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1. Sheath Heater Steel etc Secondary Heating burning Causes some E by environmental Di E problems such as E wavelength EH region is cut off E extemal bulb Cold Radiation Gas Discharge Mecrcury Lamp 0 8 to 2 5 Secondary radiation is emitted through ser tube _ __ Stimulated Emissi Laser Reaction InGaAsP Laser 1 1to 1 5 mission con Table 2 1 Types of Infrared Radiation Sources 3 Another type of infrared sources is LED Infrared LED are PN junction devices that give off light radiation when biased in a forward direction Ideally the optical source has to be able to transmit at a minimum distance of highway road width In Malaysia standard width of highway road is 3 65m 7 In order to control maximum distance of the transmitted infrared several factors have to be considered which are irradiance of the receiver E intensity of the emitter I NEP and detectivity D A quadratic relationship between the transmission distance and irradiance of the receiver has to be assumed From the assumption the maximum distance is calculated as 8 ple _ 2 1 For my project since I am only implemented a model of speed trap system I use LED infrared as the beam source There are a few advantages of using infrared as the optical sources The infrared light is not visible to human naked eye It makes infrared LED perfect enough for sensor application Compared to laser diode it is not safe an2. 44 piezoelectric effect As the element flexes electrical impedance changes 20 The crystal acts as an electro mechanical device and can be modeled as a network of passive electrical components with a very sharp cut off frequency The physical properties of quartz make it very stable over both time and temperature Due to certain limitation of the crystal frequency stability to be generated the system could not calculate the speed of a very fast car For SK40 C kit the crystal used within PIC is 20 MHz 17 When a very fast car crossed this speed trap system it shows Om s speed which is not accurate 442 The Calculation Process For the calculation the value displayed on LCD monitor is the result coming from rounding process As for the stopwatch I have programmed it to measure up to 1 100 seconds time However when it comes to calculation section I have round it so that it will calculate the real number of time taken For example from figure 4 5 the corresponding time taken for that particular case is 15 71 seconds but speed displayed in figure 4 6 was due to time equal to 15 seconds So 1 15 will approximately equal to 0 06 m s CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 45 46 51 Introduction The infrared photo detector speed trap system could provide possible alternative to the police team and Malaysian Public Works Department PWD The easiness of its application in many types of roads give a positive credit to the system comp
3. 300000 lcd clr delay 50000 speed 100 second change distane lcd goto 0 send string Speed LCD char to 8 1 3 speed lcd goto 9 send string m s LCD char to no 10 1 2 speed 53 functions void delay unsigned long data delay function the delay time for data 0 data depend on the given value void send config unsigned char data send lcd configuration rs 0 set led to configuration mode led data data lcd data port data e 1 pulse e to confirm the data delay 50 e 0 delay 50 void send_char unsigned char data send lcd character rs 1 set lcd to display mode led data data lcd data port data e 1 pulse e to confirm the data delay 10 e 0 delay 10 void lcd goto unsigned char data set the location of the lcd cursor if data lt 16 send config 0x80 data else data data 20 send config 0xc0 data ad lcd clr void clear the lcd send config 0x01 delay 600 ud send string const char s send a string to display in the lcd while s amp amp s send char s void LCD char to no unsigned char x unsigned char y unsigned char digit no unsigned char character unsigned char ten 0 hundred 0 if y 1 LCD set DDRAM x else if y 0 LCD set DDRAM 0x40 x while character gt 99 character 100 hundred while character gt 9 char
4. Prof Dr Norazan Bin Mohd Kassim He helps me a lot from the beginning of the project until I complete this project He always guides encourage and motivate me throughout the period I m doing this project Not forgotten to my lovely parents Mohd Hasli Bin Mat Hassan and Hasimah Binti Osman Their support and their loves give me strength to complete this project Besides that thanks to my siblings and all my fellow friends whom gave their hands to help me May Allah Bless All of You ABSTRACT Nowadays police departments use radar to track and control traffic flow in the road In addition metal objects make excellent radar reflector sending microwaves to receiver before the patrol car come to capture the guilty driver However there are numbers of errors that radar always does make it as an inaccurate instrument for speed trap system purpose For example because of its property that travels in straight line radar cannot detect moving vehicle accurately in curves or hills road Besides there could also a chance for vehicle interference to occur For these reasons infrared photodetector speed trap system was implemented The scope of this project is focusing on single moving vehicle at a time The idea is a pair of infrared photodetector separated in a fixed distance will detect the moving vehicle pass through it and send signal to start and stop the timer circuit Using the time obtained system will calculate the vehicle veloci
5. Figure 3 7 PIC16F877A PIC16F877 is one of the most commonly used microcontrollers in wide range of application involves automotive industrial appliances and consumer applications Figure above shows corresponding pin diagram for this chip Basically there are 40 pins which most of it are I O ports for specific purpose either general purpose I O or reserve PIC function The core features of PIC16F877 are 16 e High performance RISC CPU Only 35 single word instructions to learn e All single cycle instruction except for program branches which are two cycle e Operating Speed DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle e Upto8Kx 14 words of FLASH Program Memory Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory RAM Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory e Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B 74B 76 77 e Interrupt capability up to 14 sources e Eight level deep hardware stack e Direct indirect and relative addressing modes e Power on Reset POR Power up Timer PWRT and Oscillator Start Up Timer OST 28 e Watchdog Timer WDT with its own on chip RC oscillator for reliable operation e Programmable code protection e Power saving SLEEP mode e Selectable oscillator options e Low power high speed CMOS FLASH EEPROM technology e Fully static design e n Circuit Serial Programming ICSP via two pins e Single 5V In Circuit Serial Programming capability e In Circuit Debugging via two pins e Processor
6. The Alternative Over the past two decades infrared detection has become an attraction to people around the world Many theoretical and experimental studies have been done to understand the behavior of infrared radiation in atmosphere Generally we call near infrared for wavelength region of 0 75um to 3um middle infrared if wavelength lies on 3um to and far infrared when the region of wavelength is from to 15um Wavelength longer than this is sometimes called ultra infrared but this is not a universal accepted terms 4 One advantage of infrared over old speed trap system is that it can easily detect object because of almost everything emit heat that is infrared energy 1 6 Report Overview A thesis is made up of three main parts namely literature review methodology and result amp analysis In chapter 2 Infrared Photodetector Literature Review ll present the brief literature review to infrared photo detector system This includes basic things to know when we want to apply infrared in detection system and how do I choose suitable detector specifically in speed trap application Chapter 3 is Research Methodology presents a description of the related theory in details to develop speed trap system model These include description on the system circuit model hardware and software implementation 1 7 Summary This is an introductory chapter that defines the objectives and research scope of the project The research b
