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Project no. FP6-018505 Project Acronym FIRE PARADOX

1. olololololololo e M ol inlinlin enlin cni cole na MAN w w 09 NJ NJ N m s Virtual Virtual Virtual NL Ah miam m rs 1 Figure 89b Fuel layers list HA 2 RIRIRIRIRIRIRIRIRIRIRIRIRIE The list can be restricted with selection in the research criteria s Control buttons are e add to add a new layer e Shapes to manage different shapes attached to a layer e Parameters to enter parameters for each layer particle e Validate to check a layer data integrity in the database and to permit utilisation in virtual scene creation and in exportation for models as FIRETEC To be validated a layer must have a 2D shape A validated layer cannot be modified e Edit to display plant information Modification only will be possible if the user is the owner of the fuel and if this layer is not desactivated nor validated In the contrary the layer will have to be unvalidated or reactivated before being updated again 83 e copy to copy an existing layer in a new one e Desactivate Reactivate to denied utilisation of a layer without deleting referenced data Desactivation is also done for all shapes attached to the fuel Reactivate action is useful to cancel a desactivation Only the layer will be reactivated but not the shapes e Close to close the window e Help to get help about this screen 12 8 2 Cr
2. 100 Width in X 100 Width in Y 10 e Fill up the 3D shape dimensions Sample height in Z 200 Width in X 100 Width in Y 10 Shape dimensions cm Shape height in Z 200 Width in X 200 Width in Y 2 Figure 85 Shape creation for a measured plant cage method Then for each voxel of the 3D sample particles and biomasses have to be filled up The procedure and screenshots are the same as in chapter 12 6 3 4 part b 77 12 6 3 6 3D shape creation for a measured plant cage method When the 3D sample is validated the 3D shape biomasses are automatically calculated Biomasses values are the average of all sample voxels Then for each voxel of the 3D shape particles and biomasses can be modified The procedure and screenshots are the same as in chapter 12 6 3 4 part b 12 6 4 Create shapes for a virtual plant For virtual plants only a 3D shape can be created It is possible to use a virtual sample composed of T C B voxels as in cube method EJ New shape design for a virtual plant e Select the sample creation option Cube sample creation Yes No oe e Fil the voxel dimensions 2 No e If sample creation option is selected the sample height has to be filled up e Fil up the 3D shape dimensions Voxels size cm Voxel height in Z S Width in X 25 Width in Y 25 Z sample height Shape dimensions cm Shape height in Z 100 Width in X 100 Width in Y 100 Figure 86 Shape creation f
3. Arbousier boule 3 50 595 s90 4 EdtPattems Arbousier boule 4 50 s95 s90 s85 Sapin 5 0 s80 s60 s30 s15 s5 Broadleave Standard 6 18 s100 592 Arbousier boule 7 50 595 s90 s85 8 50 9 50 test 12 50 uu 13 50 ex 14 33 s90 ER JUNI 15 30 Preview ul Pattern Edition Information Key Juniperus 0 5 1 false Name 15 30 s80 A v Alias JUNI Max diameter height 9 5 30 Superior diameters rv Diameter height Diameter value 95 Diameter height 35 Diameter value 35 z Inferior diameters Diameter height Diameter value 95 Diameter height o Diameter value 9 5 D6 1 4a 0001 Software Initial Version Page 93
4. When the fuel data appears on the fuels editor screen click on Desactivate in the database The vegetation object won t be physically deleted in the database it will be logically desactivated All shapes attached to the desactivated layer will also be desactivated 12 8 6 Reactivate a layer To reactivate a layer select the layer in the layer list and click on Desactivate Reactivate When the fuel data appears on the fuels editor screen click on Reactivate in the database Shapes attached to this layer won t be reactivated 12 9 Fuel Editor Fuel samples Fuel samples are the third category of fuel that can be manipulated by the FUEL MANAGER through the Fuel Editor Fuel samples are sample of fuel of a lower level than a vegetation object individual plant Fuel sampling is generally carried out with the so called cube method collecting fuel in elementary volumes of 25 cm side Consequently a typical fuel sample is a 25 cm x 25 cm x 25 cm voxel although it may have other dimensions A fuel sample may be collected by field destructive measurements measured or calculated Fuel sample is generally created during plant creation process The following functionalities are only dedicated to fuel sample editing and modification ES Fuel database manager h Sites and Municipalities Figure 92 Fuel database manager 86 12 9 1 Fuel Samples list e Sample list Research criterias Team i i
5. e The scene tab permits to list and see all objects displayed on the screen terrain grid polygons trees e The Edition tab permits to update precisely displayed objects coordinates e The Renderering tab permits to modify visualization settings the scene representation changes automatically d Control buttons At the bottom various buttons are available e On the bottom left a user right space and connection button permit to access to some functionalities according to the user profile FIRE PARADOX FUEL database management e A Patterns Editor allows access to the vegetation pattern designer e On the bottom right a few command buttons are available o Previous Next aims at navigating from generated scene and this main Fire Paradox window ok validation of the vegetation scene the Fire Paradox module is initialized Cancel the process is cancelled Help a user guide dedicated to the current window appears O 4 2 Keyboard Shortcuts Keyboard shortcuts are indicated in square brackets press simultaneously the combination of keys to perform some tasks This is a list of the most common keyboard shortcuts in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER Note that the Escape key close any C4psis window quickly pay attention not to close an important window by accident Ctrl N new CAPSIS project Escape close the window quickly Enter validate the window Shift Mouse click multi select
6. w Zoom to increase or decrease the focus e Scene modification functionalities k Ww nN 1 TES Select to select an object on the scene EK Move to move an object on the scene xis Ww n 1 BH Add to add an object on the scene P M n A L Polyline to draw a polyline hA Polygon to draw a polygon m Ww n 1 GI Remove to remove an object on the scene gt S undo to cancel the last action Redo to redo the last action 18 NOTE All buttons except polyline Polygon Add and Remove are sticky buttons for continuous selecting panning zooming etc The function of a sticky button you have clicked on is remembered until you select another sticky button If you select a non sticky button such as the remove one after having selected an object the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER Will still remember the previous sticky button function the selected object is removed and you can select other objects without having to click on select again b 3D View Panel In the middle of the window the scene in 3D is displayed according to the current visualization parameters C Real Time Panel The panel on the right is composed of several tabs which interact in real time with the 3D view panel e The state and Selection tabs display in real time information according to the current scene including cover fraction phytovolume of the understorey and fuel load
7. Modes Export Version 1 1 Description Generates 4 files in monofuel mode farthe Firetec model Target file Name IC3capsis4 openoL branchttmp Browse o come nem Figure 54 Export format and folder name choice 56 Then the export process includes 3 steps 1 STEP 1 Creation of the FIRETEC matrix Enter F7RE7TEC mesh and voxels sizes for X and Y axes Enter FZRETEC number of voxels on Z axe Click on Create the FIRETEC matrix L Export Firetec Monofuel Firetec Mesh Add a topo file Export all the scene Topography file south west origin of the mesh X m 0 0 File format south west origin of the mesh Y m 0 0 Vegatation insertion X axe scene size m 300 0 Polygon resolution m 0 5 Y axe scene size m 200 0 M Including twings C Crown overlapping X size for Firetec voxel m 20 0 Control including on Ok ee M Vb fair Pirate venei tale 20 0 Insert the vegetation into the Firetec matrix Mean Z size of the firetec voxel m 15 0 Output files Jur SF sel 41 treesrhof dat treesrhof dat Ratio dz 1 dz 0 1 tresss dat treesss dat Create the Firetec matrix treesmoist dat treesmoist dat IMEEM is treesfueldepth dat treesfueldepth dat File format little Endian big Endian Y number of voxels 10 Z Total m 615 0 Results of the Z size of voxels m 1 5080309339678764 creatio
8. e Level of the maximum crown diameter is set by the user This dimension is used as an indicator and will be readjusted by the effective height of the max diameter of the vegetation object e The maximum crown diameter is also defined as a percentage of the crown length Levels can be defined in order to adjust the form of the envelope in both horizontal and vertical directions In that respect the crown is divided into two parts the upper portion over the max diameter level and the lower portion under the max diameter level Intermediate diameters can be added in these two portions Each of these new diameters is described by two parameters e Horizontal direction percentage of the max diameter length e Vertical direction percentage of crown portion height The Figure 2 illustrates a shape pattern which dimensions are e Level of the max diameter is set at 30 of the crown height e One intermediate crown diameter is defined at 50 of the height of the lower part of the crown 15 30 s80 JUNI Max diameter height 95 30 Superior diameters Diameter height Diameter value 9 5 Diameter height Diameter value 9 5 50 Inferior diameters Diameter height o Diameter height Figure 2 Shape Pattern with its dimensions A vegetation object shape is succinctly described by its crown height crown base height max crown diameter height and crown diameter length Figure 3 shows three diff
