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GLE User Manual

1. TEXComputer Modern Sans Serif texcmss TEXComputer Modern Sans Serif Bold texcmssb o 0 gt wv Q ff fi i if 2 ce EICE 0 4 0 1 2 3 i BICIDIE 6 E F G VWIX Y 8 PQ VW YIZI c 10 4 jik 2x y TT UU 4 AAA FL TITLE 16 ig O r OODE 20 Tr 22 r r r al Or TIP TIP PPTP alen TEXComputer Modern Sans Serif Italic texcmssi TEXComputer Modern Symbol texcmsy ja ajaja x Cl le gt gt PEO S EE gt gt ss gt gt gt gt 0 A 6 FONT TABLES 75 TEXComputer Modern Text Italic texcmti TEXComputer Modern Typewriter Text texcmtt 0 0 1 2 0 4 5 3 6 I G 8 PQ R 1 8 10 f 4 8 g i o 5 u T TE 7 7 1 1 T dio T T T T wl 7 1 17 7 7 7 7 T 7 7 7 TT TH T T Ter T Das wl 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 1
2. PostScript Helvetica Bold pshb PostScript Helvetica BoldOblique pshbo Alm lt 0 09 a PostScript Helvetica Oblique psho PostScript Helvetica Condensed pshc KAMESCH 10 A 6 FONT TABLES 81 PostScript Helvetica Condensed Bold pshcb PostScript Helvetica Condensed BoldOblique pshcdo PostScript Helvetica Narrow pshn PostScript Helvetica Narrow Bold pshnb PostScript Helvetica Narrow BoldOblique pshnbo PostScript Helvetica NarrowOblique pshno 82 APPENDIX A TABLES PostScript NewCenturySchlbk Bold psncsb PostScript NewCenturySchlbk BoldItalic psnesbi PostScript NewCenturySchlbk Italic psncsi PostScript NewCenturySchlbk Roman psncsr PostScript Palatino Bold pspb PostScript Palatino BoldItalic pspbi
3. iii vii 21 21 22 30 31 32 33 33 33 35 iv CONTENTS 6 Programming Facilities 39 Expressions sa ms heb histo eee aaa aad awe we RER 0 EEE Sue 39 6 2 Functions Inside Expressions 39 622 Using Variables san us Le ee eue e 3 Z dup 41 0 4 Programming Loops koe RUE RUE RIED RR ERROR Q Q 42 6 5 Ifzthenselse uerbo SR a e SR aH Ome eee OAT RAS 42 6 6 gt Subroutines vi AN d D e quee ar 43 6 6 1 Default Arguments s 2 xxn ier ne ER RS 43 6 1 TO Bunctong you amp dem moe DUE Bd a upi m es Cede eee we REM 44 6 8 Device dependend 44 7 Advanced features 45 7 1 Diagrams Joining Named Objects 45 1 2 JATEA Interface eds Ga A EE 46 62 1 Examples iy s Paaa ded RAR eee EEE ee ee ee SEER EES RS 46 1 2 2 Using LaTeX Packages oum uL teo ee Qos q hd 46 7 2 5 Import in TeX Document 47 24 Directory ai ne ee A S wa ec e ACAD ue Ae ee SOEUR 47 7 3 Filling Stroking and Clipping Paths 47 1 4 4 v Re das 44 2 8 MAA RE oque e ed 1408 44 4 nude 48 ap GEE s Conhiguration Ele 4 5 22 woes ore e Ree u D b Po cR Qua 49
4. huie 4 ES mA LUUD square asterisk os 0929 diamond oplus tcircle ominus A ftriangle otimes EE width 0 2 w width 0 1 fsquare odot width 0 05 Ro xai Rone Lie dd fdiamond trianglez width 0 01 dot 9 diamondz Iwidth 0 0001 width 0 X cross wcircle club A wtriangle Q heart wsquare rm Roman star wdiamond rmi Roman Italic snake rmb Roman Bold rmbi Roman Bold Italic tt Typewriter tt Typewriter Bold ss Sans Serif The GRID and SHADE hould only b d ssb Sans Serif Bold for filing on PostScript printers he gray levels and j colors will work for both filling and color settings on ssi Sans Serif Italic any device psc PostScript Courier psh PostScript Helvetica psbd PostScript Bookman Demi Grid Gray80 P d Grid4 Gray60 psnesr ostScript New Century Schlblk Roman Grid3 Gray40 pszcmi PostScript ZapfChancery M edium Italic Grid2 Gray20 pszd Gridl Gray10 Plotter Triplex Roman Grid White pldr Plotter Duplex Roman nadia pk Plotter Simplex R Shade4 Yellow plsr otter Simplex Roman Shade3 Magenta plge Plotter Gothic English Shade2 Blue Plotter Complex Italic Shadel Green plss Plotter Simplex Script Shade Red 87 88 APPENDIX A TABLES Index 8 23 Vex
5. amove rline 6 8 this would be laborious to type in and would become impossible to manage with several grids By using a simple loop this can be avoided for x 0 to 6 amove x O rline x 8 next x for y 0 to 8 amove 0 y rline 6 y next y Besides for next loops GLE also supports while and until loops i 0 while i lt 10 print Value i i iti next i 0 until i gt 10 print Value i i L 1 next 6 5 If then else GLE supports if then else statements as follows if lt 1 then print a is smaller than 1 else if a lt 2 then print a is smaller than 2 but larger than 1 else if a 3 then print a is smaller than 3 but larger than 2 else print a is larger than 3 to create blocks of code for the then and else branches instead use if a 1 then print a is smaller than 1 else end if More complex conditions can be created with the logic connectives and or and not note the paren thesis around the logical expressions if a gt 1 and a lt 10 then print a is between 1 and 10 6 6 SUBROUTINES 43 6 6 Subroutines To draw lots of grids all of different dimensions a subroutine can be defined and then used again and again sub grid nx ny local x y begin origin for x 0 to nx amove x 0 aline x ny next x for y 0 to ny amove 0 y aline nx y next y end origin end sub amove 2 4 grid 6 8 amove 2 2 grid 95 Inside a s
6. c tro S A 6 FONT TABLES 83 PostScript Palatino Italic pspi PostScript Palatino Roman pspr PostScript Symbol pssym PostScript Times Bold pstb PostScript Times Boldltalic pstbi PostScript Times Italic psti KAMESCH 84 APPENDIX A TABLES PostScript Times Roman pstr PostScript ZapfChancery Mediumltalic pszcmi Di X eles A 7 PREDEFINED COLORS A 7 Predefined Colors GLE supports these SVG X11 standard colors sorted by color mm indianred mm lightcoral m salmon darksalmon lightsalmon crimson sj red BN firebrick B darkred pink lightpink hotpink deeppink mediumvioletreda palevioletred coral Em tomato IN orangered darkorange orange D gold yellow m lightyellow lemonchiffon lightgoldenrodyellow papayawhip moccasin p
7. amove pointx sq5b bc pointy sq5b bc aline xg sqrt 5 yg 0 arrow end IATEX expressions are drawn on top of all other graphics and cannot clipped Section 7 3 expressions respect the just setting and depending on the value of texscale also the hei setting If set texscale scale is used then expressions are scaled to the value of hei If set texscale none is used then IATEX expressions are not scaled As a result the font sizes in your graphics will be exactly the same as in your main document To obtain different font sizes use the font size primitives provided by 1 e g Marge Finally if set texscale fixed is used then the default IATEX size that most closely matches the value of hei is selected 7 2 2 Using LaTeX Packages If your IATEX expressions require special IATEX packages these can be loaded using the texpreamble block E g put the following near the beginning of your GLE file begin texpreamble documentclass llncs 7 3 FILLING STROKING AND CLIPPING PATHS 47 usepackage amsmath usepackage amssymb DeclareMathSymbol R mathbin AMSb 52 end texpreamble 7 2 3 Import in a TeX Document There are two methods for importing the output of a GLE file with TEX expressions in your IATEX document The most obvious one is by just importing the eps pdf file generated by GLE with includegraphics An alternative method
8. Plotter Symbols one plsym1 Plotter Symbols two plsym2 gt N All N 2 29 T8 APPENDIX A TABLES Plotter Triplex Italic plti Plotter Triplex Roman pltr tro S PostScript AvantGarde Book psagb PostScript AvantGarde BookOblique psagbo PostScript AvantGarde Demi psagd PostScript AvantGarde DemiOblique psagdo KAMESCH A 6 FONT TABLES 79 PostScript Bookman Demi psbd PostScript Bookman Demiltalic psbdi 41010 PostScript Bookman Lightltalic psbli PostScript Courier psc PostScript Courier Bold pscb PostScript Courier BoldOblique pscbo 80 APPENDIX A TABLES PostScript Courier Oblique psco PostScript Helvetica psh DOEMER
9. lightgoldenrodyellow lightgray lightgreen lightpink lightsalmon E lightseagreen lightskyblue E lightslategray lightsteelblue lightyellow ES lime ES limegreen mediumaquamarine mediumblue mediumorchid Kl mediumpurple mediumseagreen mediumslateblue Kl mediumspringgreen J mediumturquoise mediumvioletred midnightblue mintcream mistyrose moccasin navajowhite navy oldlace Ss L Ex olive olivedrab orchid palegoldenrod palegreen paleturquoise palevioletred papayawhip peachpuff peru pink plum powderblue purple red rosybrown ES ES ES L royalblue BENI saddiebrown salmon sandybrown EN seagreen seashell sienna silver skyblue slateblue slategray Snow springgreen steelblue tan teal thistle tomato turquoise violet wheat white whitesmoke yellow DO yellowgreen grayl grayo gray10 gray20 gray30 EN eray40 22550 BEN ray60 2270 B 2290 B 2270 A 8 WALL REFERENCE A 8 Wall Reference GLE Wall Reference wall gle 0 5 CE MO E Q circle dag E oe D A triangle i
10. 3 2 GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES IN DETAIL set fontlwidth line width 19 This sets the width of lines to be used to draw the stroked Plotter fonts on a PostScript printer This has a great effect on their appearance set font pltr El Tester set fontlwidth 1 set cap round rmove 0 1 5 Q e T text Tester set hei character size Sets the height of text For historical reasons concerning lead type and printing conventions a height of 10cm actually results in capital letters about 6 5cm tall The default value of hei is 0 3633 to mimic the default height of IATEX expressions set join mitre round bevel Defines how two wide lines will be joined together With mitre the outside edges of the join are extended to a point and then chopped off at a certain distance from the intersection of the two lines With round a curve is drawn between the outside edges set just left center right tl etc Sets the justification which will be used for text commands amove 0 5 3 set just left box 1 5 0 6 tl tc tr text Justify left rmove 2 0 lc c i set just bl box 1 5 0 6 text Justify bl bl bc br bl set Istyle line style Sets the current line style to line style number line style There are 9 predefined line styles 1 9 When a line style is given with more than one digit the first digit is read as a run length in black the second a run leng
11. base 27 color 27 INDEX dsubticks 27 28 dticks 28 font 27 grid 28 hei 27 log 28 lwidth 27 max 28 min 28 neagte 30 nofirst 28 nolast 28 nsubticks 28 nticks 28 off 28 shift 28 xend 41 69 xg 41 69 xg2max 69 xg2min 69 xgmax 69 xgmin 69 xlabels 28 color 28 dist 28 font 28 hei 28 log 28 off 28 on 28 xlines 53 xnames 28 xnoticks 29 xoffset 32 xplaces 29 xpos 41 69 xside 29 color 29 lwidth 29 xsubticks 29 length 29 Istyle 29 lwidth 29 off 29 xticks 30 length 30 Istyle 30 lwidth 30 off 30 xtitle 30 53 color 30 dist 30 font 30 hei 30 y2axis see xaxis 27 y2side see xside 29 y2title rotate 30 yaxis 53 93 yaxis see xaxis 27 yend 41 69 41 69 yg2max 69 yg2min 69 ygmax 69 ygmin 69 ylines 53 ynames see xnames 28 yoffset 32 ypos 41 69 yside see xside 29 yticks see xticks 30 ytitle 53 ytitle see xtitle 30 zaxis 53 zclip 55 ztitle 53
12. blue amove 0 5 0 5 for 0 to 1 step 0 05 box 0 2 2 fill c nobox rmove 0 2 0 next c amove 2 1 box 2 1 fill white nobox rmove 0 2 0 2 box 2 1 fill mm set dashlen dashlen exp Sets the length of the smallest dash used for the line styles This command MUST come before the set Istyle command This may be needed when scaling a drawing by a large factor set fill fill color pattern Sets the color or pattern for filling shapes This command works in combination with shapes such as circles ellipses and boxes If the argument is a color then shapes are filled with the given color see set color If it is a pattern then the shapes are painted with the given pattern in black ink Fig 3 5 lists a number of pre defined patterns To paint a shape in a color different from black first set the color then the pattern That is set fill red set pattern shade box 2 2 will draw a box and paint is using the shade pattern and red ink To draw shapes that are not filled use the command set fill clear That is set fill clear box 2 2 will draw an empty box set font font name Sets the current font to font name Valid font names are listed in Appendix A 2 There are three types of font PostScript IXTEX and Plotter They will all work on any device however IATEX fonts are drawn in outline on a plotter and so may not look very nice PostScript fonts will be emulated by IATEX fonts on non PostScript printers
13. data fitlin dat let d2 linfit dl from O to 10 slope offs m e 7 di marker circle woa 5 1 42 line gt end graph o y 0 762 2 04 4 set just rc 2 4 6 8 10 amove xg xgmax 0 25 yg 2 4 tex format slope fix 2 format offs fix 2 nobox This removes the outer border from the graph size z y Defines the size of the graph in cm This is the size of the outside box of a graph The default size of the axes of the graph will be 7096 of this see scale If no size command is given then the size of the graph is initialized to the size of the figure pagewidth by pageheight scale h v Sets the length of the xaxis to h times the width of the graph box and the length of the yaxis to v times the height of the graph box For example with size 10 10 and scale 0 7 0 7 the length of the x and y axis will be 7 centimeter scale 1 1 makes the xaxis yaxis the same length as the width height of the graph box which is useful for positioning some graphs see fullscale The default value for h and v is 0 7 If h or vis set to the keyword auto then the graph is scaled automatically in that direction to fill the entire box The command scale auto automatically scales the graph in both directions Note that autoscale also moves the graph similar to the command center This size command is equivalent to the two commands hscale h and vscale v and allows one t
14. 2 COPY Ci C2 IF C1 lt 4 ci c2 IOU I N F DELETE range IF exp For deleteing entire rows or columns e g DELETE cic3 IF ri gt 3 and r2 0 DELETE ri Numbers are shuffled in from the right to take the place of the deleted range DATA range Data entry mode is usefull for entering data After typing in Z DATA cic3 or 4 DATA C2 you can then enter data and pressing jcrj will move you to the next valid data position In this mode text or numbers can be entered Press ESC to get back to command mode FIT c3 FIT C3 will fit a least squares regression line to the data in columns c3 and c4 x values taken from c3 and print out the results EXIT EXIT saves the data in your input file spec and exits to DOS You can optionally specify an output file as well eg 4 EXIT myfile dat The command EXIT myfile dat c3c5rir3 will write out that range of numbers to the file By default manip will write columns seperated by spaces The command EXIT myfile dat TAB will put a single tab between each column of numbers and EXIT myfile dat COMMA will put a comma and a space between each number these two 9 2 MANIP 63 options are usefull if your data file is very big and you don t want to waste diskspace with the space characters Note The settings stay in effect for future saves and exits You can make it line up the columns on the decimal point by typing in the command SET DPOINTS 3 You change
15. 8 Surface and Contour Plots 51 8 1 Surface Primitives ua 4 8 momo Ryo ORAS EA 8 BA amp G hou 51 S l Overview td 5 Ar e Bug a ee A UN RUE dd St eus 51 81 2 Surface Commands a sa d owed S s a pie ei ATE E ed ee a a a 51 BA SU y et dete Sy Sof enun uu aqa ue diei ue 55 E D a A a e e 55 Contout sanina RE Ae Nuoro aru e ENE UR qe A e 56 8 5 Color Maps 5458 a EE EA SO SRO SE E e wed 57 CONTENTS 9 GLE Utilities 9 2 2 Manip Primitives a summary 9 2 3 Manip Primitives in detail A Tables 2 4 5 A 6 A 8 Index Markers Functions and Variables IATpX Macros and Symbols 2 2 24x43 au tete ete ee aus Installing GLE 59 59 60 60 61 62 67 67 67 70 71 71 72 85 87 89 vi CONTENTS Chapter 1 Preface Abstract GLE Graphics Layout Engine is a graphics scripting language designed for creating publication quality graphs plots diagrams figures and slides GLE supports various graph types function plots histograms bar graphs scatter plots contour lines color maps surface plots through a simple but flexible set of graphing commands More complex output can be created by
16. color c Istylen Draws lines from the co ordinates read from the POINTS file down to zmin riselines color Istyle n Draws lines from the co ordinates read from the POINTS file up to zmax zclip min v1 max v2 ZCLIP goes through the Z array and sets Z value smaller than MIN to vi and sets any value greater than MAX to v2 8 2 Letz LETZ generates a data file of z values given an expression in terms of x and y begin letz data jack z z xtsin y 2 pi 10 22 x from O to 30 step 1 y from O to 20 step 1 end letz The file jack z now contains the required data The resulting file can be used to generate surface plots with the begin end surface block discussed in the previous section 8 3 Fitz FITZ fits smooth curves based on a set of 3D data points E g given some data points note that each line has three values an x y and z coordinate Xyz data file testf dat 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 21 2 11 Tub dzb 2 Fitz creates a z file that can be used in a surface block a colormap or contour plot The following example illustrates this 56 CHAPTER 8 SURFACE AND CONTOUR PLOTS begin fitz data fitz dat x from O to 5 step 0 2 y from O to 5 step 0 2 ncontour 6 end fitz begin surface size 7 7 data fitz z top color blue xaxis min O max 5 step 1 yaxis min O max 5 step 1 points fitz dat droplines lstyle 1 marker circle view 2 5 3 0 3 harray 5000 end surface 8 4 Contour