7. from that it also can be used to clear the memory in PIC chip in case of troubleshooting clearing or load different types of program into the PIC The graphical interface of the PICkit 2 software is shown in the figure below Note that the PICkit 2 will display a message to indicate that the device is connected o 2 and ready oad File DeviceFamily Programmer Tools View Help the hex file Midrange Standard Configuration Device PIC16F877A Confiqurat 2FCF User IDs FF FF FF FF Checksum OFCF PICkit 2 found and connected E PIC Device Found AN MICROCHIP VDD Target E 7 Check Read vety 7 Enabled Source Empty Erased 5 0 EF EF EF FE EF FE FE FE EF FF EF FF FE FF Is FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FE VE EF FE EE FE FE FE EF FE FE FE FE FE FE FE 37 Figure 3 13 PICkit M2 Development Programmer Debugger 3 6 Calculation System Another part of the project is the calculation mechanism The calculation is basically based on speed eguation which takes into consideration distance travel and time taken to travel the distance For my project the calculation part was done by program the PIC since the memory allocated in PIC still sufficient to support this simple calculation 38 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AN
8. source for photo detector to detect the light ray 3 3 The Photo Detector In order for optical communication system to complete it has to have a detector to convert the optical input into electrical signal before further analysis is done Performance of an optical communication system is determined here at photodetector The operation of photo detector is slightly different to optical source A photo detector is similar in structure to the p n junction diode but the junctions can be exposed to external light that forming a third optical terminal The diode is reverse biased and the electric dield developed across the p n junction sweeps mobile carriers holes and electron to their respective majority sides to create a depletion region This barrier stop majority carriers crossing the junction in the opposite direction to the field The field accelerates minority carriers from both sides to the opposite side of the junction forming the reverse leakage current of the diode 15 Important properties of a photo detector is that it will detect only wavelength less than its cutoff wavelength Ac Efficiency of photo detector was determined by ratio of number of electrons collected to number of incident photon absorbed 23 3 4 Designing Detection System This is the critical part of the project The detection will detect a speeding car using pair of infrared emitter and photo detector The needs of this system to deduce what a
9. this project there are two main parts to be implemented hardware which is pair of infrared sensor and stopwatch and programming part which is the instruction to the system The sensor will generate a voltage rise to trigger the stopwatch circuit and programming will instruct where and when to trigger the circuit 3 2 Work Flow for the Whole Project To summarize overall flow of my project study the flow chart below Write program for PIC microcontroller Implement hardware Modify Trobleshoot programming and hardware Figure 3 1 Project Outline Flow Chart 19 20 3 3 Related Theoretical and Technology To begin with before the project was done I have studied related concept involve in this project generally the operation of sensor and microcontroller chip For my project main resource to study the concept and related theory will be from jurnal books and course conducted by professional lecturers in UTM I went through internet and search information relating photonic sensor However the scope of photonic sensor is very large From there I generally identified what is photonic sensor and could be able to do further research For example I could identified what type of source that I want to use what is the range of source wavelength what kind of detector to be used an etcetra T also went through the relevant thesis done by previous graduates in UTM and get some concepts and knowledge to start up my project From t
10. with an absolute temperature over 0 K radiate infrared energy process of detecting vehicle will be difficult In addition transmission system of the infrared will influence how well the beam attenuate So we have to choose suitable infrared radiation source so that the impact of absorption and scattering on the transmission source is minimum The optical system will focus or converge infrared radiation so that there is minimum loss of energy when passing through atmosphere transmission medium To choose good detector we will concern on photo sensitivity of the detector noise equivalent power NEP and detectivity D After the detector has done its job it will send out signal output However this signal is guite small and sometime needs to be amplified before further system take part 14 Research Scope When designing an alternative for radar based speed trap system a flock of guestions pop out and needs to be studied For examples how did infrared photo detector speed trap system acknowledge the object that it has to detect is a vehicle or not what if a bird crosses the first infrared detector and fly away to the sky before crossing second detector For this project we will assume that the speed trap system is only going to be used in the highway for single car cases so that we could understand the basic before going into details regarding using infrared photo detector speed trap system as an alternative for radar based system As for t
11. D ANALYSIS 41 Introduction Previous chapter described in depth methodology and models used to perform the speed trap system We now begin with this chapter by present the complete model of speed trap system As explained in the previous chapter there are three main parts of the 39 circuit which are a pair infrared sensor SK 40C with PIC16F877A which includes another two parts that are timing system and calculation mechanism Below is the overview of complete models of the speed trap system that are discussing above Figure 4 1 The Speed Trap Model We could see that there are three sources for two sensors and SK40 C kit The 9V batteries were connected to 12V voltage regulator 40 4 2 The Sensor Test Figure below shows the complete sensor and how practically the sensor works Since the system implemented was only a model I use small metal container to indicate there is a car crossing the sensor The hypothesis obtained is when a car metal container does not cross the sensor LED is not lit but when the car metal container cross the sensor the LED was lit Figure 4 2 Before metal container is placed LED not lit 41 Figure 4 3 After metal container was placed LED lit Results obtained shows that the sensor works perfectly in detecting metal container 4 3 The Stopwatch and Calculation Test In my project of speed trap system stopwatch is the timing system used to measure time take