9. e Trunk visible Yes No e Crown visible Yes No e Crown filled or outlined e Crown flat Yes No e Light Yes No r Rendering v Trunk Visible Crown Visible 2 Outline v Filled _ Flat et Light r Rendering _ Trunk Visible Crown Visible iv Outline C2 Filled _ Flat v Light INS 4 Figure 41 Various visualisations options of pattern sketcher render 40 9 PATTERNS EDITOR The crown Patterns Editor enables to create shape patterns and to assign those typical crown profiles to groups of vegetation objects Three criteria are taken into account taxon height and environment openness open closed environment to constitute groups of vegetation objects Crown overall structure depends strongly on these three criteria Click on the Patterns Editor button in the bottom toolbar to access the Patterns Editor and its functionalities please note that it takes a few seconds to open the Patterns Editor for the first time 9 1 Screen Layout The Patterns Editor main interface gives an overview of available associations between criteria and shape patterns Advanced functionalities can be accessed throughout the different areas of this dialog window Note Several interfaces deals with shape patterns an overview of links is displayed in Annex 14 2 a Patterns table Filter Association Taxons Stt Height interval m Environment Criteria Criteri
10. frame contains several data to identify clearly each shape pattern o A Key as a single identifying o A Name composed of an alias if any a shape pattern number and some information on crown diameters e g JUNI 15 30 s80 means that the alias is zuNr the pattern number is 15 the max diameter height is at 30 of the crown height and an intermediate diameter is set at 80 of the superior area o An optional A1ias can be given to each shape pattern for a better readability e The Max diameter height field contains the max diameter height Per default it is set at 50 of the crown height e Superior diameters and inferior diameters frames are structured in the same way o Two fields are dedicated to set the intermediate diameter parameters the diameter height position in the crown 96 and its length proportionately to the max diameter 44 o The aaa button permits to create the new diameter according to its parameters A table summarizes all intermediate diameters The Remove button permits to delete a pre selected intermediate diameter e A Preview frame is displayed on the right side of the window to give an overview of the shape pattern during its construction e The Reset button permits to reset the parameters as it was at the beginning without warning 9 3 2 Create a Shape Pattern A shape pattern can only be created during the creation process of an association Click on the c
11. which has been developed within CAPSIS corresponds to the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER 14 Many other CA4Psis modules exist but they are not released here For further information consult the CA42srs website http capsis cirad fr 3 2 1 Download and Install The installation file of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER software capsis 4 2 2 fireparadox setup Feb2010 jar can be downloaded from the Fire Paradox Fire Intuition platform at http www fireintuition efi int e Double click on the capsis 4 2 2 fireparadox setup Feb2010 jar file e Follow the instructions amp IzPack Installation of Capsis amp IzPack Installation of Capsis i Select the packs you want to install Q Note Grayed packs are required M Data 4 29 KB Welcome to the installation of Capsis 4 1 8 Q This software is developed by Plateform maintainer f de Coligny lt coligny cirad fr gt M The homepage is at http capsis cirad fr Description Capsis Kernel Made with IzPack http izpack org gt Next Quit Total space Required 47 17 MB DLE Available space 16 98 GB Made with IzPack http izpack org Previous eo Quit Figure 5 Installation of CAPsIS On Windows Vista you must choose a directory where you have write privileges for instance Documents 3 2 2 Launch the Capsis Platform Use the Start menu or the Desktop shortcut to start capsis Change tO capsis install directory Ncapsis4 directo
12. 11 2 2 Extensions 11 2 3 Objects 11 2 4 Taxonomic Levels 11 2 5 Shape Pattern 12 3 INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION 14 3 1 Java Runtime Environment installation 14 3 2 Install amp Start CAPsrs 14 3 2 1 Download and Install 15 3 2 2 Launch the Capsis Platform 15 4 USE OF THE FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER OVERVIEW 16 4 1 Screen Layouts 17 4 1 1 Capsis Screen Layout 17 4 1 2 Module Fire Paradox Screen Layout 17 4 2 Keyboard Shortcuts 19 4 3 Program Help 20 5 VEGETATION SCENE CREATION 21 5 1 CaPsiS project creation 21 5 2 Vegetation scene creation 22 5 3 From a database inventory 22 5 4 From a detailed Inventory File 5 4 1 For Viewing Only 5 4 2 From POP COV files 5 4 3 From POP COV files Full Dialog 5 4 4 For Matching with Database 5 5 From Field Parameters 5 6 From Scratch 5 7 From Saved Scene 6 VEGETATION SCENE MODIFICATION 6 1 Selection 6 1 1 Individual or Multiple Selection 6 1 2 Unselection 6 1 3 Selection with the Scene Inspector 6 2 Adding 6 2 1 Item choice Vegetation Objects Selection 6 2 2 Spatialisation Planting Method Process 6 2 3 Adding a Polygon or a Polyline 6 3 Updating 6 3 1 Moving Functionality 6 3 2 Deleting Functionality 7 VEGETATION SCENE VISUALISATION 7 1 Viewpoint Motions 7 1 1 Orbit Functionality 7 1 2 Zoom Functionality 7 1 3 Pan Functionality 7 2 Object Renderers 7 2 1 Renderers Dialog Windows 7 2 2 Pattern Sketcher Render 7 2 3 Degraded modes for heavy scene manip
13. 2 Deleting Functionality The suppression is available on pre selected vegetation objects Select vegetation object s you want to delete UE to remove the object on the scene 32 7 VEGETATION SCENE VISUALISATION 7 1 Viewpoint Motions View motion functions allow the user to interactively rotate zoom and pan the vegetation scene Note x axis horizontal as direction of fire propagation z axis as vertical direction and y axis as the depth of the scene 7 1 1 Orbit Functionality 3D orbit motion permits to change the user viewpoint while keeping the target scene fixed Click on Lu orbit button of the Menu Bar Hold down the left mouse button and drag in the 3D view panel Drag up down to rotate the scene around the x axis Drag left right to rotate the scene around the z axis Figure 31 Angular side and bird s eye views obtained by orbit view motion 7 1 2 Zoom Functionality The zoom function moves the viewpoint either further from zoom out or closer to zoom in the vegetation scene Two ways are available Click on R Zoom button of the Menu Bar Hold down the left mouse button and drag in the 3D view panel c Drag up to zoom out Drag down to zoom in 7 1 3 Pan Functionality The pan functionality is useful to crop the view as it moves the scene while keeping the viewpoint fixed Two ways are available Click on E Pan button of the Menu Bar Hold down th
14. 48 31 Xu M Harrington TB 1998 Foliage biomass distribution of loblolly pine as affected by tree dominance crown size and stand characteristics 89 14 1 Annex Inventory Files Inventory file Lamanon Mixed WP61 sg scene scene Scene file of the mixed plot at the Lamanon experimental study site Terrain name cellWidth m altitude m xMin yMin xMax yMax TerrainO 5 O 60 60 60 60 Polygons optionnal suet SG i zl yL Zane ooo iL 1 39 UD 42 p 30 E Gee OU Trees fileld speciesName X y Z height crownBaseHeight crownDiameter crownDiameterHeight Openess 1 Pinus halepensis A 99 2999 0 dE Ae Tod do S 10 true 2 Pinus halepensis MO Gre O IRS ES CIS IRO true 3 Pinus halepensis ee diem O 14 2 9 Do oum 10 true 4 Pinus halepensis AGS See AS 5 O Oe 4 6 MZ 5 true 5 Pinus halepensis 14 8 13 55 0 Sod Silks 166 7 true 6 Quercus ilex Sa LS NS Jess ras SeS 4 10 true 7 Pinus halepensis AOS Ie 0 Se SU ES LENS 7 true 8 Pinus halepensis NS 12 95 Q TZS Ore 1 07 7 true 9 Pinus halepensis ORAS Shih 0 KORS 215 Zo LE D true 10 Pinus halepensis DN EAE Sle Q 1259 SUID 2 10 true 11 Pinus halepensis mc 11 45 Q 12 2 To OLS 10 true 12 Pinus halepensis 1 A Er Q deem ru d 10 true als Quercus ilex 0 05 12 2 Q erc OI AS 7 true 14 Pinus halepensis P 10 45 Q 8 45 05 L 6 7 true IBS Pinus halepensis LER MR JE 1S 6 55 5 8 jj true 16 Pinus halepensis ORS E o Q 11 oms Zo 1O true 17 Pinus halepensis eec E 0 TU es
15. Environmental description Figure 74 Plant team panel General description Fuel edition id 1027060 Quercus coccifera Team Site description Simple individual General comments General comments Topographic position Slope type Slope value degree Aspect class Entry general comments about plant here Aspect value degree Last perburbation Years since last perturbation Save in database Figure 76 Plant site panel Figure 75 Plant comment panel Data verifications before validation are e Team Selection is compulsory e Sampling date has to be in the following format DD MM YYYY e Field operator 1 selection is compulsory e site selection is compulsory 69 m Fuel edition id 102208B0 Quercus coccifera Team Site description Simple individuali General comments W Fuel data Species selection Quercus cocafera Origin Measure 2 Virtual Fuel reference l IMRA OL 43 Latitude degree loa Longitude degres 0 0 Elevation m Fuel dimensions cm Fuel height Crown base height tem Max diameter lo i Ferpendicular max diameter Max diameter height Total calculated biomass Fuel status C Under tree r Fuel environment gt MF SC UNMES Lol os Ke CE LS et M Openess Open M Dominant
16. Live and Dead Moisture Additional attributes for database layers TeamName Checked ID dominance EdgeBulkDensity edgeLAT 16 4 1 Screen Layouts 4 1 1 Capsis Screen Layout Menu bar capsis 4 2 0 untitled Project step Edit View Tools Window Help Proj oY ee ere Hu Re SBea 416 roject name Unnamed and Module name 2 I ame mounta Unnamed Model Mountain 10 000 m2 All in memory Simulated stand Explorer moa Inspector nam Steps root 0a and treatment 0a ar MAID View Mountain viewer Sapin viewer i 7 simple Visier Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Text viewer te aes __ mountain_Unnamed Oa Mountain viewer North Slope bottom Crown B Layer 1 ERA B Layer 2 E Layer 3 S Layer 4 iiid EHI t GB tees e Shh bh TS Stand Viewer ge WE y de de uy EL Data displayer Pardo Bi 40 60 60 60 90 DE Figure 6 CAPSIS main window General conventions are used in the C4eszs user windows The screen layout is composed of several areas e The menu bar allows access to the CAPsrs functionalities new project creation etc e An area gives a general overview of the current project project name and its associated module are indicated The simulation history memorizes the root step and other steps which result from growth evolutions or silvicultural treatments Each step has a
