a few trees or impervious cover as well You should quickly estimate the percentage of each type of cover on the parcel If turf grass is present you will need to record data about its height mowing frequency and condition First record the approximate height of the turf If height varies significantly across the site record it as a range e g two to 10 i
44. 520 1 square 16 feet x 16 feet 256ft Table 12 Turf Management Indicators cee maoe OOO Status e Single shade of green ae One grass species Edging around driveways sidewalks and landscaping Permanent irrigation system e Visible fertilizer pellets Well manicured Lush and dense Short evenly cut High Input Lawn care company signs Grass clippings Weed free Non manicured appearance Build up of Patchy grass with soil dirt showing through Varying height of grass inate oman with dandelions weeds dead stems and brush e Varying shades of green Low Input 22 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 High input turf can be a source of pollutants in urban neighborhoods Lawns that are lush dense and consistently green may suggest the use of fertilizers and or herbicides particularly if they are managed by a lawn care company Pollutants from the lawn can be washed into storm drains if permanent irrigation systems exist installed or routine lawn watering occurs Non target irrigation occurs when sprinklers hoses or permanent irrigation sprinkler heads are misdirected over driveways and sidewalks Pollutants that have accumulated on impervious surfaces can wash into the storm drain system if they receive non target irrigation e g fertilizer oil sediments etc Manual 8 includes Profile Sheets that offer tips on reducing pollutant runoff from highly managed lawns The last two yard factors to exa
45. 8 7 5 Deriving Subwatershed and Neighborhood Metrics sssssssssssssnrerrsrrrrerererrsrerrsns 69 7 6 Screening Across Neighborhoods and Subwatersneds cccccseceeceeceeseeseeeeeaeeees 71 TA VOCE CONO PIONS onein a r aa 72 7 8 Additional Subwatershed Project Investigations ssssssssrssrsrrrrsrnrrsrsrrrrererrsreresee 72 Appendix A USSR Field Sheets ccccecccsesecseeeeeeeeeeueeesueeesueeeeueaesueeeseeeeeeeauteteuteesersesetsesenetsass A 1 Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators s ssssersrererrrrsrene B Appendix C Hotspot Field Identification Sheet cccececseceeseceeeeeeeseeeeeueeesueeeeeeeesetserenseeetens C 1 List of Tables Table 1 How the USSR Helps in Subwatershed Restoration cccecseceeseeeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseteeses 3 Table 2 SEVEN SIEDS OF IMG USSR serio a rE 4 Table 3 Steps in Subwatershed Restoration Where USSR Data Is Explicitly Used 008 4 Table 4 Selection Criteria for USSR Site ASSESSMENT ccceceeseeseeeeeueeesueeesueeeseeeeeeesetenseteeness 7 Table 5 USSR Field Equipment Needs income a a a Oa 9 Table 6 Data Requirements for USSR Field Work ccccccccceeeseeeeeeeveueeeeveveueeeeueueeeeveueeuenennenens 9 Table 7 Mapping Data for USSR Field WOrk cccccceeceeceeceeseeeeceeceeseeseeaeeaeeaeeeeseesesseeeeegees 10 Table 8 Generic USSR Budget for Hypothetical Subwatershed cccceeceeeeece
46. Basics of the Unified Subwaiershed and Site Reconnaissance Urban subwatershed restoration has traditionally focused on the stream corridor with less attention paid to upland areas where neighborhoods and businesses are located However these upland areas are important in subwatershed restoration since they contribute storm water pollutants to the stream corridor The Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance USSR is designed to assess these upland areas for behaviors that can potentially influence water quality and to identify promising restoration project opportunities The USSR is a rapid field survey to evaluate potential pollution sources and restoration opportunities within urban subwatersheds It was developed to help watershed groups municipal staff and consultants quickly assess subwatershed restoration potential The USSR is quick and inexpensive applies over a wide range of urban conditions and has four major assessment components e Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA that profiles pollution source areas stewardship behaviors and residential restoration opportunities within individual neighborhoods e Hotspot Site Investigation HSI that ranks the potential severity of each commercial industrial municipal or transport related hotspot found within a subwatershed e Pervious Area Assessment PAA that evaluates the potential to reforest turf areas or restore natural area remnants at all open parcels w
47. Buffers floodplain present L Y _ N If yes is encroachment evident L Y L N F INITIAL NEIGHBORHOOD ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on field observations this neighborhood has significant indicators for the following check all that apply _ Nutrients _ Oil and Grease _ Trash Litter Bacteria _ Sediment _ Other Recommended Actions Describe Recommended Actions Specific Action _ Onsite retrofit potential _ Better lawn landscaping practice _ Better management of common space Pond retrofit _ Multi family Parking Lot Retrofit _ Other action s Initial Assessment NSA Pollution Severity Index L_ Severe More than 10 circles checked _ High 5 to 10 circles checked _ Moderate Fewer than 5 circles checked L_ None No circles checked Neighborhood Restoration Opportunity Index _ High More than 5 diamonds checked L_ Moderate 3 5 diamonds checked L_ Low Fewer than 3 diamonds checked NOTES A 4 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual Hotspot Site Investigation FY S UNIQUE SITE ID Das o sess By O Coma PoR gt lonce gt o IME A SITE DATA AND BASIC CLASSIFICATION Name and Address Category Commercial _ Industrial Miscellaneous _ Institutional _ Municipal _ Golf Course L_ Transport Related _ Marina _ Animal Facility SIC code if available Basic Description of Operation NPDES Status _ Regulated _ Unregulated _ Unknown
48. Dedicated Truck Wash Site With Runoff Controls sesssessssererererennrrrenrrrrrrrrrrrnrererne 38 Three Loading Dock Observations s ssssrsrssrsrrrrsrrrrrrrnrrrsrrrrerenrsrsrrrrsrerrresnrnenes 39 Poor Outdoor Storage at a Garden Center s ssssssrrsrsrrrrererrsrrrrrrererrsrrrrrrererreree 39 Outdoor Storage Area Connected to Storm Drain System cccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 39 Two Examples of Secondary CONTAINMENT cececcecseceeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeaeeeeseneeseees 40 Improperly Labeled and Stored Restaurant Storage Containers sessssssrsrererreen 40 Dumpster with Open Lid and Stain Showing Evidence of Leakage to Storm Drain 41 Directly Connected Downspout Indirectly Connected DOwnspoul 0ee 42 Poorly Mandged Construction Site 0 0 cccccccceceeseeeeee sees eeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeaeesesnaenees 43 LONGSCOPE Parking LOL ISIGING swiciiss detest A Ged cda A 43 Non Target Irrigation Runoff at a Retail Garden Center cccccceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeneenees 44 Four Storm Water Treatment Practices Used in Hotspot Are cccceeseeseeeeeeeeeees 45 Storm Drain Inlet Clogged with Organic Matter and Litfer ccceceeeeeeeeeeeeaeeees 45 Sample Completed Field Form for an Individual Hotspot Site cc ceeeeeeeeeeee ees 46 Two Pervious Area Parcels Commonly Seen in Urban Subwatersheds 0 ccceees 49 Evidence Of Beaver ACTIVITY aenieiai a ee ands ae needs 52 Trash
49. Disconnection e On site Residential Retrofits e Hotspot Permit Enforcement e Targets for Hotspot Pollution Prevention e Parking Lot Retrofits e Illicit Discharge Investigations e Upland Soil Reclamation e Upland Reforestation e Natural Area Restoration e Storm Drain Stenciling e Street Sweeping e Catch Basin Clean outs The USSR is used to rapidly assemble an initial inventory of subwatershed restoration practice sites that merit additional investigation USSR data is also commonly aggregated to produce various subwatershed metrics and maps that are used to devise an initial upland restoration strategy The USSR is intended to be flexible You are encouraged to customize the assessment forms to meet your own local needs and only use the forms you need 1 1 Four Assessment Components of the USSR The USSR employs four different assessment components to identify and record potential pollution sources and subwatershed restoration projects Figure 1 A specific field form is associated with each component e Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA e Hotspot Source Investigation HSI e Pervious Area Assessment PAA e Streets and Storm Drains SSD You can use all four field forms or just the ones that suit your purposes lt Source Amber Widmayer W my ey t bt r z va Ri x Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance 1 2 How the USSR Helps identify Pollution Sources
50. OA and contact information should have been acquired during the desktop analysis Check the appropriate box if the neighborhood has multi family housing such as condominiums or apartments or is a mobile home park If the neighborhood consists of single family homes record the estimated area of the average lot in acres Lot size is important since larger lots are linked to more frequent fertilization and herbicide application than smaller ones Also certain restoration opportunities such as rain gardens can be directly influenced by lot size Lot size can be derived from tax maps or plats or directly measured from GIS parcel data Multiply lot frontage length along the street and lot depth from front to back to compute square footage and divide by 43 560 to convert the area into acres see example at left Two methods are available to measure lot size in the field The first method is to walk the lot using calibrated paces A more accurate method is to physically measure lot dimensions with a 100 foot measuring tape Lot depth can be hard to measure if you don t have access to backyards When measuring the lot you should also measure house dimensions which will be needed later You should also estimate the age of the neighborhood which helps explain many neighborhood characteristics For example storm drain inlet catch basins are more common in older neighborhoods while storm water treatment practices are mor
51. Postal Service Trucking Companies and Distribution Centers Please consult Appendix B for a complete list of Industrial SIC Codes Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Assessing Individual Storm Water Hotspots The site is the fundamental unit to evaluate potential storm water hotspots Each hotspot site has its own unique operations drainage system and potential pollution risk As a result each hotspot must be individually inspected to identify current practices spill risks and storm water problems Hotspots do have common operations and activities that can contribute to storm water quality problems Figure 15 The Hotspot Site Investigation HSI evaluates six common operations at each potential hotspot e Vehicle Operations e Outdoor Materials e Waste Management e Physical Plant e Turf Landscaping e Storm Water Infrastructure Vehicle Operations Nearly all hotspots devote some portion of the site to vehicle operations which may include maintenance repair recycling fueling washing or long term A Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI parking Vehicle operations can be a significant source of trace metals oil and grease and hydrocarbons and is the first area evaluated when performing an HSI Vehicle maintenance and repair often produces waste oil fluids and other hazardous products The procedures for handling and safely disposing recycling of these products should be assessed at every s
52. Research has shown a link between these behaviors and water quality problems in local streams Yard behaviors tend to be similar within a neighborhood since most individual lots often have the same area age and tree canopy cover The NSA quickly profiles the most prevalent lawn care and landscaping behaviors in order to target the education enforcement and municipal stewardship programs needed to change them Driveways Sidewalks and Curbs Driveways sidewalks and curbs are endemic to nearly all neighborhoods and they often provide a direct link to the street and storm drain system As a result many behaviors that occur on driveways and sidewalks can cause pollutants to directly wash off into the storm drain system Notable examples include washing cars hosing driveways and applying deicing compounds during the winter These behaviors can introduce nutrients oil organic carbon sediment and chlorides into the storm drain system Rooftops Residential rooftops are another focus of the NSA Rooftop runoff can contain many pollutants and produce storm water runoff The NSA is used to calculate the proportion of neighborhood rooftops with downspouts that are directly connected to the storm drain system If most downspouts are directly connected this presents a potential restoration opportunity if they are disconnected by rain barrels and rain gardens These on site residential retrofits can help reduce or delay storm water
53. S years Percent of Homes with Garages With Basements Sewer Service Y N aN Index of Infill Redevelopment and Remodeling J No Evidence lt 5 of units 5 10 _ gt 10 Box 2 In this example the field crew profiled the Jamestowne Court Townhouses and Apartments They quickly estimated that the complex was about 25 years old found manholes indicating that it was serviced by sewer and observed no garages or basements Prior desktop analysis did not indicate that there was an active civic association and the crew saw no evidence of redevelopment Sample Lot Size Calculation Frontage 120 feet Depth 180 ft or construction activity on the premises You should record the name of the neighborhood or subdivision If there are no signs to identify the neighborhood simply record the street names If you choose to complete a composite form for the neighborhood record the name of the intersection at the neighborhood entrance Many neighborhoods have a homeowner s association HOA HOA contact information is important for several reasons First HOAs will be your primary point of contact if the NSA reveals any neighborhood restoration opportunities Second HOAs can be important stakeholders to involve in subsequent steps of the subwatershed restoration planning process Lastly HOA contacts may be able to quickly provide neighborhood information to complete the NSA form such as the age of development H
54. SCRIPTION Size __acre s Access to site check all that apply _ Foot access _ Vehicle access _ Heavy equipment access Ownership _ Private Public Current Management _ School Park Right of way _ Vacant land _ Other please describe Contact Information Connected to other pervious area L Y L N If yes what type _ Forest _ Wetland L Other Estimated size of connected pervious area acre s Record Unique Site ID of connected fragment PART I NATURAL AREA REMNANT FOREST WETLAND B CURRENT VEGETATIVE COVER B CURRENT VEGETATIVE COVER B1 Percent of forest with the following canopy coverage B1 of wetland with following vegetative zones Open _ Partly shaded Shaded__ Aquatic Note these should total 100 Emergent B2 Dominant tree species Forested Note these should total 100 B3 Understory species B2 Dominant species B3 Are invasive species present _ Y LIN _ Unknown If yes of wetland with invasives Species __ B4 Are invasive species present Y L_ N _ Unknown If yes of forest with invasives Species __ C FOREST IMPACTS C WETLAND IMPACTS C1 Observed Impacts check all that apply _ Animals C1 Observed Impacts check all that apply _ Animals _ Clearing encroachment _ Trash and dumping _ _ Clearing encroachment _ Trash and dumping _ Storm water runoff _ Other Storm water runoff _ Hydrologic impacts _ Ot
55. Streets and Storm Drains SSD 6 5 Storm Drain inlets and Storm drain inlets are the locations in the Catch Basins street where storm water runoff enters the underground storm drain system see Figure 39 Some inlets are also equipped with a catch basin to capture and settle sediment debris and other pollutants The ability of catch basins to consistently remove sediment and other pollutants requires routine clean outs to maintain their storage capacity This part of the SSD form is where you inspect the condition and pollutant accumulation of storm drain inlets and catch basins Box 29 4 5 p pee ie aE man Wi i TEIT rT TTT EE Rating of 1 Rating of 3 Rating of 5 Figure 39 Varying Degrees of Trash and Debris Accumulation in Curb and Gutter and Storm Drain Inlets C STORM DRAIN INLETS AND CATCH BASINS C1 Type of storm drain conveyance open enclosed X mixed C2 Percentage of nets with caten basin storage _ te NA ae Catch an 1 E C4 Catch basin 2 TEPA ter a oa e me f aoo E Cnm S wer p97 S E Wet I Diy Condition of Inlet Clear Obstructed Betciear PJobstruced Tite facial ae a Spa Ace O r a Rly ON F Sediment Accumulation C ee RY ON Sediment Dep Gn fey E E a t ft Evidence of oil and grease a i E E i EE j ama eea OOS E a Ta H er w ie Box 29 After driving the entire neighborhood the crew estimated that only 20 of its storm drain inlets had catch basin
56. Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual Series Unified Subwatershed and Site _ Reconnaissance ag A User s Manual Version 2 0 February 2005 Manual Figure lif Figure 15 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 21 Photo Acknowledgments Roger Bannerman City of Memphis Regional Water Quality Control Board Region 3 Unites States Department of Energy City of Memphis Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual No ll UNIFIED SUBWATERSHED AND SITE RECONNAISSANCE A USER S MANUAL Version 2 0 Prepared by Tiffany Wright Chris Swann Karen Cappiella and Tom Schueler Center for Watershed Protection 8390 Main Street 2nd Floor Ellicott City MD 21043 Www cwp org www stormwatercenter net Prepared for Office of Water Management U S Environmental Protection Agency Washington D C February 2005 Copyright 2005 by the Center for Watershed Protection Material may be quoted provided credit is given Printed in the United States of America on recycled paper Foreword This manual distills our experience in evaluating the restoration potential of urban subwatersheds that we have acquired in dozens of rapid restoration assessments over the past decade We have assembled a basic assessment approach into a single package known as the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance or USSR Over the past two years we have continuously sought to refine test and expand this assessment approach in our wa
57. ach of these hydrologic impacts can cause dramatic changes in wetland function vegetation and habitat Notes and Sketch This part of the PAA form is where you record detailed notes on any impacts observed or other unique features associated with the natural area remnant You should also sketch the natural area remnant including some of the following features Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 e Gullies e Varying vegetative cover e Dumping locations e Storm water outfalls or channels e Locations of water sources e All streams roads impervious cover and Structures e Access points e Proposed planting areas e Overhead wires e Invasive species e Important natural features e g endangered species specimen trees e Any other important or unique features In addition you should take several digital photos of each remnant for further analysis 3 oi Das e EE rises bee Bae ae es ae ie ina Figure 35 Trash and Dumping in Two Pervious Areas 53 Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA A CURRENT VEGETATIVE COVER A1 Percent of assessed surface with Turf O Other Herbaceous please describe A2 Turf Height _ inches o None bare soil Trees Shrubs Nate these should total 100 Apparent Mowing Frequency X Frequent _ Infrequent No Mow _ Unknown Other Condition check all that apply L Thick Dense X Thin Sparse X Clumpy Bunchy Continuous Cover A
58. age of grass cover on the lot and an assessment of how intensively it is managed High management turf is defined as lawns that 19 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA el E E E tye lta B YARD AND LAWN CONDITIONS B1 of lot with impervious cover B2 of lot with turf grass B3 of lot with landscaping e g mulched bed areas B4 of lot with bare soil Note B1 through B4 must total 100 B5 of lot with forest canopy B6 Evidence of permanent irrigation or non target irrigation B7 Proportion of total neighborhood turf lawns with following management status B8 Outdoor swimming pools x Y L N _ Can t Tell Estimated 12 B9 Junk or trash in yards Y AJ N Can t Tell Box 3 In this example the field crew evaluated yard and lawn conditions in a five year old suburban neighborhood consisting of half acre residential lots The crew measured cover types at three randomly selected lots and reported turf and forest canopy cover at 70 and 20 respectively Using the visual lawn indicators they rated 60 of the turf as being in the high inout category and the remainder in the medium input category They noticed about a dozen backyard swimming pools in the neighborhood but found no obvious trash or junk in any yards The crew leader made a note on the form that lawn care practices and swimming pool discharges might be a potential pollution source for the neighborhood y Pa EF E P F a Ss a
59. along the residential streets as low to medium The crew rated the feasibility of both street sweeping and catch basin clean outs as moderate given the low density 1 2 cars per block street parking and access to catch basins for clean outs A single parking lot was assigned a low potential retrofit rating due to the lack of current storm water treatment and the poor condition of the pavement surface Street Sweeping Catch Basin Clean outs Pollution Prevention Benchmark Rating Strategies High Medium Low in SSD and access for sweeping is Percentage of catch basins with six inches gt 50 40 50 lt 40 Table 25 Benchmarks Used to Select SSD Pollution Prevention Strategies Percentage of the streets where curb and gutter accumulation is rated three or higher 540 20 40 lt 20 available or can be controlled Storm Drain Stenciling Percentage of storm drains that are not gt 50 40 50 lt 20 stenciled of accumulation and are accessible for cleanout Parking Lot Retrofit Acreage of parking lots rated excellent or i Potential good retrofit lt 25 acres 5 24 acres lt 5 acres 66 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 7 1 Introduction The USSR generates a wealth of information to define an initial restoration strategy for upland areas of your subwatershe
60. and Dumping in TWO Pervious Areas cccceceecee eee e sees eee eee eee eea een eeaeeaeseneeneenes 53 Indicators that Changes in Municipal Street Maintenance May Be Needed 59 Cul de Sac With a Landscaped ISION cccecceceecececeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseeeeseesesaeaeseeaeeeees 62 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Table of Contents Figure 38 Examples of a Curb and Gutter System Going to Storm Drain cccceeeeeeeeeeeees 62 Figure 39 Varying Degrees of Trash and Debris Accumulation in Curb and Gutter and Storm Drain Inlets cece ceccececeeeeeceeeeeseesueeueneeeeeeeeeeseeaeeaeeaeseesaeseeees 63 Fig r 40 Cateh Basin MuSTaNON sordina r 64 Figure 41 USSR Subwatershed Map Showing Pervious Area Cleanup and REIOESICNION PrOJeCr SNOS mueran nae a E 69 Figure 42 Stream Bank Erosion Identified in USA Survey and Targeting Neighborhood for Retrofit ssssssssrssrsrrrrsrnrrrrenrrrsrrrrerenrersrerrrsrerrrrsrne 70 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations The following list describes the many acronyms and abbreviations used in the manual to described the methods practices models used to restore small uroan watersheds GIs Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System HOA Homeowner s Association HSI Hotspot Site Investigation NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NSA Neighborhood Source Assessment PAA Pervious Area Assessment RCRA Resource Conservation