12. Document number 80073 www vishay com 2001 Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems Vishay Telefunken Document Number 82090 www vishay com 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 49 Michael Hattermann 2001 Speed Trap Enforcement Vehicle Machine Intelligent Lab Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Florida Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corporation Questions And Answers About Vehicle Speed Detection Texas Fort Worth USA David Brown Beat Your Ticket How Was Your Speed Measured retrieved on 24 April 2011 from http www nolo com legal encyclopedia free books beat ticket book chapter6 2 html Siti Marwangi Maharum 2010 Photonics Alcohol Detectors System For Syari ah Comliance Food And Beverage Degree Thesis Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor L R Koller 1965 Ultraviolet Radiation 2nd ed New York Wiley 5 Sevia M Idrus 2011 Teaching Slide Optical Communication System Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor PICI6F87XA Data Sheet Microchip Technology SK40 C User s Manual V1 1 2010 Cytron Technology MPLAB IDE General Notes 2011 retrieved from www microchip com PIC KIT 2 General Notes 2010 retrieved from www microchip com Cathy Cox and Clay Merritt 2004 Microcontroller Oscillator Circuit Design Freescale Semiconductor 50 21 APPENDIX A C Coding In
13. FDL 17 10 17 07 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT Author s full MOHAMAD AMIR IMRAN BIN MOHD HASLI Date of birth 23 DECEMBER 1988 Title INFRARED PHOTO DETECTOR SPEED TRAP SYSTEM Academic Session 2010 2011 declare that this thesis is classified as CONFIDENTIAL Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972 m RESTRICTED Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done OPEN ACCESS agree that my thesis to be published as online open access full text acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange Certified by 24 SIGNATURE 881223 35 5101 PM DR NORAZAN BIN MOHD KASSIM NEW IC NO PASSPORT NO NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date 19 MEI 2011 Date 19 MEI 2011 NOTES 2 If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED please attach with the letter from the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction T hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and the quality for the award of the degree of t
14. ICSP PIC Programmer simple and fast e method to load program Fully compatible with SK40B No more frustrated work plugging PIC out and back for re programming Perfectly fit for 40 pins 16F and PIC18F PIC With UICOOA program can be loaded in less than 5 seconds More convenient to use and it is smaller than SK40B 30 Maximum current is Dimension 85mm x 55mm e SK40C come with additional features 2x Programmable switch 2xLED indicator Turn pin for crystal User may use others crystal provided LCD display optional UART communication USB on board And all the necessities to eliminate users difficulty in using PIC Figure 3 8 SK40 C KIT This kit was easy to use since it includes basic thing for a newbie PIC programmer For example it offers LED and programmable switch which usually used as an early tutorial for PIC workshops As explains before users are able to utilize the function of PIC by directly plugging in the I O components in whatever way that is 31 convenient to user With UICOOA connector on board user can start developing projects and have fun with this kit right away since the programmer to load program into PIC is build in with this kit From the figure we could see that part of the port in PIC has been set for specific purpose For example ports RBO and RBI were set to push button while port RB6 and RB7 were set to LED UICOOA is the programmer to b
15. NFRARED PHOTODETECTOR SPEED TRAP SYSTEM exhibited in Telecommunication Exhibition 2011 On 20th APRIL 2011 Jointly organized by Department of Radio Communication RaCED and Department of Telematic and Optics TOP Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia and IEEE AP MTT EMC Malaysia Chapter SS PROF IR DR ABDUL HALIM ASSOC PROF DR MOHAMAD KAMAL BIN MOHAMED YATIM BIN A RAHIM Dean Chair Faculty of Electrical Engineering Telecommunication Exhibition 2011 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia IEEE APMTTEMC Malaysia Chapter
16. ackground of the project is explained and thesis structure is highlighted as well In the following chapters the research work performed will be reported CHAPTER 2 INFRARED PHOTO DETECTOR LITERATURE REVIEW 21 Introduction It is important to have a good detection system because in order to detect high speed car we have to make sure the transmitted infrared is good enough in terms of its absorption and scattering process Plus the output signal produce from source has to be sufficient to trigger the timing system to start measure time taken for the car to cross two detectors separated in fixed distance before this time measurement is used to calculate speed of the car As stated in chapter 1 basically typical system for detecting infrared radiation includes the sources itself transmission medium optical system photo detector used and output signal processing Initially to understand the operation of this project I interpret a case study conducted by Charles E Hardy regarding infrared photo detector for measuring projectile velocity that helps me on my research He divide his project into two main parts which are measurement and calculation apparatus for measuring the time or a ballistic projectile enters and exits a prescribed course basically a pair or screens which are spaced apart at a known distance The course will cause a perturbation or fluctuation in the light intensity level received by one or more photo optics sensor This de
17. acter 10 ten hundred 0b00110000 ten 0b00110000 character 0b00110000 if digit no gt 2 LCD print hundred if digit no gt 1 LCD print ten if digit no gt 0 LCD print character void LCD_print const char character e 1 led data character rs 1 e 1 delay 10 0 delay 100 void LCD printxy string unsigned char x buffer if y 1 send config x else if y 0 send config 0x40 x else if y 3 send config 0x10 x else if y 2 send config 0x50 x LCD print string buffer convert to string binary write data register unsigned char y const char max string size is 16 only string no repeating void LCD_print_string const char buffer always repeat the string until the pixels being full while buffer LCD print buffer 54 void LCD set DDRAM unsigned char address 0x00 lt address lt 0x27 display data RAM DDRAM is set in t address counter AC address 0b10000000 0x40 lt address lt 0x67 led data address rs 0 e 1 write instruction register delay 10 e 0 delay 100 55 56 APPENDIX B Telecommunication Exhibition Certificate First Runner Up Winner Award Malaysia chapter RESEARCH UNIVERSITY Ge rtiftcate FIRST RUNNER UP PRIZE WINNER This award is presented to MOHAMAD AMIR IMRAN MOHD HASLI final year project entitled I
18. ared to radar based method that is used nowadays However there are still some technical hurdles to be taken into further research and development of the system For this chapter I will list down some recommendation some for future development so that this system could be implemented efficiently in Malaysia 5 2 Conclusion The objectives of this project have been successfully achieved The development of infrared sensor to detect moving car was successful The timing system to measure time taken of the car to travel a fixed distance was working well according to its operation and limit Plus the calculation of the car speed was perfectly works This project has completed in time and successful as the alternative for previous version of speed trap system As for my project I have won the first runner up award for telecommunication exhibition under category optical and photonics 47 5 3 Future Recommendation The system is design to calculate velocity of a car in highway However in real practical most of the cases involved too many cars and vehicle In the near future the system could be upgraded to calculate multiple car or different types of vehicles and much more practical cases so that the system could practically be implemented in the country This could be done using some memory chips and conditional circuit or programming Another recommendation is that the system works well up to display speed of the car It will be more efficie
