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27th Seismic Research Review: Ground

1. e TCP IP connectivity making the instruments true Internet appliances with HTTP Web Telnet and FTP access e Standard data formats with CD 1 1 and error recovery e Data compression e Remote software updates via the Internet e Reliable VSAT satellite communications These advancements are already implemented in Geotech s new instruments and are in use by customers in the field Consumer mass market products cell phones PDAs MP3 players etc are propelling the push for smaller low power components that will allow for further significant reductions in size and power of these instruments At the same time there are now some viable options for low power satellite and wireless communications that were not previously available New and faster communications options are also on the horizon and will become available in the next few years Advanced power sources such as fuel cell technology are maturing with many products coming on line in the next year or so For these reasons Phase I of this project has shown that it is not only feasible it is the ideal time to push forward and continue the development of a RRSS into Phase II 887 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OPTIMIZING DATA ACCESS AND AVAILABILITY FOR SEISMIC CALIBRATION RESEARCH Michael L Begnaud Richard J Stead Julio Aguilar Chang and Hans E Hartse Los Alamos National Laboratory Sponsored by National
2. After selecting a station from the list the tool computes and displays its dispersion curve Figure 2 illustrates the set of windows used while working with the new LR Path Tool Coda Magnitude Tool CodaMag Tool is a waveform analysis interface launched from MatSeis that allows the user to calculate magnitudes and source spectra for an event of interest by fitting empirical decay functions to narrow band coda envelopes of a given phase currently Lg The technique was developed by Mayeda and has been described in detail in several papers Mayeda 1993 Mayeda and Walter 1996 Mayeda et al 1999 Mayeda et al 2003 The tool consists of two displays The main one shows the calculated moment spectrum and the derived magnitudes The second display launched from the first shows how the spectrum was derived The user can adjust the Lg arrival window examine the fit between the observed and synthetic envelopes and control which frequency bands are used for the magnitude calculations The various required parameters frequency bands groups velocity windows decay curves etc are read from parameter files unique to each station New features to version 1 10 include display of theoretical source moment rate spectrum and S wave corner frequency to help evaluate the quantities derived from the data For computing the CodaMag theoretical source moment rate spectrum we started with the spectral shape defined by Brune 1970 given in Equation 1
3. LANL View Submit Problems listed for the Database B i Data Request System DRS LANL e Oracle Reference Documents LANL View Submit Data Requests Waveforms Picking rey te e LANL GNEM specific Information i o Database Start Stop Instructions View Database Holdings E ae se o GNEM Oracle Functions Includes Origin EVID Query Form na a Can view Location Database Holdings for EVID o HPSS Instructions for Mercury transfers Data Holdings LANL e LINKS Glossary o DOE GNEM R amp E View Edit Glossary Items a Weekly Highlights i a Knowledge Base Development includes Working Groups FileShare etc o PDF plugin for Mac OS X browsers view PDF EPS PS Lastid and Lastid Status LANL although Acrobat 7 now has a plugin for Macintosh View Update GLOBAL Lastid Lastid Status Tables Picking Status LANL Listings of Picking Status entries E Schema Information View Edit Schema Items Change your password A Figure 1 LANL GNEM starting web page From this page users can access seismic database entries glossary and schema information logistical data and GNEM related internal pages 889 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies LANL GNEM R amp E Database Web Queries REQUEST SYSTEMS HOLDINGS LASTID GLOSSARY SCHEMA PICK STATUS is Return to Main Page EVID Data Holdings Search Enter an
4. Se a oa fafaj a fefee woo 21 poeosr an os a Joj fo posas me Sios m a y oa oa fat a feefee aooo s pressos sr os f a poof ow o penj sac aoso m fe a f oa a a a fefefe Soons 347 fossene sa a foj jo puoafua aaoo m e a f a faja a fefefe ooon 292 perro es a3 a foj fo posccseofus iaioo m fm a f oa faga a fefefe Soons ees poroso ve as a foj jo san E e ea a a afa eap oon o p co oe a aw oe e puosfua aooo e ej af a faje a feje onos sas porosie ooo a fj iow ectmap Holdings for ORID Z on MAGID NET EVID MAGTYPE NSTA IAGNITUDE UNCERTAINTY AUTH COMMID LDDATI esos fizia7e a E 2003 01 31 00 00 00 0 fss29st 1 era feossasar pasne e fana om a 1 999 asc 1 fooson 00 00 00 sonst 1 UL e E P 2ias mm 51 1 993 sc 1 _ 2ons o1 s100 00 000 so2951 1 Suk Jposeassahizisvo P 2255 mm 9 1 993 sc 1 _2oas or s100 00 000 so2s1 1 E 2202 mm 5s 1 993 sc 1 _ 2oas o1 s100 00 000 fso29st 1 11s eosaescafizisve P 2saz me 53 1 999 sc 1 _zous an s1 00 00 00 e021 1 Zia fposcasesfiziavo P 239 mm ss 1 993 isc 1 _ 2oas o1 s100 00 000 s02951 1 sur fposeasvafiziavo P 2013 mm es 1 993 _ sc 1 _ 2ons or s100 00 000 CEO 1 Dix e E P 2ea7 me 58 1 999 sc 1 _ z0asar s100 00 000 sonst 1 Eas e E P 28 me sa 1 999 _ sc 1 _ zo0s or s10
5. The many to many array membership in networks is captured with another association table ArrayNetwork Again this table has starttime and endtime columns to capture the period of membership for each array in a network Channels Each site is composed of one or more seismic instruments to record the motion of the Earth Information about each instrument deployed at a site is captured in the current schema with the Sitechan table and our Sitechan table is nearly identical One important difference is that we explicitly model the one to many relationship between Site and Sitechan by giving our Sitechan table a foreign key pointing to the primary key in Site siteid We use starttime endtime columns in Sitechan to record the operational period for the particular channel which may be different from the starttime endtime appropriate for the site as a whole Aliases A further source of confusion with lookup information not captured by the current schema is that arrays sites and channels can all have aliases i e synonyms For example a short period vertical channel may be SHZ or SZ The fact that such names are equivalent is not captured in the current schema and this can lead to errors when using data We fix the problem by introducing a set of very similar tables ArrAlias SiteAlias ChanAlias to link the various aliases to the true name Each of these tables has starttime and endtime columns to capture the duration of the alias M
6. 12 12 1991 346 00 00 00 000 NULL _f1o0000s9 1 o y _ 20os o9 01 12 08 00 0 oos 1 o spse ZAL LAL 0 06966 31 25 g tsp Responses_ LANL ZAL_Ip witsp Responses LANLIZAL p l wissp Responses LANL ZAL Ip jes m a fo 11246 625 J wrp Responses LANUZAL_mp 1 paz 9 2 f NL J BIE 0 oz 0 0049 0 3125 igirsp Responses LANUZAL sp 1 paz 0 0049 0 3125 iwitsp Responses LANLIZAL sp I paz 2004 09 01 12 08 02 0 zs a Figure 6 Site query and information pages for a single station ZAL In addition to standard site information affiliation sitechan sensor and instrument data are also displayed Users may also plot a map of the site 893 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies The COLASSOC table associates a given COLDESCRIPT with a TABDESCRIPT The table will have multiple columns column positions through the total number in order and columns can appear in multiple tables The column type will define the basic function of the field in the database 1 e primary key unique key descriptive data measurement data administrative data Key allows key columns to be identified with respect to the table the reference table for the key or a table in which the key is foreign These keys are primarily numerical identifiers Keyschema is used when the reference table is part of a separate schema The GLOSSARY table serves two purpo
7. Bowman 2005a b average meteorological conditions wind speed wind direction temperature and absolute pressure were calculated for the same 3 minute windows at 21 of the IMS stations This computation utilized approximately three million data segments LR I e ST i s iU eter aN a4 T T eat renin en 41 i a no is 1 j rwo 9 aa aw 8 w Figure 4 Data from 34 current infrasound stations are in the RDSS data archive 949 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies The RDSS has a special server configuration to provide data intensive computing capability to the nuclear explosion monitoring R amp D community Remote users access a server which has direct read only file access to the entire spinning disk mass storage system Users essentially upload their code to the server rather than download data The UNIX server is equipped with compilers database access and local storage for writing the results of computations The user s code runs on the server and can read any waveform data in the archive all data files are in CSS3 0 format Researchers interested in utilizing this service should contact the RDSS log Power Spectral Density Pa Hz 0 05 0 1 0 3 0 7 1 7 3 9 10 Frequency Hz Figure 5 Probability density function of Power Spectral Density PSD for all time intervals at 25 infrasound stations About 1 4 million spectra are binned in intervals of 0 1 log PSD Th
8. NNSA Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Research and Engineering GNEM R amp E program has made significant progress enhancing the process of deriving seismic calibrations and performing scientific integration with automation tools We present an overview of our software automation and scientific data management efforts and discuss frameworks to address the problematic issues of very large datasets and varied formats utilized during seismic calibration research The software and scientific automation initiatives directly support the rapid collection of raw and contextual seismic data used in research provide efficient interfaces for researchers to measure and analyze data and provide a framework for research dataset integration The automation also improves the researchers ability to assemble quality controlled research products for delivery into the NNSA Knowledge Base KB The software and scientific automation tasks provide the robust foundation upon which synergistic and efficient development of GNEM R amp E program seismic calibration research may be built The task of constructing many seismic calibration products is labor intensive and complex hence expensive However aspects of calibration product construction are susceptible to automation and future economies We are applying software and scientific automation to problems within two distinct phases or tiers of the seismic calibration process The first tier involves initial colle
9. S w ea Equation 1 1 Where So is the zero frequency spectral level and w is the angular corner frequency Since the moment rate spectrum is required to have a zero frequency spectral level equal to the moment Mo the term So in equation is substituted with the moment yielding Equation 2 which is the moment rate spectrum plotted in CodaMag Tool Mo 1 moment rate spectrum w Equation 2 For calculation of the S wave corner frequency we use the formulation by ba ue nena a wag dee Origin 8476966 2003 03 22 20 38 40 460 specific Magnitude Distance Amplitude l NCNBHEOd NCNBHNOC Correction MDAC parameters Figure yenn 3 shows a screen shot of version 1 10 of CodaMag Tool illustrating the new eretarane literal tela features of the tool cease 2 Eee quantity Mmeansdev CodaMag fool Summary Help The upcoming work on CodaMag Tool will include displaying values of Mw retrieved from different internal database sources i e STAMAG Yield kt NaN NETMAG and DISCRIM DATA tables to help evaluate the accuracy of coda magnitude calibration for a given station multiple band yield estimates by region reading processing parameters from database tables and storage of the processing parameters in database tables Ca a hes ae a x ga a J r co p mm i Cc 0 05 0 1 Ge a Frequency Hz OK Figure 3 CodaMag Tool illustrating new features Solid whi
10. at regional and teleseismic stations Just as for the scaled explosion signals above we compared the A T measurements from the scaled P and Pn signals to the target values for the earthquakes m REB 2 5 4 5 When this scaling model was applied to the signals from 17 ai southern Asia earthquakes the A T measurements were mheanbhan M PETAEN TETE T in very good agreement with the expectation Figure 5b There appears to be very little indication of bias in Aftershock the results the slope of the least squares straight line fit iif lism to the observations is 0 99 and the intercept is 0 02 Scatter about the line is about 0 7 magnitude units only m l OOOO OUPO slightly greater than the scatter seen in the Preaciea Rat corresponding explosion measurements We conclude that the cube root model combined with our logMo my relation Table 1 provides a reasonable procedure for scaling the southern Asia earthquakes We are continuing to look at additional validation with spectral ratios e g Figure 7 from nearly co located events and to evaluate alternatives including an earthquake model with quad root corner frequency dependence Amplitude Ratis Table 1 Preferred moment vs m relationship l LogMo m relation for cube root model O Fregen log Mo m REB 18 55 mp REB lt 3 8 Figure 7 Spectral ratio of a mainshock aftershock log Mo 1 5 mp REB 16 65 3 8 lt m REB lt 4 8 pair in southern As
11. devices and configurations 2 overall size and power reduction using low power highly integrated miniaturized components 3 integrated most of the major subsystems of the station into a single electronics package 4 new low power satellite and wireless commutations options and 5 advanced power supplies such as fuel cell technologies Phase I found that due to the convergence of these technologies driven by the consumer mass market it was feasible to develop a much improved seismic data acquisition platform for future needs Continuing forward into Phase II this project will result in a working prototype system for a new generation of robust remote seismic stations that will integrate the technologies investigated in Phase I Using the conceptual designs developed in Phase I prototype hardware and software will be designed fabricated and tested in Phase II This project specifically pertains to land based borehole seismic data collection stations however the concepts developed are equally applicable to surface vault type seismic hydroacoustic and infrasound data collection stations In addition to national security and nonproliferation applications the hardware and software developed in this project will be directly applicable to commercial earthquake strong motion infrasound and hydroacoustic data acquisition and monitoring By providing high quality reliable data more data will be available for monitoring and study activities that s
12. e TCP IP based stack and transport providing error recovery and retransmission e CD 1 1 continuous data format providing error recovery data buffering and retransmission e Data compression providing up to 6 1 compression low noise 2 3 1 typical with high seismic background level The decision was made to not integrate the data modem directly into the digitizer package but to rather provide standard ethernet and serial interfaces to a communication subsystem Since at this time there is no universal communication solution to meet all needs this provides the most flexible solution to allow any TCP IP based solution to be used now and in the future as the need and technology presents itself In analyzing the communication requirements of a typical seismic data acquisition station with three channels running at 40 sps with authentication and compression turned on the minimum required bit rate was found to be 9600 bps to account for data commands and protocol overhead at a ten second data frame interval Larger data frame intervals do not appreciably increase transmission efficiency as shown in Table 2 and Figure 5 In Phase II of this project Geotech will purchase and test various communication solutions that meet this requirement Table 2 Communication bandwidth requirements at various data frame intervals This assumes three channels at 40 sps with 2 1 data compression and 50 overhead for command and protocol requirements Data Frame S
13. estimated by autoregressive methods The upper panel features the locations made without systematic slowness and travel time corrections in the location procedure and the lower panel features locations made applying corrections Note that not all of the events shown in Figure 1 are included in these figures since events which fail to match required components of the templates are excluded prior to the location procedure Each event which is located showed sufficient evidence of belonging to the geographical region represented by the template this essentially eliminates the possibility of events being located at large distances from the target sites Locations are made using the HYPOSAT algorithm Schweitzer 2001 using only the Pn and Sn phase arrivals at the ARCES array Pg and Sg for the Zapoljarni mines 931 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies A template based event location procedure For each of the mining regions displayed in Figure 1 a site template was formulated listing two anticipated phases the initial P arrival at ARCES which would be used to trigger an event hypothesis and the first S arrival only used to confirm an event hypothesis The first S arrival at ARCES is Sn for all of the sites shown except for the Zapoljarni mines for which the Sg phase is the first secondary phase to arrive The slowness bounds for each of the phase templates were set according to the variability observ
14. waveform and instrument response data Over time the connections were established and routines were developed to use the FMI client as the backbone for download Once this basic capability was available in MatSeis we were then able to work on more detailed use cases One of these was the conversion of retrieved waveforms from counts to nano meters nm In this use case the user sets up a time window based query start time and duration and specifies the network station channel and location code desired for download The provided information is used by the data center to search its holdings and reply with the number of waveforms that met the provided criteria The user can use the received information about available holdings to further restrict which waveforms to download by specifying limits in latitude longitude coordinates or by distance azimuth In the end the user will select to retrieve the waveforms Once the waveforms are retrieved the user is prompted to decide whether waveform calibration is desired If it is then a list is built of the waveforms network s station s channel s and 908 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies location codes and used in querying the data center s network server for the instrument response files The available instrument response files are then downloaded saved to disk and then used to calibrate the waveforms to a specific frequency based on the wavefor
15. 0 to 15 km and region specific databases for the Lop Nor China region and the Arctic region In this paper we provide a summary of the major RDSS data assets and resources We provide examples and descriptions of the types of data and metadata in each database and provide information on how these resources can be accessed 946 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVE The objective of the RDSS is to support the nuclear explosion monitoring research and development community with a wide range of data state of the art data access tools and value added datasets RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED During the current contract we have pursued initiatives in three primary areas with the goal of extending existing resources or developing new resources which will provide direct benefit to the nuclear explosion monitoring R amp D community First we have expanded and improved the waveform archive concentrating especially on creating a high speed archive and new access tools which fully exploit the capabilities of the new system Second we have improved our existing value added R amp D databases and have created several new databases Third we have developed new tools using an application service provider model to provide remote users with access to sophisticated R amp D software In the following sections we describe these developments in greater detail Waveform Archive and Data Access The RDS
16. 120684 0 713 34 192 057 1990057 EDR M 2 16 28 11 590 00 00 03 05 1990 oe 04 119195 120974 38211 40571 064 1990064 02 59 42 460 00 Fed 00 0 03 21 1990 119936 121718 37066 43 759 080 EDR M 09 56 40 060 04 11 1990 m 04 120905 122697 37 796 43 744 101 1990101 EDR M 01 40 13 280 00 00 00 0 04 20 1990 200 121376 2843891 403 110 4531707 4531708 3 23 30 08 670 31 53 ga a ias a g4 121449 123247 4032 39 47 4090 EDR M 00 4 14330 00 00 00 0 05 03 1990 4 122011 2844040 39643 38362 123 1990123 219 219 ap 46 4531945 4531946 3 21 05 22 300 31 54 05 17 1990 Figure 3 Partial results of table output for origin query using parameters from Figure 2 Users may select the EVID at left to view specific data origins arrivals netmags etc for that event Other terms are cross referenced with glossary tables giving the definition of the term Data Extent Zoom In i Bzcom our a phe None ia Data Extent Zoom In Factor 1 Zoom Out Factor 1 2 4 Symbol Labels None W 45 623003 dd ddd or dd mm dd ddd or dd mm A 34 474996 32 699996 ddddd or dd mm dd ddd or dd mm 47 195703 Map it Figure 4 Interactive map of origins produced from query in Figure 2 Users can zoom in or out set the bounds of the map and translate the view Labels can also be turned on or off 891 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies L
17. 4 0 i A i e4 ea g peT T ft 5 3 0 ed y 1 02 x 0 02 i 2 5 Vio v 2 0 eae ee Po o G 1 5 A poo ee 7 X 1 0 w E 2 E 0 5 0 0 b 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 mb difference event mb target mb mb difference event mb target mb Figure 5 Results of magnitude differences for P and Pn signals measured from routine processing of the observations from 6 southern Asia nuclear explosions scaled using MM explosion source scaling a and from 17 southern Asia earthquakes scaled using our preferred cube root earthquake model b 920 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies corner frequency dependence on seismic moment Our Observed log MO EHB worldwide la caan analyses to date focus on the model with cube root corner gt Westem US REB frequency dependence In the earthquake model we o Eastern US REB followed the approach of Hanks and Bakun 2002 using amp Preferred Cube root model the definition of moment magnitude Mw to establish the i relationship to source moment i e logMp 1 5 Mw 16 05 We began with a simple linear model for relating M to my We drew upon observations from the global EHB Engdahl et al 1998 earthquake sample for large events m REB gt 4 along with observations from smaller events for selected areas reported by Patton 2001 which were adjusted to equi
18. Administration Knowledge Base Core Table Schema Document Sandia National Laboratories SAND2002 3005 available at http www nemre nn doe gov Hart D M 2004 Automated Infrasound Signal Detection Algorithms Implemented in MatSeis Infra Tool Sandia Technical Report SAND2004 1889 Hart D M and Chris J Young 2004 MatSeis User Manual version 1 9 https www nemre nnsa doe gov prod nemre fileshare matseis_manual pdf Hartse H E Taylor S R Phillips W S and G E Randall 1997 A preliminary study of regional seismic discrimination in central Asia with emphasis on western China Bull Seism Soc Am 87 551 568 Herrin E and T Goforth 1977 Phase matched filters application to the study of rayleigh waves Bull Seism Soc Am 67 1259 1275 Mayeda K 1993 Mb LgCoda a stable single station estimator of magnitude Bull Seism Soc Am 83 851 861 Mayeda K and W R Walter 1996 Moment energy stress drop and source spectra of western United States earthquakes from regional coda envelopes J Geophys Res 101 11 195 11 208 Mayeda K R Hofstetter A J Rodgers and W R Walter 1999 Applying coda envelope measurements to local and regional waveforms for stable estimates of magnitude source spectra and energy 2 st Annual Seismic Research Symposium on Monitoring a CTBT Vol I pp 527 533 Mayeda K A Hofstetter J L O Boyle and W R Walter 2003 Stable and Transportable R
19. There are three main categories of QC manual tool assisted and automated Improvements in manual QC are occurring constantly as a wider variety of issues are captured and understood But this kind of QC is the least transportable and repeatable The next step is to capture the tracking and resolution of QC problems in various simple tools usually case specific scripts Tool assisted QC is more transportable and repeatable since the script serves as documentation of procedures but it still requires case by case modification and application Automated QC is preferred and cannot happen without there first being a fairly comprehensive understanding of the problem The best approach to automated QC 1s to document exactly what the database should be and reject anything that does not conform This approach is why the database descriptive schema discussed above has been a valuable tool in automated QC This cannot address all QC issues for example QC of waveforms but will handle the bulk of the information in the database LANL now has an automated process that can be configured to run a very comprehensive QC against a wide variety of data sets that may be incorporated into the KB Since it is based on the content of the schema tables 1 e TABDESCRIPT COLASSOC COLDESCRIPT GLOSSARY it can readily handle the addition of new custom tables for particular data sets It produces a comprehensive QC report that greatly speeds the identification of problems tha
20. We have also demonstrated the need to correct for systematic bias in direction and travel time measurements in the location procedure The most time consuming and difficult part of this procedure is in the calibration of templates for events known to have originated from a given site This has been facilitated in this study by the provision of ground truth information from operators of the mines in NW Russia and the application of waveform correlation procedures elsewhere To conclude this project we will examine the effectiveness of such a procedure for sites of recurring seismicity in Kazakhstan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Vladimir Asming and colleagues at the Kola Regional Seismological Center in Apatity Russia for collecting ground truth information from the Russian mine operating companies as to the sites and times of routine industrial explosions We would also like to thank staff at the Kazakhstan NDC for providing data from the Kazakh stan array network together with automatic and reviewed event bulletins REFERENCES Baggeroer A B W A Kuperman and P N Mikhalevsky 1993 An overview of matched field methods in ocean acoustics in JEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 19 4 401 424 Gibbons S J T Kv rna and F Ringdal 2005 Monitoring of seismic events from a specific source region using a single regional array in J Seismol in press Harris D B F Ringdal E O Kremenetskaya S Mykkeltveit J Sc
21. We have applied the process to the Fennoscandian arrays and the arrays in Kazakhstan As an initial step every detection at each of the stations employed is reprocessed in two stages firstly the onset time is re estimated using an autoregressive method and secondly the slowness is estimated using broadband f k analysis in several predetermined fixed frequency bands The slowness observed can vary considerably from one frequency band to another and the frequency band providing the most stable estimates for repeated observations from a given source varies greatly from site to site For the local and regional events considered frequencies below 2 Hz rarely provide useful slowness estimates for the Fennoscandian arrays due to the strong background noise Frequencies above 4 Hz were not used in the reprocessing of the Kazakhstan data due to signal incoherence over the arrays The automatic monitoring system is based upon two types of templates a site template that lists which phases are anticipated at which stations at which times and a template for each phase specifying a permissible range of slowness and azimuth observations In order to calibrate the templates required to identify phase arrivals from events at a given site a dataset of confirmed events is required For the mining regions on the Kola Peninsula of NW Russia lists of confirmed industrial blasts were obtained for many different mines allowing an extensive study of variability of slowne
22. Y L Kung 2005 Data and tools to support nuclear explosion monitoring research and development in Proceedings of the 27 Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies in current Proceedings 926 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies INTEGRATED SEISMIC EVENT DETECTION AND LOCATION BY ADVANCED ARRAY PROCESSING T Kvaerna S J Gibbons F Ringdal and D B Harris NORSAR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Sponsored by National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Contract Nos DE FC52 03NA99517 and W 7405 ENG 482 ABSTRACT We have developed a prototype system for the automatic monitoring of seismic events from sources of interest using regional seismic arrays The aim of such a system is to provide significantly improved location estimates for low magnitude events compared with current automatic approaches combined with a low false alarm rate The system is a generalization of an algorithm developed under a pilot project to monitor events from the Kovdor mine in NW Russia using only the ARCES regional array at a distance of 300 km applying carefully calibrated processing parameters based upon previous observations of confirmed events at the site of interest The new automatic system is therefore suited but not restricted to the single array case
23. Zucca 2003 New signatures of underground nuclear tests revealed by satellite radar interferometry Geophy Res Let 30 2141 Waldhauser D D Schaff P G Richards W Y Kim 2004 Lop Nor revisited underground nuclear explosion locations 1976 1996 from double difference analysis of regional and teleseismic data Bull Seim Soc Am 94 1879 1889 901 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Table 1 Dates of SAR acquisitions used in Lop Nor and London InSAR time series analysis Four London SAR acquisitions were discarded because they contained noticeable atmospheric artifacts Lop Nor London Reference Date Reference Date 902 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies See 2 8 cm displacement away from radar Figure 1 Maps of cumulative displacement since January 1 1996 for Lop Nor One cycle through color wheel represents 2 8 cm of radar line of sight displacement The 19960730 and 19980804 images are noticeably afflicted with atmospheric artifacts 903 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies 25l Feature A 2 E 1 54 5 1l E O osl f a 05 E O OF 0 5 F 1 51 i 0 365 730 1095 Days Reference Date 19960101 1 Feature B 0 5 T eat 5 i E 0 5 5 w am i A 1 1 5 ai i i i i i 0 365 730 1095 Days Reference Date 1996010
24. about one year and it appears to be successful Many of the steps involved in synchronizing local and remote databases are manual and direct interaction with the databases is needed throughout the process Future work includes the automation of many of the synchronization steps and the incorporation of appropriate quality control checks to ensure that the synchronization between databases was successful ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge LANL personnel who have made important contributions in the past and those who continue to make vital contributions to the development and maintenance of the LANL research data warehouse Diane F Baker Marian D Peters W Scott Phillips George E Randall James T Rutledge and Steven R Taylor REFERENCES Carr D 2005 National Nuclear Security Administration Knowledge Base Core Table Schema Document Sandia National Laboratories report SAND2002 3055 897 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies NEW GROUND TRUTH CAPABILITY FROM INSAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Sean M Buckley Paul Vincent and Dochul Yang University of Texas at Austin and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Sponsored by National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Contract Nos DE FC52 03NA99566 and W 7405 ENG 487 ABSTRACT We demonstrate that next generation inter
