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1. Activate the check boxes in front of the required type curves You can quickly select All or None with the corresponding buttons After selection close the dialogue box with OK In order to make the type curves appear on the worksheet press either Esc or F2 after selecting them and closing the box 7 4 10 Generate menu item The type curve generator can generate any number of type curves for the models COOPER DOUGHERTY RAMEY and MOENCH You can define the respective parameters according to your own requirements However you should be aware of which parameter combinations are sensible and which are not The models COOPER and RAMEY are universal models beside the type curve parameters no other data is utilised for the calculation The models DOUGHERTY and MOENCH are special models This means that the type curves are valid only for special aquifer and well geometries GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 52 of 71 September 2008 7 4 10 1 COOPER A dialogue box with the heading Type curve generator after Cooper opens Generate A Type curve generator after Cooper No of Stehfest points fiz Alpha 9 9999939E 0 Min beta 1 0000000 4 Max beta 1 0000000E 4 No of times decade fio Corea First you enter the Number of Stehfest points This correlates directly to the numerical method used for calculating the type curves Generally you should leave this at the 12 point default I
2. 7 1 12 Exit menu item After a confirmation prompt you can exit the program 7 1 13 1 2 3 4 menu items The 1 2 3 4 menu items show the last four files worked on By selecting one of these menu items the listed file will be loaded If you have saved files in any other folder than the program folder you can save yourself the occasionally onerous rummaging through various sub folders GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 23 of 71 September 2008 7 2 Edit menu 7 2 1 Test data menu item Enter the principal test data required for slug test evaluation Test data x Initial water level m 0 58000 Casing radius re m 0 0250 Borehole radius rw m 0 06250 Screen length m J 200000 OK Cancel If your dataset contains the pure elevations above the at rest groundwater level enter 0 for the initial water level 7 2 2 At rest groundwater menu item Whilst processing the at rest groundwater level you can take into consideration that the at rest groundwater level fluctuates during a slug test To make this practicable data must be available form relatively close observation gauges First enter the number of value pairs you need to enter using x points to edit In the list that follows this you can enter the time and corresponding groundwater level At rest groundwater x Forw Back Cancel Goto no EE 2 points to edit No Time seconds Delta Gw m 1 1800 0000 0 0100 2
3. OK Cancel After confirming with OK a new dialogue box opens where you enter the number of Stehfest points The type curve parameter alpha shown on the screen was determined by the program from your well data menu item Edit Test data Section 7 2 1 and the storage coefficient You should not alter the type curve parameter alpha GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 58 of 71 September 2008 7 6 7 6 1 After confirmation with OK the simulated graph is displayed together with the COOPER type curve RAMEY model see Section 7 4 10 2 Type curves Generate RAMEY DOUGHERTY model see Section 7 4 10 3 Type curves Generate DOUGHERTY MOENCH model see Section 7 4 10 4 Type curves Generate MOENCH Graphic preferences menu Preferences menu item In a dialogue box you can define preferences and alter the appearance of the graph and the type curves preferences x Preferences MV Connect values IV Display regression curve IV Display at rest groundwater IV Label type curves Size mm 200 Time axis in Seconds Minutes Hours C Days Marker size mm fa 00 Show every nth value x 1 Cancel You can connect the data points to a curve and have the data points marked by a circle The num ber and size of the markers can be specified at the bottom of the dialogue box By activating the appropriate check box you can display the regression curve HVORSLEV BOUWER amp RICE
4. 54 values to edit In the example shown here there are 54 value pairs By pressing this button a dialogue box opens in which the number of value pairs can be edited If no values are present new test the box will contain a 0 Value pairs can be appended by increasing the number by reducing the number existing value pairs can be deleted from the end of the list To delete pairs from an existing list enter a time that is greater than the greatest actual time The Sort button moves this line to the end of the list and it can then be deleted by appro priately reducing the number of values Sort If you have appended value pairs using the previously described button you can have the values correctly sorted by time using this button Cancel or OK You will leave the dialogue box without accepting the changes Graphically menu item You can comfortably edit the imported data graphically on the screen This saves a lot of time and tedious typing or correcting of numbers You can also view the changes in the graph immediately on the screen First select the required action Measured values F Set delete values Cancel Move values Move the required data point by drag and drop using the left mouse button The last move can be undone by pressing the Backspace key Set delete values Set a new point by clicking the left mouse button at the desired position An existing point is deleted by clicking it wi
5. 4 000 Cancel You can choose from an imperfect well Case A and a perfect well Case B The BOUWER amp RICE evaluation model can be adopted for both a free and a semi confined aquifer You must then enter the distance between the groundwater table at rest water level and the base of the well well toe and the thickness of the layer filled by the groundwater The depth of the groundwater must always be greater than the distance between the well toe and the groundwater table GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 35 of 71 September 2008 at rest water table top of crounciwvater base of well aquifer groundwater screen depth gravel filter re radius of blank casing tw radius of well screen Figure 2 Well configuration for BOUWER amp RICE evaluation After confirming your input with OK you will be automatically presented with the data and best fit curves after BOUWER amp RICE 7 3 6 Permeability menu item In order to get a result from an evaluation after HVORSLEV or BOUWER amp RICE you must go to this menu item after selecting one of the two methods and defining your preferences A small text window then opens containing the principal evaluation results AA 8 l Hvorslev Well free kf 1 62E 7 m s Correlation coefficient r 0 074 H exp 6 3551E 1 2 2500E 5 t OK As result text The first line indicates the evaluation method with the corresponding well and aq
6. Alpha consideration OL ocococinncnnnnncininmoccns 11 Alphas tirada 53 Alpha labelling With ooononncnnncnnnnniconnnoco 50 Aquifer geometry ASCIL DOT iria ASCI Import enasna At rest groundwater level eee 24 59 B Best fit curve BOUWER amp RICE 34 Best fit curve HVORSLEV ccceesceeseeees 33 Bezier Spline cceccceceseeseeeecesecnseeseeeeeeeenseens 29 Borehole completely sealed Borehole fractured cooooonnnncnnnocccononccononanocnnnnos 10 Borehole inclined cee eeceeeecreeeeeeeeeeeeeee 10 Borehole stimulated 0 0 0 ceeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeee 10 Boundary condition ooooccociccnonoccnnnononncononanacnncnnos 9 Boundary condition inner eeeeeeeeeeeeees 9 C Casing radius Tenccccnoninonononcnnnononnnonanann nono nncnnonnnno 25 ON E 12 54 Clipboard cooonconoconococonononononnnonacononnnonnconocnnconoonos 22 CodeMeter Stich titanes 5 Colours pens cecceeseeseeseeesceeeceseeseeeeeeeenseees 61 Colours switch on off oooococinoconococoncconnconnoss 63 Company logo oconconoccnociccooconaccononononnnonaconoco conos 32 Compensation SpliM6 ooononcinnnonnnnnnnnnnacnnconcnnnns 30 CompressibilitY oooooonnconcciocnccnonccononcnonnconocnonos 11 Compressibility of Water oooccicninnoniconicinconcnnnn 65 Copy print area ccoocccccccconoccnonononnnononncanonacnnn 22 63 Correlation COefficiOMt ooooncnnncninnnnnnnoccnnconononn 36 D Darty s Law neins EERE 7 Data point deta
7. What s new menu item You will see information on program improvements in comparison to older versions Language preferences menu item This menu item allows you to switch the menus and the graphics from German to English and vice versa To work in German deactivate the two switches Dialoge Meniis iibersetzen translate dialogues menus und Graphiktexte bersetzen translate graphics Alternatively you can work bilingually e g with German dialogue boxes but with graphic output in English The program always starts with the language setting applicable when it was last ended GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 64 of 71 September 2008 8 Tips 8 1 Pressurised slug tests When entering the test data for evaluation of so called pressurised slug tests pulse tests the casing radius r must be replaced by Tonen lel Ge Po where Le Casing radius m 1 Test distance m Cys Compressibility of test zone m N Pw Density of water kg m If cy is not precisely known calculations may be performed using the compressibility of water instead 4 78 10 m N at 10 C 8 2 Keyboard and mouse You can scroll the screen with the keyboard using the cursor keys and the Page up and Page down keys By clicking and pulling with the mouse with Ctrl pressed you activate the zoom function i e the selected section will fill the screen Furthermore you can use the mouse wheel to zoom in out or scrolling the screen pre
8. hand fit you must enter the correct type curve parameter yourself If you confirm the proposed value or the value determined by means of hand fit with OK the storage coefficient is shown After confirming the storage coefficient with OK a Type curves after Dougherty result window opens with all relevant evaluation values If required the contents of the result window can be transferred to the worksheet This is done by pressing the As result text button 7 4 7 4 Evaluation model after MOENCH The MOENCH model applies accordingly A type curve parameter for calculation of the stor age coefficient is proposed Following a hand fit you must enter the correct type curve parameter yourself Once you have accepted or entered the value click on OK and the storage coefficient will be displayed Another click on OK opens a window with the heading Type curves after M nch Here you can see all evaluation parameters such as ky Ho the transmissivity and the storage coefficient Furthermore the user defined ratios of aquifer permeability to skin zone permeability and skin storage coefficient to aquifer storage coefficient and the ratio of skin radius to well ra dius are given If required the contents of the result window can be transferred to the worksheet using the As result text button GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 49 of 71 September 2008 7 4 8 Edit type curves menu item Using this menu item you can ma
9. sufficient for the evaluation of tests in layers of high permeability PAPADOPULOS et al 1973 also commented on the relatively large uncertainty of the method when determining the storage coefficient With the pressurised slug test BREDEHOEFT amp PAPADOPULOS 1980 introduced an alterna tive to the classical slug tests The borehole being investigated is filled to the top with water and then a pressure impulse applied The head of the borehole is closed by a valve and the subsequent pressure loss registered This procedure is suitable for very low permeability layers because it allows the test duration to be substantially reduced The storage capacity of the borehole is now no longer determined by the free water column but by the compressibility of the enclosed volume of water GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 11 of 71 September 2008 However this model assumes that the rock and the testing equipment are incompressible But this 1s not very realistic In reality the compressibility of the whole system consisting of the enclosed water volume the rock and the measuring equipment must be known The skin effect was considered by RAMEY et al 1975 adopting the COOPER et al 1967 ap proach They showed that it is possible to combine the storage constant and the skin factor to a single fingerprint parameter Cp e for recalculation of type curves However their solution only applies to an infinitesimal skin zone and for curve parameters
10. 0 then smooth curves OK Cancel The weighting factor entered here influences the curve smoothing The smaller the weight ing the smoother the curve GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 29 of 71 September 2008 7 2 8 Value range manually Smooth values using spline With the help of this action you can generate an orderly evaluatable curve from noisy data using a compensation spline A dialogue box opens in which you specify the data points to be included as model points sm Smooth values using spline interpolation No undol Every nth value as support 54 measured values present R 25 Cerea Depending on the precise condition of the dataset you must select a more or less large sepa ration of the model points to achieve a relatively smooth curve Roughen values This point was included to facilitate testing of the smoothing out methods described above For example if you have simulated a slug test according to your specifications using the Test design menu i e calculated the data for a given permeability you can make these data noisy by any figure Enter a maximum roughening value in metres into the dialogue box and specify whether the roughening is proportional to the respective measured value OK You will leave the menu item menu item You can define ranges to be taken into consideration or represented for both the screen presenta tion and for your evaluation If for example your dataset