19. ch Stop System Test Calculatiom 31 33 34 35 38 39 39 40 40 41 xii IR PD CD LCD PN LED NEP PIC XIR MHz GSM xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATION Infrared Photo Detector Compact Disc Liquid Crystal Display p type and n type semiconductor Light Emitting Diode Noise Equivalent Power Peripheral Interface Controller Extreme Infrared Region Mega Hertz Meter per seconds Global system for mobile communication LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE A C Coding for Infrared Photo Detector Speed Trap System B Telecommunication Certificate First Runner Up Award PAGE 49 55 xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter contains general information of this project such as background of the project problem statement objectives of this project scope of the project and thesis organization 1 1 Introduction Infrared lies between visible light and microwave portions of the microwave spectrums with wavelength range between 0 7 and 300um 1 This characteristic attracts people attention to study further into usefulness of infrared applications Infrared technology increasingly present in various applications helps people to enabling many difficult tasks in an efficient way Already commonly used in remote control of television video and CD player infrared technology is also being used and developed for detection technology Because of characteristic of almost everything in the world that gives off hea
20. d not convenience to use in short distance sensor application As for the photo detector I chose infrared receiver The reason is because the product was cheap and easy to buy at many electronic component stores Both infrared LED and photo detector is shown in figures below y Figure 2 2 Infrared LED 10 Figure 2 3 infrared Receiver The transmission range of the optical sources depends on its intensity Let us look at the curves of radiant intensity vs Transmission range In this case we use TSOP4838 IR receiver 100 typical distance in free air 90 minimum distance in free air sos 80 typical distance in a corridor a m O a o o 2 E 2 Transmission Range of IR receiver E Module TSOP4838 0 200 400 600 800 1000 17048 Radiant Intensity of the Emitter mW sr Figure 2 4 Maximum Transmission Range with TSOP4838 as a Function of the Radiant Intensity of the Emitter 8 Although we have made the assumption that relationship between irradiance and transmission distance does follow a quadratic curve but in practical usually this assumption is not fully accurate 8 However from the curves we still could see that with an increasing value of radiant intensity of the emitter Ee the transmission distance is also increased 11 For power supply since this is just initial modeling of the system I use 9V batt
21. der figure 3 3 and 3 4 below Infrared Infrared Emitter Emitter NW Fixed distance 197 fn 3 65m Speeding Car __ Photo Detector Photo Detector Figure 3 4 Detection System From figure above the value 3 65m is typical value for width of highway road in Malaysia When IR light falling on the photo detector is blocked i e car cross the first sensor its conductance will decrease and voltage across photo detector will rise When voltage across photo detector is large enough compared to sensor source voltage the output of voltage comparator will turn ON and lit the LED Take note at the connection of input 1 and input 1 of comparator Because we want the output voltage to trigger the timer when car cross infrared light we have to connect it in a way that is shown in the circuit diagram below 25 R1 2 R3 Timing Circuit 2 470 1k 470k 10k RS Vsi ik 12V U1A D2 p sen LEDO PD Qi Figure 3 5 The Detector Circuit The diagram shows that photo detector voltage was connected at input 1 pin and sensor source voltage was connected to input 1 pin This means when car cross the sensor the photo detector was dark i e infrared light did not received by photo detector So as explained before this will raise the photo detector voltage and thus lit the LED 35 Timing System Development 26 There is many ways to implement timing system as explained before in chapte
22. duction 38 4 2 The Sensor Test 39 4 3 The Stopwatch and Calculation Test 41 4 4 Analysis of The Result 42 4 4 1 The Oscillator 43 4 4 2 The Calculation Process 43 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 45 5 1 Introduction 45 5 2 Conclusion 46 5 3 Future Recommendation 46 REFERENCES 47 Appendices A B 49 55 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO TITLE PAGE 2 1 Types of Infrared Radiation Soutces 8 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO TITLE 1 1 Typical Infrared Radiation Detection System 2 1 Block Diagram of the Project 22 LED Infrared 23 Infrared Receiver 2 4 Relationship Between Maximum Transmission Range and Radiant Intensity of Infrared 2 5 Pacing Technique 2 6 Aircraft Method 25 Hoses Method 2 8 Orbis Method 2 9 Traffic Radar 3 1 Project Outline Flow Chart 32 Infrared Range In Electromagnetic Spectrum 3 3 LM324N Pin Diagram 3 4 Detection System 3 5 Detector Circuit 3 6 PIC16F877A 3 7 PIC16F877A Pin Diagram 3 8 SK40 C Kit Hardware 3 9 UICOOA Programmer PAGE 12 14 15 16 17 19 21 23 24 25 25 26 29 30 xi 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 16x2 LCD Monitor Flowchart of Programming MPLAB IDE Interface PICkit 2 Development Programmer Debugger Model of The Speed Trap System Sensor Test Before Metal Container is Placed Sensor Test After Metal Container was Placed System Test First Sensor Detect Car Stopwatch Start System Test Second Sensor Detect Car Stopwat
23. e used in this project since it is a low cost programmer and fit with SK40 C kit hardware Figure 3 9 UIC00A Programmer 3 5 3 LCD Monitor 16x2 dot matrix For instant we always want a speed trap system to be efficient enough in terms of its function Thus for my project instead of prepare the mechanism for detecting the 32 guilty driver I also provide the function to display the velocity of the car that crossed the sensor This was important function since for further analysis we could determined whether this car exceeded speed limit allowed by regulation or not Figure below shows the LCD monitor and appropriate pin configuration of the LCD Figure 3 10 16x2 LCD monitor As mentioned before the SK40 C assigned its port to some function For LCD monitor the appropriate port that has been set is port D However in writing program we have to tell PIC that we want to use the port in our program 3 5 4 The software Implementation of timing system involves hardware and software works Before this I have explained the component involves with this project Now I will continue on software part which is like the PIC brain Computer programming is the process of writing testing debugging troubleshooting and maintaining the source code of certain computer programs The source code is written in a programming language either in high level language or in assembly language The purpose of programming is to create a pr