61. and Recovery Act of 1976 SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SCP Source Control Plan SIC Standard Industrial Classification SSD Streets and Storm Drains USGS United States Geological Survey USSR Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance X Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Introduction This manual presents the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance USSR a rapid field method to evaluate potential pollution sources and find restoration opportunities in subwatersheds This manual is organized into seven chapters Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance This chapter introduces the basics of the USSR It describes the four assessment components and explains how each component helps identify upland pollution sources and or restoration opportunities Next it provides step by step guidance on how to conduct a USSR and explains how the data acquired fits into the overall subwatershed plan The chapter concludes by introducing methods to organize and interpret data to develop certain subwatershed metrics that rank restoration opportunities and pollution sources Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR This chapter outlines the basic mapping equipment field forms and staffing needed to perform a USSR Next the chapter introduces desktop analysis steps required to delineate neighborhoods identify sites to visit and recruit stakeholders Chapter
62. ange Shops 7549 oT 5812 5813 7011 X Swimming Pools 7997 7999 Warehouses xX Wholesalers of Chemical 5162 and Petroleum 5169 5172 Apparel and Other 2311 2399 Xe Fabrics 3131 3199 Auto Recyclers and 5015 5093 X Scrap Yards X 2300 L 3100 H Beverages and Brewing 2082 2087 Boat Building and Repair 3731 3732 9 X Chemical Products 2812 2899 2830 2850 s olr NO m Feo ea ee eee es m Jer rm eC A l ea a A aa e D mpa E e E ie i se ee a o Ee I JEI eh e IRI EZ EI Zire Table B1 Common Storm Water Hotspots and their Pollution Regulated Storm Water Hotspot Unregulated Storm Water Hotspot Associated SIC Code s Industry Type General Description Potential Illicit Discharge Potential Industrial continued Food Processing 2011 2141 BE Activities Industrial or Commercial Equipment Instruments Photographic and Optical Goods Watches and Clocks and other Miscellaneous 3812 3873 Xe 3933 3999 Manufacturing Leather Tanners T A S xX 2514 2522 2542 3312 3399 3411 3499 3590 2411 2499 2511 2512 2517 2519 2521 2541 Metal Production Plating and Engraving Operations 2514 2522 2542 3411 3433 3442 3499 3590 4g 2434 2652 2657 2671 2679 Paper and Wood Products 2611 2679 Petroleum Storage and 2911 Refining 2711 2796 Rubber and Plastics 3011 3089 Stone Glass Cla
63. aration Needed to Conduct the USSR possess useful data The lack of complete data however should not prevent you from getting started Many local agencies also have GIS mapping data layers or paper maps that can be used to create USSR field maps Table 7 lists layers that are both required and helpful to generate USSR field maps Although aerial photos are listed as optional they are extremely helpful and every effort should be made to acquire them Aerial photos make fieldwork easier and enable easier computation of variables such as lot size and pervious area locations Table 5 USSR Field Equipment Needs _Equipment Data NSA HSI PAA SSD Aerialphotos XT XTX SOS Basicstreetmap CX XT OX OX aes uao Camera px x x x Safety items cell phone pepper spray frstaidkt x x x x Emergency contatnumbers x x x x Field Forms cipboard percis x x x x Fasion OO o d SSC esu o o Tii ssw OOO a S oaaae SK Pya oo O S a Sedimentmeasuingrod x Table 6 Data Requirements for USSR Fieldwork Industrial storm water NPDES permittees State or County Environmental Office Prior restoration activities Environmental Office Department of Parks Department of Public Works Existing neighborhood maps Office of Planning Municipal maintenance schedule for roads Department of Public Works Census data Office of Planning or Community Development List of Homeowner s Associations and contact
64. avement _ Smooth no cracks K Medium few cracks _ Rough many cracks _ Very Rough numerous cracks and depressions D4 Is lot served by a storm water treatment practice Y XIN If yes describe D5 On site retrofit potential _ Excellent _ Good X Poor Box 30 The crew investigated a parking lot at an older strip shopping center with an area of about 2 5 acres The lot had been identified from aerial photographs during the desktop screening phase The lot was basically empty because it was surveyed in the early morning before shops had opened The field crew had a good opportunity to inspect the condition of the parking lot and found a few cracks and potholes and rated the pavement condition as medium The crew traced the storm drain system through the lot and could find no evidence of any treatment practice which was not surprising since it had been built prior to local storm water regulations The crew then evaluated the potential to construct an on site retrofit to treat storm water While they did find a few thousand square feet of adjacent unutilized land it was located up gradient from the parking lot and appeared to be crossed by underground utilities Consequently the crew rated the parking lot as having poor on site retrofit potential 1 Is there any unutilized land adjacent to or within the parking lot that might be suitable for a retrofit 2 Is this land mostly downgradient of the parking lot This is importan
65. cecsecseseeeeeeeeueeeseeeeeueeeseeeeeeeeueeesueeesetsesetaetetens 16 Street Map of Partially Delineated Maidens Choice Subwatershed assesses 17 Sanitary Sewer Manhole Cover Popped Open for INSPECTION ccecseeeeeeeeeeees 19 A Typical Lot Demonstrating Yard and LAWN Cover TYPES cccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 20 EXGIMpP Of BOVSCCDING rinaras os cxsorsativtincsis EE A EAN 21 tee DID LIDE onin a aA a nuns Manus eens 21 Sample Sketch and Ground Cover Calculation and Square Counting Method 22 Sidewalk Lined Street With Tees cccccecseceeeeeeceeeeeeeseeeesuegeeueaeeeeaueeeaueetsaeeeseeseneees 24 Common Driveway Sidewalk and Curb Conditions cccceeceeseeeeseeeeseeseeeeseteeaees 24 Different Ways Downspouts Discharge Rooftop RUNOFf ccceceeceeseeseeeeeseeeeeeeees 26 STENCIEM Stormi Drain INET ccceececseceeeceeseeeeceeeueeeeueeesueeeseeeeeeeeueseseteesueeeestsntenees 26 Overgrown Dry Pond and a Well Maintained One cccceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeneeneenes 27 Six Common Operations Found at a HOTSPOT cccecceceeseeeeseeeeseeneeeeaueeeseeenseeeeeees 33 Leak During Vehicle Repair ssnssnssnssnsrrrsrerrrrrrrrsrnrsrnnrnrnrnrsrnrerenrnrnrnrsrnrerenenenrnene 37 Uncovered Fueling ISI CIN Gia ices satanic Gerreerecrcare leche eS hials tid eeu ate remnataicani ee tae ianbabisins 37 Stain from Uncovered Fueling Area Leading to Storm Drain sssesssssssrsrssrererrsrereees 38
66. cipal and transport related fleet operations Unfortunately wash water may contain sediments phosphorus metals oil and grease and other pollutants If vehicles are Figure 17 Uncovered Fueling Island Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 37 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI od sae ee yA Figure 19 Dedicated Truck Wash Site with Runoff Controls Figure 18 Stain from Uncovered Fueling Area Leading to Storm Drain washed on impervious surfaces such as 4 5 Assessing Outdoor parking lots dirty wash water can be an illicit discharge to the storm drain Look carefully at Material Storage where vehicles are washed to see how wash water is handled and whether it discharges to the storm drain system Ideally washing would occur at a contained site where wash water is treated prior to discharge Figure 19 This part of the HSI evaluates how outdoor materials are stored and handled at the site Box 12 Nearly every hotspot site handles some kind of material which can wash off in storm water runoff if it is not properly managed or stored The HSI form specifically looks at where materials are loaded unloaded and checks outdoor storage areas to see if materials are exposed to rainfall or can spill C OUTDOOR MATERIALS T N A Skip fo part D z Obr rved Pollution Source az Cl Are loading unloading operations present Ly Y JN Can t Tell If yes are they uncovered and draining towards a storm
67. comdition check coll ii apply t ate No eri Wa Damanod poor comdstion Ei exking ar cimlence of kakage mains on ne DA tithe dumprter located prar a short nin inlet aa YLIN ans Tell f iu ie EE 7 Ii vea arg pel diversan nicthadds hentia curt hk 4c kif ci TR E Pursh w PT ce wii E PUYSHAL PLANT _ AHS i A Py Chhserved Pollution Source A mi yi J fu i pa J LI ie iT B lL Baitdin ipproximaie age HL VT Condition of gurface Clean Graji Diny Domared Ta nance Peles m discharge ho sorm drami i fel ST 1 D kre rede oO dinates miT Figure 32 Sample Completed Field Form for an Individual Hotspot Site Table 20 Hotspot Designation Criteria Check the circle if Building condition is stained dirty or damaged OR if evidence of poor maintenance practices exists Parking lot condition is stained dirty or breaking up OR if surface material is paved concrete Bare soil is greater than 20 of site More than 40 of site has medium or high maintenance turf grass No storm water treatment practice is present Two or more types of material were rated 3 or higher 46 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 five potential pollution source circles are checked on the HSI form and no observed pollution source boxes are checked These sites may have potential for on site retrofits or pervious area restoration but are not a priority for enforcement follow up pollution prevention assessments Potentia
68. cted _ Clear _ Obstructed Sediment Depth in feet Y LIN Litter Accumulation ly LIN Organics Accumulation L y ON Sediment Accumulation ly LIN ft Water Depth ft Evidence of oil and grease L Lly LIN Sulfur smell ly LIN Accessible to vacuum truck Lly LIN D NON RESIDENTIAL PARKING LOT gt 2 acres D1 Approximate size acres D2 Lot Utilization _ Full _ About half full Empty D3 Overall condition of Pavement _ Smooth no cracks _ Medium few cracks _ Rough many cracks _ Very Rough numerous cracks and depressions A 9 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual D4 Is lot served by a storm water treatment practice _ Y _ N If yes describe D5 On site retrofit potential _ Excellent _ Good _ Poor Streets and Storm Drains SSD E MUNICIPAL POLLUTANT REDUCTION STRATEGIES E1 Degree of pollutant accumulation in the system _ High Medium _ Low None E2 Rate the feasibility of the following pollution prevention strategies Street Sweeping High L Moderate _ Low Storm Drain Stenciling High L Moderate _ Low Catch Basin Clean outs High L Moderate _ Low Parking Lot Retrofit Potential High L Moderate _ Low CATCH BASIN SKETCHES 1 Notes A 10 Urban Subwoatershed Restoration Manual Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators Urban
69. d This chapter presents a series of methods to compile organize and interpret USSR data Seven different methods can be used to translate USSR data into effective upland restoration projects e Basic Data Management and Quality Control e Simple Subwatershed Project Counts e Mapping USSR Data e Devising USSR Metrics e Subwatershed and Neighborhood Screening e Source Control Plan e Additional Subwatershed Project Investigations The choice of which data analysis method s are used depends on your local resources restoration goals and the actual problems and opportunities discovered during the USSR 7 2 Basic Data Management and Quality Control The USSR produces an enormous amount of raw data to characterize subwatershed conditions It is not uncommon to compile dozens and even hundreds of individual forms in a single subwatershed The real trick is to devise a system to organize process and translate USSR data into simpler outputs and formats that can guide subwatershed restoration efforts The system starts with effective quality control procedures in the field Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 At the end of each day field crews should regroup at a predetermined location to compare notes The crew leader should confirm that all subwatershed areas have been covered discuss initial findings and deal with any logistical problems It is also a good time to check whether field crews are measuring and recor
70. d City Heights located in the Maidens Choice subwatershed would be identified as MC CH followed by a consecutive number for each individual lot sampled Thus if three lots are sampled they would be assigned Unique Site IDs of MC CH 1 MC CH 2 and MC CH 3 The NSA form also contains an index to rate the pollution severity and restoration potential of the neighborhood as a whole The index is best computed when you get back to the office unless field crews are extremely familiar and experienced with the NSA The remainder of this chapter provides specific guidance on how to complete the six parts of the NSA form A snapshot of the part of the field form under discussion is included in each section and a copy of the full field sheet is included in Appendix A 3 3 Characterizing the Neighborhood The top part of the NSA form is used to record locational information about the neighborhood Box 1 You are asked to provide the name of the watershed and subwatershed and assign it a Unique Site ID You should also record the date of your visit the members of your survey WATERSHED wunns Fis DATE li 96 03 _ Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Figure 4 Street Map of the Partially Delineated Maidens Choice Subwatershed team and any information about the camera and photo numbers taken at the site Photos are important for several reasons First they can help jog your memory of what you saw at a part
71. d contact information Current development projects Mapping data and aerial photographs Pre Field Delineate subwatersheds Delineate residential neighborhoods Review environmental databases for regulated hotspots Perform business permit review for additional hotspots Put together emergency contact list Step 2 Generate field maps Drive all roads Evaluate residential neighborhoods NSA form Step 3 Survey all hotspot locations HSI form Conduct the USSR Complete PAA form for all pervious area sites Complete SSD form at select storm drains Take photos and GPS readings Rectify differences between pre fieldwork maps and field notes Identify additional data to be collected Step 4 Verify data maps Enter data from field forms into a spreadsheet or GIS Step 5 This involves downloading GPS unit and digital cameras Data entry or getting film developed and recording details on field maps Step 6 Produce list and map of candidate sites for each subwatershed Screen retrofit restoration and pollution prevention projects to identify sites where further investigation is needed Step 7 Compile data for all Develop subwatershed metrics to develop initial subwatersheds into a restoration strategy single table Table 3 Steps In Subwatershed Restoration Where USSR Data Is Explicitly Used Na 4 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance 1 5 Ho
72. d where routine activities may result in pollution being discharged to the storm drain system There are two tables provided each of which is described below Table B1 presents a listing of common land uses that may qualify as a hotspot based on regular activities or practices Column one describes the general industry type Column two lists their associated SIC codes if known Column three identifies whether an industry type is subject to NPDES industrial storm water permit requirements designated by X Facilities where only certain activities or facilities at the site are subject to regulation are noted this pertains mostly to the transport related industries In addition storm water permits are required for many light industrial facilities only if material handling equipment or activities raw materials immediate products final products waste materials by products or industrial machinery are exposed to storm water Industries where this applies are noted with an asterisk If only specific SIC codes within a major group qualify for this exception they are noted in parentheses Municipal facilities that are subject to NPDES MS4 permit requirements are designated by MS4 Column four identifies those businesses that can be considered an unregulated storm water hotspot also designated by X Column five looks at the illicit discharge potential of each of the businesses listed The potential for a busi
73. de From Fabrics and Similar Materials 3131 3199 Leather Products except 3111 W Furniture and Fixtures 2434 Wood Kitchen Cabinets X Printing and Publishing Y Rubber Miscellaneous Plastic Products and Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 3011 Tires and Inner Tubes 3021 Rubber and Plastics Footwear 3052 3053 Gaskets Packing and Sealing Devices and Rubber and Plastics Hose and Belting Fabricated Rubber Products Not Elsewhere Classified Miscellaneous Plastics Products Musical Instruments Dolls Toys Games and Sporting and Athletic Goods Pens Pencils and Other Artists Materials except 3952 3961 3965 Costume Jewelry and Novelties Buttons and Miscellaneous Notions Except Precious Metal 3991 3999 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 3411 3499 Fabricated Metal Products Except Machinery and Transportation Equipment and Cutting Engraving and Allied Services 3911 3915 Jewelry Silverware and Plated Ware 3479 Coating Engraving and Allied Services BB Transportation Equipment Industrial or Commercial Machinery 3511 3599 Industrial and Commercial Machinery except 3571 3579 3711 3799 Transportation Equipment except 3731 3732 CC Electronic Electrical Photographic and Optical Goods 3612 3699 3812 3873 Electronic Electrical Equipment and Components Except Computer Equipment Measuring Analyzing and Controlling Instrument Photographic Optical Goods 3571 3579 Watches Cloc
74. dewalks and curbs in a city neighborhood that primarily consisted of 1 8 acre detached homes All homes in the neighborhood had impervious driveways and most were dirty and breaking up Sidewalks were present on both sides of the street and they were partially covered by leaves lawn clippings and other kinds of organic matter The distance from the street to the sidewalk measured six feet and the crew observed a considerable amount of dog poop in this zone The street had curb and gutters which contained about an inch of accumulated sediment organic matter and litter some of which appeared to come from the tree canopy overhead Cars were parked on both sides of the street which would make access by street sweepers difficult without parking restrictions The field crew noted that the driveways sidewalk zone and curbs were a significant pollution source for this neighborhood Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 23 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Sidewalks are often found along streets in urban neighborhoods Figure 10 The NSA form asks you to note the condition of the sidewalk if one is present Sidewalks that are covered in lawn clippings or leaves can be a pollution source if this organic matter 1s washed into the storm drain Ideally residents would manually sweep sidewalks collect the waste and properly dispose of it Next you should record the width of the zone between the sidewalk and the street
75. did not exist or was not effective Consult Manual 3 for more details on the design of parking lot retrofits E POLLUTION PREVENTION STRATEGIES Table 25 offers some suggested benchmark values to evaluate the feasibility of the four pollution reduction strategies for the subwatershed The benchmark values rate the feasibility as high medium or low based on the percentage of streets or storm drains that can be effectively treated in the neighborhood or subwatershed You may adjust these benchmarks if there is a specific pollutant of concern in the subwatershed Feasibility ratings are used to quickly prioritize which combination of pollutant reduction strategies warrants future detailed investigation For example a high accumulation rating may suggest that more regularly scheduled street sweeping and catch basin clean outs could play a role in your subwatershed restoration strategy More guidance on how to interpret SSD data to select subwatershed pollutant reduction strategies is provided in the next chapter E1 Degree of pollutant accumulation in the system High N Medium KJLow None ss E2 Rate the feasibility of the following pollution prevention strategies i Street Sweeping High Moderate Low Storm Drain Stenciling X High 7 Moderate Low High X Moderate 1 Low High Moderate X Low Catch Basin Clean outs Parking Lot Retrofit Potential Box 31 The field crew rated the pollutant accumulation
76. ding data in the same way and are consistent in what they are or are not recording Crew leaders should also review field forms for accuracy and thoroughness legible handwriting should be neatened details added to notes and sketches and all photos and GPS waypoints accurately checked and cross referenced The crew leader should always organize the forms together in a master binder for future reference Once the crews return from the field data from the field forms can be entered into a spreadsheet or directly into a GIS system Spreadsheets are probably the easier method for sorting and organizing USSR data You should start with key parameters such as neighborhood pollution severity rating hotspot density on site retrofit potential or pervious area restoration potential Spreadsheet data can also easily be imported into a GIS system for subsequent mapping The GIS system can create its own database table to create subwatershed or neighborhood maps You should be sure to spot check the quality of USSR data after it has been entered into the spreadsheet One simple quality control technique is to compare how site location data aligns with urban landmarks on aerial photos or maps to catch any mistakes during field transcription or data entry Two databases should be created to analyze USSR data The first master database contains all major NSA HSI PAA and SSD outputs while the second database contains more detailed informati
77. drain inlet pi Y JN J Can t Tell C2 Are materials stored outside J Y C N Can t Tell If yes are they C Liquid p Solid Description Where are they stored _ grass dirt area _ concrete asphalt _ bermed area C3 Is the storage area directly or indirectly connected to storm drain circle one Y CIN AX Can t Tell C4 Is staining or discoloration around the area visible F Y JN Can t Tell C5 Does outdoor storage area lack a cover val Y JN Can t Tell C6 Are liquid materials stored without secondary containment OY ON Can t Tell C7 Are storage containers missing labels or in poor condition rusting _ Y o N Y Can t Tell Box 12 While driving through a commercial area the field crew came across a large lawn and garden center where products were stored outside on pavement Although the business was not identified during the desktop screening phase the crew elected to complete an HSI form since it was in a business category found on the hotspot cheat sheet The crew noted that plants mulch and lawn care products were stored outside with no cover and that frequent watering and hosing by employees could also wash materials into the storm drain system They found staining and discoloration on the pavement but after 15 minutes could not figure out how the storm drain system worked Based on their inspection the crew tentatively checked the box indicating that the lawn and garden center was an observed poll