25. detection probability threshold and the standard deviation is a measure of noise amplitude variation The data in Figure 8 thus support the common assumption of network detection simulations that incremental detection probabilities as a function of m can be approximated by cumulative Gaussian distribution functions Kvaerna and Ringdal 1999 o S F False alarm rates Fm a Estimates of false alarm rates from the rates of Ta Pi ames a unassociated detections become uncertain when based rA on observations of real data such unassociated 9 kA detections include detections of signals from events of 5 eas unknown origin as well as detections triggered by ui e signal coda Clean noise free of signals can provide a z Re d more robust estimate of the false alarm rate that is gT rai unbiased both due to signals of unknown origin and due ae i to coda detections doar o Ue F In Table 2 we compare the false alarm rates of the three 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 types of noise samples The false alarm rates for clean mb and clean reversed noise with no embedded signals Figure 8 Detection probabilities as a function of m Tepresent genuine false alarms of the detector for the stations CMAR FINES and NIL A configuration whereas for the real noise data some Gaussian scaling is used for the detection portion of the detections are from signals of seismic probabilities on the vertical axis so
26. for that event Buttons are highlighted for those types available Since there can be multiple origins for an event the web page displays each origin and highlights buttons if arrivals magnitudes and amplitudes exist for that origin Users can quickly navigate all data associated with an EVID 890 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies In addition to the EVID based data holdings users can query for site related information by station abbreviation reference station or by entering a manual query Figure 6 For a single site the relevant SITE AFFILIATION SITECHAN SENSOR and INSTRUMENT information are displayed LANL GNEM R amp E Database Web Queries REQUEST SYSTEMS HOLDINGS LASTID ey _ GLOSSARY SCHEMA PICK STATUS 3 Retum to Main Page Do not stop the query as it will continue anyway and might interfere with your next query Results of Event Query select o evid o orid lat lon depth epoch_to_strftime mun dd yyyy ddd hh24 mi ss jdate nass ndef o etype mb mbid ms msid mi mlid o auth o commid olddate ggi from global origin o select orid min gt gt from focation gt_know_previous_v group by orid g global event e where o orid g orid and o orid eprefor and lat between 32 and 48 and lon between 32 and 48 and jdate between 1990001 and 1999365 and adeg_distancef40 40 olat olon lt 5 order by o JDATE o EVID o AUTH Mapit 02 26 1990 2002 04 118905
27. gt p number 8 i8 y turn on date assoc number 8 y turn off date gregion geographic latitude netmay y network y station name description origerr 111 114 y station type single station array nr y reference station for array members remar RS dnorth n north offset from array reference km site 11 deast n east offset from array reference km sitechan lddate n load date sregion stamag i Flatfile Format Lines wfdisc 9 q 99 79 7 lt gt 9 7 gt 2 e q 9 9 4 a Ax 9 p 9 7 8 6s 88d 88d 811 6f 811 6f 89 4f 8 50s 8 45 8 6s 89 4f 89 4f 4 17s wftag Perl Matlab C 6s 6 6 f Foriran a6 1X i 1X i8 1X 11 6 1M 11 6 1X 9 4 1X a50 1X a a S X 3 X a Keys Primary ondate sta Data Descriptive refsta staname Statype Measurement deast dnorth elev lat lon offdate Administrative Iddate Show create table x script for a new table like site Enter Name for New Table new_site Figure 7 View of schema web page Any schema can be displayed with links pointing to table descriptions as well as individual column descriptions Other web pages are also used to directly edit the schema information 894 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies enable tracking of pending and completed data requests and listed database problems For the new Data Request System DRS Figure 8 users can request that waveform ar
28. lo fi 3 Ep 1 0 3 0 Adinari ati bint aaah on itr niin ho pedia ih 10 Pre Signal Noise Spectrum 7430 7450 7470 7490 7510 7530 7550 7570 7590 7610 7630 7650 10 ui Time seconds 0 01 0 02 0 05 0 1 0 2 Figure 3 Spectrogram of merged clean noise Figure 4 Schematic showing the signal bandwidth around a stitching boundary marked start and peak frequency measurements T and end e markers routinely computed for the signal library 919 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Explosion and Earthquake Scaling One of the principal objectives of this project is to provide realistic assessments of monitoring performance for smaller events for which the signal detections from station networks are often incomplete To better understand the factors affecting this performance for our southern Asia study area we have been using source scaling theory to scale the signals from larger events This scaling introduces a frequency dependent change in signal amplitudes For explosion scaling we have been using the Mueller Murphy MM model which has been validated over the years for a range of explosion observations Mueller and Murphy 1971 Murphy 1977 Alternative models e g vonSeggern and Blandford 1972 would be expected to produce very similar predicted behavior The MM model is formulated in terms of explosion yield W and provides an expression of the P wave spectrum as a fu
29. making it possible to provide data users with a range of new tools and services that go beyond traditional data center functions User interaction with the data archive is provided through several mechanisms including a web based e commerce like interface This web based interface allows users to visually browse data waveforms or data products e g bulletins select data or data products to be placed in a shopping cart and then provides the capability to manage and download the selected objects A waveform viewer runs under a standard web browser and provides the capability to display multiple traces perform filtering zooming and scrolling Any waveform in the entire data archive can be viewed using this tool The user can select waveforms from the display for subsequent download A download manager then provides the ability to download the various products a user has selected during a session or sessions the download manager can manage product selections made during multiple sessions Any data in the archive can be downloaded in either CSS3 0 or SAC formats The waveform data archive also supports data intensive computing by providing direct access to all data files in the archive via RDSS servers Users who load software on these servers can perform experiments on any desired cross section of the waveform archive with no need to stage data Further it is not necessary to make special modifications to scientific software
30. more recently seen greater use and has proven helpful in QC of text fields and in finding full descriptions of various text based values such as phase names or authors e g just what is SPdifKS is there a reference for SIB AT62 Logistical Information The LANL web technology access not only displays seismic and schema information but has interfaces to allow researchers to handle logistical tasks such as requesting waveform picking and catalog data submitting problems encountered with the database and viewing identifier values for database primary key fields Both of these functions Schema Description for NNSA KB Core 9 Go it NNSA KB Core site Tables Columns NNSA KB Core The site table contains station location information It names and describes a point on the earth where measurements are made for example the location of an instrument or n array of instruments This table contains information that normally changes infrequently such as location In addition the site table contains types that describe the offset of a Select a Table station relative to an array reference location Global data integrity implies that the sta ondate in site be consistent with the sta chan ondate in the sitechan table table Click on table name at right to get details of all columns for that table COLUMN STORAGE TYPE EXTERNAL FORMAT CHARACTER POSITION NA_ALLOWED DESCRIPTION eflinion a a i sation code arrival
31. properly capturing the location uncertainty is essential The current schema does this with the Origerr table which is a simple extension to the Origin table i e it has the same primary key orid and so just adds additional columns related to location uncertainty This table captures the full covariance matrix the one dimensional 1D time uncertainty 1D depth uncertainty and the two dimensional 2D horizontal uncertainty ellipse Three dimensional 3D and four dimensional 4D uncertainty information is not stored by the current schema We have introduced separate tables for each type of uncertainty information LocErr1D LocErr2D LocErr3D LocErr4D The covariance matrix information is stored in its own table CovMat Magnitude We discuss network magnitudes in the Origin section above Station magnitude measurements are captured in the new Stamag table which is fairly similar to the current Stamag table The changes in this case are deletions The current Stamag table contains numerous redundant convenience columns evid orid arid sta and phase that can be obtained via joins with other tables and we have removed these from the new table If using these joins to access this information proves cumbersome and or degrades performance significantly we may reintroduce some of these 960 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies fields We have also given the new Stamag its own simple prima
32. should be the name of the array itself Second the array is added as a row to the Network table and Affiliation rows are added to tie each element to the array A row is then added to the Affiliation table to tie the array to a Network e g IRIS Because the latitude longitude information stored with each site may not be accurate enough for array processing e g FKs offsets relative to the array center are stored in the Site table dnorth deast As pointed out above this is inefficient because all site rows carry these columns even though most sites are not array elements A further problem 1s that if a site 1s to be used as an element of more than one array easily done given that arrays are virtual entities only one set of offsets can be stored In our new schema we take a much more direct approach and model arrays according to the simple fact statements arrays consist of one or more sites and zero or more arrays may be associated with a network In our approach there is an Array table that captures the basic information about the array e g name and a foreign key pointing to Site to indicate which site position is the center or beam position Array to Site is a many to many relationship so a new association table ArraySite is introduced This is the table where the offsets dnorth deast are stored as well as the starttime and endtime of each site s membership in the array which is not captured at all in the old schema
33. since the data are stored in the archive in a common analysis ready format An example of a recent large scale data intensive experiment was the analysis of ambient noise at infrasound stations This experiment required computing noise values at multiple infrasound stations at multiple times per day for every day of a 2 year period Over a million discrete noncontiguous time series were analyzed for this study The RDSS also provides a range of value added R amp D databases which are a significant resource for the US R amp D community These databases are accessible through interactive web based tools and bring together a wide range of open source data into individual well organized packages For example the recently expanded infrasound database draws on a unique collection of waveforms many of which are not archived anywhere else from infrasound arrays operated by the Department of Energy the International Monitoring System and other organizations These data go back to 1995 and include data from sites on every continent The database includes acoustic recordings of a variety of natural and man made events as well as historical recordings of atmospheric nuclear explosions The seismic R amp D databases include the Nuclear Explosion Database an exhaustive collection of metadata and waveforms from nuclear tests the Ground Truth Database containing a wide range of carefully selected and quality controlled events for ground truth GT levels of
34. that true events The number of detections of the whole Gaussian data would follow a straight line background noise data that could be associated using a The data points for the detection probabilities 4 Second allowance for initial P with seismic events in follow the fitted lines closely suggesting a that the ISC database was small lt 10 The ISC reported the detection probability as a function of m close to 200 worldwide events day for the time period can be approximated with a cumulative analyzed here but its event catalog is incomplete for Gaussian distribution small events Furthermore secondary phases or coda detections were not considered in the association so total detection rates with ISC associations subtracted still overestimate the actual false alarm rate The difference is most striking for NIL for which the unassociated rate of the clean noise is about a factor of eight lower than that for the real data while this factor is around 5 for FINES and a little more than 2 for CMAR Table 2 Daily Unassociated Detection Rates for Different Noise Types Station Clean Reversed Clean Whole Background CMAR 190 37 160 29 FINES 20 6 30 6 62 7 85 3 1 The two numbers represent the number of unassociated detections in clean noise with no embedded signals number of additional unassociated detections when signals were embedded 922 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring
35. the target table The latter choice would be costlier in terms of computer resources CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Developing web technology interfaces to handle common database queries has allowed LANL researchers to access data more readily and efficiently Specific information for seismic events can be retrieved quickly with ties to relevant information Utilizing protected web interfaces allows users to view data remotely and helps in synchronizing data retrieval and processing tasks We are continually finding new reasons and ways to securely access the database through the web Future web technology development includes tracking processing steps for waveforms picking amplitudes etc as well as improving QC checks In addition we are working on better methods for viewing and interacting with waveform and map data via a web interface QC has become an increasingly visible and important issue regarding the KB as data have become more voluminous and complex Improvements in QC procedures will help researchers and data managers to more readily identify complex quality problems The outcome is improved research products resulting from improved data upon which those products are based The process of CDC shows great promise It is expected that we have not encountered all possible use cases and modifications to the process will need to be made and perhaps auxiliary tables or triggers will need to be created This process has been in place for
36. types Figure 1 but also between measurements and results derived from the different calibration technologies e g Location Identification Detection Figures 1 and 2 Even with successful implementation of automation within many of the individual steps the current infrastructure will not scale to handle order of magnitude additional data or extend to handle time critical data acquisition or analysis This lack of scalability and flexibility limits efficient production and delivery of run time calibrations to the operational seismic monitoring pipeline Figure 2 bottom as a large manual effort is still required to acquire and integrate streaming 10 20 GB day signals with associated metadata This synergy and synthesis between complex tools and very large datasets is critically dependent on having a scalable and extensible unifying framework These requirements of handling large datasets in diverse formats and facilitating interaction and data exchange between tools supporting different calibration technologies led to an extensive scientific automation software engineering effort to develop an object oriented database centric framework Figure 3 as a unifying foundation 938 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Velocity models Travel time surfaces Velocity surfaces Detection maps Amplitude surfaces Capability maps Discriminants Detection maps Capability maps Mawiinidae Ground truth dat
37. were unbiased prior to embedding in the noise see Figure 5 The bias raises the question whether amplitude period measurements at low SNR should be used uncorrected for magnitude estimation The errors in azimuth estimates right diagram in Figure 10 grow fast with decreasing SNR A bias is not as clearly defined as for the amplitude period ratios but the scatter increases drastically as indicated by the widening of the boxes which represent 50 of the data around the median The dashed red lines outline the 50 limits of the azimuth uncertainty measurement errors assigned by the automatic algorithm which clearly underestimates the spread of the actual azimuth errors at low SNRs around 4 and below An analysis of the empirical distributions of the amplitude and azimuths errors revealed that they are well represented by a Gaussian for all SNRs Amplitude Azimuth ERROR AS A FUNCTION OF SNR ERROR AS A FUNCTION OF SNR 0 2 0 4 0 6 70 20 OBSERVER TRUE degrees 20 0 OBSERVER TRUE log nm s 0 2 05 06 O7 08 09 10 11 05 O06 OF 08 09 10 11 LOG10 SNR LOG10 SNR Figure 10 Errors in amplitude period ratios left and azimuth right of the automatic DFX algorithm for signals embedded in clean noise of the array FINES The boxplots show the errors as a function of log SNR the dashed lines for azimuth in the boxplot to the right outline the 50 limits of errors assigned by the automatic algorithm measurement errors Seismo Acousti
38. 0 00 000 Glossary Items for Term EHB Schema Engdahl van der Hilst and Buland refined origins from the paper Engdahl van der Hilst and Buland 1998 Global Telescismic Earthquake Relocation with Improved Travel Times and Procedures for Depth Determination BSSA 88 3 pp722 743 Data obtained from fip ghtftp cr usgs gov pub EHB EHB HDF Z Figure 5 View of EVID specific data holdings page and several data frames including a glossary definition Buttons are highlighted if data are available for that data type From this page arrivals magnitudes netmag stamag and amplitude data can be viewed for the different origins Users can also view a map of the different origins and stations with waveforms Schema Documentation A major effort in making database metadata available is the documentation of the seismic calibration schema using a database schema This schema is designed to represent all of the detailed table and field information that up until recently has been available only in text based documents These documents include versions of the NNSA KB core schema NNSA KB custom schema and the United States National Data Center USNDC schema documents The portions that are most needed as readily available metadata are also the portions most amenable to adaptation into 892 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies database tables themselves the table descriptions and the column
39. 1 15 Feature C E 2 4 T E 05 3 4 i g 0 5 i i i i 0 365 730 1095 Days Reference Date 19960101 Figure 2 Cumulative displacement along radar line of sight since January 1 1996 for features identified in previous figure Positive negative displacement represents movement toward away from radar Error bars correspond to one standard deviation for interferogram phase noise and SRTM DEM error variances propagated through inversion 904 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies z F i ae 20810118 i r T 2 8 cm displacement away from radar Figure 3 Maps of cumulative displacement since May 5 1992 for London tunneling area One cycle through color wheel represents 2 8 cm of radar line of sight displacement 905 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies 1 5 1h E S o5 c i ve rab ak E of 4 is D 0 5 Q X y ir i kaa 1 5 l A T992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Date Figure 4 Cumulative displacement along radar line of sight since May 5 1992 for London tunneling area identified by arrow in previous figure Positive negative displacement represents movement toward away from radar 906 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies THE 2005
40. 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies ROBUST REMOTE SEISMIC STATION Paul B Akers and Kevin B Wilbanks Geotech Instruments LLC Sponsored by National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Contract No DE FG02 04ER83966 ABSTRACT The United States government sponsors and supports various programs to monitor nuclear explosions through seismic hydroacoustic and infrasound data collection stations These stations are typically deployed in remote areas all over the world However current remote data acquisition station technology is limited by 1 poor data quality and reliability and 2 high installation operation and maintenance costs This project was initiated to begin the development of a new generation of compact remote seismic data acquisition hardware and software using advanced low power electronics packaging and power source technologies It specifically addresses the problems of data quality and data communications reliability and will reduce deployment operational and maintenance costs This paper describes the work conducted in Phase I of this project that investigated new technologies and evaluated the feasibility of using these technologies to successfully achieve this project s goals Specifically Phase I investigated the following 1 new low power high resolution analog to digital converter ADC
41. 36 9 362 6 362 6 362 6 0 0 0 0 399 0 399 0 15 05 00 0 2 0 15 10 00 0 2 15 15 00 15 20 00 15 25 00 15 30 00 15 35 00 15 40 00 FBO6_FK 3 8 Q3 AZI 317 10 VEL 7 08 P 0 511 lt n 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 ie FBIO_FK 8 16 Q4 AZ 109 20 VEL 2 40 P 0 261 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 4 FBO9_FK 6 12 Q4 AZI 183 80 VEL 6 99 P 0 283 0 2 0 4 2 0 4 0 4 0 ISIA AX ELG amp 4 Va Fa 09 y CRUE 0 2 0 2 FBO8_FK 5 10 Q 4 AZI 69 50 VEL 2 54 P 0 282 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 4 FBO7_FK 4 8 Q4 AZI 312 40 VEL 7 09 P 0 283 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 6 Figure 5 Slowness and azimuth estimates in a predetermined set of fixed frequency bands for a first P arrival from regional event at a distance of approximately 150 km from the Akbylak array in Kazakhstan It appears that the events in the clusters identified so far exhibit a similar slowness and azimuth as a function of frequency band to that observed at ARCES see Figure 5 However the frequency bands in which regional signals are best observed are very different at the arrays in Kazakhstan from those in Fennoscandia For ARCES and the other Fennoscandian arrays frequencies below 2 Hz are essentially unusable for regional signals because of the high microseismic noise The SNR for most of the mining explosions simply improves as the frequency increases and 934 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Expl
42. 7 2 1 8 Data obtained from the U S Army Space and Missile Defense Command SMDC Monitoring Research website Infrasound database of ground truth events MatSeis Update LS03sd v Grid 914 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In this paper we have highlighted some of the more significant changes in the past year in MatSeis and the MatSeis based regional analysis tools In the coming year and beyond we expect to continue to modify the tools in response to user feedback with the ultimate goal of building a well integrated user friendly and powerful regional analysis environment The official 1 9 version of the basic MatSeis package is available to all from the GNEM R amp E web site https www nemre nnsa doe gov cgi bin prod nemre matseis cgi with MatSeis version 1 10 planned for release in November 2005 Matlab and the Signal Processing Toolbox are required to run MatSeis MatSeis will run on Sun workstations Windows PC s and Linux PC s MatSeis should run on other supported Matlab platforms as well but the C code will need to be re compiled ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank all of the MatSeis users who have helped us to debug and improve the software particularly our colleagues at LANL and LLNL 915 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies REFERENCES Carr D 2002 National Nuclear Security
43. 99 01 15 00 00 00 0 NULL 2003 11 20 13 24 09 0 Global registered station list from USGS NEIS USGS 2003 11 14 10 54 26 0 a o Sensor Sitechan Holdings for Station ZAL Z OC GHAN CHAND a JENDTIME INID _ CALRATIO CALPER TSHIFT INSTANT SENSOR LDDATE CTYPE EDEPTH HANG VANG DESCRIP SITECHAN LDDATE PLHE 17941 12 12 1991 G46 o0 0o00 000 NULL fioo 1 a f o y 2004 09 01 12 08 00 n 0 075 90 90 SDSE 1 1999 01 15 00 00 00 0 17942_ 12 12 1991_ 346 00 00 00 000 NULL 1o0000e3 1 f o y _fp0osos o1 12 08 00 0 n 00s o 90_ SDSE1 1999 01 15 00 00 00 0 iz _17943_ 12712 1991 46 00 0 00 000 NULL fioo 1 a f o f y 2004 09 01 12 08 00 0 n 0 075 1_ 0 ssE 1 1999 01 15 0000 0000 Pattie 17944 1271271991 G46 00 00 00 000 NULL 10000086 1 f o y 2004 09 01 12 08 00 n 0 075 90_ 90 SDsE 1 1999 01 15 00100 0000 meN _17945_ 12 12 1991 46 00 00 00 000 NULL 10000086 1 f o y 2004 09 01 12 08 00 n 0 075 o 90 sDsE 1 1999 01 15 00 00 00 0 mnz 17946 12121991 46 00 0 00 000 NULL 10000086 1 a f o y 2004 09 01 12 08 00 n 0 075 1_ 0 sDsE 1 1999 01 15 0100 0000 st _17947_ 12 12 1991 46 00 0 00 000 NULL 10000089 1 f o y 2004 09 01 12 08 00 0 n 0 075 90_ 90 SDSE 1 1999 01 15 00 00 00 0 stax _17948_ 12 12 1991 46 00 0 00 000 NULL 10000089 1 a f o f y 2004 09 01 12 08 00 n 0 075 o 90 sDsE 1 1999 01 15 0000 0000
44. AND2002 3005 Chang A C R H Shumway R R Blandford and B W Barker 1983 Two Methods to Improve Location Estimates Preliminary Results Bull Seismol Soc Am 73 281 295 Oo K D Irons A Henson and C Morency 2003 Database Design Description DBDD Phase 2 Rev C United States National Data Center US NDC SAIC 01 3047 REV C 965 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies 966
45. ANL GNEM R amp E Database Web Queries REQUEST SYSTEMS HOLDINGS LASTID is GLOSSARY SCHEMA PICK STATUS B Return to Main Page LANL Data Holdings for EVID 121376 EVID Holdings Search Form Map It N EVID specific Holdings Waveforms EOCDBIStatus __ Select Holdings to View ORD LAT LON TIME DEPTH MB MS ML NASS NDEFJETYPE AUTH LDDATE _ NSTA AZGAP SECAZGAP SECSTA NSTA250K NSTA30K Waveform Holdings for EVID 121376 wao lors jona ee teem femnesiemener mee cum fewer giaa PODE gentan 04 20 1990 110 04 20 1990 110 Tal waveforms iris 1990 110 B10 2004 11 08 4 20 1990 4 21 1990 siw 5985 3923 2 bescosjwmo me ese 232s 1284 20 lrcoosetorspoonamsqcommes 145985 1 aaia aars _oacazeass PPEP EEP 04 20 1990 110 04 20 1990 110 Tal waveforms iris 1990 110 B10 2004 11 08 4 20 1990 4 21 1990 az 23 31 54 461 23 42 36 611 19900420233008 WMQ CD BHN 99 s 09 41 37 0 23 32 52 136 00 20 26 495 04 20 1990 110 04 20 1990 110 Tn wavetorms iris 1990 1 10 51 2004 11 08 4 20 1990 4 21 1990 niw 2 3as07 wmo wz 23 31 54 461 23 42 36 611 19900420233008 WMQ CD BHZ 99 s 139665 oa Sa E 23 32 52 136 09 28 26 495 Arrival Assoc Holdings for ORID 1170252 Ordered by delta time Click on Column Header to sort by that field pusom Sions te a oa aga a falc ooo or pesse se oe f a foo ow psuja noses Jom a f oa a a fefefe Soons 30 poea sr ts f a oo jo soss
46. Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies necessary during calibration production and research We have begun developing a set of flexible and extensible tools that are platform independent and parallelizable These research tools will provide an efficient data processing environment for all stages of the calibration work flow from data acquisition through making measurements to calibration surface preparation This scalable and extensible approach Figure 4 will result in more coupled and dynamic work flow in contrast to the linear work flow of the past and allow more interaction between data model creation and validation processes Next Generation Processing Workflow IN AGE National Niciear Secunty Aditia iratior ESS Enhancements to Current Seismic Calibration Process and Infrastructure Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring R amp E Dynamic Model Construction and Evaluation Real time Detection Location Information KnowledgeBase data feed and and y Integration i inputs Association Discrimination and Synthesis Are a _ Parameters Q0000 Scalable and Reconfigurable Cluster Services Data Sources 10 100 GB day Database Aware and Enabled Tool Foundation Attributes of Enhanced Framework coupled modeling simulation and validation e CPU and I O intensive processing cluster grid infrastructure Multiple data types formats sources metadata TB scale storage Dynamic ontology mapping r
47. EVID to view data holdings Submit gt OR Perform a Query to find an EVID for large queries will ask to confirm before processing ide between 32 l and 48 Longitude between 32 and 48 and 1999365 a Magnitude searches mb ms ml between 999 and 50 Distances from a Point 4 740 Long 40 Das 5 deg Okm Us e 7 i this alone can cause a large increase in the time of the query Using a Lat Lon box also should reduce the time required a GT Level manual or known not LOCDB beween 0 aa o Author for like or not like YOU must add the SOL wildcards All All Origins or just Preferred or just Preferred Preferred es Table Limits how many rows can be returned Map Only allows more Submit Reset Figure 2 Event query page Users can enter an EVID directly or perform an origin query Selected parameters shown were used to generate a query producing results in Figure 3 and Figure 4 Because of the need for LANL GNEM R amp E team members to access data from remote locations we implemented username password access as well as Secure Socket Layer SSL 128 bit encryption for our internal web technology data access Within LANL users are granted access by a browser standard basic username password authentication Outside LANL users must first use a LANL authorized cryptocard to gain web access behind the LANL firewall before pr
48. MATSEIS AND NNSA SEISMIC REGIONAL ANALYSIS TOOLS Darren M Hart B John Merchant J Mark Harris and Christopher J Young Sandia National Laboratories Sponsored by National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Contract No DE AC04 94AL85000 ABSTRACT In continuing to support the National Nuclear Security Administration NNSA Knowledge Base KB we developed a set of prototype seismic regional analysis tools MatSeis EventID Tool CodaMag Tool PhaseMatch Tool and Infra Tool to facilitate evaluation of new KB data products and we continue to maintain and improve these tools A brief description of the latest versions of MatSeis and the regional analysis tools are given below MatSeis has been extended to use the FISSURES data handling interface DHD client FISSURES Matlab Interface FMI to connect to both the Northern and Southern California data centers located at Berkeley and Caltech respectively A routine was built to support instrument response file download and to automatically perform waveform conversion from counts to nanometers In addition both SENSOR and INSTRUMENT flatfile database tables are now exportable through the waveform write function For PhaseMatch Tool a new method has been added to select station event pairs for dispersion curve calculations The user is presented with a list of available stations for a given event and b
49. NR is above a preset threshold and the default threshold used in the processing experiment is marked as a vertical dashed line green to the right A significant portion of the SNR distribution for the explosion signals is below the threshold and hence went undetected If the threshold were lowered to e g the mean of the SNR distribution black dashed line to the left marked NEW THRESHOLD the probability to detect an explosion signal would increase significantly to 50 without significantly increasing the probability of triggering on noise or of a false alarm In the right diagram the two Gaussian distributions for noise and signal detection probabilities were combined to a standard ROC curve The default and the new thresholds are marked showing that by lowering the threshold the false alarm probability would not change much whereas the detection probability would go up from less than 20 to 50 It should be noted that the data in Figure 9 represent beam forming with steering of a single beam that is optimum for FINES and the Lop Nor test site FINES mb 3 3 ROC R NEW THRESHOLD 5 i DEFAULT THRES Oy t 1 p 5 a bar c a ga x 2 o gt gt wt zS SoS z 2 A N 9 1 S 5 S 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 2 04 06 08 1 0 LOG SNR Probability of False Alarm Figure 9 The histograms in the left diagrams for SNR log scale of noise red and of signals blue are used to construct the ROC curv