11. 14400 0000 0 0300 The individual values are then connected to a polygon The program automatically takes these changes in the at rest groundwater level into consideration when evaluating the slug test GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 24 of 71 September 2008 7 2 3 Equivalent radius menu item Normally we assume for a slug test that the water level fluctuates in the region of the blank cas ing However there is one exception when the at rest water level is within the region of the screen or the filter gravel The porosity of the filter gravel must then be taken into consideration To gether with the well development details a new so called equivalent radius results in accordance with Fo nieu ln re n r where n is the porosity of the filter gravel If this configuration corresponds to that of the test you are evaluating enter the porosity neff of the filter material using this menu item This input must be as a decimal not a percentage Equivalent radius x Calculate equivalent casing radius ls necessary if the groundwater level is within the filter gravel neff filter gravel 0 30 Casing radius re m 0 025 Borehole radius rw m 0 063 ax You can view the new value for the casing radius r by pressing the Determine equiv radius button contr x Equiv casing radius 0 040 As new radius If you would like to evaluate your test using the equivalent radius click As new r
12. Cpe gt 10 MOENCH amp HSIEH 1985 a b FAUST amp MERCER 1984 investigated the influence of a finite skin zone on the determination of transmissivity in layers of low permeability with the aid of a numerical model According to their calculations a positive skin factor caused by a zone of lower permeability than the surrounding rock can lead to an incorrect appraisal of the true transmissivity There is a hazard here of measur ing not the transmissivity of the rock mass but that of the skin zone This assessment was nevertheless cast in doubt by MOENCH amp HSIEH 1985 b On the contrary they are of the opinion that the transmissivity would be correctly determined despite a positive skin factor An imperfect well with wellbore storage is the subject of a model by DOUGHERTY 1989 A skin is not taken into consideration in the analytical solution 5 4 Approaches for slug tests in double porosity media The slug test in double porosity media matrix and jointing is comprehensively dealt with by MATEEN 1983 and MATEEN amp RAMEY 1984 Besides the fundamentals after COOPER et al 1967 they also consider both wellbore storage and an infinitesimal skin zone The pseudo stationary and transient interactions between matrix and joints were dealt with Beside the transmissivity and the skin factor this allows the ratio of the storage capacity of joints to the total storage capacity matrix and joints and the fluid transfer
13. GRINGARTEN 1980 The solution is often ambiguous differently configured models can react identically to an identical input signal The more information available on geological strata hydrologic conditions and on the borehole or well geometry the lower the number of possible solutions GRINGARTEN 1980 Evaluation by COOPER et al Basic differential equation The slug test was originally derived with mathematical precision by COOPER et al 1967 on the basis of the differential equation for transient radial symmetric flow into a confined homogene ous and isotropic aquifer One of the principal boundary conditions taken into consideration by them is the finite well radius and thus the wellbore storage of the well The approach used is Oh 1dh_S Oh Or r r T t where h Head m rs Radial distance from well m tt Time s T Transmissivity m s Storage coefficient The differential equation is derived from a combination of the law of mass conservation Darcy s Law and optionally a description of state MATTHEWS 4 RUSSEL 1967 The conditions for this are constant radial flow a confined homogeneous and isotropic medium of infinite extent and a single fluid phase with small and constant compressibility GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 7 of 71 September 2008 5 2 2 Transmissivity and storage coefficient Here the transmissivity indicates the volumetric flow of a fluid of defined viscosity in a hydraulic
14. Penetration of drilling mud and additives 10 RO 61 Permeability sists dette tia 8 Porosity of filter gravel wild Pressure impulse ccseecceseceeceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeens 11 Pressurised slug teSt ceeseesesseeseeeeeeees 11 65 Print graphics Print section Print several files e Printer preferences cooccoconoconononcnnonccnnoncnncnonnnno 20 Program default maximum values ooo 64 Program improvements Program iInforMatiOM conoicconnnononicnnnnoccnncancnnnns Program preferences Pseudo skin Range Of a test ococoniccncnnccnncononncononcnnnononncnnonanns 12 Range of the drawdown cone s s s 16 Range Rearea e A A E A EAAS 17 Regression CUIVE oocococcocoocnnonconconccnonnnonncnocnnonns 59 Representation all measured values 31 Representation of results 2132 Representation range 31 Rock mass anisotropy cooconocconnonccononnonnconacnonos 13 Roughening value o coocicnnncnocncononocnnnnoncnncononnnn 30 Rounding off errors o cooconccncnonononononcnnnoncnncanonann 18 Scroll the Screen ceeccescesseeseeeeceseeseeeseeeeeeaes Shape factor Simulated curve data input n Simulation of slug teStS ooooncncnnccninnnoonnncnnnnos Skin effect consideration Skin zone define Skin zone infinitesimal Skin finite 0 li Smarticons Menu ItemMS oooooncocncnoncconaconnnonnns Smooth o
15. User Manual Page 45 of 71 September 2008 Because a type curve is calculated by means of the Stehfest algorithm you can edit the number of Stehfest weighting factors here In principle the calculation of a type curve is more precise the more Stehfest points even number are used However computing time also increases with an increase in the number of Stehfest points The program achieves good results with 8 10 12 14 16 and 18 Stehfest points You should generally leave this at 12 points Nevertheless it is still possi ble that given parameter combinations in conjunction with a given number of Stehfest points may lead to an unrealistic type curve In addition you can specify the start Min beta and end time Max beta and the number of times per logarithmic decade for the optimised type curve If these parameters are cleverly selected the computation time can be greatly reduced With regard to the times please note that these are dimensionless type curve times Once you have entered all the required values close the window with OK and Autofit 2 finds an optimum type curve You can follow the variation of the type curve parameter in the status bar After computation of the optimum type curve an info box opens showing the found optimum type curve parameter and the maximum absolute deviation between the type curve and the measured data After confirming with OK you are asked whether the type curve parameter should be fur ther deli
16. contains data from a slug and bail test you can select either the slug or the bail test for evaluation using this menu item This function can also be accessed using the F7 key Ares Representation range type curves End time 38970 0 Minimum time seconds 1 000000E 4 Maximum time seconds 329749 4 Minimum H HO 0 000 Maximum H HO 1 020 Evaluation range from seconds 0 2 to seconds 328970 0 OK Cancel GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 30 of 71 September 2008 In the dialogue box you will see the minimum and maximum values for times and values auto matically determined by the program for the representation range For the evaluation range you will see times only You can enter your own values into the corresponding input boxes and thus redefine the representation and evaluation ranges The program compares your times for the evaluation range with those for the existing data points For the from time the value of the next lowest data point is used and for the to time that of the next highest data point The times for the evaluation range must always form a subset of the times for the represen tation range You will otherwise see a warning message and the times for the evaluation range will be automatically adjusted by the program You can also redefine the evaluation range only to achieve the optimum screen display using the Edit Fit in menu item see Section 7 2 10 7 2 9 All menu i
17. gradient of 1 through a 1 m section of aquifer encompassing the complete thickness m of the aquifer and which is arranged perpendicular to the direction of flow LANGGUT amp VOIGT 1980 The relationship between the transmissivity and the permeability kp then is T ke m The storage coefficient is a parameter describing the quantity of water stored or released from an aquifer per surface unit of the aquifer for a unit change in water level KRUSEMANN DE RIDDER 1973 Strictly speaking the storage coefficient only applies to confined aquifers and is a function of the elasticity or compressibility of the grain skeleton and the fluid The vol ume of the single grains is assumed to be constant because their compressibility is substantially smaller than that of the grain skeleton and smaller than the fluid MATTHESS amp UBELL 1983 p 159 The storage coefficient can thus be defined as KRUSEMANN amp DE RIDDER 1990 Ca C n S m n c y 1 where S Storage coefficient m Aquifer thickness m n Aquifer porosity Cw Compressibility of fluid m N CA Compressibility of aquifer m N w Unit weight of fluid N m GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 8 of 71 September 2008 5 2 3 Further boundary conditions For a generally valid approach to the solution applicable to numerous boundary conditions the above differential equation introduces dimensionless variables in place of dimensioned variable
18. more precisely approximated the larger N is STEHFEST 1970 a How ever because the calculation precision depends on the number of digits processed by the computer used rounding off errors increase with increasing N N should therefore be selected in accordance with the precision of the computer The best results are obtained from the GGU SLUGTEST program with N 12 to N 16 de pending on the function to be inverted for the Laplace transform dimensionless water level On this basis you can use the GGU SLUGTEST program to generate any type curves for evalua tion of the implemented slug test models Adjustment of the measured data to the type curves can then be carried out either in the conventional manner i e by hand on the screen or by an auto matic fit If required a second fit routine even generates the optimum type curve for your data GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 18 of 71 September 2008 7 Explanation of menu items 7 1 7 1 1 7 1 2 7 1 3 7 1 4 7 1 5 7 1 6 File menu New menu item All current data will be deleted You can import new data The data entered in Edit General Edit Result text and Edit Company see Sections 7 2 11 to 7 2 13 are retained Load menu item You can load a file with test data which was created and saved at a previous sitting and then edit the test data Save menu item You can save data entered or edited during program use to a file in order to h
19. nw 16 000 Min td Cd 1 0000000 4 Max td Cd 1 0000000E 4 No of times decade fo Conca Here too it is advisable to carefully consider the configuration for the type curve calculation For example for a well in a relatively impermeable rock the permeable filter gravel fill can be taken into consideration as a skin zone All further steps have already been described GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 56 of 71 September 2008 7 5 Test design menu 7 5 1 General note for the Test design menu This menu allows the simulation of a slug test for all implemented models This is particularly useful for planning upcoming tests You should use this option extensively in order to acquire a feel for the possible changes in water levels for varying aquifer and well types 7 5 2 Hvorslev menu item After selecting this item a Test design after Hvorslev dialogue box opens The same configura tion Case A B appears that you previously selected in the menu item Hvorslev preferences see Section 7 3 3 Test design xj Test design after Hvorslev Permeability estimated 1 000000 7 Water level at test begin 1 000 Water level at test end 0 020 No of values 100 Cancel Enter an estimate for the permeability in the dialogue box In addition you must enter a water level at the start of the test the increase for a slug test and the end of the test Finally you can enter the numbe
20. the file using the arrow buttons on the right In the Time column and Value column you enter the column number for the corresponding information contained in the file If all the information is correct the result for the row is shown in the box below each column Otherwise Error appears GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 19 of 71 September 2008 You may need to change the column delimiter If the time is given as clock time please ensure the correct time delimiter is used If the file contains invalid as well as valid rows the invalid rows will simply be skipped during reading After the Read data button has been pressed and the data successfully read you will see a mes sage box with the number of values and character strings read and the value at the start of the test Directly after clicking OK you will be given the option of adjusting the data You confirm your choice in a prompt and can then adjust the data immediately in a dialogue box depending on your test configuration this dialogue box can also be accessed by going to Edit Test data please note the description in Section 7 2 1 7 1 8 ASCII output menu item This menu item allows the current values and corresponding times to be saved as an ASCII file For example it is thus possible to save MDS data imported from a datalogger as an ASCII file 7 1 9 Output preferences menu item You can edit printer preferences e g swap between portrait and la