17. Type Layer Method Local Layer Sets Choose a predefined LayerSet Predefined layerSet Low western garrigue D Type Default O Specify field properties for layerSet evolution with time LayerSet age LayerSet fertility from O better to 3 worst Add layerSet Build the LayerSet from individual layers Species Australian grassland He Valid between 0 7 and 0 7 Max height m 0 6 Add layer esscunnensenemacn imme upe reed e nid n P M Remove the selected layer Remove all layers Local Layer Set Name FiLocalLayer Min H m Max H m Charac size Cover 90 Live MC 96 Dead MC Alive density Dead density SVR kg m 3 MVR m2 m 3 Quercus coccifera 0 0 0 8 3 12 4 76 0 1 55 0 4 651 500 Ulex parviflorus 0 0 0 92 3 12 4 49 0 1 22 0 5 555 500 Quercus coccifera 0 0 0 39 ri 49 4 76 0 2 67 0 4 651 500 Brachypodium ramosum 1 0 0 12 4 5 10 6 15 0 0 442 0 10 000 500 Total load of the layerSet kg m2 0 81296204 LAI of the LayerSet 0 0 Percentage sum 76 9348 Add layers in the composite layer fill in the missing characteristic size cover percentage mandatory and moisture content then Add the composite layer in the scene in place of a selected polygon r x gt Add Help Figure 22 Adding a Local Layer 6 2 2 Spatialisation Planting Method Process The planting process is the way to displ
18. add items click in the scene at relevant locations The activate desactivate possibilities make it possible to change the point of rien in the scene and then to come back to the Interactive planting Figure 18 Dialog window for adding a vegetation object in the scene 26 The interface is divided into two areas dedicated to the selection of what to add Items choice frame and the definition of how to add Spatialisation frame 6 2 1 Item choice Vegetation Objects Selection Two drop down lists permit to indicate the object item to add in the following list eFireParadox Database Tree e ocal tree eFireParadox Database Layer e Local layer For each type selection criteria are displayed to help the user in his research A table displays available vegetation objects according to the criteria a Adding a FireParadox Database Tree Fill the selection criteria if necessary Select a Tree in the list extracted from the database Add the selected tree on the scene with a planting option Items choice Type Tree Method FireParadox database Selection criteria Gender Species Height m Crown Diameter m Plants in the database Species Height m Crown base H m Crown D m Mean bulk densit LAI Live Moisture Dead Moisture Buxus sempervirens 0 75 0 25 507 79 10lX 0 25 0 0 25 1377 OL 70 10 Rosmarinus officinalis 0 25 0 25 2 3 70 10 Rosmarinus of
19. again the voxel will come back to its original color b Particles and biomasses description For each type of voxel measured particle biomasses have to be filled up In this interface voxel type positions within the sample cannot be modified anymore CUBE method sample editor Plant Shape Plant ID 1 Shape ID 1 Team INRA AVI Type Sample unique Site Antheron Kind XZ Species Cedrus atlantica Voxel width X 0 25 Height 1 0 Voxel width Y 0 25 Origin Measured Voxel height Z 0 25 Legend Top ll Center J Base U Not set Biomasses values Particle leaves Twigs 0 2 Twigs 6 25 Figure 80 Measured cube method sample biomasses update 72 Double click to select a voxel The selected voxel appears with a red border In the bottom right part of the screen for the selected voxel a table appears with particle names and biomass values alive and dead Biomass values can be modified and the unit is grams biomass value 0 0 means a measured value equals to zero biomass value 9 0 means a missing value NOT measured biomass value NaN means an existing value NOT measured Click on Add a particle to add a new particle in the biomasses values table Click on Vaiiaate to save the sample To be validated at least one particle and one biomass should be filled for each type of voxel 12 6 3 2 2D shape creation for a measured plant cube method The crown shape appears
20. be either a measured fuel layer corresponding to a real fuel layer measured in the field or a virtual fuel layer created with the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER virtual fuel layer may differ from a real one either by its shape by the distribution of voxels fuel samples within its shape by the values of one or several fuel parameters e g mean of several samples Let s remind that as described in part 6 2 1 a Fuel LayerSet is a polygon which contains different fuel layers which represent each fuel type included in the Fuel LayerSet For example a Fuel LayerSet of garrigue can contain 3 layers Quercus coccifera Rosmarinus officinalis and Brachypodium retosum Fuel layers correspond to a fuel complex where few information is available on the position of the individual fuel type inside of it or when the user wants to summarize them in a unique object It is generally used to represent understorey but can be also used to represent canopies Some predefined models of Fuel LayerSets have also been defined to help the user that does not have the details of the fuel complex descriptions This chapter will only deal with Fuel layer edition See chapter 6 2 1 for Fuel Layerset use In the 2D data processing a Fuel layer crown shape is split up in edge centre and symmetric elements Three kinds of shapes can be deducted from the different combinations e Edge symmetric e Centre e Edge centre symmetric Three elements Three types o
21. dialog window dedicated to available shape patterns refer to chapter 9 3 1 9 2 Association Shape Pattern linked to a Group of Vegetation Objects A shape pattern is supposed to be created in the purpose of being used by a group of vegetation objects That s why criteria are specified in a first time to identify a collection of vegetation objects for which a shape pattern is then assigned According to the taxon height and environment criteria each vegetation object should have a reference shape pattern 42 The dialog window designed to associate criteria to a shape pattern is composed of three areas e The criteria area displays the three criteria which can be filled in e The Patterns area offers three options to choose a shape pattern e The Preview area is the same as described in the previous dialog box ua Criteria Pattern Association Criteria Preview Taxons Juniperus Height intervals m o Environment Closed Patterns Existing v v Clone and Edit Figure 43 Add and update association window 9 2 1 Create an Association It is forbidden to create similar associations using the same taxon height intervals and openness Click on the Aaa button of the Patterns Editor main window Fill in the right criteria The Taxon one is mandatory Associate a shape pattern to the criteria c An existing one select an available shape pattern in the drop down list A new one click on th
22. igi Validated Desactivated INRA AVI v Samples from data base Team Site Species Type Height m Diameter Reference Origin Validated Desactiv INRA AVI JAntheron ismar inus officin Unique Cube 0 25 0 25 INRA AVT O Measured INR A AVI Antheron smarinus officin inique Cube 0 25 0 2S INRA AVI 0 Measured INRA AVI jAntheron osmarinus officin Unique Cube 0 25 0 25 INRA AVI O Measured INR A AVI jAntheron ismarinus officin Unique Cube 0 25 0 25 INRA AVI 0 Measured INRA AVI Antheron ismarinus officin Unique Cube 0 5 0 25 INRA AVI 0 Measured INRA AVI jAntheron osmarinus officin Unique Cube 0 5 0 25 INRA AVT O Measured INRA AVI jAntheron ismar inus officin Unique Cube 0 5 0 25 INRA AVI 0 Measured INRA AVI j Antheron An ismarinus o u Unique Cube 0 5 0 25 INRA AVT 0 Measured INRA AVI Antheron INRA AVI jAntheron osmarinus o Unique Cube 0 75 0 25 INRA AVI 0 Measured INRA AVI jAntheron ismarinus o Unique be 0 75 0 25 INRA AVI 0 Measured WAIMA ALA Danette ens ne itansan a S ol O eo 10 Li C wj O O gt O e ismar inus officin Unique Cube 0 75 Q 25 INRA AVI O Measured INRA AVI Antheron ismarinus o Unique Cube 0 75 0 2S5 INRA AVT O Measured INR A AVI jAntheronCiterme Quercus cocc core Cube 0 25 0 25 INRA 01_9 Measured Passe Lo ae Eana a ED OAS AOS 10 A45 60d F
23. in 4 dimensions jJ Copy voxels from left to right symmetrically to Z axe Right part Select the type of voxel to spread on the shape in the coloured square in the legend SET NOT SET The selected type name appears in RED white voxel represents empty area in the crown At the bottom right part of the screen particles list with biomasses for the selected voxel is displayed Biomasses values can be modified here Unit is grams o Biomass value 0 0 means a measured value equals to zero o Biomass value 9 0 means a missing value NOT measured o Biomass value NaN means an existing value NOT measured Control At the bottom of the screen the total estimated biomass is automatically calculated Total measured biomass from the sampling is displayed for control Click on add a particle to add a new particle Click on validate to save the shape in the database mp All empty voxel rows at the right or at the top of the shape will NOT be saved The shape size will be automatically adjusted 12 6 3 5 Sample creation for a measured plant cage method For sampling cage method only 3D sample and shape can be created A New shape design for a measured plant e Select the cage method Method Shape kind e Only 3D shape kind is enabled fs e Fill up the voxel and the 3D sample s zm dimensions usually this sample i dimension are 2m 1m 1m with nette y im voxel Size Voxel height in z
24. is necessary to display vegetation objects A Grid is a set of lines dividing the ground surface in squares Grid can be useful to locate vegetation objects in the vegetation scene Vegetation objects can be trees shrubs and grasses which properties can be extracted from the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database or described in files 2 4 Taxonomic Levels Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms The system used in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database is the Linnaean one which breaks down organisms into seven major divisions called taxa singular taxon Divisions are as follow kingdom phylum class order family genus and species The classification levels become more specific towards the bottom and we will focus on the genus and species one As example Quercus lex and Quercus coccifera species belong to the same genus Quercus Taxon a taxon plural taxa is a name applied for an organism or a group of organisms In biological nomenclature according to Carl Linnaeus a taxon is assigned to a taxonomic rank and can be placed at a particular level in a systematic hierarchy reflecting evolutionary relationships 11 2 5 Shape Pattern A shape pattern characterizes the crown envelope of a vegetation object by defining the ratios between the different horizontal stratifications of the crown Figure 2 The following dimensions are expressed in percentage of the crown height e Top of the crown 100 e Base of the crown 0
