- Asian Nature Conservation Foundation
Contents
1. Introduction to GIS and Working and Use of a GPS Model Example Garmin GPS 72 Receivers for the field staff of the Forest Department Karnataka southern India Nandita Mondal Smita Nair Narendra Babu and Surendra Varma Introduction to GIS and Working and Use of a GPS Model Example Garmin GPS 72 A TRAINING PROGRAMME ON THE FUNCTIONS AND USE OF GPS RECEIVERS For the field staff of the Forest Department Karnataka southern India September 30 to October 7 2004 Conducted at Bandipur Tiger Reserve Bannerghatta National Park BRT Wildlife Sanctuary Rajiv Gandhi National Park Karnataka Organised by The Forest Department Govt of Karnataka Karnataka Forest Department With the technical supports from ASLAN NATURE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION WWW asiannature org Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre Centre for Ecological Sciences A division of Asian Nature Conservation Foundation Indian Institute of Science ANCF Bangalore Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka Forest Department was born on 11 1 1864 with a complement of five officers The main aim of the department is to protect conserve and promote sustainable development of the forests of the State and to promote tree based farming in support of soil and water conservation on agricultural lands The department protects the forests and wildlife from various types of pressures and thre2. Follow the direction of the arrow in the compass Examples of uses of waypoints Location of anti poaching camps Once the locations of anti poaching camps in given area is known one can view where each camp is located on a map One can also use the GOTO option to find the way to any of the camps Location of burnt areas One can mark where a fire has occurred in the forest This will be useful for showing how frequently an area gets burnt Mapping tree species sandalwood By marking the locations of sandalwood trees and then on a map one can see where sandalwood is more abundant in the forest and monitor those areas effectively Location of animal sightings When an animal is seen such as a tiger or an elephant herd it is good to obtain a location so that it can be conveyed to others where exactly the animal s was were sighted The repeated sightings of the tigers and obtaining their locations through GPS instrument the distribution of tiger is known GPS locations can be used for many more things 10 Part 4 Using a GPS with a paper map topographic map Explanation of Latitude and Longitude To make it easier to locate oneself on the surface of the earth a global reference system was devised which consists of imaginary lines that are drawn around the earth horizontally and vertically North Pole The horizontal lines are drawn around the globe and make circles that are parallel to one another They are
3. the more accurate is the reading e Location Latitude and longitude readings should be visible on GPS screen The reading obtained by the GPS is shown in the area marked Location Part 3 Using a GPS Working with Waypoints What are waypoints Waypoint is the technical term used for a location that is obtained with the GPS It is important to store these waypoints on the instrument for later reference One can view the stored waypoints on the GPS Using the GPS one can also find a particular location of our choice These functions have been explained in the following steps Step by Step Marking and storing a waypoint on the GPS Press and hold the ENTER MARK key The Mark Waypoint page will appear Highlight the OK button Press the ENTER key again to save Retrieving stored waypoints from the GPS Press the MENU key twice The Main Menw page will appear Highlight the POINTS option in the list and press the ENTER key A Waypoints by Name page will appear with a list of your saved locations Finding a waypoint with the help of the GPS Press the GOTO key With the Waypoint option highlighted press ENTER Press ENTER again to select a waypoint directly from the list Use the ROCKER key to scroll through the list and select a waypoint When the waypoint one wants to go to is selected press ENTER Press PAGE until the Compass Page is displayed
4. GPS receivers are utilized in various applications related to wildlife management and conservation Given the broad value of the function of this technology use of the same by the concerned management systems for our forests 1s either limited or not known This document developed based on an experience of conducted on a training program on the functions and use of GPS receivers for the Forest Department staff Karnataka may act as knowledge base and user manual to forest staff and also for other wildlife and related field researchers ANCF ASLAN NATURE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION WW asanare org