50. Nuclear Security Administration Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Contract No W 7405 ENG 36 ABSTRACT The Ground based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Research amp Engineering GNEM R amp E program has made recent advances in optimizing data access and availability for seismic calibration research Some of the most challenging tasks of maintaining functional and accessible data warehouses are the development of software to automate the continuous and up to date population of the database the quality control QC needed to resolve data conflicts the synchronization of database tables between unclassified and classified warehouses and the integration of all data sources into a cohesive database for delivery to the Knowledge Base KB One important challenge in using large data warehouses is the simple and efficient access to the vast holdings within them Web based tools have become important assets that address this problem We have developed web based tools that enable researchers to do tasks such as track the progress of seismic analysis access information about stations origins and waveforms view contextual information on a map handle logistical tasks 1 e assignment of unique identifiers track the description and resolution of data problems identified through quality controls and gain fast access to database metadata e g schema descriptions Advances in easy access to
51. S maintains a large archive of waveform data from seismic hydroacoustic and infrasound stations Data in the archive go back to 1995 earlier for some stations for stations distributed worldwide Figure 1 a Seismic Stations Hydroacoustic Stations Infrasonic Stations Figure 1 Seismic arrays circles and three component stations triangles and hydroacoustic and infrasonic arrays stars and diamonds respectively for which waveform data are available from the RDSS archive For many of these stations and arrays the data are continuous over periods of several years The waveform archive now exceeds 14 Tb of data The entire data archive is hosted on a spinning disk mass storage system RAID disk farm This system provides access to the entire archive that is at least two orders of magnitude faster than its predecessors and makes very large scale experiments and data visualizations possible The RDSS website is continuously enhanced to improve data access for the research community During the past year we have initiated work to integrate the suite of tools and interfaces available on the web site into an e commerce like interface The goal of this effort is to provide a unifying theme for all user interactions 1 e data selection data downloads etc with the site that is based on concepts familiar from e commerce on line shopping websites The goal of this web model is to allow users to visually browse data waveforms or dat
52. Technologies With signals embedded in the clean noise the false alarm or unassociated rate goes up slightly due to additional coda detections that normally would have been assumed to be false alarms The rates of such additional unassociated detections are also given in Table 2 The median of this increase in false alarm or unassociated rates when signals are embedded for the clean and reversed clean noise is about 20 ROC curves The performance of a signal detector is often defined by the so called Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC which describe the trade off between signal detection probability and false alarm probability Van Trees 1968 Using scaled signals embedded in clean noise affords the opportunity to construct ROC curves which is difficult if not impossible to do from real data An example of an ROC curve constructed from detection experiments with the array FINES is shown in Figure 9 The histograms to the left show the distributions of the logarithm of the short term long term averages sta Ita or SNR for noise red and for signals plus noise in blue of the same size m 3 30 Note that the histograms for the signals include data for signals that were not detected SNR values for undetected signals could be calculated because of their known embedding times Gaussian curves draped on the histograms show reasonable agreement with the empirical SNR distributions for both noise and signal data The detector triggers if the S
53. a products e g bulletins select data or data products to be placed in a shopping cart and then provide the capability to manage and download the selected objects We have substantially improved the web based waveform viewing capability Last year we introduced an online waveform viewing capability which allowed users to view any waveform in the entire data archive This capability has been extended to provide mult itrace support and enhanced waveform display control The updated waveform 947 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies viewer Figure 2 allows users to simultaneously view multiple channels of data from a single station or to view data channels from different stations The waveform tool is not intended as an analysis tool but rather as a waveform browser to streamline the process of locating previewing selecting and acquiring waveforms of interest However basic scroll zoom and filter functions are available The waveform viewer is accessed through a standard web browser no special installations or modifications on the user s client s machine or web browser are required IOSHL BDF BP 0 04 0 15Hz I0S5H2 BDF BP 0 04 9 15H2 I0SH3 BDF BP 0 04 9 15 I0SH4 BDF BP 9 04 0 15H2 start 17 20 08 2005 01 27 end 21 20 08 2005 01 27 interval 4 hours Filter E AY TE Bava ay a ee Show Optimize Reset Figure 2 The web based data viewing too
54. a relatively large dish antenna have large power consumption and have large transmission delays to cope with Examples of GEO systems are very small aperture terminal VSAT systems from various providers and Inmarsat Geotech currently provides VSAT solutions to its customers and has an on site VSAT link for testing However VSAT would not be the ideal solution for this project due to its large antenna and power requirements Inmarsat Broadband Global Area Network BGAN service is an interesting option for a GEO system since it only requires a small flat panel antenna similar in size to a small laptop computer making it much more portable and easy to setup It can provide data rates up to 432 Kbps but current data terminal modems require high power at around 50 W However as the BGAN service is rolled out for global coverage in 2005 and 2006 smaller lower power data terminals should become available 884 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies LEO satellites provide the advantages of small omni directional antennas lower power operation negligible transmission delays and full earth coverage including the polar regions However because of LEO satellite positions in the sky are not fixed and many more satellites are required for full coverage Since the satellites are constantly moving complex satellite signal switching and routing are also required This all makes the cost of a LEO system far more t
55. ad signal amplitudes differing by a factor of about 3 In both cases spectra ratio comparisons showed that the signals scaled approximately linearly with frequency consistent with the visual similarity of the waveforms Thus based on this admittedly limited data set we are proceeding with a linear scaling function and embedding these in a variety of noise conditions a b 02 35 40 45 Time hr min sec Figure 12 Infrasound data panel b from selected mine blasts stars in panels a and c in central Asia Numerous mine blasts are recorded by the IMS infrasound arrays 131KZ and I34MN at a variety of distances particularly in the vicinity of 131K Z panel a 925 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We developed a network data set where scaled signals were embedded in varying background noise conditions including carefully constructed clean noise Analysis of reprocessed scaled data show that both a Mueller Murphy model for nuclear explosions and modified Brune model with cube root corner frequency scaling and an empirical logMo m relation for earthquakes give consistent amplitude scaling for events in southern Asia The detection experiments we executed illustrate some of the benefits that using an embedded data set can provide for assessment of signal detection and characterization algorithms We found clear evidence for an amplitude bias
56. ailable in the late 2005 and 2006 These devices promise to further reduce power board space and cost while improving the dynamic range performance and they will be evaluated more fully in Phase II of this project as they become available Discrete A gt ADC topologies were also reviewed and studied in Phase I that have the potential to push ADC resolution past the 24 bit barrier This evaluation will continue under Phase II where prototype circuits will be designed built and tested Size and Power Reduction The Phase I goals in this area were to investigate the following e Reduction of PC board size using new miniaturized components see Figure 2 e Reducing power requirements to a minimum Given recent advancements in both miniaturized and low power integrated circuits driven by the wireless phone personal digital assistant PDA and digital camera industries smaller more compact low power electronics can be designed While FPGAs typically use more quiescent power the overall power requirement is lower if 1 8 V I O peripherals and System on a Programmable Chip SoPC modules can be used and integrated into a larger device Many of the peripheral building blocks DSPs and microcontrollers used in Geotech s current SMART 24 system can be integrated into a single FPGA to significantly reduce size and overall power This reduced size will result in an overall reduction in cost power physical size and weight Currently Geotech s bo
57. akes it very difficult for results produced by RBAP to be stale and also ensures that as the research database expands RBAP automatically becomes aware of new data that should be processed RBAP initial users will be LLNL WG 2 members working on Integrated Research Products for FY 04 941 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Some RBAP Key Features e Based on WG 2 Standardized Algorithm RBAP is built on the WG 2 standardized body wave amplitude measurement algorithms documented in the MDAC White Paper Walter et al 2003 Its results are completely consistent with the last version of the LLNL scripts Rodgers 2003 that were vetting in the February 2003 WG 2 exercise between LLNL LANL and AFTAC e Fast and Efficient Calibration RBAP 1s self contained and optimized for station centric body wave processing Good events can be handled with just a few mouse clicks The researcher has direct control over key calibration parameters within the tool such as phase amplitude windows and migration marking bad segments defining distinct geophysical regions event types to process etc We expect RBAP to provide roughly a factor of 5 increase in calibration speed compared with the original scripts enabling us to calibrate more stations with more events per station e Project Management RBAP is designed so that a calibration project can be put down for a day month or year and easily pic
58. all be integrated into a single digitizer package with fewer boards and interconnects This in turn will increase reliability and lower manufacturing and maintenance costs Reducing the number of total components and interconnections will allow for a smaller overall physical profile of the station Stations will be installed in such a way so that only the GPS and communications antennas are exposed to reduce its above ground profile see Figure 3 Wellhead GPS Antenna Termination amp Communications Breakout Antenna Ground Level Yel o N v Power Source amp eane Distribution Communications Interface Digitizer Electronics gt Package Seismometer Package Figure 3 Typical RRSS system integration Because the individual stations can connect directly to a network the need for a central data hub in an array is removed This eliminates a large installation maintenance and power cost from the system The use of SMART 24 plug and play technology in the digitizer allows it to automatically detect the components connected 883 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies to it and to take the appropriate configuration actions HTTP web Telnet and FTP access to each station allows for easy setup and operation remotely without special
59. an control the frequency range of the model dispersion used as well as the time limit of the portion of the cross correlated waveform from which the match filtered waveform is taken Once a satisfactory filtering has been achieved the user can send either the observed waveform or the filtered waveform to the MatSeis amplitude measurement widget Measure Tool to measure surface wave amplitudes These amplitudes can then be used to determine event magnitude which in turn can be used as part of an mb Ms discriminant Map Tool ee The new surface wave te analysis features are part of 3 the LR Path Tool which we designed as a companion tool to Phase Match to allow the user to examine the dispersion models they are using By loading an event and set of stations into MatSeis launching the LR ne ee Path Tool and selecting the Fii new button Set to Map _ A GC MatSeis takes the selected origin and station Ei es ee EMEL list and builds the great circle Te Se paths for event station pairs and presents them in MapTool Then Figure 2 New LR Path Tool The list of loaded stations is generates a listbox with station presented and the LR dispersion curve is updated based on information i e great circle object Station to event path 909 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies index station channel name great circle path endpoint coordinates
60. ann 2003 Ax b 1 where b is an array of input interferogram displacements x is the estimated cumulative deformation at each of the SAR acquisition dates and A is a matrix relating the measurements to the parameters to be estimated A single output date is associated with a column in A The rows correspond to the input interferograms with the measured displacement assumed to be the difference between the estimated cumulative subsidence values between two image dates Specifically each row of A contains the following integer values 1 at the interferogram reference date 1 at the interferogram secondary date and zeros for all other dates We find the solution x to the linear system through singular value decomposition To address error propagation error estimates associated with each of the input interferograms can be computed by summing the phase noise and Digital elevation model DEM error variances Errors of the estimated displacements x are then computed as the square root of the main diagonal elements of the output covariance matrix T CoV x va u cove va u 2 where A U AV is the singular value decomposition The decomposition is readily obtained from any number of computational software packages The InSAR time series analysis examples presented in the next two sections were performed as an InSAR post processing procedure In other words conventional differential InSAR processing was followed by an inversion of the g
61. ap used to construct this plot was provided by Steve Taylor of Los Alamos National Laboratory Infra Tool Research and evaluation is currently underway to extend Infra Tool for 1 detection of imbedded secondary signals and 2 removal of a constant noise source from infrasound array data For the first task a signal subtraction technique is used for removal of the primary source of correlated signal power from the FK plane for each window step when processing a segment of data Our implementation of signal subtraction is done by beamforming the infrasound array to the azimuth and slowness defined by the peak correlated power in the FK plane then subtracting the beam from each array element and re computing the FK on the beam subtracted waveforms After signal subtraction the residual FK plane will have a new point of peak correlated power from which detection criteria Hart 2004 can be used to determine if secondary signals are present For the second task of constant noise source jamming we use a fixed azimuth and slowness for beamforming and the residual FK plane is again searched for signals meeting the detection criteria Our purpose is to provide functionality to remove a constant noise source e g microbaroms or any peak correlated power observed in the FK plane e g chemical explosion or artillery blasts A new GUI shown in Figure 7 was designed and built to control the signal subtraction processing Features in the new GUI include m
62. apping the Current Schema to the New Schema Should our proposed schema be chosen for use with real monitoring systems large amounts of old format data would need to be converted to the new schema This is easily done as we show in Figure 3 for a few of the key tables 962 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies o On PK TE Lat Ui Lon ui Dopth Ui Time FEZ Eid Jdaie Mass Nge Ndg FRS Gm Fa 5m Etype Regname Algorithm Dopdp Component reo Modsrcid Diypa _ l Quant De FEI Aiid DREHS Mic Marre Etypo Ms PAPAS ATEL Mod gt RMS n 7 bd FKS Msid PRLFK1 Gril Kayali Sater Mal FEB Mid Sta amn Algorithm Phase vale TE Auth Bahat Auth FET Commid Delta Lddate Lddate Seaz l z Esaz Timeres Timedet O LonResid Ardel PR FK1 Orid PK Ariat Slores PRK FK2 Measid Fi _ Slodet ui Sta l Erans Model Unceri ut Hours i Total Uneert i vim Residual ok Retin a che ModefValue ut lipnase Defining slype Chaitin Treron Daar i Slow PK Measgid Deisio e Arid i tassid ac a Obstype d Chanid o gt i Amp Quant Phase Par g Uncert Cural Logal Start_Time Fm a End_Time Clip ase Auth Stype Qual Lddate Auth it ried poe FEI Commic es Lid ata Figure 3 Remapping current schema tables to new schema tables In this example we show how an origin and associated arrivals used for location would be converted
63. are needed for each observation type Omission of the weight information for azimuth and slowness observations in the Assoc table makes it impossible to recompute the sum squared weighted residuals of the observations associated with an origin if there are any defining azimuth or slowness observations This is a major flaw since the sum squared weighted residuals are the quantity minimized by the location algorithm that produced the origin to which the assoc entry 1s linked 959 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies To fix these problems we made several significant changes First we split the information in the current Assoc table into two new tables Assoc and LocnResid The new Assoc table is basically a subset of the old Assoc table with all the columns relating to locating the origin removed Retained are columns to hold basic information such as station to event distance and azimuth etc The removed information is put into the LocnResid table which is a many to many link between Origin and Measurement This makes sense because the location information 1s all related to measurements travel time azimuth and slowness made from the arrival not the arrival itself The LocnResid table is fully generic suited to holding information for travel time azimuth slowness or any new observation types that might be introduced in the future LocnResid has separate rows for each observation type so the pr
64. asets a Identification Gy A Contextual l Mine Locations Amplitude measurements Data Geology Phase studies Regionalization models Statistical Analyses Event catalogs Station information Arrival information Figure 1 The Scientific Automation Software Framework provides a unifying framework for contextual reference data and information products Data Reconciliation Research Calibration Acquisition and Integration Database Measurements amp Research Research Detection Product Location Distillation Discrimination and Models Validation NNSA schema with LLNL extensions Ground Truth QC tools Waveforms KBITS LLNL Bulletins ORLOADER Surfaces UPDATEMRG DDLOAD 100s of sources DBinterface SNL dozens of formats future possibility 1000s files GIS large spatial extent Organized efficient Access to 25 TB data Batch Processing e g RBAP KBCIT DM SAC SubSpace Es Database Centric Coordination Framework 2 NNSA KB Integration amp d N ra N O Validation KBITS _ RBAP 2 KBITS2 SNL er z DBinterface SNL Scientific Automation KBALAP Tools S 4 lt Knowledge o Base LLNL Off line Development of Calibration Parameters amp NNSA KB ee Runtime AFTAC On line Operational Pipeline Processing Parameters Location j i Analyst New Research Single event after detection ane rat y association location e
65. ated quickly and with relatively little effort These products are now all fairly mature but development on them continues in response to the research results from our co workers at LANL and LLNL and to feedback from our users at other institutions RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED The following sections describe the latest versions of MatSeis and the regional seismic analysis tools PhaseMatch Tool Infra Tool CodaMag Tool and EventID Tool MatSeis The main MatSeis graphical window is a standard time vs epicentral distance plot that can display waveforms arrivals origins and travel time curves The user can interact with this display by clicking directly on the displayed objects by using the buttons along the bottom by using the menus along the top or by typing commands at the Matlab prompt MatSeis is predominantly written as Matlab m file functions which are organized in a set of directories according to the general purpose of each However the package also includes a set of compiled C functions and Java objects Typically the compiled code is introduced where performance of an m file is too slow e g FK calculations or cumbersome e g managing the waveform arrival origin and travel time objects For a more detailed description of the features in MatSeis see Hart and Young 2004 MatSeis continues to be available to the public from the NNSA NEM R amp E website https www nemre nnsa doe gov cgi bin prod nemre matseis cgi We
66. ated with a single pixel in the deformation maps A linear trend of indicates ongoing subsidence from 1993 through 2001 This tunnel is known to be 60 feet underground in a thick clay layer which suggests that a soil creep dynamic may be responsible for the observed linear subsidence with time We are currently working on a soil creep finite element model to simulate this creep process The ability to identify the rate of subsidence with time is critical for accurate simulations of the subsurface processes causing the observed signals We are also working on modeling similar tunnels in solid and fractured rock that have nonlinear deformation with time as well as damage zones above past underground nuclear tests e g Vincent et al 2003 900 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies CONCLUSIONS InSAR time series approaches provide an organizational framework for the use and interpretation of nSAR deformation products resulting from anything more than a handful of SAR images We have applied one such approach to two sites of interest Lop Nor China and London UK Our results show detailed temporal and spatial information not easily obtained from the tens of displacements maps generated with conventional InSAR processing The Lop Nor time series shows surface deformation appearing at the time of a known underground nuclear test as well as other interesting features that are under further investigation Th
67. ay processing methods in order to compensate for array processing loss due to refraction and scattering thus enhancing array gain at high frequencies RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED Introduction The ARCES regional array in northern Norway is a primary International Monitoring Station IMS seismic station within a few hundred kilometers of many active mining regions both in north west Russia and northern Sweden Figure 1 Signals from routine industrial explosions at these sites in fact dominate the ARCES detection lists and their identification and location require considerable analyst time Fully automatic event locations at NORSAR are currently provided using the Generalized Beamforming GBF Kveerna and Ringdal 1989 system which associates detected phases from the entire network of regional arrays The collection of ground truth data from mining explo sions on the Kola Peninsula under the DOE funded contract Ground Truth Collection for Mining Explosions in Northern Fennoscandia and Russia Harris et al 2003 has provided an excellent opportunity to assess the current state of the automatic event detection and location procedures and to examine approaches for improving it The ground truth information for the mining regions on the Kola Peninsula provides the origin times of shots from 13 mines from the four distinct Russian mine clusters color coded in the upper panel of Figure 1 The corresponding colored symbols in the lower panel of Figure 1 i
68. bolide We developed source scaling models for nuclear explosions and earthquakes and scaled the nuclear explosion records and earthquakes to equivalent m ranging from 1 8 to 4 5 We embedded the scaled signals several hundred times in varying noise conditions and conducted a number of signal detection experiments yielding Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC curves and quantitative assessments of arrival time azimuth and amplitude biases as a function of SNR for selected stations We continue to develop scaling models for infrasound signals and plan on conducting experiments to demonstrate the utility of this approach to assess network processing performance Network Data Set Merge of noise and signal sets Noise Library Signal Library Derived signals Derived noise sae Synthetic Synthetic se signals noise Signal Set Key Embedding Selection Criteria Transformation Process Actual noise Noise merge patching Actual Signal scaling signals CTT RDSS data archive wifdisc w files station data Figure 1 Basic framework for constructing a network data set for systematic testing and evaluation of new or improved monitoring technologies Scaled signals from a variety of sources are embedded in a variety of noise conditions to construct a data set in which target detections have been characterized 918 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Noi
69. c Event Database and Scaling Detection of infrasound signals from seismo acoustic events e g mine blasts can provide valuable insights into a variety of research topics such as infrasound propagation seismic vs acoustic coupling and the effects of wind generated noise on infrasound detection It is our objective to provide to the nuclear monitoring research community a controlled data set where scaled infrasound signals are embedded in a variety of noise conditions This will be particularly useful for evaluations of detection algorithms Currently evaluations with respect to variations in ambient noise are dependent on finding data sets where signals from known sources are detected in a variety of noise conditions Given the current dearth of such infrasound ground truth a comprehensive evaluation of infrasound detection capabilities using actual recordings is difficult We are following the same basic methodology for infrasound that we used for seismic data described above Namely we are building a background noise database from historical recordings collecting high SNR infrasound signals from known sources applying a source scaling function to the recorded data and embedding the scaled signals in the background noise In contrast to nuclear explosion or earthquake source theory general theoretical models cannot be used to predict the scaling of infrasound signals from mine blasts This is in large measure due to the fact that differing min
70. ch Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies While ground truth information for the mining sites is not yet available it appears that the waveform correlation bootstrapping approach applied to the Swedish mining regions may also be applied here Many of the analyst located events in the Kazakhstan bulletin occur within a small geographical region at times at which the mines are known to conduct routine explosions When the waveforms are filtered in a sufficiently low frequency band many events are observed to show a high degree of waveform semblance indicating a small separation between the source regions FBO1_FK 0 800 1 80 Q 2 AZ 322 50 VEL 6 95 P 0 768 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 5 1 FBO2_FK 1 50 3 Q3 AZI 329 60 VEL 7 43 P 0 699 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 FBO3_FK 2 4 Q3 AZ 323 50 VEL 7 34 P 0 751 0 4 02 o 0 2 0 4 FBO4_FK 2 5 Q3 AZI 323 30 VEL 7 34 P 0 681 0 4 FBO1_ 0 800 1 80 3 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 O FB02_BM 1 50 3 SNR 9 66 1_BM SNR 18 FBO5_FK 3 6 Q3 AZI 317 70 VEL 7 01 P 0 583 0 4 ABK Arrival time 2004 149 09 15 25 000 20 0 138 2 15 0 0 0 fem nts renee lit ed 29 138 2 138 2 10 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 10 0 15 0 _BM 0 0 0 0 224 6 224 6 411 2 l 0 0 0 0 411 2 411 2 335 7 f 0 0 0 0 335 7 335 7 384 5 0 0 fannie 0 0 384 5 384 5 336 9 336 9 3
71. ction of waveform and parameter bulletin data that comprise the raw materials from which signal travel time and amplitude correction surfaces are derived and is highly suited for software automation The second tier in seismic research content development activities includes development of correction surfaces and other calibrations This second tier is less susceptible to complete automation as these activities require the judgment of scientists skilled in the interpretation of often highly unpredictable event observations Even partial automation of this second tier through development of prototype tools to extract observations and make many thousands of scientific measurements has significantly increased the efficiency of the scientists who construct and validate integrated calibration surfaces This achieved gain in efficiency and quality control is likely to continue and even accelerate through continued application of information science and scientific automation Data volume and calibration research requirements have increased by several orders of magnitude over the past decade Whereas it was possible for individual researchers to download individual waveforms and make time consuming measurements event by event in the past with the terabytes of data available today a software automation framework must exist to efficiently populate and deliver quality data to the researcher This framework must also simultaneously provide the researcher wit
72. d Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVE This two year collaboration between NORSAR and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL has explored improvements to the automatic detection and location of seismic events using regional arrays At the heart of the study has been the calibration of processing parameters for the detection and location of events from a specific region using observations of previous ground truth events at the sites of interest The goal is to attribute with a high degree of confidence automatically located events to active mines or areas with known recurring seismicity The study has examined sites in Fennoscandia and Kazakhstan using the seismic arrays in these regions The signals at a given array station resulting from a set of events from a site with recurring seismicity are likely to display common characteristics which may be exploited in order to identify subsequent events from the same region A template describing the measurements which can be anticipated at a given station at a given time can be used to judge whether or not a detected signal is the likely result of an event from the site of interest Such templates must be calibrated by investigating the variability of measurements made from events confirmed to have taken place at the sites such calibrations have been the main focus of this investigation We have in addition explored the potential of applying advanced new matched field arr
73. d it replaces the original collection of scripts described by Rodgers 2003 RBAP has a number of advantages over the previous scripts It is much faster significantly easier to use scales more easily to a larger number of events and permits efficient project revision and updating through the database RBAP integrates the functions of the modules in the previous LLNL scripts into a single program that is designed to perform the amplitude measurement task efficiently and to require a minimum effort from the users for managing their data and measurements For well located events with pre existing analyst phase picks the user reviews for quality control and then generates all the amplitudes with just a few mouse clicks For events needing more attention the user has complete control over the process e g window control ability to mark bad data define regions define MDAC parameters and define the events to be used in the overall calibration process RBAP shortens the time needed by the researcher to calibrate each station while simultaneously allowing an increase the number of events that can be efficiently included RBAP is fully integrated with the LLNL research database Data are always read directly from the appropriate tables in the research database rather than from a snapshot as was done in the previous system All RBAP result tables have integrity constraints on the columns with dependencies on data in the LLNL research database This design m