21. you can specify a colour as required The preferences can be saved in the GGU SLUGTEST ALG file o If you use a monochrome black and white printer you must select the colours as dark as possible otherwise it is possible you will see nothing on the printout 7 6 7 Legend font selection menu item With this menu item you can switch to a different true type font All available true type fonts are displayed in the dialogue box 7 6 8 Font sizes menu item You can edit font sizes of texts in mm within the various input areas GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 61 of 71 September 2008 7 6 9 Output preferences menu item Using this menu item you can enter or edit the default text on your output sheet If you save the GGU SLUGTEST ALG file containing the preferences at the same level as the program they will be used automatically when the program is started Output sheet xi Preferences Dutput sheet Heading 1 Slug Test Report Report Appendix Appendix Text 1 top left Edtedb Text 2 top left Date Text 1 top right Testno Text 2 top right well designation Line 5 bottom left Screenat Line 6 bottom left Undisturbed groundwater Cancel Reset If you would prefer to use the default settings simply click the Reset button 7 6 10 Mini CAD toolbar menu item Using this menu item you can add free text to the graphics and add lines circles polygons and images e g files i
22. 0 71 10 Printand export ment Mid 21 71 11 Batch print men deci died 23 TL ER MA to ed oe edo detentan evades 23 FAM 3 223 AM A a ie 23 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 2 of 71 September 2008 T2 AE AIC MEA o ahh ba ai A e e ee dra ach 24 72 gt Testid ta Mentiras da a ees 24 7 2 2 At rest groundwater menu 1tCM ooooocnccocnnonnoonconnconconncon nono nono nono non ono nro nn rana rn nnnnnnos 24 7 2 3 Equivalent radius menu item oooooonocnncnnoonoonconnconoco nono nonn nono nonnnonn non ono non nro nnnnnncnneos 25 7 2 4 Test designations Menu item eecceesceesceseceseceseceeecseeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeereeeeeeenaees 26 72 5 Edit values menu item iii aiii 26 7 2 6 Graphically Menu 1tem oesie i E ea a a E E EEEE 27 12 Modify Menu iten ic e it awe E Salen aa 28 7 2 8 Value range manually menu item ee eecesecesececeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeteeesees 30 T2ZG VAM mene MEM A O dena d feds T eset sete 31 TOT Fitin Menu ems 3 secs sie BAT A aves es aE A E AE 31 7 2 11 Graphically menu Mii ei veces 31 72 12 General menuitem va vette eee E ca Ree 32 7213 Result text menu di A ad eee 32 7214 Company menu O ci An diia 32 ER AAA A 33 734 Height log mentira iio 33 73 2 Hvorslev ment E te Dis 33 7 3 3 Hvorslev preferences Menu item eeeceseceeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeceseeeseeeeeeeenteensees 33 73 4 Bouwet Rice menu items lt aches ad dekh a Hien MORN Aes 34 7 3 5 Bouwer R
23. 00 eee eeceeeeeneeeeeees 33 Weighting factor cccccecesceseceseeseeeeceeeceeeseees 29 Well configurations BOUWER amp RICE 35 Well configurations HVORSLEV Well radius hydraulically effective Se Wellbore storage cceeccescesseeseeeeceteeneeeseeeees y axis logarithmic sees eeeeteeeceeeeeeneeeeeees 33 Zoom factor define for full screen display 60 ZOOM FUNCTION sneinen 60 63 65 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 71 of 71 September 2008
24. 03 1994 Test no a89 38 0 Report 9393 938 Appendix far OK Cancel Some of the texts in front of the input boxes can be edited in Section 0 using the menu item Graphics preferences Output preferences e g Processed by and Date 7 2 13 Result text menu item At the bottom right of the output sheet a text box contains the results of the evaluation or simula tion The program default result text see Section 7 3 6 menu item Hvorslev Permeability can be edited and complemented in a total of 6 lines of input in the dialogue box 7 2 14 Company menu item In the top left box of the output sheet you can display your company s name and address in 4 lines of text Input is by means of the corresponding dialogue box The information then appears cen tred in the text box If you would like to include company logos use the Mini CAD module see Section 7 6 10 and the Mini CAD manual GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 32 of 71 September 2008 7 3 Hvorslev menu 7 3 1 Height log menu item Use this menu item to display the y axis height logarithmically Select this option if you would like to check whether your data approximately adhere to a de scending e function With a logarithmic y axis the result should be a straight line 7 3 2 Hvorslev menu item You can evaluate your slug test using the HVORSLEV 1951 method However you should have first defined your preferences for this eva
25. CAD toolbar Menu item 0 00 cc eeceesceesceseceseceseceeeceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeenseenaees 62 7 6 11 Toolbar preferences Menu item 20 0 0 eeceecesecsseescecseceecseeeseeeneeeseeeeeeeeneeneenaees 63 Ted O 64 7 7 1 Copyright menu item cc cceeccesscssscsseceeceeceseceseceaecsaecaeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeseseeeeeaees 64 TAQ Maxima menu O A Ge a a 64 TAS GGU o the web men emis cc 5c cesta ceeds Sateen ceca atten eke eee ees 64 TIA GGU support menu thems cnica 64 TTD Help menu MA Hee A ia ARR 64 TAO What s new menu dida 64 7 7 7 Language preferences Menu item cceecesecesececeeeeesecseeeseeeneeeseeeeeeeeneenteenaees 64 A O NON 65 8 1 Pressurised slug testa iii a iii ica lila 65 8 2 Keyboard and MOUSE ccceecceescssscesscesecesecesecsaecseeeseeesecsaeeeeseeesseenseceaeeesecnaeesaecneeeaeeenes 65 9 BIDIOSF DOY cocssscccccs ssisscessesstsoassesssceaseasosasssseupsevssuassansesseovedcoassonssssesdestsoandocsssuasesasanssoessasee 67 A A NN NON 70 Index of Figures Figure 1 Well configurations for HVORSLEV evaluati0M oooocnnnnninnnonnnnnconnconncnno conc cnn con ncnnnonnnon 34 Figure 2 Well configuration for BOUWER amp RICE evaluation 36 Figure 3 Aquifer configuration after COOPER oononcccicinoconannnannnnnnonnnanannncnno cono cn no ona corno nn ncnancnn non 40 Figure 4 Aquifer configuration after DOUGHERT Y oooccnccnncinoncnnnnonnnonnnnnconn cono cnno on nora anna nonnncnn non 41 Fig
26. DOUGHERTY D E 1989 Computing well hydraulics solutions Ground Water 27 4 564 569 EARLOUGHER R C 1977 Advances in well test analysis AIME SPE OF Ed 2 Ed New York Dallas 259 p FAUST CH R amp MERCER J W 1984 Evaluating of slug tests in wells containing a finite thickness skin Water Resources Research 20 4 504 506 FERRIS J G amp D B KNOWLES 1954 The slug test for estimating transmissivity U S Geol Surv Groundwater Note 26 FLOPETROL 1983 Well test interpretation for monophasic oil by analysis of pressure behavior In Systems Analysis Part 1 SCHLUMBERGER FLOPETROL Ed Melun France GRADER A S amp RAMEY H J 1988 Slug test analysis in double porosity reservoirs SPE Formation Evaluation June 329 339 GRINGARTEN A C 1980 Well test interpretation Flopetrol Schlumberger 1 1 7 3 HURST W 1953 Establishment of the skin effect and its impediment to fluid flow into a well bore The Petroleum Engineer 10 B6 B16 HVORSLEV M J 1951 Time lag and soil permeability in groundwater observations U S Corps of Engineers Waterways Experimental Station Bull 36 TU BS unpublished KARASAKI K 1986 Well test analysis in fractured media Diss Univ California Berkeley 239 S KARASAKI K LONG J C S amp WITHERSPOON P A 1988 Analytical models of slug tests Water Resources Research 24 1 115 126 KRUSEMANN G P amp DE RIDDER N A 1973 Untersuchung und Anwendung v
27. Evaluation and representation of slug tests GGU SLUGTEST VERSION 5 Last revision September 2008 Copyright GGU Zentrale Verwaltung mbH Braunschweig Technical implementation and sales Civilserve GmbH Steinfeld Contents O o TO 5 2 Licence Protecti On sssrinin ossi ises rs osise S s o S S 5 3 Langage selection A NOTO 6 4 Starting the program c cccccccccscscssscsscesscssccsssssscssssssscsesssessseessesseessesssesssessssssssssssesesees 6 5 Theoretical principles sicsics ccsssssesescescecasassscesseassesdsassenssesssesssvassvncsesavasenssosesonassbassosdccsoenssucson 7 5 1 Slug tests a brief introduction ee eecesccesecesecececsceeseeeseeeeceeeceeeeeseeeeeeesenereneeneensees 7 5 2 Evaluation by COOPER et al cecceeccceceseeesceeeeeeceseceaecaaecaeecaeeeaeeeeeeeeeerenreneenseenaees 7 5 2 1 Basic differential equation cccccecsseesseseceesceesceeceseceseceaececeaecsecseceeeeeeeeeneeees 7 5 2 2 Transmissivity and storage coefficient 2 0 0 ee eeceesceeeceseceeceseceeecseecseeeseesseeseeeneeses 8 5 2 3 Further boundary conditions ccccccsseesseesseesceeeceeeceseceseceaeceaecseecseeeseeeseeseeeseesereeas 9 IDAS CHE C tise Sank e a o ees nari e a a cid 10 5 2 5 COOPER et al approach to the solution ooooonncnnncinnninonnncncononancnnnconocn nooo ncnnnonnnos 11 5 3 Typ curves methods several approaches ccccesseesceseceeecesecesecececaeecseeeaeeseeeeeeeseeees 11 5 4 Approaches f
28. Leitf higkeit im Gel nde Entwicklung von Messsystemen und Vergleich verschiedener Auswerteverfahren Determination of hydraulic conductivity in the field development of measuring systems and comparison of various evaluation methods Diss TU Braunschweig 156 S SAGEEYV A 1986 Slug test analysis Water Resources Research 22 8 1323 1333 STEHFEST H 1970 a Algorithm 368 Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms Communications of the ACM 13 1 47 49 STEHFEST H 1970 b Remark on algorithm 368 numerical inversion of Laplace transforms Communications of the ACM 13 10 624 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 68 of 71 September 2008 THEIS CH V 1935 The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground water storage Trans Am Geophys Union 2 519 524 THIEM G 1906 Hydrologische Methoden Hydrologic methods 56 S J M Gebhardt Leipzig VAN EVERDINGEN A F 1953 The skin effect and its influence on the productive capacity of a well Petroleum Transactions AIME 198 171 176 VAN EVERDINGEN A F amp HURST W 1949 The application of the Laplace transformation to flow problems in reservoirs Petroleum Transactions AIME Dec 305 324 WARREN J E amp ROOT P J 1963 The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs Journal SPE 9 245 255 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 69 of 71 September 2008 10 Index A
29. UMiniCAD file export Graphics integrate using Mini CAD 62 H Hy39 Hydraulic effectiveness filter gravel 16 Hydraulically effective well radius 10 I Idealised flow path Initial water level Installation idas K Knowledge BaS8 ooonocnicnionncccnoconnconccncanononnnnnon 64 L Language preferences ococcicnonncononocnnnnincnncnss 6 64 Laplace Space ccesecseescesceseceseeeeeeeceseenseeneees 18 Laplace transform a 18 Law of mass conservation cooooconnnonncnconacnninincnnns 7 Least squares method 43 Licence protection coooccicnonncononocnnnncncononaninoncnnon 5 M Marks Matrix and jointing ooooocononnccnonoccnnconononanoncnnnanon Measured values display Measured values enter delete by hand 26 Measured values enter delete with mouse Di Measured values linking to constant 28 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 70 of 71 September 2008 Measured values monotonous decreasing 29 Measured values monotonous increasing 29 Measured values roughening eceeeeeee 30 Measured values smoothed out 29 Metafile export Mini CAD file export 15 22 Mini CAD USB ococccoccconanoncononnnnnoncnnnononncnnonnnns 62 Mouse wheel functions oooncncccononinnocncncononnnnnos 65 N Numerical inversion ooconnnncnnononicnnononnnncnncnncnno 18 P
30. What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see on your printer In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take several seconds for complex screen contents the GGU SLUGTEST screen is not refreshed after every alteration If you would like to refresh the screen contents press either F2 or Esc The Esc key addi tionally sets the screen presentation back to your current zoom which has the default value 1 5 corresponding to an A4 sheet in landscape format GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 6 of 71 September 2008 5 Theoretical principles 5 1 5 2 5 2 1 Slug tests a brief introduction The fundamental aim of hydraulic tests is to determine the hydraulic parameters of the system under investigation When carrying out such tests a precisely defined signal is applied to the unknown system e g the submersion of a defined body below the at rest water level of a well The reaction of the system the change in water level with time is a function of the hydraulic parameters and the geometry FLOPETROL 1983 KARASAKI 1986 The solution to this in verse problem requires the definition and formulation of a theoretical model the reaction of which to an identical input signal must correspond as precisely as possible to that of the real system
31. a directly to your printer Using the Mini CAD program module you can also import EMF files generated us ing other GGU applications into your graphics e MiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable importing to different GGU appli cations with the MiniCAD module e GGUMiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable processing in the GGUMiniCAD program e Cancel Printing is cancelled GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 22 of 71 September 2008 7 1 11 Batch print menu item If you would like to print several appendices at once select this menu item You will see the fol lowing dialogue box AAA File list D Program Files GGU S oftware lugtest Examples en example_05 e sbt D Program Files GGU Software Slugtest E xamples en example_e sbt Create a list of files for printing using Add and selecting the desired files The number of files is displayed in the dialogue box header Using Delete you can mark and delete selected individual files from the list After selecting the Delete all button you can compile a new list Selection of the desired printer and printer preferences is achieved by pressing the Printer button You then start printing by using the Print button In the dialogue box which then appears you can select further preferences for printer output such as e g the number of copies These prefer ences will be applied to all files in the list