78. e Toxic chemicals Sediment Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Road salt Bacteria Trace metals e g copper zinc lead cadmium aluminum and chromium Polychlorinated Biphenyls Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Volatile Organic Compounds 3 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI 32 Municipal hotspots include many local government operations that handle solid waste wastewater road and vehicle maintenance and yard waste Most of these operations are defined as regulated hotspots in communities subject to NPDES municipal separate storm water system permits Municipal hotspots must prepare pollution prevention plans and implement source control practices that are essentially the same as for regulated hotspots Municipal hotspots can generate the full range of storm water pollutants including nutrients hydrocarbons metals chloride pesticides bacteria and trash Transport related uses are the last hotspot category to investigate within a subwatershed Many but not all transport related uses are regulated hotspots They tend to generate higher loads of hydrocarbons metals and sediment in storm water runoff are often associated with large areas of impervious cover and have an extensive private storm drain system Transport related hotspots are not always present in every subwatershed but if they are they should be thoroughly investigated Table 17 provides a rapid guide to identify commo
79. e parcel Each part of the PAA asks a series of questions about vegetative characteristics and current impacts on the parcel The header of the PAA form asks for information on the watershed subwatershed assessment date team members and camera information Box 17 You will also need to record the Unique Site ID which can be assigned with subwatershed initials first PA next and then the unique identifier The site ID can be assigned in the office and noted on the aerial photo and or street map before heading into the field You should also record the latitude and longitude and landmark LMK number generated by your GPS unit UNIQUE SITE ID PA 2 CAMERA ID giy 2 Pic 2 P V MC f Lat 3o 9 30 Lonc7 9 30 C Box 17 In this example the crew visited a school in the Ashcake Creek subwatershed that had been identified from aerial photos during the desktop screening phase When they arrived at the site they noticed that it contained both a forest fragment and unutilized open space so they elected to report each on a separate PAA form LMK 3 50 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA 5 3 Basic Parcel Characterization Access is an important factor for ranking potential upland restoration projects For This part of the PAA form describes the parcel example if access is poor and extensive work in terms of area access ownership and is needed
80. e SSD and the corresponding restoration practices used to reduce pollution from them The SSD form consists of five parts Location Collects basic location information on street names and adjacent land use at the points sampled in the subwatershed Street Condition Measures the degree of pollutant accumulation on street surfaces and curbs and characterizes street type and condition access and parking issues that influence the feasibility of street sweeping Storm Drain Inlets and Catch Basins Characterizes the current condition of the storm drain infrastructure and the degree of pollutant accumulation in catch basins if present Figure 36 Indicators that Changes in Municipal Street Maintenance May Be Needed Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 59 Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD 60 Table 24 SSD Assessment Factors and Possible Restoration Recommendations Street or Storm Drain Factor Assessed Corresponding Restoration Practice Pollutant accumulation in road or curbs Pollutant accumulation in catch basins Unlabeled storm drains Parking lot maintenance Uncontrolled storm water discharge Ongoing road construction repair Non Residential Parking Lots Assesses the condition size and retrofit potential of larger parking lots Pollution Reduction Strategies Makes an initial recommendation as to the feasibility of improving municipal maintenance practices as well as parking lot
81. e common in newer ones Age can be estimated by looking at features such as the architecture of the house by analyzing tax maps plats or by directly contacting the HOA Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Garages and basements are two other important features to note in a neighborhood Most homeowners use and store household hazardous wastes such as paint used oil and pesticides If garages are not present it may suggest that household wastes are stored outside and are more likely to pollute storm water runoff The presence of basements is an important indicator of the feasibility of downspout disconnection Homeowners with basements may be less likely to disconnect downspouts because of fears about water seeping in or the basement flooding Simply note the percentage of homes in the neighborhood that have garages and basements Sanitary sewers are the most common method for disposing of wastewater in most urban neighborhoods although some large lots may still rely on septic systems To determine if sewers are present simply look for manhole covers that are labeled Sanitary Sewer Figure 5 If no signs of sewer service are found look for evidence of septic system drain fields Septic systems can be a pollution source area if they are not properly maintained Another key neighborhood characteristic is the Index of Infill Redevelopment and Remodeling Infill is development that occurs on small lots that were previ
82. e following characteristics poor access an unwilling land owner conflicting land use potential soil or water contamination from past use dominant invasive species or extensive storm water impacts Unless these parcels are the only ones that remain in your subwatershed they are a low priority for further investigation Reforestation Recommendation Four basic recommendations can be made for potential reforestation and the criteria to make them are described below Box 25 Good candidate for natural regeneration Parcels are good candidates for natural regeneration if they have desirable trees to Good candidate for natural regeneration _ Poor reforestation or regeneration site May be reforested with minimal site preparation _ May be reforested with extensive site preparation Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA provide a seed source few invasive species full or partial sun exposure or existing signs of natural regeneration Good regeneration sites also have good soils infrequent mowing regimes and a potentially willing land owner Parcels that meet these criteria are good candidates for more detailed investigations and land owner contact May be reforested with minimal site preparation Good reforestation sites will have full or partial sun a nearby water source easy access and few site constraints In addition sites should have little evidence of soil compaction invasive plants and trash dumping
83. eld form It also offers guidance on how to complete the PAA in the field and make specific management recommendations for reforestation and restoration xi Introduction xii Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Appendices Drains SSD Copies of USSR field forms are provided in Appendix A Appendix B offers specific information on land uses associated Standard Industrial Classification codes and NPDES regulatory status Appendix C presents a cheat sheet that can be taken into the field when conducting the USSR to help identify hotspots This chapter presents the basics of urban streets and storm drains and introduces the SSD form used to assess subwatershed maintenance practices and parking lot retrofits The chapter concludes with detailed guidance on completing the SSD form and making specific recommendations on better municipal practices Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans The final chapter discusses seven methods used to translate USSR data into effective upland restoration projects including data management mapping quality control subwatershed metrics and source control analysis The chapter ends by offering information on more detailed follow up investigations needed to assess the feasibility and design of restoration practices Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance Chapter 1 The
84. ers The choice of the minimum size for pervious area parcels should be based on staff budget and resources Generally all natural area remnants and other publicly owned pervious areas larger than two acres should be delineated Privately owned pervious areas greater than five acres may also be delineated Parking Lot Site Identification Aerial photos or detailed maps can be analyzed to find large parcels of contiguous impervious cover such as institutional municipal or commercial parking lots These parking lots are often good potential retrofit sites and are examined during the Streets and Storm Drain SSD assessment Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Stakeholder Identification Many communities have databases on homeowner associations civic associations and other community groups These should be analyzed to identify new stakeholders and get reliable data on neighborhood characteristics for the NSA Personal visits during fieldwork are often a good opportunity to recruit new stakeholders to the restoration planning process 2 4 Budgeting and Scoping a USSR Survey The budget for a full USSR will vary for each subwatershed but averages 2 500 7 400 The desktop analysis and mapping steps usually consume the most staff time so be sure to budget enough time for these important steps Up to a week of staff time may be needed to perform the desktop analysis Also NSA HSI PAA and SSD forms should be filled out
85. eseeseeeeeeeeees 11 Table 9 Key Behaviors Within Residential Source Areas ccccccceceseeeeeeeeueeeeueuseueneutevenennans 13 Table 10 NSA Factors Assessed and Corresponding Techniques s ssssrsrsrererrrrrrrrsrsrererrne 15 Table lil Selecing a Gid Scale nerecesanan n a a a ee ets 22 Table 12 Turf Management INGICOTOIS e essnesnensnsnernrrnrrrrrsrsrnrnrrnrerrrsrnrnrnrrnrrrrrsrerererrnrrrrrerne 22 lables PONUNONINGIGGIONS seanina a a Moe 28 Table 14 Benchmarks Used to Establish Pollution Severity INdEX cccecseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeess 29 Table 15 Benchmarks Used to Establish Restoration Opportunity INdEX ssesesesererererrrrereren 30 Table 16 Potential Pollutants From Hotspot Businesses and Activities ccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 31 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 Table 29 Table of Contents COMMON Hotspot Operations ccceceececseceeeuesecueceeeeeueeeeueeeeueaeeueeeseesueeesaeeeeeeaesaees 32 HSI Assessment Factors and Possible Restoration Recommendations ce 34 Hotspot Land Uses and Letter Designation cece eerie eee eea een eeeeeeeeeneeenes 36 Hotspot Designation Criterng siccicceidas Hees sccicieteardanieeel ei ical 46 Follow Up Actions for Hotspots and Manuals Where More Information CaN BS OUI asso vss fasansrtea A a
86. esticides and provide irrigation The HSI thoroughly evaluates the current pollution potential of practices used to maintain the grounds e g fertilizer pesticides and water Table 18 HSI Assessment Factors and Possible Restoration Recommendations Hotspot Factor Assessed Pollution Prevention Activity Potential Confirmed or Severe Permit enforcement D 12 Hotspot Vehicle pollution prevention practices H 1 to H 4 Storage pollution prevention practices H 5 6 Contain and fix discharges M6 and H 7 Catch Basin Accumulation The code in parentheses refers to the appropriate restoration profile sheet in the Restoration Manual Series Codes are as follows Uncontrolled Storm Water Discharge Parking lot retrofit SR 6 OS 7 through 11 OS and SR sheets can be found in Manual 3 Storm Water Retrofit Practices H sheets can be found in Manual 8 Source Control Practices M 9 Manual 9 Municipal Practices and Programs M 6 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination Guidance Manual Brown et al 2004 34 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 determine what if any pollution prevention or discharge prevention strategies need to be incorporated into the overall subwatershed restoration plan The HSI field form consists of eight parts Site Data and Basic Classification Collects basic location and land use information about the hotspot site and a brief description of its operations Vehicle Operations Evaluate
87. eways and then to the street About 40 of the downspouts discharged to lawns over a distance greater than 15 feet In general front lawns were flat and short and the crew estimated that rain gardens or other on site retrofit practices could only be applied to about 20 of the indirectly or directly connected downspouts in the neighborhood When rain falls on a residential rooftop runoff travels through the gutter to downspouts also known as roof leaders From there runoff can be discharged one of five ways The most undesirable discharge is when downspouts are directly connected to the storm drain system These downspouts continue underground and reach the storm drain without any treatment Figure 12a and 12b Another undesirable discharge occurs when downspouts are indirectly connected These downspouts drain to an impervious surface on the lot such as a driveway or sidewalk Figure 12c allowing runoff to reach the storm drain with little or no treatment or infiltration A more desirable discharge is when the downspout drains to the front lawn where runoff can infiltrate into the ground Downspouts are considered disconnected if there is at least 15 feet of lawn available for infiltration to occur Figure 12d An even better situation is when the individual downspouts discharge to a rain barrel or cistern That stores runoff for irrigation later Figure 12e Techniques to disconnect rooftop runoff are discussed in Profile
88. f these signs are present outdoor storage areas may require containment or better storm water treatment Poor Outdoor S Garden Center Next you are asked to see if covers are used to protect outdoor storage areas Covers can be an Aae Mes ae NYA a l effective source control practice for non igure 22 Outdoor Storage Area hazardous materials and can be as simple as Connected to Storm Drain System plastic sheeting or a tarp or more elaborate such as roofs and canopies Site layout available space and affordability dictate the type of cover may be present at a site If a Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 39 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI cover is present check to see if it fully covers the stored materials and is firmly anchored in place An extra measure of protection is needed for some outdoor storage areas to prevent and contain spills Secondary containment structures are used to contain liquid spills and to prevent storm water runon from entering outdoor storage areas Figure 23 Secondary containment structures vary in design ranging from berms and drum holding areas to specially designed solvent storage rooms The HSI looks at whether stored materials may need secondary containment structures and whether they are already present at the site Lastly you should look at the condition and labeling of outdoor storage containers Proper labeling and well maintained storage containers
89. fied as a non regulated hotspot according to Appendix B 36 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI B VEHICLE OPERATIONS EJ N A Skip to part C Observed Pollution Source E7 B1 Types of vehicles _ Fleet vehicles _ School buses Other Cu stim Hemd louza B2 Approximate number of vehicles K _ B3 Vehicle activities circle all that apply Maintained Repaired Recycled Fueled Washed Stored B4 Are vehicles stored and or repaired outside x Y _ N _ Can t Tell Are these vehicles covered in any way to avoid spills Y MIN Can t Tell BS Is there evidence of spills leakage from vehicles Y N H Can t Tell thy Ui B6 Are uncovered outdoor fueling areas present M Y IN Can t Tell B7 Are fueling areas directly connected to storm drains Ri Y CIN CantTeil B8 Are vehicles washed outdoors Y K N Can t Tell Does the area where vehicles are washed discharge to the storm drain Y B N Can t Tell Box 11 The field crew investigated vehicle operations at Joe s Instant Oil Change They counted about 10 vehicles parked in the lot most of which were used by customers and employees but two of which were wrecked The crew noted three operations that could make this business a storm water hotspot outdoor car repair wrecked vehicle storage and outdoor fueling The crew did not have full access to the site but could not find any contain
90. fit P 55ibl2 conversion tr Wet po Multi family Parking Lot Retrofit Other action s f40 0 gry pe Box 8 In this example the field crew assessed a townhouse community with a curb and gutter system with accumulated sediment The sidewalk was covered with lawn clippings and leaves that appeared to come from overhead tree canopy Based on these observations the field crew determined that the neighborhood could be a significant source of nutrients and sediment The field crew also made a several initial recommendations for the neighborhood For example they suggested that the large parking lot had retrofit potential since portions of it were sloped towards an area that was already landscaped They also recommended that the dry storm water pond that was in severe need of maintenance and that it could potentially be converted into a wet pond Finally the field crew suggested that the landscaping contractor stop mowing so close to the edge of the stream 28 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Better lawn landscaping practices may be needed in neighborhoods where high input lawns and extensive turf cover are prevalent Better lawn care practices minimize the use of chemicals and encourage the use of native landscaping Specific lawn care techniques are discussed in Manual 8 When dumping pet waste or stream buffer encroachment is observed in neighborhoods better management of common space may be recommended Manuals 5 and 7
91. for inspection enforcement and or testing for illicit discharges A list of recommended follow up actions for hotspots can be found in Table 21 If you are interested in managing a particular pollutant in your subwatershed you may want to consult Table 22 which matches HSI question responses with specific pollutants You may choose to use this approach to rank your hotspots The HSI Pollution Severity Index can be used to determine subwatershed hotspot density and establish whether detailed follow up investigations are needed It also allows you to compare hotspots across subwatersheds to determine if a particular land use is generating a disproportionate number of hotspots If such a cluster is found you will certainly want to target these land uses for education or compliance programs Chapter 7 provides extensive guidance on how to interpret HSI data to screen subwatershed hotspots to target education and enforcement efforts Table 21 Follow Up Actions for Hotspots and Manuals Where More Information Can be Found Follow up Action Follow up on site inspection Test for illicit discharge Onsite non residential retrofit Pervious area restoration Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual Review of storm water pollution prevention plan Manual 8 Table 22 Possible Pollution Indicator Questions Type of Pollution Indicator Question s B8 C1 C7 D1 D3 F2 F5 G2 Oil and Grease B3 B7 C1 C5 E2 C2 C6 D1 D3 Trash Litter
92. for conservation protection ial Potential restoration candidate C Poor restoration or conservation candidate Box 24 In this example the field crew determined that 40 of the parcel was covered with invasive plants and trash dumping and clearing were evident but given the good access and public ownership they recommended that this site be included as a potential candidate for restoration 56 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 good candidates for conservation or protection if they possess a large parcel area are adjacent to other pervious areas and are publicly owned Mature forest sites with shaded canopy and few invasive plants and impacts are a good example Any parcel that is part of a migratory corridor or green way or possesses specimen trees or rare threatened or endangered species should always be considered Sites meeting these criteria should be referred for additional wetland and or forest investigations and should be a priority for conservation Potential restoration candidate These natural area remnants show clear signs of impacts from adjacent urban areas but could potentially be improved if trash invasive plants or storm water are controlled better The restoration potential for these sites can only be determined through additional field surveys Poor restoration or conservation candidate Natural area remnants are normally considered poor candidates for restoration if they have one or more of th
93. forest fragment to look for impacts They noted that about 20 of the fragment had recently been cleared and observed moderate dumping activity at the end of the school access road which they included on their sketch Trash and dumping Natural area remnants are commonly used as dumping grounds so significant trash or rubble is often found especially near access roads Trash may include old tires residential trash building rubble appliances and old automobiles Figure 35 You are asked to describe the type and amount of trash found in the remnant and determine if heavy equipment will be needed to remove it Storm water runoff Natural area remnants can be impacted by untreated storm water runoff from an adjacent area The presence of pipes outfalls or small channels may indicate a problem Do not check this box if sheetflow or treated storm water runoff is being directed to the site unless there are obvious problems such as erosion and gullies Hydrologic Impacts Record any evidence of water level fluctuation in the wetland such as debris lines water marks or sediment stains on trees and look for any evidence that the wetland has been partially drained filled or impounded You may want to look for drainage tiles or ditches within the wetland Also look for hydraulic impacts caused by culverts that may occur near roads as they may create localized wetland conditions Beaver dams may also cause water level fluctuations E
94. ge rights of way Collector roads connect traffic between arterial and local roads and sometimes offer direct access to commercial or residential properties The design speeds of collector roads are slightly higher than local roads 25 40 miles per hour and they typically have two to three traffic parking lanes with larger rights of way Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD Local roads are designed to carry local traffic and provide direct access to residential and commercial properties These roads often have design speeds of 25 miles per hour or less and have two to four traffic lanes The width of the travel lanes and rights of way of local roads are usually narrower than collector or arterial roads Alleys a k a alleyways are narrow service streets providing access to the rear of a lot and are typically the narrowest road type allowed in most communities warensnno fke fiver Suawarensuen Back reef UNiour Sire WD BC SD 2 DATE 02 03 _04 3 MAP GRIDg 4 RAIN IN LAST 24 Hours Y JN Pic 2 Box 26 The field crew in this example examined streets and storm drains in a residential neighborhood in the Back Creek subwatershed of Little River The crew located the neighborhood using map coordinates took two photos using a disposable camera and noted that it had not rained in the last 24 A LOCATION Al Street names or neighborhood surveyed ost Colen hours Drive A2 Adjacent la