5. MIKE for development of the elephant sighting and mortality database on a national scale The organization had conducted a training programme on the technology behind the working of a GPS As a review of the knowledge gained through the MIKE programme and also to introduce the wider applications of the instrument in habitat and conservation issues a follow up training programme was required and hence such a programme was conducted for field staff of the forest department in the state of Karnataka southern India This experience of conducting training programme on the functions and use of GPS receivers for the forest department staff of Karnataka helped us to develop a specific document on the subject At the end of the programme the participants were asked to provide their feedback regarding the usefulness of the programme and suggest improvements of the same The participants from three forest divisions did find the programme a useful one giving them a theoretical understanding of the working of a GPS However all were of the view that two days was not sufficient for familiarizing themselves with a GPS and using it in the field Suggestions were given to include practical field exercises using the instrument Resource personnel were asked to provide similar material for working with tracks and backtracking and a more detailed version of the existing material Some participants took the responsibility of explaining the concepts in simpler lo
6. as a line parallel to the line 35 Step 5 The point where both these lines meet in the box will give the location of Bangalore city approximately on your map 22 Appendix 2 Training programme on the functions and use of GPS receivers for the field staff of the Forest Department Karnataka GPS Germin GPS72 was distributed to forest department staff by MIKE for a specific use of developing elephant mortality data base and the organisation also conducted a capacity building programme on the function and usage of GPS instrument To review the knowledge gained through the training programme conducted by the MIKE and also introduce or update the other applications of the instrument the Karnataka Forest Department with the technical supports of the Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre a division of Asian Nature Conservation Foundation and Centre for ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science conducted this training programme Objectives The approaches followed in this training programme were as follows o Simplification of the existing information providing user friendly and easy to comprehend concepts o Introducing these concepts o Actual ground training of staff as interactive sessions with emphasis on usage of local language Simplification was needed for o Letting people know that the subject is not complicated and can be understood and used by anyone o Introduction of a few but more effective operations
7. called Parallels of Latitude The Equator is a parallel of latitude that divides the earth into the Northern and Southern zones India lies in the Northern zone South Pole SE North Pole Greenwich The vertical lines are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and are called Meridians of Longitude The first vertical line runs through a place called Greenwich which is in England This line is called the Prime Meridian and it divides the earth into the Eastern and Western zones South Pole India lies in the Eastern zone The units of measurements for these lines are degrees denoted by the symbol The Equator and the Prime Meridian are at 0 zero degrees 11 The Parallels of Latitude start from 0 at the equator and end at 90 at the North and South poles The symbol N or S is added after the number depending on whether the location lies north or south of the equator 90 N EQUATOR 0 Similarly the Meridians of Longitude start from 0 at the prime meridian and end at 180 at the opposite side of the earth The symbol E or W is added after the number depending on whether the location lies east or west of the prime meridian 90 E 90 W India lies roughly between latitudes 8 N and 38 N of the Equator longitudes 68 E and 98 E of the Prime Meridian However this describes the area in which a cou
8. done refer Appendix 1 13 Latitudes and longitudes on a paper map Survey of India SOI topographic maps has latitudes and longitudes marked on them Each map covers a small area so the latitudes and longitudes marked are at the level of minutes However seconds are not marked on these maps A typical SOI at a scale of 1 50 000 has 4 lines of longitude and 4 lines of latitude dividing the map into square boxes These lines are spaced at intervals of 5 minutes A GPS will give co ordinates that are in decimal degrees This can be converted to degrees minutes seconds see Appendix A and then the point can be located on the topographic map using simple measurements see Appendix B for procedure A GPS can therefore be used with paper topographic maps in providing an overall picture of the landscape where the points of interest are located References a GPS Garmin manuals o GPS guide for beginners o An introduction to using a Garmin GPS with paper maps for land navigation o GPS 72 Personal Navigator Quick start guide o GPS 72 Personal Navigator Owner s manual and reference guide a World Wide Web 14 Section 2 FIELD GUIDE Step by Step instructions for basic operations on a GPS Working with Waypoints Check ELEVATION accuracy A097 29 7 2D Differ ba TIN When the GPS is switched on one need to wait for the signals to be received by the GPS the number of bars on the display should