32. adius The newly determined equivalent casing radius is then used in the test data If you click the OK button the value is not accepted and then serves information purposes only GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 25 of 71 September 2008 7 2 4 Test designations menu item You can annotate the output sheet with additional descriptive information concerning the test being evaluated Just enter the required data into the following dialogue box Test designation i x Well designation ES Screen at 3 4 57m Groundwater at rest 23 m Test start fi 1 03 04 Test end 12 03 04 Cancel The texts in the input boxes in this dialogue box can be edited in Section 0 using the menu item Graphics preferences Output preferences 7 2 5 Edit values menu item You can edit your measured data in a dialogue box Measured values x Forw Back Cancel Go to no 1 54 values to edit Sort No Time sec Value m A ESE 5574764061 2 2458838781 5 5716497E1 3 3095494521 5 5681467E 1 4 3 8969967E 1 5564205181 5 490602821 5 5597687E1 6 6176323381 5 5547738E 1 zo 777553021 5 5491483E 1 8 9 7888130E 1 5 5428088E 1 1232 5 5356622E 1 w0 fo 155 5 5276024E1 e Forw Back If you have more than 10 value pairs you can navigate through them using these buttons e Go to no You can advance to the specified value pair GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 26 of 71 September 2008 7 2 6
33. alue This kind of data reduc tion is recommended for particularly large datasets where the evaluation would otherwise be extremely time intensive e Double measured values If the number of values is very small you can append a new value between two existing ones This is done by means of linear interpolation e Values monotonous decreasing The values can be arranged monotonous decreasing e Values monotonous increasing The values can be arranged monotonous increasing e On Bezier curve method 1 You can connect the data points with the help of a Bezier spline curve The algorithm em ployed here adheres strictly to the data points method 1 The number of data points to be considered for the curve can be entered in a dialogue box Bezier S Arange values on a Bezier curve method 1 No undo Use ever nth measured value 54 measured values present Pa Corea e On Bezier curve method 2 The data points are connected by a Bezier spline whereby the curve is smoothed out method 2 You enter the number of values to be used just as in the previous action e Values on a spline You can arrange the data points on a spline curve After using this action a dialogue box opens in which you can specify the number of values to be included Spline a Align measured values on spline curve No undo Use every nth measured value 54 measured values present x 5 Weighting 1 00000E 6 Weighting gt
34. and fit e F6 opens the menu item Hvorslev Bouwer Rice e F7 opens the menu item Edit Value range manually e F8 opens the menu item Edit All e F9 opens the menu item Edit Fit in e F11 opens the menu item Type curves Autofit 1 e F12 opens the menu item Hvorslev Permeability or Type curves Permeability GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 66 of 71 September 2008 9 Bibliography BARKER J A amp BLACK J H 1983 Slug tests in fissured aquifers Water Resources Research 19 6 1558 1564 BOUWER H 1989 The Bouwer and Rice slug test an update Ground Water 27 3 304 309 BOUWER H amp RICE R C 1976 A slug test for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells Water Resources Research 12 3 423 428 BREDEHOEFT J D amp PAPADOPULOS S S 1980 A method for determining the hydraulic properties of tight formations Water Resources Research 16 1 233 238 COOPER H H amp PAPADOPULOS J D BREDEHOEFT I S 1967 Response of a finite diameter well to an instantaneous charge of water Water Resources Research 33 1 263 269 DA PRAT G 1981 Well test analysis for naturally fractured reservoirs Diss Univ Stanford 202 S DA PRAT G 1990 Well test analysis for fractured reservoir evaluation In Developments in Petroleum Science 27 CHILINGARIAN G V Ed 1 Ed Elsevier Amsterdam 210 S
35. ates the optimum fit type curve by systematic variation of the type curve parameter If you have decided on Autofit 2 the following dialogue box opens AS Determine optimum type curve automatically Compare every nth value 100 measured values present x 1 From a H HO a 0 020 Tob H HO b 0 980 min Alpha 1 000000E 10 max Alpha 1 000000E 0 Surcharge factor for Alpha fi 0 000000 IV Use as type curve delete existing Coes In the dialogue box you can specify which n data points of the data curve are considered for Autofit 2 Here once again you can limit the range of H Ho Moreover you can define a mini mum and a maximum type curve parameter between which the type curve parameter varies You must also specify a surcharge factor for the type curve parameter Do not make this factor too small at first or go for a coffee afterwards Finally you have the option of notifying the program whether to accept the newly calculated optimum type curve If you activate this check box the existing type curves are deleted Once you have specified all preferences and concluded input with OK a further dialogue box opens with the heading Type curve generator after Cooper the name corresponds to the evaluation model selected CT x Type curve generator after Cooper No of Stehfest points fi 2 Min beta 1 0000000E 4 Max beta 1 0000000E 4 No of times decade fro GGU SLUGTEST
36. ave them available at a later date or to archive them The data is saved without prompting with the name of the current file Loading again later creates exactly the same presentation as was present at the time of saving Save as menu item You can save data entered during program use to an existing file or to a new file i e using a new file name For reasons of clarity it makes sense to use sbt as file suffix as this is the suffix used in the file requester box for the menu item File Load If you choose not to enter an exten sion when saving sbt will be used automatically Info menu item When you go to this menu item the program gives you information on the data used You will see whether the data are imported from a datalogger or determined using the Test design menu Additionally the number of values and the evaluation range you have chosen is indicated Read datalogger menu item With GGU SLUGTEST you can process data imported from a W A S Braunschweig datalog ger e g MDS II The data is exported to a file and imported using this menu item it can then be processed further Read ASCII menu item Because you will probably receive most of your data in the shape of files on storage media disk this menu item represents a vital interface for accessing your data To facilitate reading the ASCII file you will see a dialogue box The current line of the ASCII file is shown at the top You can move through
37. button Info sti Values at value no 415 Time since test begin 4150 000 seconds Time from time axis origin 4140 000 seconds mwC 1 054 mw C relative to atrest gw 0 590 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 37 of 71 September 2008 7 4 Type curves menu The GGU SLUGTEST program allows the evaluation of slug tests employing the model ap proaches after COOPER et al 1967 DOUGHERTY 1989 MATEEN 1983 RAMEY et al 1975 and MOENCH amp HSIEH 1985 a 7 4 1 Cooper Ramey Dougherty M nch menu item In the program s default setting the first menu item in the Type curves menu is Cooper Se lect the required model here as shown in the following dialogue box The name of the menu item will be adjusted in the further course of the program depending on the model selected e g Ty pe curves Ramey Select model JH Ramey C Dougherty Monch Test evaluation via V Type curve Type curve derivation Cancel _ When selecting a model the well geometry the aquifer configuration and the data itself should be taken into consideration You can select from e COOPER perfect well with wellbore storage in a homogeneous isotropic confined aqui fer e DOUGHERTY imperfect well with wellbore storage in a homogeneous isotropic con fined aquifer e RAMEY perfect well with wellbore storage and infinite skin in a homogeneous isotropic confined aquifer e MOENCH perfect well w
38. ce by copying from publications or other sources If you choose New but close the box using Cancel any alterations made will be rejected but the type curve itself will be retained new button with the alpha value labelling Individual curves can be deleted using the Delete type curve button If you clicked the Edit type curve values button you can enter or edit individual type curve values in a dialogue box In the title bar of the dialogue box the evaluation model is shown and in brackets the type curve parameter of the selected type curve Cooper 1 000E 6 El Forw Back Cancel Go to no pi 71 points to edit No beta H HO 1 moea fas 2 izes ao 3 Teea EST 4 ssa aoe 5 2smss04 ase 6 azes asr 7 eoa E e soreres asr No points exist for a new type curve First click on the 0 points to edit button in the example above 71 points already exist and enter the required number You can navigate through the list using Forw and Back or jump directly to the required point by entering the number and click ing Go to no To conclude your entry or edit click Done GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 51 of 71 September 2008 7 4 9 Select menu item Using this menu item you have the option of comfortably selecting any type curves for representa tion xi Show which type curves OK Cancel All None M 1 000E 39 M 1 000E 8 M 1 000E 7 MV 1 000E 6 MM 1 000E 5 M 1 000E 4 V 1 000E 3
39. ces Research 21 9 1459 1461 NEUZIL C E 1982 On conducting the modified slug test in tight formations Water Resources Research 18 2 439 441 NOVAKOWSKI K S 1989 a Analysis of pulse interference tests Water Resources Research 25 11 2377 2387 OGBE D O 1984 Pulse testing in the presence of wellbore storage and skin effects Diss Univ Stanford 442 S PAPADOPULOS S S BREDEHOEFT J D amp COOPER H H 1973 On the analysis of slug test data Water Resources Research 9 4 1087 1089 Water Resources Research 25 7 1591 1602 PERES A M M ONUR M amp REYNOLDS A C 1989 b A new general pressure analysis procedure for slug tests Paper SPE 18801 553 565 RAMEY H J AGARWAL R G amp MARTIN I 1975 Analysis of slug test or DST flow period data Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology 3 37 47 ROSCH A 1990 Bohrlochtests zur Bestimmung der Wasserdurchl ssigkeit In Erfassung und Bewertung von Altablagerungen Braunschwelg Zentrum f r Abfallforschung TU Ed 115 130 Borehole tests to determine permeability In Recording and assessing former waste disposal sites Braunschweig Centre for Waste Research ROSCH A amp SCHAAF TH 1989 Die Auswertung von Slug Tests zur Bestimmung der Gebirgsdurchl ssigkeit The evaluation of slug tests for determination of rock mass permeability Mitt Inst f Grundbau und Bodenmechanik TU Braunschweig 30 221 242 ROSCH A 1992 Bestimmung der hydraulischen
40. ctor 1 Q Pumping rate m s T Transmissivity m s A skin effect pseudo skin can also be evoked by an imperfect well turbulent flow an inclined borehole or by the entry resistance of a well screen DA PRAT 1981 1990 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 10 of 71 September 2008 5 2 5 COOPER et al approach to the solution For the water level in a well COOPER et al 1967 arrived at the following solution h ai f 5 gu2 a au 0 u f u where 2 a Wellbore storage Dimensionless time and ho Water level in well at time t 0 m h t Water level in well at time t m T Transmissivity m S Storage coefficient u Integration constant f u uJo u 20J u uYo u 2aY m1 Jo Bessel functions 0 1 order 1 degree You Bessel functions 0 1 order 2 degree tei Radius of well screen m tes Radius of casing m By numerical integration COOPER et al 1967 compiled five tables with h t ho and B for vary ing a If the table values are graphically represented in a semi logarithmic format one arrives at type curves which allow the transmissivity to be determined in a similar manner to that using the Theis type curve method 5 3 Typ curves methods several approaches An expansion of the solution after COOPER by five additional type curves was presented by PAPADOPULOS et al 1973 once they had recognised that the existing values for a were only
41. d It is much simpler however to get a complete overview using Esc Pressing Esc allows a com plete screen presentation using the zoom factor specified in this menu item The F2 key allows screen refreshing without altering the coordinates and zoom factor Save menu item Some of the preferences you made with the menu items of the Graphics preferences menu can be saved to a file If you select GGU SLUGTEST alg as file name and save the file on the same level as the program the data will be automatically loaded the next time the program is star ted and need not be entered again Load menu item You can reload a graphics preferences file into the program which was saved using the Graph ics preferences Save graphics preferences menu item Only the corresponding data will be refreshed Zoom info menu item By clicking two diametrically opposed points you can enlarge a section of the screen in order to view details better An information box provides information on activating the zoom function and on available options GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 60 of 71 September 2008 7 6 6 Pen colour and width menu item You can edit the line widths and colours for selected elements A Edit pens Colour Width mm Standard fo 20 Type curves EN Height 0 20 GW zero fo 20 Rearession 0 20 A dialogue box is opened if you click on the Standard Type curves Height GW zero or Regression buttons here