74. d processing or simply at times for which there is reason to suspect that an arrival of interest may have occurred On each occasion that a trigger template is activated an event hypothesis is formed for the site region for which the activated template is calibrated Each such calibrated site has a corresponding site template listing the phases which ought to be observed whenever an event at that site occurs Each of these phases corresponds to a phase template 930 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies stating at which time the phase should be observed which range of slowness values are consistent with the phase in a specified set of frequency bands how large an SNR should be observed to support the assumption that the phase has indeed arrived at the stated time and which range of autoregressive arrival time estimates are acceptable under the considered event hypothesis The following section considers an automatic event detection algorithm using the very simplest form available for site templates a single P phase and a single S phase recorded at a single array 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Figure 2 Locations of the events in the lower panel of Figure 1 based upon the site specific location algorithms with slowness and azimuth estimated in fixed frequency bands selected for each site and phase onset times
75. deciding which ratio will yield the best separation If there are questions about the amplitude measurements themselves a third display can be brought up and the user can easily examine group velocity windows for the phases and change them if necessary If they are changed the measurements will automatically be re made and the ratios will be updated in the main display Version 1 10 of EventID Tool supports both time and frequency domain amplitude measurement types as defined in the custom schema for DISCRIM_ DATA i e FREQ and TRMS It also implements the linear discrimination analysis LDA technique can run validation scripts and can generate path integrated attenuation Q maps We describe these new features below In previous versions of EventID Tool amplitude measurements were made in the frequency domain i e FREQ f t type measurements while the reference events were being read from the database based on their time domain 05 12 4 6 8101205 12 4 6 8101205 1 2 4 6 8101205 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 i e TRMS f t type Tin measurements counterparts In theory the measurements are equivalent but in practice slight differences are observed so a consistent method of amplitude measurement was desired The tool will now compute both measurement types for the current event and comparisons can be made using the MDAC o gram as shown in Figure 4 Future work will focus on allowing more flexibility within the tool for switching between mea
76. defaults diane 2005 01 27 15 36 00 0 2005 01 26 14 20 21 0 phillips 01 31 2005 1995 Current NIL 0 20 deg defaults diane 2005 01 26 14 41 58 0 2005 01 26 14 13 43 0 Figure 8 Data Request System page showing Completed requests 895 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies grouping relationships 1 e comparing origin nass to assoc multi table joins ex comparing wfdisc instype to instrument instype and computations 1 e comparing origin time to origin jdate Future development in this area will examine the possibility of automating the repairs in addition to just the QC In general QC remains a large problem and GNEM R amp E is making new and unique contributions toward resolving this important problem Bulletin Descriptive Tables An advance in using schema information for QC has been the creation of bulletin descriptive tables These tables describe the sources of bulletin data that have been imported into the data warehouse as well as providing a means to track individual data elements to the corresponding lines of text in the original document There are two tables involved BULLETIN and BULLASSOC The BULLETIN table contains one entry for each individual bulletin with columns dir and dfile pointing to the text file on the system that contains the bulletin It also has a bullid column that is unique to each bulletin The other information in the table describes the bulletin
77. description Four tables are used to describe schema information TABDESCRIPT COLASSOC COLDESCRIPT and GLOSSARY We have also developed a web technology interface to view and edit the schema and glossary information Figure 7 The schema tables have been accepted as the schema documentation for the GNEM R amp E program and are now used by Sandia National Laboratories for complete schema documentation Carr 2005 In addition many of the KB tools developed by Sandia depend on these schema database tables TABDESCRIPT provides a basic description of the table identifies that table with a particular documented schema and provides a reference in the database to connect the fields that may be associated with the table The COLDESCRIPT table not only provides the description of a column but also provides metadata such as NA values units and ranges in useful forms Most numeric ranges have been properly translated into nmin nminop nmax and nmaxop Each operation is relative to the value in the column that is column nminop nmin and column nmaxop nmax If both are set then both must apply implied and A range type of defined means the value of the column is limited to a short set of predefined values A finite set is a limited but long or not pre defined set of values A reference set 1s limited to the values in a particular table as given in reftab Using these fields properly can completely and precisely defin
78. e London time series shows the appearance and steady increase of subsidence with time associated with a known underground tunnel The new observations afforded by InSAR time series analysis provide more detailed ground truth information which can be used to produce more accurate time dependent deformation models and better constrain seismic and aseismic subsurface sources of deformation This information can ultimately help location and identification studies if a sufficient number gt 10 of SAR image acquisitions are available ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Krishnavikas Gudipati at UT Austin for developing the InSAR linear inversion software used in this analysis ERS original SAR data were provided by the European Space Agency copyright 1993 2000 Additional data purchases were made by the WInSAR consortium with funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration United States Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation REFERENCES Schmidt D A and R Burgmann 2003 Time dependent land uplift and subsidence in the Santa Clara valley California from a large interferometric synthetic aperture radar data set J Geophys Res 108 B9 2416 doi 10 1029 2002JB002267 Usai S 2001 A New Approach for Long Term Monitoring of Deformations by Differential SAR Interferometry Ph D Dissertation Delft University of Technology The Netherlands Vincent P S Larsen D Galloway R Laczniak W Walter B Foxall and J
79. e color scale is proportional to the log of the number of spectra that fall within each bin The solid white line shows the all time network median for 15 stations having data for 1 year or longer and the lower and upper dashed white lines show the low and high noise models respectively figure from Bowman et al 2005b Value Added Databases The RDSS provides value added R amp D databases which are a significant resource for the US R amp D community Table 1 The data waveforms and or arrivals included in these databases are extracted from the general RDSS waveform archive described above as well as from a wide variety of other open sources The careful compilation of data along with relevant metadata is typically a challenging and time consuming task However the resultant data sets provide unique value added resources which can support studies in nuclear explosion detection location and identification We describe several of the value added databases below Users are encouraged to visit the Monitoring Research Program s RDSS web pages http www rdss info for more details on all of the value added databases described in Table 1 950 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Table 1 Summary of value added research databases available through the RDSS Database Description Acoustic recordings from natural and man made events including atmospheric nuclear Infrasound l i explosio
80. e data are shown unfiltered In addition to the new web based data access tools described above we provide backward compatibility for existing tools such as the e mail based AutoDRM software In many cases the performance of these existing tools is greatly improved because of the quick response times of the spinning disk mass storage system Data Intensive Computing It is possible to perform massive data intensive experiments directly on the data in the archive This is possible since the archived data are written on the mass storage system in an analysis ready format CSS3 0 The data can be read directly by application software making it possible to perform experiments on any desired cross section of data in the archive with no need to stage data in advance Recent studies of infrasound ambient noise Bowman et al 2005a b provide an excellent example of the types of data intensive computations facilitated by the high speed mass storage system To characterize ambient infrasound noise power spectral density was measured for 28 of the 34 infrasound stations shown in Figure 4 Data were analyzed from January 20 2003 through December 31 2004 from 21 consecutive 3 minute segments of 20 sample per second data taken four times daily beginning at 06 00 12 00 18 00 and 24 00 local time This required computing power spectra for 1 476 309 data segments Figure 5 comprising approximately 5 3 billion data samples In a companion study
81. e extended to as many levels as desired though we have had no reason to go beyond two total and regional subcomponents To capture the information about the actual source of the models used for a given location 1 e file name and location brief description we have introduced a new table ModSource Based on our knowledge of the current location models being developed and those anticipated in the future we expect that all of the model information used to locate an event will come from the same source so we tie this table to Origin rather than ModComp The relationship between ModSource and Origin is one to many so this introduces the primary key from ModSource modsrcid as a foreign key column in the new Origin table Currently only state of the art location algorithms account for correlation between observations which has been shown to significantly affect both the calculated locations and the uncertainty estimates in some cases Chang et al 1983 We have introduced tables to capture this information in the new schema The individual correlation values are stored in the CorrEI correlation element table that links together two rows from the Measurement table CorrE l rows are in turn grouped into a correlation matrix via the CorrMat table The CorrMat table has a one to many relationship with Origin 1 e orid is a foreign key in CorrMat Location Uncertainty As almost no candidate explosion locations are known with perfect accuracy
82. e g KBITS KBDAS and Coordination Framework SiteTool Synthesis Figure 3 Overview of the Database Centric Coordination Framework that provides the enabling information technology to allow synergy and synthesis of data and calibration technologies for the efficient production of calibration deliverables Another may have the correct event type but be poor in other respects and so on We had discussed producing origin table entries with our organization as the author but that approach has difficulties Different groups would have responsibility for different fields in the origin Because their information would not be produced in synchronization we would always have to be either updating the preferred origin or producing new preferred origins Also there would be difficulties in tracking the metadata associated with each field of the preferred origin Our solution was to create a set of new tables and associated stored procedures and triggers that collectively maintain the best information about events Enhancements to Efficiency through Cluster Based Computing We have begun to leverage scalable and reconfigurable cluster computing resources to improve the efficiency of our computational infrastructure Just as the database centric approach to information management provided important gains in efficiency we needed to move to a different computational paradigm to provide the computational power 943 27th Seismic Research Review Ground
83. e in the right diagram The default threshold used in the detection experiment is marked as a green dashed line in the left diagram and as a filled dot in the ROC curve The ROC curve shows that lowering the default threshold marked as NEW THRES in the diagrams has little effect on the probability of false alarm but would increase the probability of detection from less than 20 to 50 Estimation of Signal Parameters Apart from detection the processing algorithm that we use DFX estimates signal parameters that characterize a detection such as time of arrival SNR amplitude and for arrays slowness vector With the ground truth of the characteristics of embedded signals the distributions of errors in parameter estimates can be estimated with accuracy Figure 10 summarizes some statistics of estimation errors in amplitude period ratios to the left and 923 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies azimuths of slowness vectors to the right for the DFX algorithm for experiments with FINES The boxplot to the left shows that the automatically estimated amplitude period ratio becomes increasingly positively biased with decreasing SNR of the detected signal The bias at the threshold of the detector log SNR 0 5 is on average about 0 3 m u The bias is probably caused by low frequency noise that the automatic algorithm cannot account for as the amplitude period ratios for the downscaled signals
84. e practices acoustic coupling and other local conditions vary immensely from mine to mine and region to region Therefore we are following an empirical approach to assess the scaling of infrasound signals and limiting the scope of the scaled and embedded data We are building the data set such that each scaled embedded event represents effectively the same source and meteorological conditions as the original event with only the signal amplitude by no more than one order of magnitude and the ambient noise conditions varying 924 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies I34H3 BDF 0 3 4 0 BP I34H4 B DF 0 3 4 0 BP 16 30 00 45 00 16 50 00 17 00 00 chinadaily com cn Time hr min sec Figure 11 Bolide near Lanzhou China on December 11 2004 recorded on the IMS infrasound array I34MN and reported in the local media We obtained seismo acoustic recordings seismic and infrasonic signals from the same source from 23 mine blasts c and 1 bolide Figure 11 in central Asia for inclusion in our signal library The mine blast data offer an opportunity to look for evidence of non linear source scaling in the infrasound data b shows a section of 9 infrasound signals recorded at 131K Z for mines at ranges between 50 and 400 km Traces 1 and 3 originating from the same mine however had signal amplitudes differing by a factor of about 10 Similarly traces 2 and 4 again originating from the same mine h
85. e the various field ranges LANL GNEM R amp E Database Web Queries _ REQUEST SYSTEMS HOLDINGS LASTID HJ _ GLOSSARY SCHEMA PICK STATUS Return to Main Page Station Data Holdings Search Enter a STATION abbreviation to view data holdings case sensitive ZAL Submit Network Data Holdings Search Enter a NETWORK abbreviation to view data holdings case sensitive Submit LANL GNEM R amp E Database Web Queries REQUEST SYSTEMS HOLDINGS LASTID i f GLOSSARY SCHEMA PICK STATUS HJ Return to Main Page LANL Site Holdings for Station ZAL Station Network Holdings Query Form Map it Site Holdings for Station ZAL ONDATE OFFDATE LAT LON ELEV STANAME STATYPE REFSTA DNORTH DEAST LDDATE 1991346 2286324 _ 53 9367 84 7981 0 213 Zalesovo Russia ss zat o 2005 0505 14 16 38 0 Affiliation Network Holdings for Station ZAL NET TIME ENDTIME AFFILIATION LDDATE NETNAME _ NETTYPE AUTH _ NETWORK LDDATE 12 12 1991 346 00 00 00 000 Intemational Monitoring System primary seismic station aray ww 1999 01 15 00 00 00 0 2003 11 18 12 34 39 0 Global registered station list fom ISC sw Isc 2003 11 18 12 34 40 0 KBASE 12127191 846 00 00 00 000 _NULL 2003 11 20 17 57 20 0 2003 11 20 17 57 21 0 Michigan State University assembly of Siberian data ww EAN steai NDC 1999 01 15 00 00 00 0 United States National Data Center Air Force Technical Applications Center ww 19
86. e tool using data from DISCRIM PARM MDAC FI and MDAF FD Comparisons are separately made between the reference event and tool processed event for both the MDAC corrected and uncorrected log amplitude measurements providing residuals for evaluation of measurement consistency Other useful information is also output e g station and channel name event type start and end time for phase processing windows Additional possible output variables may be added if requested To better understand the effects of attenuation observed at a station for events occurring at different source points a new tool was developed to quickly build path integrated Q maps using the 2D Q models that are included with some calibrated stations A path integrated Q map consists of taking an existing tomography grid of Q values defining a point of interest within the Q tomography grid in this case the station of interest defining a path integration grid for the integration to take place over and then computes the path integrated Q values for the great circle paths between the station and each of the path integration grid points An example path integrated Q map is shown in Figure 6 for station ARAO of the ARCESS array using a 1Hz Pn Q tomography model 912 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Figure 6 Pn path integrated Q0 map station ARAO A grid increment of 0 66 degree in both latitude and longitude was used QO m
87. econciliation integration and validation e High Bandwidth connectivity data transfer mesh Flexible development environment Testbed and calibration production services Database aware and enabled applications and services Figure 4 Overview of the cluster based calibration workflow under design and development Initial development and modification of existing codes and algorithms of the cluster based computing environment has yielded significant efficiency improvements in RBAP and other measurement tools Modification of RBAP to incorporate threads to isolate computationally intensive operations has provided a more interactive and responsive environment for the researcher and has laid the ground work for moving the threads to cluster based computing resources Other areas under investigation for taking advantage of cluster resources are for waveform correlation and subspace detector work in addition to providing the ability to efficiently perform large scale event relocations to evaluate ground truth and model calibrations CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We present an overview of our software automation efforts and framework to address the problematic issues of very large datasets and varied formats utilized during seismic calibration research and the attributes required to construct next generation data acquisition By combining both a database centric information management system coupled with scalable and extensible cluster based co
88. ed for the sets of training events see Kveerna et al 2004 Since an initial P arrival at ARCES from one of the Khibiny mines would not permit the system to exclude the possibility that the phase originated from one of the other Khibiny mines it was decided that a site template would be set up for each one of the mines and all would trigger for an initial P phase from any one of the Khibiny sites Each of the site templates would differ in the initial setting of the time window for the examination of the secondary phases but unlike the Kovdor monitoring process Gibbons Kv rna and Ringdal 2005 in which slowness estimates were only performed in time windows fixed relative to the initial P arrival we allow here a small deviation through a limited number of iterations In practice this means that we measure the slowness in a time window fixed relative to the initial P arrival then form a beam steered by these parameters measure a new autoregressive onset time then con firm that the new time falls within a permissible time window and that the slowness measured at the new time falls within the accepted range The new slowness is subsequently used to form a new beam and the procedure is repeated If at any stage a test is failed then the event hypothesis is rejected or at least filed for analyst review this will limit how far from the specified site template the solution can deviate but should permit a location to be found even if the event is a sh
89. ed from the calibration database provide needed contributions to the NNSA KB for the Middle East North Africa Western Europe ME NA WE region and will improve capabilities for underground nuclear explosion monitoring The contributions support critical functions in detection location feature extraction discrimination and analyst review Figure 2 outlines the processes of data collection research and integration within the LLNL calibration process that result in contributions to the NNSA KB and the relationship of the LLNL calibration tools to those involved in the assembly of the NNSA KB or within the AFTAC operational pipeline Within the major process steps data acquisition reconciliation integration calibration research product distillation are many labor intensive and complex steps The previous bottleneck in the calibration process was in the reconciliation integration step Figure 2 This bottleneck became acute in 1998 and the KBITS suite of automated parsing reconciliation and integration tools for both waveforms and bulletins OQRLOADER DDLOAD UpdateMrg was developed The KBITS suite provided the additional capability required to integrate data from many data sources and external collaborations Data volumes grew from the 11 400 events 1 million waveforms in 1998 to the 6 million events 70 million segmented waveforms and terabytes of continuous data today e g Ruppert et al 1999 Ruppert et al 2004 This rapid increase in st
90. effreys Bullen travel time tables If ORIGIN SITE and ARRIVAL tables are available wfdisc2sac pl will use the PERL DBI to query these tables and find information to populate the newly created SAC header fields To prevent accidental recutting of segments already listed in the LANL WFDISC table an option is available to check for existing segments prior to attempting a fresh cut on continuous data A second PERL code builds WFDISC flat file lines that can be immediately inserted into the WFDISC table Database Synchronization Capturing and Propagating Data Changes Calibration efforts by LANL researchers require the use of three separate databases that are physically unable to communicate with each other two within LANL and one at a remote site Because of the lack of direct communication between these databases maintaining data synchronization between them is difficult The content of these databases is such that some data are common to all the databases some data are common between only two of the databases while some data are allowed to exist only at the remote location While it is relatively simple to add new data to all databases it is difficult to capture changes such as updates or deletes made in one and then propagate them to the other two We have recently developed a procedure based on database triggers to capture changes made to core database tables This procedure has been in place for about one year and results to date have been sa
91. egional Magnitudes Based on Coda Derived Moment Rate Spectra Bull Seism Soc Am 93 224 293 Rogers A J T Lay W R Walter and K M Mayeda 1997 Comparison of Regional Phase Amplitude Ratio Measurement Techniques Bull Seism Soc Am 87 1613 1621 Walter W R A J Rodgers A Sicherman W Hanley K Mayeda S C Myers and M Pasyanos 1999 LLNL s regional seismic monitoring research 21st Annual Seismic Research Symposium on Monitoring a CTBT Vol I pp 294 302 Walter W R and S R Taylor 2002 A Revised Magnitude and Distance Amplitude Correction MDAC2 Procedure for Regional Seismic Discriminants Theory and Testing at NTS Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA report UCRL ID146882 and Los Alamos report LA UR 02 1008 916 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies DEVELOPMENT OF A NETWORK DATA SET FOR EVALUATING DETECTION AND NETWORK PROCESSING PERFORMANCE Benjamin Kohl Theron J Bennett Istvan Bondar Brian Barker Walter Nagy Colin Reasoner Hans Israelsson and Paul Piraino Science Applications International Corporation Sponsored by Army Space and Missile Defense Command Contract No DASG60 03 C 0009 ABSTRACT Practical implementations of new or improved monitoring technologies such as signal detectors network phase association algorithms location and event identification methods rely on quantitative assessments of performance such a
92. elationship Diagram for the primary tables with only the key columns primary PK foreign FK and unique UK shown to simplify To make our schema more easily understood by those familiar with the current schema where tables are analogous to tables in the existing schema we have used the same name Note however that none of the tables are exactly the same and some differ significantly as we discuss below Events An event can be thought of as the highest level object captured by the primary tables 1 e every other object can ultimately be tied to an event In the current schema the Event table groups together one or more origins hypothetical locations one of which is the preferred origin However no origin can be part of more than one event that is in the current schema event to origin 1s one to many This is problematic for a data archive like the NNSA Knowledge Base where events origin groupings may have been put together by more than one author The current design is limiting in another way as well When multiple origins are relocated simultaneously using location algorithms such as Joint Hypocenter Determination origin groupings need to be defined For these reasons we choose to instead model the event to origin relationship as many to many which introduces an additional association table EvorAssoc that has foreign keys pointing to each of the tables it links The many to many relationship also implies that the Event primary k
93. ence Events by Cluster Analysis in Proceedings of the 23rd Seismic Research Review Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions LA UR 01 4454 Vol 1 pp 205 214 Engdahl E E Bergman M Ritzwoller N Shapiro and A Levshin 2002 A Reference Event Data Set for Validating 3 D Models in Proceedings of the 24th Seismic Research Review Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Innovation and Integration LA UR 02 5048 261 270 Kennett B and E R Engdahl 1991 Travel Times for Global Earthquake Location and Phase Identification Geophys J Int 105 429 465 Kohl B R North J R Murphy M Fisk and G Beall 2002 Demonstration of Advanced Concepts For Nuclear Test Monitoring Applied to the Nuclear Test Site at Lop Nor China in Proceedings of the 24th Seismic Research Review Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Innovation and Integration LA UR 02 5048 Vol 1 pp 302 312 Kohl B T J Bennett I Bondar B Barker W Nagy C Reasoner H Israelsson P Piraino 2005 Development of a Network Data Set for Evaluating Detection and Network Processing Performance in current Proceedings Pan J M Antolik and A Dziewonski 2002 Locations of Mid Oceanic Earthquakes Constrained by Sea Floor Bathymetry J Geophys Res 107 2310 doi 10 1029 2001JBO01588 Yang X R North and C Romney 2000 CMR Nuclear Explosion Database Revision 3 CMR Technical Report CMR 00 16 Yang X R North C Romney and P Richards 2003 W
94. eocoded displacement maps Some other approaches e g permanent scatterer analysis require specialized intermediate processing steps to generate the final time series Our post processing strategy is motivated by a desire 899 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies to make best use of any number of conventional InSAR software packages and provide a means to easily extend the analysis of a study site when additional data 1s obtained Lop Nor China Nuclear Test Site InSAR data processing began with image formation for 15 SAR data acquisitions spanning 1996 1999 Table 1 One hundred and five initial interferograms were created from the possible image pair combinations The maximum spatial and temporal baselines were 327 meters and 1191 days The initial interferograms were evaluated and several discarded due to decorrelation A mosaic of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 3 arcsecond digital elevation model data was used to remove the topographic phase variations from the remaining interferograms The InSAR processing resulted in 101 geocoded maps consisting of radar line of sight displacements at 3 arcsecond horizontal postings Errors corresponding to each output product pixel were assumed to come from two sources phase noise associated with interferogram decorrelation and DEM errors Phase standard deviations were calculated from the correlation coefficient and a 10 meter SRTM one standard de
95. esearch RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED Web Technology Access to Data Warehouses As data gathering techniques continue to improve and general data availability increases the GNEM R amp E data warehouses will acquire more data than is readily accessible using the standard SQL command line interface One of the challenges is to develop a simple yet efficient way to view the contents of our data warehouses to assist researchers in developing their calibration products Web based tools provide an efficient yet easy way to access data from the Oracle GNEM R amp E databases In addition to viewing the seismic data itself we have developed web pages to interact with database schema viewing and development handle logistical tasks 1 e assignment of unique identifiers tracking of database problems and data requests from researchers etc and view metadata contents e g glossary The LANL GNEM R amp E intranet web technology interface has been operational for over a year and has been extremely useful for accessing data quickly Recent improvements include being able to generate an origin query viewing quick interactive maps of queried data and implementing a data request system for researchers Figure 1 is a view of the starting LANL GNEM R amp E home page LANL GNEM R amp E Database Web Queries The following information is available Dynamic Information Static Information Database Operational Health System DOHS LANL e GNEM R amp E Documents
96. essing algorithms on a large data set which has completely known characteristics The data set utilizes seismic and infrasound signals from actual events The signals are scaled to various sizes and embedded in clean background noise Figure 7 shows the locations of the stations and events currently in the Network Data Set 6 Underground Nuclear Explosions 24 Seismo Acousiic Mining Explosions 1 Seismo Acoustic Atmospheric Explosion 1 Natural Infrasound Event Bolide 118 Earthquakes Y sInfrasound A Seismic Figure 7 Locations of events and stations currently in the Network Data Set 952 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies The Nuclear Explosion Database contains information on all reported nuclear explosions in the atmosphere underground and underwater since the first nuclear explosive device was set off in 1945 The database gives the most accurate and complete unclassified information on time and place of both announced and presumed nuclear explosions and provides whenever available information on explosion yield depth and shot medium Table 3 In addition the database contains a large archive of seismic and some infrasound recordings from about one third of the explosions Figure 8 The explosion database was originally compiled in 1997 and has subsequently been maintained and updated It currently holds data for 2041 explosions The list of explosions in the data base was derived