17. data gc_bean dat 1 bar di fill gray20 5 2 bar d2 from di fill white E 1 end graph 0 86 87 88 89 90 Year measured bar dn width zunits fill col color col The rest of the bar qualifiers are fairly self explanatory When several datasets are specified separate them with commas with no spaces between commas bar 41 42 width 0 2 dist 0 2 fill gray10 gray20 color red green bar dn fill f pattern p The pattern option specifies the pattern used for filling the bars Fig 3 5 gives an overview of the predefined patterns that can be used here Fig 4 4 shows an example of the command bar d2 horiz fill red pattern shade2 bar dn horiz The option horiz makes the bars horizontal instead of vertical Fig 4 4 4 4 3D Bar Graphs 3d Bar graphs are now supported the commands are 32 CHAPTER 4 THE GRAPH MODULE bar 41 42 34 5 3 side red green notop bar d3 d4 3d 5 3 side red green top black white Take note of comma s bar dz xoffset yoffset side color list top color list notop 3d zoffset yoffset Specifies the x and y vector used to draw the receding lines they are defined as fractions of the width of the bar A negative xoffset will draw the 3d bar on the left side of the bar instead of the right hand side side color list The color of the side of each of the bars in the group top color list The color of the top part of the bar noto
18. dist vscale v 21 22 x2labels on xaxis yaxis x2axis y2axis xaxis angle a xaxis base exp cm xaxis color col font font name hei exp cm lwidth exp cm xaxis dsubticks sub distance xaxis format format string xaxis grid xaxis log xaxis min low max high xaxis nofirst nolast xaxis nticks number dticks distance dsubticks distance xaxis ftick 0 dticks distance xaxis off xaxis shift cm exp xlabels font font name hei char hei color col xnames name name xnames from dz xnoticks pos pos2 poss xplaces pos pos2 posi xside color col lwidth line width off xsubticks Istyle num lwidth exp length exp off xticks Istyle num lwidth exp length exp off xtitle title hei ch hei color col font font dist cm y2title text string rotate yaxis negate bar dz dist spacing bar dn fill f pattern p bar dz from dy bar dn horiz bar dn width zunits fill col color col fill x1 d3 color green xmin val xmax val fill d4 x2 color blue ymin val ymax val fill d2 d4 color green xmin val xmax val fill d4 color green xmin val xmax val 4 2 Graph Commands in detail center CHAPTER 4 THE GRAPH MODULE Centers the graph including the title and axis labels in the graph box The command scale auto implicitly performs center colormap fct pixels x pixels y color invert zmin 21 22 palette pal The colormap command is disc
19. given with the format option of the xaxis command is used to label the subticks In the other case the subticks are labeled with the values 2 and 5 in a small font 0 7 times the size of the main tick labels These settings are illustrated in Fig 4 3 xnames name name This command replaces the numeric labelling with absolutely anything Given data consisting of seven measurements taken from Monday to Sunday one per day then 42 GRAPH COMMANDS IN DETAIL 29 ylabels log off ylabels log 11 ylabels log 125 ylabels log 125b 10 r r r 10 10 100 5 8 5 7 50 2 6 2 10 F 1 5 10 1 20 5 i 5 10 1 2 2 10 2 10 1 5 5 2 2 2 10 1 1 Figure 4 3 Possibilities for the log option of ylabels xnames Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun xaxis min O max 6 dticks 1 would give the desired result Note it is essential to define a specific axis minimum maximum dticks etc otherwise the labels may not correspond to the data If there isn t enough room on the line for all the names then simply use an extra xnames command Names amp Places begin graph 20 ytitle Happyness 16 title Names amp Places 2 xnames Mon Tue Wed Thu g 12 xnames Fri Sat Sun c 8 xaxis min max 6 dticks 1 4 end graph 0 1 1 Mon Tue Wed Th Fi Sat Sun xnames from dz Takes the labels for the xax
20. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1j DIT in r rrr ig 2 TT 1 7 1 HT 7 7 7 7 7 TH 1 7 T DS T sol 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 T Ter r T TITT 22 1 1 7 1 7 I 7 1 r 1 1 H 1 H 1 1 DIT r II rir a 7 1 7 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 7 7 7 7 alola T T T T Plotter Block Ascii plba Plotter Complex Cartographic plcc e Plotter Complex Gothic plcg Plotter Complex Italic plci 76 APPENDIX A TABLES Plotter Complex Roman plcr Plotter Complex Script ples Plotter Duplex Roman pldr Plotter Gothic English plge Plotter Gothic German plgg Plotter Gothic Italian plgi A 6 FONT TABLES 77 Plotter Simplex Ascii plsa Plotter Simplex German plsg Plotter Simplex Roman plsr Plotter Simplex Script plss
21. Bold Typewriter Italic Computer Modern Bold Computer Modern Italic Typewriter Computer Modern Maths Italic Computer Modern Roman Computer Modern Sans Serif Computer Modern Sans Serif Bold Computer Modern Sans Serif Italic Computer Modern Text Italic Computer Modern Typewriter Text Block Asst i Complex Italic Complex Roman Duplex Roman Gothic English Gothic German Gothic Italian Simplex Ascii Heovot Simplex Roman dimple Script Triplex Italic Triplex Roman psagb psagbo psagd psagdo psbd psbdi psbli psc pscb pscbo psco psh pshb pshbo psho pshe pshcb pshcdo pshn pshnb pshnbo pshno psnesb psncsbi psnesi psnesr pspb pspbi pspi pspr pssym pstb pstbi psti pstr pszemi 71 AvantGarde Book AvantGarde BookOblique AvantGarde Demi AvantGarde DemiOblique Bookman Demi Bookman Demiltalic Bookman LightlItalic Courier Courier Bold Courier BoldOblique Courier Oblique Helvetica Helvetica Bold Helvetica BoldOblique Helvetica Oblique Helvetica Condensed Helvetica Condensed Bold Helvetica Condensed BoldOblique Helvetica Narrow Helvetica Narrow Bold Helvetica Narrow BoldOblique Helvetica NarrowOblique NewCenturySchlbk Bold NewCenturySchlbk Boldltalic NewCenturySchlbk Italic NewCenturySchlbk Roman Palatino Bold Palatino BoldItalic Palatino Italic Palatino Roman gt wuBo Times Bold Times BoldItalic Times Italic Times Roman ZapfChancery M edium
22. around see also POINTS ysample Tells surface to only read every n th line from the data file sample Sets both xsample and ysample begin surface LE size 5 5 16 xtitle X axis ytitle Y axis data surf1 z 12 end surface 8 1 SURFACE PRIMITIVES 53 harray n The hidden line removal is accomplished with the help of an array of heights which record the current horizon the quality of the output is proportional to the width of this array also the speed of output To get good quality you may want to increase this from the default of about 900 to 2 or 3 thousand e g harray 2000 xlines off Stops SURF from drawing lines of constant X ylines off Stops SURF from drawing lines of constant Y xaxis min v max v step v color Istyle 7 hei v off zaxis min v max v step v color c Istyle 1 hei v off yaxis min v max v step v color c Istyle 1 hei v off min max Set the range used for labelling the axis step The distance between labels on the axis color The color of the axis ticks and labels Istyle The line style used for drawing the ticks ticklen The length of the ticks hei The height of text used for labelling off Stops GLE from drawing the axis begin surface size 5 5 data surf1 z zaxis min 1 max 3 base xstep 0 5 ystep 0 5 back ystep 1 zstep 1 right xstep 0 5 zstep 0 5 Istyle 2 xtitle X axis hei 0 3 ytitle Y axis hei 0 3 end sur
23. color or pattern line Shorthand for Istyle 1 Istyle s Sets the line style Iwidth Sets the width of the line marker m Sets the marker mscale x Sets the scale of the marker msize x Sets the size of the marker 38 CHAPTER 5 THE KEY MODULE Implicitly defined key 1 0 T 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 37 2 2 0 2 Figure 5 2 Defining the key together with the graph block pattern z Sets the filling pattern Fig 3 5 shows examples of filling patterns separator Istyle d Use this command to divide the key into multiple columns If the style option is given then a line is drawn between the columns in the given style Possible values are given with the description of the set Istyle command on page 19 text s The text for the entry 5 3 Defining the Key in the Graph Block It is also possible to define the key in the graph block itself This is accomplished by prefixing global key commands with the keyword key The entries are in this case defined with the dn commands and the labels are set with the key option to these commands The following presents an example begin graph title Implicitly defined key xaxis min 0 2 pi dticks pi 2 format pi yaxis min 1 max 1 let di sin x let d2 cos x key pos tr di line color red key Sine d2 line color blue lstyle 2 key Cosine end graph Fig 5 2
24. columns will line up on the left hand side but not on the right hand side However with a fixed pitch font like tt everything will line up begin table Here is my table of text see how Here is my table 22 44 55 33 of text see how 0 1 999 1 2 22 44 55 33 3 33 2 33 0 1 999 1 2 3 33 2 33 it lines up it lines up end table 3 2 GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES IN DETAIL 11 begin text width exp This module displays multiple lines paragraphs of text The block of text is justified according to the current justify setting See the set just command for a description of justification settings If a width is specified the text is wrapped and justified to the given width If a width is not given each line of text is drawn as it appears in the file Remember that GLE treats text in the same way that IXTEX does so multiple spaces are ignored and some characters have special meaning E g No det To include Greek characters in the middle of text use a backslash followed by the name of the character E g 3 3 0mega S would produce 3 305 To put a space between the Omega and the S add a backslash space at the end E g 3 3 0mega S produces 3 30 5 Sometimes the space control characters e g also ignored this may happen at the beginning of a line of text In this case use the control sequence glass which will trick GLE into thinking it isn t at the of a line E g text Ce Indented text set hei
25. commands used for creating diagrams and slides and for annotating graphs e Chapter 4 The Graph Module Describes the commands for drawing graphs e Chapter 5 The Key Module Describes the commands for producing keys for graphs e Chapter 7 Advanced Features of GLE Covers advanced features of GLE This includes programming constructs the IATEX interface e Chapter 8 Surface and Contour Plots Describes the commands for drawing three dimensional graphs e Chapter 9 GLE Utilities Describes FITLS and MANIP CHAPTER 1 PREFACE Chapter 2 Tutorial 2 1 Installing GLE This tutorial assumes that GLE is correctly installed Information about how to install GLE can be found at the following URLs and in Appendix A 4 of this document The GLE distribution also includes a README with brief installation instructions e Installation on Windows http www gle graphics org tut windows html e Installation on Linux http www gle graphics org tut linux html e Installation on Mac OS X http www gle graphics org downloads mac html Feel free to post any questions or comments you might have about installing GLE on the GLE mailing list which is available here e Mailing list https lists sourceforge net lists listinfo glx general 2 2 Running GLE GLE is essentially a command line application this tutorial will show you how to run it from the command prompt GLE can also be run from your favorite text editor or from QG
26. examples llen z Sets the length of the line in the entries Sets the vertical position of the line in the entries This is normally set automatically margins x y Sets the margins of the key block The space between the border and the entries nobox Do not draw a border around the key offset x y Specifies the distance in cm between the position specified with the position or pos command and the actual key A negative offset places the key outside of the graph Fig 5 1 position x or pos x Specifies the position of the key on the graph Possible values tl bl tr br tc bc lc rc cc These stand for top left bottom left top right bottom right top center bottom center left center right center and center Optionally the offset command can be combined with this command Fig 5 1 gives some examples base h or row h Sets the base scale of the entries The sizes of all components are initialized based on this E g to change the size of the filled box in an entry use this command 5 2 Entry Definition Commands Each entry in the key is represented by one line in the key block and all commands for a given entry must appear on that line The following commands can be used to define key entries color c Sets the color of the line and marker The other components of the key are drawn in the default color To set the default color use set color see page 17 fill p Sets the fill
27. ivory antiquewhite linen lavenderblush mistyrose gainsboro lightgray silver darkgray EN ev dimgray El lightslategray slategray BEN darkslategray EB black __ grayl grayo gray10 D gray20 P gray30 gray40 eray50 BEN sray60 2 70 2780 B 2790 86 APPENDIX A TABLES GLE supports these SVG X11 standard colors alphabetical order aliceblue antiquewhite aqua aquamarine azure __ beige bisque EM black blanchedalmond E blue blueviolet brown burlywood cadetblue yy chartreuse E chocolate coral cornflowerblue cornsilk crimson cyan B darkblue EN darkcyan darkgoldenrod S darkgray darkgreen darkkhaki BEN darkmagenta darkolivegreen P darkorange EE darkorchid B darkred darksalmon darkseagreen EN darkslateblue BEN darkslategray darkturquoise darkviolet E deeppink deepskyblue dimgray E dodgerblue firebrick floralwhite forestgreen fuchsia gainsboro ghostwhite gold 2X goldenrod gray E green greenyellow honeydew hotpink Em indianred indigo ivory khaki lavender lavenderblush B LIN lawngreen lemonchiffon lightblue lightcoral lightcyan
28. just tl font tt begin text width 5 This is my paragraph of text to see if it wraps things at four cm as I have his is my paragraph of text to i see if it wraps things at four cm PORE R CR dos as I have told it to do end text S Now some text begin text without a width Now some text without gPecified a width specified end text There are several IATEgX like commands which can be used within text The complete list can be found in Appendix A 3 A few examples are NN u MA N N Implemented TeX accents EE UE Superscript subscript NN N_ Forced Newline underscore character i lem 2em space em width of the letter m tex expression Any LaTeX expression char 22 Any character in current font glass Makes move space work on beginning of line rule 2 4 Draws a filled in box 2cm by 4cm setfont rmb Sets the current text font sethei 0 3 Sets the font height in cm setstretch 2 Scales the quantity of glue between words lineskip 0 1 linegap 1 rm Nit Nf tt alpha beta Sets the default distance between lines of text Sets the minimum required gap between lines Sets roman and italic font Sets bold and typewriter monospaced font Greek symbols begin translate z y Everything between the begin and end is moved x units to the right and y units up bezier 21 yl 12 y2 z y3 Draws B zier cubic section from the current
29. object xend yend These functions return the end point of the last thing drawn This is of particular interest when drawing text text abc set color blue text def This would draw the def on top of the abc To draw the def immediately following the abc simply do the following Note that absolute move is used not relative move set just left text abc set color gray20 b amove xend yend a C text def xg yg With these functions it is possible to move to a position on a graph using the graph s axis units To draw a filled box on a graph at position x 948 y 004 measured on the graph axis begin graph xaxis min 100 max 2000 yaxis min 01 max 01 end graph amove xg 948 yg 004 box 2 2 fill gray10 xpos ypos Returns the current x and y points See Appendix A 2 for an overview of all functions provided by GLE 6 3 Using Variables GLE has two types of variables floating point and string String variables always end with a dollar sign A string variable contains text like Hello this is text a floating point variable can only store numbers like 1234 234 name Joe height 6 5 Height of person Shoe 0 05 shoe adds to height of person amove 1 1 box 0 2 height shoe write name 42 CHAPTER 6 PROGRAMMING FACILITIES 6 4 Programming Loops The simple way to draw a 6 x 8 grid would be to use a whole mass of line commands amove rline amove k rline