9. in Asia with focus on providing training in recent techniques for censusing elephants and other large mammals monitoring and research on elephant human conflict evaluation and institution of mitigation techniques and the use of GIS Geographical Information System for evaluating elephant habitats The Centre for Ecological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science offers opportunities for research in a variety of areas in ecology These include animal behaviour evolutionary biology and sociobiology community and habitat ecology molecular genetics and conservation biology large mammal and forest ecology and climate change Research is being carried out on a number of taxa ranging from ants to elephants and including wasps crickets spiders herpetofauna birds and mammals The projects range from theoretical to laboratory to field based research with the different approaches being used in a complementary manner Suggested citation Mondal N Nair S Babu N and Varma S 2004 Introduction to GIS the working and use of a GPS model example Garmin GPS72 A training programme on the functions and use of GPS receivers for the field staff of the Forest Department Govt of Karnataka A Joint Publication of Karnataka Forest Department Centre for Ecological Sciences and Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre AERCC a Asian Nature Conservation Foundation ANCF Bangalore India Copyright KFD CES AERCC 2004 Photo Cr
10. 15 to 20 forest staff were trained The participants comprised of Deputy Conservator of Forests DCF Assistant Conservator of Forests ACF Range Forest Officers RFO Foresters F Forest Guards FG Forest Watchers FW and draftsmen and surveyors of the department The classroom sessions were for about 4 hours in each of the sites on each day Copies of the manual and booklet were distributed to the participants at the commencement of the class The ground training extended upto 6 hours per day on average At each site the introductory session of concepts and the instrument was done This was followed by demonstrations to groups of around 5 participants thus forming 3 to 4 groups with one resource person per group Each individual of the groups was made to handle the GPS and use it for the field exercises assigned In each of the sessions participants were asked to provide a summary of theory that was taught This provided an assessment of their understanding of the concepts behind the working of a GPS 24 nstrument Figure la and b Getting the feel of GPS 1 ea VA on Figure 3a and b Introducing the concept through class room sessions 25 Figure 5 and b reading survey of India s topo sheets and marking the locations on maps field and class room exercises Figure 6a Participants from Bandipur Figure 6 Participants from Bannerghatta National Park National Park 26 Global Positioning System
11. 3 o er l R ERG to find neare es t Press the MENU key twice The Main Menw page will appear Highlight the POINTS option in the list and press the ENTER key A Waypoints by Name page will appear with a list of your saved locations 18 1 Press GOTO with Finding a point location with the help of the GPS a ies aerma ATAA ay i oo n 1 gi _ r a i fri 3 if h i 4 O M a 3 uau A be tre a aaas H BOO m oa zm gt mo i i na ke ear betta Ea set hart bert ae ieet a Waypoint highlighted press ENTER _ Press ENTER to select the waypoint directly from the list Using the ROCKER scroll through the list to select a waypoint Once the waypoint is selected oress ENTER to begin navigation 19 Appendix 1 A Conversion from degrees minutes seconds to decimal degrees For the latitude of Bangalore the calculation is as follows IZ 3D Step 1 The degree number remains the same 12 Step 2 The minute value is divided by sixty 60 minutes 1 degree Therefore 57 minutes 57 1 60 degrees 0 95 Step 3 The second s value is divided by sixty sixty 60 60 seconds 1 degree Therefore 35 seconds 35 1 60 60 degrees 0 00972 The final value in decimal degrees 1s 12 0 95 0 00972 12 95972 20 B Conversion from decimal degrees to degrees minutes seco
12. ailable for various uses Consider GPS as a book that has 5 different pages one can flip through Here there is no need turn the pages with one s fingers but the interface keys are used to go to each page These are the interface keys on GPS Page Menu Enter Scroll navigation Keys and their functions e On Off Switches the GPS on and off e Page With this key one can go through the pages of the GPS e Quit Cancel any option e Menu View the options for a particular screen e Enter Can save an option e Go to Can go to a saved waypoint e Zoom Zoom in and out of the screen track page e Scroll Rocker Select different options on the screen Pages of the GPS receiver If the page key is pressed 5 times the 5 pages that can be seen on the display screen of the GPS receiver are as follows CLOUATION Peep START TO THIR 001 L12 1 goss a ge Ped AN TA START ji ki Bae A gt FIRST amp Sg 2 SECOND 2D Differential 1097 29 7 SFE 0 0 20 0 8 28 Active Route GARMIN THIRD 5 2125303135 uozj 08 AUG 02 05 36 cane oa F GICHITA 27 N 3851 335 80 SPRI er 1S x Near Proximity W094 47 932 re yee m mapsource oy T Point i GPS Information Page Map Page Pointer Page Highway Page Active Route Page GPS information page gives information on locations and satellite status Map page shows on a map where you are Pointer page shows a c