95. h basin is wet or dry and note the depth of accumulation If possible characterize the type of pollutants that are found oil and grease sediment litter organic matter and note them on the field form Sediment depth is measured using the rod and should be recorded in inches Note the top of the watermark on the measuring rod and record its depth in inches The difference between the top of the watermark and the top of the sediment mark will be the water volume Figure 40 Visual observations such as oil and grease sheens or dark staining can be helpful Use your nose to see if the catch basin smells like rotten egg smell Lastly check to see if the inlet is accessible by a vacuum truck 1 e is gt High Water mark 2ft Water depth dt High Sediment mark 1 ft Sediment Depth Figure 40 Catch Basin Illustration there enough space for vacuum trucks to adequately clean out the catch basin Next draw a rough sketch of the dimensions of the catch basin on the back of the SSD form The length and width of the catch basin can be measured using a measuring tape The measuring rod is then used to estimate the depth of the catch basin Multiplying all three dimensions gives you an estimated sump volume which should be noted on the sketch Other things to note on the sketch include the location of inlet and outlet pipes and their estimated sizes These measurements are important when using the Watershed Trea
96. her E INITIAL RECOMMENDATION _ Good candidate for conservation protection _ Potential restoration candidate _ Poor restoration or conservation candidate A 7 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual Pervious Area Assessment PAA PART Il OPEN PERVIOUS AREAS A CURRENT VEGETATIVE COVER Al Percent of assessed surface with Turf Other Herbaceous None bare soil Trees Shrubs Other please describe Note these should total 100 A2 Turf Height inches Apparent Mowing Frequency _ Frequent _ Infrequent L_ No Mow _ Unknown Condition check all that apply _ Thick Dense _ Thin Sparse _ Clumpy Bunchy _ Continuous Cover A3 Thickness of organic matter at surface inches A4 Are invasive species present _ Y L N L Unknown If yes of site with invasives Species B IMPACTS B1 Observed Impacts check all that apply _ Soil Compaction _ Erosion _ Trash and Dumping _ Poor Vegetative Health _ Other describe C REFORESTATION CONSTRAINTS C1 Sun exposure _ Full sun _ Partial sun Shade _ Unknown C2 Nearby water source Y L N L Unknown C3 Other constraints _ Overhead wires _ Underground Utilities _ Pavement _ Buildings _ Other please describe E INITIAL RECOMMENDATION _ Good candidate for natural regeneration L_ May be reforested with minimal site preparation _ May be reforested with extensive
97. icular site once you are back in the office Secondly they can be an important part of the stakeholder process Showing neighborhood photos of pollution problems and restoration opportunities can be a powerful tool for stakeholder meetings Lastly field photos can be useful when it comes time to assess the restoration potential of individual homes The next part of the NSA form characterizes general information about the neighborhood Box 2 UNIQUE SITE ID Mi CAMERA ID a tat Z Box 1 In this example the field crew assessed a neighborhood within the Maidens Choice subwatershed of Gwynns Falls watershed known as Court Hill They assigned it a unique site ID of MC CH 1 and took a digital photo which was the 13 on the camera roll Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 17 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Area 120ft x 180ft 21 600ft 21 600 43 560 0 50 acres 18 a A NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERIZATION sae CH Townhomes Neighborhood Subdivision Name J me lt If unknown address or streets surveyed Neighborhood Area acres Homeowners Association Y i N _ Unknown If yes name and contact information Residential circle average single family lot size _ Single Family Attached Duplexes Row Homes lt Ys Y acre X Multifamily Apts Townhomes Condos _ Single Family Detached lt Y Y 1 gt l acre _ Mobile Home Park Estimated Age of Neighborhood Z
98. index are offered in Tables 14 and 15 These benchmarks should be adjusted if there is a specific pollutant of concern in the subwatershed Table 14 Benchmarks Used to Establish Pollution Severity Index Reference Neighborhood Feature Benchmark Question of neighborhood Be IrigationEvidert Mieastisn Bo Junk or Trash At least 25 Driveway Condition Stained At least 25 Sidewalk Condition Leaf Cover At least 25 ANa AE OA and or sediment organic matter Rooftop Connection At least 25 Catch Basin Condition More than three inches of accumulation Open Space Management At least 40 answering Yes to either OR At least 25 answering Yes to both Source of Pollutant Any pollutant is selected Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 29 At least 25 At least 20 with flowing standing water Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Table 15 Benchmarks Used to Establish Restoration Opportunity Index Reference Benchmark Neighborhood Feature of neighborhood _ Landscaping Less than 25 Forest Canopy Coverage Lessthan40 oo than Lessthan40 oo a Sidewalk Zone At least 25 with sidewalk zone width of six feet or more At least 25 of curb and gutter with trash Ch Ue ane UET organic matter or sediment accumulation l More than 25 of connected roofs are feasible D1 Rooftop Connection l for disconnection Storm Drain Inlets Less than 10 stenciled Storm Water Pond Answering
99. ion Foreword ii Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Foreword About the Restoration Manual Series This is the last ina series of 11 manuals that provides detailed guidance on how to repair urban watersheds The entire series of manuals was written by the Center for Watershed Protection to organize the enormous amount of information needed to restore small urban watersheds into a format that can easily be accessed by watershed groups municipal staff environmental consultants and other users The contents of the manuals are organized as follows Manual 1 An Integrated Approach to Restore Small Urban Watersheds The first manual introduces the basic concepts and techniques of urban watershed restoration and sets forth the overall framework we use to evaluate subwatershed restoration potential The manual emphasizes how past subwatershed alterations must be understood in order to set realistic expectations for future restoration Toward this end the manual presents a simple subwatershed classification system to define expected stream impacts and restoration potential Next the manual defines seven broad groups of restoration practices and describes where to look in the subwatershed to implement them The manual concludes by presenting a condensed summary of a planning approach to craft effective subwatershed restoration plans Manual 2 Methods to Develop Restoration Plans for Small Urban Watersheds The second ma
100. is not considered a hotspot if fewer than Figure 31 Storm Drain Inlet Clogged With Organic Matter and Litter 45 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Holspot Site Investigation HSI Hotspot Sie investigation W ATERSH ED SURWATLRSIIEIE Usim Sir Ii DATES His SSS Hii ee Canem n Poy T cw 7 EL Parking Lot Approximate age U yr Condithon _ Clean a Stained val Diny 7 Breaking ap MAP hue Lat y 3 Lown r n Surface material a Pas Cone a G ravel O Permeable C Don t know A SITE DATA AND ash CLASSIC A TION j EA Do downs pa nits Wischarge bo mper hius sarlace a Y ps N Don t know Nome visibi ra a _ Are downspouts s direc fy conmeched to storm drair LI fs C Don t knon Ea Evidence of poo Cleaning practices for construction activities stains beading to soma drainy oy N C Ca aT Name amd Address Tint Lake Category AC mwimercial industrial Miiseeilangona Baia inal Municipal 7 Golf Course L Transport Related _ Marines F TURFILANDEC AFING ARE AS CONIA mipi part G j Observed Pollution Source I e M Animal Fociiey Ea guar e i me rhs een B J il Face Fi shey with For Tur af grass Landscaping SIL emie ivdulable i A mat Orsenpion of Operation J NPDES Stat L Iken mod p redi INDEX F2 Rave the barf management satus Cis CMs Bfk ce Q Une prey bad oA nkoneaurn aE F3 Evidence o if permane ent inmigation of non target in
101. is somewhat subjective and several options exist to define them The easiest option is to use existing subdivisions that have already been mapped Other options include delineating neighborhood units based on similar lot size similar age of development or the boundaries of existing homeowner or community associations Hotspot Site Identification Existing business and permitting databases should be screened to locate regulated hotspots and determine when they were last inspected These databases may be housed in the local storm water agency state environmental agencies or the regional EPA office The EPA also has several national databases to retrieve data on industrial and municipal dischargers Efforts should also be made to identify potential non regulated hotspots during the desktop analysis Many communities have extensive business databases that are organized by Standard Industrial Classification SIC codes By comparing each database to a list of likely hotspots you can generate a list of potential hotspots along with contact information and the actual address Appendix B presents a simple method to perform potential hotspot screening Keep in mind that these databases are not always accurate or inclusive so expect to find additional hotspots while driving the subwatershed Pervious Area Site Identification Possible sites for pervious area restoration are usually identified by analyzing aerial photographs or GIS lay
102. ite In addition any connections between vehicle fueling or washing operations and the storm drain system should be thoroughly explored Outdoor Materials Virtually every hotspot site handles some kind of material which may cause storm water problems if not properly handled or stored The HSI examines locations where materials are loaded and unloaded at the site to see if materials are exposed or spilled and can enter the storm drain system It also looks at materials stored outdoors and their possible exposure to rainfall or runoff Stains on paved areas are usually a good indicator of poor outdoor storage practices a gt re 15 Six Common Operations Found at a Hotspot Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 33 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Waste Management Every business Streets and Storm Drains The sixth common generates waste as part of its daily operations hotspot operation worth investigating is the some of which can be hazardous and most of Street and storm drain network that serves the which is temporarily stored at the site pending facility Many hotspot operations contain disposal The HSI looks at the nature and private storm water conveyance structures such manner in which wastes are stored and as catch basins as well as privately owned disposed and the location of waste storage in storm water treatment practices Maintenance relation to the storm drain system practices for this private inf
103. ithin a subwatershed e Streets and Storm Drains SSD that measures the average pollutant accumulation in the streets curbs and catch basins of a subwatershed and investigates the on site retrofit potential for parking lots Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 The concept behind the USSR is to provide a quick but thorough characterization of all upland areas to identify major source areas that are contributing pollutants to the stream and control them through source controls pervious area Management and improved municipal maintenance The USSR is a windshield survey that requires you to drive down every street in a subwatershed to locate possible restoration sites and assess their restoration potential and determine specific pollution sources and hotspots The USSR can be a powerful tool for shaping your initial subwatershed restoration strategy and locating upland restoration projects that deserve further investigation This user s manual provides extensive guidance on how to conduct each assessment including desktop preparation field analysis and data management and interpretation Together the four USSR assessments produce a wealth of useful data to identify and locate potential restoration practices in a subwatershed including the following e Lawn Care Education e Pet Waste Management e Natural Landscaping and Reforestation e Storm Water Pond Maintenance e Bufferscaping e Potential for Rooftop
104. ks Computer and Office Equipment DD Construction based on land disturbing activities 1521 1542 Building Construction General Contractors And Operative Builders 1611 1629 Heavy Construction Other Than Building Construction Contractors B 10 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators References Duke D K Patel and B Masek 1999 Widespread Failure to Comply with U S Storm Water Regulations for Industry Part I Publicly Available Data to Estimate Number of Potentially Regulated Facilities Environmental Engineering Science Volume 16 Number 4 Duke D and K Shaver 1999 Widespread Failure to Comply with U S Storm Water Regulations for Industry Part II Facility Level Evaluations to Estimate Number of Regulated Facilities Environmental Engineering Science Volume 16 Number 4 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Final Reissuance of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPDES Storm Water Multi Sector General Permit for Industrial Activities 65 Federal Register 210 Monday October 30 2000 pp 64746 64799 Pitt R 1993 Investigation of Inappropriate Pollutant Entries Into Storm Drain Systems EPA Office of Research and Development Washington DC EPA 600 R 92 238 Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators B 12 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Appendix C Hotspot Field Identification Sheet A
105. l Hotspot Potential hotspots are designated when current operations suggest that the site may be a hotspot but no pollution indicators are observed Sites receive this designation when five to 10 potential pollution source circles are checked but no observed pollution source boxes are checked Follow up actions at potential hotspots involve targeted pollution prevention and possible inspections once all confirmed and severe hotspot sites in the subwatershed have been corrected Confirmed Hotspot A site is designated as a confirmed hotspot 1f 10 to 15 potential pollution source circles are checked on the HSI form and or one observed pollution source box is checked Several follow up actions should be considered for confirmed hotspots starting with efforts to see if the site is subject to NPDES industrial storm water permit regulations You may also want to arrange an on site inspection illicit discharge investigation or a review of the storm water pollution prevention plan for the site Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI severe Hotspot Designation This is the most serious hotspot designation and is assigned to sites where immediate enforcement action is needed A site is designated as a severe hotspot when 15 or more potential pollution source circles are filled in on the HSI form and or two or more observed pollution source boxes are checked Severe hotspots warrant immediate referral
106. lems occurring at the site Examples might include a dumpster that is actively leaking dumpster juice to a storm drain or a stained path from the dumpster or vehicle storage area to a storm drain In the example shown in Figure 32 vehicle leaks and staining around outdoor storage areas and dumpster juice leading to the storm drain were all observed so the observed pollution source box was checked for each of these questions The circles in the index column are used to rate the potential of the site to generate pollutants The general rule is when Yes is checked for a site question or for both questions when a second one is asked the circle that corresponds to that question should be checked Some further guidance for deciding when to check the circle for the questions that have multiple answer choices is provided in Table 20 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Infiltration Trench _Bioretention Area Open Channel B ee p i o N D LAIH 4 ey EYN 5 A Su GEA Figure 30 Four Storm Water Treatment Practices Used in Hotspot Areas Once all appropriate boxes and circles have been checked on the form the severity of pollution at the hotspot site can be easily computed by counting the number of checked circles and boxes and comparing these totals to the criteria that follow to define the severity of the hotspot Not a Hotspot A sites
107. llution prevention or retrofit opportunities may apply to individual businesses as compared to the site as a whole 4 3 Characterizing the Site This part of the HSI form provides a basic profile of the potential hotspot Box 10 You are asked to record general information about the site including its address SIC code and regulatory status if known You should check the box that most appropriately describes its hotspot category and briefly describe its operation 4 4 Assessing Vehicle Operations Nearly all hotspots devote some part of their site to vehicle operations which can include maintenance repair recycling fueling washing or long term parking The HSI form begins by asking three questions on the type and estimated number of vehicles present and the nature of vehicle operations Box 11 The number of vehicles can be estimated by counting actual vehicle or parking spaces depending on whether the facility is open Check to see which of the six vehicle operations take place at this site The next five questions focus on the potential for spills or storm water runoff from vehicle operations with special emphasis on the connection between vehicle operations and the storm drain system The HSI form asks you to Miscellaneous _ Marina _ Animal Facility Basic Description of Operation DUT A LLELE Box 10 In this example the site was a commercial oil change and gas station operation which is classi
108. may indicate that accurate material inventories are being kept and that inspection of storage areas is an ongoing practice while poorly maintained storage containers can be a source of storm water pollution Figure 24 Management Practices Figure 23 Two Examples of Secondary Containment 4 6 Assessing Waste a aw This part of the HSI looks at how outside wastes are managed at the site Box 13 Solid wastes are often temporarily stored in dumpsters which are an unregulated and potentially significant pollution source in a subwatershed Many dumpsters are uncovered which allows rainfall to mix with the wastes creating a potent brew we affectionately call dumpster juice When combined with inevitable spillage dumpster juice can be a source of trash oil and grease metals bacteria organic matter nutrients and sediments to the stream r You should look for poor dumpster practices Figure 24 Improperly Labeled and such as missing lids leakage and overloading Stored Restaurant Storage Containers Figure 25 In addition you should note where dumpster juice flows in relation to the storm drain system 40 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 evidence of leakage stains on ground fy Overflowing Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI D2 Dumpster condition check all that apply _ No cover Lid is open Damaged poor condition leaking or D3 Is the dumpster located near a storm drain inlet K
109. ment or cover used for the outdoor repair and vehicle storage They also noted that the outdoor fueling area was uncovered and directly connected to the storm drain system Based on the fact that all three vehicle operations were uncovered and directly connected to the storm drain system the crew decided to check the box indicating that site was an observed pollution source This meant that the site would be designated as a confirmed or severe hotspot depending on scores from other parts of the HSI form note whether any pollution prevention practices are being used for outdoor vehicle storage and repair such as the use of tarps and drip pans Evidence of spills and leaks should also be noted Figure 16 with stains or leaks that lead to the storm drain providing good visual documentation of pollution The next two questions examine fueling areas and their relationship to the storm drain system Fuel spills frequently occur at self service facilities and fuel island covers can help reduce exposure to storm water Figure 17 How drainage from the fueling area is handled is also a concern so you should determine 1f the fueling areas are directly connected to the storm drain system A direct connection will allow pollutants to more easily enter the system in the event of a spill or leak Figure 18 Lastly you should evaluate outdoor vehicle washing practices Vehicle washing occurs at many commercial industrial institutional muni
110. mine are the presence of Swimming pools and junk or trash Improperly drained swimming pools can discharge chlorinated water to streams that harms aquatic life As you drive the neighborhood estimate the percentage of homes that have outdoor swimming pools The C DRIVEWAYS SIDEWALKS AND CURBS N A C2 Driveway Condition _ Clean Stained Cl of driveways that are impervious Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA presence of junk or trash in yards is used to generate an index of neighborhood housekeeping The NSA form asks you to estimate the amount of junk or trash in yards and characterize its type which can be recorded in the Notes box provided Three important types of residential junk worth noting are abandoned cars building materials and household garbage 3 5 Assessing Driveways sidewalks and Curbs This part of the NSA form evaluates pollutant accumulation in driveways sidewalks and curbs in the neighborhood Box 4 First record the percentage of lots in the neighborhood that have impervious driveways and describe their basic condition A clean driveway may indicate that the homeowner regularly hoses it down potentially washing pollutants to the storm drain whereas a stained driveway may suggest that outdoor car maintenance or leaking vehicles could contribute pollutants to the stream Z Breaking up Box 4 In this example the field crew evaluated the condition of driveways si
111. n hotspots You should become familiar with the potential hotspot categories before starting your HSI Table 17 Common Hotspot Operations Commercial Industrial Animal Care Services Auto Repair Automobile Parking Building and Heavy Construction Building Materials Campgrounds RV parks Car Dealers Car Washes Commercial Laundry Dry Cleaning Convenience Stores Food Stores and Food and Beverage Wholesalers Equipment Repair Gasoline Stations Heavy Construction Equipment Rental and Leasing Marinas Nurseries and garden centers Oil Change Shops Restaurants Swimming Pools Warehouses Wholesalers of Chemical and Petroleum Composting Facilities Landfills and Hazardous Waste Material Disposal Local Streets Maintenance Depots Municipal Fleet Washing Public Schools Golf Courses Public Works Yards Steam Electric Plants Treatment Works Auto Recyclers and Scrap Yards Beverages and Brewing Boat Building and Repair Chemical Manufacturing Food Processing Garbage Truck Washout Activities Heavy Manufacturing Leather Tanners Metal Production Plating and Engraving Operations Paper and Wood Products Petroleum Storage and Refining Printing Cemeteries Churches Colleges and Universities Corporate Office Parks Hospitals Private Golf Courses Private Schools Transport Related Airports Petroleum Bulk Stations or Terminals Ports Railroads Rental Car Lots Street and Highway Construction US
112. nant Invasive species are any non native species introduced into a remnant that can potentially damage the function and quality of the forest The presence of invasive plants may require more extensive site preparation for restoration List the dominant invasive species present on the PAA form and record the percent of the forest remnant covered by invasive plants Field guides can help you identify the types of invasive trees shrubs and vines found in the forest fragment Another resource for invasive species identification is available online at http www invasivespecies gov and provides links to information on invasive species found in each state Wetland Remaining wetlands are of particular interest in subwatershed restoration Three broad wetland types are defined aquatic emergent and forested Aquatic wetlands have shallow water areas with floating or submerged vegetation Emergent wetlands are dominated by rooted soft stemmed plants such as cattails and are subject to periodic inundation Forested wetlands are dominated by woody shrubs and trees and often have saturated soils In the field you should classify the type of wetland and record the dominant plant species along with any invasive species Often wetland parcels can be identified in the office using National Wetland Inventory maps Impacts Many urban forest and wetland remnants are highly impacted In this part of the form Box 20 you evaluate the maj