25. p de Coligny F Ancelin P Cornu G Courbaud B Dreyfus P Goreaud F Gourlet Fleury S Meredieu C Orazio C Saint Andr L 2004 Capsis Computer Aided Projection for Strategies In Silviculture Open architecture for a shared forest modelling platform I Nepveu G Ed Connection between Forest Resources and Wood Quality Modelling Approaches and Simulation Software Nancy France LERFoB INRA ENGREF pp 371 380 Fourth workshop IUFRO Working Party S5 01 04 8 15 09 2002 Harrison Hot Springs Resort British Columbia Canada 3 de Coligny F 2008 Efficient Building of Forestry Modelling Software with the Capsis Methodology In Fourcaud T Zhang XP eds Plant Growth Modeling and Applications Proceedings of PMAO6 Los Alamitos California IEEE Computer Society pp 216 222 4 http java sun com Java Sun official website 5 Peterson DL Ryan KC 1986 Modeling post fire conifer mortality for long range planning Environmental Management 10 797 808 6 Bova AS Dickinson MB 2005 Linking surface fire behavior stem heating and tissue necrosis Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35 814 822 7 Jones JL Webb BW Jimenez D Reardon J Butler B 2004 Development of an Advanced one dimensional stem heating model for application in surface fires Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34 20 30 8 Ryan KC Rigolot R Botelho H 1994 Comparative analysis of fire resistance and survival of Mediter
26. panel Right click on an object item of the Renders list to change its current render with one of the available ones In the corresponding settings pane you can modify its parameters Figure 33 Tree bounding boxes render Figure 34 Tree lollypop with profile render 34 7 2 2 Pattern Sketcher Render Pattern Sketcher render has been created especially for the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER Dedicated to vegetation objects this render permits to visually differentiate categories of vegetation objects using geometric forms and colours Please refer to the specific Patterns Editor chapter 9 to know more about editable functions Various geometric shapes of the tree crowns may be used to display various tree species or different height classes of the same species A colour setting enables further details in vegetation classification display he settings pane dedicated to the Pattern Sketcher render is divided into two main panels a Colors frame This frame contains four options and a table According to each option the table content differs and the user can set colors to different targets Setting colors in function of criteria permits to visually analyse the scene chapter 8 e one color option set a unique color to all vegetation objects of the scene e By taxon Option set different colors for each taxon of the scene e By height threshold m option set a color to shape
27. patterns according to a height threshold Fill in a value in the corresponding field and validate by pressing the Enter key b Rendering frame This frame reused similar functionalities visible invisible and filled outline options as for the lollypop render Two additional options are proposed Untick the Flat option to display shading effects The Light option permits to switch on off the light which illuminates the scene The use of this parameter is dedicated to the fire damage visualisation please refer to chapter LJ for further details Scene editor State Scene Rendering p Top view Selection Selection Edition EY V Type Renderer m M Polygone Polygons 7 em M Layer FireParadox Layers LE Tree Pattern Sketcher M Terrain DTM M Grid Anchors Up Down J e One color By taxon re Ux L1 Colors VA A Q By height threshold m 2 0 By fire damage level Rendering Target Colors All Ss Scene quality note 100 Trunk Visible Crown Visible C Outline Filled C Flat Login Password Connection V Light Figure 35 Pattern Sketcher Render options Orbit Click Move to orbit Shift Click Move to translate Ctri Click Move to zoom 35 7 2 3 Degraded modes for heavy scene manipulation Special attention has been paid to the robustness and efficiency of scene manipulation because 3D v
28. plant information Modification will be possible if the user is the owner of the fuel and if this plant is neither desactivated or validated In the contrary the plant will have be unvalidated or reactivated before being updated Copy to copy an existing plant including shapes in a new one Desactivate Reactivate to denied utilisation of a plant without deleting referenced data Desactivation is also done for all shapes attached to the fuel Reactivate action is useful to cancel a desactivation Only the plant will be reactivated but not the shapes Close to close the window Help to get help about this screen 2 Create or Update a Plant To create a new plant click on Aaa To modify a plant select the plant in the list and click on Edit A plant is defined in 4 different panels e Team e Site e Simple individual e General comments 68 EX Fuel edition id 102727080 Quercus coccifera E Fuel edition id 1022060 Quercus coccifera Team Site description Simple irigi idua General comments Team selection lINRA AVI Sampling date 11 03 2003 DDIMM vYY Team Site description Simple individual General comments Site location Sie selection Antheronciterme Site Editor Field operator 1 9 5 Country FR Field operator 2 Municipality La Roque d Antheron Field operator 3 Latitude degree Longitude degree Elevation m
29. rights e J eams creation and modification rights on team s data consultation right on other team s data e Visitor consultation rights only ES Scene editor Scene generation 8 Detailed inventory 8 For viewing only scene files D idem popcov files idem popcov files Full Dialog From field parameters ICFME From scratch X m C Scene saved for reedition Once the method chosen then go to the scene editor page Buffer loading process bar Connection button Buffering task Loading plant level synthetiiata into buffers Password Patterns Editor Figure 56 Fire Paradox Fuel database connection To access the database manager menu wait the end of the buffer loading process species teams plant level synthetic data layer level synthetic data and then enter your login and password at the bottom on the main Fire Paradox Scenes editor interface Click on the Connection button 12 2 Available functionalities main menu FIRE PARADOX FUEL database aims at storing different categories of fuels that can be displayed in FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER for building vegetation scenes Three fuel categories are considered e Plants e Layers e Samples 58 Note that these fuel categories may be either virtual or measured Fuels descriptions are provided by teams mostly Fze amp PARADOX partners and are carried out in the field on sites that can be geographically locate
30. seen on bottom left 3D viewer as well as some statistics on the tree that died in red compared to their original number in blue by class of diameter bottom right 49 10 3 2 1 Fire damage to cambium empirical models implemented Two empirical models can provide cambium mortality criterion based on bark thickness and fire behaviour standard characteristics The first one was proposed by Peterson and Ryan 1986 5 derived from a simplified conduction model Cambium mortality is assumed and the tree is killed when residence time min uj 2 9BT superior to Where BT is the bark thickness of the tree in cm More recently Bova and Dickinson 2005 6 proposed the following criterion derived from dimensional analysis and experiments Tree death by cambium mortality is considered when bark thickness mm is lower to 0 219 979 where I is the fire intensity kW m and 7 the residence time s of the fire Preliminary works with Jones et al 2004 7 physical models seem to compare better to Peterson and Ryan s model Cambium kill models 30 I Ryand Peterson 1986 Bovad amp Dickinson 2005 00K W m Bovag Dickinson 2005 7 41000KW py Bovag Dickinson 2005 7 2000KW pp Ryand Amman 1994 with cvs 0 7 P halep Rigolot with cvs 0 N un Bark Thickness mm T 3 mos 0 0 l 2 3 4 5 Residence time min Figure 50 Bark
31. than those stored in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database 22 As example an inventory file Lamanon_ Mixed WP61 sg scene cf Annex 14 1 is available in the given CAPsrs archive and precisely in the capsis4 data fireparadox directory The file describes 48 trees Select the From an Inventory and For viewing only options of the scene generation window Click on the Browse button and select the 1 3nanon Mixed WP61 sg scene file in the install directory Ncapsis4NdataMf ireparadox directory e g C Program Files capsis4 data fireparadox Click on the Generate the scene to display the resulting scene ui Scene editor x State Scene Rendering Selection Z Total cover Maximum height m 15 Tree strata k Cover A Number 48 e Dominant species di Shrub strata l P A Cover 3 wv Phytovolume mW Dominant species Herbaceous strata 29 Cover Zoom Click Move to zoom Patterns Editor Previous OK Cancel Help Figure 12 Scene creation from an inventory file 5 4 2 From POP COV files Login Password Connection This sub option enables to generate tree or shrub populations Several populations can be automatically generated by using some intra and inter populations spatial rules and constraints Spatial rules use the Gibbs parameter Gibbs parameter values 0 random distribution 1000 re
32. under the CAZSIS interface An export to WFDS is being prepared 11 1 FIRETEC Model FIRETEC is a coupled atmospheric transport wildfire behaviour model being developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory and is based on the principals of conservation of mass momentum and energy FE RETEC is a transport formulation that uses a compressible gas formulation to couple its physics based wildfire model with the motions of the local atmosphere This model is written in FORTRAN 77 23 FIRETEC model is using 4 input binary files e treesrhof dat containing bulk densities ap e treesss dat containing fuels thickness 2 0 e treesmoist dat Wet mass dry mass e treesfueldepth dat fuels height in the mesh Where e SVR Surface to Volume Ratio o e MVR Mass to Volume Ratio p e VF Volume Fraction a The FiRETEC scene is defined by its dimensions and its cells size generally 2m 2m 2m Under C4psis each fuel on the Fire Paradox scene have a crown description with a cells size 25 cm 25 cm 25 cm FIRETEC cell 2m 2m 2m IEEE Fire Paradox cell 0 25m 0 25m 0 25m l E E et ee RER E 11 2 Exportation procedure An export has been developed in the FUEL MANAGER in order to build the files for the FIRETEC model The F RETEC matrix is generated according to the dimension of the portion of the scene that should be exported mesh size and stretching parameters Then the 3D Matrix of each vegetation object in th