97. ethods to switch between fixed source jamming and peak correlation a switch to turn on and off results from non signal subtraction and a switch for applying or not applying the signal subtraction method Work continues on developing evaluation plots of the technique for the user to review for validity of the method 913 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Signal Subtraction Controls Figure 7 New graphical user interface for the signal subtraction method planned for Infra Tool Select fixed source and add race Velociy msi T specific azimuth and trace velocity values for Z the fixed noise source jamming method or C Fixed Source Peak Correlation choose the peak correlation method Select Use Signal Subtraction the Use Signal Subtraction to turn on and C Plot Oringal Data off the signal subtraction processing routine By selecting the Plot Original Data the results from non signal subtraction are Apply displayed for comparison As an example we show results from processing using the standard method and signal subtraction for peak correlated power removal and secondary signal detection in Figures 8 a and b Figure 8a shows that the standard processing method clearly detects two pulses with start times of 1998 10 20 21 56 20 and 1998 10 20 22 01 00 and durations 3 3 minutes and 2 5 minutes respectively The average azimuth of these pulses is 289 2 degree
98. ew schema 963 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Unfortunately by using the current schema in the first place some critical information was never stored properly e g detailed information about the models used for location so the new tables will not be fully populated for historical data There is still a gain in doing the translation because the new schema is more efficient and more amenable to code development but the full benefit of our data model can only be realized when it is used from the start to archive data CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We have designed a new database schema to manage information related to nuclear explosion monitoring that captures all of the information stored with the current schema but overcomes many of the problems with the current design Guiding principles to which we sought to adhere in our design include e all tables that store fundamental quantities Origin Arrival Site etc should have single numeric primary keys e having columns that are very frequently null in a table is to be avoided whenever possible and e the schema should form a cohesive integrated entity with settable primary unique and foreign keys Our design e allows Origins to be grouped together in multiple different ways to reflect Events defined by different researchers institutions and to allow the definition of groups of Origins that were located simultaneously usi
99. ey siteid for the new Site table to make it less cumbersome to create foreign keys to point to this table the current primary key 1s sta ondate Second we remove the array specific columns dnorth deast refsta from the Site table Storing these in Site is both inefficient because many sites are not part of arrays and confusing 961 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Site Groupings into Networks In the current schema this is done with the Affiliation table and we use a similar table though we give it a different name SiteNetwork due to the way we choose to handle arrays Also we add starttime and endtime columns to capture the period during which a site was part of a network Note that Network to Site is a many to many relationship so SiteNetwork has foreign keys pointing to the primary keys of each of these tables netid siteid Arrays In the current schema an array is treated just like a network and so networks of arrays are captured with hierarchies of networks Though some see this as clever and efficient we have found it to be confusing and inefficient In the current schema for a given array all elements including the name given to the array center or beam position e g NORSAR are rows in the Site table The fact that they are all part of the same array 1s supposed to be captured in two ways but seldom is First all are given the same refsta value in Site which
100. ey evid is no longer needed as a column in the new Origin table With our new association table an origin can be linked to an arbitrary number of events Origins We have made numerous changes to the Origin table for our new schema Related to the location information represented by an origin we introduce 3 new tables designed to store specialized information AzGap stores information about station azimuthal coverage ModSource stores information about the source of models used to predict observations and RefLocation stores information about reference locations that an origin may be associated 957 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies CovMat aus PK Evi Pk conmatia Prk oma P5101 PK FK2 Orid FK1 U1 Cmi E FK1 U1 Locuncid FK2 U1 Preforid FKA1 Commid o Ja PK Asean U1 LocErr4DBlob FK1 U1 FK2 Commid OrigReflocn Pr Jora PK FK1 Orid PK FK2 Reflocid PK Reflocia Fdbdescript URL PK FK1 Orid PK FK2 Measid Modsrcid Stassid Chanid i Phase Amplitude Auth px Jamoa Measid P lt p alee p rese fpr si FK1 U1 Modsrcid U1 KBCITProject FFK1 Arid Lr jf a Ui KECITdescript Figure 1 Entity Relationship Diagram ERD for the primary tables with e g test sites The AzGap ties one to one with a specific origin so this table has orid as a foreign key pointing
101. ferometric synthetic aperture radar InSAR processing techniques applied to existing data provide rich InSAR ground truth content for exploitation in seismic source identification nSAR time series analyses utilize tens of interferograms and can be implemented in different ways In one such approach conventional InSAR displacement maps are inverted in a final post processing step Alternatively computationally intensive data reduction can be performed with specialized InSAR processing algorithms The typical final result of these approaches is a synthesized set of cumulative displacement maps Examples from our recent work demonstrate that these InSAR processing techniques can provide appealing new ground truth capabilities We construct movies showing the areal and temporal evolution of deformation associated with previous nuclear tests In other analyses we extract time histories of centimeter scale surface displacement associated with tunneling The potential exists to identify millimeter per year surface movements when sufficient data exists for InSAR techniques to isolate and remove phase signatures associated with digital elevation model errors and the atmosphere 898 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVES The goal of this study is to assess new satellite SAR data and InSAR processing techniques for improvements to current remotely sensed ground truth collection capability for determi
102. for low SNR signals and that measurement uncertainties for azimuth probably underestimate the error at low SNR In general we conclude that experiments with an embedded data set can Validate assumptions for detection probabilities underlying network simulations of real data Provide accurate estimates of station detection probability as a function of source strength Provide unbiased estimates of false alarm rates Accurately map ROC curves for relative assessment of signal detectors and detector configurations Estimate the statistical characteristics of errors of signal parameters such as arrival times slowness vectors and signal amplitudes The background noise scaled signals embedded waveforms and relevant meta data from this effort are available to the monitoring research community via the RDSS web site http www rdss info Woodward et al 2005 REFERENCES Brune J N 1970 Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes J Geophys Res 75 4997 5009 Engdahl E R R van der Hilst amp R Buland 1998 Global Teleseismic Earthquake Relocation with improved Travel Times and Procedures for Depth Determination Bull Seism Soc Am 88 722 743 Hanks T C and W H Bakun 2002 A bilinear source scaling model for M logA observations of continental earthquakes Bull Seism Soc Am 92 1841 1846 Kohl B T Bennett I Bondar B Barker W Nagy C Reasoner and J Hanson 2004 Development of a Ne
103. from more than 40 different data sources with information reported by both official such as Department of Energy DOE NV 209 2000 and non official organizations and appearing in a variety of publications A detailed description of the database has been compiled by Yang et al 2000 2003 and Bondar et al 2001 Table 3 Locations of stations for which nuclear explosion waveforms Seismic or infrasound or arrival data are included in the Nuclear Explosion Database Total Number Number of Explosions with Explosion Environment of Explosions So Pepti Yield ae Arrival data Waveforms Height Medium s16 62 1s 457 os zo Underwater to f 7 f o f f e r Atmosphere ss uno s 7 5 o Waveform a Arrival Vv Infrasound Figure 8 Locations of stations for which nuclear explosion waveforms seismic or infrasound or arrival data are included in the Nuclear Explosion Database The Ground Truth Database contains a collection of events of GT quality to support location calibration studies The database includes nuclear and chemical explosions mine blasts rock bursts and earthquakes of global coverage The earthquakes in the database all have shallow focus less than 40 km focal depth since deep earthquakes are of lesser interest from a nuclear monitoring point of view Every event is accompanied with arrival data as well as references to document the source of information 953 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Ba
104. from the current schema to the new schema Much of the information in the current Arrival table phase qual fm etc would map directly to the new Arrival table Travel time azimuth and slowness observations and estimated uncertainties time deltim azimuth delaz slow and delslo however would be mapped to separate rows in the new Measurement table Information from the current Assoc table would be mapped to 3 tables in the new schema Assoc LocnResid and ModComp Residual values for travel time azimuth and slowness timeres azres slores would be mapped to separate rows in the LocnResid The same would be true for the weights for each observation type except that the current schema only stores one of these wgt so we would have to specify which observation weight to map to in the new schema The woefully inadequate vmodel column in the current Assoc table essentially gets remapped to the entire ModComp table though there is not enough information available for historic events to properly populate the new table Presumably the string in vmodel could be mapped to modname in the ModComp table The remaining information in the current Assoc table esaz seaz phase belief maps directly to corresponding columns in the new Assoc table Similar remaps can be made for the rest of the information in the current schema and using these remaps we have written some simple scripts to translate information archived in the old format schema into the n
105. gnitude differences at each stations logA T original unscaled logA T scaled where 1 is a station index versus the target m difference m original for the network m target for the network Obviously the ideal result would be for the observed magnitude difference at each station to equal the target magnitude difference and this is achieved quite well in the explosion scaling measurements in Figure 5a The observations are scattered around a line with a slope approximately equal to 1 0 With the exception of a few outliers related to data quality issues the scatter in the observations 1s less than half of a magnitude unit and the least squares linear fit to the observations is 1 02 with only a slight bias indicated at the largest target magnitude differences Thus we conclude that the MM explosion scaling procedure appears to be performing as expected over a fairly large range of magnitudes For earthquake scaling we began with a Brune w source model For this model the corner frequency is proportional to velocity of the source medium and inversely proportional to a source dimension term which scales with moment In scaling the earthquake signals we consider both cube root as indicated in original models by Brune 1970 Hanks and Bakun 2002 and quad root as suggested by Mayeda and Walter 1996 amongst others for Explosions Earthquakes 4 5
106. h Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED High Quality Data The Phase I goals in this area were to investigate e Reduction of system induced analog noise e New lower power low noise analog front end components e New lower power high resolution ADC components e Discrete AY ADC and digital signal processor DSP processing methods e Matching sensors analog front end and ADC for optimized performance Prior to proposing this SBIR program Geotech s standard 24 bit data acquisition products were its line of D Series instruments These instruments used Ist generation A ADC chips The total power requirements for a three channel ADC analog front end A gt modulator and DSP finite impulse response FIR filter was 1630 mW and required 43 7 sq in of printed circuit PC board space Development of Geotech s newest line of 24 bit data acquisition products the SMART 24 and this SBIR program proposal phase and Phase I activities occurred concurrently In this effort 2nd generation A ADC and analog front end chips were designed in and evaluated In this hardware the total power requirements for a three channel ADC analog front end A modulator and DSP FIR filter was drastically reduced to 258 mW and required only 13 5 sq in of PC board space It was also found that this generation of devices was significantly less sensitive to induced noise from the digital port
107. h robust measurement and analysis tools that can handle and extract groups of events effectively and isolate the researcher from the now onerous task of database management and metadata collection necessary for validation and error analysis Lack of information management robustness or loss of metadata can lead to incorrect calibration results in addition to increasing the data management burden To address these issues we have succeeded in automating several aspects of collection parsing reconciliation and extraction tasks individually Several software automation prototypes have been produced and have resulted in demonstrated gains in efficiency of producing scientific data products Future software automation tasks will continue to leverage database and information management technologies in addressing additional scientific calibration research tasks 937 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVES The National Nuclear Security Administration NNSA Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Research and Engineering GNEM R amp E program has made significant progress enhancing the process of deriving seismic calibrations and performing scientific integration with automation tools We present an overview of our software automation efforts and framework to address the problematic issues of very large datasets and varied formats utilized during seismic calibration research and the attributes requ
108. han a GEO system causing them to be less economically viable Many LEO systems have been proposed but few have made it off the ground Teledesic being the most ambitious to have failed and gone out of business Of those that have only Iridium and Globalstar have potential application to this project Two systems Skybridge and S2Com are still on the drawing board and hold great promise to provide true DSL Internet in the sky if they are launched in the next few years Iridium began with great fanfare in the late 1990s but quickly fell into bankruptcy Iridium has been reborn and currently provides voice and data services globally There are several low power lt 2 W original equipment manufacturer OEM data modems available for iridium but data rates are limited to the 2400 9600 bps range Globalstar also provides voice and data service at 9600 bps However because it uses a simpler bent pipe architecture its ground stations limit its coverage Coverage is currently provided to North America South America Europe Australia and most of Asia Low power OEM data modems and small antennas are also available for the Globalstar system Geotech is currently fielding wireless local area network WiLAN solutions for connecting stations to the network at data rates from 1 5 to 11 Mbps over distances of 20 miles With its SMART 24 instruments Geotech has implemented and tested the following communications related technologies
109. have introduced a new method for tracking downloads of MatSeis that allows us to compile a list of registration information provided by users and create maps of user locations Our first map of this type is shown in Figure 1 detailing the broad distribution of MatSeis especially in Western Europe and the east coast of the United States Data Center Access For the last several versions MatSeis has been reading data from two standard sources Java database connectivity JDBC compliant database tables e g Oracle and flatfile database tables each following the NNSA Core Schema Carr 2002 In a recent collaboration with University of Washington and IRIS DMC MatSeis is now able to read data directly from suitably equipped data centers across the internet This is possible through FISSURES DHI client services and the DHI client FISSURES MATLAB INTERFACE FMI Initially work was done to connect to the IRIS DMC event network and seismogram server Once these connections were established and tested work proceeded to connect to other data centers that were running the same FISSURES DHI client services These data centers are the Northern California Earthquake Data Center NCEDC located at the University of California Berkeley and the Southern California Earthquake Data Center SCEDC located at the California Institute of Technology Our main goal in this task was to establish connections to the seismogram and network servers for the retrieval of
110. hould bring about advances in these areas Also by providing lower overall installation operation and maintenance costs more stations should be able to be fielded with higher productivity All of this will improve seismic data acquisition coverage and monitoring capabilities that in turn will improve the assessment of nuclear nonproliferation and seismic hazards and reduce the associated risk of each 879 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVE The United States government sponsors and supports various programs to monitor nuclear explosions by means of seismic hydroacoustic and infrasound data collection and analysis These data collection stations are typically deployed in remote areas to remove them from culturally generated noise signals Also to perform their monitoring functions they may need to be located in politically sensitive areas These requirements give rise to several problems encountered with past and current station designs These include the following High installation operation and maintenance costs High physical profile because of the equipment and infrastructure required to support the station Low reliability of intrasite data communications in remote areas as well as communications back to a central data collection center Power availability consumption and generation The objective of this Small Business Innovation Research SBIR Phase I grant was to research and a
111. houses that are physically unable to communicate with each other two are within LANL one 1s located at a remote site While it is relatively simple to add new data to all warehouses it is difficult to capture changes made in one and then propagate them to the other two We have recently developed a procedure based on database triggers to capture these changes These triggers capture all update insert and delete operations against a predefined set of tables Periodically the information captured by these triggers is moved to the other environments and executed thus keeping the warehouses synchronized 888 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVE S The GNEM R amp E program has made recent advances in applying data warehouses to seismic calibration research Some of the most challenging tasks of maintaining functional data warehouses are the development of software to easily access the contents of the data warehouse the QC needed to resolve data conflicts the synchronization of database tables between local and remote warehouses and the integration of all data sources into a cohesive database for delivery to the KB This paper is a brief introduction to the wide range of data management technical issues that we face everyday and the future work needed to fully address all aspects of managing and handling vast amounts of data in a data warehouse that is used in nuclear explosion monitoring r
112. hweitzer T F Hauk V E Asming D W Rock and J P Lewis 2003 Ground truth collection for mining explosions in Northern Fennoscandia and Russia in Proceedings of the 25th Seismic Research Review Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Building the Knowledge Base LA UR 03 6029 Vol 1 pp 54 63 Kv rna T S J Gibbons F Ringdal and D B Harris 2004 Integrated Seismic Event Detection and Location by Advanced Array Processing in Proceedings of the 26th Seismic Research Review Trends in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring LA UR 04 5801 Vol 2 pp 742 751 Kv rna T and F Ringdal 1989 A multichannel processing approach to real time network detection phase associ ation and threshold monitoring in Bull Seism Soc Am 79 1927 1940 Schweitzer J 2001 HYPOSAT An enhanced routine to locate seismic events in Pure Appl Geophys 158 277 289 936 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies ENHANCING SEISMIC CALIBRATION RESEARCH THROUGH SOFTWARE AUTOMATION AND SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Stanley D Ruppert Douglas A Dodge Annie B Elliott Michael D Ganzberger Teresa F Hauk and Eric M Matzel Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Sponsored by National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Contract No W 7405 ENG 48 ABSTRACT The National Nuclear Security Administration
113. ia showing good log Mo 3 0 my REB 9 45 M REB gt 4 8 agreement with the cube root model green 921 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Signal Processing Experiments Controlled experiments with the embedded data offer several opportunities for evaluating algorithms for station signal processing with regard to signal detection as well as estimation of signal parameters We give examples below with results from initial seismic signal processing experiments Test data sets were constructed from background noise and scaled signals for three stations CMAR FINES NIL Signals scaled to magnitudes between my 1 8 4 5 in increments of 0 1 magnitude units m u from three large and similar m 5 5 underground nuclear explosions at the Lop Nor test site were embedded in noise of different types whole background clean and reversed clean The test data sets were processed with DFX signal detection and parameter extraction programs with configurations currently employed at the IDC Signal Detection Probabilities Detection probabilities as a function of m were calculated as the ratio of the number of detected signals total number of embedded signals of magnitude m Figure 8 compares the probabilities for the three stations as a function of m The probability curves are in reasonable agreement with a Gaussian cumulative distribution functions with mean values corresponding to the 50
114. ies introduced In fact the Kovdor mine is unique among these mining regions in that the systematic azimuthal bias for this site can essentially be ignored the systematic azimuth bias for the other sites is often of the order of 5 degrees Not every event from the mining regions was able to be located using this single array two phase site template algorithm Many events were excluded for having failed a test a slowness estimate which was not consistent with a phase template or an arrival time estimate which did not fall within the permissible range or which displayed too low an SNR In particular many events from the Kovdor mine failed this two phase algorithm due to the failure of the Sn phase to record an acceptable slowness value in the pertinent time window this is often caused by a low amplitude emergent Sn phase compounded by complicated firing sequence Gibbons Kv rna and Ringdal 2005 improve the number of events located by also considering the far stronger Lg phase An alternative strategy would be to attempt to detect phase arrivals at a different station which would reduce the importance of detecting a secondary phase Figure 3 shows a zoom in of the calibrated single array locations for the mines on the Khibiny massif While the events from the Kirovsk mine red symbols cluster to the West and events from the Norpakh mine green symbols cluster to the east as would be hoped from the source locations we see that this single arra
115. ify the accuracy of our new schema we have developed sql scripts to set up the old schema tables as views of the new tables Our initial development has focused on seismic monitoring but we have made efforts to keep the schema as generic as possible so that it can be used to capture similar types of information for other ground based monitoring technologies e g hydroacoustic and infrasound Should our proposed schema be chosen for use with real monitoring systems large amounts of old format data would need to be converted to the new schema We show in this paper how this would be done with a simple custom utility 956 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVE The basic table structure of the seismic schema currently used for nuclear explosion monitoring was developed more than 15 years ago Anderson et al 1990 and has changed very little since then Carr 2004 We have had many years of experience with this schema both using it to hold data as well as designing increasingly sophisticated software to interface with it For most basic purposes the schema works well but our work with developing the NNSA Knowledge Base has produced a list of problems that is both too long and of too fundamental a nature to address with simple fixes to the current tables In particular we think that the current design has become an impediment to modern software design practices e g object oriented codi
116. including format The BULLASSOC table has one line for each data object extracted from the bulletin origins arrivals magnitudes etc It links the bullid and the id of the extracted object and provides the line number in the bulletin corresponding to the object These tables have immediate use in QC First they allow problematic objects to be traced directly to the corresponding file and line number Second they can be used to extract the entire contents of a single bulletin from the integrated database when the need to remove or replace the data from a particular bulletin arises Segmenting Continuous Waveforms Over the years LANL has acquired segmented and continuous waveforms from many different sources in formats such as SEED SAC CSS with accompanying WFDISC lines GSE and SEGY To make these data readily available to researchers we have developed a PERL code that uses a database interface the PERL DBI to assemble user specified event based wave segments into SAC files We call this code wfdisc2sac pl because it requires a database WFDISC line description of each waveform that might be cut and transformed into SAC format For the case of SEED data handling wfdisc2sac pl calls the executable rdseed To run the code a user builds a list of EVIDs that correspond to events of interest and specifies a list of desired stations and channels The user can also specify desired time window lengths of the final SAC waves based on J
117. inent The database also includes a research component which contains recent and historic acoustic recordings of a variety of natural and man made events including atmospheric nuclear explosions Table 2 and Figure 6 The signals in the infrasound database are suitable for a variety of signal detection and source characterization studies such as the examination of such issues as seasonal propagation variability Table 2 Summary of events in the Infrasound Research Database Numbers in black indicate current database holdings Numbers in red represent data recently added and numbers in blue indicate events to be added i e in the queue Arrivals Waveforms 6B EDO 250110 O 14 4 2 5 5 13 19 7 8 7 29 3 Earthquake 3 15 Auroral wave 48 o S o S B E Gravity wave SS Microbarom 0 o 22 o o S 9 CR 297 48 49 951 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies 0t me ase Historical Stations waveforms oriy Modern Stations waveform arrival datz Y Siet Nucear Tanis 1981 A Operation Dominia 1882 US Stations Figure 6 The Infrasound Research Database contains waveform data from a variety of historic and current station locations The Network Data Set Kohl et al 2005 provides a comprehensive database for evaluating detection and network processing performance This synthesized network data set provides the means to evaluate signal proc
118. inuous noise The third noise dataset whole background was constructed by simply extracting four days of raw continuous data June 1998 This third dataset is analogous to what is normally used in signal processing experiments As a quality control measure and to establish a baseline background detection rate we ran standard signal processing DFX against the clean noise Despite the fact that the clean noise was constructed from detection free segments low level detections were still made against the clean and reversed noise On average the detection rate against the clean noise was 20 of that against whole background noise and reversed noise had a detection rate of about 30 of the whole background noise Figure 3 shows the waveform and the spectrogram of a waveform stitched from detection free segments In the past year we assembled a signal library from the waveforms of 6 historical nuclear explosions more than 100 earthquakes 23 mine blasts and one bolide that occurred in central and southern Asia We are computing a wide variety of signal characteristics e g Figure 4 on the original event records and the scaled signals CHMEHZ 1898 06 01 06 04 10 0 window length 9 0 overlap 8 1 10 108 107 Frequency Hz 10 10 705 T4545 Tag 7500 7520 7540 7560 7560 T 10 CHM BHZ ee E paene D nana naa T T 10 s Er Bp 3 0 6 0 O taiapa 102 es a a TS TS 1 at LLN tow Y CHM BHZ i
119. ions of the hardware see Figure 1 This greatly reduced the amount of isolation shielding and special PC board layout required to obtain good performance results A 3 6 dB improvement in dynamic range was also achieved dB rel v 2 Hz dB rel v 2 Hz ae V N Aae im E E wy vf Al iat 125 W H W N W 145 i t 130 150 01 1 10 100 01 1 10 100 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz Figure 1 Input terminated noise of a Ist generation ADC left showing a small amount of digitally induced integer hertz noise and a 2nd generation ADC right showing no digital pickup In evaluating this design further it was found that additional improvements can be made by optimizing power supply voltages matching the ADC to the sensor and by moving the DSP FIR filtering functions into underutilized field programmable gate array FPGA and DSP processor resources that are consuming power but not being used effectively This could reduce the power and PC board space even further to 150 mW and 4 7 sq in respectively These results are summarized in Table 1 Table 1 Three Channel A ADC Power and PC Board Space Requirements PA 8t Gen AE ADC 2nd Gen AY ADC SBIR 3rd Gen AY ADC Total Power 1630 mW 258 mW 150 mW 881 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies In addition Geotech is currently cooperating with various vendors in the development of new 24 bit A ADC devices that will be av
120. ired to construct next generation data acquisition The scientific automation engineering and research will need to provide the robust hardware software and data infrastructure foundation for synergistic GNEM R amp E program calibration efforts The current task of constructing many seismic calibration products is labor intensive and complex hence expensive However aspects of calibration product construction are susceptible to automation and future economies Data volume and calibration research requirements have increased by several orders of magnitude over the past decade We have succeeded in automating many of the collection parsing reconciliation and extraction tasks individually Several software automation prototypes have been produced and have resulted in demonstrated gains in efficiency of producing scientific data products In order to fully exploit voluminous real time data sources and support new requirements for time critical modeling simulation and analysis a more scalable and extensible computational framework will be required RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED The primary objective of the Scientific Automation Software Framework SASF efforts is to facilitate development of information products for the Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Research and Engineering GNEM R amp E regionalization program The SASF provides efficient access to and organization of large volumes of raw and derived parameters while also providing the frame