113. nches Second you will need to determine the apparent mowing frequency Turf height evidence of recent mowing grass clippings mow lines lawnmowers and current land use will help you decide which category to select A parcel that is frequently mowed is usually less feasible for restoration than a parcel that is infrequently mowed Third assess and record the turf condition Thick dense turf may indicate good soil quality while thin and sparse turf may be evidence of soil compaction Soil quality and compaction are important factors to determine the restoration potential for the parcel Grass that grows in clumps or bunches with only spotty coverage across the parcel may also be a sign of poor soil quality Organic matter at the soil surface is directly related to soil fertility Low organic matter means that soil amendments may be needed to restore the site which may bump it down on the priority list To judge this in the field look at the top few inches of soil and record the extent of organic matter and compaction If the soil looks dark moist and rich this usually means it has high organic matter content If depth of organic matter seems to vary across the site take a few measurements and record it as a range in inches Another important factor to assess at the parcel is the presence or absence of invasive plant species Using a field guide or color photos record the percent of the site covered by invasive plants and
114. nd use XJ Residential Commercial Industrial _ Institutional _ Municipal _ Transport Related __ A3 Corresponding HSI or NSA field sheet If so circle HSI of NSA avd record its Unique Site ID here BC UN 4 Box 27 The field crew assessed street and storm drain conditions at the intersection of Cool Spring Road and Lost Colony Drive and noted the residential land use on this part of the SSD form They inspected two catch basins at the intersection B STREET CONDITIONS e Bl Road Type Arterial Collector K Local C Alley Other B2 Condition of Pavement C New Good X Cracked Broken B3 Is on street parking permitted K Y N If yes approximate number of cars per block B4 Are large cul de sacs present E Y KIN B5 Is trash present in curb and gutter If so use the index to the right to record amount Sediment Organic Material Litter Index Rating for Accumulation in Gutters gt Filthy s 15 Be Clean TE 11 4 4 4 N2 a Box 28 In this example the crew classified both neighborhood streets as local based on their widths and posted traffic soeeds The pavement surface showed some cracks and a few cars were parked on the street The crew then looked at pollutant accumulation in the gutters and rated them as having low levels of sediment and organic matter and a moderate amount of litter at the time of the survey Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11
115. ndicator is the proximity between landscaping beds and impervious surfaces If landscaping is located next to an impervious surface runoff can be carried away more readily The third field indicator to check is whether impervious Many hotspot sites contain privately maintained storm drain inlets and catch basins as well as privately owned storm water treatment practices Figure 30 Private storm water infrastructure should be investigated to ensure they are regularly inspected swept or cleaned to reduce storm G STORM WATER INFRASTRUCTURE _ N A skip to part H Observed Potiation Soures G1 Are storm water treatment practices present Y OIN al Unknown If yes please describe G2 Are private storm drains located at the facility KJ Y C N Unknown Is trash present in gutters leading to storm drains If so complete the index below Index Rating for Accumulation in Gutters Clean 7 Sediment Organic material Litter G3 Catchbasin inspection Record SSD Unig ue Site ID here S 50 4 Condition LA Dirty E Clean_ Box 16 In this example a field crew investigated the storm water infrastructure at the local public works yard No storm water treatment practices could be found at the 40 year old facility and the gutters contained several inches of sediment and organic matter accumulation and were rated filthy The crew managed to get access to one catch basin and completed SSD form MU SD 4 which was also
116. ndustries that have filed a Notice of Intent NOD to obtain storm water permits as well as those that have filed under TRI requirements Other agencies that may have information on local generating sites include fire departments for hazardous waste and sanitation or wastewater treatment agencies Phase 3 Permit Review The final source for information is a review of local permits Most permit databases have SIC codes as one of the fields These codes can be matched against the SIC codes in Table B1 which list common generating sites under major land use headings If a local permit database does not exist it may be worthwhile to simply get the local phone book and do a quick look for businesses that are similar to those listed in Table B1 Compiling the findings from the various databases will provide an initial list of potential generating sites for future investigation However research has found that most of these databases can miss many of the industries that are subject to regulation Duke et al 1999 and Duke and Shaver 1999 and further identification may be necessary Field investigation with techniques can assist in identifying many of these generating sites that should likely be regulated by communities B 3 Appendix B Storm Water Hotspots and Potential Discharge Generators B 4 Reference Tables This appendix is designed to assist in identifying the land uses and associated generating sites in a subwatershe
117. ness to produce an illicit discharge is rated as either high H medium M or low L This rating is based on the likelihood that it has a direct connection to the storm drain system direct or that it can produce a transitory discharge indirect Table B2 provides a list of the SIC Codes that are regulated by the Industrial Multi Sector General Permit MGSP The list includes the four digit SIC codes along with the official description This table is provided for those who wish to know the full description of each SIC code that is regulated by NPDES industrial storm water permits Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Table B1 Common Storm Water Hotspots and their Pollution Potential Illicit Discharge Regulated Unregulated Potential Storm Water Storm Water Hotspot Hotspot Industry Type Associated General Description SIC Code s Commercial Animal Care Services 0742 0752 7532 7539 Auto Repair 7549 Automobile Parking 7521 Building Materials 5211 5251 X X Campgrounds RV parks 7033 5511 5599 7542 ee C ee Commercial Laundry Dry 7911 7219 oo Cleaning 5399 a Food Stores and 5141 5149 Wholesale Food and 5411 5499 aa Beverage L Ss X Equipment Repair 7622 7699 Gasoline Stations 5541 Heavy Construction Equipment Rental and 7353 Leasing Building and Heavy 1521 1542 For land Construction 1611 1629 disturbing activities 4493 Nurseries and garden 5061 SS centers Oil Ch
118. nt and is referenced as Brown et al 2004 throughout this manual Manual 7 Watershed Forestry Practices The seventh manual reviews subwatershed practices that can improve the quality of upland pervious areas which include techniques to reclaim land revegetate upland areas and restore natural area remnants When broadly applied these techniques can improve the capacity of these lands to absorb rainfall and sustain healthy plant growth and cover This brief manual also outlines methods to assess the potential for these techniques at both the site and subwatershed scale Manual 8 Pollution Source Control Practices Pollution source control practices reduce or prevent pollution from residential neighborhoods or storm water hotspots Thus the topic of the eighth manual is a wide range of stewardship and pollution prevention practices that can be employed in subwatersheds The manual presents several methods to assess subwatershed pollution sources in order to develop and target education and or enforcement efforts that can prevent or reduce Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 polluting behaviors and operations The manual outlines more than 100 different carrot and stick options that can be used for this purpose Lastly the manual presents profile sheets that describe 21 specific stewardship practices for residential neighborhoods and 15 pollution prevention techniques for control of storm water hotspots
119. nt to determine when completing the NSA since high input turf can result in polluted storm water runoff High turf input is defined as lawns where fertilizers pesticides and irrigation appear to be used to maintain a dense grass cover You can rate the turf management status by looking at simple indicators on the lawn as shown in Table 12 21 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Sample Calculation for a Half Acre Single Family Lot Steps in the Square Ww sy Counting Method 1 Count the total number of squares occupied by each cover type Multiply that number by the area included in each square as shown above in Table 10 or on your grid Divide that number by the area of the entire lot calculated in Section A and multiply by 100 to get the Key PIER APE PAET OE Maan GAR ani percentage of the lot Remember a CR Grass Cover that the percentages of impervious Lands caping loer 29 Squares 4 349 f4 Cite 5 l RareSoi Coer Spuares ABle F C arte ga Landscaping Cover Be Pee ne er rae SSS Bare Soil Cover cover grass landscaping and bare ToTAc i Forest Coers Al square 350187 leteoPet Laat RERO soil calculated should total 100 Scale Figure 9 Sample Sketch and Ground Cover Calculation and Square Counting Method Table 11 Selecting a Grid Scale Lot Size ft Scale and Area of Each Square 4 356 1 square 4 feet x 4 feet 16ft 5 445 1 square 4 6 feet x 4 6 feet 21 ft 14
120. ntial within upland areas of urban subwatersheds The manual provides detailed guidance on how to perform each of its four components the Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Pervious Area Assessment PAA and the analysis of Streets and Storm Drains SSD Together these rapid surveys help identify upland restoration projects and source control to consider when devising subwatershed restoration plans Individual manuals in the series are scheduled for completion by 2006 and can be downloaded or delivered in hard copy for a nominal charge Be sure to check the Center website www cwp org to find out when each manual will be available and how it can be accessed Foreword Vi Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents OLS W ONG aasad a a see coed tadaamase sab a a a a a i About the Restoration Manual Series s sssssssrsrserrrsrrrrsrrrrrrerrnrsrsnrrrnrenrsrsnrrrsrenrrrnrrnrrrererrrne lil IDIS OF CONEDE ai iitanean tie iacaaal iawn gucci aaa Raunid saan ae eae a a aa na vii AMF O QUIS ION seere S xi Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance ccc 1 1 1 Four Assessment Components Of the USSR cccccecseceeseeeeeeeeeeueeeseeeeeueaesueaesensesenens 2 1 2 How the USSR Helps Identify Pollution Sources and Restoration Opportunities 2 1 3 Basic Steps to Conduct a USSR Survey 1 0 cecceceeceeeeseeeetees
121. nual contains detailed guidance on how to put together an effective plan to restore urban subwatersheds The manual Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 outlines a practical step by step approach to develop adopt and implement a subwatershed plan in your community Within each step the manual describes 32 different desktop analysis field assessment and stakeholder involvement methods used to make critical restoration management decisions The next seven manuals provide specific guidance on how to identify design and construct the seven major groups of watershed restoration practices Each of these practice manuals describes the range of techniques used to implement each practice and provides detailed guidance on subwatershed assessment methods to find evaluate and rank candidate sites In addition each manual provides extensive references and links to other useful resources and websites to design better restoration practices The seven manuals are organized as follows Manual 3 Storm Water Retrofit Practices The third manual focuses on storm water retrofit practices that can capture and treat storm water runoff before it is delivered to the stream The manual describes both off site storage and on site retrofit techniques that can be used to remove storm water pollutants minimize channel erosion and help restore stream hydrology The manual then presents guidance on how to assess retrofit potential at the sub
122. on on potential storm water 67 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 68 hotspots The HSI database is needed to make hotspot data management easier and track every potential confirmed and severe hotspot in the subwatershed Hotspot data can also be used to discern whether hotspots are clustered around specific land uses and guide follow up inspection and enforcement activity 7 3 Simple Subwatershed Project Counts An early screening analysis can save a lot of time This analysis counts the major USSR outputs that appear to have the greatest subwatershed restoration potential For example you may want to count the number and distribution of the following e Neighborhoods with severe nonpoint source potential ratings e Neighborhoods with high on site retrofit potential e Neighborhoods with a large proportion of high management turf e Neighborhoods with high or low forest canopy coverage e Potential confirmed and severe hotspots e Potential generating land uses for illicit discharges e Candidate sites for natural area restoration e Candidate sites for pervious area restoration e Length of streets treatable by regular sweeping e Fraction of storm drain system treatable by catch basin clean outs e Candidate sites for parking lot retrofits At this stage simply count the number of sites in each of the major categories or express them as a fraction of total s
123. oods and sample a subset of individual ONSA Residential home E Visit all regulated hotspots and priority non regulated Institutiona hotspots Municipal Transport Related Visit all aa a pervious areas gt 2 acres and all PAA Pervious Areas ervious Pervious Areas aa a pervious areas gt 5 acres Evaluate road and storm drain conditions at random pre Streets and Storm lected poini Water Conveyance o Evaluate all parking lots gt 2 acres Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 7 Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR To prevent cluttering maps with too much detail you should generate two base maps one that delineates pervious areas and neighborhoods and a second one that shows the locations of potential storm water hotspots Subwatershed reconnaissance maps are then developed that show the locations of sites neighborhoods parcels and hotspots to visit in the field Figure 2 Equipment The USSR requires relatively little field equipment including measuring tapes cameras and field forms Table 5 GPS units are helpful to mark locations if you need to track data spatially Many GPS units are relatively inexpensive with adequate units costing about 150 Cell phones and emergency numbers allow field crews to communicate with each other and to contact agencies for immediate response Pepper spray is Sometimes recommended if stray dogs are likely to be encountered in the field A list of
124. or impacts found in the fragment using the following criteria Animals Deer beaver rodents insects and geese can damage existing vegetation within natural area remnants Evidence of animal impacts includes a browse line trees with outer layers of bark removed multiple insect nests in trees or ragged and chewed leaves on the majority tree species Trees that have been felled by beaver are easy to identify along with beaver dams Figure 34 A deer browse line is usually when all understory vegetation up to a height of four or five feet has been removed You should become familiar with the types and impacts of urban wildlife that use the remnant as habitat Clearing encroachment Note if trees or other vegetation have been removed from the natural area remnant particularly along property boundaries Tree stumps mowing tree falls or extensive turf areas may indicate clearing or encroachment Figure 34 Evidence of Beaver Activity Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 C FOREST IMPACTS Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA C WETLAND IMPACTS C1 Observed Impacts check all that apply _ Animals C1 Observed Impacts check all that apply _ Animals X Clearing encroachment x Trash and dumping C Clearing encroachment _ Trash and dumping _ Storm water runoff Other Storm water runoff _ Hydrologic impacts _ Other Box 20 The field crew in this example continued its survey of the
125. ously undeveloped while redevelopment occurs when existing developed areas are renovated expanded and or restored Remodeling refers to changes such as the addition of a deck garage or outbuilding or larger expansions of the existing house Try to estimate the percentage of homes in the neighborhood currently undergoing infill redevelopment or remodeling If more than 10 of the homes in a neighborhood fall into this category it suggests that construction could be a significant pollution source Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Figure Popped Open for Inspection 3 4 Assessing Yard and Lawn Conditions This part of the NSA form assesses the average yard and lawn condition for the neighborhood Box 3 Nine questions profile potential pollution sources and behaviors in the yard or lawn You must first estimate the percentage of five lot cover types for the average residential lot Figure 6 e Impervious cover e Grass cover e Landscaping cover e Bare soil cover e Forest canopy cover Impervious cover is defined as any surface that cannot absorb or infiltrate rainfall and is a useful indicator of the impacts of development on aquatic systems Examples of impervious cover in residential lots include houses garages outbuildings carports paved concrete driveways and sidewalks decks and swimming pools The NSA then asks for an estimate of the percent
126. pout disconnection or treatment N 16 Rooftops Downspout connection OS 15 to OS 17 Evidence of pet waste Pet waste education enforcement N 18 Presence of storm water ponds Storm water maintenance N 19 Common Areas Turf cover in open space Bufferscaping N 20 reforestation F 5 Condition of storm drain inlets Storm drain stenciling N 21 Sidewalk zone Streetscaping SR 5 Evidence of dumping Prevention removal of dumping RP 10 The code in parentheses refers to the appropriate restoration profile sheet in the Restoration Manual Series Codes are as follows e OS and SR sheets can be found in Manual 3 Storm Water Retrofit Practices e N and H sheets can be found in Manual 8 Pollution Source Control Practices e RP sheets can be found in Manual 9 Municipal Practices and Programs Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 15 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA 16 Desktop Analysis The most important desktop analysis is the delineation of neighborhoods within the subwatershed Individual neighborhoods can be grouped together if they have similar characteristics For example three adjacent neighborhoods with the same basic lot size road widths setbacks and house types can be lumped into a single unit neighborhood This should be verified in the field and adjustments made to group similar neighborhoods or ungroup dissimilar ones Two methods of neighborhood delineation are offered here one using ae
127. ppendix C Hotspot Field Identification Sheet Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 C Appendix C Hotspot Field Identification Sheet C 2 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Appendix C Hotspot Field Identification Sheet Hotspot FIELD IDENTIFICATION SHEET Commercial Animal Care Services Racetracks kennels fenced pens veterinarians and businesses that provide boarding services for animals including horses dogs and cats Auto Repair Automobile Parking Building Materials Campgrounds RV parks Car Dealers Car Washes Commercial Laundry Dry Cleaning Convenience Stores Equipment Repair Gasoline Stations Grocery Stores Food and Beverage Wholesalers Construction Equipment Rental and Leasing Building and Heavy Construction Marinas Nurseries and garden centers Oil Change Shops Restaurants Swimming Pools Warehouses Wholesalers of Chemicals and Petroleum Industrial Apparel and Other Fabrics Beverages and Brewing Boat Building and Repair Chemical Manufacturing Manufacturers of chemicals such as acids alkalis inks chlorine industrial gases pigments fibers and plastics synthetic rubber soaps and cleaners pharmaceuticals cosmetics paints varnishes resins photographic materials chemicals organic chemicals agricultural chemicals adhesives sealants and ink Food Processing Meat packing plants poultry slaughtering and processing sausage and prepared meats dairy products pre
128. pportunities Sweeping may not be feasible however if pavement is in poor condition or on street parking is prevalent Storm drain stenciling can educate residents and owners to keep leaf litter organic matter and trash out of the storm drain system and may reduce dumping spills and illicit discharges Stenciling is also a direct and local way to increase subwatershed awareness and practice neighborhood stewardship 695 Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD Catch basin clean outs present the last opportunity to prevent pollutants from entering the storm drain system The effectiveness of this pollutant reduction strategy depends on the basic design of the storm water conveyance and the volume of trapped pollutants within the catch basin Each catch basin or sump pit tends to be unique in how quickly it fills up and whether the trapped material is liquid solid or organic To this extent each catch basin reflects the immediate conditions and behaviors that occur in the few hundred feet of the street it serves If catch basins are present they can be cleaned out several times a year with a vactor truck and the contents disposed of properly Clean outs have been shown to be effective in removing trash sediment nutrients trace metals organic carbon and other pollutants from downstream waters Parking lot retrofits refer to a variety of practices that provide storm water treatment in parking lots where it previously
129. provide more information on restoration techniques that can be applied to neighborhood open space Neighborhoods with existing storm water ponds may be candidates for a pond retrofit Retrofit options may involve improved maintenance practices or converting a dry pond into a wet pond or wetland to increase pollutant removal Consult Manual 3 for more guidance on pond retrofits Multi family parking lots found in apartment and townhouse complexes may sometimes present a good opportunity to provide a storm Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA water retrofit If parking lots are landscaped there may be potential to turn these areas into bioretention areas for pollutant removal Manual 3 provides more information on types of retrofits appropriate for parking lots Be sure to include a brief description of the types of actions needed when recommending specific follow up activities such as retrofits and better stewardship The last step in the NSA involves computing index values on the left hand side of the field sheet The Pollution Severity Index denoted by open circles in the Index column on the NSA is used to rate the severity of pollution generated by the neighborhood The Restoration Opportunity Index denoted by diamonds in the Index column on the NSA rates the feasibility of potential residential restoration projects identified for the neighborhood as a whole Some suggested benchmark values for each