30. point to the point 13 y3 with B zier cubic control points at the coordinates x1 y1 and x2 y2 For a full explanation of B zier curves see the PostScript Language Reference Manual bitmap filename width height type type Imports the bitmap filename The bitmap is scaled to width x height If one of these is zero it is computed based on the other one and the aspect ratio of the bitmap GLE supports TIFF JPEG PNG and GIF bitmaps depending on the compilation options Bitmaps are compressed automatically by GLE using either the LZW or the JPEG compression scheme 12 CHAPTER 3 PRIMITIVES bitmap info filename width height type type Returns the dimensions in pixels of the bitmap in the output parameters width and height box z y justify jtype fill color name xxx nobox round val Draws a box of width z and height y with its bottom left corner at the current point If the justify option is used the box will be positioned relative to the specified point E g TL top left CC center center BL bottom left CENTER bottom center RIGHT bottom right LEFT bottom left See set just for a description of justification settings If a fill pattern is specified the box will be filled Remember that white fill is different from no fill pattern white fill will erase anything that was inside the box If the round option is used a box with rounded corners will be drawn circle radius fill pattern Draws a circle at
31. real value which leaves a gap in the curve To avoid this behavior simply use the nomiss qualifier on the dn command used to define the line This simply throws away missing values so that lines are drawn from the last real value to the next real value The option svg smooth performs a Savitsky Golay smoothing on the data The options impulses steps fsteps and hist draw lines as shown in Figure 4 1 e impulses connects each point with the xaxis e steps connects consecutive points with two line segments the first from 1 1 to 2 1 and the second from x2 y1 to x2 y2 e fsteps connects consecutive points with two line segments the first from 1 1 to x1 y2 and the second from x1 y2 to x2 y2 e hist useful for drawing histograms assumes that each point is the center of a bin of the historgram dn Istyle line style Iwidth line width color col These qualifiers are all fairly self explanatory See the Istyle command in Chapter 3 Page 19 for details of specifying line styles dn marker marker name msize marker size mdata dn Specifies the marker to be used for the dataset There is a set of pre defined markers refer to Appendix A 1 for a list which can be specified by name e g circle square triangle diamond cross Markers can also be a user defined subroutine See the define marker command in Chapter 2 The mdata option allows a secondary dataset to be defined which will be used to pass anot
32. rotate 85 85 O view O 5 O 7 end surface top off Istyle n color Sets the features of the top of the surface By default the top is on see also UNDERNEATH XLINES YLINES underneath off Istyle n color c Sets the features of the under side of the surface By default the underneath is off see also TOP XLINES YLINES back zstep v ystep v Istyle 7 color nohidden Draws a grid on the back face of the cube By default hidden lines are removed but NOHIDDEN will stop this from happenning base xstep v ystep v Istyle 7 color nohidden Draws a grid on the base of the cube By default hidden lines are removed but NOHIDDEN will stop this from happenning right zstep v xstep v Istyle 7 color c nohidden Draws a grid on the right face of the cube By default hidden lines are removed but NOHIDDEN will stop this from happenning skirt on Draws a skirt from the edge of the surface to ZMIN begin surface size 55 data surf1 z zaxis min 1 max 3 xtitle X axis ytitle Y axis ztitle Z axis points surf3 dat riselines lstyle 2 marker fcircle Skirt on rotate 60 35 0 view 2 5 3 0 6 end surface 8 2 LETZ 55 points myfile dat Reads in a data file which must have 3 columns x y z This is then used for plotting markers and rise and drop lines marker circle hei v color Draws markers at the co ordinates read from the POINTS file droplines
33. round sig format a number with sig significant digits e frac format the number as a fraction e pi format the number as a fraction times z E g xaxis labels of Fig 4 2 Options for all formats e nozeroes remove unnecessary zeroes at the end of the number sign also include a sign for positive numbers pad nb left right pad the result with spaces from the left or right prefix nb prefix the number with zeroes so that nb digits are obtained e min val use format for numbers gt val e max val use format for numbers lt val Examples e format 3 1415 fix 2 3 14 e format 3756 round 2 3800 e format 3756 sci 2 10 expdigits 2 3 8 1093 Several formats can be combined into one string sci 2 10 min 1e2 fix 0 uses scientific notations for numbers above 10 and decimal notation for smaller numbers pagewidth pageheight These functions return the width and height of the output These are the values set with the size command 6 3 USING VARIABLES 41 pointx pointy These functions return the x and y values of a named point begin box add 0 1 name mybox write Hello end box amove pointx mybox bc pointy mybox bc rline O 2 arrow end twidth str theight str tdepth str These functions return the width depth and height of a string if it was printed in the current font and size width obj height obj These functions return the width and height of a named
34. the current point with radius radius If a fill pattern is specified the circle will be filled closepath Joins the beginning of a line to the end of a line Le it does an aline to the end of the last amove colormap fct min zmaz ymin ymax pixels x pixels y width height color palette pal Draws a colormap of the function fct x y in which z ranges from min to maa and y ranges from ymin to ymaz The size of the colormap is width by height centimeter and the resolution is pixels r by pixels y pixels A colormap is grayscale by default it is drawn in color if the option coloris given In the latter case it is possible to specify a palette subroutine pal mapping the range 0 1 to a range of colors This command is similar to the colormap command in a graph block Section 8 5 curve iz iy x1 y1 zn yn ex ey Draws a curve starting at the current point and passing through the points x1 y1 xn yn with an initial slope of iz iy to x1 y1 and a final slope of ez ey All the vectors are relative movements from the vector before amove 1 1 curve 1 00 1 100 110 amove 3 6 1 curve 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 define marker markername subroutine name This defines a new marker called markername which will call the subroutine subroutine name when ever it is used It passes two parameters the first is the requested size of the marker and the second is a value from a secondary dataset which can be used to vary siz
35. the width of each column or completely remove the spaces between columns with the command SET WIDTH 10 or set width 0 You can change the number of significant digits displayed with the command SET DIGITS 4 SAVE myfile dat Saves all or part of your data The command SAVE myfile dat c3c5rir3 will write out that range of numbers to the file By default manip will write columns seperated by spaces The command SAVE myfile dat TAB will put a single tab between each column of numbers and SAVE myfile dat COMMA will put a comma and a space between each number these two options are usefull if your data file is very big and you don t want to waste diskspace with the space characters Further options are the same like EXIT GOTO For moving the cursor directly to a point in your array e g A GOTO x CLEAR CLEAR C2C3 Clears the given range of all values BLANK 4 BLANK C2C3 Clears the given range of all values NEW Clears the spread sheet of all data and frees memory INSERT Inserts a new column or row and shifts all others over e g 4 INSERT c5 or 7 INSERT r2 LOAD Load data into columns eg 4 LOAD filename loads all data into corresponding columns LOAD filename c3 load first column of data into c3 etc LOAD myfile dat c3 LIST This commmand will load the the data into a single column or range even if it is several columns wide in the data file MOVE range1 range2 if exp For copying a se
36. 56 a data example fie 2 data ees date 6 def 11 define marker 12 delete 62 device control 44 device 68 diagrams 45 dn 24 bigfile 23 color 24 err 23 errdown 23 errup 23 errwidth 23 herr 24 herrleft 24 herrright 24 herrwidth 24 key 24 line 24 Istyle 24 Iwidth 24 marker 24 msize 24 nomiss 24 smooth 25 xmax 25 xmin 25 ymax 25 ymin 25 droplines 55 dsubticks 28 dticks 28 ellipse 13 elliptical arc 13 elliptical narc 13 else 13 42 end if 13 end path 10 error bars see dn err 23 eval 39 68 example data file 22 INDEX exit 62 exp 68 expressions 39 fclose 44 fgetline 44 files 6 22 fill 18 color 32 xmax 32 xmin 32 ymax 32 ymin 32 fill patterns 48 filling 48 filling areas 32 fit 62 Fitls 59 fitz 55 fix 68 font 18 font line width 19 font title 27 font examples 71 fontlwidth 19 fonts 71 fopen 44 for 13 42 format 40 68 fread 44 freadln 44 ftokenizer 44 fullsize 25 Functions 65 functions 41 67 fwrite 44 fwriteln 44 generate 65 GLE_USRLIB 13 goto 63 graphing 21 graphing functions 25 greek characters 11 grestore 13 grid 28 gsave 13 harray 53 hei 19 height 41 68 horiz 31 horizontal error bars 24 hscale 25 I O functions 44 if 13 42 ignore 23 include 13 43 INDEX insert 63 int 68 ioin 14 19 join set join 1
37. 9 joining 45 just 19 justify box 1 justify joi ae justify set 1 justify 2 24 hei 25 nobox 25 offset 25 pos 25 key module 35 key module absolute 36 coldist 36 color 37 dist 36 fill 37 hei 36 justify 37 line 37 37 37 Istyle 37 lwidth 37 margins 37 marker 37 mscale 37 msize 37 nobox 37 offset 37 pattern 38 position 37 row 37 separator 38 text 38 left 68 len 68 let 25 let order 33 line 24 line width graphs 33 lineskip 11 linfit 26 load 63 local 14 43 log 28 log 68 log10 68 log10fit 26 logfit 26 logging 65 91 loops 42 Istyle 19 Istyle graph lines 24 Istyle set 19 lwidth 19 lwidth graph lines 24 lwidth graphs 33 Manip 60 Arrows 61 Range 61 usage 60 marker 14 24 55 markers 67 mathchar 11 mathchardef 11 mathcode 11 missing 24 missing value 23 mitre 19 move 63 movexy 11 name box S 12 name join 1 name RAE narc 9 nares 39 68 negate 30 new 63 next 13 42 noborder 26 nobox 9 12 26 nofirst 28 nolast 28 nomiss 24 not 68 nsubticks 28 nticks 28 num1 68 num 68 orientation 15 pageheight 40 68 pagewidth 40 68 papersize 15 parsum 65 path 10 paths 47 pattern 20 bar 31 pi 69 points 55 pointx 68 pointy 68 pos 68 postscript 15 powxfit 26 92 print 16 propaga
38. IP infile dat recover step commands c log single size x y recover Manip logs everything you type to a file called MANIP_ J1 When you use the RECOVER option on the manip command it then reads keys from that file as if they were typed at the keyboard This will restore you to the point just before your pc crashed The last three journal files are stored 11 2 j3 simply copy the one you want to j1 to use it step Used with recover press a space for each key you want to read from the journal file press any other key to stop reading the journal commands filename man This reads the commands in filename man as if they were typed at the keyboard 9 2 MANIP 61 single This makes MANIP use single precision arithmetic and doesn t store strings at all this enables three times as much data in the same amount of memory size Sets the initial size of the spreadsheet Use this with large datasets as it prevents the heap from becoming fragmented and thus lets you use much larger datasets Range Most manip commands accept a range as one or more of there parameters A range is a rectangular section of your spreadsheet A range can ether start with a c or an r and this will affect how the command operates If your spreadsheet has 5 columns and 10 rows then ci cicirir10 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 riricicd 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 1 2 cic2rir10 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 rir2c3 rir2c3
39. Italic 72 APPENDIX A TABLES A 6 Font Tables Roman rm Roman Bold rmb A 6 FONT TABLES 73 Typewriter tt Typewriter Bold ttb Typewriter Italic tti TEXComputer Modern Bold texcmb 5 I q MO gt g CERE HQ uuu on on oc d oa oz cool co o t2 EN gt gt TEXComputer Modern Extensible texcmex TEXComputer Modern Italic Typewriter texcmitt FPEPLAIN 8I M oS SINIS S IRIS e e LB ele H ol al as SS no 2 5 EE E 74 APPENDIX A TABLES TEXComputer Modern Maths Italic texcmmi TEXComputer Modern Roman texcmr a visit la Iw x Q H H H H lt
40. LE GLE s graphical user interface More information about running GLE from a text editor is given in the installation instructions On Windows you run GLE from the Windows Command Prompt Normally the GLE installer should have added an entry labeled Command Prompt to GLE s folder in the start menu On Unix like operating systems GLE runs from an X terminal such as konsole on Linux KDE Once you have opened the command prompt or terminal try running GLE by entering the following command gle As a result GLE displays the following message GLE version x y z Usage gle options filename gle More information gle help If this message does not appear and you see an error message instead then GLE is not correctly installed Refer to the installation instructions Appendix A 4 for more information In the following we will show how to construct a simple drawing with GLE 4 CHAPTER 2 TUTORIAL 1 V2 Figure 2 1 Result of your first GLE script 2 3 Drawing a Line on a Page Let s start with drawing a line on the page GLE needs to know the size of the drawing you whish to make This is accomplished with the size command size 82 This specifies that the output will be 8cm wide and 2cm high Next we define a current point by moving to somewhere on the page amove 0 25 0 25 The origin 0 0 is at the bottom left hand corner of the page Suppose we wish to draw a line from this point 5 cm across
41. The contour block produces contour lines of a function z f x y The function f x y is given by a z file The z file format is discussed on page 52 Recall that a z file can be created from sample data points that is x y z tuples with the fitz block Section 8 3 or from an implicit definition of f x y with a letz block Section 8 2 include contour gle Saddle Plot Contour Lines begin contour data saddle z values 0 5 1 1 5 23 end contour begin graph title Saddle Plot Contour Lines data saddle cdata dat di line color blue end graph contour labels saddle clabels dat fix 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 The contour block can contain the following commands data file Specifies the name of the z file values v1 Un Specifies the z values to contour at smooth integer Specifies the smoothing parameter The contour block creates the files data clabels dat and data cdata dat with the prefix data the name of the z file The file data clabels dat contains information for drawing labels on the contour plot This is done by the subroutine contour labels defined in the library contour gle in the example above The file data cdata dat contains the x values of the contour lines This file can be used as input to a graph block and plotted with the d1 line command as shown in the example above 8 5 COLOR MAPS 57 8 5 Color Maps Color maps plot a functi
42. ales the quantity of glue between words Sets the default distance between lines of text Sets the minimum required gap between lines ss gt geq 4 copyright 6 delta e Vepsilon L Mota Mappa Wi pi v upsilon 6 phi varepsilon 9 vartheta yp varphi aleph 9 R Re prime emptyset A triangle V forall natural d sharp spadesuit coprod bigcap LU bigcup bigoplus bigodot f ointop q triangleleft A Wedge A land U cup Mdagger Vuplus II amalg div odot Voplus mp setminus cdot AA width of the letter m Adag alpha zeta lambda rho chi varpi imath Im nabla exists clubsuit bigvee prod bigsqcup triangleright gx F lt evga vee dagger diamond oslash pm Mast 9 0 lt VE i ddag B beta n eta D mu c sigma v psi 0 Warrho 2 jmath partial T top S neg lt diamondsuit A bigwedge gt sum smallint A bigtriangleup V Mor m sqcap bullet e Votimes o cire x times AA INSTALLING GLE A A Installing GLE A 5 Fonts rm Roman rmb Roman Bold rmi Roman Italic ss Sans Serif ssb Sans Serif Bold 551 tt ttb tti texcmb texcmitt texcmmi texcmr texcmss texcmssb texcmssi texcmti texcmtt plba plci pler ples pldr plge plgg plgi plsa plsg plsr plss pltr Sans Serif Italic Typewriter Typewriter