42. e information on this function and can then mark an area which is copied to the clipboard or can be saved in a file Alternatively you can send the marked area directly to your printer Colour on off If you need to remove the colour from the system presentation to create a black and white printout for example use this on off switch GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 63 of 71 September 2008 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 2 7 7 3 7 7 4 7 7 5 7 7 6 7 7 7 menu Copyright menu item You will see a copyright message and information on the program version number The System button shows information on your computer configuration and the folders used by GGU SLUGTEST Maxima menu item You will see information on the maximum values allowed by the program GGU on the web menu item Using this menu item you can access the GGU Software website www ggu software com Keep in touch with new program versions and the regular download offers If you would like to be automatically notified about program innovations please register for the Newsletter in our Knowledge Base Go to the following website http kbase civilserve com GGU support menu item This menu item takes to the GGU Software Support area at www ggu software com Help menu item The GGU SLUGTEST online help is opened using an installed browser e g MS Internet Ex plorer The help function can also be accessed using the F1 function key
43. e 1 Well configurations for HVORSLEV evaluation In addition you can enter a value to represent the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability In ternally the program uses the root of this ratio This allows due consideration of anisotropy After confirming your input with OK you will be automatically presented with the data and best fit curves after HVORSLEV 7 3 4 Bouwer Rice menu item This menu item allows you to adopt the evaluation method after BOUWER amp RICE 1976 How ever you should have first defined your preferences for this evaluation method as described in the next menu item The best fit curve e function is drawn beside the data curve using the BOUWER amp RICE model approach After pressing F12 you will see the result of the evaluation for the best fit curve You can achieve a clear presentation of the data curve and the best fit curve by going to the menu items Graphic preferences Preferences and Graphic preferences Pen colour and width Sections 7 6 1 and 0 and specifying presentation preferences GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 34 of 71 September 2008 7 3 5 Bouwer Rice preferences menu item For an evaluation after BOUWER RICE you must also first select a well configuration to suit your problem from the following dialogue box bowertie A Preferences for Bouwer Rice evaluation 7 perfect well C Case B perfect well GW top well base m 3 000 GW thickness m
44. e chosen DOUGHERTY the same as COOPER but for an imperfect well as evaluation model you will see an expanded dialogue box GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 40 of 71 September 2008 LT x HO settings HO first value of measurement range To fixed HO maximum value of measurement range To fixed HO fixed value Fixed value for HO 1 000000000 E 0 Displacement factor 1 000000000E 0 Aquifer thickness m 2 000 Distance aq base scr base nf 0 000 Info screen length 2 000 m Here you must also enter the Aquifer thickness and the Distance base of aquifer base of screen see Figure 4 UK Aq UKF This information is required to produce a pertinent model configuration This means that new values must be entered for each new aquifer configuration W water level immediately after pressure increase water level a timet pressure in aquifer attimet pressure casing tube a ae well sereen eel sia A E A E of e aquifer H ag a e f en a a UK base of aquifer Figure 4 Aquifer configuration after DOUGHERTY GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 41 of 71 September 2008 The RAMEY evaluation model corresponds to the configuration of the COOPER model see Figure 3 Page 40 For the MOENCH evaluation model which includes a finite skin zone around the well you must additionally enter e the ratio of the permeabiliti
45. e possibility of selecting a smaller zoom factor ensuring output to one page Fit to pa ge button Following this you can enlarge to the original format on a copying machine to ensure true scaling Furthermore you may enter the number of copies to be printed e DXF file allows output of the graphics to a DXF file DXF is a common file format for transferring graphics between a variety of applications e GGUCAD file allows output of the graphics to a file in order to enable further processing with the GGUCAD program Compared to output as a DXF file this has the advantage that no loss of colour quality occurs during export GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 21 of 71 September 2008 e Clipboard The graphics are copied to the WINDOWS clipboard From there they can be imported into other WINDOWS programs for further processing e g into a word processor In order to import into any other WINDOWS program you must generally use the Edit Paste function of the respective application e Metafile allows output of the graphics to a file in order to be further processed with third party soft ware Output is in the standardised EMF format Enhanced Metafile format Use of the Metafile format guarantees the best possible quality when transferring graphics If you select the Copy print area tool from the toolbar you can copy parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an EMF file Alternatively you can send the marked are
46. ea can also be blanked out Confirm your input using the OK button The program then searches without further ado for the best fitting type curve When the analysis is complete a window opens displaying the selected type curve parameter for your evaluation model The maximum absolute deviation between the data curve and the type curve is calculated for this purpose If you close the window with OK the type curve fit is drawn on the worksheet pS Best Alpha 1 000E 2 after Cooper max abs deviation 3 59610E 1 ds TO If on the other hand you press the As only TCM button only the best fitting type curve is drawn on the worksheet with the data curve Any existing type curves will be deleted When employing the DOUGHERTY and MOENCH models you must ensure that you really have generated the type curves most suitable for your aquifer and well geometry using the menu item Type curves Generate see Section 7 4 10 If the type curves do not fit your geometry you will see an error message you should not ignore this Otherwise you will begin an evaluation with type curves unsuitable for your current configuration and the results may well be nonsense GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 44 of 71 September 2008 7 4 6 Autofit 2 menu item Using this fit method the best fitting type curve is not selected from an existing set of type curves but the optimum type curve is calculated This means that the program gener
47. each well the result for the water level history as a function of the value of ke is kft Y k Ye On the basis of this derivative the principle of an evaluation after BOUWER amp RICE 1976 rests upon finding a value for k which minimises the deviation between the measured and the calcu lated water levels GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 17 of 71 September 2008 6 Program concept For the type curve method the program employs published solutions in Laplace space for the dif ferential equations used to describe the slug test Using to the model adopted by COOPER et al 1967 and Cp ha the solution for the dimensionless water level in Laplace space is Kop hy P P Kop p K Vp where hp Laplace transform p Laplace variable Cp Dimensionless wellbore storage Ko Bessel function of the second kind Order 0 K Bessel function of the second kind Order 1 The real solutions that can be derived from this can be calculated using analytical methods but they require much more effort and often lead to unsatisfactory results The Laplace transform is therefore inverted numerically by the GGU SLUGTEST program The Laplace transform of a function hp t is defined as hy p L h t eh at 0 The numerical inversion can be formulated after STEHFEST 1970 a b as hy 1 E h p 2 yw hig where N Even number W Weighting factor In theory h t is all the
48. es of the aquifer to the skin zone e the ratio of the storage coefficient of the skin zone to the aquifer and e a radius for the skin zone Vv water level immediately after pressure increase i water level a timet pressure in aquifer attimet original pressure casing tube Feast well screen Figure 5 Aquifer configuration after MOENCH 7 4 3 Derivative preferences menu item If you have decided on an evaluation by means of the derived type curves you can define the fol lowing parameters using this menu item e a scaling factor for the y axis h Ho for the data curve and the derived type curve and e adisplacement factor for the derived data curve in the x direction time axis GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 42 of 71 September 2008 7 4 4 7 4 5 Hand fit menu item For an initial overview it is often sufficient to evaluate by hand Hand fit allows you to bring the data curve to congruence with one of the type curves using the mouse Before doing this you must specify from which value the curve is displaced A small dialogue window opens Displace values xj Move curve with left mouse button pressed Hold Shift to also displace height Delta value 1 OK Cancel Data curve displacement is faster the greater the selected Delta value You will have to show a little patience for especially large datasets As long as you hold the left mouse button the data curve can be horizo
49. etan Aareannes 53 PANO RAMEY Et E L EA ae id 54 1410 3 DOUGHERTY ai cicsctsscessecctcessetsnconsecanconsetvacedsocskenssndsadetsncsncveasdetavedsednevsapant 55 TAO UNO eit AA E OS ee tI SS drat ie US cous 56 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 3 of 71 September 2008 AAA A ales 57 7 5 1 General note for the Test design Menu ooooconnncocnnonnnoncnnnconnonnnonnnonn crono nncanncnnrcnnnos 57 1320 t Hvorslev ment MEM ida 57 7 5 3 Bouwer Rice menu item ooooocioninonocnnonnconcconconncon nono nono non non non nc nono nn nn nronncnnncnneos 58 7 5 4 Cooper Ramey Dougherty M nch menu eM ooooocnncninnninnmmmm 58 7 6 Graphic preferences Menu scc cc sccsescesciessceciesscsecceccesedseieeseccecessecsacescecencescedetcessecstees eses 59 7 6 1 Preferences menu Mccain ess siste 59 7 6 2 Refresh and zoom menuitem ceecesecesecssecseecseeeneeseeeseesaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenaees 60 1 6 3 Save menuitem renn aonn cee cees EE E E REE ERER i 60 164 Load MEA a a E E O A T EN 60 7 6 5 Zoom info menu Mi A R Re 60 7 6 6 Pen colour and width menu item cceceesecesecseeesceesceeeeeeeceseeeeeeeeeeeseseenteensees 61 7 6 7 Legend font selection Menu te ooooncnconnnonnnonconnonncnnnonn nono nonnnonn ono nnnnn nano nn nncnnnos 61 7 6 8 Font sizes ment Mi nd Ak rnd eres wh a a 61 7 6 9 Output preferences menu 1CM eeeceecceseeeseceeeeseceecseecseeeaeeseeeeeeeereseeneeeaees 62 7 6 10 Mini
50. ice preferences Menu ICM cece eseecseeeceeeeeeeceeeeeteeteeeteeesees 35 7 3 6 Permeability menu items cinta 36 7 3 7 Individual values Menu iteM cecceeceseceseceseceeeseeeseeeeceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenereneeeaees 37 TA TYPO CUPVES MENU oei o era s oT EEO EE TEE A ici 38 7 4 1 Cooper Ramey Dougherty M nch menu IteM oooonoonnoninnnocnnonnconncnoss 38 7 4 2 Cooper preferences Derivative preferences menu iteM eects 39 7 4 3 Derivative preferences Menu item eee ceecceseceeceseceeeeseeeeeeneeeeeeeseeeeeeteensees 42 TAA Hand fit menu tii idas 43 TAS Arto 1 ment td A ra 43 TAG Auutofit 2 Men EN cc liada 45 7TA 7 Permeability menu tii idas 47 7 4 7 1 Evaluation model after COOPER ooooconicccocononoconcconconconnconnccnnonnnonnnonnronnrnnnnnos 47 7 4 7 2 Evaluation model after RAMEY cccceccccsccssecesseseceseceseceeeeseeeseeseeeeeeeneeees 48 7 4 7 3 Evaluation model after DOUGHERT Y iooonccnnncocononconnconconnccnnonnnonononnncnnonnnonos 49 7 4 74 Evaluation model after MOENCH ccccecccesccesecececseeeseeeseeaeeeseesneeseeeeneees 49 7 4 8 Edit type curves menu item eee eceecceesceeeceseceseeeeeceeecaeecseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeresreneenaees 50 TAD Select menu ate os ieee eee heen Bek detec Ag eel nee 52 74 10 Generate menu item s2 5 c cccccdeeceecicseees hdscedven tee ceten seu cabescieccdelcieesegedeeddaseceecavaneee 52 PANO A COOPER tdci na
51. ils eee ececeeeecreeseeeeeeeeeeee 37 Data reduction miresine neresen 29 Datalogic 19 Decompaction of the rock mass 10 Derivatives of type CUIVES ccooooccicconocnoncincononnnns 38 Derived type curves displacement factor 42 Derived type curves scaling factor 42 Description of state ceeseceeeecreeseeteeeeecnees 7 Deviation data type CUIVE oooccnocononocnccnconacanonns 44 Dimension time AXIS 0oononnnccnnnnnconacnnnnoncnnnononanns 59 Displacement faCtOT oooccnnnccnnnnonocncnnonoacnncononnnn 39 Double porosity media oooocciconnncinnnonnccinnononnnns 12 DXF file Exportiuniiia iii 21 DXF file Ipotesi nenetsi 5 E Effective borehole radius tees eeeeeeeee 10 Electro analogue model cece eeeeteeeees 16 EMF Tora aii idas Entry resistance well screen Equivalent radius oooonnnccnnicnonncononccnnnncncnnn PASH ate ess s TE Evaluation equation select Evaluation model select Evaluation range a Evaluation slug teSt oooonncnnnnoncicnonncnconoccnnnanon Evaluation define ranges ooccnniccnnnnnninnccnnnonnn File la Ve iia tados Filter gravel consideration cesses Filter gravel hydraulic effectiveness Finite well radius o ooononccconocononocconononncnnnnncnnononnon Fluid transfer ainia daras Font size define Function keys s es Fundamental aim of hydraulic tests G GGUCAD file export ceccieeeeceeeceteeeeee GG