24. ermuakaan jalan Pada akhir projek ini pihak polis akan dapat mengesan dan menghukum pesalah jalan raya dengan lebih tepat dan efisyen CHAPTER TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATION LIST OF APPENDICES INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Project Objective 1 3 Technical Issue PAGE ii ill iv vi vii xi xiii xiv vii 1 4 Scope of the Project 1 5 Background 1 5 1 Previous Version of Speed Trap System 1 5 2 The Alternative 1 6 Report Overview 1 7 Summary LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Introduction 2 2 Detection System 2 3 Timing System 2 4 Calculation System 2 5 Previous Speed Trap System 2 5 1 Pacing Method 2 5 2 VASCAR Method 2 5 3 Aircraft Method 2 5 4 Hoses Method 2 5 6 Orbis Method 2 5 7 Traffic Radar 2 6 Conclusion METHODOLOGY 3 1 Introduction 3 2 Work Flow of The Project 3 3 Related Theoretical and Technology 3 3 1 The Infrared 3 3 2 The Photo Detector 3 4 Design of Detection System 3 5 Timing System Development Dn ARK RK OU 1 11 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 20 20 22 23 25 viii 3 5 1 The Microcontroller 26 3 5 2 The SK40 C and UICOOA 28 3 5 3 LCD Monitor 16x2 dot matrix 31 3 5 4 The Software 32 3 5 4 1 MPLAB IDE 34 3 5 4 2 PIC KIT 35 3 6 Calculation System 37 4 RESULTS AND ANAALYSIS 38 4 1 Intro
25. ery for this detector part together with 12V voltage regulator 2 3 Timing System After the photo detector receives infrared light it will send an output signal to timing system This signal will trigger the timer to start measuring time of the crossing car but before that the signal need to be converted to digital signal first There are a number of ways to implement timing system for this purpose The idea is to use time taken for the car to travel a fixed distance into velocity equation Signal from the other photo detector will trigger the timer and stop the measurement through appropriate define port One way is by using LM358 timer chip 10 This method basically implemented another circuit to be installed with sensor Another efficient way is to use simple software develop using programming language and load it into PIC This is what I done This method is costly effective and easy to troubleshoot Another advantage of using this technique is power supply could be reduced into one power supply for many function of the system The timer was then viewed using LCD 16x2 2 4 Calculation Section For my project the calculation part was also done using PIC microcontroller By controlling the delay velocity of the car was viewed on LCD 16x2 2 5 Previous Vehicle Speed Detection 11 12 As stated above there are various types of speed trap system implemented to capture guilty driver among the world This involves classic self tracing m
26. estimate speed of the car by using Doppler Effect The propagating wave was tuned to a certain freguency at moving vehicle When the vehicle reflects the wave to receiver the wave was shifted as outlined by relatively Doppler effects This new freguency is then used to estimate velocity of the vehicle 17 Figure 2 9 Traffic radar However since radar move in straight direction it comes to problems when radar is used on curves or hills road This is known as antenna positioning error Other types of error that radar made are look past error where radar detect higher size vehicle when dealing with multiple vehicle in straight line and vehicle interference error where the estimated speed obtained from detection was not accurate due to interference from other vehicle nearby 2 6 Conclusion We have seen the previous version of speed trap system roughly There are many pros and cons for these systems Next chapter will discuss in detail about speed trap system using optical source and photo detector receiver how the system could be an alternative for previous types of speed trap system 18 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 31 Introduction Before this we have learnt the important concept of the project In this chapter we will describe in theoretical how the steps taken to complete this project This description is based on discussion and research done where it is relevant in terms of time taken to complete the project Briefly for
27. ethod like pacing method and VASCAR method until new technology radar system 12 2 5 1 Pacing Method Pacing method is an old classic method used to estimate velocity of the car It is done by assigning a police to follow guilty driver by self driving behind the target car Then the police officer will estimate speed of target car by looking at speedometer in his car This method is usually done in night For easy understanding of the method consider figure below It shows how the pacing method works and how to estimate the target car velocity Officer Speed V1 Initial distance d1 W Target Car Speed V2 Officer Speed V1 Distance Road target car travel d2 Figure 2 5 Pacing technique Formula of pacing technique 13 Vi di 2 2 u ltg From above equation it is concluded that the faster the police car bearing the target the more distance he will cover over any interval This method seems to have major disadvantages on accuracy issues From the formula we indicate that the farther back the officer the less accurate the pace Ideally to make the pace accurate the police officer has to maintain distance between patrol car and target car as long as time target car is being paced 2 5 2 VASCAR Method VASCAR is an acronym for Visual Average Speed Computer and Recorder Basically VASCAR system includes stopwatch and measuring device In speed trap application police officer use VASCAR to measure a secti
28. frared Photo Detector Speed Trap System Program For Infrared Photo Detector Speed Trap System Author Mohamad Amir Imran Bin Mohd Hasli 4 SET Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia include lt pic h gt CONFIG 0x3F32 configuration for the microcontroller define rs RB4 RS pin of the LCD display define e RB5 E pin of the LCD display define lcd data PORTD LCD 8 bit data PORT define buttonl RBO define button2 RBI define ledl RB6 define led2 RB7 define sensorl RC1 define sensor2 RC2 global Variables char i b unsigned char ms unsigned char second unsigned char min unsigned int speed 0000 s function prototype void delay unsigned long data void send config unsigned char data void send char unsigned char data void lcd goto unsigned char data void lcd void void send string const char s void LCD char to no unsigned char x unsigned char y unsigned char digit no unsigned char character void LCD set DDRAM unsigned char address void LCD print const char character 51 void LCD printxy string unsigned char x unsigned char y const char buffer void LCD print string const char buffer main function void main set I O input output TRISB 0b00000011 configure PORTB I O direction TRISD 0b00000000 configure PORTD I O direction TRISC 0b00000110 PORTB 0b00000000 se
29. he Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Telecommunication Signature OTTO Name of Supervisor ASSOC PROF DR NORAZAN BIN MOHD KASSIM Date 19 MEI 2011 9909060000090000900000000999000000000000000099999 INFRARED PHOTODETECTOR SPEED TRAP SYSTEM MOHAMAD AMIR IMRAN BIN MOHD HASLI A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the reguirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Telecommunication Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia MAY 2011 I declare that this report entitled Infrared Photo Detector Speed Trap System is a result of my own research except as cited in the references The report has not been accepted for any degree and is concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree Signature OTTO Name Mohamad Amir Imran Bin Mohd Hasli 9960900000000000000000000909000900000000000009999 Date 19 MEI 2011 FOR MY LOVELY MOTHER AND FATHER AND FOR ALL MY FAMILY MEMBERS AND FRIENDS FOR ALL YOUR SUPPORTS ENCOURAGEMENT AND BEST WISHES FOR ME ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all all praises to Allah S W T we seek for His help His guidance and His forgiveness We ask Him to protect us from bad attitude and to protect us from any bad things Who He gives His guidances they will not be deviated and who had been deviated they will never get His guidance Secondly I would like to say a lot of thanks to my supervisor Assoc