130. rastructure should be investigated to ensure that they are regularly Physical Plant Practices The fourth operation inspected swept or cleaned out to reduce storm common to most hotspots consists of practices water pollution In addition you should used to clean maintain or repair the physical complete an SSD assessment for private road plant which includes the building outdoor conditions and large parking areas work areas and parking lots Routine cleaning and maintenance practices can cause runoff of 4 2 Introduction to the HSI sediment nutrients paints and solvents from the site Sanding painting power washing and resealing of buildings and parking lot surfaces all deserve scrutiny particularly if they are done close to storm drains The HSI provides a way to quantify the impacts of hotspot activities on urban subwatersheds and identify possible restoration practices that may be needed The HSI asks you to assess six distinct pollution sources at each site and to identify targeted pollution prevention techniques or restoration practices to address those sources Table 18 The result of the HSI is a comprehensive database of confirmed hotspots for each subwatershed each of which is ranked in terms of its severity The database can be used to Turf and Landscaping Many commercial industrial institutional and municipal hotspots directly manage or hire contractors to maintain turf and landscaping apply fertilizers or p
131. rated as dirty The crew checked the box indicating that the yard was an observed pollution source and made a note to check whether the municipality had a current pollution prevention plan for the yard 44 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 water pollution Box 16 Also hotspot sites may have been required to install storm water treatment practices when they were first built Some communities keep track of these facilities and you may want to consult their database before or after fieldwork to determine the type of storm water treatment facility present To assess the condition of private storm drain inlets Figure 31 you need to remove the manhole cover to see if the inlet has a catch basin If it does you should examine the depth and type of sediment or pollutant accumulation using the SSD form described in Chapter 6 4 10 Designating Storm Water Hotspot Status The last part of the HSI form assesses the overall pollution potential for the hotspot site and assigns it a hotspot designation not a hotspot potential hotspot confirmed hotspot or severe hotspot The hotspot designation is derived using the index in the right hand column of the HSI field form and it determines follow up actions needed after the HSI is complete The criteria used to make hotspot designations and corresponding follow up actions are described below The observed pollution source boxes are used to record observable types of pollution prob
132. ration Manual 11 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI F TURF LANDSCAPING AREAS LIN A skip to part G Observed Pollution Source F1 of site with Forest canopy 0 Turfgrass 5 Landscaping O_ Bare Soil O FE xa F2 Rate the turf management status _ High Medium J Low F3 Evidence of permanent irrigation or non target irrigation JY IN Can t Tell F4 Do landscaped areas drain to the storm drain system kiy ON Can t Tell F5 Do landscape plants accumulate organic matter leaves grass clippings on adjacent impervious surface BS Y U N L Can t Tell Box 15 In this example the field crew investigated turf and landscaping practices at a small corporate office park The crew estimated that about 10 of the site was devoted to landscaping and about 5 to mowed and non irrigated turf The crew looked closely at the landscaping areas situated in close proximity to the parking lot They noticed that the landscaping beds contained permanent sprinkler systems were elevated in relation to the parking lot and appeared to be directly connected to the storm drain system Some evidence of organic matter and non target irrigation flows were observed on the parking lot As a result the crew checked the box that landscaping could be a pollution source at the office park Forest canopy cover varies greatly at hotspot land uses with institutional and municipal lands usually having the most forested cover Commercial ind
133. rcles andor 2 or ro checked Fe lle yi up Acti iat immediate enforcement est fi ve TWD iesite inspection Ee Are lacli arcas dirocily connected io storm drains BS Are vehicles washed outdo TY rN LJ Can t Tel Doe the area where bikai wihed discharge to the storm drain TY CON M Cmt Tel 13 Of fpooe MaTEkiais SA Ship fo pars CI Are loadin poperations present Y GN Ca I Wes s hey iincavercd ara dri NG irauna a aioi dtan mle E 4 I Cant Tel Ch Are materials sored omisid y C Can t Tet If yes are they T Liquid E Solid Description Where ane the y Moed salin hre bernned ares Observed Pollution Source CS Is ihe storage urea directly or indirectly conmected bo worm drain feirele one Hr O Ot w discs alia i ihle 4 Th Me C4 Is staining or discobaraian rid fum dugi elle Check rn if hot spot is an NP DES nan fker sider aial retro Pes Vite area restoraiion complete PAA sheet and recon Under Ste chia rhe iq Schedule a rev form water pollution prevention plan CS Does outdoor sote area lack a cove C6 Are liqied matcnals stored without secon i y poini ET Are storage conimmners missing labels or im D WASTE MANAGEMENT _ AVA Sie te part E Observed Fallution Sowree Noes fE wo af mde IT a i un ri Iwano i Di Type of waste deck olf rin appie Garh Consmicion materials Farardous materials D2 Dumpster
134. rests and wetlands within the remaining stream corridor and or flood plain It begins by describing site preparation techniques that may be needed to make a site suitable for planting and then profiles four planting techniques for the riparian zone based on its intended management use The manual presents several methods to assess riparian restoration potential at the subwatershed level including basic stream corridor analysis detailed site investigations and screening factors to choose priority reforestation projects The manual concludes by reviewing effective site preparation and planting techniques in a series of eight riparian management profile sheets Manual 6 Discharge Prevention Practices The sixth manual covers practices used to prevent the entry of sewage and other pollutant discharges into the stream from pipes and spills The manual describes a variety of techniques to find fix and prevent these discharges that can be caused by illicit sewage connections illicit business connections failing sewage lines or industrial transport spills The manual also briefly presents desktop and field methods to assess the severity of illicit discharge problems in your subwatershed Lastly the manual profiles different forensic methods to detect and fix illicit discharges Manual 6 is also known as the Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination Guidance Manual a guidance manual for program development and technical assessme
135. retrofit potential Before you conduct an SSD you need to gather the proper equipment and maps Table 5 in Chapter 2 Two key items are a pry bar and a sediment measuring rod which are used to gain access to storm drain manhole covers and catch basins to measure pollutant accumulation The measuring rod should be at least six feet long and be marked at six inch intervals to estimate the amount of sediment in the bottom of the catch basin A permission letter from the local public works department may also be needed to open up catch basins Completing the Field Form Each SSD form begins with basic information on the watershed and subwatershed as well as a Unique Site ID assigned to the street or storm drain assessed Box 26 Record the date members of the field crew and information about the camera and picture numbers taken at the site Note if it has rained in the last 24 hours to determine if the street or storm drain system may have been cleaned by the runoff from a recent storm event Street sweeping M 9 Catch basin clean outs M 9 storm drain stenciling N 21 Power washing pollution prevention practices H 11 Parking lot retrofit SR 6 OS 7 to 11 Road maintenance pollution prevention practices M 9 The code in parentheses refers to the appropriate restoration profile sheet in the Restoration Manual Series Codes are as follows e OS and SR sheets can be found in Manual 3 Storm Water Retrofit Practice
136. rial photographs and the other using Street maps Using aerial photographs Local planning departments should be consulted to see if they have GIS data layers and or aerial photos to analyze neighborhoods If these are not available data may be available on websites such as www gisdatadepot com When GIS data is available it can be used to easily delineate neighborhoods especially if data layers include tax maps and parcel boundaries If only aerial photos are available simply print Figure 3 Aerial Photo Showing Delineated Neighborhoods in Maidens Choice Subwatershed in Baltimore MD the photos and use them to delineate neighborhoods manually using the method described here On the printed photo highlight or use a marker to circle each distinct neighborhood and record its Unique Site D Figure 3 shows how an aerial photo was used to delineate a neighborhood for an NSA conducted in Baltimore MD Pink circles on the photos designate discrete neighborhoods and the Unique Site ID is recorded and highlighted in yellow Major roads were labeled in the office The white circle identifies a specific neighborhood for which a sample NSA form will be completed Using street maps Street maps often label major neighborhoods and subdivisions and you can use major roads to divide them as needed You will want to check tax maps to verify that these neighborhoods have similar lot dimensions e g setbacks house sizes lot sizes
137. ribed in Appendix B While database screening may reveal many regulated hotspots it does not always pick up unregulated hotspots Therefore you should closely study land use patterns in the subwatershed with a special emphasis on clusters of industrial and commercial land These clusters should be marked on your subwatershed field map and scouted thoroughly It is always a good idea to review the business categories on the hotspot cheat sheet provided in Appendix C so you can look for these sites as you drive through the subwatershed The remainder of this chapter provides guidance on how to complete the HSI field form A snapshot of each part of the field form is included in each section and a blank field form can be found in Appendix A The first part of the HSI form asks for basic information such as the name of your watershed and subwatershed and the Unique Site ID for the site being assessed Box 9 You should record the date of your site visit the members of your survey team and any information about the camera used and picture Box 9 In this example the field crew assigned this industrial hotspot with the Unique Site ID of SR Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 IN 2 and recorded 35 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI numbers taken at the site This is the part where you record the latitude and longitude coordinates for the site if you are using a GPS unit and the map grid coordinate if yo
138. rigatix ally ty z Can t Tell E VENCE OPERATIONS CI MiA i ter pari i Observed Pollmibon Soara Le Fa Dol Lands ipad ar ead drain to the storm drain system iY IN Lj can t Tell El Ty Fuchicles C Fleet vehicles I Be han hises my the i be i FS E wiscape pl a niii oani ee press clippings a edyacent imperis a OYoOosxso Jc arn Te fl BE Ap proximate number of vehicles G STORM WATER asmen i ONA ikio pon Hy BS iele activities fcircle ahi beat a pu nias ned Re epa t HI Are air cles stored andlor repaired oats Are these vehictes fd in any wy fod ps TY BS Is ihe vidence of spillsleakage from vehicles F Y e GI Are storm water treaimem practic 5 pies an Y 0 N E Unknown If yes please describe GL Are private em drains located at tbe e facility tay ON Hue iknenwn 4 aah pigar in gulin nra leading Siorm draina I 20 complete the index below nee Rating for Accumulation in Luters O oj 0 8 of s e eee 6 0 oloje eje H6 Are ungovgrod outdoor Fueling are n present a Y Ly N 1Can i le Sediment rx j2 3 4 Organic material E l m 1 03 B l Litter 3 J4 a Catch basin inspection Rec ond SSD U tie ID he re i Condition Diin ft jean HL INITIAL HoTspor STATUS INDEX RESULTS O Nu a hotspot fewer than 5 circles and mo box Reacher ha ial botepat 3 bo TO eincies best nan bx checked LJ Conta VLA pia l Oto LS circles andor 1 be checked p Severe phat spal gt 13 ci
139. ring the Hotspot Site Investigation HSI to confirm whether it actually represents a real pollution source or risk Industrial hotspots are always a major focus of the HSI since they use generate handle or store pollutants that can potentially be washed away in storm water runoff spilled or inadvertently discharged into the storm drain system Many industrial operations are regulated storm water hotspots under the Environmental Protection Agency s NPDES industrial storm water permit program although the individual owner or operator may be unaware of that fact Appendix B provides a list of specific industries subject to NPDES regulations that is based on SIC codes Institutional hotspots include larger privately owned facilities that have extensive parking landscaping or turf cover In addition they may possess vehicle fleets and maintenance operations By and large institutional hotspots are not regulated The most common pollutants generated at institutional hotspots are nutrients and pesticides applied to maintain grounds and landscaping Large institutional parking lots produce large volumes of storm water runoff and associated pollutants and are natural targets for storm water retrofitting Table 16 Potential Pollutants From Hotspot Businesses and Activities Nutrients e g phosphorus and nitrogen Pesticides Solvents e g paints and paint thinners Fuels e g gasoline diesel kerosene Oil and greas
140. ring Mills Special Product Sawmills Not Elsewhere Classified Millwork Veneer Plywood and Structural Wood except 2434 Wood Containers Wood Buildings and Mobile Homes Wood Preserving Reconstituted Wood Products Wood Products Not Elsewhere Classified Pulp Mills Paper Mills Paperboard Mills Paperboard Containers and Boxes Converted Paper and Paperboard Products Except Containers and Boxes C Chemical and Allied Products Manufacturing 2812 2819 2821 2824 2833 2836 2841 2844 2851 2861 2869 28 3 2879 2891 2899 3952 limited to list Industrial Inorganic Chemicals Plastics Materials and Synthetic Resins Synthetic Rubber Cellulosic and Other Manmade Fibers Except Glass Medicinal chemicals and botanical products pharmaceutical preparations in vitro and in vivo diagnostic substances biological products except diagnostic substances Soaps Detergents Cleaning Preparations Perfumes Cosmetics Other Toilet Preparations Paints Varnishes Lacquers Enamels and Allied Products Industrial Organic Chemicals Agricultural Chemicals Including Facilities that Make Fertilizer Solely from Leather Scraps and Leather Dust Miscellaneous Chemical Products Inks and Paints Including China Painting Enamels India Ink Drawing Ink Platinum Paints for Burnt Wood or Leather Work Paints for China Painting Artist s Paints and Watercolors D Asphalt Paving and Roofing Materials Manufacturers and Lubrican
141. s film processing or digital 75 300 Street maps aerial photos 25 50 Printing and Reproduction Total Costs Notes 250 500 500 7 150 7 400 e Budget assumes a 10 square mile moderately urbanized subwatershed e These cost estimates assume an hourly rate of 25 To get accurate estimates for your subwatershed enter your expected staff costs which can be zero for trained volunteers or your prevailing hourly wage Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR 12 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Chapier 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA 3 1 Basics of Neighborhoods The neighborhood is the fundamental unit for residential source control Residential pollution sources can only be assessed neighborhood by neighborhood within a subwatershed The residential behaviors that contribute to storm water quality problems can be systematically assessed by the Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA which looks at four specific source areas of the average neighborhood Neighborhoods are an important focus for subwatershed restoration Each residential neighborhood has a distinctive character in terms of age lot size tree cover drainage lawn size general upkeep and resident awareness In addition neighborhoods are rather homogenous when it comes to resident behaviors stewardship and involvement in
142. s and classified the entire storm water conveyance system as being mixed both grass channels and storm drain pipes The crew successfully popped two manhole covers to get access to the catch basins and recorded their GPS coordinates The first catch basin was dry and had six inches of sediment and litter accumulation on the bottom No evidence of oil and grease or sulfur was recorded The second catch basin located only a few hundred feet away was much different It was wet and had a foot of water overlying six inches of sediment and organic matter deposits No oil was observed but the crew detected a sulfur smell Both catch basins were deemed accessible for clean out by vacuum truck Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 63 Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD The first question asks you to describe the type of storm drain conveyance along the road Open is defined as a concrete channel or grass swale and enclosed means that runoff travels through underground concrete or metal pipes If you have enclosed storm drains walk down the road to look for storm drain inlets Look for manhole covers over the inlet where you can access the catch basin below You should inspect several features of catch basins if they are present First GPS the latitude longitude and LMK for the inlet so it can be found later Next open the manhole and use the flashlight and measuring rod to inspect the catch basin Check to see if the catc
143. s e N and H sheets can be found in Manual 8 Pollution Source Control Practices e M 9 Manual 9 Municipal Practices and Programs 6 3 Basic Characterization This part of the SSD form records general information about where the streets and storm drains are located Box 27 You should record the name of the street s in the neighborhood or the location of the large parking lot Also record the type of adjacent land use and indicate whether an HSI or NSA form was completed If so make sure to cross reference the Unique Site ID on both field forms 6 4 Street Conditions This part of the SSD form looks at the degree of pollutant accumulation on street surfaces and curbs Box 28 To start you need to classify the street or road being assessed Four basic types of roads potentially exist in a subwatershed ranging from wide arterials to narrow alleys Road classification is important since each type has different traffic volumes parking requirements and curb access that influence maintenance and sweeping schedules The following criteria can be used to classify four types of roads Arterial roads are the largest roads in a subwatershed and carry through traffic between and across developed areas and from suburban areas to urban areas They often have Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 controlled exits and entrances and have the highest design speeds Arterial roads can have four to six traffic lanes with lar
144. s routine vehicle maintenance and storage practices at the site as well as vehicle fueling and washing operations Outdoor Materials Examines the type and exposure of any outdoor materials stored at the site Waste Management Assesses housekeeping practices for waste materials generated at the site Physical Plant Assesses maintenance practices used for cleaning remodeling or repairing buildings outdoor work areas and parking lots Turf Landscaping Areas Examines the practices used to maintain lawn or landscaping areas with special emphasis on fertilizer use and non target irrigation Storm Water Infrastructure Evaluates the condition of practices used to convey or treat storm water including the curb and gutter catch basins and any storm water treatment practices MAP GRID Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Initial Hotspot Status Index Results Provides an initial assessment of whether the site is a hotspot and any specific follow up actions that may apply The HSI field form also includes a grid to sketch the individual site and to locate possible pollution prevention activities The sketch complements photos taken during the HSI and you should note photo locations on the sketch You should have located many potential storm water hotspot sites to visit before heading out to the field These potential hotspots are identified during the database screening stage which is desc
145. sediment runoff pollution Any bare soil areas should be replanted immediately to reduce this potential Tree plantings are preferred but planting grass is an acceptable alternative The HSI asks you to rate the management level of existing turf and landscaped areas High input management indicates intensive pesticide herbicide and or fertilizer use Table 12 presents some indicators for assessing the management of turf and landscaped areas Non target irrigation occurs when permanent Figure 29 Non Target Irrigation Runoff irrigation systems are misdirected and send at a Retail Garden Center water to adjacent impervious surfaces Figure 29 Consequently pollutants that accumulate on impervious surfaces can be washed directly into the storm drain system surfaces drain to the storm drain system If all three indicators are positive the landscaping area can be a pollution source You should also look for staining and discoloration that may show a direct discharge from the landscaping to the storm drain system The final two questions focus on whether landscaping areas are generating storm water runoff Field indicators can help answer this question The first field indicator is to determine the elevation of the landscaping in 49 Evaluating Private Storm relation to adjacent land In many cases Waiter Infrastructure landscaping is higher than surrounding areas which causes water to flow from the landscaped area The second i
146. served fruits and vegetables flour bakery products sugar and confectioneries vegetable and animal oils canned frozen or fresh fish snack foods and manufactured ice Garbage Truck Wash out Activities Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Equipment Engines and turbines farm and garden equipment construction and mining machinery metal working machinery computers and office equipment automatic vending machines refrigeration and heating equipment etc Heavy Manufacturing Metal Production Plating and Engraving Operations Paper and Wood Products Petroleum Storage and Refining Gasoline kerosene distillate and residual oils lubricants and asphalt paving and roofing materials Printing Institutional Cemeteries Churches Colleges and Universities Corporate Office Parks Hospitals Private Golf Courses Private Schools Municipal Composting Facilities Public Golf Courses Landfills Hazardous Waste Material Disposal Local Streets Maintenance Depots Municipal Fleet Washing Public Works Yards Steam Electric Plants Treatment Works Transport Related Airports Streets and Highways Construction Ports Railroads Rental Car Lots US Postal Service Trucking Companies and Distribution Centers Petroleum Bulk Stations or Terminals C 3 Appendix C Hotspot Field Identification Sheet C 4 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11