52. in 0 00000E 0 Determine storage coefficient Cancel Because the RAMEY method can calculate either only the storage coefficient or only the skin one of the two variables must already be known in order to calculate the other You therefore have the option of having either the storage coefficient calculated for a user defined skin value or having the skin calculated for an estimated storage coefficient When you have done this a small window opens displaying the values C x Storage coefficient 5 000E 0 skin 3 219E 0 r eff 0 003 OK In addition the hydraulically effective well radius is calculated from the skin and displayed here If you confirm the values with OK a new window opens with the heading Type curves after Ramey showing all evaluation results These results consist of the permeability ks the initial height Ho the transmissivity the storage coefficient the skin and the effective well radius If desired you can use this result as the result text in the lower right box of the worksheet GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 48 of 71 September 2008 7 4 7 3 Evaluation model after DOUGHERTY Using the DOUGHERTY model the type curve parameter is displayed in a Determine stor age coefficient dialogue box Storage coefficient x Determine storage coefficient Cd type curve 1 00000 1 You can accept this parameter for the autofits ATTENTION If you have previously performed a
53. in the graphics You can also choose to display the at rest water level If you wish to have the type curves annotated activate the corresponding check box and if neces sary enter a different text size By activating the required dimension for the time axis the repre sentation can be displayed in seconds minutes hours or days After confirming your input with OK the graph is redrawn according to your preferences GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 59 of 71 September 2008 7 6 2 7 6 3 7 6 4 7 6 5 Refresh and zoom menu item The program works on the principle of What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see on your printer In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take several seconds for complex screen contents the screen is not refreshed after every alteration If e g after using the zoom function see below only part of the image is visible you can achie ve a complete view using this menu item Zoom es Use current zoom of 1 000 04 06 os 10 15 25 40 80 Cancel A zoom factor between 0 4 and 8 0 can be entered in the input box By then clicking on Use to exit the box the current factor is accepted By clicking on the 0 4 0 6 etc buttons the se lected factor is used directly and the dialogue box close
54. isplacement factor 1 000000000E 0 OK Cancel You can select e the first value of your selected measurement range e the maximum of the measurement range or e any fixed value The To fixed buttons allow you to assign the first value or the greatest value of the measurement range as fixed Hy The value is then transferred to the input box Please note that Ho has a decisive influence on the curvature of the data particularly at the start of the curve because in a COOPER graph the quotient H Ho is represented The value chosen for Hy can therefore have a critical influence on your result In the dialogue box above you can also define a displacement factor gt 0 for the data curve Initially a factor of 1 is shown for the undisplaced curve By horizontal displacement along the time axis the data curve is brought to congruence with the best fitting type curve The displace ment factor is used in the calculation of the transmissivity and permeability GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 39 of 71 September 2008 Y our input is accepted after you leave the dialogue box via the OK button and the adapted rep resentation drawn on the worksheet In the following figure the model approach after COOPER is shown with the relevant parameters water level immediately after pressure increase water level a timet pressure in aquifer LE pressure casing tube Figure 3 Aquifer configuration after COOPER If you hav
55. ith wellbore storage and finite skin in a homogeneous isotropic confined aquifer In addition you can choose to have the test evaluated by means of normal type curves or the de rivative of the type curves The evaluation by means of the type curve derivative makes sense if you want to perform a hand fit If the type curves are represented as derivatives they are generally easier to differentiate from one another than the normal representation This helps when selecting by hand the best fitting deriva tive and thus the type curve GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 38 of 71 September 2008 The name of the following menu item is adjusted according to the selected test evaluation e g Type curves Cooper preferences Confirm the model selection and test evaluation using OK If you have already loaded a dataset the standard type curves are presented on the output sheet corresponding to the evaluation models and your data curve 7 4 2 Cooper preferences Derivative preferences menu item This menu item applies equally to the model approaches after RAMEY DOUGHERTY and MOENCH and the derivatives of the various type curves A dialogue window for defining Ho preferences opens when you go to this menu item Preferences x HO settings C HO first value of measurement range To fixed HO maximum value of measurement range To fixed HO fixed value Fixed value for HO 1 000000000E 0 D
56. luation method as described in the next menu item A linear data curve appears on the screen In addition after selecting this menu item the best fit curve e function is drawn using the HVORSLEV 1951 model approach After pressing F12 you will see the result of the evaluation for the best fit curve You can achieve a clear presentation of the data curve and the best fit curve by going to the menu items Graphic preferences Preferences and Graphic preferences Pen colour and width Sections 7 6 1 and 0 and specifying presentation preferences 7 3 3 Hvorslev preferences menu item If you want to evaluate using the HVORSLEV method you must first select an evaluation equation after HVORSLEV to suit your problem In the dialogue box which then opens you are presented with the well configurations The variable head method after HVORSLEV is implemented in the program Ce 86 Preferences for Hvorslev evaluation Case A well free Case B well confined kh kv 5 00000 Cancel Case A applies to a perfect well in a free aquifer Case B applies to a perfect well in a confined aquifer GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 33 of 71 September 2008 lL re ee e SHIT O oe ddd Sorte db e oe yg DN A TE A TA E do IE A l Dooe CEAT ET LIA ae MI s o ets AEREE Pea i I a 4 a e e Pe e EMI II gt la e n ate se bd free aquifer confined aquiter Figur
57. m L D 1 mL DF 8L 1 1 bene In A h ifmL D lt 4 where d Casing diameter m Well screen diameter m L Length of screen m m Jk hi kv 1 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 14 of 71 September 2008 5 5 4 Conversion of the general equation By modification of the general equation for kr and using h Ho t t0 0 h h t bt t k 2 In H h c Because the parameters A F and k are constant for any given well or aquifer they can be con verted to form c t In 4 h t where c k F A giving h t H e The function represented by the final equation describes the sinking water level in the well in a slug test after HVORSLEV 1951 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 15 of 71 September 2008 5 6 5 6 1 5 6 2 Evaluation by BOUWER amp RICE Basic approach The BOUWER amp RICE 1976 method is closely related to the HVORSLEV 1951 method Be cause the Thiem equation includes the range of the drawdown cone but this is not known it was determined with the aid of an electro analogue model for a variety of aquifer and well geometries The approach used is h h Q 27 k L In R ry where Q Inflow rate m kr Permeability m s Egs Length of screen m h hw Gradient 1 Re Range m wes Borehole radius m For the change in water level in the well where Los Radius of riser pipe m Consideration of hydraulically effectiveness of filter gravel The
58. n principle however the type curve would be more precise the higher the number of Stehfest model points Nonetheless because of the limited precision of your computer the results may be rather strange for values above 18 The number of Stehfest points must always be even Next you enter the type curve parameter alpha A useful range here is between le 1 and le 10 approximately You can now enter the dimensionless start and end time for the type curve A use ful range for beta here is between 1e 4 und 1e 4 Finally you are asked for the number of time steps per logarithmic decade The default value is ten steps The higher the number of steps the greater the number of values pairs included in the type curve The computation time increases accordingly Once you have defined everything as you require confirm your input with OK or abort the process with Cancel When the program has concluded computations you are asked whether you want to save the type curve If you answer this by pressing the Yes button a Windows dialogue box opens where you can use Save file as to save the type curve The program suggests tku as the extension for the type curve file name If you have saved the type curves or replied to the previous question with No you will be asked whether the type curve should be included in the list of available curves The program then stores the curve If you want the calculated type curves to be permanently sa
59. n formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc A pop up menu opens the icons and functions used are described in more detail in the Mini CAD manual provided GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 62 of 71 September 2008 7 6 11 Toolbar preferences menu item After starting the program a horizontal toolbar for menu items appears below the program menu bar If you would rather work with a popup window with several columns you can specify your preferences using this menu item The smarticons can also be switched off At the bottom of the program window you find a status bar with further information You can also activate or switch off the status bar here The preferences will be saved in the GGU SLUGTEST alg file see menu item Graphics preferences Save graphics preferences and will be active at the next time the program is started By clicking on the tools smarticons for menu items you can directly reach most of the program functions The meaning of the Smarticons appears as a text box 1f you hover with the mouse pointer over the tools Some of the tool functions can be activated from the normal menu items Zoom out If you have previously zoomed in this tool returns to a full screen display Zoom Zoom With the zoom functions you can zoom in or out of parts of the image by clicking the left mouse button Copy print area Use this tool to copy only parts of the graphics in order to paste them e g to a report You will se
60. nage the type curves in the system for the currently selected evaluation model After clicking a dialogue box with the heading Type curves after Cooper similar to the following example opens xi New Load Save Delete all 1 000E 9 1 000E 8 1 000E 7 1 000E 6 1 000E 5 1 000E 4 1 000E 3 Existing type curves There are already seven type curves in this example The buttons are automatically labelled with the alpha value of the respective type curve The following actions are possible e To menu bar You will return to the menu bar e New You can enter a new type curve NOTE New type curves cannot be calculated using this menu item e Load You can load a dataset with previously saved type curves e Save You can save existing type curves together in a dataset e Delete all You can delete all existing type curves in order to generate new type curves for example e 1 000E 6 1 000E 5 You can view and edit the respective type curve data if required by clicking on each button After clicking New or the button of an existing type curve a dialogue box opens allowing you to enter or edit the type curve parameter and additional parameters depending on the model Cooper Type curve no 7 Alpha 1 0008 3 0 Delete type curve Edit type curve values Cancel GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 50 of 71 September 2008 This allows you to append new type curves acquired for instan
61. ndscape or change the printer in accordance with WINDOWS conventions GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 20 of 71 September 2008 7 1 10 Print and export menu item You can select your output format in a dialogue box You have the following possibilities e Printer allows graphic output of the current screen to the WINDOWS standard printer or to any other printer selected using the menu item File Printer preferences But you may also select a different printer in the following dialogue box by pressing the Printer prefs change printer button Print A m Page sizes Output device civil server Lexmark T630 Output device mm 286 y 201 Image mm 420 0 y 297 0 Printer Printer prefs change printer Landscape Output preferences Zoom factor 1 000 Fit to page Page overlap x mm 0 000 Page overlap y mm 0 000 Dutput of 4 pages 2 wide Print pages ii to a No of copies ou Cancel In the upper group box the maximum dimensions which the printer can accept are given Below this the dimensions of the image to be printed are given If the image is larger than the output format of the printer the image will be printed to several pages in the above e xample 4 In order to facilitate better re connection of the images the possibility of ente ring an overlap for each page in x and y direction is given Alternatively you also have th