121. ize sec No Compression bps 2 1 Compression bps C A 18048 14208 1 8716 4876 8198 4358 885 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies 20000 18000 aai 16000 14000 5 08 12000 A 40000 No Compression bps a 2 1 Compression bps ace No 8716 Y81098 p bps 6000 x 4000 4358 2000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Data Frame Size Figure 5 Communication bandwidth requirements at various data frame intervals This assumes three channels at 40 sps with 2 1 data compression and 50 overhead for command and protocol requirements Advanced Power Supplies The Phase I goal in this area was to investigate advanced power supply alternatives Several fuel cell technologies are in the final stages of research and are developing into the first generation of fuel cell products Four of these fuel cells technologies are direct methanol fuel cells DMFCs proton exchange membrane fuel cells PEMFCs direct ethanol fuel cells DEFCs and microbial fuel cells MFCs While each fuel cell technology has its own unique advantages each also has disadvantages MFCs are in a very infant stage and are not a viable option for the near future While PEMFC has the highest energy density the logistics of transporting and long term storage of the hydrogen fuel eliminate PEMFC as a viable solution In PEMFCs converting H energ
122. ked up by the same researcher or a new one All processing metadata are saved and events are easily tracked as processed unprocessed or outside the current project definitions This allows a researcher to efficiently work through a huge data list without repetition and to easily identify and incorporate new events as they become available in the database e Utilizes Database for Up to Date results RBAP can draw on the latest calibration parameters being generated by other working groups such as the most recent phase picks relocations magnitudes instrument response information or event type ground truth e Batch Processing RBAP is designed to allow simple batch updating of the amplitude results whether the change is small e g one event is relocated or large instrument response is changed affecting all events Database Centric Coordination Framework As part of our effort to improve our efficiency we have allowed researchers to easily share their results with one another For example as the location group produces GT information that information should become available for other researchers to use Similarly phase arrival picks made by any qualified user should also become immediately available for others to use This concept extends to the sharing of information about data quality It should not be necessary for multiple researchers to have to repeatedly reject the same bad data Rather once data are rejected because of quality rea
123. l provides easy access to all data in the archive Data on display are from station IOSAU in Australia and show signals from the eruption of a volcano on Manam Island at approximately 38 distance The data have been bandpass filtered between 0 04 and 0 15 Hz Once the desired data have been identified the user selects these data equivalent to placing items in a shopping cart on an e commerce website Data selections are stored in a private folder for later review revision and download Figure 3 User preferences for data format and delivery method are recalled automatically greatly reducing the effort required to obtain waveform data For example both CSS3 0 and SAC formats are available for waveform data Multiple data selections may be packaged together into a single download and once the content of a particular data package is defined the user may return to browsing while the data are collected and converted to the user s preferred format A given data package may be downloaded more than once and prior downloads are recorded in a history folder freeing researchers from the need to maintain permanent data warehouses on their computer An enhanced waveform data location service is in development as a replacement for the existing General Data Extractor GDE web service Like the existing GDE this tool will permit users to locate waveform data based on event information and other constraints such as group velocity limits and preferred s
124. l within the permitted bounds obtained from the set of training events and a trigger template for a P phase from a Khibiny event which would test the slowness in a higher frequency band Experience has however shown that it is advisable to provide a few alternative trigger combinations since the optimal frequency band may give a spurious slowness estimate as a result of for example an interfering signal It was found to be helpful to generate panels displaying the slowness estimates and corresponding beams for each of the fixed frequency bands to allow an at a glance assessment of the quality of each detection An example of such a panel is displayed in Figure 5 for a regional phase arrival at one of the arrays in Kazakhstan It was also demonstrated by Kveerna et al 2004 that autoregressive onset time estimates frequently provided far bet ter estimates than amplitude only based methods and so a two stage reprocessing system was activated for each array in which we first obtain the best possible arrival time estimate and then obtain the slowness estimates in each of the specified frequency bands This reprocessing procedure can be performed for an arbitrarily specified time and can consequently be applied to any form of detection It is currently applied for every conventional detection from each of the regional arrays which supply data to NORSAR However it could conceivably also be applied to correlation detections detections from matched fiel
125. ledge Base Automated Location Assessment and Prioritization KBALAP program is a set of database services and a client application that combine to efficiently produce location ground truth GT data that can be used in the production of travel time correction surfaces and as part of the preferred event parameters used by other tools in our processing framework The part of KBALAP that runs as a database service is responsible for evaluating bulletin and pick information as it enters the system to identify origin solutions that meet predefined GT criteria with no further processing and to identify events that would likely meet a predefined GT level if a new origin solution were produced using available arrivals The database service is also responsible for identifying events that should have a high priority for picking based on their existing arrival distribution and the availability of waveform data for stations at critical azimuths and distances The interactive portion of KBALAP has three principal functions These are e interactive production of GT origins through prioritized picking and location e interactive specification of GT levels for epicenter depth origin time etype and e batch mode location of externally produced GT information The first of these capabilities allows the user to view epicenters and GT information on a map based on selection criteria input by the user The user can select any GT or potential GT event and observe the dist
126. libration it is necessary to identify properties of the result ing wavefields which provide the most stable characteristics for the subsequent identification of new events The most stable property is almost always the slowness estimate for the initial P arrival from each event this is demonstrated clearly in Figure 8 of Kv rna et al 2004 It also emerges that the frequency band which provides the most stable slowness estimates for a given event population varies greatly c f Figure 6 of Kv rna et al 2004 For the Zapoljarni mines for example the 2 4 Hz frequency band gave a far smaller spread of slowness estimates than other frequency bands whereas for the Khibiny mines the 4 8 Hz frequency band gave the most consistent estimates This raises the question of how a likely candidate phase should best be identified and given the results from the processing of the Kola ground truth mining events it was deemed that the best procedure would be to perform broadband f k analysis in a wide range of fixed frequency bands for every detection made by the arrays In this way a detection list could simply be scanned by a number of trigger templates each examining the frequency band or set of frequency bands which provided the best slowness estimates for the target phase It would be sensible to construct a trigger template for an initial P arrival from a Zapoljarni event that would be activated when a slowness estimate in the 2 4 Hz band fel
127. m s associated channel type e g UHZ calibration frequency equals 0 004 Hz BHZ calibration frequency equals 1 0 Hz and HHZ calibration frequency equals 10 0 Hz The downloaded instrument response files from a data center s network server are in SEED format and are based on the number of stage filters used by the instrument The final step in this process was to build up routines for generating flatfile tables for SENSOR and INSTRUMENT so the instrument response associations would be available for future use With these routines in place a nearly complete set of flatfile database tables e g arrival assoc instrument lastid netmag origerr origin sensor site sitechan and wfdisc and data directories 1 e resp and w can be generated upon export after event processing during a MatSeis session Figure 1 Map of locations for 167 separate MatSeis downloads from December 2004 through July 2005 Phase Match Tool PhaseMatch Tool is a waveform analysis interface launched from MatSeis that allows the user to calculate the predicted surface wave dispersion for a given source to receiver path by ray tracing through a model and then use the model dispersion to generate and apply a matched filter Herrin and Goforth 1977 The tool allows the user to view the observed waveform the model dispersion the predicted waveform the cross correlation of the predicted and observed waveforms and the match filtered waveform The user c
128. metadata are supporting many of the higher level efforts in quality control automation and web access The first of these is the documentation of the seismic calibration schema using a database schema This schema is designed to represent all of the detailed table and field information that up until recently has been available only in text based documents Such information in database form has immediate application to a wide variety of efforts involving the database e g table creation and quality control software tools Another advance in using metadata with a more narrow application has been the creation of bulletin descriptive tables These tables describe the sources of bulletin data that have been imported into the data warehouse as well as provide a means to track individual data elements to the corresponding lines of text in the original document As data become more voluminous and complex QC has become an increasingly visible and important issue regarding the Knowledge Base Improvements in QC procedures are helping researchers and data managers to more readily identify complex quality problems The outcome is consistent research products resulting from improved data upon which those products are based As we understand the QC problem in more detail we have begun to automate the process of applying QC to large datasets Calibration efforts by Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL researchers require working with three separate data ware
129. mputing we have begun to leverage a high performance computational framework to provide increased calibration capability These new software and scientific automation initiatives 944 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies could directly support our current mission including rapid collection of raw and contextual seismic data used in research providing efficient interfaces for researchers to measure analyze data and providing a framework for research dataset integration The initiatives would improve time critical data assimilation and coupled modeling simulation capabilities necessary to efficiently complete seismic calibration tasks The scientific automation engineering and research will need to provide the robust hardware software and data infrastructure foundation for synergistic GNEM R amp E program calibration efforts ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge the assistance of the LLNL computer support unit in implementing and managing our computational infrastructure We thank Jennifer Aquilino and Laura Long for their assistance in configuration and installation of our Linux cluster REFERENCES Ruppert S T Hauk J O Boyle D Dodge and M Moore 1999 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory s Middle East and North Africa Research Database in Proceedings of the 21 Seismic Research Symposium Technologies for Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty LA UR 99 4700 Vol 1
130. ms in our new schema by removing the measurement information from Arrival and putting it into 1ts own table called Measurement Each measurement has an obstype a quantity an uncertainty and is tied to Arrival by the foreign key arid Rows are added to this table only if a particular observation type has been made for an arrival and there is no limit on how many could be added for a given arrival In the future if some new type of observation relevant to an arrival is deemed to be important the information can be added to the existing tables without having to change the basic structure of any tables A further arrival normalization problem occurs with the many amplitude measurements that may be made for a given arrival peak to trough zero to peak RMS etc The current Arrival table has single columns for amp and per so these are quickly used This problem has long been recognized and extension tables have been introduced to capture multiple amplitude measurements per arrival The USNDC P2B2 schema Oo et al 2003 introduces an Amplitude table that we have adapted almost exactly for our new schema This is a generic table with arid as a foreign key so an arbitrary number of amplitude measurements can be made for any arrival With this table as part of the new schema we drop the old amplitude support columns in the current Arrival table amp per SNR Arrivals Linked to Origins We believe the association of arrival information with origins 1
131. n identification etc are connected to parameters stored in the relational database by an extensive object oriented multi technology software framework Figure 3 middle that include elements of schema design stored procedures real time transactional database triggers and constraints as well as 942 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies coupled Java and C software libraries to handle the information interchange and validation requirements This software framework provides the foundation upon which current and future seismic calibration tools may be based Sharing of Derived Event Parameters We have long recognized the inadequacies of the CSS3 0 origin table to serve as a source of information about the best parameters for an event One origin solution may have the best epicenter but poor information on other parameters Object Oriented Software and Database Framework Seismic Calibration Technology Research and Engineering Technologies Relational Database _ 3 RB Stored magnitude mgmt Procedures bulletin mgmt Triggers Constraints station mgmt Schema model mgmt Design e g KBALP Locoo e g HydroToo l e g Arcview DM Java preferred parameter C mgmt gt Graph Theory measurement mgmt Hydrocostic Models Identification e g RBAP Codamag Location Research n Data Acquisition Synergies Database Centric
132. n Monitoring Technologies EventiD Tool Summary Validation Tools View QO Help INCNBH210 iw use 4 a mee Pn 4 00 6 00Hz Sn 4 00 6 00Hz Pran M D Cr CC 0 50 0 50 ae Ee A aC ECE sl sla 2 00 2 00 ae ee Bae ee Poe easy eis 4 00 4 00 poe Ee oe ee si Fe PBs le fe le am a ee c Origin 8476466 2003 03 22 20 38 40 460 6 00 Fal a E I OD Dum s s i feat I log Amplitude Ratio Nw Linear Discrimination Analysis E YPnzsidH Poa Pal Pn Sna f Appli MDAC Png Snai PoS Pg 1 Ph Pn3 Sn3 C MDAC amp Kriging MDAC o grarn FilePath LA discrim discrim_data SSS Compare Channels nt Figure 5 EventID Tool Minor layout changes have been made to allow for new LDA controls Menus have been added for selection of other new feature e g validation methods Q model viewer tool Processing parameters were provided by Bill Walter of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory A hypothetical LDA string is shown to demonstrate the format intended for use by the tool To help researchers quickly validate ever larger numbers of calibrated stations we have introduced a new capability into the tool A routinely used script for product validation was modified to handle an abundant number of cases that the data products might fall within The output from the validation script provides useful numerical analyses for an event that has been delivered in the DISCRIM_ DATA database table and was processed by th
133. n that several mines operate within short distances of each other the inter mine separation is not generally large enough for a single array at a distance of several hundred kilometers to be able to differentiate between two sites from a slowness measurement alone but it is sufficiently large for the fixed time win dow scheme of the Kovdor monitoring process to be compromised For other sites such as the Kiruna and Malmberget mining regions in northern Sweden there exists the problem that we do not possess ground truth data on routine explosions which are necessary in order to calibrate the templates The approximate times of the daily routine detonations were however known for both sites which made it possible to iden tify very likely events and perform a careful analyst location for each of these With a few master events for each mine large numbers of events were subsequently identified using a correlation detection algorithm as being almost certain to have originated within a few hundred meters of the master events The detected events which corresponded to reasonably high correlation coefficients and which displayed a satisfactory signal to noise ratio were selected to build up the databases of events assumed to originate from these source regions All the orange and magenta symbols in the lower panel of Figure 1 were identified in this way Calibrating the event and phase templates Given a sufficiently large set of events from the sites for ca
134. nction of source media properties explosion yield depth and empirical constants corresponding to different geologic emplacement media For southern Asia we use the explosion scaling relations for granite which worked well for nuclear explosions at Semipalatinsk and Lop Nor test sites For scaling the explosions in terms of body wave magnitude mp we use the relation m 4 45 0 75 logW which has been previously validated for these test sites to convert to yields Our MM model results were verified by comparing observations of Pn spectral ratios from nearly co located nuclear explosions with the predictions based on the source scaling theory Some of these comparisons showed very good matches although in other cases there appeared to be corner frequency differences which may require future modifications to some of the model parameters To test the explosion scaling model we applied the MM scaling procedures to scale the signals recorded on a network of regional and teleseismic stations from 6 southern Asia underground nuclear explosions down from their original magnitudes 4 5 lt m REB lt 6 0 to a range of lower magnitudes m REB 4 5 and in 0 1 magnitude unit steps from 4 0 m REB to 1 8 m REB We then applied standard IDC processing to the scaled signals to measure initial P amplitudes and associated periods which would be used for computing station magnitudes The results are presented in Figure 5a in which we plot the observed ma
135. ndicate the fully automatic locations from the GBF system for the confirmed events from these mines between October 1 2001 and September 30 2002 It is immediately apparent that the distances between the automatic location estimates and the true locations vary enormously In particular given a single one of these automatic locations for a recently detected event it is impossible to ascribe the signal to any of the sources shown without performing a full time consuming manual analysis upon the signal The most significant reasons for the large variance of location estimates from the GBF system are the following e Azimuth and slowness estimates are performed on data filtered in a frequency band which varies from detection to detection The frequency band is set in order to optimize the signal to noise ratio SNR and it is demonstrated in Kvzerna et al 2004 the extent to which the slowness estimates for the same set of events become more stable when estimated in fixed frequency bands e Many of the events have complicated firing sequences which can lead to an incorrect association of phases For instance if two similar blasts follow within seconds of each other it is possible that an S phase from the second shot may be associated with the P phase from the first shot leading to a location estimate at too great a distance Other combinations of incorrect coda phase associations can lead to similar spurious location estimates e The GBF system follo
136. nfines of a template calibrated from the observations of previous events we can immediately form a hypothesis that an event at our monitored site occurred at the indicated time We subsequently test this hypothesis by examining whether or not slowness measurements in time windows fixed relative to the hypothetical origin time are consistent with the existing body of observations from that site Gibbons Kv rna and Ringdal 2005 demonstrate that the single array automatic location estimates are a significant improvement on the existing automatic solutions and are comparable to multi array analyst locations The greatest difficulty encountered in this study was the problem in the identification of secondary phases usually the result of complicated source time histories which led to many events which could not be located in this manner these events had to be filed for analyst review 929 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies The goal of the current project has been to construct an integrated framework in which the philosophy behind the single array monitoring system of Gibbons Kverna and Ringdal 2005 could be generalized to a range of different source regions and seismic arrays The ground truth collection project had also acquired information on a very large number of events from the Zapoljarni Olenegorsk and Khibiny mining regions Figure 1 These mining clusters present an additional complication i
137. nfrasonic event recordings and developing scaling and embedding algorithms to yield continuous waveforms with numerous target events at or near the detection threshold in southern Asia This will allow for detection location and identification experiments utilizing the known characteristics of small events under realistic background noise and seismicity conditions The background noise scaled signals embedded waveforms and relevant meta data from this effort are available to the monitoring research community via the mechanisms of the Research and Development Support Services RDSS web site http www rdss info Woodward et al 2005 RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED The basic framework for the comprehensive network data set was developed previously Kohl et al 2004 and is depicted in Figure 1 It involves taking well recorded high signal to noise ratio SNR signals scaling them down to various sizes based on source theory and embedding them in a variety of background noise conditions We are scaling and embedding nuclear explosion earthquake seismo acoustic e g mine blast and infrasonic event recordings at levels spanning the detection threshold We assembled a background noise library of two days of continuous detection free clean noise two days of reversed clean noise and fours days of whole background noise for a core network of 42 stations We constructed a signal library from 6 nuclear explosions over 100 earthquakes 23 mine blasts and one
138. ng that rely on a well designed schema architecture with settable primary and foreign keys We believe that a fundamental redesign of the core monitoring schema is in order and present our first attempt at that in this paper Our ultimate goal is to develop a schema that efficiently and accurately captures as much of the monitoring domain as possible and that will extend well with data sets and techniques yet to be developed For our design we used the ORM component of Visio Enterprise Architect Edition and started from the basic object fact relationships e g an origin has zero or more arrivals By using the Visio tool we are assured that our resultant schema is highly normalized that all tables have settable primary foreign and unique keys and that important constraints are enforced within the database via stored procedures RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED The core tables are often divided into Primary and Lookup and we will do the same here Lookup tables are those that contain static information 1 e information related to networks stations etc Primary tables are those that contain dynamic information associated with a given candidate explosion event location time magnitude which stations recorded it various amplitude measurements etc To help clarify the discussion below we introduce the following conventions table names are in boldface and column names are italicized Primary Tables Figure shows the Entity R
139. ng Joint Hypocenter Determination e properly normalizes magnitude information e adds tables that document the source of earth model information and the various components that constitute the predictions of observed quantities e defines the Measurements made on an Arrival separately from the Arrival itself thereby reducing redundancy and enhancing extensibility e associates Measurements with Origins using Residuals in addition to the currently defined association between Origin and Arrival and e defines Sites Arrays and Networks in a way that is more intuitive and that promotes discipline Our schema is backward compatible with the current schema in that it is possible to capture all information stored in the current schema and views of the new schema can be constructed which allow current software to access information stored in the new schema ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Richard Stead Julio Aguilar Chang Stan Ruppert Dorthe Carr and Mark Harris for countless discussions about problems associated with the current schema and how they should be fixed 964 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies REFERENCES Anderson J W Farrell K Garcia J Given and H Swanger 1990 Center for Seismic Studies Database Version 3 0 Structure SAIC document Carr D 2004 National Nuclear Security Administration Knowledge Base Core Table Schema Document Sandia National Laboratories S
140. ng new seismic monitoring research and developing next generation monitoring software systems however keeping the current table structure can become a significant impediment Using the Object Role Modeling ORM component of Visio Enterprise Architect Edition and starting from the basic object fact relationships we have developed a data model and resultant schema that supports many to many event to origin relationships completely captures complex model prediction information properly records array membership and properly normalizes network magnitude storage to name just a few features By using the Visio tool we are assured that our resultant schema is highly normalized that all tables are linked with settable primary foreign and unique keys and that important constraints are enforced within the database via stored procedures The resulting schema favors efficiency and maintainability but ease of interaction with the information in the database can still be achieved through the use of views We have made great efforts to make our design easily extensible without modifying the schema but should modifications be required they can be made easily through the ORM model Because we include the ORM as part of the schema design there 1s no confusion in our schema about why a table or column is included every feature of the schema can be related directly back to a simple fact statement that can be validated by any seismic monitoring domain expert To ver
141. ning seismic source location depth and characterization Specifically we are e applying InSAR time series analysis to sets of European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS and Envisat radar interferograms and e using InSAR results to constrain geophysical source modeling to improve determinations of seismic source location depth and mechanism RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED This paper presents results from the application of an InSAR time series technique in which a linear inversion is applied to a database of interferograms to produce a sequence of interferograms which show cumulative deformation relative to a reference start date We present results for two sites of interest Lop Nor China nuclear test site and London UK underground tunnels In both cases we detect a time evolution of displacement signals that would not be possible using standard processing techniques The new time series allow for more detailed analyses of the location and time history of subtle deformation signals and provide more accurate ground truth information from the same InSAR dataset Methodology The goal is to obtain deformation measurements at each of the SAR acquisition dates for a set of interferograms overlapping in time and exhibiting generally good coherence The result is a history of cumulative deformation relative to a user selected SAR reference date This InSAR time series problem can be formulated as a linear system of equations Usai 2001 Schmidt and Burgm
142. ns Data suitable for detection and source classification studies l A vast compilation of seismic and infrasound recordings and arrival data from Nuclear Explosion underground underwater and atmospheric nuclear explosions Ground Truth Seismic phase arrival data for GTO through GT15 events Seismic waveforms 100 GB and phase arrival data for events and stations in the Lop Lon Nor Nor China region Includes recordings of larger nuclear explosions which have been scaled P down to smaller yields and embedded in background noise Provides multiple source location estimates obtained from different open sources See Kohl et al 2002 l Seismic waveforms and phase arrival data for events and stations in the Arctic region Arctic Region i Provides multiple source location estimates obtained from different open sources Database of event and waveform data for seismic and infrasound stations to support Network Data Set l l l evaluation of detection and network processing performance The infrasound database has been significantly expanded during the past year The database contains waveforms from infrasound arrays operated by the Department of Energy the International Monitoring System and other organizations many of which are not archived anywhere else The 34 infrasound arrays for which continuous data are currently in the database are shown in Figure 4 These data holdings go back to 1995 and include data from sites on every cont
143. oblem with being limited to a single weight entry and model designation for all observation types is eliminated Our new schema goes further than this however and is able to fully capture the complexity of location models For many years the models used for location have actually been composed of a base model plus a set of corrections elevation ellipticity path correction etc so specifying a single model has long proven problematic Further in the latest models emerging from location calibration research the single resultant models developed for a given station phase are actually composites of several region specific models blended together To capture all of this complexity requires a heavily genericized set of tables that can handle arbitrary hierarchies of complexity and we think we have achieved this in our new schema We capture any of the various model components base model total or by region various corrections total or by region in the new ModComp table ModComp has a foreign key pointing to LocnResid so it is easy to find the model components that go with any measurement origin combination The hierarchy of model components e g the total base model may come from blending base models from two regions is captured by endowing the ModComp table with a foreign key pointing to itself To find out if a model component has subcomponents children all that is necessary is to query for ModComp rows that point to that row This hierarchy can b