147. sheet OS 15 in Manual 3 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 The best situation is when the downspout is directed into a rain garden that it is totally disconnected from the storm drain system A rain garden illustrated in Figure 12f is a small landscaped depression with native plants that captures and infiltrates rooftop runoff see Profile sheet OS 16 in Manual 3 The NSA asks you to check if the average lot has several hundred square feet of lawn area available down gradient from the downspout to potentially plant a rain garden 3 7 Assessing Common Areas This part of the NSA assesses management practices at common areas in neighborhoods such as streets storm water ponds and open spaces Box 7 You are asked to make several observations along streets First are storm drain inlets present While storm drains can have different configurations they are often found along the curb as shown in Figure 13 You should check to see if storm drain inlets are stenciled or clogged with sediment and debris Storm drain stenciling teaches residents that what enters a storm drain will eventually enter the stream see Profile Sheet N 21 in Manual 8 25 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA 26 Directly Connected to Storm Drain System Directly Connected Flowing Onto Street Through Indirectly Connected Flowing to Impervious Underground Pipe Surface ENR i UTT ii ot my Wh Disconnected Flo
148. site preparation L_ Poor reforestation or regeneration site PART III SKETCH A 8 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual Streets and Storm Drains SSD WATERSHED UNIQUE SITE ID Dares JJ CAMeRA ID MAP GRID RAIN IN LAST 24 Hours Y _ N Pic A LOCATION A1 Street names or neighborhood surveyed A2 Adjacent land use Residential Commercial _ Industrial _ Institutional _ Municipal _ Transport Related A3 Corresponding HSI or NSA field sheet If so circle HSI or NSA and record its Unique Site ID here B STREET CONDITIONS B1 Road Type Arterial _ Collector Local _ Alley Other B2 Condition of Pavement _ New _ Good _ Cracked _ Broken B3 Is on street parking permitted L Y L N If yes approximate number of cars per block B4 Are large cul de sacs present L Y LIN B5 Is trash present in curb and gutter If so Index Rating for Accumulation in Gutters use the index to the right to record amount Clean Filthy ap 02 O03 D4 0s Organic Material 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 LI LI LI LI LI C STORM DRAIN INLETS AND CATCH BASINS C1 Type of storm drain conveyance _ open _ enclosed _ mixed C2 Percentage of inlets with catch basin storage LI N A Sample 1 2 catch basins per NSA HSI C3 Catch basin 1 C4 Catch basin 2 Latitude a ae Longitude ae E LMK OE Picture a Current Condition Wet L Dry Condition of Inlet _ Clear _ Obstru
149. ssessment PAA 58 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD 6 1 Basics of Streets and Storm Drains Urban streets and storm drains can accumulate and store urban pollutants Relatively minor changes in municipal maintenance procedures can help remove these pollutant loads in some subwatersheds The condition of the local road and storm drain infrastructure can be quickly assessed by checking to see if current maintenance practices could reduce pollutant accumulation Figure 36 6 2 Introduction to the SSD The Streets and Storm Drains SSD form helps quantify the impacts of subwatershed maintenance practices on urban streams and identify potential pollutant reduction strategies The SSD asks you to visually inspect pollutant accumulation along streets curb and gutters and storm drain inlets and assesses the retrofit potential of large parking lots The SSD also randomly inspects storm drains to estimate pollutant accumulation in catch basins and evaluate a series of factors to determine the feasibility of street sweeping as a pollutant reduction strategy for the subwatershed The output from the SSD is an estimate of the severity of pollutant accumulation within the road and storm sewer system of the subwatershed as well as specific retrofit opportunities for large parking lots Table 24 summarizes six pollutant sources assessed by th
150. ste how storm water practices are maintained how buffers and natural areas are managed and whether storm drains are stenciled It is also helpful to assess the general upkeep of common areas to determine whether a homeowner or neighborhood association is active 3 2 Introduction to the NSA Urban neighborhoods have a large number of potential pollution sources but also offer many opportunities to educate residents about stewardship activities that can improve stream quality Table 10 summarizes the neighborhood factors assessed by the NSA and how they are linked to specific stewardship or restoration techniques Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 The NSA quantifies potential pollution sources within neighborhoods and identifies potential residential restoration projects To fill out an NSA field form you need to drive every street in the neighborhood and subsample individual lots curbs catch basins and common areas Key outputs from the NSA are an index of the severity of neighborhood non point source pollution and an index of potential neighborhood restoration opportunities The NSA field form is composed of six parts Neighborhood Characterization Compiles basic information about the neighborhood Yard and Lawn Conditions Assesses vegetative cover and management practices on the typical lawn Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA Driveways Sidewalks and Curbs Estimates pollutant accum
151. subwatershed restoration plan A key budget choice is selecting which partners will be responsible for delivering the stewardship or pollution prevention message Potential partners include local agencies community volunteers local watershed groups private sector allies and state regulatory agencies 7 8 Additional Subwatershed Project Investigations Your USSR data analyses should have shed light on the initial priorities for the most effective restoration strategies The next step is to undertake more detailed follow up investigations to assess the feasibility of each project and begin designing restoration projects or programs Many different kinds of investigations may be needed to create an inventory of upland restoration projects for the subwatershed Table 29 describes the range of additional candidate project investigations that may be triggered by your USSR data analysis These are summarized in Manual 2 and an expanded description of each field or desktop method can be found in Manuals 3 6 7 8 and 9 You should carefully choose the ones that are right for your subwatershed Good hunting Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans Table 29 Follow up Investigations Triggered by USSR Metrics Restoration Corresponding Practices Follow up Investigations Restoration Manual Neighborhoods Hotspots EA Streets and Storm Drains
152. t Look above you to see if the canopy extends over the curb or street and record it on the form 3 6 Assessing How Rooftop Runoff is Managed This part of the NSA form assesses how rooftop runoff is managed in the neighborhood Box 5 Five questions are asked to determine if downspouts are directly connected to the storm drain system and if there is any realistic potential to disconnect them or direct this runoff volume elsewhere ye wa eS ae erei N A un a ee ee sats a int ola i pincers sae tat r5 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 D ROOFTOPS D3 Downspouts discharge to pervious area Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA D1 Downspouts are directly connected to storm drains or sanitary sewer D2 Downspouts are directed to impervious surface D4 Downspouts discharge to a cistern rain barrel etc Note C1 through C4 should total 100 DS Lawn area present downgradient of leader for rain garden iia Y JN K basements Box 5 In this example the field crew investigated rooftop runoff at a 20 year old subdivision with quarter acre residential lots and basements The crew visually inspected ten homes and came up with a composite score for the neighborhood The crew found that many homeowners had modified their rooftop drainage over time Nearly 20 of all downspouts were now directly connected to the curb while another 40 were indirectly connected e g discharged to driv
153. t Manufacturers 2951 2952 2992 2999 Asphalt Paving and Roofing Materials Miscellaneous Products of Petroleum and Coal E Glass Clay Cement Concrete and Gypsum Product Manufacturing 3211 3221 3229 3231 3241 3251 3259 3261 3269 3271 3275 3281 3291 3292 3295 3296 3297 3299 B 8 Flat Glass Glass and Glassware Pressed or Blown Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass Hydraulic Cement Structural Clay Products Pottery and Related Products Concrete Gypsum and Plaster Products Cut Stone and Stone Products Abrasive and Asbestos Products Minerals and Earth s Ground or Otherwise Treated Mineral Wool Non Clay Refractories Nonmetallic Mineral Products Not Elsewhere Classified Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual B Table B2 SIC Codes for NPDES Industrial Storm Water Regulated Facilities F Primary Metals 3312 3317 Steel Works Blast Furnaces and Rolling and Finishing Mills 3321 3325 lron and Steel Foundries 3331 3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals 3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals 3351 3357 Rolling Drawing and Extruding of Nonferrous Metals 3363 3369 Nonferrous Foundries Castings 3398 3399 Miscellaneous Primary Metal Products lron Ores Copper Ores Lead and Zinc Ores Gold and Silver Ores Ferroalloy Ores Except Vanadium Metal Mining Services 1094 1099 Miscellaneous Metal Ores H Coal Mines and Coal Mining Related Facilities 1221 1
154. t a a ee m i nl ae alr ear A a gt E A A WE Pir Fir ee a hA E e j i r b Be i oa ae gl fag ae n ot nt eam ibe a St et ES E SRO E Ara LS PA e e oes a ee Aae ae bh SYO ae hit kh ee es ca p aly Pn tome i n e J i pe bd i A A _ Si L gt e P A Se AG ALG Ey Er r 1 e A 7 gt Ms Ve A ous a m e j a on yi w OS Se ee Figure 6 A Typical Lot Demonstrating Yard and Lawn Cover Types 20 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 are over fertilized over watered or treated with pesticides which increases the chance that these pollutants will run off lawns during storms Landscaped areas are operationally defined as mulched beds that typically have plants small ornamental trees less than six inches in trunk diameter such as dogwood cherry and pear trees and or shrubs Landscaped areas represent a restoration opportunity if a natural landscaping approach is used Natural landscaping can reduce runoff and pollutant inputs compared to turf areas Figure 7 by using native vegetation that is already adapted to the water and soil conditions of the area and reducing the amount of fertilizer and irrigation needed Bare soil presents a potential source of sediment from the lawn The percentage of bare or exposed soil should be directly recorded on the sheet Any bare soil areas on lawns should be replanted immediately to reduce the risk
155. t curb and gutter in need of cleaning SSD NSA Total area available for pervious area natural area restoration Table 27 Example of USSR Data Being Used to Compare Across Subwatersheds Pervious Area Restoration as of Subwatershed Area Treatable by Source Controls Treatable by Street Sweeping bwatershed 1 Subwatershed2 52 6B 14 Subwatershed 3 3 Table 28 Example of USSR Data Being Used to Compare Across Neighborhoods Turf of Lot Area Scores Septic Systems Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 71 with On site Potential Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 72 7 7 Source Control Plan Pollution sources and control opportunities are different in every subwatershed Consequently a unique pollution source control strategy must be developed for each subwatershed An assessment framework known as a Source Control Plan SCP has been developed to define the focus targets methods and delivery of subwatershed source control efforts The SCP is a simple desktop analysis of NSA HSI and other subwatershed data to develop the most cost effective strategy to promote better stewardship and pollution prevention practices If a large number of pollution sources are discovered in your subwatershed an SCP should be prepared The SCP essentially represents the design of a subwatershed source control program It outlines the carrots and sticks to control priori
156. t since runoff needs to flow downhill into retrofit site to ensure treatment 3 Is the available land at least 10 of the size of the contributing parking lot area 4 Does it appear that underground sewers cables or other utilities are absent from the parcel If you can answer yes to all four questions it usually means the parking lot has excellent retrofit potential Answering yes to three questions indicates good retrofit potential while two or fewer yes answers would suggest that the parking lot has little retrofit potential and should be dropped from further consideration Parking lots with good or excellent potential can be referred for subsequent investigations in a Retrofit Reconnaissance Inventory RRI Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 6 7 Recommended Municipal Practices The last part of the SSD form asks you to make an initial recommendation as to the feasibility of four pollutant reduction strategies Box 31 The four pollutant reduction strategies for streets and storm drains are described below Street sweeping can be an effective maintenance practice since roads can comprise as much as 10 to 20 of total impervious cover in suburban subwatersheds and even more in highly urban subwatersheds If pollutant accumulation is significant along curbs street sweeping may be an effective pollutant reduction strategy particularly in highly urban subwatersheds with many streets but few other retrofit o
157. tershed practice and it has undergone at least four major revisions We expected that it would be further adjusted over time therefore we are pleased to release this manual in Version 2 0 in response to user feedback and new resources Thanks also to our external reviewers who included participants at our inaugural Watershed Restoration Institute as well as local watershed organizations such as the Gwynns Falls Watershed Association South River Federation and others Special thanks to Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Foreword the Chesapeake Bay Trust and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation for providing community watershed grants that allowed us to keep on testing the USSR in a variety of urban watershed conditions The Center staff team that contributed to the development of the USSR included Ted Brown Anne Kitchell Tiffany Wright Chris Swann Karen Cappiella Jennifer Zielinski Stephanie Sprinkle and Tom Schueler Special thanks are extended to Heather Holland and Lauren Lasher for able assistance in editing proofing and otherwise helping to produce this manual This manual was produced under a cooperative agreement with U S EPA Office of Water CP 82981501 and we are grateful to our EPA project officer Robert Goo for his patience insights and flexibility during the two years it took to produce this manual series Sincerely Ijan dpc o l Tiffany Wright Center for Watershed Protect
158. tes within a subwatershed that may qualify for more intensive scrutiny Phase 1 Consult Publicly Available Databases The federal government has a number of databases that may help identify locations for investigation The Environmental Protection Agency EPA operates two such databases The first is the Enforcement and Compliance History Online ECHO database With this system you can look up facility compliance history and find facilities based on geographic location county level or zip code http www epa gov echo index html The other database is Envirofacts http www epa gov enviro This website provides access to multiple EPA databases to provide information about environmental activities including RCRA Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 and Toxic Release Inventory TRI facilities that may affect air water and land anywhere in the United States The website also provides access to Enviromapper which will display the location of regulated facilities Several commercial databases can provide information on regulated industries based on manufacturing or industrial Standard Industrial Classification SIC codes These databases are not free and have limitations since they are designed primarily for marketing Phase 2 Consult State and Local Agencies Most states have NPDES permit programs and track permit application to some extent You can consult state or local regulatory agencies to obtain lists of i
159. the total potential acreage from all three types Figure 41 USSR Subwatershed Map Showing Pervious Area Cleanup and Reforestation Project Sites Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 7 Interpreting USSR Data to Develop Better Subwatershed Restoration Plans 70 Figure 4 42 Stream Bank Erosion Identified in USA nS and Targeted Neighborhood for Retrofit of on site retrofits by the total subwatershed area to obtain the percentage of the subwatershed treatable by on site retrofits This metric is extremely useful to determine whether on site retrofits will be an effective restoration strategy for the subwatershed as a whole A second useful subwatershed metric is the potential area available for pervious area restoration This metric can be calculated by comparing the aggregate acreage of good and potential restoration sites identified during the PAA to the total subwatershed area If the metric indicates that pervious area restoration sites comprise a minuscule fraction of total subwatershed area you may want to direct your restoration efforts elsewhere although you may want to consult with subwatershed stakeholders before dropping them completely Stream Bank Erosion Site es A third helpful metric is the acreage of high input turf in a neighborhood This metric can be directly computed from the NSA form by multiplying the fraction of turf cover on the average lot by the proportion of high input lawns in
160. tment Model later in the restoration planning process to estimate potential pollutant reduction through clean outs 6 6 Non Residential Parking Lots This part of the SSD form assesses the retrofit potential for large parking lots encountered in the subwatershed using on site or adjacent storage retrofit techniques Box 30 This part also asks you to investigation whether enough space is available to install storage retrofits bioretention swales trenches or permeable pavement at the parking lot Manual 3 provides more detailed information on these retrofits The first few questions ask you to evaluate the size and condition of the parking lot The approximate area of the parking lot can be determined prior to the field survey using GIS to estimate length and width or can be measured in the field using a measuring tape or calibrated paces Next you should rate the general condition of the parking lot surface and check to see if it is served by any kind of storm water treatment practice If so take a photo and note it on the sketch To rate the retrofit potential of a parking lot you should consider the following four factors Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 6 Streets and Storm Drains SSD D NON RESIDENTIAL PARKING LOT gt 2 acres D1 Approximate size 4 5 acres D2 Lot Utilization _ Full _ About half full YI Empty assessed during non business hours D3 Overall condition of P
161. ts that may require more direct municipal assistance for implementation tree planting storm drain stenciling etc Creates an inventory of storm water hotspots including regulated and non regulated sites Rates the severity of each hotspot with regard to its potential to generate storm water runoff or illicit discharges Suggests appropriate follow up actions for each hotspot including referral for immediate enforcement Examines the feasibility of on site storm water retrofits Pervious Areas e Evaluates the current condition of natural area remnants and their potential management needs e Determines the reforestation potential of large pervious areas Streets and Storm Drains e Estimates the severity of pollutant accumulation on roads and within storm drain systems e Assesses large parking areas for storm water retrofit potential e Rates the feasibility of four municipal maintenance strategies 1 3 Basic Steps to Conduct a USSR Survey The USSR is performed in three phases a desktop analysis the actual field survey and a post field data analysis The desktop analysis is needed before going out into the field and often consumes the most time simply because a lot of data and mapping must be compiled Table 2 summarizes the seven basic steps of the USSR 1 4 Where and When Data Fits Into the Subwatershed Planning Process The USSR is extremely helpful in many of the steps of subwatershed restoration plan de
162. tutional municipal or transport related operations that produce higher levels of storm water pollutants and or present a higher potential risk for spills leaks or illicit discharges Table 16 lists potential pollutants that can be generated from hotspot sites There are two basic types of hotspots Regulated hotspots are known sources of pollution and are subject to federal or state regulations Unregulated hotspots are Operations suspected to be potential pollution sources but which are not currently regulated Storm water hotspots can be found in a variety of land uses and many different hotspot operations are usually found in each subwatershed Appendix B contains a classification of potential hotspot operations which is based on the Standard Industrial Classification SIC code system Commercial hotspots consist of a small subset of businesses in a subwatershed associated with specific activities that can generate higher pollutant loads Commercial hotspots typically experience a great deal of vehicle inputs generate waste or wash water handle fuel or repair vehicles or store products outside While commercial hotspots are quite diverse they tend to be clustered together within a subwatershed Each kind of commercial hotspot tends to generate its own blend of storm water pollutants which can include nutrients hydrocarbons metals trash or pesticides Each potential commercial hotspot operation needs to be inspected du
163. ty pollution sources accompanied by a budget and delivery system to implement them The specific methods to prepare an SCP are presented in Manual 8 but its four basic steps are summarized below Step 1 Compile Subwatershed Source Control Profile In the first step individual NSA and HSI forms are analyzed to identify key neighborhood behaviors and hotspot operations that are generating pollutant s of concern These pollution sources become the primary target for subsequent pollution source control Step 2 Prioritize Outreach Targets In the second step neighborhood characteristics and hotspot clusters are analyzed to determine where source control efforts will be most effective in the subwatershed Contact information for neighborhoods and businesses are also compiled to determine who should be targeted for outreach Step 3 Choose Effective Carrot and Sticks The third step chooses the carrots and sticks needed to change the major behavior or practices you have targeted Since you are working at the subwatershed scale most carrots and sticks involve direct or retail outreach methods Examples include mailings meetings and enhanced delivery of municipal Services such as lawn care assistance Step 4 Develop Budget and Delivery System In the last step a multi year source control budget is computed so that source control practices can be compared with other restoration practices being considered within the overall