62. neated If you answer No then Autofit 2 is complete and you see the type curves on your worksheet If you answer the question with Yes you will next see the following info box close it by click ing OK Search parameters prepared accordingly Please use the autofit 2 function once more OK The program now offers you the opportunity of defining all required parameters Generally you should simply leave the values proposed automatically by the program However you are free to enter your own values In this manner you can further delineate the type curve parameters in sev eral computation runs Ensure that the maximum absolute deviation between the type curve and the measured data really does decrease GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 46 of 71 September 2008 7 4 7 Permeability menu item After a completed fit the hydraulic parameters derived from it will be of interest Various dialogue boxes will open depending on the evaluation model selected see Section 7 4 1 7 4 7 1 Evaluation model after COOPER If you have chosen to use the COOPER evaluation model and go to the Type curves Perme ability menu item the following dialogue box opens Storage coefficient x Determine storage coefficient alpha type curve 6 30957E 2 In this box the type curve parameter together with the well data from which the storage coeffi cient is calculated is proposed for an automatic fit ATTENTION If yo
63. nformation corresponds to the information entered in the menu item Edit Test data see Section 7 2 1 So you see the type curves for an imperfect well after DOUGHERTY are precisely adapted to your respective system You then enter the start and end time dimensionless type curve time and the number of times per decade When you are ready to start the computation click OK The computation may take some time if you have a slow computer Once the computation is complete you can once again decide whether the type curve should be saved and or placed in the list of available curves GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 55 of 71 September 2008 7 4 10 4 MOENCH In contrast to the RAMEY model the model approach after MOENCH takes into consideration a skin zone of limited extent around the well finite skin Accordingly this skin zone possesses a radius measured from the borehole centre a permeability and a storage coefficient Beside the Stehfest points and the type curve parameters you must tell the program e the ratio of the permeability of the aquifer to the permeability of the skin zone e the ratio of the storage coefficient of the skin zone to the storage coefficient of the aquifer and e the ratio of the radius of the skin zone to that of the borehole or the well Generate A Type curve generator after Monch No of Stehfest points a Cd 9 9999939E 0 kf Aq Z kf skin 1 000 S skin 7 5 aq 1 000 t skin
64. ntally displaced by any amount Take note of the status bar ky is shown here in real time This will help to give you a feeling for how the permeability varies for a fit from type curve to type curve Autofit 1 menu item If the Type curves Autofit 1 menu item is selected the program automatically compares the data with the existing type curves and searches for the best fitting type curve using the least squares method Please ensure that you do not have only a very few type curves in your type curves file be cause the program will always find a type curve that fits best Before you can perform an Autofit 1 you must specify in a dialogue window which n data points of the data curve are to be compared to the type curves Normally you can work with the default setting x 1 i e every data point is included in the comparison You can reduce the number of data points for very large datasets by entering 10 for example This makes things a little faster GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 43 of 71 September 2008 Adjust curve automatically to existing type curves Compare every nth value 1628 measured values present From a HZHQ a 0 020 Tob H HO b 0 980 OK Cancel In addition you can specify the range for H Ho that is the region of the y axis for which the fit is performed The default range is from 0 02 to 0 98 The data often become noisy towards the end ofa measuring campaign This ar
65. on Pumpversuchsdaten Investigation and application of pumping test data 191 S Cologne KRUSEMANN G P amp DE RIDDER N A 1991 Untersuchung und Anwendung von Pumpversuchsdaten Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data ILRI Publication 47 1 377 LANGUTH H R amp VOIGT R 1980 Hydrogeologische Methoden Hydrogeological methods 486 p Berlin GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 67 of 71 September 2008 MATEEN K 1983 Slug test data analysis in reservoirs with double porosity behavior Stanford Geothermal Program SGP TR 70 1 91 MATEEN K amp RAMEY H J 1984 Slug test data analysis in reservoirs with double porosity behavior Paper SPE 12779 459 468 MATTHEWS C S RUSSELL D G 1967 Pressure buildup and flow tests in wells Monograph series 1 Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME Ed Dallas 356 S MOENCH A F amp OGATA A 1986 Analysis of constant discharge wells by numerical inversion of Laplace transform solution In Water Resources Monograph Series 9 Groundwater Hydraulics ROSENSHEIN J S BENETT G D Ed 2 Ed S 146 170 MOENCH A F amp HSIEH P A 1985 a Analysis of slug test data in a well with finite thickness skin Memoires Int Ass Hydrogeologists Hydrogeology of rocks of low permeability 17 1 17 29 MOENCH A F amp HSIEH P A 1985 b Comment on Evaluation of slug tests in wells containing a finite thickness skin by C R Faust and J W Mercer Water Resour
66. or slug tests in double porosity media ccccescceseceeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeseeeneeees 12 55 Evaluatiomby HVORSLEV eono A gon 13 5 9 1 Basic assumption iii tad aia 13 5 5 2 General equation of HVORSLEV cocconccnnccnocnconnconoconconncnnnoonnonnnonnnonnonn nr n nr nannnrannnns 13 5 5 3 Determination of shape factor and kp value oooonoonccnnnnincnonooonoocnonncnoncnnnconononocnnoos 14 5 5 4 Conversion of the general equation oooonoccocnnonnoonconnnonconnconnonn nono ronn ono nonn nc nncnnnonnnos 15 5 6 Evaluation by BOUWER amp RICE 0 ccccccceecsessseeseesscssecesecesecaecaecaeecaeecaeeeseeneeenseeneeees 16 6 11 Basic approcher ene ia c 16 5 6 2 Consideration of hydraulically effectiveness of filter gravel oooooonnonnnnnnnn 16 5 6 3 Solvation of the initial equati0O ooooonncnnnnnnnnnoonnonnconnonncnnnonnnonononnrnnronnn nn ro nonnnrcnnnos 17 6 Program AAA AN 18 7 Explanation of menu items seosoesesoessesecsoesessossesoessesoesseseesossesoossesoessesossesoessesoessesessose 19 Teli FALG MENU O OT 19 TEL New menu ites illo 19 TL 2 EA MEA api 19 PL Save Menu A ds te ee 19 AS E A O 19 E A O A ates 19 7 1 6 Read datalogger menu item oooconnnninnnonnconnnonconnconnonn nono nonn non nnnn nn nn non rn nr nncnnnnnneos 19 TA Read ASCII to 19 7 1 8 ASCII output menu Hi Aia 20 7 1 9 Output preferences menu Ie ooooonoonnonnnonononcnnncnononncnn nono nonnnonnnonn ono ncnnnr nan nnnnneos 2
67. r of data pairs No of values for the simulated curve Well data input is carried out via the menu item Edit Test data see Section 7 2 1 After confirming the data with OK the data graph is immediately displayed on your worksheet according to the HVORSLEV model GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 57 of 71 September 2008 7 5 3 7 5 4 Bouwer Rice menu item You will see the same dialogue box as in the previous menu item but with a different heading Input is the same as for Test design Hvorslev Test design x Test design after Bouwer Rice Imperfect well Permeability estimated 1 000000E 7 Water level at test begin 1 000 Water level at test end 0 020 No of values 100 Cancel Cooper Ramey Dougherty M nch menu item The title of this menu item reflects the evaluation model selected in Type curves Cooper see The Test design after Cooper dialogue window that opens when COOPER is selected asks for the permeability and the storage coefficient In addition you can enter the increase for a ficti tious test as well as the water level at the end of the test Finally you enter the number of values per logarithmic decade Test design xl Test design after Cooper Permeability estimated 1 000000 7 Storage coefficient estimated 1 000000 2 Water level at test begin 1000 Water level at test end 0020 No of values decade fio
68. ratio of permeabilities between matrix and joints to be assessed The pressure in a slug test in double porosity media can thus be described as follows during the initial stage only the joints are effective The matrix then begins to feed the joints a transition phase is initiated At the end of the test the fluid originates in the complete system of matrix plus joints GRADER amp RAMEY 1988 developed further the solutions for double porosity Using this ap proach the range of a test can be up to 1000 times the borehole radius under favourable condi tions KARASAKT et al 1988 show that the duration of a slug test does not depend on the water volume inserted or extracted or from the size of the impulse but is directly proportional to the storage constant and inversely proportional to the transmissivity GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 12 of 71 September 2008 5 5 Evaluation by HVORSLEV 5 5 1 Basic assumption All of these models assume a transient radial symmetric flow in a confined aquifer The AVORSLEV 1951 BOUWER RICE 1976 and BOUWER 1989 methods on the other hand employ Thiem s THIEM 1906 well equation for stationary flow These methods are also suitable for use with a free groundwater level HVORSLEV 1951 uses six different empirically determined equations employed according to well and aquifer geometry for determining perme ability The basic assumption is that the water level increases or decrea
69. re licence and the CM stick copy protection hardware the licence as such is thus represented by the CM stick The correct Runtime Kit for the CodeMeter stick must be installed on your PC Upon start up and during running the GGU SLUGTEST program checks that a CM stick is connected If it has been removed the program can no longer be executed For installation of GGU software and the CodeMeter software please refer to the information in the Installation notes for GGU Software International which are supplied with the program GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 5 of 71 September 2008 3 Language selection GGU SLUGTEST is a bilingual program The program always starts with the language setting applicable when it was last ended The language preferences can be changed at any time in the menu using the menu item Ubersetzung for German or International version for English 4 Starting the program After starting the program you will see two menus at the top of the window e File e After clicking on the File menu you can load a previously analysed system by means of the Load menu item or a new one created using New Seven menus then appear at the top of the window e File e Edit e Hvorslev e Type curves e Test design e Graphic preferences e After clicking one of these menus the so called menu items roll down allowing you access to all program functions The program works on the principle of
70. relationships given assume that the water level is within the blank casing and fluctuates in this region If however the at rest or the altered water level is within the well filter region the hy draulic effectiveness of the filter gravel must be taken into consideration BOUWER 1989 In stead of r an equivalent radius in accordance with Fono Un r tar where Tas Effective standpipe radius m te Radius of screen blank casing m Tact Radius of well m n Porosity of filter gravel 1 must be adopted GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 16 of 71 September 2008 5 6 3 Solvation of the initial equation By substituting and solving from the previous equations we get 2k Lot Yi Yo XP C anem and TAR Mw q Y k 2L t l A where yo Drawdown in wellatt 0 m Yt Drawdown in well att gt 0 m t Time s Re Range m The range R of a slug or bail test was determined with the aid of an electro analogue model The following relationship applies for a perfect well H Ly Re _ 11 c lie In fg In Ly ty Lo ty The following equation is used for an imperfect well Ro _ Lt A Bin H L r ll In Gar man w where H is defined as the distance between the groundwater base and the at rest water level in metres The coefficients A B and C are determined from a diagram as a function of L ry We can write P Jo k p In F where r In R r D DE Because D is known for
71. s The dimensionless pressure or water level hp can be formulated as a function of time location system geometry and other influencing factors and the dimensionless time tp as a function of the well radius for example EARLOUGHER 1977 hp f time location geometry tp f well radius time This model has the advantage that the dimensionless variables are directly proportional to the dimensioned variables and can thus be mutually converted by simple transformations The complete description of the solution also consists of specification and formulation of bound ary conditions The type of input signal e g the pressure impulse for a slug test can be seen as one of the inner boundary conditions In addition the influence of the borehole or the well itself must be considered For a free ground water level the wellbore storage of a well or borehole is defined as E m rp Pw 8 and C c V for an enclosed volume of water Where C Storage constant m m Tp Well radius m Pw Density of groundwater kg m g Gravitational acceleration m s Cw Compressibility of water m N Vw Volume of water column m GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 9 of 71 September 2008 5 2 4 Skin effect Often a zone with altered hydraulic properties to those of the surrounding rocks can be observed in the immediate vicinity of a borehole or a well This is chiefly caused by the penetration of drill ing mud and additi