43. ample palette subroutines are included in the library color gle The following example is a color map of a two dimensional Gaussian include color gle 2D Gaussian sub gauss x y s 0 75 begin graph end graph 2 0 1 0 1 5 0 9 return exp x 2 y 2 2 s 2 10 0 8 end sub 0 7 0 5 0 6 title 2D Gaussian 0 0 um xaxis min 2 max 2 0 5 0 4 yaxis min 2 max 2 0 3 colormap gauss x y 200 200 zmin zmax 1 color 1 0 as 1 5 0 1 amove xg xgmax 0 3 yg ygmin 2 0 0 0 color range vertical O 1 0 1 format fix 1 2 0 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 58 CHAPTER 8 SURFACE AND CONTOUR PLOTS Chapter 9 GLE Utilities 9 1 Fitls The FITLS utility allows an equation with n unknown constants to be fitted to experimental data For example to fit a simple least squares regression line to a set of points you would give FITLS the equation a x b FITLS would then solve the equation to find the best values for the constants a and b FITLS can work with non linear equations it will ask for initial values for the parameters so that a solution around those initial guesses will be found FITLS writes out a GLE file containing commands to draw the data points and the equation it has fitted to them Here is a sample FITLS session fitls Input data file x and y columns optional test dat 1 2 fitls dat Loading data from file fitls dat xcolumn 1 ycolumn 2 Valid operators power Valid func
44. and 1 cm up size 82 amove 0 25 0 25 rline 5 1 This is a relative movement as the x and y values are given as distances from the current point alter natively we could have used absolute coordinates size 82 amove 0 25 0 25 aline 5 25 1 25 To draw some text on the page at the current point use the write command write Hi there Or alternatively you could include arbitrary IATEX expressions using the tex command tex 1 sqrt 2 Now we have constructed complete GLE script which looks as follows size 8 2 box amove 0 25 0 25 rline 5 1 tex 1 sqrt 2 Enter the above GLE script using a text editor and save it to disk any editor that saves in UTF8 or ASCII format will work The following assumes that you have saved the file under the name test gle in the folder C GLE on Windows or home john gle on a Unix like operating system Now open a command prompt and go to the folder where you saved the file Then run GLE on the file On Windows you do this as follows C gt is the prompt C gt cd C GLE C GLE gt gle test gle Or on Unix cd gle gle test gle 2 4 DRAWING A SIMPLE GRAPH 5 GLE produces by default an Encapsulated PostScript eps file GLE x y z test gle C R test eps Try viewing the resulting test eps with a PostScript viewer such as GhostView and compare it to the output shown in Fig 2 1 You can also preview it with QGLE GLE s graphical user interface After you ve star
45. aph The data to be plotted are organised into datasets A dataset consists of a series of X Y coordinates and has a name based on the letter d and a number between 1 and 99 eg 41 The name dn can be used to define a default for all datasets Many graph commands described below start with dn This would normally be replaced by a specific dataset number e g d3 marker diamond For each xaxis command there is a corresponding yaxis y2axis and x2axis command for setting the top left and right hand axes These commands are not explicitly mentioned in the following descriptions 4 1 Graph Commands a summary center colormap fct pixels x pixels y color invert zmin 21 zmax 25 palette pal data filename d1 d2 d3 d1 c1 c3 ignore n dn bigfile all dat xc yc marker mname line dn bigfile autoscale dn err d5 errwidth width exp errup nn errdown d4 dn herr 45 herrwidth width exp herrleft nn errright d4 dn key Dataset title dn line impulses steps fsteps hist svg smooth dn Istyle line style Iwidth line width color col dn marker marker name msize marker size mdata dn dn nomiss dn smooth smoothm dn xmin z low xmax z high ymin y low ymax y high fullsize hscale h key pos tl nobox hei exp offset yexp let ds exp from low to high step ezp let dn routine dm options nobox scale h v scale auto size z y title title hei ch hei color col font font
46. arker circle hei v color droplines riselines color c lstyle n zclip min v1 max v2 8 1 2 Surface Commands size x y Specifies the size in cm to draw the surface The 3d cube will fit inside this box The default is 18cm x 18cm e g size 10 10 51 52 CHAPTER 8 SURFACE AND CONTOUR PLOTS cube off v ylen v len v nofront Istyle 7 COLOR Surface is drawing a 3d cube off Stops GLE from drawing the cube xlen The length of the cubes x dimension in cm nofront Removes the front three lines of the cube Istyle Sets the line style to use drawing the cube color Sets the color of lines to use drawing the cube begin surface size 7 T data jack z cube zlen 13 top color orange underneath color red end surface data it myfile z xsample n1 ysample n2 sample n3 nx n1 ny n2 Loads a file of Z values in The NX and NY dimensions are optional normally the dimensions of the data will be defined on the first line of the data file e g nx 10 ny 20 xmin 1 xmax 10 ymin 1 ymax 20 1242452314324 1 2 42 4 5 2 31 4 3 2 4 etc yl x1 1 2 yi xn y2 x1 y2 x2 y2 xn yn x1l yn x2 yn xn Data files can be created using LETZ or FITZ LETZ will create a data file from an x y function FITZ will create a data file from a list of x y z data points xsample Tells surface to only read every n th data point from the data file This speeds things up while you are messing
47. axis y2axis Any command defining an xaxis setting will also define that setting for the x2axis The secondary axes x2 and y2 can be modified individually by starting the axis command with the name of that axis E g X2 axis HR MMe size 6 3 8 xtitle X axis T wn a ytitle Y axis 9 6 13 x2title X2 axis om gt gt y2title Y2 axis x2ticks length 0 6 2 x2subticks color red 0 dox end graph 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X axis xaxis angle a Rotate the labels by o degrees Fig 4 4 gives an example xaxis base exp cm Scale the axis font and ticks by exp cm The default value of the base setting is the value of hei xaxis color col font font name hei exp cm lwidth exp cm These axis qualifiers affect the colour lstyle lwidth and font used for drawing the xaxis and the x2axis These can be overriden with more specific commands E g xticks color blue would override the axis colour when drawing the ticks The subticks would also be blue as they pick up tick settings by default xaxis dsubticks sub distance See xaxis nticks below xaxis format format string Specifies the number format for the labels See the documentation of format on page 40 for a description of the syntax Example 28 CHAPTER 4 THE GRAPH MODULE xaxis format fix 1 xaxis grid This command makes the xaxis ticks long enough to reach the x2axis and the yaxis ticks long enough to
48. c5 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 5 1 5 2 Arrows The arrow keys normally move the data cursor however if you are half way thru typing a command then the left and right arrow keys allow you to edit the command Use the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys to recall your last command SHIFT arrow keys will jump 7 cells at a time for fast movement Further help is available on the following toppics via the HELP command e g HELP COPY 9 2 2 Manip Primitives a summary Qmycmds Arrows BLANK CLEAR CLOSE COPY range range IF exp DATA range DELETE range IF exp EXIT filename range TAB SPACE COMMA FIT c3 Functions GENERATE pattern destination GOTO z y INSERT Cn or Rn LOAD filename range 0 LOAD filename range LOGGING mycmds man MOVE range range IF exp NEW PARSUM range range2 62 CHAPTER 9 GLE UTILITIES PROP range range QUIT Recover recovering from power failure or crash SAVE filename range TAB SPACE COMMA SET SIZE ncols nrows SET BETWEEN SET COLTYPE SET COLWIDTH SET NCOL n SET DPOINTS n SET DIGITS n SET WIDTH n SHELL SORT range on exp SUM range SWAP CnCn RnRn 9 2 3 Manip Primitives in detail COPY range1 range 2 if exp For copying a section to another section They do not have to be the same shape The pointers to both rangers are increased even if the number is not coppied e g COPY r4r2 rir2 COPY cic3r6r100 c6c8 if 1 lt
49. cks distance nticks number Labels the xaxis starting from position 20 with distance distance between the ticks This will result in a tick at the positions 20 i x distance with i ranging from 0 to number 1 xaxis off Turns the whole axis off labels ticks subticks and line Often the x2axis and y2axis are not required they could be turned off with the following commands x2axis off y2axis off xaxis shift cm exp This moves the labelling to the left or right which is useful when the label refers to the data between the two values xlabels font font name hei char hei color dist dis on off log 10 4 This command controls the appearance of the axis labels The default label font size is the value of the hei setting multiplied by the setting alabelscale default 0 8 The default value for dist is controlled by the setting alabeldist The command xlabels off turns the labels for the xaxis off Similarly xlabels on turns them on the default for the z and y axis but not for the 22 and y2 axis Possible values for lgmode are off 11 125 and 125b These control subticks for a log scale axis The value off means no subticks i e only main ticks at 10 11 means 10 subticks and 125 means two subticks at the positions 2 10 and 5 10 The value 125b is identical to 125 except that now the format function
50. ction to another section They do not have to be the same shape The pointer to the destination is only increased if the line or column is coppied e g MOVE ci c2c3 MOVE r4r2 rir2 MOVE cic3r6r100 c6c8 if 1 lt 2 7 MOVE Ci C2 IF C1 lt 4 ci c2 N OQ O N See COPY command SORT range ezp Sort entire rows of the data based on the data in a particular column e g 64 CHAPTER 9 GLE UTILITIES SORT c8 on c9 SORT cic8 on c8 SORT cic3 on c2 lfor sorting strings This command works out how to sort the column or exp specified in the ON part of the command It then does that operation to the range specified e g SORT C1 ON C1 will sort column one Use the additional qualifier STRINGS if you want to sort a column with strings in it e g sort cl on c2 strings SWAP Swap over two columns or rows e g SWAP cic2 SWAP 1 SET SIZE ncols nrows SIZE 3 4 Truncates the spreadsheet to 3 columns and 4 rows This also sets the values to use for default ranges SET BETWEEN SET BETWEEN Defines the string to be printed between each column of numbers when written to a file This is normally set to a single space SET COLWIDTH Set the width of each column when displayed e g 4 SET COLWIDTH 12 SET COLTYPE n DECIMAL EXP BOTH DPOINTS n This commands allows all or individual columns to be set to different output types If colnumber is missing t
51. de With the Non Zero Winding Rule an imaginary line is drawn through the object Every time a line of the object crosses it from left to right one is added to the counter every time a line of the object crosses it from right to left one is subtracted from the counter Everywhere the counter is non zero is considered to be the inside of the drawing and is filled 3 2 GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES IN DETAIL 17 rline z y arrow end arrow start arrow both curve al a2 di d2 Draws a line from the current point to the relative coordinates x y which then become the new current point If the current point is 5 5 then rline 3 2 is equivalent to aline 8 3 The optional qualifiers on the end of the command will draw arrows at one or both ends of the line the size of the arrow head is proportional to the current font size The curve option is explained with the aline command rmove z y Changes the current point to the relative coordinate x y If the current point is 5 5 then rmove 3 2 is equivalent to amove 8 3 save objectname This command saves a point for later use with the join command set alabeldist d The spacing between the graph axis labels and the axis is set to d set alabelscale s The graph axis label font size is set to alabelscale times hei set arrowangle angle Sets the opening angle of the arrow tips Actually half of the opening angle set arrowsize size Sets the length of the a
52. e papersize command marker marker name scale factor Draws marker marker name at the current point The size of the marker is proportional to the current font size scaled by the value of scale factor if present Markers are referred to by name eg square diamond triangle and fcircle Markers beginning with the letter f are usually filled variants Markers beginning with w are filled with white so lines are not visible through the marker For a complete list of markers refer to Fig 3 1 3 2 GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES IN DETAIL 15 A triangle icircle 2 odot de flower handpen A wtriangle lt diamond ominus club Gei letter A ftriangle wdiamond oplus Q heart T phone square diamond otimes spade gt plane _ wsquare X cross star i dag O scircle B aue plus 45 star2 I ddag ssquare O circle minus star3 8 snake trianglez Q weircle asterisk star4 dot diamondz Figure 3 1 All markers supported by GLE The names that start with w are white filled papersize a4paper papersize adpaper papersize adpaper papersize adpaper size 10 10 orientation landscape margins 2 2 2 2 orientation landscape size 10 10 margins 2 2 2 2 B 8 8 r Big alls o ES 10 10 Y 21 cm 21 cm 21 cm 21 cm Figure 3 2 Result of different combinations of the commands papersize margin
53. e Time 35 ytitle Output 94 data tut dat 3 2 di line marker triangle color red 10 15 20 25 30 3 5 40 4 5 5 0 end graph Time dn bigfile all dat xc yc marker mname line The bigfile option allows a dataset to be read as it is drawn rather than being complete read into memory before it is drawn this means that very large datasets can be drawn on a PC without running out of memory The axis minimum and maximum must be specified using the command xaxis min exp max exp By default the first two columns of the data file will be read in but other columns may be specified E g all dat 3 2 would read x values from column 3 and y values from column 2 Or to read the 4th dataset specify the file as all dat 1 5 If the x column is specified as 0 then GLE will generate the x data points E g 1 2 3 4 5 Bigfile also accepts variables in place of the file name e g xxx test dat 2 3 di bigfile xxx The AUTOSCALE option pre reads the file to scale the axis which is slow but sometimes required e g di bifile a dat line autoscale Many but not all of the normal dn commands can be used with the bigfile command E g marker Istyle xmin xmax ymin ymax color and lwidth You cannot use commands like let or bar with the bigfile command dn err d5 errwidth width exp dn errup nn errdown d4 For drawing error bars on a graph The error bars can be specified as an absolute value as a percentage of the y val
54. e centre of the titlebox but clipped correctly at the edges of both boxes join square tc lt gt titlebox v would draw a vertical line from the top centre of the square to the titlebox with arrows at both ends set hei 3 font plge amove 1 2 2 box 1 1 fill blue name square amove 1 9 2 begin box add 1 name titlebox text Title end box join square tr titlebox tr join square titlebox join square tc titlebox v Named points on each box bl Bottom left bc Bottom centre br Bottom right cr Centre right 45 46 CHAPTER 7 ADVANCED FEATURES tr Top right tc Top centre tl Top left cl Centre left V Vertical line h Horizontal line cc Centre centre ci Circle clipping for drawing lines to a circle To draw lines to a given point simply move there and save that point as a named object rmove 2 3 save apoint join apoint square 7 2 BTEX Interface 7 2 1 Example GLE files can include arbitrary IATEX expressions using the IATEX interface There are two ways to include a IATEX expression The first one is by using the tex primitive The second one is by using the tex macro in a string set texlabels 1 begin graph Plot of f x title Plot of f x frac x sqrt 5 x 1 cdot x 4 xtitle x ytitle y f x O end graph set just bc amove xg sqrt 5 yg 2 5 tex sqrt 5 add 0 1 name sq5b A N O N o
55. e or rotation of a marker for each point plotted To define a character from the postscript ZapDingbats font as a marker you would use e g sub subnamex size mdata gsave save font and x y set just left font pszd hei size t char 102 rmove twidth t 2 theight t 2 centers marker write t grestore restores font and x y end sub The second parameter can be supplied using the mdata command when drawing a graph this gives the marker subroutine a value from another dataset to use to draw the marker For example the marker could vary in size or angle with every one plotted d3 marker myname mdata d4 3 2 GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES IN DETAIL 13 define markername fontname scale dx dy This command defines a new marker from any font it is automatically centered but can be adjusted using dx dy e g defmarker hand pszd 43 1 0 0 ellipse dx dy options This command draws an ellipse with the diameters dz and dy in the x and y directions respectively The options are the same as the circle command elliptical_arc dz dy theta1 theta2 options This command is similar to the arc command except that it draws an elliptical arc in the clockwise direction with the diameters dz and dy in the x and y directions respectively thetal and theta2 are the start and stop angle respectively The options are the same as for the arc command The command elliptical narc is identical but draws the arc in the clockwise direction Thi