30. he further system we will install a timing system into the detector so that the output signal from detector will trigger the timing system to start measure time of the car before stop the time when the car cross another detector Appropriate model was used to simplify the system 1 5 Research Background Before we discuss the main topic of this research let study the previous version of speed trap system Here we will understand how complicated the previous system is Plus the needs of high operation cost and sufficient manpower enforce the world to provide an alternative for the useful system 1 5 1 Previous version of Speed Trap System 5 Previous versions of speed trap system include manual detection by police officer They are hiding somewhere in the strategic location and when there is target car police officers show up out of nowhere especially at night with their blue red flashing patrol car Another version of speed trap involve placement of wires on the roadway which calculates a driver s speed and is relayed to the police officer in the vicinity Modern version of speed trap system use electronic radar detection machines set up on the strategic places side of the road This radar will detect speed record speed of the vehicle and display the speed on the sign attached at a patrol car However these previous version of speed trap system has some disadvantages that make it difficult to capture guilty driver accurately 152
31. he information I have got I could design block diagram related circuit that is being used in my project and could list down what is the component to be used in the whole project Most important theoretical of this project are optical communication Basic optical system uses light as the primary medium to carry information through a medium to the receiver This three main things to be considered are optical sources whether LED or laser diode propagating medium which is a platform for light rays to propagate and lastly the photo detector basically a device to receive light rays and change it to electrical signal For my project the optical sources is infrared LED air as the medium and infrared receiver as the photo detector 331 The Infrared Infrared lies between visible light and microwave portion in electromagnetic spectrum 21 BRE NUT s BRE 11 gt Ultraviolet Infrared Radio SHE var Foot OT og 14 10 100A Olu lp 106 1804 01cm lem 10cm Im 10m 100m ikm 10km 100km Wavelength 3x10 3x10 3x10 3x 10 3x10 3x 101 3x1013x 103x101 3x1003x 109 3x10 3x10 3x10 3x105 3x10 3x10 Frequency Hz x 30 Wavelength Wavenumber cm Figure 3 2 Infrared Range in Electromagnetic Spectrum From above figure infrared was divided into four region which are near infrared middle infrared far infrared and extreme infrared region From Hamamitsu datasheet hamamitsu it is s
32. hown that the variety of infrared region was useful for many types of applications The spectral region and nomenclature are actually vary according to the author but these terminology suggested here were following standard teminology suggested by Ballard 14 Except for extreme infrared region the first three subdivisions includes region in which the earth s atmosphere is relatively transparent and in XIR the atmosphere is essentially opaque for paths more than a few meters long 13 The operation of infrared LED is the same with other light emitting things Basically this semiconductor have an active region of minority carrier in opposite type region Normally empty electron states in conduction band of p type material and normally empty hole states in the valence band of n type material are populated by injected carriers which recombine across the bandgap This recombine process make these carriers to change their energy state and spontaneously emit photons 15 22 As for this project operating wavelength As of the infrared LED that I ve used was 0 94um which is in near infrared region This is an important charateristic for optical communication since s has to be synchronize with spectral range of photo detector Another important thing to consider is efficiency of infrared LED Efficiency of optical sources is ratio of number of output photons to number of injected electrons This means LED thata emits more photons good optical
33. lay it displayed IR PD Speed Trap System Note that the use of abbreviation was needed since maximum characters that could be displayed by LCD monitor were 16 Next the system waits for user to push button so that the system was ready to be used After that when the button was pushed system will display Ready at the screen and at the same time both sensors was ready to capture a car coming towards it When a car crossed the first sensor LCD display will start counting time and stopwatch was displayed at the LCD screen When the car crossed the second sensor LCD display will stop the time and display the measured time for a while before display the car s velocity To start another measurement push the reset button and system will start from the beginning again Note that my speed trap system use push button in its operation Because of my project was only a model of the system I have program it to use push button so that easy explanation could be made 3 5 4 1 MPLAB Integrated Development Environment IDE 35 MPLAB IDE is a free integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications employing Microchip s PIC microcontrollers MPLAB IDE runs as a 32 bit application on MS Windows easy to use and includes a host of free software components for fast application development and super charged debugging MPLAB IDE also serves as a single unified graphical user interface for additional Microchip and third par
34. ly understands by look at the figure below Figure 2 7 Hoses Method A rubber hose is placed across the road as the switch to the system When a car hit the hose box that contain stopwatch will start measure time until the car hit the other side of the hose This data was then sent to receiver wirelessly The speed of vehicle was estimated in the receiver on the police car 2 5 5 Orbis Method Orbis come from Greek words which means eye Orbis traffic speed detection systems consist of a capture camera and rollover sensor in the traffic lane When a guilty driver which travel faster than preset speed of Orbis the sensor will trigger 16 capture camera installed with Orbis to take picture of the car Details like date time and vehicle speed were included together with the picture Because of the system that clearly installed in side of the road guilty driver could easily detect the trap and avoid the system This will be a major disadvantage of the speed trap system as we want to catch and reduce numbers of guilty driver nowadays The graphical picture of the system is as follow Capture Camera Target Car Figure 2 8 Orbis method 2 5 6 Traffic Radar Figure below shows briefly about radar system Basically radar works like beam of light They propagate in straight direction When a vehicle cross the radar beam it will reflect the beam to the receiver before further analysis was done At receiver they