144. oceeding to the username password screen Seismic Data Holdings The GNEM R amp E database schema generally follows the National Nuclear Security Administration NNSA structure Carr 2005 This structure is mostly centered around events which are built with origins associations arrivals waveforms etc Using an Event Identification number EVID a user can generally access all the data available for that event Database users can either enter an EVID directly or enter parameters for an origin query Parameters include latitude longitude depth julian date magnitude distance from a point ground truth value author or authority general event type earthquake explosion mining and all origins or just preferred Figure 2 Users can request an output HTML table Figure 3 or just gather data on the web server to produce a map Figure 4 In the table output view Figure 3 a user will see origin information as well as the known ground truth level The AUTH and ETYPE fields have cross referenced links to a glossary table Clicking one of these links shows the definition of the field information In the map output view Figure 4 users can interactively view the results of the origin or other queries When an EVID 1s selected from the table output a new screen appears with an initial summary of available data for that EVID Figure 5 The web scripts determine if waveform segments pick status entries and location database entries exist
145. odules into one borehole installable instrument package to allow the physical profile of the station to be reduced By minimizing the total number of components and instrument packages cabling and interconnects was minimized thus reducing installation operation and maintenance costs significantly The ultimate goal was to achieve a near zero maintenance system that could be quickly deployed by inexperienced personnel The system would be plug and play requiring few if any field configuration or adjustments Communications Using new low power and low cost satellite and wireless communications to connect each station directly back to a data center removing the need for a remote central data hub This eliminated problems encountered with intrasite communications and a possible single point of failure Eliminating the central hub also reduces installation operation and maintenance costs Data from the new seismic station will be delivered in standard CD 1 1 formats and protocols to maintain compatibility with and preserve the investment in current data center processing hardware and software Advanced Power Supplies Using new fuel cell technology as the power source for the station By significantly reducing the power consumption of the station from current levels new smaller power source options can be used This allows for a large reduction in the installation operation and maintenance costs associated with the power subsystem 880 27t
146. ored parameters soon led to new bottlenecks hindering rapid development and delivery of calibration research Automating Tier 2 As the number of data sources required for calibration increased in number and source location it became clear that the manual and labor intensive process of humans transferring thousands of files and unmanageable metadata could not keep the KBITS software fed with data to integrate nor could the seismic research efficiently find retrieve validate or analyze the raw parameters necessary to effectively produce seismic calibrations in an efficient manner Significant software engineering and development efforts were applied to address this critical need to produce software aids for the seismic researcher Two scientific automation tool prototypes RBAP KBALAP Figure 2 are under development for seismic location and seismic identification calibration tasks Both of these prototypes include methods and aids for efficiently extracting groups of events and waveforms from the millions contained in the SRDB and making large numbers of measurements with metadata in a batch mode The concept of event sets groups of related seismic events or parameters that can be processed together e g either station centric or event centric was introduced as previous SAC scripts and macros could not scale to the task 940 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies The KBALAP Program The Know
147. orldwide Nuclear Explosions in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology Vol 81B W H Lee H Kanamori P Jennings and C Kisslinger Eds Academic Press 955 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies A POTENTIAL NEW NUCLEAR EXPLOSION MONITORING SCHEMA Christopher J Young and Sanford Ballard Sandia National Laboratories Sponsored by National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Nonproliferation Research and Engineering Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Contract No DE AC 04 94 AL85000 ABSTRACT Relational database schemas are widely used in nuclear explosion monitoring applications Carr 2004 and they work well for many aspects of monitoring but have some limitations that can only be addressed through fundamental redesign In this paper we present a new seismic schema that captures all of the information in the current core schema but is better normalized more extensible and provides a better basis for next generation seismic monitoring research and system development Past modifications of the core schema have typically been minor avoiding significant changes to the existing tables because software that interfaces with them may have to be modified also Introducing custom tables is equally problematic and similarly avoided In the short term keeping the original tables makes sense because software modifications can be expensive For conducti
148. ort distance away from the exact site for which the site template was tuned 33 33 5 34 34 5 35 Figure 3 Zoom in view of the locations of the mines of the Khibiny Massif near the town of Apatity in NW Russia upper panel together with automatic single array locations of confirmed events from these mines between October 2001 and September 2002 lower panel All locations are made using HYPOSAT using only the Pn and Sn phases only from the ARCES array at a distance of approximately 410 km to the North West The triangle indicates the location of the Apatity array not used in these locations and the colored lines indicate the shortest routes from the mines to the seismic arrays Figure 2 shows the automatic event locations obtained for the events shown in the lower panel of Figure 1 using the slowness and azimuth estimates obtained from the frequency bands specified in each of the phase templates and phase arrival times measured by the autoregressive onset estimates This figure indicates the vast improvement to the location estimates afforded by this controlled process and also the importance of applying slowness and travel time corrections to the solution prior to calling a location algorithm If the azimuth measured in the most stable frequency band is interpreted directly as being the geographical backazimuth large systematic biases of up to 50 km can be 932 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technolog
149. osion Monitoring Technologies the optimal analysis frequency band is a trade off between SNR and coherence In Kazakhstan the low frequencies do allow good observations of regional phases and the frequency bands above 4 Hz for these arrays do not give good slowness estimates due to signal incoherence The set of fixed frequency bands for the reprocessing is therefore chosen accordingly Compensation for array loss using matched field processing Classical beamforming transforms the incident waveforms using steering vectors which are set according to the assumption of a plane wavefront Array loss occurs when the coherence of the waveforms is diminished or the plane wavefront assumption is otherwise violated due to diffraction or scattering It has already been noted that many of the signals of interest exhibit the best single channel SNR at high frequencies for which beamforming is ineffective due to low waveform semblance A method of compensating for such array loss by replacing the theoretical steering vec tors with empirical steering vectors calibrated from measurements of the wavefield structure the so called matched field processing method has already been employed successfully in the field of underwater acoustics Baggeroer et al 1993 The steering vectors are calculated as the eigenfunctions of sample covariance matrices obtained from nar row band filtered waveforms from populations of events known to have come the same source loca
150. pp 234 242 Las Vegas NV Ruppert D Dodge A Elliott M Ganzberger T Hauk E Matzel and F Ryall 2004 Enhancing seismic calibration research through software automation in Proceedings of the 26 Seismic Research Review Trends in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring LA UR 04 5801 Vol 2 pp 780 789 Orlando FL 945 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies DATA AND TOOLS TO SUPPORT NUCLEAR EXPLOSION MONITORING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Robert Woodward Michael Skov Manochehr Bahavar Geoff Davis and Yu Long Kung Science Applications International Corporation Sponsored by Army Space and Missile Defense Command Contract No DASG60 03 C 0009 ABSTRACT The nuclear explosion monitoring research and development R amp D community can access raw data and unique research databases using state of the art data browsing and selection tools as part of the Research and Development Support Services RDSS project operated by the United States US Army Space and Missile Defense Command Monitoring Research Program The waveform data archive maintained by the RDSS provides direct and immediate access to 100 of the data in the archive A high speed spinning disk mass storage system is used to store all the waveforms in the archive roughly 12 Tb of seismic hydroacoustic and infrasound waveforms from over 300 locations worldwide Every waveform in the archive can be directly and instantly accessed
151. re determined on a detection by detection basis in order to capture the best possible part of the signal Whereas this generally leads to the best SNR it also leads to a demonstrable variability in automatic event location estimates Figure 1 which necessitates a costly manual event location procedure for every such signal detection Under the system proposed here each detection is reprocessed by performing f k analysis in each of several fixed frequency bands This has the advantage that since the fixed band slowness estimates are typically more stable for events from any given site and that the optimal frequency band varies from site to site candidate detections can be readily picked 935 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies out by a process which detects slowness estimates in a specified band or combination of bands which fall within a given set of calibrated bounds Each time such a candidate phase detection causes a trigger a full process testing a site template can be initiated which tests any appropriate combination of phases at any appropriate combination of stations For each time of an anticipated arrival a new fixed band slowness estimate is initiated together with an arrival time determination procedure We have demonstrated that even in the case of a single array with a two phase site template the fully automatic location estimates provide a great improvement over the existing solutions
152. rehole digitizers have a 3 5 in diameter and are roughly 26 in long The reduction in size will result in a new generation of borehole digitizers which will be targeted at a 3 5 in diameter and a length of 8 in This reduction in size will reduce the weight by an estimated 75 80 hehe a m ne i Ph eo Ee Fi Soa rE Car A VA TUR Figure 2 This figure shows a 70 reduction in PC board size from a 1st generation ADC left to a 2nd generation ADC right Another 50 reduction in size is anticipated going to a new 3rd generation of ADC Hardware developed in Phase II of this program will be the building block for Geotech s next generation surface digitizer to replace the SMART 24 instruments carrying forward Geotech s intellectual property and innovations respected around the world This investment in intellectual property will allow Geotech to advance its hardware platform as newer faster and lower power integrated circuits come to market all this with maximum portability via very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language design tools and methodologies FPGAs where selected over application specific integrated circuits ASICs because of a more rapid migration to newer technology and programmability By letting the FPGA industry invest time and money into the semiconductor devices Geotech can stay 2 to 3 years ahead of the ASIC based competition The current borehole digitizer contains nine boards and cons
153. ribution of stations with picks and stations with available waveforms The user can select any station with available waveforms and open a picker with any current picks displayed There the user can adjust existing picks add new picks mark bulletin picks as unusable and relocate the event A new GT level is calculated and the user can choose to accept that origin solution and GT level or continue working with other stations The interactive GT entry mode of KBALAP allows the user to retrieve information about a specific event and add or update that event s GT parameters The program can also create a new event with a GT level for cases where epicenter time depth and magnitude GT data are available Similarly the batch mode part of the program allows specification of flat files containing GT data for events already in the database The RBAP Program The Regional Body wave Amplitude Processor RBAP is a software tool to help automate the process of making amplitude measurements of regional seismic phases for the purpose of calibrating seismic discriminants at each station RBAP generates station centric raw and Magnitude Distance Amplitude Correction MDAC corrected Pn Pg Sn and Lg amplitudes along with their associated calibration parameters e g phase windows MDAC values reference events etc in database tables It strictly follows the Working Group WG 2 standardized processing described in the MDAC White Paper Walter et al 2003 an
154. rival picks or catalog data be acquired for use in their research projects Requests are entered into the system logging who made the request along with the request details and notifications are automatically sent to members of the LANL Data Management Team A member of the team then accepts the request retrieves the data and sets the status of the request to Completed During this process the person who originally made the data request is automatically notified of changes in status or comments from the Acceptor This formal method for data requests allows tracking of researcher needs and reduces instances of miscommunication Quality Control and Assurance As data become more voluminous and complex QC has become a challenging and extremely interesting issue to consider when developing content for the KB In particular because of recent advances in tools that access KB data researchers have been able to make more efficient use of this large volume of data but have also found inconsistencies in applying the data to their research efforts Improvements in QC procedures are helping researchers and data managers to more readily identify complex quality problems The outcome is improved research products resulting from improved data upon which those products are based QC is handled in a wide variety of ways at the present and much effort is being made to better structure this procedure and automate as much of it as is practical to do so
155. rnment authorized researchers 954 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the members of the US Infrasound Team for making available high quality data from the research stations and International Monitoring System stations which they operate REFERENCES Bowman J R 2005a Meteorological Conditions at Infrasound Stations Inframatics 9 Bowman J R 2005b Meteorological Conditions at Infrasound Stations SAIC Technical Report SAIC 05 3000 Bowman J R G E Baker and M Bahavar 2005a Ambient Infrasound Noise Geophys Res Lett 32 L09803 do1i 10 1029 2005GL022486 Bowman J R G Shields G E Baker and M Bahavar 2005b Infrasound Station Ambient Noise Estimates and Models SAIC Technical Report SAIC 05 3001 Bondar I E R Engdahl X Yang H A A Ghalib A Hofstetter V Kirichenko R Wagner I Gupta G Ekstr m E Bergman H Israelsson and K McLaughlin 2004 Collection of a Reference Event Set for Regional and Teleseismic Location Calibration Bull Seism Soc Am 94 1528 1545 Bondar I X Yang R G North and C Romney 2001 Location Calibration Data for CTBT Monitoring at the Prototype International Data Center Pure Appl Geophys 158 19 34 DOE NV 209 2000 United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 through September 1992 Rev 15 Engdahl E R and E A Bergman 2001 Validation and Generation of Refer
156. ry key stamagid rather than the current composite primary magid sta to make it easier to set up foreign keys pointing from other tables to this one Lookup Tables Figure 2 shows the Entity Relationship Diagram for the lookup tables Again to make our schema more easily understood by those familiar with the current schema where tables are analogous to tables in the existing schema we have used the same name Also again however note that none of the tables are exactly the same and some differ significantly as we discuss below SensorCalibration PK FK1 Arrayid PK FK1 Site id PK FK1 Chanid PK FK2 Netid PK FK2 Netid PK FK2 Calibdataid ex aa C hatan reese ra eames Be ArrName FK2 Respid Pe amara pr Smaia Px Jenonana Px cms Px Ran are fom CT ICL 1 Figure 2 Entity Relationship Diagram ERD for the lookup tables Network HE The top level object for the lookup tables is a network so we begin there Our Network table is very similar to the current table except that we add starttime and endtime to capture the time period during which a network is operational Sites In the current schema the Site table captures the information about the name and location of where seismic instrumentation has been deployed and we do essentially the same thing There are however a few important differences between the new and current Site tables First we introduce a simple primary k
157. s Figure 8b shows the signal subtraction results of the initial peak correlated power obtained by the standard processing method In this case three detections are made and each occurs at the approximately same azimuth 327 2 degrees These are likely refracted wavefronts from local topography near the infrasound station of the primary pulses detected with the standard processing method c 5 i m is MatSeis Update LS03sd Grid 1998 10 20 a 1998 10 20 b Figures 8a and 8b Demonstration of signal subtraction technique for removal of peak correlated power and secondary signal detection A waveform segment with start time 1998 10 20 21 50 00 and 20 minute duration was chosen for the Los Alamos Infrasound Array LSAR Waveforms were bandpass filtered at 1 3 Hz bottom displays of both panels and processed using 20 second moving window with 50 overlap Detection threshold criteria were set to correlation gt 0 5 slope limit in azimuth lt 1 0 degrees Number of samples 4 i e 80 second LTA standard deviation in azimuth lt 2 5 and azimuth data gap 0 a Standard processing results with associated detection windows Detection window statistics average correlation 0 8 0 097 trace velocity 380 m s 7 and azimuth 289 2 2 0 b Signal subtraction results for removal of peak correlated power with associated detection windows Detection window statistics average correlation 0 566 0 105 trace velocity 399 20 m s and azimuth 32
158. s also fundamentally flawed in the current schema Currently the Arrival table and Origin tables are linked with a many to many relationship via the Assoc table On a high level that is correct but if we examine the relationship in more detail problems emerge First an arrival can be associated with an origin in two ways and this is not well modeled An arrival can simply be tied to an origin in a general sense it corresponds to a seismic wave caused by the origin or it can be part of the process that was used to locate the origin The latter is the reason for the timdef azdef slodef columns in the current Assoc table The problem with the current schema is that these two types of information are both put in the same table Assoc Thus Assoc has columns that are often nulled if an arrival is not used for location at all or is used only for travel time azimuth or slowness Further as was discussed for the current Arrival table the information recorded in Assoc for each type of observation defining residual value and weight is the same so the columns are redundant Finally though the Assoc table might have all three current observation types as defining and hence using a model to drive location there is only one column vmodel to capture the model information which could easily be different for each observation type A further problem with the current Assoc table is that there is only one wet column when in fact separate weight columns
159. s detection probabilities and false alarm rates These types of performance metrics are typically obtained through experiments using data sets constructed from archival data records However such experimental data sets implicitly contain signal and event recordings from numerous unknown sources e g small earthquakes not reported in published local regional or teleseismic bulletins potentially contaminating the data set and complicating the interpretation of processing results Furthermore they are only representative of events and station network characteristics contained during the time interval of the archival data Our objective is to develop an experimental network data set in which all the target signal and event detections are known and ultimately to extend those results to represent expected network data from potential surrogate events and stations which may not be included in the historical archive To achieve this objective we have been developing the framework for synthesizing a database including continuous waveform data for a network of seismic and infrasound stations relevant to nuclear explosion monitoring which contains signals from actual events scaled to various sizes and embedded in a variety of background noise Our initial focus for this study has been a large region in southern Asia 15 45 N 50 115 E We have identified a network of 51 core seismic and infrasound stations most useful for monitoring this region and we ha
160. se and Signal Library In the past year we completed the construction of three 10 background noise datasets for a network of 42 stations a useful for building experimental data sets for testing 10 monitoring capabilities in southern Asia 15 45 N 50 pe 115 E The first of these data sets clean noise two days 10 was constructed by stitching together detection free Ha segments To insure that the stitched clean noise 10 realistically represented actual noise including known seasonal and diurnal variability we first assembled a set of reference spectra for each station and channel spanning the range of variability for each station Figure 2 For example for stations that exhibited strong diurnal variability in the noise levels we computed a separate reference spectrum for every hour of the day Only those detection free segments derived from the same hourly span and whose spectra matched the reference spectra were used To minimize the effects of the merging process we used 10 to 120 second tapers at the ends and overlapped neighboring segments All the channels of stations and arrays were merged consistently in time to retain the noise coherency characteristics originally present in the data Figure 2 Example reference spectra for hours 0 and 3 for the CM16 element of CMAR The second noise dataset reversed two days was constructed by simply time reversing the clean background noise thus also yielding two days of cont
161. sed Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies The events in the Ground Truth Database are distributed globally though they are dominantly in the northern hemisphere Figure 9 The database currently holds 13 379 GTO 15 events Table 4 with some 900 000 associated phases of which some 810 000 are defining recorded at 3 771 stations Residuals in the bulletins refer to IASP91 Kennett and Engdahl 1991 predicted travel times with the source fixed to the GT locations Note that the categories GT7 and GT11 stand for events promoted to GT status after performing multiple event oGTO oGTI 2 vGT5 AGT GT10 15 location on an event cluster For details Figure 9 Locations of events in the Ground Truth Database see Bondar et al 2004 Engdahl and Bergman 2001 and Engdahl et al 2002 The GT15 events Pan et al 2002 are included only to provide coverage on mid oceanic ridge events in the mid Atlantic ridge the Carlsberg ridge and the Gulf of Aden Table 4 Summary of Ground Truth Database holdings by source type and GT level 23 2 Ls ae Mine blast rock burst _ RB Ss See Earthquake pa me Lie CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We have described a variety of resources which are available to the US nuclear explosion monitoring research and development community A vast quantity of data is available to users via the
162. ses The first is to simply define generic strings used in various description fields primarily acronyms and abbreviations The second 1s to serve as the reference table for defined range types and finite set range types A given definition can apply in all circumstances column name table name owner and schema are all not set which is a generic definition or it can apply to increasingly selective subsets of columns tables owners and schemas For defined and reference set range types in COLDESCRIPT the complete permitted set of values will be found in GLOSSARY one entry for each value values are found in the name column and column_name will always be set for these Having such schema information in database form has proven beneficial to a wide variety of efforts involving the database both specific to Los Alamos and across NNSA This schema for table description metadata is a key contribution to the web based database documentation discussed in this paper It is also the foundation for automated QC efforts at LANL see below The schema tables have changed slightly over the past year in response to experience using it at LANL and elsewhere The tables provide immediate advantages in the maintenance of the schema descriptions such that they can be easily checked for errors quality and completeness The use of the TABDESCRIPT COLDESCRIPT and COLASSOC tables is becoming fairly well established The GLOSSARY table has
163. sons they should automatically be excluded from processing by all tools We are implementing this system behavior using database tables triggers stored procedures and application logic Although we are at the beginning of this implementation we have made significant progress over the last year with several kinds of information sharing using the new Database Centric Coordination Framework These are discussed below Significant software engineering and development efforts have been applied successfully to construct an object oriented database framework that provides database centric coordination between scientific tools users and data Figure 3 A core capability this new framework provides is information exchange and management between different specific calibration technologies and their associated automation tools such as Seismic Location e g KBALAP seismic identification e g RBAP and data acquisition validation e g KBITS A relational database ORACLE provides the current framework for organizing parameters key to the calibration process from both Tier 1 raw parameters such as waveforms station metadata bulletins etc and Tier 2 derived measurements such as ground truth amplitude measurements calibration and uncertainty surfaces etc Efforts are underway to augment the current relational database structure with semantic graph theory structured queries for handling complex queries Seismic calibration technologies locatio
164. spinning disk mass storage system New tools have been developed which make it possible to visually browse any waveform in the entire data archive The waveform viewer runs under any standard web browser and provides the ability to view multiple channels of data from one or more stations Data can be selected via the waveform viewer or with other tools Selected data can then be downloaded via the data download manager which provides user specific configuration and download management The mass storage system also supports data intensive computing experiments Application software can access data directly from the mass store facilitating experiments which require large volumes of data from any combination of stations and time windows Researchers interested in remotely accessing the data intensive computing infrastructure should contact the RDSS e g via the website A wide range of value added databases have been produced These databases represent unique assemblies of waveform data arrival and event data and metadata The databases are all available on line and provide valuable resources for use in detection location and identification studies We recommend that researchers in the nuclear explosion monitoring R amp D community visit the MRP websites to learn more about the MRP s RDSS resources The MRP maintains both an open website http www rdss info and a restricted access website at https www rdss info access limited to US gove
165. ss estimates in various frequency bands for each anticipated phase Such ground truth information was not available for the Swedish mining regions or industrial explosions in Kazakhstan However given a small number of events known to have occurred at different sites lists of events guaranteed to have occurred in the near vicinity of these master events have been generated by performing waveform correlation on signals from likely candidate events Conventional f k analysis and beamforming assume a plane wavefront which is coherent across the array this assumption breaks down due to refraction and scattering leading to energy loss in beamforming and bias in slowness estimates In matched field processing the plane wave steering vectors are replaced with empirical steering vectors estimated from observations of phases from events in the region to be monitored An efficient suite of calibration software has been developed in this project to filter suites of waveforms from training event sets into a large number of narrow bands and to estimate matched field steering vectors for each band We present an example whereby a set of steering vectors was calibrated for the Pn phase at ARCES from compact underground explosions at the Kirovsk mine In the 7 8 12 5 Hz frequency band the matched field beam captures a factor of 2 more energy than the conventional beam and when filtered above 10 Hz the factor is closer to 3 927 27th Seismic Research Review Groun
166. ssess the feasibility of using current and emerging new technologies to develop a new generation of Robust Remote Seismic Station RRSS hardware and software to mitigate these current shortcomings The working goals for this new generation of equipment are as follows l a i High quality 24 bit or better data Remove the need for a central hub data collection point by having the individual stations connect directly to a global or wide area network GAN WAN to eliminate a large physical presence and cost It also removes a large power requirement and a possible single point of failure Very low power lt 5 W peak lt 1 W average at each seismic station High level of integration to reduce size and provide a very low physical profile Direct low power low Earth orbit LEO satellite communication to Internet in the sky Two week persistent data buffer in case of communications outages Autonomous power operation off the grid One year operation between servicing Specifically Geotech Instruments LLC Geotech performed research in the following areas High Quality Data Using new low power analog signal conditioning and high resolution delta sigma A gt ADC techniques to deliver high quality low noise seismic data Size and Power Reduction Using low power surface mount electronics and miniaturized packaging technologies to reduce overall size and power requirements Integration The integration of the electronics m
167. surement types both for validation and operational purposes For a more detailed description of the TRMS and FREQ measurement techniques see Rogers et al 2002 3 a x Bee Figure 4 Plot demonstrating log amplitude measurement types FREQ green and TRMS magenta across 8 frequency bands 0 5 1 Hz 1 2 Hz 2 4 Hz 4 6 Hz 8 10 Hz 10 12 Hz and 12 16 Hz In the case shown here the log residual differences i e TRMS FREQ had a standard deviation of 0 113 about the mean of 0 211 for Pn 0 066 about the mean of 0 207 for Pg 0 057 about the mean of 0 194 for Sn and 0 067 about the mean of 0 207 for Lg For evaluation of the LDA technique new controls were added to implement this method as unobtrusively as possible without interfering with the existing single ratio discriminant capability As seen in Figure 5 the previous methods for selecting phase spectral and cross spectral ratios are located just above the new section for selecting and editing a LDA string The user controls the active method by selecting from a radio button on or off switch Upon selecting one of the discrimination methods the other methods controls are disabled ensuring that the tool and user are clear as to the desired functionality There are many ways to implement LDA within the tool we anticipate further work on refining this interface based on feedback from users 911 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosio
168. t need to be addressed This was of great help for example in preparing the recently delivered Siberian dataset which was a highly heterogeneous collection of data from a wide variety of sources The process is based on the schema tables uses a simple parameter file and implements single column and single table tests two table joins and the notorious wftag type join It also extends these tests and joins using a special database table called COMPLEXJOIN that permits a wide variety of complex relationships including LANL GNEM R amp E Database Web Queries REQUEST SYSTEMS HOLDINGS LASTID GLOSSARY SCHEMA PICK STATUS Return to Main Page Data Request System DRS List of Data Requests Completed Click ID to view full entry Pending Completed New l Search Form Date Needed Modification Date Creation Date DSS waveforms diane 2005 07 07 09 11 45 0 2005 06 03 11 59 09 0 TATO IU BH waveform collection diane 2005 07 07 09 08 37 0 2005 06 03 11 02 09 0 KKAR broadband fill in from IRIS diane 2005 02 23 13 06 11 0 2005 02 23 11 46 20 0 phillips 01 31 2005 CHTO Hartse s event list defaults diane 2005 01 29 10 39 05 0 2005 01 26 14 26 05 0 phillips 01 31 2005 KMI Hartse s event list defaults diane 2005 01 29 10 38 46 0 2005 01 26 14 23 58 0 phillips 01 31 2005 HYB 1995 Current 0 20 deg defaults diane 2005 01 28 12 20 13 0 2005 01 26 14 21 53 0 phillips 01 31 2005 LSA 1995 Current 0 20 deg
169. t only capture unique information about the rows being modified in the tables being monitored but we also capture the modification date and the name of the database user who made the modification to each row This information together with the built in database auditing capabilities that can be enabled at the table level can serve the secondary purpose of providing a security audit trail to be able to answer questions regarding changes made to critical production data The synchronization operation between the source database and the two target databases is a manual process at this time The synchronization operation starts after a predetermined number of changes have occurred in the source database tables A special set of tables is created from the unique information captured by the triggers that contain the table structure and changed rows of data from the source tables that will be used to replace the outdated information in the target databases The second and final step of the synchronization process is done on the target databases both at LANL and at the remote location First we delete from and insert rows into the target tables The rows to be deleted in the target databases are the rows that were either updated or deleted from the original source tables In this step the decision was made to replace the entire row when an update occurred in the source table rather than try to make a column by column comparison to only update specific columns in
170. taken to secure the storage facility DEFCs are considered an emerging fuel cell technology Since ethanol is generated with renewable fuel sources this is an interesting technology to consider even for the near future With pros and cons evaluated for each fuel cell technology DMFC seems to be the most viable option for the near future The following positives outweigh any of the negatives e Ist generation available in 2005 e Fuel is readily available e 10 gal 1 33 cu ft needed for 1 year operation 66 Ib e Byproducts are H20 and CO As DMFCs rapidly mature they are slated to be the preferred fuel cell technology for small portable devices At lt 5 W a completely operational seismic station would be considered a small device A typical laptop computer consumes 30 50 W The first generation of DMFCs requires a lead acid battery for startup With enough forethought the installation can be adapted to support DMFCs in the initial implementation and DEFCs as the technology advances CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION With the convergence of the development of Geotech s new SMART 24 instruments and this SBIR Phase I effort Geotech has developed implemented and proven several technologies relating to this SBIR effort including the following e A 2nd generation 24 ADC with better performance and much lower power e Matching of sensors and ADC to improve performance e SMART 24 technology for plug and play operation
171. tation and channel selections The replacement tool is enhanced to provide integration with both the new private folder infrastructure and the improved waveform browser enabling the user to preview GDE based waveform selections as well as manage selections via the user s private data folder A major goal in the development of these new tools is to support collaborative research by distributed research teams Research teams might identify and define relevant data sets to be shared by members of the team These data selections would then be available to any team member at any time without each individual requiring a personal copy of all data Researchers would need only to download to their personal workstations those data subsets relevant to the current task These downloaded data could be removed and replaced with other research team data as needed freeing each team member from managing individual data sets 948 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies ggd in as woodward Go to the ieee Se Leer Se SMDC Monitoring Research Requests J lems Selected BUNDLE DELETE show hide expand collapse There are Jeme in your cert Figure 3 Using the data download manager the user can review data in a shopping cart In this example the data selected with the waveform viewing tool e g the data shown in Figure 2 are being reviewed prior to downloading note that in this view th
172. tc Processing Review Actions Requirements Figure 2 Summary of the processes of data collection research and integration within the LLNL calibration process that result in contributions to the NNSA KB The relationships of the current LLNL calibration tools scientific automation tools and database coordination framework to those involved in the assembly of the NNSA KB are delineated 939 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Scientific Automation Software Tools Information products created using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL Seismic Research Database SRDB may be grouped under two major categories or tiers Tier 1 primary data products and Tier 2 derived products In order to calibrate seismic monitoring stations the LLNL SRDB must incorporate and organize the following categories of primary and derived measurements data and metadata Tier 1 Contextual and Raw Data Station Parameters and Instrument Responses Global and Regional Earthquake Catalogs Selected Calibration Events Event Waveform Data Geologic Geophysical Datasets Geophysical Background Model Tier 2 Measurements and Research Results Phase Picks Travel time and Velocity Models Rayleigh and Love Surface Wave Group Velocity Measurements Phase Amplitude Measurements and Magnitude Calibrations Detection and Discrimination Parameters Automating Tier 1 Corrections and parameters distill
173. te line is the moment rate spectrum and vertical white dashed line is the S wave corner frequency fes 0 84 Hz Processing parameters provided by Kevin Mayeda of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 910 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Event Identification Tool EventID Tool is a waveform analysis interface launched from MatSeis that allows the user to categorize an event of interest i e explosion or earthquake using spectral ratios of standard regional arrivals see Hartse et al 1997 Walter et al 1999 This is a station calibrated technique and researchers must provide a set of station specific calibration parameters that are stored in a set of database tables and assessed by the tool when processing an event of interest The tool consists of three displays The main display plots the phase ratio for the current event against a backdrop of the same ratio for archived events if available that have already been identified event types are indicated with different symbology The user can choose different phases and or frequency bands to ratio to try to improve the separation of the earthquake and explosion populations and the display will immediately update A second display shows the user a plot of an MDAC o gram i e the MDAC corrected measurements at all of the phase frequency combinations for the current event along with all of the archived events This can be useful in
174. test conducted in the vicinity of the InSAR signal on 96 06 08 Waldhauser et al 2004 We are comparing these signals with those from the Nevada Test Site Vincent et al 2003 to learn more about the effect of rock type etc on the surface deformation signals from underground nuclear tests to be in a better position to use InSAR to help identify potentially clandestine nuclear test activities London UK Underground Tunnels We began our analysis of London with 31 SAR acquisitions distributed over the period 1992 2001 Table 1 Due to the carefully controlled nature of the ERS 1 and ERS 2 orbits over Europe we found all 465 potential SAR data pairs to have spatial baselines suitable for interferometry We were able to visually inspect and remove initial interferograms with significant atmospheric variability associated with the 19960816 19970801 19971219 and 19990319 SAR acquisitions SRTM DEM data was used to remove the topographic phase signature from interferograms with spatial baselines less than 200 meters After performing consistency checks between combinations of interferograms 211 3 arcsecond radar line of sight displacement maps were inverted using the InSAR time series approach previously discussed Figure 3 shows our time series results for London UK where a subsidence signal increases linearly with time over an underground utility tunnel owned by London Electric Company Figure 4 shows a plot of the deformation time series associ
175. testing and employing frequency dependent explosion e g Mueller Murphy and earthquake e g Brune with both inverse cube and quad root corner frequency dependence on moment source scaling models to scale down the large high SNR events to small events covering a range of yields magnitudes approaching the monitoring thresholds In addition to describing target events for analyzing monitoring performance the scaling embedding process is also being used to represent potential sources of regional and teleseismic clutter signals which increases processing complexity while continuing to maintain control of the contributing sources and provides a more realistic background condition than the clean noise scenario Preliminary event detection experiments are quantifying the systematic time amplitude and azimuth measurement biases that can be expected from low SNR detections Methodologies for analyzing the performance of the infrasound stations for monitoring seismo acoustic events from the southern Asia source region are also being assessed 917 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVES Our objective is to develop an experimental network data set in which target signal and event detections are known as well as having realistic distributions of false or clutter detections and background noise characteristics We are utilizing a variety of actual nuclear explosion earthquake mine blast and i
176. tion 7 8 Hz 12 5 Hz Highpass filter 10 0 Hz conventional beam conventional beam matched field beam matched field beam Figure 6 A comparison of conventional and emprical matched field Pn beams using the ARCES array for signals generated by a confirmed compact underground explosion at the Kirovsk mine on the Khibiny massif A low frequency array geometry was used here to illustrate the possible gains of matched field processing in situations where signals are only partially coherent The matched field beam captures between and 3 and 5 dB more Pn energy depending on the frequency band considered These calibrations can be applied by performing narrow band filtering upon an incoming data stream and beamforming the resulting waveforms using the empirical steering vectors Figure 6 illustrates the improvement in the SNR on the matched field beam over a conventional beam for a Pn arrival from a Khibiny massif event The effect may be even greater for high frequency regional signals on the arrays in Kazakhstan for which loss of coherence at high frequencies presents a serious problem CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We have designed a framework for the automatic monitoring of seismic events from sites of interest using regional seismic arrays Under the current automatic detection and event location algorithms employed at NORSAR and elsewhere slowness and azimuth estimates are calculated using broadband f k analysis in frequency bands which a
177. tisfactory The changes being monitored on the predefined set of tables are data inserts updates and deletes This process is referred to as Capture Data Changes CDC The acronym as well as the fundamental idea is similar to Oracle s Change Data Capture method of implementing the incremental recording of data changes The main difference between Oracle s implementation and LANL s is that our method does not depend on a particular version of the Oracle Relational Database Management System RDBMS Oracle s CDC method is directly tied to a specific application that must be installed configured and run against an Oracle 91 database Our procedure 1s entirely based on database triggers which are available on any version of the Oracle RDBMS thus our implementation is not tied to any particular version of the Oracle database and can be implemented on any platform 896 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies The concept is simple Database triggers are created against a predefined set of tables to be monitored These triggers fire upon insert update or delete operations against these tables The triggers capture unique information about a row being inserted deleted or updated Our implementation of capturing only the information needed to uniquely identify a changed row in a table leads to significant disk space savings An interesting by product of our synchronization procedure is that we no
178. to be stored in Origin Thus 3 foreign keys in the current Origin that point to specific types of magnitudes mbid msid mlid in Netmag are redundant as are the values associated with them mb ms ml so we remove all of these in the new schema If there are multiple network magnitudes of the same type for the same origin then it might be desirable to designate one of these as the preferred one To implement this we have added a new column is preferred to Netmag Arrivals An arrival also sometimes referred to as a pick or detection 1s the fundamental station phase specific observation Many types of measurements can be made for a given arrival and one of the most fundamental problems we have found with the current schema is that the information for arrivals is very poorly normalized An arrival may have travel time azimuth and or slowness observation types measured for it and the current Arrival table has columns to capture information for all three This is inefficient in that it is very common that not all three types will be measured so several columns are typically nulled Further for each observation type the basic data to be stored quantity and uncertainty are the same so the columns are highly redundant Finally we observe that if another fundamental observation type were deemed to be useful to measure for arrivals additional columns would have to be added to the Arrival table We address all of these proble
179. to the Origin table The same ModSource information may be used for more than one origin so this is a one to many relationship and hence modsrcid the primary key for ModSource is a foreign key column in the Origin table An origin can have more than one reference location and vice versa so this is a many to many relationship and an association table OrigReflocn is introduced in the new schema to link Origin and RefLocn Frequently origins come from specific catalogs so we have introduced a new Catalog table to capture information about the catalogs including name description and rank rank is used to determine which origin in an event is the preferred one Because Catalog to Origin is a one to many relationship catid the Catalog primary key is added as a foreign key in the new Origin table For magnitude information the changes are all deletions The current Origin table has mb mbid ms msid ml and mlid These ids are all foreign keys to magid in the current Netmag table but this is unnecessary because the 958 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies Netmag to Origin relationship in the current schema is many to one implying that a given origin could have any number of network magnitudes but each network magnitude is related to only one origin thus orid is a foreign key column in Netmag A simple query of Netmag by orid and magtype can fetch mb ms or ml values so these do not need
180. twork Data Set for Evaluating Detection and Network Processing Performance in Proceedings of the 26 Seismic Research Review Trends in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring LA UR 04 5801 Vol 2 pp 725 734 Kveerna T and F Ringdal 1999 Seismic Threshold Monitoring for Continuous Assessment of Global Detection Probability Bull Seism Soc Am 89 946 959 Mayeda K and W R Walter 1996 Moment energy stress drop and source spectra of western United States earthquakes from regional coda envelopes J Geophys Res 101 11 195 11 208 Mueller R A and J R Murphy 1971 Seismic characteristics of underground nuclear detonations part 1 seismic spectrum scaling Bull Seism Soc Am 61 1675 1692 Murphy J R 1977 Seismic source functions and magnitude determinations for underground nuclear detonations Bull Seism Soc Am 67 135 158 Patton H J 2001 Regional magnitude scaling transportability and MS mb discrimination at small magnitudes PAGEOPH 158 1951 2015 Taylor S R A A Velasco H E Hartse W S Phillips W R Walter and A J Rodgers 2002 Amplitude corrections for regional seismic discriminants PAGEOPH 159 623 650 Van Trees H L 1968 Detection Estimation and Modulation Theory John Wiley and Sons vonSeggern D H and Blandford R 1972 Source time functions and spectra for underground nuclear explosions Geophys J 31 8 97 Woodward R M Skov M Bahavar G Davis and
181. umes 188 sq in of board space Under this program the next generation borehole digitizer is targeted for two boards and a 39 sq in area This integration of SoPCs onto a single FPGA will allow Geotech to lay the foundation for an integrated AY ADC which could expand the range of the current 24 bit digitizers beyond the 24 bit limit Having the core instantiated 882 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies internal to the FPGA the A ADCs and A DACs can be dynamically scaled for lower speed ADCs and DACs In seismology sometimes 24 bit resolution is excessive Lower resolution customers could benefit by the power savings of a 16 bit or 20 bit system all this without investing in changes to the hardware design Also multiple 10 bit and 12 bit A ADCs and A gt DACs can be instantiated for state of health SOH type digital signaling Integration The Phase I goals in this area were to investigate the following e Overall station size reduction to reduce its physical profile e The integration of components into a single package e Providing simple installation and user friendly operation e Near zero maintenance and configuration easy to identify failures and to repair Reduced PC board size requirements allow for more components of the station to be integrated into a single package This will allow the pre amplifiers global positioning system GPS receiver and data authentication to
182. user software Software updates can be accomplished remotely over the network connection The stations will be designed with a one year service interval in mind SOH monitoring and logging allows the system to remotely notify the user in the event of any out of range conditions Communications The Phase I goals in this area were to investigate the following e Direct satellite network communications e Short haul wireless network communications e Methods of data compression and error recovery Satellite communications at this time consist mainly of two types geosynchronous earth orbit GEO and LEO as shown in Figure 4 Pentnad Russian television Geostationary orbital ring GEO useful at apogee opaceyay Astrolnk Euroskyway Kaota Molnya orbit Inmarsat Intelsat VSAT television etc Global Posihomng pi oystem GPS Glonass Teledesic Celestia Globalstar skybridg ICO fOdyssey i Medium Earth Orbit MEO Orbital altitudes for satellite constellations peak radiation bands of the Van Allen belts high energy protons abit ave not shown at actial incliratiory this is a guide to altitude orly from Licyd s satelite constellations http sweww ee surey ac uk Personall Woodsconstela tions Figure 4 Satellite constellations and orbits GEO satellites can provide large coverage with a few satellites but poor coverage in the polar regions and can provide high data rates However they generally require
183. valent REB m s assuming m m REB 0 3 Although the data scatter Figure 6 would appear to permit a linear M vs m model 1 e essentially a straight line relationship between logM and m the implied effects on spectral behavior are not realistic In particular for small log MO 3 are REB events with magnitudes measured from signals with frequencies below the corner frequency a one unit change Figure 6 Log M0 versus mb REB for a large in mp should correspond to a factor of ten change in My To global earthquake sample reported by meet this objective we would need to have My 2 3my EHB and elsewhere i e logMy 1 0m The observations in Figure 6 cannot support such a slope over magnitudes 3 lt m REB lt 6 We therefore decided to investigate a model for which the M vs my relationship is nonlinear Taylor et al 2002 reached a similar conclusion and developed a model only slightly different from those described below In particular we sought to determine an earthquake model for which logM scales directly as the m difference for small events produces Mw m over some intermediate range in magnitude and has Mw greater than m for larger events where we know m is saturated As a preliminary validation test to further constrain our earthquake model the earthquake scaling relations were used to scale down the signals from selected samples of large southern Asia earthquakes which were well recorded
184. ve been collecting waveform data from those stations to represent background noise and signals from historical nuclear explosions as well as earthquakes and seismo acoustic sources In constructing the data for background noise we are seeking to form long continuous waveforms of detection free clean noise spanning several days into which we can then embed real event signals and signals which have been scaled down on the basis of source scaling predictions to magnitudes representing lower levels Formation of clean noise waveforms has required meticulous analysis to exclude time windows with phase arrivals predicted from global and regional seismic bulletins as well as phases picked by standard signal detectors Resulting noise segments have been carefully merged together to produce several days of continuous clean noise waveforms while maintaining basic noise attributes with respect to overall level and seasonal weekly and diurnal variations From our effort to date we have generated clean noise waveforms of two days duration as well as reversed noise waveforms of similar duration for 42 of the seismic stations We have assembled the seismic signal waveforms from 6 underground nuclear explosions and approximately 100 well recorded earthquakes with high signal to noise ratio SNR which occurred in southern Asia along with seismo acoustic signals from 23 mine blasts and one bolide recorded by infrasound stations in Mongolia and Kazakhstan We have been
185. viation height error was used for time series error analysis Atmospheric phase variations are also superimposed on the displacement measurements The 101 geocoded displacement and corresponding error maps were inverted to arrive at a time series of 14 synthetic displacement maps one at each of the radar acquisition dates Table 1 Figure 1 The 19960730 and 19980804 images are noticeably afflicted with atmospheric artifacts Time series plots of several features of interest were extracted Figure 2 and show ground motion both toward and away from the radar Figure 1 shows a time series of cumulative deformation observed of the Lop Nor China nuclear test site relative to a start date of January 1 1996 Each frame represents cumulative deformation from the reference date 1 1 96 to the date labeled in the frame e g the first frame labeled 960416 represents the cumulative deformation between Jan 1 1996 and April 16 1996 The top row of frames shows no significant deformation occurring between 1 1 96 and 5 21 96 A deformation signal is suspected in the first frame of the second row 960730 but this frame is also contaminated with significant atmospheric noise In the second frame of the second row there 1s much less atmospheric noise and the suspected deformation signal remains This demonstrates how the time series helps identify and confirm suspect deformation signals We know from published literature that there was an underground nuclear
186. work to store organize integrate and disseminate information products for delivery into the National Nuclear Security Administration Knowledge Base NNSA KB The current framework supports integration synthesis and validation of the various different information types and formats required by each of the seismic calibration technologies Figure 1 For example the seismic location technology requires parameter data site locations bulletins and time series data waveforms and produces parameter measurements in the form of arrivals gridded geospatially registered corrections surfaces and uncertainty surfaces through the use of various tools and information processing frameworks relational databases RDBs Geographical Information Systems GISs and associated product and data visualization and data management tools e g RBAP KBALAP KBCIT DM These information management and scientific automation tools are used together within specific seismic calibration processes to support production of tuning parameters for the United States Atomic Energy Detection System operated by the Air Force Figure 2 The calibration processes themselves appear linear Figure 2 beginning with data acquisition and extending from reconciliation integration and measurement and simulation to construction of calibration run time parameter products Efficient production of calibration products however requires extensive synergy and synthesis not only between data
187. ws somewhat empirically determined rules which help to determine which of several candi date sources hypocenter and origin time is the most likely to have produced a given set of phases A single trial hypocenter which corresponds to a large number of phases may score more highly than for example two hypoth eses for different events which would give a more accurate description of the cause of the detected phases 928 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 7 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Figure 1 Location of the ARCES regional array in relation to mining regions in northern Sweden and on the Kola Peninsula Russia top panel and automatic event locations using the NORSAR GBF system for events known to have occurred at the sites indicated lower panel Under a pilot project a fully automatic system for the identification and location of events occurring at and in the close vicinity of the Kovdor mine in north west Russia using only the ARCES regional array was developed The details of this procedure are provided by Gibbons Kv rna and Ringdal 2005 Fundamental to this system is the consistency provided by slowness measurements in a fixed frequency band of a given phase from a given site If for a given detection a slowness estimated from broadband f k analysis in a fixed frequency band falls within the narrow co
188. y process is unable to resolve these populations This limit of location resolution is consistent with that experienced by Gibbons Kv rna and Ringdal 2005 for the Kovdor mine However even without use of the nearby Apatity array this location algo rithm is probably sufficiently good to provide a preliminary clustering of events which can then undergo a full wave form source identification procedure Application of calibrated array processing to data from Kazakhstan Like Fennoscandia Kazakhstan is a region containing several seismic arrays and large numbers of routine industrial explosions Figure 4 shows the locations of the arrays together with reviewed bulletin locations of events over a one month period for which at least one regional phase was recorded at the Akbylak array It is clear from this distribution that a large number of events cluster around small regions which coincide with the locations of mines 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 ____d Oii eni Doo T 55 50 45 40 35 e ti ee rig bd Ce Se E E EEE ES OOOO M 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Figure 4 Locations of the four 9 element arrays in Kazakhstan together with locations from the Kazakhstan NDC reviewed event bulletin of all events during May 2004 for which regional phases were recorded at the Akbylak array ABKAR Also shown are the arrays at Borovoye BVAR Makanchi MKAR and Karatau KKAR 933 27th Seismic Resear
189. y selecting from the list a great circle path is highlighted and the dispersion curve presented Infra Tool now has the ability to remove a specified signal 1 e signal subtraction from its analysis in an attempt to detect secondary signals Preliminary results demonstrate complete removal of the specified signals allowing for further analysis of residual FK plane Work is continuing in this area to refine methodology and increase user functionality For CodaMag Tool the station specific MDAC source spectrum and S wave corner frequency are computed and displayed for reference on the moment spectrum determined by modeling the coda magnitude Also Mw is read from any available sources 1 e STAMAG NETMAG and DISCRIM_ DATA and displayed as an internal consistency check For EventID Tool the amplitude measurement type was switched to the time domain RMS TRMS method and we have also implemented linear discrimination analysis LDA and developed a new tool for computing integrated attenuation maps for a user specified location In this paper each of the aforementioned additions are described in greater detail with regard to usage and where relevant their underlining theory 907 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies OBJECTIVE MatSeis and the regional analysis tools continue to provide an excellent prototyping environment in which promising seismic analysis techniques can be implemented and evalu
190. y to electric energy can be obtained at around 50 If long term storage and transportation issues are resolved in the next few years this option could be revisited DMFCs and DEFCs are the two promising options for near term implementation Figure 6 These are examples of 1st generation fuel cell products currently emerging onto the market The first generation of DMFC units will be released in 2005 Interest in DMFC mainly due to the portability of the methanol fuel source has accelerated the development of these units Methanol can be transported similar to petroleum products An estimated 10 gal of methanol can run a 5 W station for one full year without refueling This is roughly half the size of a fuel tank on a full sized American automobile The weight of 10 gal of methanol is approximately 66 lb and that amount of methanol takes roughly 1 33 cu ft of space This weighs less than and is much smaller than a solar panel The only byproducts of a DMFC are water and CO Methanol does have some hazardous properties while ethanol on the other hand does not Ethanol has half the energy of methanol and would require a 20 gal tank for storage of a year supply of ethanol Ethanol is also transported as a liquid A major disadvantage in using ethanol would be vandalism Since ethanol is the consumable 886 27th Seismic Research Review Ground Based Nuclear Monitoring Technologies portion of an alcoholic beverage great care would need to be

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