56. e simply an intensity of red green and blue Each of the predefined color names yellow grey20 orange red simply define the ratio of red green and blue A sample of the predefined color names is included in Appendix A 7 There are two ways to use variables to show color one is for shades of grey for i O to 10 box 3 2 fill i 10 rmove O 2 next i The other is for passing a color name as a variable sub stick c box 2 2 fill c end sub Stick green A color can also be defined based on its RGB values with the rgb255 primitive mycolor rgb255 38 38 134 Remember a fill pattern completely obscures what is behind it so the following command would produce a box with a shadow amove 4 4 box 3 2 fill grey10 rmove 1 1 box 3 2 fill white rmove 4 4 text hellow 7 5 GLE S CONFIGURATION FILE 49 7 5 GLE s Configuration File GLE reads two configuration files during initialization The first configuration file is the file glerc located in the root of your GLE installation This location is usually referred to as GLE TOP To find out where your GLE_TOP is run gle info The second configuration file is the file glerc located in your home directory Unix and Mac OS X only The commands in this second file override the commands GLE TOP glerc The configuration files can be used to set various options such as the paper size and margins To set the paper size and margins add the fo
57. eachpuff palegoldenrod khaki darkkhaki lavender thistle a plum violet orchid ESE fuchsia magenta mediumorchid mediumpurple E blueviolet darkviolet E darkorchid BEN darkmagenta purple BE indigo slateblue darkslateblue greenyellow chartreuse lawngreen lime limegreen palegreen lightgreen mediumspringgreen springgreen E mediumseagreen seagreen forestgreen green EH darkgreen yellowgreen B olivedrab olive m darkolivegreen 7 mediumaquamarine darkseagreen El lightseagreen darkcyan END teal reg aqua lightcyan paleturquoise aquamarine J turquoise J mediumturquoise darkturquoise EE cadetblue E steelblue lightsteelblue powderblue lightblue skyblue lightskyblue deepskyblue E dodgerblue cornflowerblue mediumslateblue royalblue B midnightblue _ cornsilk blanchedalmond bisque navajowhite wheat burlywood tan rosybrown sandybrown goldenrod darkgoldenrod peru JEE chocolate saddiebrown EE sicnna brown maroon white snow honeydew mintcream 85 azure aliceblue ghostwhite whitesmoke seashell beige oldlace floralwhite
58. eight of the object name integer part of exp left exp characters of str the length of str log to base e of exp log to base 10 of exp number of command line arguments logical not of exp as above but with no spaces string representation of exp the height of the page from size command the width of the page from size command the x value of point pt the y value of point pt position of str2 in stri from exp the x value of point pt the y value of point pt create color given RGB values create color given RGB values rest of str starting at exp random number from seed exp 1 cos exp 1 cosh exp str from exp1 to exp2 returns 1 if exp is positive 1 if exp is negative sine of exp hyperbolic sine exp squared square root of exp A 2 FUNCTIONS AND VARIABLES 69 tan exp tangent of exp tanh exp hyperbolic tangent tdepth str the depth of str assuming current the font size theight str height of str assuming current font size time current time e g 11 44 27 todeg exp convert from radians to degrees torad exp convert from degrees to radians twidth str the width of str assuming current font size val str value of the string str width name the width of the object name xend the x end point of a text string when drawn xg xexp converts units of last graph to abs cm xpos the current x point yend the y end point of a text string when drawn yg yexp conv
59. erts units of last graph to abs cm yposO the current y point Variable name Returns pi 3 14 xgmin the minimum x coordinate of the graph xgmax the maximum x coordinate of the graph xg2min the minimum x2 coordinate of the graph xg2max the maximum x2 coordinate of the graph ygnin the minimum y coordinate of the graph ygmax the maximum y coordinate of the graph yg2min the minimum y2 coordinate of the graph yg2max the maximum y2 coordinate of the graph 70 BTpX Macros and Symbols APPENDIX A TABLES There are several IATpX like commands which can be used within text they are NN v u N H NZ NN tex expression char 22 chardef a hello def v hello movexy 2 3 glass rule 2 4 setfont rmb sethei 3 setstretch 2 lineskip 1 linegap 1 Mbrack NS gamma theta nu tau omega varsigma ell infty bot Mlat heartsuit biguplus bigotimes intop bigtriangledown cap sqcup wr ominus bigcire star OO CIDG6 EGTHZ WER s TROT Implemented TeX accents Superscript Subscript Forced Newline Underscore character bem em lem space 2em space Any LaTeX expression Any character in current font Define a character as a macro Defines a macro Moves the current text point Makes move space work on beginning of line Draws a filled in box 2cm by 4cm Sets the current text font Sets the font height in cm Sc
60. es the new current point The arrow qualifiers are optional they draw arrows at the start or end of the line the size of the arrow is proportional to the current font height If the curve option is given then a Bezier curve is drawn instead of a line The first control point is located at a distance 41 and angle al from the current point and the second control point is located at distance 42 and angle a2 from 2 9 amove z y Changes the current point to the absolute coordinates x y arc radius a1 a2 arrow end arrow start arrow both arcto begin begin Draws an arc of a circle in the anti clockwise direction centered at the current point of radius radius starting at angle a1 and finishing at angle a2 Angles are specified in degrees Zero degrees is at three o clock and Ninety degrees is at twelve o clock arc 1 2 20 45 The command narc is identical but draws the arc in the clockwise direction This is important when constructing a path amove 5 5 rline 1 5 arrow end arc 1 10 160 arc 5 90 0 P at 1 yl r2 y2 rad Draws a line from the current point to r1 y1 then to 22 2 but fits an arc of radius rad joining the two vectors instead of a vertex at the point 21 91 amove 1 5 5 rline 1 O set lwidth 1 arcto 20 1 1 P set lwidth O rline 1 1 block end block There are several block structured commands in GLE Each begin must have a matching end Blocks which chan
61. face xtitle x title dist v color hei v ytitle y title dist v color hei v ztitle z title dist v color hei v dist Moves the title further away from the axis color Sets the color of the title hei Sets the hei in cm of the text used for the title title main title dist v color c hei v dist Moves the title further away from the axis color Sets the color of the title hei Sets the hei in cm of the text used for the title rotate 0 D x rotate 10 20 Imagine the unit cube is sitting on the front of your terminal screen x along the bottom y up the left hand side and z coming towards you The first number 10 rotates the cube along the xaxis ie hold the right hand side of the cube and rotate your hand clockwise 10 degrees 54 CHAPTER 8 SURFACE AND CONTOUR PLOTS The second number 20 rotates the cube along the yaxis ie hold the top of the cube and rotate it 20 degrees clockwise The third number is currently ignored The default setting is 60 50 0 view x y p Sets the perspective this is where the cube gets smaller as the lines dissappear towards infinity x and y are the position of infinity on your screen p is the degree of perspective 0 no perspective and with 1 the back edge of the box will be touching infinitiy Good values are between 0 and 0 6 2 View point begin surface 1 size 55 data surf1 z zaxis min 1 u
62. fill red lstyle 2 text Orange marker square fill orange lstyle 3 end key 10 0 Blue 75 EN Red Bl Orange 5 0 2 5 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 5 5 0 7 5 10 0 The key block consists of two parts a global commands and b the definitions of the entries Global commands appear at the beginning of the key and define e g the position of the key In the example position and offset are global commands Multiple global commands are allowed on a given line The entry definitions start after the global commands All comands relevant to a given entry must appear on the same line In the example there are three entry definitions and each definition starts with the text command Entries can be organized into columns using the separator command There are two possible ways to set the position of a key a the key can be positioned relative to the 35 36 CHAPTER 5 THE KEY MODULE Various key positions 1 0 0 9 position tl i position tr P offset 0 1 0 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 4 0 2 m position br 0 1 offset 0 25 0 25 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 0 Bl justify bc absolute pagewidth 2 0 1 Figure 5 1 Various positions for the key graph and b it can be positioned at given coordinates To position the key relative to the graph use the commands position and optionally offset For example position tr offse
63. ge the current graphics state e g scale rotate clip etc will restore whatever they change at the end of the block Indentation is optional but should be used to make the GLE program easier to read box fill pattern add gap nobox xyz round val Draws a box around everything between begin box and end box The option add adds a margin of margin cm to each side of the box to make the box slightly larger than the area defined by the graphics primitives in the begin box end box group to leave a gap around text for example The option nobox stops the box outline from being drawn The name option saves the coordinates of the box for later use with among others the join command If the round option is used a box with rounded corners will be drawn begin box add 0 2 begin box fill gray10 add 0 2 round 3 text John end box J ohn end box 10 begin begin begin begin begin begin begin CHAPTER 3 PRIMITIVES clip This saves the current clipping region A clipping region is an arbitrary path made from lines and curves which defines the area on which drawing can occur This is used to undo the effect of a clipping region defined with the begin path command See the example CLIP GLE in appendix B at the end of the manual name Saves the coordinates of what is inside the block for later use with among others the join command This command is equivalent to begin box name nobox ori
64. gin This makes the current point the origin This is good for subroutines or something which has been drawn using amove aline Everything between the begin origin and end origin can be moved as one unit The current point is also saved and restored path stroke fill pattern clip Initialises the drawing of a filled shape All the lines and curves generated until the next end path command will be stored and then used to draw the shape stroke draws the outline of the shape fill paints the inside of the shape in the given colour and clip defines the shape as a clipping region for all future drawing Clipping and filling will only work on PostScript devices rotate angle The coordinate system is rotated anti clockwise about the current point by the angle angle in degrees For example to draw a line of text running vertically up the page as a Y axis label say type begin rotate 90 text This is end rotate This is scale z y Everything between the begin and end is scaled by the factors x and y E g scale 2 3 would make the picture twice as wide and three times higher begin scale 3 1 begin rotate 30 49 text This is 47 end rotate end scale table This module is an alternative to the TEXT module It reads the spaces and tabs in the source file and aligns the words accordingly A single space between two words is treated as a real space not an alignment space With a proportionally spaced font
65. guments 21 fwrite file x1 Write given arguments to file fwriteln file x1 Write given arguments to file and start a new line fgetline file line Read an entire line from file and store it in the string line ftokenizer file commentchar spacetokens singletokens Sets up the parameters of the tokenizer for file For example fopen file dat f1 read fopen file out f2 write until feof 1 fread fix yz aline x y rline xz fwriteln f2 x 2 y y next fclose f1 fclose f2 6 8 Device dependend Control A built in function which returns a string describing the device is available e g DEVICE HARDCOPY PS on the postscript driver This can be used to use particular fonts etc on appropriate devices E g if pos device PS 1 gt 0 then set font psncsb end if Chapter 7 Advanced features This chapter covers the advanced features of GLE 7 1 Diagrams Joining Named Objects To draw lines between boxes which contain text first name each box as it is drawn and then use the join command to draw the lines between the boxes box 2 3 fill blue name square amove 5 5 begin box add 1 name titlebox text Title end box join square tr gt titlebox bc These commands draw a line from the Top Right of the square to the Bottom Centre of the titlebox with an arrow at the titlebox end join square titlebox would draw a line from the centre of the square to th
66. hen that setting is applied to all columns SET COLTYPE Ccolnumber TYPE Where TYPE is one of DECIMAL produces 123 456 EXP produces 1 23456 02 BOTH produces whichever is more suitable DPOINTS n produces a fixed number of decimal places e g SET COLTYPE c2 DECIMAL SET COLTYPE c1 EXP SET COLTYPE c3 DPOINTS 4 Would print out 1 2e02 1 2 1 2000 SET COLTYPE EXP column number missed out Would print out 1 2e02 1 2e02 1 2e02 SET NCOL n Set the number of columns to display e g SET NCOL 3 SET DPOINTS n Sets the number of decimal places to print This is used for producing columns which line up on the decimal point e g with DPOINTS 3 2 2 gt 2 200 234 gt 234 000 See also SET COLTYPE SET DIGITS n Sets the number of significat digits to be displayed e g with DIGITS 3 9 2 MANIP 65 123456 becomes 123000 0 12345 becomes 0 123 SET WIDTH n Sets the width of padding to use for the columns when they are written to a file The columns usually one space wider than this setting as the BETWEEN string is usually set to one space by default LOGGING For creating command files e g LOG sin mann 2 1 L c3 c2 2 close Then type in sin to execute these commands PROPAGATE source destination This command has the same format as move The difference is that the source is coppied as many times as possible to fill up the destination e g 4 PROP cirir7 c2 SUM range Adds
67. her parameter to the marker subroutine this allows each marker to be drawn at a different angle size or colour The msize qualifier sets the marker size for that dataset The size is a character height in cm so that the actual size of the markers will be about 0 7 of this value dn nomiss If a dataset has missing values GLE will not draw a line to the next real value which leaves a gap in the curve To avoid this behavior simply use the nomiss qualifier on the dn command used to define the line This simply ignores missing values 42 GRAPH COMMANDS IN DETAIL 25 Ignore missing values nomiss begin graph 10 title Ignore missing values nomiss 8 xtitle Time ytitle Output 6 data tut dat 5 4 di lstyle 2 at 1 42 nomiss lstyle 1 marker diamond msize 2 end graph W I 4 4 5 Time dn smooth smoothm This will make GLE draw a smoothed line through the points A third degree polynomial is fitted piecewise to the given points The smoothm alternative will work for multi valued functions i e functions which have more than one y value for each x value dn xmin z low xmax z high ymin y low ymax y high These commands map the dataset onto the graph s boundaries The data will be drawn as if the X axis was labelled from z low to z high regardless of how the axis is actually labelled A point in the dataset at X z low will appear on the left hand edge of the graph fullsize This is equivalent
68. irectories for include files By default this includes the current directory and the lib or gleinc subdirectory of the root directory GLE_TOP of your GLE installation The latter includes a number of subroutine files that are distributed with GLE Table 3 1 Additional include directories can be defined by means of the environment variable GLE_USRLIB 14 CHAPTER 3 PRIMITIVES Table 3 1 Include files distributed with GLE barstyles gle Defines additional styles for bar plots color gle Defines functions for working with colors colors gle 4 0 12 gle Redefines all colors defined in GLE 4 0 12 and before contour gle Subroutines for drawing contour plots electronics gle Subroutines for drawing electronical cirquits ellipse gle Draw text in an ellipse feyn gle Subroutines for drawing Feynmann diagrams graphutil gle Subroutines for drawing graphs piesub gle Pie chart routines polarplot gle Polar plotting routines shape gle Drawing various shapes simpletree gle Draw simple trees stm gle Add labels to images ziptext gle Draw zipped text join objecti just sep object2 just curve al a2 d1 d2 Draws a line between two named objects An object is simply a point or a box which was given a name when it was drawn The justify qualifiers are the standard GLE justification abbreviations br bottom right bi bottom left bc bottom centre tr top right tc top centre t1 top left cr centre right cc cen