164. u are using paper maps You should assign a Unique Site ID for the hotspot to reference in the hotspot database A simple naming convention is recommended The first initials give the name of the subwatershed For example in the Smiley Run subwatershed the first identifier would be SR The next two letter designation is for the land use type see Table 19 Hotspots within the same land use category are assigned a sequential number Taking photos is important to document behaviors and pollution sources Pollution prevention experts can infer a lot about the severity of the hotspot and the feasibility of prevention techniques from well chosen photos Finally photos are a powerful tool for subsequent enforcement or education efforts Commercial developments such as strip malls offer a challenge to field crews Some businesses within the strip mall may qualify as hotspots while many others do not In this Table 19 Hotspot Land Uses and Letter Designation Land Use Type Site ID Designation Commercial development industrial land A SITE DATA AND BASIC CLASSIFICATION _ Name and Address _jo hu N Category SIC code if available 94 NPDES Status _ Regulated N Unregulated Unknown Commercial _ Industrial _ Institutional _ Municipal Golf Course _ Transport Related situation you should complete one HSI form for each potential hotspot business and one for the entire mall as a whole Different po
165. ubwatershed or neighborhood area Examples might include high input turf as a percent of total neighborhood area or pervious area restoration sites as a percent of total subwatershed area Based on these counts you may discover that a particular upland restoration strategy may not be applicable in the subwatershed For example if no confirmed or severe hotspots exist in the subwatershed business pollution prevention efforts do not need to be a part of your initial subwatershed restoration strategy On the other hand your counts may reveal that there are so many pollution sources or candidate sites that it makes sense to immediately pursue more detailed field investigations or go straight to a Source Control Plan sections 7 7 and 7 8 The key point is to avoid getting lost in the raw data but focus instead on the data patterns that can shape the development of your initial restoration strategy 7 4 Mapping USSR Data Maps are always an excellent way to portray subwatershed data If your GIS system is linked to the USSR database you can create many different kinds of subwatershed maps that show the distribution of pollution sources or restoration projects What you choose to map depends entirely on your initial findings restoration goals and GIS capability Examples of helpful maps that can guide restoration efforts include the following e Basic neighborhood maps these are great for showing local stakeholders where they live
166. ueeesueaeeueaeseeseeeeaeeeesetaesaees 3 1 4 Where and When Data Fits Into the Subwatershed Planning Process eec 3 1 5 How to Organize and Interpret USSR Data cece e eee eeeseeseeeeeeaeeeeeneeeeeeeeeens 5 Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR s ssssssssansnsnnnnnannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 7 2 1 Whot Do I Need to Get Starteg snessensrnrnsrsrrrrrrnrrsrnrrrrrrenrsrsrrrrrrenrrrsrrrrrrereresrne 7 2 2 Desktop Analysis to Support a USSR Survey s sssssserersnerenerrrnrrrrrrnrernrrrernrrrnrnrrnrerernrne 9 2 3 Site and Neighborhood Delineation Mapping to Support the USSR c cee 10 2 4 Budgeting and SCOPING a USSR Survey sssssssssssssrsrrsrsrrrrsrerrrrsrrrrsrerrrrererrsrsrrrrerene 11 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA cccscccssecsseeesseeeseeseeeesaeeseeeesanesseneegs 13 3 BASICS OF NEIQNDOMNOOOS oscena E insane enoeeencate ive 13 3 2 IMMOGUCTION 1O ING N Asses a T 14 3 3 Characterizing the Neighborhood s ssssssrssrsrsrrrrsrrrrsrrrrsrsrrrrerrnrsrnrrrrererrsrrrrrrerene 17 3 4 Assessing Yard and Lawn Conditions sssssssssssrsrrrserrrrsrsrrrrererrsrrrrrrerrrrsrrrrsrerene 19 3 5 Assessing Driveways Sidewalks and Curbs ssssssssesersrrsrsrrrrerrrrsrrrrrrerrrrsrrrrrrerene 23 3 6 Assessing How Rooftop Runoff is MANAGE sssesssssssrsrrsrsrrrrerrrrsrrrrrrererrsrrrrsrsrnne 24 3 7 ASSesSiNO COMMON ATEOS usyan a n a a 25 3 8 Recommended
167. ulation and evaluates housekeeping on these impervious areas Rooftops Quantifies how rooftop runoff is managed on the average residential lot Common Areas Evaluates practices in common neighborhood areas such as storm water ponds buffers and flood plains Recommended Actions and Initial Assessment Makes specific recommendations on key residential behaviors that could be improved and derives an index that rates pollution severity and restoration opportunities in the neighborhood as a whole Table 10 NSA Factors Assessed and Corresponding Techniques Source Area Assessed High management turf Potential pesticide use Non target irrigation Extensive turf cover Yards and Low forest canop Lawns Improper yard waste disposal Soil erosion Construction activit Presence of septic systems Presence of swimming pools Driveway curb flows Driveways Sidewalks and Curbs Neighborhood Factor Corresponding Stewardship Technique Reduced Ferilizer Use N 1 N 7 Reduced pesticide use N 2 Xeriscaping N 3 Natural landscaping N 4 Tree planting N 5 Yard waste composting Erosion repair N 8 Single lot control H 9 and N 17 Septic system clean outs N 9 Safe pool discharge N 10 Safe car washing N 1 1 gt N 6 Driveway conditions Driveway sweeping N 12 N 13 Outdoor car maintenance Car fluid recycling N 15 Sidewalk zone conditions Pet waste pick up N 18 Streetscaping RP 10 l Downs
168. us surface _ Y LIN _ Don t know _ None visible Are downspouts directly connected to storm drains Y LIN LI Don t know F1 of site with Forest canopy Turf grass Landscaping Bare Soil F2 Rate the turf management status _ High Medium _ Low G2 Are private storm drains located at the facility Y L N L Unknown Is trash present in gutters leading to storm drains If so complete the index below Index Rating for Accumulation in Gutters Clean Filthy Sediment 1 2 3 4 5 Organic material 1 2 3 4 5 Litter 1 2 13 14 15 G3 Catch basin inspection Record SSD Unique Site ID here Condition _ Dirty L Clean H INITIAL HOTSPOT STATUS INDEX RESULTS L_ Confirmed hotspot 10 to 15 circles and or 1 box checked _ Severe hotspot gt 15 circles and or 2 or more boxes checked Retr aa enforcement pti tt TIT tT ty Ty tt yy L_ Suggest follow up on site inspection pT tt TTT TT TT TT L_ Test for illicit discharge PEE EELEEE EEE EEL EEL LE _ Include in future education effort l Pe fy fy fp yp pp pb tp Pp tua ttt tt Petty yy yy _ Pervious area restoration complete PAA sheet and record P fy fy fp yb pe pb tp Pp Unique Site ID here L_ Schedule a review of storm water pollution prevention plan Notes A 6 Urban Subwoatershed Restoration Manual Pervious Area Assessment PAA WATERSHED UNIQUE STE TD Das O isso O O owa Pa ie LMIK A PARCEL DE
169. ust total 100 B5 of lot with forest canopy B6 Evidence of permanent irrigation or non target irrigation B7 Proportion of total neighborhood turf lawns with following management status B8 Outdoor swimming pools L Y LIN L Can t Tell Estimated ee B9 Junk or trash in yards Y LINL Can t Tell C DRIVEWAYS SIDEWALKS AND CURBS C1 of driveways that are impervious _ N A C2 Driveway Condition Clean Stained Dirty Breaking up L Y LIN If yes check all that apply _ Clean and Dry _ Flowing or standing water _ Long term car parking _ Sediment Organic matter leaves lawn clippings _ Trash litter or debris _ Overhead tree canopy INDEX O denotes potential pollution source denotes a neighborhood restoration opportunity A 3 Urban Subwoatershed Restoration Manual Neighborhood Source Assessment NS A D ROOFTOPS D1 Downspouts are directly connected to storm drains or sanitary sewer i O D2 Downspouts are directed to impervious surface a D3 Downspouts discharge to pervious area D4 Downspouts discharge to a cistern rain barrel etc Note Cl through C4 should total 100 D5 Lawn area present downgradient of leader for rain garden _ Y L_JN i hk 4 E COMMON AREAS E2 Storm water pond YLIN Isital _ wet pond or dry pond Isit overgrown L Y L N What is the estimated pond area _ lt 1 acre _ about 1 acre _ gt 1 acre
170. ustrial and transport related sites have little or no forest cover and trees that exist are often small ornamental varieties used for landscaping or as a buffer between land uses When estimating forest canopy at hotspot sites only count trees that are greater than six inches in diameter Forest canopy cover should include any part of the site that is included under the tree drip line The drip line is an imaginary circle around the tree that extends to the outermost foliage of the tree Figure 27 Poorly Managed above see Figure 8 in Chapter 3 Construction Site Turf grass refers to intensely managed single species grass cover maintained at the hotspot site Institutional land uses often have large expanses of turf grass that may be candidates for reforestation Areas with turf grass are important to evaluate at the site because they often receive intensive input of fertilizers pesticides and irrigation Landscaping is a common feature at many hotspot land uses especially at commercial sites While the main purpose is aesthetics or separation of traffic in parking lots landscaped areas can also be designed for storm water treatment Landscaped areas typically have plants small ornamental trees and or shrubs Figure 28 Landscaped Parking planted in them Figure 28 Lot Island Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 43 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI Bare soil presents a potential source of
171. ution source 38 Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 4 Hotspot Site Investigation HSI g _ ile Ee pae a of pt Li i ee A i 4 a A a er a A oe Figure 20 Three Loading Dock Observations Uncovered Dock a Leakage from Loading Dock Reaching Storm Drain b Covered Dock c Loading and unloading of materials normally takes place at outside docks or terminals at most commercial industrial institution and municipal operations Materials spilled or leaked during the loading process can either be carried away in storm water runoff or be washed off when the area is cleaned The HSI asks you to record whether the loading areas are covered or uncovered Figure 20a and if loading areas are connected to the storm drain system Figure 20b The ideal situation is a covered loading dock Figure 20c Many hotspot operations store materials outside The risk of storm water pollution is greatest for operations that store large quantities of liquids or bulk materials at sites that are connected to the storm drain system The HSI records the type of material stored its location on site Figure 21 and its connection to the storm drain system A direct connection to the storm drain system means that there will be little opportunity for treatment Figure 22 so search for signs of possible discharges from stored materials to the storm drain system Common signs are staining or discoloration or obvious leakage I
172. velopment For example USSR data are frequently used to identify additional field investigations to craft the subwatershed restoration strategy and can also help identify additional stakeholders to involve in the planning Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 process The USSR data also help derive input variables to estimate the potential effectiveness of restoration projects in reducing pollutant loads In addition USSR data can be used to screen restoration potential both in individual subwatersheds and across all the subwatersheds located within a watershed Table 3 describes the steps in the subwatershed planning process where USSR data is explicitly used The USSR is normally combined with its counterpart the Unified Stream Assessment USA which documents conditions and restoration opportunities within the stream corridor Together the surveys provide a comprehensive picture of the restoration potential in a subwatershed and insight into the relationship between upland areas and the stream corridor This information can help compare restoration potential across subwatersheds and prioritize restoration projects with the greatest overall benefit to stream health Chapter 1 The Basics of the Unified Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance Table 2 Seven Steps of the USSR NPDES permittees Existing neighborhood maps Step 1 Municipal maintenance schedule for roads Gather required Census data information List of HOA an
173. w the storm drain system worked at the site so they checked don t know and can t tell in the appropriate boxes of pervious areas adjacent to buildings Many building construction repair and remodeling operations are too small to be covered by local or state erosion and sediment control permits These operations can be a significant source of pollution unless good practices are used The HSI asks you to assess any construction materials that are temporarily stored at the site and determine if construction activities are causing sediment pollution Figure 27 4 8 Assessing Turf Landscaping Practices This part of the HSI assesses the pollution potential of turf and landscape management practices used at a site Box 15 Most hotspot sites contain some turf or landscaping for aesthetics and buffering You should examine both areas to determine current management practices particularly in regard to the inputs of fertilizers pesticides and water The goal is to establish natural landscaping DS 2 Se ae mercer areas that utilize the least amount of fertilizers a pesticides and water possible To see if this Figure 26 Directly Connected approach makes sense for the site you need to Downspout a Indirectly Connected estimate the percentage of four pervious covers Be TeC EE o Una SCSI ae Surface b at the hotspot site Techniques for estimating each cover type are described here 42 Urban Subwatershed Resto
174. w to Organize and Interpret USSR Data The USSR gathers a large amount of data to prepare an initial restoration strategy for each subwatershed This data must be organized in a way that is easily transferable to stakeholders funders and other municipal agencies USSR outputs can be useful to explain the current subwatershed condition identify projects that may alleviate any problems and identify residents in each subwatershed that should be involved in the subwatershed planning process For example USSR data can be condensed into subwatershed metrics that describe the following e Fraction of the subwatershed with on site retrofit potential e Fraction of the subwatershed where turf is intensively managed e Number of neighborhoods where pollution prevention education can be targeted e Number of storm water treatment practices and maintenance needs e Density of storm water hotspots and associated land uses Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 e Fraction of the subwatershed with upland reforestation potential e Location of natural area remnants that merit greater protection or restoration e Fraction of streets and storm drains that can be effectively treated with maintenance practices USSR data can also be portrayed on maps and analyzed by spreadsheets Based on these analyses you can select the upland restoration strategies that make the most sense for your subwatershed and identify the specific project locations
175. watershed level including methods to conduct a retrofit inventory assess candidate sites screen for priority projects and evaluate their expected cumulative benefit The manual concludes by offering tips on retrofit design permitting construction and maintenance considerations in a series of 17 retrofit profile sheets Foreword Manual 4 Urban Stream Repair Practices The fourth manual concentrates on practices used to enhance the appearance stability structure or function of urban streams The manual offers guidance on three broad approaches to urban stream repair stream cleanups simple repairs and more sophisticated comprehensive repair applications The manual emphasizes the powerful and relentless forces at work in urban streams which must always be carefully evaluated in design Next the manual presents guidance on how to set appropriate restoration goals for your stream and how to choose the best combination of stream repair practices to meet them The manual also outlines methods to assess stream repair potential at the subwatershed level including basic stream reach analysis more detailed project investigations and priority screenings The manual concludes by offering practical advice to help design permit construct and maintain stream repair practices in a Series of more than 30 profile sheets Manual 5 Riparian Management Practices The fifth manual examines practices to restore the quality of fo
176. wetland restoration for their own sake In addition the possibility to expand natural areas or link them to the stream corridor or other remnants should always be considered Table 23 summarizes the site factors assessed by the PAA and the corresponding practices to restore pervious area parcels Z i a u aos e at T a a ie j me T a tas i at Pets a gt a Figure 33 Two Pervious Area Parcels Commonly Seen in Urban Subwatersheds Table 23 PAA Factors and Possible Restoration Recommendations The code in parentheses refers to the appropriate restoration profile sheet in the restoration manual series F and SP sheets can be found in Manual 7 Watershed Forestry Practices Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 49 Chapter 5 Pervious Area Assessment PAA 5 2 Introduction to the PAA The Pervious Area Assessment PAA evaluates factors that influence the feasibility of upland restoration projects and is conducted on all parcels identified during the preliminary desktop analysis The minimum area for selecting parcels is left up to you based on your staff and budget capacity We recommend assessing all natural area remnants and other publicly owned pervious areas larger than two acres Privately owned pervious areas greater than five acres can also be assessed Pre Field Work Pervious area sites are identified using aerial photos or GIS parcel data land use data or tax maps The desktop
177. wing to Pervious Surface Disconnected Flowing to Rain Barrel Pees WS REO ARANE A f Source Roger Bannerman 7 Pu Disconnected Flowing to Rain Garden Figure 12 Different Ways Downspouts Discharge Rooftop Runoff In some neighborhoods storm drain inlets may have a device called a catch basin which is designed to catch excess sediment and trash before it enters the storm drain pipe If present catch basins will be located inside the inlet which can be accessed through a manhole If catch basins are present in the neighborhood you should inspect a few using the Streets and Storm Drains SSD field form You should first get permission from the local public works department before popping manholes to inspect catch basins Newer subdivisions may have a storm water management pond The NSA asks you to note whether the pond is a wet pond or dry pond and its approximate area in acres Wet ponds have a permanent pool of water and are more desirable since they offer better water quality treatment In contrast dry ponds seldom have standing water except after larger storms and provide pollutant removal If a fence surrounds the perimeter of the pond use it as a guide to Figure 13 Stenciled Storm Drain Inlet Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Chapter 3 Neighborhood Source Assessment NSA E COMMON AREAS El Storm drain inlets MY _ N If yes are they stenciled _ Yg N Condition A Clean _
178. with as much characterization data as Chapter 2 Preparation Needed to Conduct the USSR possible before starting fieldwork The desktop analysis gives you a better handle on the number of sites your field crew will need to visit Several factors come into play when budgeting and scoping a USSR including the area of the subwatershed field crew experience available staff equipment needed and the number of sites to visit The desktop analysis step can help estimate the total area to be surveyed so that you can estimate staff time needed You may want to plan for more staff time if a large number of hotspots or neighborhoods are expected At least a week of staff time should always be allocated to process and interpret USSR data e g data entry quality control and data evaluation Table 8 provides a generic budget breakdown for the cost of performing the USSR on a 10 square mile subwatershed Note that this budget does not account for using volunteers which can result in a USSR cost of as little as 2 500 Table 8 Generic USSR Budget for Hypothetical Subwatershed Salaries Pre field desktop analysis Training volunteers 2 staff 24 hrs each Generating field maps Watershed Planner 40 hrs Field work Performing USSR 16 staff days Post field desktop analysis Data processing data entry evaluation quality control Watershed Planner 40 hrs Supplies and Equipment GPS unit 150 per unit Camera disposable
179. with soil compaction in your planting design Erosion You should assess the extent of exposed soil on the parcel and look for signs such as rills and gullies Steep slopes are also prone to erosion so be sure to note these on your sketch Trash and Dumping Look to see if the parcel is used as a dumping ground Significant accumulations of trash and debris should be noted and are often found near access roads Describe the type and amount of trash present on the parcel and note if heavy equipment will be needed for clean up Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual 11 Poor Vegetative Health The current vegetative health is always an important impact to assess at the parcel You should look for any of the following signs e Mechanical injury to plant parts e Presence of insects or disease e Evidence of mower or string trimmer damage to trunks of trees and shrubs e Excessive surface rooting e Small off color leaves that drop early in the fall on trees and shrubs e Leaf scorch e Branch tip dieback e Bare patches of soil e Dead plants Poor vegetative health may be a sign that poor soil quality or other stressor needs to be addressed in any future planting design Describe symptoms of poor health on the form along with any information on the apparent cause Reforestation Constraints This part of the PAA form asks you to consider some common constraints that may hinder reforestation Box 23 The major factors
180. y Cement Concrete and 3211 3299 Gypsum Product Textile Mills 2211 2299 X Equipment 3743 3799 866 oe ang 8221 8222 Universities Corporate Office Parks Sy ey x Ld a ee agente 8062 8069 L p 8071 8072 Private Golf Courses 797 x Private Schools 8211 O E ae L o Lb OM H H L EE Table B1 Common Storm Water Hotspots and their Pollution Potential Regulated Unregulated llicit Discharge Storm Water Storm Water Potential Hotspot Hotspot Composting Facilities 2875 Public Golf Courses 7992 Landfills and Hazardous Waste Material Disposal 4993 HZ LF Local Streets Industry Type Associated General Description SIC Code s Maintenance Depots Municipal Fleet Washing Public Works Yards Steam Electric Plants Treatment Works Transport Related NPDES regulation is for the portion of the facility dedicated to vehicle maintenance shops equipment cleaning operations and airport deicing operations Airports 4581 Streets and Highways 1611 1622 Construction Ports 4449 4499 Railroads 4011 4013 Rental Car Lots 7513 7519 US Postal Service 4311 Trucking Companies and 4212 4215 Distribution Centers 4231 Petroleum Bulk Stations 5171 or Terminals Table B2 SIC Codes for NPDES Industrial Storm Water Regulated Facilities A Timber Products 2448 2449 2451 2452 Log Storage and Handling General Sawmills and Planning Mills Hardwood Dimension and Floo

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