33. under the name FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER FPFM This application results from the activities of WP6 1 Design development test and deployment of a fuel editor within the Fire Paradox project The main goal of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER is to generate with a user friendly manner fuel complexes in 3D in order to be used as input data for fire behaviour models These input files describe the composition and the structure of the fuel complex taking into account the physical properties of various components of the different vegetation layers trees shrubs herbs and litter composing the vegetation scene The FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER also provides tools for managing a fuel database adding updating and deleting fuels descriptions location and dimension of vegetation objects and fuel parameters for fire simulations The FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER is also enabling to visualise effects of fire on trees and to simulate vegetation succession after fire occurrence 1 1 Fuel manager The FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER aims to be on one hand a management tool for manipulating fuel complexes and on the other hand an application that enables fire simulations and the generation of vegetation post fire succession steps A survey of available technologies has identified a simulation platform Capsis 2 3 dedicated to hosting a wide range of models for forest dynamics and stand growth CAPSIS is a project leaded by a joint research unit INRA A
34. 1 Sites List 12 5 2 Create or Update a Site 12 5 3 Manage site events 12 5 4 Desactivate a Site 12 5 5 Reactivate a Site 12 5 6 Municipalities List 12 5 7 Create or Update a Municipality 46 47 47 48 48 50 51 52 54 55 55 55 58 58 12 5 8 Desactivate a Municipality 12 5 9 Reactivate a Municipality 12 6 Fuels Editor Fuel Plants 12 6 1 Fuel Plants List 12 6 2 Create or Update a Plant 12 6 3 Shapes creation for a measured plant 12 6 3 1 Sample creation for a measured plant cube method 12 6 3 2 2D shape creation for a measured plant cube method 12 6 3 3 2 2D shape creation for a measured plant cube method 12 6 3 4 3D shape creation for a measured plant cube method 12 6 3 5 Sample creation for a measured plant cage method 12 6 3 6 3D shape creation for a measured plant cage method 12 6 4 Create shapes for a virtual plant 12 6 5 Create or Update Plant Particles Parameters 12 6 6 Desactivate a plant 12 6 7 Reactivate a plant 12 7 FuelEditors allometric approach for trees 12 7 1 Crown envelope 12 7 2 Thin biomass 12 8 Fuel Editor Fuel Layers 12 8 1 Fuel Layers List 12 8 2 Create or Update a Fuel Layer 12 8 3 Create shapes for a layer 12 6 3 1 Sample creation for a layer 12 8 3 2 2D shape creation for a layer 12 8 4 Create or Update layer Particles Parameters 12 8 5 Desactivate a layer 12 8 6 Reactivate a layer 12 9 Fuel Editor Fuel samples 12 9 1 Fuel Samples l
35. 1Pins bonnes valeurs tx MS 45 OON bte 2e 10 795 190 ee pole Ure 799 G N Y O A G O O Y G IN D w wa CO a J O Wor d OO wO O Wer O ex 3p a S oe ss x3 43 Scene file of the mixed plot at the Lamanon experimental study site Terrain name cellWidth m altitude m xMin yMin xMax yMax TerrainO 5 O 50 50 50 50 Polygons optionnal fore enclose EG n oao i ESO Sy SUD osos ceo ESS Pops uw lolo ANSE IEEE CAE MOIS ES Teeonudka deser lt 0 Series fuopopeosb5s radius lt dist Pop A distWeight_A siis ele cou Ie lie ROPER CHL SiEleciom 1 0 0 2 5 5 5 5 5 2 0 0 5 5 2 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 5 Z5 9 4 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 Trees fpop Species height crownBH crownD cover pct 1 Pinus halepensis ES 7 12 LS 2 Quercus ilex GES 2 5 15 3 Quercus pubescens ORS 1 5 TS 4 Buxus sempervirens Les 0 bs 30 distWeight B false false false false false false false false false false false false false false false false 91 Inventory file fuelbreak txt Scene file of a fuelbreak for the fuelmanager paper Terrain name cellWidth m altitude m xMin yMin TerrainO 10 O 0 0 300 Polygons optionnal e E wale Mil Een 2 ae 1 OO 20 0 a Dio 2 120 0 166 0 166 200 120 200 3 CTO 220 0 220 200 CN DOs 4 220 Oe Te X0 0 e SOT DOO 0220 20000 xMax 200 yMax TreeGroups fileld speciesName polygonId lowerBoundDBH upperBoundDB
36. 2 5 6 Municipalities List The municipality is a parameter included in the site description In most countries a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership All municipality objects stored in the database appear in a list This list contains the country the municipality name and the mention if the municipality is deleted or not 65 nm Municipality editor Searching criterias Country SE M Resulting municipalities From database Country Municipality Desactivated FR Aix en Provence false FR Ajaccio False FR J ramon false FR Beaurecueil false FR Bedouin False FR Belcod ne false FR Cabri s false FR Cabri res False FR Cadenet False FR Cheval Blanc false FR Ch teauneuf le Rouge False FR Collias false FR Collobri res false IFR Conca false 5 Figure 71 Municipalities list For research purposes the municipalities list can be restricted with a country selection in the Searching criteria frame Control buttons are e Modify to modify an existing municipality e add to add a new municipality only available for ADMINISTRATOR e Desactivate Reactivate to desactivate or reactivate an existing municipality only available for ADMINISTRATOR e close to close the window e Help to get help about this screen 12 5 7 Create or Update a Munic
37. 6 18 s er i losed e modfy __ Quercus coccifera n mt e A Broadleave Standard 6 18 Resineous standard 11 35 s Quercus ilex Resineous Client ul Associations table C Taxons arbutus A Strict L Criteria Patterns links L Taxons Height intervals Environment Patterns Lom EE V ENNNNNN NENNENM 7 008 arn m Remove Juniperus 0 si Closed T Modify Quercus coccifera losed Quercus ilex losed roatleave Standar Quercus ilex E C Environment closed v Editor GUIs a Criteria Pattern Association Criteria Preview Taxons Juniperus Preview D Height intervals m dat ME Ag 138 P i Environment Closed Patterns Existing v v Clone and Edit ui Criteria Pattern Association Criteria Preview Juniperus Taxons Superior diameters Height intervals m o EEB Inferior diamete Environment Closed C Height interval m 1 C Environment Patterns O Existing 17 30 s80 O New O From 17 30 s80 Create v Clone and Edit Preview tH Superior diamet rs a Patterns List Patterns List Resineous standard 11 35 s100 s10 pemove Patterns 2 70
38. 923 Picea mariana live twigs 24 1 032 2 654 6 113 Picea mariana dead twigs 24 1 000 9 790 12 25 Pinus banksiana leaves 24 Pinus banksiana live twigs 24 Pinus banksiana dead twigs 24 Pinus halepensis twigs 26 Other cumulative distributions can be used Chapman Richards models for Pinus sylvestris 27 4 99 M cumulative 0 0428 1 14 l e 0 993 For Loblolly pine Xu and Harrington 1998 31 used a H cumulativeDistribBM 1 e UP with a exp 0 620 Hdom Jexp 0 294LA and H exp 0 620 p exp 7 m 81 Other authors use non cumulative distribution For example for Pinus pinaster Port et al 2000 28 used NeedleDensity clL c3 L They used also the same distribution for horizontal distribution as a function of relative radius in crown Tognetti et al 2003 29 used the following distribution in Quercus pubescens E 232 u _ 242 ae de D g The last approach is the use of direct model for local biomass as a function of position in crown Pinus ponderosa 30 12 8 Fuel Editor Fuel Layers The Fuel layer is a collection of individual plants closely grouped and difficult to describe separately forming a layer generally much more wide than high A fuel layer is described as a single vegetation object and has almost the same properties than an individual plant Quercus coccifera shrubland is a typical fuel layer It may
39. 98a Tree mortality models for Pinus pinaster of Northern Portugal Jn Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology nternational Association of Wildland Fire pp 235 240 19 Sidoroff K Kuuluvainen T Tanskanen H Vanha Majamaa I 2007 Tree mortality after low intensity prescribed fires in managed Pinus sylvestris stands in southern Finland Scand J For Res 22 2 12 20 Ryan K C and Amman G D 1994 Interactions between fire injured trees and insects in the greater Yellowstone area Plants and their Environments In US Department of Interior and National Park Service ed Book of Proceedings of the First Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1991 WY 259 271 21 Catry FX Moreira F Duarte I Acacio V 2009 Factors affecting post fire crown regeneration in cork oak Quercus suber L trees European Journal of Forest Research 128 231 240 22 Ryan KC 1982 Evaluating potential tree mortality from prescribed burning Baumgartner DM ed p167 179 23 Linn RR 1997 Transport model for Prediction of Wildfire Behaviour Los Alamos National Laboratory Scientific Report LA13334 24 Alexander M E Stefner C N Mason J A Stocks B J Hartley G R Maffey M E Wotton B M Taylor S W Lavoie N Dalrymple G N 2004 Chartacterizing the jack pine black spruce fuel complex of the International Crown Fire Modelling Experiment ICFME Canadian F
40. CEMAGREF False Add to add a new team const M Desactivate Reactivate to TNIA CIFOR alse desactivate or reactivate an IMRA AVI alse Jun ONF s existing team UTAD DF Close to close the window WSL HG CIFAL Figure 58 Team list 12 3 2 Create a new Team To create a new team click on the Aaa button 59 EN Team editor e Save in the database to save modifications and close the window Team name 1 e Cancel to cancel modifications and close the window Password Note that Team code and Password are compulsory fields Save in database Figure 59 Team creation The team code and password will be useful to allow the connection to the database management 12 3 3 Update a team To update a team click on the Modify button EJ Team editor Manage persons to add or update a Team name INRA AVI person name TNR DE Password update to modify the team password Save im th database to save modifications and close the window Cancel to cancel modifications and close the window Le Team persons editor La e Desactivate in the database to Team INPA AVI desactivate the person A lt lt 2 Person name Cohen e Save in the database to save modifications and close the window Desactivate in database Save in database Figure 61 Team person update e Team password update x e