69. is by using GLS s command line option inc If this option is supplied then GLE will create besides the usual eps or pdf file also an inc file This inc file can be imported in IATEX document as follows input myfile inc The inc file tells latex or pdflatex to include the eps pdf output file created by GLE It also includes TEX draw commands for drawing the IATEX expressions on top of the GLE output Note that the eps pdf file created by GLE does not include these if inc is used you can check this by viewing it with Ghost View To be able to include inc files the following must be included in the preamble of your IXTEX document usepackage dvips graphics usepackage color If you use pdflatex then the dvips option of the graphics package should be replaced by pdftex If you place your gle files in a subdirectory of the directory where your IATpX document resides the inc file created by GLE should include the path to this subdirectory in the includegraphics primitive it uses for including the eps pdf file generated by GLE To add this path use the texincprefix command line option of GLE For example if your GLE files are in a subdirectory called plots then one should run GLE as follows gle texincprefix plots inc myfile gle GLE can color and rotate IATEX expressions use set color and begin rotate Note however that xdvi does not support these effects so you will
70. is from data set dx For example if the data file contains Mercury 0 382 Venus 0 949 Mars 0 532 Jupiter 11 21 Saturn 9 449 Uranus 4 007 Neptune 3 883 O O1 amp OO N O then ynames from 41 uses the data from the second column as labels for the yaxis Fig 4 4 xnoticks pos pos2 Disables the axis ticks at the given positions xplaces pos pos2 posi This is similar to the xnames command but it specifies a list of points which should be labelled This allows labelling which isn t equally spaced For example xplaces 1 2 5 7 xnames Mon Tue Fri Sun If there isn t enough room on the line for all the places then simply use an extra xplaces command xside color col lwidth line width off This command controls the appearance of the axis line i e the line to which the ticks are attached xsubticks Istyle num lwidth exp length exp off This command gives fine control of the appearance of the axis subticks 30 CHAPTER 4 THE GRAPH MODULE xticks Istyle num lwidth exp length exp off This command gives fine control of the appearance of the axis ticks Note To get ticks on the outside of the graph i e pointing outwards specify a negative tick length xticks length 2 yticks length 2 xtitle title hei ch hei color col font font dist cm This command gives the axis a centered title The list of optional keywords specify features of it The dist command is used for moving the tit
71. is significant As some let commands operate on data which has been read into datasets the data commands should precede the let commands The wildcard dn command should appear before specific 41 commands which it will override By default xaxis commands also change the x2axis and xlabels commands also change x2labels so to specify different settings for the x and x2 axes put the x2 settings after the x settings begin graph size 10 10 data a dat let 42 d1 x3 dn marker square lstyle 3 sets di and d2 d2 marker dot xaxis color green xticks color blue x2axis color black end graph 4 6 2 Line Width When scaling a graph up or down for publication the default line width may need changing To do this simply specify a set lwidth command before beginning the graph size 10 10 set lwidth 1 begin graph end graph 34 CHAPTER 4 THE GRAPH MODULE Chapter 5 The Key Module The key module is used for drawing keys The key can be either specified through a separate key block or directly in the graph block by prefixing the key commands with the keyword key This chapter first discusses how to define the key using a key block Section 5 3 shows how to include the key commands directly in a graph block The key block usually comes directly after the graph block as follows begin graph snd graph begin key position tr offset 0 2 0 2 text Blue marker circle fill blue text Red marker triangle
72. k star4 dot diamondz A 2 Functions and Variables Function name Returns abs exp absolute value of expression acos exp arccosine acosh exp inverse hyperbolic cosine acot exp 1 atan exp acoth exp 1 atanh exp acsc exp 1 asin exp acsch exp 1 asinh exp arg i i th command line argument arg i i th command line argument asec exp 1 acos exp asech exp 1 acosh exp asin exp arcsine asinh exp inverse hyperbolic sine atan exp arctan 67 68 atanh exp atn exp cos exp cosh exp cot exp coth exp csch exp date device eval str exp exp expr exp fix exp format exp format height name int exp left str exp len str log exp log10 exp nargs not exp numi exp num exp pageheight pagewidth pointx pt pointy pt pos stri str2 exp ptx pt pty pt rgb red green blue rgb255 red green blue right str exp rnd exp sec exp sech exp seg str exp1 exp2 sgn exp sin exp sinh exp sqr exp sqrt exp APPENDIX A TABLES inverse hyperbolic tangent same as ATAN exp cosine hyperbolic cosine 1 tan exp 1 tanh exp 1 sin exp 1 sinh exp current date e g Tue Apr 09 1991 available devices e g HARDCOPY PS evaluates given GLE expression exponent substitute result of evaluating exp exp rounded towards 0 format exp as specified in format page 40 the h
73. le up or down The default font size is the value of the hei setting multiplied by the setting atitlescale default 1 0 The default value for dist is controlled by the setting atitledist xaxis negate This is reversed the numbering on the y axis For use with measurements below ground where you want zero at the top and positive numbers below the zero y2title text string rotate By default the y2title is written vertically upwards The optional rotate keyword changes this direction to downwards The rotate option is specific to the y2title command begin graph xaxis min O max 9 nofirst nolast xaxis hei 0 4 nticks 6 dsubticks 0 3 xaxis lwidth 0 05 color red xticks length 0 2 ytitle Log Yaxis yaxis log min 1 max 10 yticks length 0 2 y2axis min 1 max 10000 format sci O 10 y2side color blue y2title Y2title rotated hei 0 3 rotate x2axis off y2labels on let di sin x 4 5 from 0 to 9 dn line color blue Log Yaxis po3e3o1 ANKA 15 30 45 60 7 5 end graph 4 3 Bar Graphs Drawing a bar graph is a subcommand of the normal graph module This allows bar and line graphs to be mixed The bar command is quite complex as it allows a great deal of flexibility The same command allows stacked overlapping and grouped bars For stacked bars use separate bar commands as in the first example below bar di fill black bar d2 from di fill gray10 For grouped bars put all the datasets in a list on a single bar com
74. llowing block to the configuration file begin config paper size letterpaper margins 2 54 2 54 2 54 2 54 end config The supported paper sizes are listed with the description of the papersize command on page 15 The configuration file can also be used to override default locations of external tools such as GhostScript and LaTeX begin config tools ghostscript home john apps gs bin gs end config 50 CHAPTER 7 ADVANCED FEATURES Chapter 8 Surface and Contour Plots 8 1 Surface Primitives 8 1 1 Overview Surface plots three dimensional data using a wire frame with hidden line removal The simplist surface code would look like this begin surface data myfile z 55 end surface The surface block can contain the following commands sizer y cube off v ylen v len v nofront Istyle color c data myfile z xsample n1 ysample n2 sample n3 nx n1 ny n2 harray n xlines ylines off xaxis yaxis zaxis min v max v step v color Istyle 1 hei v off xtitle ytitle ztitle title dist v color hei v title main title dist v color c hei v rotate 0 view X y p top underneath off Istyle n color back zstep v ystep v Istyle 7 color nohidden base xstep v ystep v Istyle 7 color nohidden right zstep v xstep v Istyle 7 color c nohidden skirt on points myfile dat m
75. mand bar 41 42 43 fill gray10 gray40 black Bean stalk data begin graph 6 r r title Bean stalk data dist 0 1 E xtitle Year measured 4 ytitle Height of stalk xaxis dticks 1 8 yaxis min max 6 dticks 2 E 2 1 data gc bean dat bar di d2 d3 fill blue orange red 0 end graph 86 87 88 89 90 Year measured 44 3D BAR GRAPHS 31 Planet sizes 012 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Size relative to Earth Figure 4 4 Illustration of the horiz and pattern keywords of the bar command and of the angle option of the yaxis command bar dz dist spacing Specifies the distance between bars in dataset s dx The distance is measured from the left hand side of one bar to the left hand side of the next bar A distance of less than the width of a bar results in the bars overlapping bar dz from dy This sets the starting point of each bar in datasets dx to be at the value in datasets and is used for creating stacked bar charts Each layer of the bar chart is created with an additional bar command bar di d2 bar d3 d4 from di d2 bar d5 d6 from d3 d4 Note 1 It is important that the values in d3 and d4 are greater than the values in 41 and d2 Note 2 Data files for stacked bar graphs should not have missing values replace the character with the number on its left in the data file Bean stalk data 5 T T begin graph 4 3
76. nds use For example the command aline 2 3 will draw a line from the current point to the coordinates 2 3 The current graphics state also includes other settings like line width colour font 2d transformation matrix All of these can be set with various GLE commands 3 1 Graphics Primitives a summary comment zzz aline z y arrow start arrow end arrow both curve al a2 di d2 z y arc radius a1 a2 arrow end arrow start arrow both arcto 21 yl x2 y2 rad begin box fill pattern add gap nobox name xyz round val begin clip begin name begin origin begin path stroke fill pattern clip begin rotate angle begin scale z y begin table begin tex begin text width exp begin translate z y bezier 21 y1 12 y2 z y3 bitmap filename width height type type bitmap info filename width height type type box z y justify jtype fill color name xxx nobox round val circle radius fill pattern closepath colormap fct min zmax ymin ymax pixels x pixels y width height color palette pal curve iz iy x1 yl z zn yn ex ey define marker markername subroutine name ellipse dx dy options elliptical arc dx dy thetal theta2 options for var exp1 to exp2 step exp3 command next var grestore gsave if exp then command else command end if include filename join object1 just sep object2 just curve al a2 41 d2 local var var margins top bot
77. not be able to see them if you use this viewer In the final PostScript or PDF output they will of course be displayed correctly The main advantage of using the inc method is that the resulting file size will be smaller because the IATEX fonts are not included in the eps pdf file generated by GLE 7 2 4 gle Directory If your source includes IATEX expressions then GLE will construct a subdirectory called gle for storing temporary files e g used for measuring the printed size of the IATEX expressions After you are finished you can safely delete the gle directory GLE will recreate it automatically if required 7 3 Filling Stroking and Clipping Paths It is possible to set up arbitrary clipping regions To do this draw a shape and make it into a path by putting a begin path clip end path around it Then draw the things to be clipped by that region To clear a clipping path surround the whole section of GLE commands with begin clip end clip 48 CHAPTER 7 ADVANCED FEATURES Characters can be used to make up clipping paths but only the PostScript fonts will currently work for this purpose size 10 5 begin clip Save current clipping path begin path clip stroke Define new clipping region amove 2 2 box 3 3 amove 6 2 box 3 3 end path amove 2 2 set hei 3 text Here is clipped text end clip Restore original clipping path 7 4 Colour Internally GLE treats color and fill identically they ar
78. o specify the two scale factors with one command Fig 4 2 shows examples of the different axis scaling options default automatic and fullsize 42 GRAPH COMMANDS IN DETAIL 27 scale 0 7 0 7 scale auto fullsize 1 0 T T T 1 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 2 91 22 2r 0 2 91 2 2r Figure 4 2 Different axis scaling options default automatic and fullsize The blue dot indicates the origin x y of the graph that is the graph is generated with z y followed by begin graph end graph The xaxis is labeled using the option format pi title title hei ch hei color col font font dist cm This command gives the graph a centred title The list of optional keywords specifies features of it The dist command is used for moving the title up or down The default title font size is the value of the hei setting multiplied by the setting titlescale default 1 16 vscale v Sets the length of the yaxis to v times the size of the graph box default is 0 7 v can also be set to auto See scale for more details x2labels on This command activates the numbering of the x2axis There is a corresponding command y2axis on which will activate y2axis numbering xaxis yaxis x2axis y2axis A graph is considered to have four axes The normal xaxis and yaxis as well as the top axis x2axis and the right
79. ommands is not important except that circle is a parameter for the option marker and therefore must come right after it The same holds for line and smooth and color and blue in the example 41 marker circle line smooth color blue size 74 10 Smooth Graph begin graph title Smooth Graph 45 8 xtitle Time B 6 ytitle Output 4 data test csv 2 yaxis min O max 10 di line smooth color red 0 i i I 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 end graph Time It is simple to change to a bar graph and include last year s measurements size 7 4 Bar Graph begin graph 10 T title Bar Graph 8 xtitle Time 5 6 ytitle Output data year 2000 csv O 4 data year 2001 csv 2 yaxis min O max 10 0 bar di d2 fill red blue 1 2 3 4 5 end graph Time Adding min and max values on the axis commands is highly recommended because by default GLE won t start from the origin unless the data happens to be very close to zero It is also difficult to compare graphs unless they all have the same axis ranges More information about the graph module is available in Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Primitives A GLE command is a sequence of keywords and values separated by white space one or more spaces or tabs Each command must begin on a new line Keywords may not be abbreviated the case is not significant All coordinates are expressed in centimetres from the bottom left corner of the page GLE uses the concept of a current point which most comma
80. on z f a by mapping 2 to a color range The following example combines a color map with a contour plot begin contour Auckland s Maunga Whau Volcano data volcano z 20 values 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 18 end contour 16 14 begin graph 12 title Auckland s Maunga Whau Volcano 10 data volcano cdata dat 8 xaxis min O max 20 6 yaxis min max 20 4 di line color black 2 colormap volcano z 100 100 0 end graph 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 The options to the colormap command are as follows colormap fct pizels z pixels y color invert zmin 21 zmax 25 palette pal fct specifies the function to map This can either be the name of a z file or it can be a function definition f x y pixels r pixels x specify the dimension of the color map A color map is a stored as a bitmap image and pixels x pixels x are the resolution of this bitmap A larger resolution yields more detail but at the cost of longer computation time and a larger file size color is an optional argument and indicates that the color map should be drawn in color as opposed to grayscale invert is an optional argument that inverts the color map That is large function values will be drawn in black and small function values in white zmin zmaz are optional arguments that specify the range of the function palette is an optional argument that specifies the palette to use A palette is a subroutine that maps z values to colors A number of ex