13. ats The main protection activities include fire protection boundary consolidation prevention and removal of encroachment from the forest area prevention of illicit cutting of timber and firewood indiscriminate harvest of Non timber forest produce prevention of poaching of wild animals etc The Department undertakes regeneration soil and moisture conservation works canopy manipulation weeding climber cutting habitat improvement wildlife management etc The department aims at increasing the productivity of the forests to meet the growing demands of the people The afforestation is done on degraded forest lands community lands C amp D class lands fore shore areas and other institutional lands Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre AERCC a division of Asian Nature Conservation Foundation ANCF was set up in early 1998 to deal exclusively with matters pertaining to the Asian Elephant viewed as the flagship species in the context of conservation of biologically rich tropical forests of this region AERCC undertakes applied research and direct field conservation activities pertaining to the Asian elephant and its habitat The centre has created a comprehensive database on Asian elephant populations and is actively involved in field research projects and on the ground conservation initiatives organizing scientific workshops and promoting projects beneficial to elephant conservation The centre is a major capacity building centre
14. be at least four 08 AUG Dats N 3851 335 W094 47 932 wr de pw 1097 Exe _20 Differential _ EE K a ENEN PAIA ONN AIN iii ii eh Cian venve vor mabe H 38 5 1 335 W094 47 932 bese LAN TV itt he hei er Shwe Lahaina Latitude and longitude readings should be visible on the screen x The number on the top right corner of the screen showing accuracy should be as low as possible Wait for this number to become steady 050511141 i18 i hee arta iertee tare pe emt p Sle Me bier bt abt LAT LTA LAT alah def aT Sea a 315 i 2038 08 AUG D2 05 367 N 3851 335 W094 47 932 AEE EON OEEO NENN OPON E ENEAN EN ONTON ENON OINEN ONEN ATONEN ON ONENEN ENNE 16 Storing a location on the GPS Press and hold the ENTER MARK EE irate The Mark Mark Waypoint Waypoint page CREED will appear 08 AUG 02 14 36 Location H 38 51 335 HO94 4 7 933 Elewation Depth Highlight the 1086 RG A OK button Show Hame on Maps Goto Map OK Press the ENTER key again to save 17 Retrieving the data from the GPS P rea i MTs x m n A O n m X Puree AEA AYL y EE ARE PE A p zj i re a z T Be pi E E E e a ed Was Sat tS ie FA Pi PA ESTIT T he ates c i i Y i l t Er A TAA AEEA i PELA EAT EAEE TEA E EETA EES PEATE EITE ETE E TOUR 1 E TOUR2 iL TOURS Distance 3 3 16
15. cally understandable words This helped the resource persons to assess the involvement and understanding attained by the participants Each site and in each session participants were asked to come forward and give their views on their learning experience Their feedback further reflected their capacity of grasping the concepts However for the programme to be more effective it should focus on training a higher number of staff members and at regular intervals to retain the concepts and hence for efficient use of the systems This document developed based on these experiences has 2 sections the first provides some insights on GIS usage of GPS in wildlife studies on the working and use of a specific GPS model Garmin 72 Through this section we bring in the introduction to GIS GPS instrument satellites components of a GPS application of GIS GPS in forest and wildlife management and other aspects related to it The 2 section as field Guide introduces the user to the step by step instructions for basic operations We have also included appendixes of conversion from degree minutes to decimal degrees decimal to degrees minutes seconds locating points on a paper map and the experience of conducting the training programme We believe the document developed for a training programme may act as knowledge base and also as a user guide to forest staff across the country and to other field researchers as well Surendra Varma Programme Coordinator Ban
16. edits Front Cover amp Back cover Surendra Varma all other photographs Nandita Mondal Preface Acknowledgements Section 1 Introduction to GIS and working and use of a GPS model example Garmin GPS72 Introduction Manual on the working and use of a GPS model example Garmin GPS72 Part 1 What is this instrument Part 2 Components of a GPS example model GPS72 Part 3 Using a GPS Working with waypoints Part 4 Using a GPS with a paper map topographic map References Section 2 Field Guide Step by Step instructions for basic operations on a GPS Working with Waypoints Storing a location on the GPS Retrieving data from the GPS Finding a point location with the help of the GPS Appendix 1 A Conversion from degrees minutes seconds to decimal degrees B Conversion from decimal degrees to degrees minutes seconds C Locating points on a paper map Appendix 2 Training programme on the functions and use of GPS receivers for the field staff of the Forest Department Karnataka Training programme photos Contents 1 rere ON ff S i e 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 Preface Given the wide value of the application of Global Positioning System GPS technology use of the same by the forest department for the management of the forest and wildlife is either limited or not known GPS receiver instruments were provided to the Forest Department by the Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants
17. galore September 2004 Acknowledgments Many individuals and institutions provided their valuable inputs for conducting this programme and to also develop this document We wish to thank Mr R M Ray IFS PCCE Wildlife amp Chief Wildlife Warden and Mr Anur Reddy IFS Chief Conservator of Forests CCF Wildlife for their keen interest and personal involvement in conducting this programme for the forest department staff Deputy Conservators of Forests DCF Assistant Conservators of forests ACF Forest Range Officers Foresters Forest Guards and Forest Watchers of Bandipur Tiger Reserve Bannerghatta National Park BRT Wildlife Sanctuary Rajiv Gandhi National Park showed deep interests in executing and participating in this program Prof Sukumar Professor at Indian Institute of Science and Dr Arun Venkataraman Programme Officer MIKE were the sources of motivation in conducting this program Special thanks are due to Mr Sudhira Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science for his inputs All material has been adapted from the Garmin website www garmin com and manuals published by Garmin Section 1 Introduction to GIS and Working and Use of a GPS Model Example Garmin GPS72 Introduction GPS Global Positioning System receivers are utilized in various applications related to wildlife management and conservation such as o Landscape applications mapping identifying locations and landscape eleme
18. is called a GPS receiver With these signals the instrument calculates the given location on the surface of the earth There are control centers on the earth s surface that make sure that the satellites are functioning properly That way the user can get accurate information with respect to the location The concept of control centres may be little complicated to understand but there is no need to worry about the control centers as the GPS receivers interact only with the satellites above SPACE SEGMENT ar eee a Se NOTE It is important to get signals from at least 4 satellites to know CONTROL SEGMENT USER SEGMENT approximately where you are Who uses it Almost everyone uses the GPS instrument at least in outdoor applications like marine navigation forestry even simple adventure sports Why use it for forest work Advantage over paper maps in field Quick and easy Can reference to any other map which has latitude and longitude marked on it No doubt about where you are can convey easily to others Part 2 Components of a GPS example model GPS72 Here s what the black instrument GPS receiver looks like There are many models of GPS receivers The one that is shown here is called the GPS72 manufactured by the company Garmin a USA based company It mainly has Interface keys Display Screen The display screen shows what are called pages av
19. nds For the latitude of Bangalore the calculation is as follows 12 959729 Step 1 The degree number remains the same 12 Step 2 Multiply the value after the decimal by sixty to obtain the minute value 0 95972 60 57 5832 Therefore the minute value is 57 Step 3 Multiply the value after the decimal in step 2 by sixty to obtain the seconds value 0 5832 60 34 992 Hence the second value is 35 rounded to the nearest unit The final value in degrees minutes seconds 1s Le OO 21 C Locating points on a paper map Let s take Bangalore city s co ordinates as an example 12 57 35 N 71 3T 42 E Step 1 First locate the latitude 12 57 and the longitude 77 37 If the number 57 is not marked find the latitude of a lower value That would be 55 in this case Similarly if the number 37 is not marked find the longitude of a lower value That would be 35 Your point lies in the box above the latitude 12 55 and to the right of the longitude 77 35 Step 2 Measure the distance between the two latitudes marked 55 and 0 This would be around 18 cm This means that 5 minutes 18 cm Therefore 1 minute 18 5 3 6 cm Step 3 We need to locate 57 which is 2 minutes away from 55 With a scale measure 3 6 2 7 2 cm from the line marked 55 to get the latitude 12 57 Mark this on the map as a line parallel to the line 55 Step 4 Similarly locate the longitude 77 37 Mark this on the map