41. FIRE PARADOX Project no FP6 018505 Project Acronym FIRE PARADOX Project Title FIRE PARADOX An Innovative Approach of Integrated Wildland Fire Management Regulating the Wildfire Problem by the Wise Use of Fire Solving the Fire Paradox Instrument Integrated Project IP Thematic Priority Sustainable development global change and ecosystems DELIVERABLE AND PRODUCT P6 1 6 FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER SOFTWARE AND USER S MANUAL FINAL VERSION Due date of deliverable Month 47 Start date of project 1 March 2006 Duration 48 months Organization name of lead contractor for this deliverable INRA Revision 1000 Project co funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme 2002 2006 Dissemination Level UNE EN Restricted to other programme participants including the Commission Services RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium including the Commission Services co Confidential only for members of the consortium including the Commission Services Authors and contribution partners e P02 INRA URFM Avignon France Isabelle Lecomte Fran ois Pimont Eric Rigolot Oana Vigy e INRA AMAP Montpellier France Fran ois de Coligny S bastien Griffon e ARMINES Sophia Antipolis France Eric Rigaud Reference Lecomte I de Coligny F Griffon S Pimont F Rigaud E Rigolot E Vigy O 2010 Fire Paradox Fuel Manager User s manual Final Product P6 1 6 of the Inte
42. H groupAge stemDensity MCNeedles MCLiveTwigs MCDeadTwigs 1 Pinus halepensis 1 1O 30 40 0 400 100 80 LO 2 Pinus halepensis 2 20 30 40 0 i 100 80 LO 3 Pinus halepensis 3 20 30 AORO 50 100 80 LO 4 Pinus halepensis 4 1O 30 AORTO 400 100 80 LO LayerSet fileIdpolygoniId speciesName height bottomHeight percentage spatialGroup characteristicSize aliveMoistureContent aliveBulkDensity deadBulkDensity mvr svr Jt 3h Quercus coccifera QU TS OO ORO AU O TOMO OSSO L0 omi 500 0 5000 0 2 3h Brachypodium ramosum 0 25 OMO 20m0 OMS il WORO oF 0 4 QUO 500 0 TV OD D E 2 OQuerows coce thera 0525 OPO Zoe Zo O LORO WORO L0 Orma 5007770 20040770 4 2 Brachypodium ramosum 0 25 ORTO 29o 0 OS ik WORO us Q4 8 eO 50070 TOOQO0 0 5 3 Quercus coccifera 0 25 ORO 250 Dene O TORO IKORO IERO ompi 500 0 5000 0 6 3 Brachypodium ramosum 0 25 ORO 25o 0 OS 1 WORO Qe 0 4 oro 0501790 OOOO 7 4 Quercus coccifera CSSS ORO TORO Daw O ORO HORO L0 orsi 500 0 5000 0 8 4 Brachypodium ramosum 0 25 ORTO 20 0 ONS ii MORMO OL 0 4 OO OO 20 10000 0 Trees fileId speciesName ps y Z height crownBaseHeight crownDiameter crownDiameterHeight openess 92 FIRE PARADOX 14 2 Annex Chain between Patterns ul Patterns table Filter C Taxons a butus Strict 7 Height interval m i E Criteria Patterns links Taxons Height intervals Environment Patterns FE PE OT TU Rss 3 100 Opened Broadieave Standard
43. MAP Montpellier France In a few words CAPsIs is designed around a kernel which provides an organizational data structure session project scenario steps and also generic data descriptions stand tree etc These descriptions can be completed in modules one for each model which implement a proper data structure and a specific evolution function growth mortality regeneration etc with a chosen simulation step The FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER development team decided to join the CA42srs project to benefit from this practical scalable and free platform which is adapted to forestry modellers forestry managers and education Thus we co developed a new CAPsrs module Fire Paradox which implements data structure and functionalities of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER CAPSIS and FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER are both written in JAVA language 4 1 2 The Fuel Database Data related to fuel descriptions are stored in a database with the purpose of designing a European data and knowledge base on fuels FIRE PARADOX FUEL database WSL is the partner in charge of implementing the FUEL database in the framework of WP3 3 4 Design a database for fuel and plant architecture The data structure has been designed in collaboration with INRA partner The complete database structure will be described in D3 3 6 Database of fuel characteristics due date month 48 The FU z database is also accessible through a web interface availabl
44. ND EVOLUTION AND INTERVENTIONS When a vegetation scene is ready Figure 47 it can be validated with the ox button of the scene editor panel and it becomes an initial step 0a root step From this initial step an various evolution scenarios can be run Scene editor State Scene Rendering Selection Edition 77 General amp Total cover 81 Un Maximum height m 13 41 y Total load kg m2 1 03 t Fr Number 2336 IV Threshold between shrub and trees y Threshold value m 1 5 EJ Tree strata 3 Cover 49 e Number 2336 Trc Load kg m2 0 49 Shrub strata Cover 6 69 Phytovolume 5199 Load kg m2 0 55 Orbit Click Move to orbit Shift Click Move to translate Ctrl Click Move to zoom Login Paswod Connection Patterns Editor Previous C ok Cancel Help F Figure 47 An example of ready to validate vegetation scene CAPSIS hosts models for forests plantations growth and dynamics modeling All modules including the FIRE PARADOX MODULE can be run under the same framework Under a given project different simulations can be run to investigate several scenarios of the life of a stand Each simulation history contains different steps to describe stand evolution human interventions and ecological perturbations Projects memorize the different steps of the simulation history Each step has a date and
45. Planting along a line v 8 Number of items 10 Density per meter 0 0 Absence probability 0 0 Alea m 0 0 Figure 24 Along line planting process C Planting in rows This function permits to plant vegetation objects in rows according to spatial parameters Planting can be done on the all scene or only Inside a selected polygon Distance between plants and Distance between rows determine the planting pattern BP Absence probability and Random enables to specify a rate of exceptions in the planting process 30 Spatialisation Method Planting in rows v Distance between plants m 0 0 Distance between rows m 0 0 Absence probability 0 0 Random m 0 0 The items will be drawn in the polygon bounding box then only the items in the polygon will be kept Figure 25 Planting in rows method of planting d Random Patterns This function permits to display a set of vegetation objects following a random pattern Planting can be done on the all scene or only Inside a selected polygon Number of items determines the number of trees that will be randomly generated Spatialisation Method Random pattern Number of items The given number of items will be drawn in the polygon bounding box then only the items in the polygon will be kept Figure 26 Random pattern method of planting 6 2 3 Adding a Polygon or a Polyline It
46. Resulting fuels fram database Team Site Species Height m Crown base H Crown D m Origin Validated Desactivated INRA AVI null Buxus sempervir 0 25 Virtual INRA AVI null Buxus sempervir S Virtual IINR A AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic 4Measured INRA AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic 6 Measured INRA AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic 6Measured IINRA AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic Measured IINR A AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic INRA AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic IINR A AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic IINR A AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic IINR A AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic IINRA AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic IINR A AVI Antheron Rosmarinus offic TRIO A AST mr a ETT Figure 73b Fuel plants list Measured Measured Measured 25 Measured Measured 3 Measured Measured DpjOoOjojo u ooojojojojojooo TL EIAS Soruod 67 The list can be restricted with selection in the research criteria s Control buttons are 12 6 Add to add a new plant Shapes to manage different shapes attached to a plant Parameters to enter parameters for each plant particle Validate to check a plant data integrity in the database in order to permit its utilisation in virtual scene creation and in exportation to run a fire simulation To be validated a plant must have a 3D shape A validated plant cannot be modified Edit to display
47. Save in the database to save the new MAC WU password and close the window New password Note that ADMINISTRATOR can update a team A assword without entering the older password i Figure 62 Team password update 12 3 4 Desactivate a Team To desactivate a team select it in the team list and click on Desactivate Reactivate When the team data appears on the teams editor screen click on besactivate in the database 60 The team object won t be physically deleted in the database it will be only logically desactivated E3 Team editor Team name Desactivate in database Figure 63 Team desactivation 12 3 5 Reactivate a Team To reactivate a team select it in the teams list and click on Desactivate Reactivate When the team data appears on the teams editor screen click on Reactivate in the database 12 4 Teams Editor Team rights A Team is not allowed to update other teams data but can manage its own data as password and persons list E Team editor e Manage persons to add or update a Team name INRA AVI person name e Ww HH NIC Er e Password update to modify the team password e save in the database to save modifications and close the window e cancel to cancel modifications and close the window Password update Save in database Figure 64 Team person management EJ Team persons edi
48. Windows Macintosh Linux and anything else which accepts Java Steps dedicated to the Windows operating system are stressed in this chapter as it is the most common operating system 3 1 Java Runtime Environment installation 1 Install Java 1 6 j2se on your computer Windows Linux see http java sun com j2se Mac OS X check that Apple s Java 1 6 is installed on your machine You need a JRE Runtime Environment for simple use or a JDK Development Kit including a java compiler if you are a developer 2 Ensure that your PATH contains java install directory bin You can check your PATH in a new terminal by entering java version If a JRE is already installed on your computer a checkout will indicate the running version number Depending on the result the required version will be installed In a terminal execute the following commands Windows java version Linux Mac OS X sh java version cx Invite de commandes Microsoft Windows HP version 5 1 26HH l CG Copyright 1985 26801 Microsoft Corp Cox java version java version 1 6 8 15 JauaCTH SE Runtime Environment amp huild 1 6 H 15 hH3 5 Java HotSpot Th gt Client UM Chuild 14 1 b 2 mixed mode sharing Eh we a Figure 4 Command window screenshot java version 1 6 installed 3 2 Install amp Start CAPSIS CAPsIS is an open software platform which hosts a wide range of forests growth and dynamics models The Fire Paradox module