81. p Turns off the top part of the bar use this if you have a stacked bar graph so you only need sides on the lower parts of each stack Bean stalk data begin graph data gc_bean dat bar di d2 d3 dist 0 25 width 0 15 1 0 25 amp fill red blue forestgreen amp side orange dodgerblue green end graph Height of stalk 86 87 88 89 90 Year measured 4 5 Filling Between Lines fill x1 d3 color green xmin val xmax val Fills between the xaxis and a dataset use the optional xmin xmax ymin ymax qualifiers to clip the filling to a smaller region fill d4 x2 color blue ymin val ymax val This command fills from a dataset to the x2axis fill d2 d4 color green xmin val xmax val This command fills between two datasets fill d4 color green xmin val xmax val This command treats the dataset as a polygon and fills it The dataset should be a closed polygon begin graph title Shading areas of the graph dist 0 1 xtitle Height of stalk ytitle Year measured xaxis min 86 max 90 Shading areas of the graph yaxis min max 6 data gc fill dat fill d2 x2 color gray40 fill xi di color gray10 xmin 85 xmax 88 fill xi di color gray90 xmin 88 xmax 91 dn line end graph 86 87 88 89 90 Height of stalk Year measured N G P oc o 4 6 NOTES ON DRAWING GRAPHS 33 4 6 Notes on Drawing Graphs 4 6 1 Importance of Order Most of the graph commands can appear in any order but in some cases order
82. pr exp 68 2 file 56 28 8 LATEX 11 70 macros 70 IATEX expression 46 3d bar notop 32 offset 32 side 32 top 32 abs 67 acos 67 acosh 67 acot 67 acoth 67 acsc 67 acsch 67 add 9 alabeldist 17 28 alabelscale 17 28 aline 9 aline closepath 12 amove 9 amove origin 10 angle 10 arc 9 arcto 9 arg 39 67 arg 39 arrow 9 17 arrow join 45 arrowangle 17 arrowsize 17 asec 67 asech 67 asin 67 asinh 67 atan 67 atanh 68 atitledist 17 30 atitlescale 17 30 atn 68 back 54 bar color 31 dist 31 fill 31 from 31 width 31 bar graphs 30 bar graphs 3d 31 base 54 baselineskip 11 begin box 9 clip 10 name 10 origin 10 path 10 rotate 10 scale 10 table 10 text 11 text single line 20 translate 11 bevel 19 bezier 11 bezier rbezier 16 Bezier curve 9 bigfile dataset 23 bitmap 11 bitmap_info 12 BLANK 63 border 26 box 12 cap 17 center 22 char 11 character size 19 chardef 11 circle 12 clear 63 clip 10 47 clipping 47 closepath 12 color 17 color graph lines 24 color title 27 color variables 48 color variables 48 colormap 57 command 12 graph block 22 commands 60 89 90 comment 8 23 contour 56 copy 62 cos 68 cosh 68 cot 68 coth 68 csc 68 csch 68 curve 9 12 cvtrgb 48 dashlen 18 data 6 22 52
83. reach the y2axis When used with both the x and y axes this produces a grid over the graph Use the xticks Istyle command to create a faint grid xaxis log Draws the axis in logarithmic style and scales the data logarithmically to match on the x2axis or y2axis it does not affect the data only the way the ticks and labelling are drawn Be aware that a straight line should become curved when drawn on a log graph This will only happen if you have enough points or have used the smooth option xaxis min low max high Sets the minimum and maximum values on the xaxis This will determine both the labelling of the axis and the default mapping of data onto the graph To change the mapping see the dataset dn commands xmin ymin xmax and ymax xaxis nofirst nolast These two switches simply remove the first or last or both labels from the graph This is useful when the first labels on the x and y axis are too close to each other xaxis nticks number dticks distance dsubticks distance nticks specifies the number of ticks along the axis dticks specifies the distance between ticks and dsubticks specifies the distance between subticks For example to get one subtick between every main tick with main ticks 3 units apart simply specify dsubticks 1 5 Alternatively one can also use nsubticks By default ticks are drawn on the inside of the graph To draw them on the outside use the command xticks length 2 yticks length 2 xaxis 20 dti
84. relying on GLE s scripting language which is full featured with subroutines variables and logic control GLE relies on ATEX for text output and supports mathematical formulea in graphs and figures GLE s output formats include EPS PS PDF JPEG and PNG GLE is licenced under the BSD license QGLE the GLE user interface is licenced under the GPL license Trademark Acknowledgements The following trademarks are used in this manual Windows Microsoft Corporation Donald E Knuth Typesetting System IXIEX Leslie Lamport A Document Preparation System PostScript Page Description Language Adobe Systems Inc Typographic Conventions The following conventions will be used in command descriptions option Specifies an optional keyword or parameter the brackets should not be typed option option Pick one of the options listed keyword Keywords are represented in a bold typewriter font ezp z y xz1 y1 Represent numbers or expressions E g 2 2 or 2 5 Parameters to be entered by the user are given in italics Pathways For those in a hurry vii 1 Read Chapter 2 The GLE Tutorial beginners only 2 Examine the examples at http www gle graphics org examples 3 Browse through Chapter 4 The Graph Module For those with time e Chapter 2 GLE Tutorial Covers installation and drawing a simple graph highly recommended if you have never used GLE before e Chapter 3 GLE Primitives Describes the
85. returns Title and arg 2 returns 0 5 The typical use of these functions is to create a script graph gle as follows 39 40 CHAPTER 6 PROGRAMMING FACILITIES size 10 10 begin graph title arg 1 data arg 2 di line color red end graph and then creating different graphs by running GLE multiple times gle o beans eps graph gle Beans beans csv gle o peas eps graph gle Peas peas csv This will create two graphs beans eps and peas eps The arg functions can be used at all places in the script where an expression is expected They can even be used in place of GLE commands in a graph block by means of the Vexpr function For example data file csv d expr arg 1 line color red in the graph block will allow one to draw different data sets from a single file on multiple graphs To do so run gle 41 graph gle 1 gle o d2 eps graph gle 2 format exp format Returns a string representation of exp formatted as specified in format Basic formats e dec hex upper lower bin format as decimal hexadecimal upper case or lower case or binary fix places format with places decimal places sci sig e E 10 expdigits num expsign format in scientific notation with sig significant digits Use e E or 10 as notation for the exponent With the option expdigits the number of digits in the exponent can be set and expsign forces a sign in the exponent e
86. rrow tips in centimeter set atitledist s The spacing between the graph axis title and the axis labels is set to d set atitlescale s The graph axis title font size is set to atitlescale times hei set cap butt round square Defines what happens at the end of a wide line CD lt lt MEE n set color col Sets the current colour for all future drawing operations GLE supports all SVG X11 standard color names These are listed in Appendix A 7 and include the following black white red green blue cyan magenta yellow gray10 gray20 gray90 It is also possible to specify a gray scale as a real number with 0 0 black and 1 0 white Colors can also be set using the HTML notation e g FF0000 red Finally the functions rgb red green blue and rgb255 red green blue may be used to create custom colors Fig 3 4 gives some examples 18 CHAPTER 3 PRIMITIVES B set color black BE set color red set color white I set color ADFF2F EN set color gray50 C set color rgb255 255 140 0 set color 0 3 BEN set color rgb 0 5 0 2 0 2 Figure 3 4 Examples of setting the drawing color GRID GRID1 GRID2 GRID3 GRID4 GRID5 pu Fees 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 00000000 SHADE SHADEI SHADEA SHADES A RSHADE SHAD RSHADE2 RSHADE3 RSHADE4 RSHADES WW NY NNN Figure 3 5 Patterns for painting shapes Ke mm
87. s size and ori entation for fullpage graphics gle fullpage figure gle set just lc amove 0 5 2 5 marker diamond 1 rmove 0 6 0 text Diamond amove 0 5 2 marker triangle 1 rmove 0 6 0 text Triangle orientation o Sets the orientation of the output in full page mode Possible values are portrait and landscape Fig 3 2 illustrates these two cases papersize size papersize width height Sets the paper size of the output This is used only when GLE is run with the option fullpage The command either takes one argument which should be one of the predefined paper size names or two numbers which give the width and height of the output measured in cm The following paper sizes are known by GLE alpaper a2paper a3paper a4paper and letterpaper If a size command is given in the script then the output is drawn centered on the page If no size command is included in the script then the output will appear relative to the bottom left corner of the page offset by the page margins see margins command Fig 3 2 illustrates these two cases The paper size can also be set in GLE s configuration file Section 7 5 16 CHAPTER 3 PRIMITIVES lt gt at e join bi rc gt b2 tc curve 0 90 1 2 1 join a ci gt b ci s join bi rc gt b2 h Figure 3 3 Different ways of joining objects postscript filename eps width exp height exp Includes an encapsulated pos
88. s is important when constructing a path for var exp1 to exp2 step exp3 command next var The for next structure lets you repeat a block of statements a number of times GLE sets var equal to exp and then repeats the following steps e If var is greater than exp2 then GLE commands are skipped until the line after the next statement e The value ezp is added to var e The statements between the for and next statement are executed If exp1 is greater than exp then the loop is not executed for x 1 to 4 step 0 5 amove x 1 aline 5 x 2 next x grestore Restores the most recently saved graphics state This is the simplest way to restore complicated transformations such as rotations and translations It must be paired with a previous gsave com mand gsave Saves the current graphics transformation matrix and the current point and the current colour font etc if expression then command else command end if If expression evaluates to true then execution continues with the statements up to the corresponding else otherwise the statements following the else and up to the corresponding end if are executed amove 3 3 if xpos 3 then text We are at x 3 else text We are elsewhere end if Note end if is not spelt endif include filename Includes the GLE script filename into the current script This is useful for including library scripts with subroutines GLE searches a number of predefined d
89. shows the result Chapter 6 Programming Facilities 6 1 Expressions Wherever GLE is expecting a number it can be replaced with an expression For example rline 3 2 and rline 9 3 sqrt 4 will produce the same result An expression in GLE is delimited by white space so it may not contain any spaces rline 3 3 2 is valid but rline 3 3 2 will not work Or let d2 3 sin d1 will work and let d2 3 sin d1 won t Expressions may contain numbers arithmetic operators to the power of relational operators gt lt gt lt lt gt boolean operators and or variables and built in functions When GLE is expecting a colour or marker name like green or circle it can be given a string variable or an expression enclosed in braces 6 2 Functions Inside Expressions eval str Evaluates the given string as if it was a GLE expression and returns the result E g eval 3 4 returns 7 arg i arg i nargs Provide access to the command line arguments that are passed to GLE This is useful for gener ating multiple similar plots from a single script arg i returns the i the argument as a number arg i returns the i the argument as a string and nargs returns the number of arguments Only arguments that come after the name of the GLE script are counted For example if GLE is run as gle o graph 1 eps graph gle Title 0 5 then nargs returns 2 arg 1
90. so return values The parameters of a subroutine become local variables Subroutines are reentrant sub tree x y a amove x y rline O 1 write a return x y end sub tree 2 4 mytree Normal call to subroutine Slope tree 2 4 mytree Using subroutine in an expression tex string name xxx add val Draw IATEX expression at the current point using the current value of justify See Section 7 2 for more information Using the name option the IATEX expression can be named just like a box The size of the virtual named box can be increased with the add option text unquoted text string This is the simplest command for drawing text The current point is unmodified after the text is drawn so following one text command with another will result in the second line of text being drawn on top of the first To generate multiple lines of text use the begin text end text construct text Hi hows tricks said Jack write string This command is similar to text except that it expects a quoted string string variable or string expression as a parameter If write has more than one parameter it will concatenate the values of all the parameters a Hello there xx sqrt 10 t time c a 4t write a t xx Hello there 20 10 10 3 16228 The built in functions sqrt and time are described in Appendix A 2 Chapter 4 The Graph Module A graph should start with begin graph and end with end gr
91. t 0 2 0 2 places the key at the top right corner of the graph 0 2 cm from each side To position the key at given coordinates use the justify and absolute commands For example justify bc absolute 5 0 1 places the bottom center of the key at position 5 cm 0 1 cm Fig 5 1 gives some examples of positioning the key 5 1 Global Commands Global commands appear at the start of the key block They control the position of the key and various other properties of the key Several global key commands may appear on one line in the script absolute x y Places the key at position x y on the figure The anchor point of the key is specified with the justify command coldist d Sets the distance between columns To obtain a key with multiple columns use the separator command dist d Sets the distance between the different components of an entry the marker the line the fill and the text hei Sets the height of the text in the entries of the key If this command is not given then the current height is used To set the current height use set hei see page 19 5 2 ENTRY DEFINITION COMMANDS 37 justify x Sets the anchor point of the key Possible values tl bl tr br tc bc lc rc cc These stand for top left bottom left top right bottom right top center bottom center left center right center and center Use this command in combination with the absolute command Fig 5 1 gives some
92. te 65 psbbtweak 16 pscomment 16 ptx 68 pty 68 quit 65 radius 12 rbezier 16 recover 60 return 16 43 reverse 16 RGB 48 rgb 17 68 rgb255 17 48 68 right 54 right 68 riselines 55 rline 17 rmove 17 rnd 68 rotate 10 53 rotate y2title 30 round 19 round cap 17 round join 19 save 17 63 scale 10 26 scale marker 14 sec 68 sech 68 seg 68 set between 64 set coltype 64 set colwidth 64 set digits 64 set dpoints 64 set ncol 64 set size 64 set width 65 setfont 11 sethei 11 setstretch 11 sgn 68 shell 65 sin 68 single 61 sinh 68 size 26 51 size y 61 skirt 54 smooth 25 56 smoothing 24 smoothm 25 sort 63 sqr 68 INDEX sqrt 68 step 13 60 stroke 10 stroking 47 sub 20 subroutines 43 sum 65 Surface 51 svg smooth 24 swap 64 symbols 70 table 10 tan 69 tanh 69 tdepth 69 TeX 11 tex 20 46 texscale 20 text 20 text begin 11 text width 11 theight 41 69 then 13 42 ticksscale 20 time 69 title 27 53 color 27 dist 27 font 27 hei 27 titlescale 20 27 todeg 69 top 54 torad 69 translate 11 twidth 41 69 underneath 54 until 42 val 69 values 56 variables 39 41 view 54 vscale 27 while 42 width 41 69 wmarker 14 write 20 x2axis see xaxis 27 x2labels on 27 x2side see xside 29 xaxis 27 53
93. ted QGLE enter the following command at the command prompt gle p test gle This will preview the output in the QGLE previewer window GLE can also create PDF files This is accomplished by setting the output device to pdf gle device pdf test gle Try viewing the resulting test pdf with Acrobat Reader or similar Other output formats supported by GLE eps ps pdf svg jpg png x11 can also be obtained with the device command line option which can be abbreviated to d For example to create a JPEG bitmap file one can use gle d jpg r 200 test gle Help about the available command line options can be obtained with gle help and to obtain more information about a particular option use gle help option The following command line options are supported by GLE help Shows help about command line options info Outputs software version build date GLE TOP GLE BIN etc verbosity Sets the verbosity level of GLE console output device Selects output device s SE Sets the resolution for bitmap import export and PDF output fullpage Selects full page output output Specifies the name of the output file preview Previews the output in the QGLE gs Call ghostscript for previewing version Selects a GLE version to run compatibility Selects a GLE compatibility mode calc Runs GLE in calculator mode tex Indicates that the script includes LaTeX expressions inc Creates an inc file with LaTeX code