72. sentation The following mouse wheel functions are available e Mouse wheel up move screen image up e Mouse wheel down move screen image down e Ctrl mouse wheel up enlarge screen image zoom in e Ctrl mouse wheel down shrink screen image zoom out e Shift mouse wheel up move screen image right e Shift mouse wheel down move screen image left By double clicking the left mouse button on output sheet or Mini CAD objects the editor for the selected object immediately opens allowing it to be edited By double clicking output sheet ele ments while holding the Shift key the preferences for the position size and appearance of the element open for editing in the editor GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 65 of 71 September 2008 Some of the function keys are assigned program functions The allocations are noted after the corresponding menu items The individual function key allocations are e Esc refreshes the screen contents and sets the screen back to the given format This is useful for example if you have used the zoom function to display parts of the screen and would like to quickly return to a complete overview e F1 opens the menu item Hvorslev Height log e F2 refreshes the screen without altering the current magnification e F3 opens the menu item Hvorslev Hvorslev e F4 opens the menu item Type curves Cooper or similar e F5 opens the menu item Type curves H
73. ses exponentially during a slug test In contrast to all other authors HVORSLEV 1951 differentiates between a horizontal a vertical and a mean permeability Where necessary this allows due consideration of rock mass anisotropy 5 5 2 General equation of HVORSLEV A general derivative of the HVORSLEV equation can be formulated as follows With q Percolation m s t Time s A Flow cross section m y Increase in water level m yo At rest water level m kr Permeability m s L Flow path m the differential equation q dt A dy and Darcy s Law aga Ak Y after introducing F A L m substituting and integrating becomes k apt In h h where h and h are the gauge levels at the subsequent times t and ty GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 13 of 71 September 2008 5 5 3 Determination of shape factor and k value F is known as the shape factor and takes into consideration the idealised flow path L according to the well configuration and aquifer geometry Because L cannot be exactly calculated HVORSLEV 1951 determined empirical shape factors for six different test arrangements which are used in the ky value equation The most frequently used equation is valid for an open imperfect well in a free aquifer of infinite thickness The following then applies for the shape factor F ww 27 L Tn 2m L D This leads us to the horizontal coefficient of permeability k h pent In h h ifm L D gt 4 or a in
74. tem If you have altered the presentation on the output sheet using Edit Value range manually Edit Fit in or Edit Graphically this menu item will take you back to a presentation that includes all measured values with the automatically determined minimum and maximum time and height values This function can also be accessed using the F8 key 7 2 10 Fit in menu item The range selected using the Edit Value range manually menu item is displayed using the space available on the output sheet to its optimum This function can also be accessed using the F9 key 7 2 11 Graphically menu item In principal this is the same option as described in Section 7 2 8 the difference being that you can comfortably define the value range graphically All you have to do is simultaneously hold the Shift and Ctrl keys together with the left mouse button to define the required window If you activate the check box Apply to time axis only in the message box only the new time coordinates are accepted the y axis with the height data remains unchanged the diagram is stretched in x direction GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 31 of 71 September 2008 7 2 12 General menu item You can annotate the output sheet with general information on the evaluated test Enter the infor mation into the following dialogue box AA ts General data Project 1 st line cooPeR Project 2nd line PO Processed by Bub R sch Date 21
75. th the right mouse button The last delete can be undone by simultaneously pressing the Backspace and Alt keys GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 27 of 71 September 2008 7 2 7 Modify menu item This menu item offers numerous options for processing your data Mody Edit times Edit measured values Remove measured values Double measured values Values monotonous decreasing Walues monotonous increasing On Bezier curve method 1 On Bezier curve method 2 Values on a spline 1111 Smooth values using spline Roughen values These actions directly alter your measured data No undo is available for any actions with the exception of Edit times and Edit measured values i e you cannot reset any of the editing performed on the data Before you carry out any irreversible manipulations on your data you should save the file under a different name in order to retain the original data e Edit times By linking to a constant you can convert the times associated with your values e g from seconds to minutes times Edit times Time new time old constant Constant 60 00000 Link C E os oO e Edit measured values You can edit your values by linking to a constant This makes it very simple to correct reading errors for all values GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 28 of 71 September 2008 e Remove measured values You can decrease the number of values by deleting every n v
76. u have previously performed a hand fit you must enter the correct type curve parameter yourself If you confirm the proposed value or the value determined by means of hand fit with OK the storage coefficient is shown After confirming the storage coefficient with OK a new box opens presenting you with the result of your evaluation Result es Type curves after Cooper kf 9 95E 8m s HO 0 560 m Transmissivity 1 99E 7 m s Storage coefficient 1 009E 2 As result text In the first line you are reminded of the selected evaluation model Below this are k and the user defined Ho the transmissivity and the storage coefficient once again Close this info box with OK If you would like to transfer the results to your worksheet click the As result text but ton The results are then displayed in the lower right box of the worksheet also see the Edit Result text menu item Section 7 2 13 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 47 of 71 September 2008 7 4 7 2 Evaluation model after RAMEY If you selected the RAMEY model for your fit and you activate the Type curves Permeabil ity menu item a window opens with the heading Determine storage coefficient or skin and showing the type curve parameters and the storage coefficient Furthermore a value for the skin is proposed E xl Determine storage coefficient or skin Cd expl2 skin type curve 6 30957E 2 Storage coefficient 5 00000E 0 Sk
77. uifer configura tion For HVORSLEV k then follows together with the correlation coefficient and the calculated e function GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 36 of 71 September 2008 For the evaluation after BOUWER amp RICE k is followed by the transmissivity and then the pa rameter C This parameter is required internally for the calculation of certain quantities involved in the BOUWER model and is intended as a control mechanism for advanced users A 8 x Bouwer Rice Perfect well kf 9 66E 8 m s Transmissivity 3 86E 7 m s C 1 116E 0 Range 1 39E 0 m H exp 6 3551E 1 2 2500E 5 t r 0 074 OK As result text The range of the slug tests follows this Finally the equation for the adapted e function is given followed by the correlation coefficient as a measure of the agreement between the measured data and the calculated course You confirm the results with OK and close the result window The As result text button sends the content of the result window to your output sheet The complete text then appears in the lower right box of the output sheet The text can be processed further using the Edit Result text menu item see Section 7 2 13 7 3 7 Individual values menu item Use this menu item to study a point on your curve in more detail Click on the data point with the left mouse button A message window opens as shown in the following example for point no 415 Close the window using the OK
78. ure 5 Aquifer configuration after MOENCH ooooncciccnionnonnnoncnnnnonocononnncnnn cono cn nc ona con nc nnncnn crac 42 GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 4 of 71 September 2008 1 Preface The GGU SLUGTEST program allows the evaluation and graphical representation of slug tests Data input is in accordance with WINDOWS conventions and can therefore be learned almost entirely without the use of a manual Graphic output supports the true type fonts supplied with WINDOWS so that excellent layout is guaranteed Colour output and any graphics e g files in formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc are supported DXF files can also be imported by means of the integrated Mini CAD module see the Mini CAD manual The program has been thoroughly tested No faults have been found Nevertheless liability for completeness and correctness of the program and the manual and for any damage resulting from incompleteness or incorrectness cannot be accepted 2 Licence protection In order to guarantee a high degree of quality a hardware based copy protection system is used for the GGU SLUGTEST program The GGU software protected by the CodeMeter copy protection system is only available in conjunction with the CodeMeter stick copy protection component hardware for connection to the PC CM stick Because of the way the system is configured the protected software can only be operated with the corresponding CM stick This creates a fixed link between the softwa
79. ut methoOd ococcnninnnnncnoninonnnnacnnnonon 29 Spline CUrVE tomos tara toto 29 Stationary flOW koninin ais 13 Status bar main program activate 63 Stehfest algorithm Stehfest points 0 0 0 0 50 33 Storage capacity of Joints oooonocnncnnonicnnccconcnnss 12 Storage coefficient ceeeceeeeteeseeeeeeteeeee 8 47 Storage Constant ceeeeecsseceeeceeeeeesseeeeeeeeees 12 Swelling of existing clay minerals 10 System mformation cceceecesecseeseeeeceeeenee 64 Theis type curve method eee eeeeeeereeeees 11 Di ida 13 Thiem s well equatiOM o oococnccninncnonncnonicnnnnonnn 13 Time coordinates define NeW oooconnccnnnconnconos 31 Toolbar menu items oooooccnoccnonnnoncnonncinnoconoconoss 63 Transient radial symmetric flow eee 7 Transition phase 12 Translation suoneen Aten e Anite 64 TYaNSMUSSiVity oiiaaie 8 12 Tru typefont ci i 45s Lance hadeiactes 61 Type Curve OptiMUM 0 eee eecreeeeereeeeee 45 Type curves cocccocococcconnconnnons we 11 38 Type Curves annotatlON occonncniononcnnnanincnnnonon 59 Type Curves Tllicicionc ninia dioss 43 Type curves paraMCtOL oocccoccnocononicnnincnnocnonnnin 44 Type curves parameter combinations 52 Type Curves SAVE coccocconconnooncononnonnnnnnconocanonnnnns 53 Type curves standard coooociccocnconiciccononononancnnnanon 39 Value pairs append delete eee eeeeeeeee 27 Variable head method
80. ved you must save them using Type curves Edit type curves button Save as described in Section 7 4 8 The default file is called GGU SLUGTEST tkv GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 53 of 71 September 2008 7 4 10 2 RAMEY In principle generating type curves according to the Ramey evaluation model is exactly the same as the COOPER model The only difference for Ramey is the type curve parameter Cp e Generate E Type curve generator after Ramey No of Stehfest points fiz Cd expl2 skin 9 9999939E 0 Min td Cd 1 0000000E 4 Max td Cd 1 0000000E 4 No of times decade fo lx GGU SLUGTEST User Manual Page 54 of 71 September 2008 7 4 10 3 DOUGHERTY In the DOUGHERTY model you must know the well and aquifer geometry beside input of the previously mentioned parameters or at least enter plausible estimates You should have the fol lowing parameters ready e the aquifer thickness e the distance between the base of the aquifer and the base of the screen e the distance between the base and the top of the screen length of screen These values must be respectively divided by the borehole radius Generate A Type curve generator after Dougherty No of Stehfest points A Cd 9 9999939E 0 Aquifer thickness rw 160 000 UKA UKF rw 0 000 UKA OKF iw 32 000 Min td Cd 1 0000000E 4 Max td Cd 1 0000000E 4 No of times decade fo Corea The i
81. ves or by the swelling of existing clay minerals The drilling process can also lead to decompaction of the rock mass The resulting change in pressure is known as the skin effect HURST 1953 Mathematically the skin effect can be described in two ways either as an infinitesimally small zone without inherent storage capacity VAN EVERDINGEN 1935 or as a finite zone of given dimensions with inherent storage capacity MOENCH amp HSIEH 1985 a KARASAKI 1986 For an infinitesimally small skin zone the following applies s 1 in 2 where s Skin factor Permeability of aquifer m s k Permeability of skin zone m s Le Radius of skin zone m Tp Well borehole radius m For practical application an infinitesimal skin can be described using the concept of the effective borehole radius res EARLOUGHER 1977 Ss Nog Vp e This means that for a skin factor different to zero the hydraulically effective radius no longer corresponds to the actual well radius For a skin factor greater than zero the effective radius is smaller than the well radius and for a skin factor smaller than zero the effective radius becomes greater than the well radius The skin factor lies between infinite for completely sealed boreholes and 5 for stimulated i e fractured boreholes EARLOUGHER 1977 After HAWKINS 1956 the pressure loss or increase for an infinitesimal skin zone is h s where h Pressure loss m s Skin fa

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