49. a Patterns links Preview Taxons Height intervals Environment Patterns Arbutus unedo i Arbousier boule 3 50 595 s Broadieaves nd pen roadieave Standard 6 18 s Pinus halepensis Pattern List apin 5 0 s80 s60 s30 s Modify Quercus coccifera 0 Arbousier boule 3 50 s95 s Quercus ilex Close Broadleave Standard 6 18 s Resineous Resineous standard 11 35 s Associations Previewer Criteria Shape Pattern EEH Superior diameters EEH Interior diamete COEM Function buttons Figure 42 Main window of the Patterns Editor a Frame Filter The frame Filter permits to sort all available associations using the three criteria taxon height interval and environment Check a box in front of a criterion to filter the associations e The taxa drop down list contains all taxa stored in the FRE PARADOX FUEL database Select a genus or species to sort associations mentioning it Check the strict box to make a search on association with the right taxon Unchecking it lets the search performed on the right taxon and less taxonomic level e g criteria Quercus associations with Quercus and related species are searched Quercus ilex etc e he Height interval m contains two fields dedicated to the lower and upper limits of an interval respectively inclusive and rejected values 41 o Fill in a value as lower limit to search all associations which is h
50. ability etc The user can select the empirical model he wants for crown damage cambium damage and mortality probability through combo boxes untiin B 50 d E Name fireparadax Unnamed Model Fire Paradox 6 ha AN in memory Users pimant capiis4 data Trreparadox T Explorer ioi L d d l Uu u FireParadox 20 Viewer L b ob Ib LT 7p LL 14h tI an WY 5b b Irem Ti MAID Viewer le 2c ke Mix Eh pori viride p Simple varwer Tear visent 7 gt Weser 30 Viewer 3D LIS chat to Ort hit CCE Moss To translate Crrlad lick Men po zoom we Eo arbi Shafe Click Mve to translate Ctrl Click Move fo zoom Ca ex WA Praha Y Ten PF x Fire 3 dev n Vm T Viewer iD LE alae niereentian done Figure 49 Project manager with 3 scenarios in an Aleppo pine stand separated by a road in black The top part represents the different steps in year in the different scenarios starting from a same initial stand 0a visualized below top left 3D viewer The different scenarios are e a natural evolution during 6 years of the stand e b understorey clearing and tree thinning 5 m between crowns on a 100 m wide zone followed by 6 years of evolution e c understorey clearing and tree thinning 5 m between crowns on a 100 m wide zone followed by 3 years of evolution and a fire 750 kW m Damage from the fire can be
51. ace Windthrow Pasture WildfireGround Landslide 64 Wildfire LandUse UndefinedEvent Mastication GrassCutting BushClearing Chipping Lop and Scatter PileBurn UndefinedFuelTreatment EJ SITE events management e Add to add a new event Type Start date End date e Modify to modify an event Wildfire 15 03 2007 15 03 2007 gt e Delete to delete an event e Validation to save modifications and close the window e Close to cancel modifications and close the window Select the event type Enter starting date DD MM YYYY format Enter ending date DD MM YYYY format Save to save modifications e Cancel to cancel modifications and End date DD MM YYYY close the window Save Cancel Figure 70 Site event edition ES Event editor Event type Residual Fertilization Start date DD MM YYYY 12 5 4 Desactivate a Site gt To desactivate a site select it in the sites list and click on besactivate Reactivate When the site data appears on the sites editor screen click on the besactivate in the database button The object won t be physically deleted in the database it will be only logically desactivated 12 5 5 Reactivate a Site gt To reactivate a site select it in the sites list and click on the Desactivate Reactivate button gt When the site data appears on the sites editor screen click on the Reactivate in the database button 1
52. ame e See more or less steps in the Project Manager e Watch the settings of the C4Pszs model linked to the project Projects can be saved on disk and reloaded later on in the same exact state The linked model is also saved with its current settings in order to be reusable after re opening To save a project on disk e Select the project by clicking on one of its steps e Project gt Save As e Choose a location and file name free file extension e Validate To open a project from disk e Project gt Open e Select the file containing the project in the file system e An overview shows information of the selected project file e Validate 10 2 Groups Some models manage individual trees or plot cells in their data structure For these models it is possible to create groups of trees or plot cells These groups can be named and then used in the Viewers ex restrict to trees higher than 10m or in graphical outputs To open the croup catalog e StepMenu gt Group Create a new GROUP e Group catalog gt New e Choose a name for the group e Choose group type ex Trees Dynamic e Select a filter e Parameterize it e Inspect the result in the display e Optionally refine selection with other filters e When everything is ok Validate 47 The group is saved to disk it is now known by CAPsrs until it is removed from the catalog Customize a GROUP e Group catalog e Select a Group to be customized in th
53. ay vegetation objects on the vegetation scene After having selected a vegetation object it is necessary to specify its location its clone number and its planting structure Different modes for spatial display of vegetation objects on the scene are currently available Interactive planting Planting along a line Planting in rows Random patterns 29 a Interactive Planting This option enables to locate trees directly on the scene with the mouse Spatialisation p When this option is activate one vegetation Method Ee object will be planted for each click on the To add items click in the scene at relevant locations scene The activate desactivate possibilities make it possible to change the point of view in the scene and then to come It IS possible to deactivate this option for RACE GE UE MESE ee selecting functionality or any other object on the scene Figure 23 Interactive planting dialog b Along a line This function permits to plant vegetation objects along a line according to spatial parameters Aline can be a polyline or the contour of a polygon Number of items Or a Density per meter can be displayed on the scene m BP Absence probability process enables to specify a rate of exceptions in the planting Alea is the maximum distance that is permitted between the selected line and the effective location of the planted object Spatialisation Method
54. breast height cm BLC bole length charred 6 The models implemented in the FUEL MANAGER illustrate the range of fire sensitivity of Mediterranean species Figure 53 Mortality as a function of CVS Pinus halepensis Pinus pinaster dbh 30cm Pinus pinea 0 81 Generic pine bt 2cm Generic pine bt 3Scm 0 6 Pm 0 47 0 20 40 60 80 100 CVS Figure 53 Generic pine is Ryan and Amman s model 53 10 4 Session saving and opening A Session is a collection of Projects Several projects can be simultaneously opened then individually saved or in a whole session In this case projects are still saved individually but a session file is also saved Opening the session file will later re open all the projects To save a session on disk e File gt Save As Session e Choose a location and file name free file extension e Validate To open a session from disk e File gt Open Session e Select the file containing the session in the file system e An overview shows information of the selected session file e Validate 54 11 FIRE MODELS EXPORTATION One of the main objectives of the application is to automatically build input files for both 2D and 3D fire behaviour models The software must enable to create and visualise input files based on the selected scene for fire behaviour models and simulations At the moment only the FZRETEC exportation is available
55. can be also used to represent canopies A Fuel LayerSet contains different Fuel Layers which represent each fuel type included in the Fuel LayerSet For example a Fuel LayerSet of garrigue can contain 3 Fuel Layers Quercus coccifera Rosmarinus officinalis and Brachypodium retosum Each layer is described with its own macrospopic properties including bulk density LAI moisture cover fraction and characteristic size of clumps in the Fuel LayerSet In the 3D editor the individual plants are represented as individual items with a crown shape whereas a Fuel LayerSet is represented by a cylinder which section is the polygon attached to the Fuel Layerset and the height is the maximum of layer heights contained in the Fuel Layerset Table 1 Attributes of the main vegetation objects included in a vegetation scene Terrain Identifier SpeciesName Identifier Grid Position X y z Polygon Plant DBH TreeHeight Crown Base Height Crown Layers Fuel LayerSet Diameter MaxDiameterHeight CrownProfile Height BottomHeight Polygon CrownColor BulkDensity Leaf Area Idex Load CoverFraction Live Dead and Leave Twig Moistures FireParameters SeverityParameters Additional attributes for database plant TeamName Checked CloseEnvironment Table 2 Attributes of the Fuel Layers included in the Fuel LayerSets Fuel Layer attributes SpeciesName Height BottomHeight Alive Dead BulkDensity Leaf Area Index CoverFraction PatchSize
56. compulsory e Latitude has to be numerical and between 0 and 360 degrees e Longitude has to be numerical and between 0 and 90 degrees e Altitude has to be numerical e slope value has to be numerical and between 0 and 360 degrees e Aspect value has to be numerical and between 0 and 360 degrees Available values for Topographic position are e Summit e HighSlope e MidSlope e LowSlope e ValleyBottom e Plateau Available values for Slope type are e Flat e Weak e Steep e Variable 63 Available values for Aspect class are e N e NE e E e SE e 5S e SW e W e NW e PLAIN Control buttons are e Municipality editor to add or to modify a municipality e Events management to manage the site event list e save in the database to save modifications and close the window e Cancel to cancel modifications and close the window e Help to get help about this screen 12 5 3 Manage site events It is possible to store a list of event attached to each site An event is defined with a type and dates Available types are Residual Fertilization RestorationWork SalvageLogging LoggingDamage StumpWooding Thinning Insects and Disease Pruning SelectionCut IceStorm FuelTreatment PrescribedFire Avalanche Flood Grazing MechanicalTreatment SilviculturalOperation Clearcut NaturalEvent WildfireCrown Fertilization Reseeding WildfireSurf