20. ntry lies and not a point location 12 Any one line of latitude and any one line of longitude will intersect one another at a point on the earth s surface This point describes a location somewhere on earth and the position is expressed with the help of numbers degrees and is commonly called co ordinates For a set of co ordinates the first number represents the latitude and the second number represents the longitude To be more precise in describing a point location finer measurements are used Just like how a meter is divided into centimeters and then further into millimeters a degree is divided into minutes and a minute is in turn divided into seconds A degree is divided into 60 minutes denoted by A minute is divided into 60 seconds denoted by So when describing a particular location in India first the latitude is stated in degrees minutes and seconds followed by N because India lies North of the Equator Then the longitude is stated in degrees minutes and seconds followed by E because India lies East of the Prime Meridian For example the co ordinates for Bangalore city in degrees minutes and seconds are Io oo N 71 3T 42 E Some GPS receivers display the co ordinates as decimal degrees which just show the same co ordinates in a decimal number system For example the co ordinates for Bangalore city in decimal degrees are 12 95972 N 77 62833 E To see how this conversion is
21. nts o Study of particular species flora and fauna any taxa distribution and abundance movement o Other specific issues encroachment assessing habitat continuity and fragmentation disturbance due to various factors such as fire grazing developmental activities hydroelectric projects road network human artifacts etc and assessment of human animal conflict status at the species level GPS receivers are used for the development of spatial databases by the collection of spatial locations in terms of latitude and longitude A database so developed would consist of locations collected from the field Information pertaining to the specific task at hand such as the application s stated above is then associated with these locations A spatial database of this kind can then be used within a GIS for a wide variety of spatial analysis as a tool to provide solutions to the problem identified initially Manual on the working and use of a GPS model example Garmin GPS72 Part 1 What is this instrument e The instrument is called a GPS receiver e It is used to find out where you are on the earth s surface e It gives a location in terms of latitude and longitude e It obtains signals from satellites Satellites A network of 24 satellites is constantly circling the earth in outer space These satellites form the Global Positioning System GPS Our instrument receives radio wave signals from these satellites and so
22. ompass Highway page also a map but shows a road Active route page shows the route that one could be working on When the GPS is switched on using the red key the first page that is shown on the display screen is the GPS information page which is shown below Altitud a Accuracy ELEVATION ACCURACY 1097 29 7 Receiver status 2D Differential 7 Satellite m 9 E HH my 050511147518 signal a strength k ial e N 3851 335 W094 47 932 Satellite location Date and time The page shows Date and time of the day Altitude of the place where you are standing Receiver status which indicates whether a 2D position or 3D position has been attained by the GPS Satellite signal strength Location giving latitude and longitude of the place where one is standing Accuracy of the location reading Three things must be checked on this page before using the GPS for collecting data These are as follows e Satellite signal strength The black bars show the strength of the signals that are received from the satellites Each bar is for one satellite The longer the black bar the more the strength of the signal It 1s important that at least 4 of these bars be visible on GPS screen The diagram marked satellite location shows which satellites are giving a signal e Accuracy This number indicates how accurate the GPS reading is The lower the value of this number
23. which have direct relevance in day to day applications Methodology As initial step a manual was developed explaining the working of a GPS and providing diagrammatic representations and flowcharts on the steps required to do simple operations using the instrument The focus was maintained on the Garmin model GPS72 The manual was developed in English and Kannada The same was provided in booklet form to assist the participants while using a GPS in field Introducing the concepts through classroom sessions focused on introduction to the GPS receiver instrument and its working o Working with waypoints theory Recording of points in the field using the GPS storing on the instrument retrieving the saved points on the GPS o Working with tracks theory Using the track option to save paths walked tracking back to a saved location o Using a GPS with a paper map Marking the recorded locations on a topographic map Actual ground training of staff included o Introduction to the interface and keys of the GPS instrument 23 o Initialization procedure for the instrument o Marking waypoints using the instrument o Tracking and backtracking using the instrument Structure The programme was conducted for the following protected forest areas of Karnataka Bandipur Tiger Reserve Bannerghatta National Park Rajiv Gandhi National Park The training was conducted for two days in each of the protected area In each site approximately
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