94. texincprefix Adds the given subdirectory to the path in the inc file mkinittex Creates inittex ini from init tex nocolor Forces grayscale output nomaxpath Disables the upper bound on the drawing path complexity 2 4 Drawing a Simple Graph This section shows how to go about drawing a simple graph Enter the following data in a new file and save it as test csv Note that you can export files in CSV comma separated values format with most spread sheet programs 6 CHAPTER 2 TUTORIAL The data is in two columns with a comma separating each column of numbers The following commands will draw a simple line graph of the data Simple Graph size 7 4 9 begin graph 8 title Simple Graph 5 7 xtitle Time B 6 35 ytitle Output 4 data test csv 3 di line marker triangle color red 2 end graph 10 15 20 25 30 3 5 40 45 50 Time The commands title xtitle and ytitle specify the graph title and the axis titles The command data loads the data file and the di command specifies how the first curve on the graph should look like These commands are discussed in detail in Chapter 4 Possible values for the marker option can be found on the GLE wall reference chart in Appendix A 8 The axis ranges can be specified with xaxis vo max 41 and yaxis min vo max 41 A smooth line can be drawn through the data points by changing the 41 command to d1 line smooth as in the following example Note that the order of the c
95. th in white the third a run length in black etc set just left for z 0 to 4 5 set lstyle z 1 6 line 20 s J 2 move 0 10 1 3 epee tN tm write ze Lue foe 9 rmove 2 1 0 4 next z 9229 set lwidth line width Sets the width of lines to line width cm A value of zero will result in the device default of about 0 02 cm so a lwidth of 0001 gives a thinner line than an lwidth of 0 20 CHAPTER 3 PRIMITIVES set pattern fill pattern Specifies the filling pattern A number of pre defined patterns is listed in Fig 3 5 See the description of set fill for more information set texscale scale fixed none This setting controls the scaling of expressions Section 7 2 scale scales them to the value of hei fixed scales them to the closest default size to hei and none does not scale them With none the font size in your graphics will be exactly the same as in your main document set titlescale s The graph title font size is set to titlescale times hei set ticksscale s The size of the graph axis ticks is set to ticksscale times hei sub sub name parameter parameter etc Defines a subroutine The end of the subroutine is denoted with end sub Subroutines must be defined before they are used Subroutines can be called inside any GLE expression and can al
96. the lack of spaces inside the expression are necessary 26 CHAPTER 4 THE GRAPH MODULE let dn routine dm options GLE includes several fitting routines that allow an equation to be fit to a data series These routines can be included in a let expression as shown above where dn will contain results of fitting routine to the data in dm and the options control the limits to which the data in dn extends The following routines are available e linfit fits the data in dm to the straight line equation y x b e logfit fits the data in dm to the equation y exp b x e logiOfit fits the data in dm to the equation y 10 e powxfit fits the data in dm to the equation y a zb The following options are available e limit data x The range of the data in dn extends from the minimum z value in dm to the maximum z value in dm e limit data y The range of the data in dn extends from the z value of the minimum y value in dm to the x value of the maximum y value in dm e limit data The range of the data in dn extends from the greater of the x value of the minimum y value or the minimum z value in dm to the greater of the x value of the maximum y value or the maximum z value in dm e from min to zmax The range of the data in dn extends from the to xmaz as specified by the user slope 0 offs 0 begin graph title Linear fit Linear fit xtitle x o ytitle y ax b
97. tions abs atnO expO fixO intO logO 1og100 rndO sgnO sinO sqrO sqrtQ tanO Enter a function of x using constants 72 e g b x standard linear least squares fit sin x a b a b x 72 d x 3 log axx b x c a Equation sin a x b c x 24d Output file name to write gle file fitls gle Precision of fit required 1 4 Initial value for constant a 1 0 Initial value for constant b 1 0 Initial value for constant c 1 0 Initial value for constant d 1 0 59 60 CHAPTER 9 GLE UTILITIES O evaluations 1 1 1 1 fit 1355 36 20 evaluations 1 97005 1 11 fit 1281 95 40 evaluations 1 97005 10 228 0 151285 1 fit 54 7694 60 evaluations 2 01053 10 228 0 151285 1 06365 fit 54 1771 440 evaluations 0 640525 2 81525 0 13997 1 13871 fit 0 940192 460 evaluations 0 638055 2 82934 0 140971 1 10502 fit 0 93842 480 evaluations 0 63808 2 82357 0 140993 1 10452 fit 0 938389 a 0 638262 b 2 81719 c 0 140722 d 1 11256 10 Iterations sum of squares devided by n 0 938389 y sin 0 638262 x 2 8171940 140722 x 2 1 11256 y sin 0 638262 x 2 8171940 140722 x 1 11256 fit 0 938389 9 2 Manip Manip is a data manipulation package It reads in a text file of numbers and displays them like a spreadsheet You can then do simple operations on the columns and write them out in any format you like 9 2 1 Usage MAN
98. to scale 1 1 noborder It makes the graph size command specify the size and position of the axes instead of the size of the outside border See Fig 4 2 right for an example hscale h Sets the length of the xaxis to times the size of the graph box default is 0 7 h can also be set to auto See scale for more details key pos tl nobox hei exp offset yexp This command allows the features of a key to be specified The pos qualifier sets the position of the key E g tl topleft br bottomright etc let ds exp from low to high step exp This command defines a new dataset as the result of an expression on the variable x over a range of values It also allows the use of other datasets E g to generate an average of two datasets data file csv di d2 let d3 di d2 2 Or to generate data from scratch let di sin x log x from 1 to 100 step 1 begin graph let di 1 x from 0 2 to 10 let d2 sin x 2 2 from 0 to 10 let 43 10 1 sqrt 2 pi exp 2 sqr x 4 sqr 2 from 0 2 to 10 step 0 1 dn line 42 lstyle 2 color red d3 1 1 3 color blue end graph Output Time If the xaxis is a LOG axis then the step option is read as the number of steps to produce rather than the size of each step The from to and step parameters are optional The values of from and to default to the horizontal axis range NOTE The spacing around the sign and
99. tom left right marker marker name scale factor orientation o papersize size postscript filename eps width exp height exp print string psbbtweak pscomment exp rbezier 21 y1 y2 z return exp reverse rline z y arrow end arrow start arrow both curve al a2 di d2 rmove x y save objectname set alabeldist d set alabelscale s set arrowangle angle set arrowsize size set atitledist s set atitlescale s set cap butt round square set color col set dashlen dashlen exp set fill fill color pattern set font font name set fontlwidth line width set hei character size set join mitre round bevel set just left center right tl etc set Istyle line style set lwidth line width set pattern fill pattern set texscale scale fixed none set titlescale s set ticksscale s sub sub name paramter1 paramter2 etc tex string name zzz add val text unquoted text string write string 3 2 Graphics Primitives in detail comment CHAPTER 3 PRIMITIVES Indicates the start of a comment GLE ignores everything from the exclamation point to the end of the line This works both in GLE scripts and in data files used in e g graph blocks Executes subroutine zzz 3 2 GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES IN DETAIL 9 aline z y arrow start arrow end arrow both curve al o2 41 d2 Draws a line from the current point to the absolute coordinates x y which then becom
100. tre centre and c1 centre left In addition v and h can be used to draw vertical or horizontal lines connecting to the object and ci for drawing a line connecting to e circle or ellipse Fig 3 3 shows examples of the different cases If sep is written as a line is drawn between the named objects e g join fred tr mary tl Arrow heads can be included at both ends of the line by writing sep as lt gt Single arrow heads are produced by and gt Note that sep must be separated from object1 just and object2 just by white space If the justification qualifiers are omitted a line will be drawn between the centers of the two objects clipped at the edges of the rectangles which define the objects The curve option is explained with the aline command Fig 3 3 shows an example where the join command is used with the curve option Section 7 1 contains several examples of joining objects local var var Defines a local variable inside a subroutine It is possible to initialize the variable to a particular value with e g local x 3 which defines the local variable x and assigns it the value 3 You can also define several local variables at once e g local x y defines the local variables x and y margins top bottom left right This command can be used to define the page margins Margins are only relevant for making full page figures using the fullpage command line option See also th
101. tscript file into a GLE picture the postscript picture will be scaled up or down to fit the width given On the screen you will just see a rectangle Only the width exp is used to scale the picture so that the aspect ratio is maintained The height is only used to display a rectangle of the right size on the screen print string This command prints its argument to the console terminal psbbtweak Changes the default behavior of the bounding box The default behavior is to have the lower corner at 1 1 which for some interpreters i e Photoshop will leave a black line around the bottom and left borders If this command is specified then the origin of the bounding box will be set to 0 0 This command must appear before the first size command in the GLE file pscomment exp Allows inclusion of exp as a comment in the preamble of the postscript file Multiple pscomment commands are allowed This command must appear before the first size command in the GLE file rbezier z1 yl x2 y2 15 y3 This command is identical to the BEZIER command except that the points are all relative to the current point amove 0 5 2 8 rbezier 1 1 2 1 3 1 amove 0 2 0 2 rbezier 1 1 21 21 80 return exp The return command is used inside subroutines to return a value reverse Reverses the direction of the current path This is used when filling multiple paths in order that the Non Zero Winding Rule will know which part of the path is insi
102. ubroutine the keyword local can be used to define local variables E g local x 3 defines the local variable x and assigns it the value 3 It is also possible to define several local variables at once as is shown in the grid example above The keyword return can be used to return a value from a subroutine E g sub gaussian x mu sigma return 1 sigma sqrt 2 pi exp x mu 2 2 sigma 2 end sub The main GLE file will be much easier to manage if subroutine definitions are moved into a separate file include griddef gle amove 2 4 grid 24 amove 2 2 grid 95 D More information about the include command can be found on page 13 6 6 1 Default Arguments Given the following subroutine definition sub mysub x y color 41119 default color black default fill clear print Color color print Fill fill end sub the following calls are valid mysub 1 0 mysub 1 0 red mysub 1 O red green mysub 1 O fill blue mysub 1 O color red mysub 1 0 color red fill blue 44 CHAPTER 6 PROGRAMMING FACILITIES 6 7 I O Functions The following I O functions are available fopen name file read write Open the file name for reading or for writing The resulting file handle is stored in variable file and must be passed to all other I O functions fclose file Close the given file fread file x1 freadin file x1 Read entries from file into given ar
103. ue or as a dataset The up and down error bars can be specified separately e g d3 err 1 d3 err 10 d3 errup 10 errdown d2 d3 err di errwidth 2 Error Bars begin graph 30 J title Error Bars dn lstyle 2 msize 1 5 20 SC Id J J di marker circle errup 30 errdown 1 I 2 d d2 marker square err 30 errwidth 1 10 44 end graph T 8 Pu E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 24 CHAPTER 4 THE GRAPH MODULE 41 line impulses d1 line steps j d1 line fsteps d1 line hist 100 80 80 8 Le 60 L 60 J 40 40 1 20 20 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 Figure 4 1 The impulses steps fsteps and hist options of the line command dn herr d5 herrwidth width exp dn herrleft nn errright d4 These commands are identical to the error bar commands above except that they will draw bars in the horizontal plane dn key Dataset title If a dataset is given a title like this a key will be drawn Use the key command below after hscale to set the size and position of the key Use the key module Chapter 5 to draw more complex keys dn line impulses steps fsteps hist svg smooth This tells GLE to draw lines between the points of the dataset By default GLE will not draw lines or markers this is often the reason for a blank graph If a dataset has missing values GLE will not draw a line to the next
104. up all the numbers in a range and displays the total and average e g 4 SUM C1C3 PARSUM range range2 Adds up one coloumn putting the partial sum s into another coloumn e g 1 2 3 4 becomes 1 3 6 10 GENERATE pattern destination For generating a patter of data e g 1122551 1 2 2 5 Pete GEN 2 1 2 5 30 c 11 1 2 2 5 5 repeated 30 times GEN 1 100 5 5 ci 1 to 100 step 5 5 times P GEN 1 2 3 5 5 ci missing values included Functions Calculations can be performed on rows or columns eg 4 C1 C2 3 R where R stands for row number and C1 and C2 are columns They can also be performed on ROWS eg ri sin r2 log10 c ci cell c i r cell c 2 r cell 1 3 33 3 3 4 COS P1 180 3 1 30 C1 R Valid operators and functions S lt gt lt gt lt gt AND DR ABS ATN 05 EXP FIX INTC LOG LOG10 SGN SINC SQR NOT RND SQRT NE EQ LT GT GE NOT AND OR QUIT Abandon file SHELL Gives access to DOS 66 CHAPTER 9 GLE UTILITIES Appendix A Tables A 1 Markers triangle circle 2 odot flower handpen AN wtriangle diamond ominus club De letter A ftriangle wdiamond oplus 2 heart T phone square fdiamond C9 otimes spade plane wsquare gt cross star T dag O scircle B fsquare plus ate star2 i ddag Cl ssquare Q circle minus star3 8 snake A trianglez weircle asteris
105. ussed in Section 8 5 data filename d1 d2 d3 d1 c1 c5 ignore n Specifies the name of a file to read data from By default the data will be read into the next free datasets unless the optional specific dataset names are specified A dataset consists of a series of X Y coordinates and has a name based on the letter d and a number between 1 and 99 e g d1 or d4 Up to 99 datasets may be defined From a file with 3 columns the command data xx dat would read the first and second columns as the x and y values for dataset 1 d1 and the first and third columns as the x and y values for dataset 2 d2 The next data command would use dataset 3 d3 A data file for two datasets looks like this 1 2 7 3 2 5 42 GRAPH COMMANDS IN DETAIL 23 3 T 8 4 9 4 The first coordinate of dataset d1 would then be 1 2 7 and the first coordinate of dataset 42 would be 1 3 The data values can be space tab or comma separated Missing values can be indicated with or 1 Comments can be included with the symbol The option d3 c2 c3 allows particular columns of data to be read into a dataset d3 would read x values from column 2 and y values from column 3 The option ignore n makes GLE ignore the first n lines of the data file This is useful if the first n lines contain attribute names types size 7 3 5 8 Simple Graph begin graph 8 eS TEEN size 6 3 T title Simple Graph 6 xtitl
106. v4 1 Graphics Layout Engine User Manual v 4 1 0 C Pugmire St M Mundt V P LaBella J Struyf http www gle graphics org 27 December 2007 il Contents 1 Preface 2 Tutorial 21 Tasta llner GLE 5 She ar teo e E e e o ete ent ao oh 9 3 ch ONE 2 2 Runnin GERS ya sus ub Sy Sy ar ec Matas eC eue ete tr Gus deb IRR 2 3 Drawing Line on a Page o 4 ae b bog RIA UR E d d RU RARUS 2 4 Drawing Simple 3 Primitives 3 1 Graphics Primitives a summary 3 2 Graphics Primitives in detail 4 The Graph Module 4 1 Graph Commands a summary 4 2 Graph Commands in detail 43 Bar Graphs saevi ala oa der d A E Ai 2 2 aug um AA SD Bar Graphs u 2 44 a sea SR RER EGGS p nas dore 4 5 Filling Between Lines 4 6 Notes on Drawing Graphs 4 6 1 Importance ot Order saas niee EL ee RSS 40 2 Line Width 2 5 Gs ee rc EEE R RE REE 5 The Key Module 5 1 Global Commands 240s E RAR AS ea a a EY ie Rp bP PE EE ee 5 2 Entry Definition Commands 5 3 Defining the Key the Graph

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