35. n for a car to travel a fixed distance Figure below shows the results obtained for this project Figure 4 4 The car cross first sensor stopwatch start ST AA AA EL Figure 4 6 After a short delay LCD display speed of the car 42 43 Result shows that the stopwatch and calculation was perfectly working This could be proved by manually calculating speed using time measured and speed eguation which is discuss below 44 Analysis of the Result From the obtained result there are several points to be analyzed so that the operation of the project could be understood This section will discuss important analysis related to result obtained 441 The Oscillator The heartbeat of every microcontroller design is the oscillator circuit There are two types of oscillator used in microcontroller which is resonant oscillator and crystal oscillator Most designs that demand precise timing over a wide temperature range use a crystal oscillator A crystal is a small wafer of high grade quartz cut at certain angle and to a certain size Thinner cuts will generate higher frequency crystal Crystals are designed and manufactured to operate at the rated frequency with a certain load capacitance Metal leads are plated to the crystal for electrical connections As a voltage potential is placed across the crystal element the force of trapped electrons in the crystalline structure tends to deform the element This is referred to as the
36. nt if the system could send a message to police department with proper information such as estimated location time date and colour of the car This could be done by implementing another system involve GSM application as the input to PIC microcontroller In this system also add another sensor that will detect colour so that the overall system could send precise information to police department 48 REFERENCE Kaine Krolak M amp Novak M 1995 An Introduction to Infrared Technology Apllication in the Home Classroom Worplace and Beyond Retrieved 31 October 2010 from http trace wisc edu docs ir intro ir intro htm The Timpra 2010 How Speed Trap Radar Works 30 October 2010 http www timpra com new timpra how Speed Trap Radar works htm Komoto Material Science Japanese 14 1977 Page 267 Hamamutsu Photonics K K Characteristics and Use of Infrared Detectors Page 3 Brenda Williams 2009 Speed Traps Retrieved 1 November 2010 from http www articlesbase com automotive articles speed traps 1283860 html Charles E Hardy 2000 Infrared Photodetector Apparatus For Measuring Projectile Velocity United States Patent Page 3 2009 Maklumat Rasmi Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia LLM Retrieved 3 November 2010 http www Ilmnet gov my serverpages resources fag list aspx 2008 General Overview of IR Transmission in Free Ambient Vishay Semiconductor
37. ogram that act as instruction to PIC to do something However writing a program is not just a simple instruction we have to use the command prompt of the language to translate our instruction into language that was understood by software A lot of available software that can be used to write the program such as Visual Basic Visual Studio Micro C Matlab Lab View MPLAB IDE Bascom AVR and etc The selection of the software programming must be suit the microcontroller use For example Bascom AVR only suitable for the Atmel microcontroller and not suitable for 33 the PIC microcontroller tuah In this project MPLAB software adapted with Hitech PICC plugin compiler was used The reason for choosing this software is simply because it is easy to be used Adapted with Hi tech PICC compiler will make MPLAB applicable to understand the C language The written program in the MPLAB IDE then will be compiled to produce hex file format This hex file format is a program file that will be used as the timing system for my project Corresponding instruction that was set could be seen from this flow chart Print Welcome IR PD Speed Trap Start the system Print READY NO Car cross 1 sensor YES Start Stopwatch Calculate Speed and Display to LCD NO NO 34 Figure 3 11 Flowchart Of Programming First when power supply was provided the LCD displayed Welcome and after a certain de
38. on of road When target car enter the corresponding VASCAR covered section the officer will start the VASCAR switch and stop the switch when the target car leave the section VASCAR system shows velocity of target car over section of the road Despite the systematic approach on VASCAR section main deficiency of this system is it s depend on the officer who push the switch In fact the farther the officer from VASCAR section point the more probability to occur error since officer s observation from far place is limited 2 5 3 Aircraft Method 14 This method is a further improvement of VASCAR method whereas a helicopter is used to push VASCAR switch and speed of the car is determined in the helicopter above the air When the vehicle passes through the VASCAR section a radio is used to inform another officer waiting on the side of road To make the above observer easy to indicate VASCAR section a mark is placed on the road The system diagram is shown in figure below Helicopter aircraft Mark Sign Target Car Figure 2 6 Aircraft method Despite the further improvement there are still critical deficiencies in this system Again if the officer in the aircraft didn t push the VASCAR button correctly in timing the estimated velocity is not accurate Plus this method is not cost effective so it s not a good choice to be implemented in the whole country 2 5 4 Hoses Method 15 The operation of this system easi
39. r 2 Since I was using PIC microcontroller chip as the main component of the system it is important to understand the basic operation of microcontroller Microcontroller is a chip that is designed for embedded application It stored program in ROM Read Only Memory and usually the program does not change 3 51 Microcontroller microcontroller has several advantages such as low cost and small size These advantages make it a very popular component in many applications Below is the Microchip PIC16F877A single PDIP chip Figure 3 6 Microchip PIC16F877A single PDIP chip PDIP MCLRvpp THV 1 40L RB7 PGD RAO ANO s 12 39 L 4 RB6 PGC t C 38 lt RBS RA2 AN2 VREF a 4 lt RAS ANS VREF a m 5 36 a RB3 PGM RAA TOCK C 6 35 lt RB2 RASIAN4 SS a C 7 a RBI REORD ANS C 8 2 RBO INT RETAVRIANG C vob RE2 CS AN7 0 E a vss VoD 7 Iri 4 2 RD7 PSP7 VSS aa RD6 PSP6 OSC1 CLKIN o RD5 PSPS OSC2 CLKOUT RD4PSP4 RCO TIOSO TICK 4 RC7 RX DT RC1 T10SI CCP2 16 1 lt ROSTXICK RC2 CCP1 mx RCS SDO RC3 SCK SCL 23 1 me RC4 SDI SDA RDO PSPO am 19 22 gt RD3PSP3 RD1 PSP1 21L RD2 PSP2 27
40. rad write access to program memory e Wide operatin voltage range 2 0V to 5 5V e High Sink Source Current 25mA e Commercial Industrial and Extended temperature ranges Low power consumption lt 0 6 mA typical 3V 4 MHz 20 uA typical 8 3V 32 kHz lt I uA typical standby current For my project this chip is very important because it could control things based on instruction set by user via programming language To communicate between programming function and microchip a programmer has to be used so that 29 what we instruct PIC to do we could load it into the chip There are many types of programmer in the market depend on number of pins PIC have 3 5 2 The SK40 C and UIC00A SK40C is another enhanced version of 40 pins PIC microcontroller start up kit It is designed to offer an easy to start board for PIC microcontroller user However all interface and program should be developed by user This board comes with basic element for user to begin project development It offer plug and use features This kit is designed to offer 17 Industrial grade PCB Every board is being fully tested before shipped to customer Compact powerful flexible and robust start up platform Suitable for hobbyists and experts Save development and soldering time No extra components required for the PIC to function All 33 I O pins are nicely labeled to avoid miss connection by users Connector for UICOOA low cost USB
41. re happening or when to start working is the fundamental of sensor application It is important to have a good detection system because in order to detect high speed car we have to make sure the transmitted infrared is good enough in terms of its attenuation and scattering process when it propagate through air Plus received power from source has to be sufficient to trigger the timing system to start measure time taken for the car to cross two detectors in fixed distance before this time measurement is used to calculate speed of the car The significant component of detection system was voltage comparator A comparator is electronic components that compares voltage or current and use the larger voltage or currents as the output For my project I have used LM324N voltage comparator which has four output pins to be used However because of the sensor need to be separated apart I only used one output pin per sensor The corresponding pin diagram for LM324N is shown in the figure below OUTPUT IMPUT 47 IMPLIT 4 GHO INFUT 3 GUTPUT 3 GUTFUT IMPUT 1 INPUT 17 v INPUT 2 2 OUTPUT 2 Figure 3 3 Corresponding pin diagram for LM324N 24 Pin 1 7 8 and 14 are the output pins In designing motion sensor I was using one of the comparator in this chip and comparing voltage across photo detector and voltage from sensor source as the input 1 and input 1 of the comparator For easy understanding of operation of detector consi
42. t infrared beam could detect things accurately This includes high speed moving object such as ballistic projectile motion and vehicle Using infrared and photo detector as a combination will result in an efficient speed trap system in terms of practical implementation and operating cost since older version system use radar and antenna to capture the exceeding speed vehicle 2 This sound a bit complicated Plus the operation cost of the system will be very high if this system is going to be applied in the whole country 1 2 Project Objectives In this research we will apply infrared detector technology in the field of detecting moving vehicle For this purpose we will record time taken for a vehicle that passing through couple of infrared photo detector separated apart by a fixed distance After that we will measure velocity of the vehicle and display it using LCD panel 1 3 Technical Issue Using infrared detector as an alternative for radar based system in speed tracking application will upgrade the older version into newly efficient one Problems such as antenna positioning error look past error vehicle interference error double bounce error could be solved simply 2 Basically a typical system in detecting infrared radiation is usually configured as below Infrared Transmission Optical Detector Signal Source System System Processing Figure 1 1 Detection of Infrared Radiation As for infrared source because all objects
43. tection is used to calculate the velocity of the ballistic projectile and thus display the calculation to the screens 6 As for my project the process is quite similar to the one s describe above but application of the process will be on straight path of highway road Generally my project will be divided into three main stages which are the detection section timing system and calculation system This block diagram will conclude my project concisely Detector Detector 1 2 Infrared Infrared Source 1 Source 2 Photodetector 1 Photodetector 2 Figure 2 1 Block Diagram of the Project From the figure above a pair of infrared detector in the red box will be the detection system and the other two stages will be timing Calculation system and calculation section In this chapter we will go into Section detail on these three stages 2 2 Detection System Infrared system consists of a pair of infrared sources photo detectors and power supply There are many types of infrared radiation sources depending on wavelength of the infrared For example thermal radiation cold radiation and stimulated emission infrared radiation This table will conclude type of infrared radiation with its corresponding range of wavelength and suitable field of application Long wavelength region is cut off by external bulb glass Resistor heating by Secondary is current flow Silicon Carbide siliconate
44. tup ADC ADCON1 0b00000110 set ADx pin digital I O configure lcd send config 0b00000001 clear display at lcd send config 0b00000010 lcd return to home send config 0b00000110 entry mode cursor increase 1 send config 0b00001100 display on cursor off and cursor blink off send config 0b00111000 function set display startup message lcd clr clear lcd lcd goto 3 set the lcd cursor to location 3 send string Welcome display Welcome delay 200000 lod clr lcd goto 0 set the lcd cursor to location 3 send string IR PD Speed display IR PD Speed lcd goto 160 send string Trap System display Trap System delay 100000 while 1 unsigned long n while 1 if buttonl break else delay 50000 lcd clr lcd goto 5 send string READY while 1 if sensorl break else 52 led clr ms 0 second 0 min 0 led goto 6 send string LCD char to no 10 1 2 ms LCD char to 7 1 2 second led goto 9 send string LCD char to no 4 1 2 min while sensor2 n if n gt 600 ms n 0 LCD char to no 10 1 2 ms else if ms gt 100 if ledl 1 1 1 0 else if ledl 0 led1 1 second ms 0 LCD char to 7 1 2 second else if second gt 60 min second 0 LCD char to no 4 1 2 min 1 1 1 2 1 delay
45. ty It is believed that by using infrared photodetector the application of speed trap system will be easier since in works on all types of road and surface By the end of this project police departments will be able to detect and track guilty driver accurately vi ABSTRAK Dewasa ini pihak polis menggunakan sistem radar untuk menjejaki dan mengawal keadaan trafik di jalan raya Tambahan pula bahan logam pada permukaan kenderaan menjadi pemantul gelombang yang baik kepada penerima sistem radar memudahkan polis mengesan pesalah jalan raya Walaubagaimanapun terdapat beberapa kesilapan lazim yang berlaku semasa penggunaan sistem radar menjadikan ia tidak tepat untuk digunakan dalam sistem perangkap halaju Sebagai contoh disebabkan sifat gelombang yang bergerak lurus radar tidak dapat mengesan dengan tepat kenderaan di kawasan jalan raya berbukit atau lencong Di samping itu terdapat kebarangkalian untuk pintasan kenderaan berlaku Atas sebab ini system perangkap halaju infra merah dibangunkan Ruang lingkup projek ini terhad kepada satu kenderaan pada satu masa Sistem ini terdiri dari sepasang pengesan infra merah yang dipisahkan pada jarak tertentu yang ditetapkan akan mengesan kenderaan yang memintas sinaran ini lalu menghidup serta mematikan litar masa Dengan menggunakan masa yang diperoleh sistem ini akan mengira halaju kenderaan tersebut Sistem ini dipercayai lebih mudah untuk dilaksanakan kerana ia boleh berfungsi di semua jenis p
46. ty software and hardware development tools Moving between tools is a snap and upgrading from the free software simulator to hardware debug and programming tools is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same user interface for all tools 18 a gr f e Edit View Project Debugger Programmer Tools Configure Window Help Dek sewaan t Checksum 0 0 Untied Workspace Eme Figure 3 12 MPLAB Integrated Development Environment IDE Interface 3 5 4 2 PICkit 2 36 The PICkit 2 Development Programmer Debugger is a low cost development tool with an easy to use interface for programming and debugging Microchip s Flash families of microcontrollers The full featured Windows programming interface supports baseline PIC10F PIC 12F5xx PIC16F5xx midrange PIC12F6xx PIC16F PIC18F PIC24 dsPIC30 dsPIC33 and PIC32 families of 8 bit 16 bit and 32 bit microcontrollers and many Microchip Serial EEPROM products With Microchip s powerful MPLAB IDE the PICkit M 2 enables in circuit debugging on most PIC microcontrollers In Circuit Debugging runs halts and single steps the program while the PIC microcontroller is embedded in the application When halted at a breakpoint the file registers can be examined and modified 19 Basically this software was used to load the hex file into PIC by using UICOOA programmer with rainbow cable connected to SK40 C kit Apart
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