57. contains different fuel layers which represent each fuel type included in the Fuel LayerSet For example a Fuel LayerSet of garrigue can contain 3 layers Quercus coccifera Rosmarinus officinalis and Brachypodium retosum Fuel layers correspond to a fuel complex where few information is available on the position of the individual fuel type inside of it or when the user wants to summarize them in a unique object It is generally used to represent understorey but can be also used to represent canopies Object Sensus C4psis elements composing a scene such as a terrain a grid polygons polylines or vegetation objects in other word item Plant vegetation object Measured plant vegetation object corresponding to a real plant measured in the field Virtual plant vegetation object not corresponding to real plant measured in the field It may differ either by its shape by the distribution of cubes within its shape by the values of one or several fuel parameters e g mean of several samples Renderer Computer science term graphical way to represent a 3D object FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER proposes several renderers to visualise Objects terrain grid and vegetation objects Terrain ground surface of a vegetation stand It may be flat or may follow the ground surface topography through a Digital Elevation Model DEM This object is necessary to display vegetation objects Shape pattern characterization of the crown envelope of a veg
58. d Team and site are two levels of fuel data organization stored in the database Each vegetation object individual plants or Fuel LayerSet can be associated to a detailed representation of its 3D fuel structure so that it can be exported to any kind of fire models that use an explicit 3D representation of the fuel This structure is based on a description of the item in small voxels By small we mean significantly smaller than the item size so that the item 3D structure is reasonably well described This size will depend on the method use to fill the voxels allometric tree models measured sample etc see below The voxels in the 3D Matrix of a fuel item contain different local properties of the voxel including its fuel volume m its live and dead fuel biomasses kg its surface area m and live and dead fuel water mass kg E53 Fuel database manager E Sites and Municipalities Plants I Layer shrubs Samples Figure 57 FIRE PARADOX FUEL DATABASE MANAGER Main menu 12 3 Teams Editor Administrator rights A Team is a FIRE PARADOX partner involved in fuel description field and laboratory works Team complete edition is available only for user ADMINISTRATOR 12 3 1 Teams List All team objects stored in the database appear in a list This list contains the team name and the mention if the team is desactivated or not CER n X Modify to modify an existing Team Desactivated team
59. d chosen then go to the scene editor page Buffers were correctly loaded Figure 11 Scene generation window The scene generation resulting from these different options are detailed in the next chapters 5 3 From a database inventory This option enables to generate a vegetation scene by loading an inventory file which contains only vegetation objects known in the 7RE PARADOX FUEL database The inventory file describes each vegetation object throughout its 1p in the FAIRE PARADOX FUEL database and location This option requires a connection with the remote database since spec es height and crown dimensions are read for each fuel in the database before generating the scene The inventory file contains also a line describing the dimensions of the terrain Using this option to generate a vegetation scene will make possible the creation of export files necessary to run the fire propagation model 5 4 From a detailed Inventory File A detailed inventory file can be loaded it describes each vegetation object in details throughout its species crown dimensions and location It doesn t require an access to the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database because it doesn t contain vegetation object ID of the database 5 4 1 For Viewing Only This sub option is planned when user doesn t need to run an export of the vegetation scene to be able to run the fire behaviour model It enables to display on the vegetation scene a wider range of vegetation objects
60. date and holds a snapshot of the stand at this date calculated by the red model e The left area presents all extensions of the platform that are compatible with the module charts graphs maps etc e The bottom right space displays data according to the selected extension 4 1 2 Module Fire Paradox Screen Layout The 3D editor is designed to visualize and edit the scene containing the fuel The main window of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER is divided into several functionally independent regions a 3D view panel of the scene left a menu bar a tool bar and a real time control panel right 17 Mountain Tools Bar FA Scene editor R A amp State Scene Rendering Selection Edition General 3D View Panel Total cover 96 4 r4 Maximum height m 15 Total load kg m2 0 02 Number 48 Threshold between shrub and trees Threshold value m 2 0 Real Time Tree strata Panel Cover 96 4 Number 48 Load kg m2 0 02 Shrub strata Cover 96 Phytovolume Load kg m2 Zoom Click Move to zoom Login i Password Patterns Editor Control buttons Figure 7 Main window of the FPFM a Tools Bar This area composed of graphical icons is dedicated to vegetation scene functionalities e Camera toolbar buttons perform a number of viewpoint motions interactively orbit to change the orbit point of view pp t Pan to move the scene vertically and horizontally a
61. e Real HE Grid i ici Le Grid 1 Time pee All objects visible on the El Polygone scene will appear in the inspector i Polygone 51 SG Terrain For simple selection click with the left i Terrain 2 5 3 Tree 48 mouse button on desired vegetation e objects This action deselects all H Tree 4 lected obiect Tree 5 previously selected objects e Tree 7 For a multi selection hold down the D EE Ctrl key while clicking with the e Tree 10 left mouse button on objects He Tree 11 4 Tree 12 0 9 Tree 13 Collapse all Expand all Selection 5 Figure 17 Multi selection of trees in the scene inspector 6 2 Adding An interactive mode permits to add objects on the scene This chapter focuses on the way to display vegetation objects on the vegetation scene and on the way to add figures as polygons or polylines Fg Eg to add an object on the scene Choose the vegetation object Choose the planting method process 9 9 9 Click on App to add the object s E Add in the scene Items choice Type Tree Method FireParadox database Selection criteria Gender Species Height m Crown Diameter mj Plants in the database Species Heigh Crow Buxus sempervi Buxus sempervir Cadus atlantica Cistus albidus Cistus albidus Cistus albidus Spatialigation Method I To
62. e create button to create a new shape pattern A clone one select an available shape pattern in the drop down list and click the Clone and edit button This option is useful to create a new shape pattern based on an existing one Validate by clicking confirm the new association is added to the table 9 2 2 Update an Association Updating an association consists in updating the criteria and or updating the associated shape pattern Those modifications imply to take into account the same coherence rules as for a new association s Select an association in the table Click on the Modify button of the Patterns Editor main interface to open the same window as for adding an association The parameters of the selected association are already filled in and can be modified Validate your changes by clicking the confirm button 9 2 3 Remove an Association Associations can be removed by two ways a Remove button s Select an association in the table Click on the Remove button of the Patterns Editor main interface to delete the current association The user must confirm before really removing the association 43 b Reset button At the bottom left of the interface the Reset button permits to delete all client associations 9 3 Shape Patterns 9 3 1 Shape Patterns Dialog Windows Two dialog windows enable to manage shape patterns The first one permits to describe a shape patter
63. e additional properties such as moisture content MC 96 fuel density MVR kg m and area to volume ratio SVR m to compute fuel volume fuel surface and water mass in each voxel 79 12 7 1 Crown envelope The crown envelope modeling is based on tree dimension models for height crown based height crown radius and on crown shape models Examples of tree dimension models are provided in Table 6 Table 6 Allometric relationships for tree dimensions Tree Height m 1 CrownRadus m CrownBaseHeight Pinus 32678 DBH 5 0 0661H Derived from 24 0 25 7 banksiana mi 2 24 DBH 1 1925 Derived from 24 255DBH ps 0I461DBH P es halepensis Dinaster Pinus H 1 94 0 105 H 0 016 H sylvestris 0 34 H DBH 0 048 H domH 0 009 BA 27 Quercus 0 125DBH 1 82 Cermak et al 2008 or 29 domH is the dominant height in stand BA is the basal area in stand Crown shape models are generally a function of height crown base height crown radius and relative height in crown For example with the relative height in crown Le and the relative radius in crown Re Port et al 2000 28 provide the following relationship for maritime pine R 80L 234L 27 0L 11 9L rel In Ponderosa pine Linn et al 2005 30 used the following equations If Lis the crown length and Low taken equal to 0 22 the length of the lower part of the crown L
64. e left mouse button and drag the cursor in the desired direction 33 7 2 Object Renderers Objects terrain grid and vegetation objects of the vegetation scene can be visualized in different ways thanks to several renderers As any renderers are in fact CAPsrs extensions the Fire Paradox module needs only to match an extension to be able to use it So Bounding Boxes Lollypops and Grid renderers are used as they were released in CAP2sis it implies to adapt some functionalities to the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER requirements On the contrary the Pattern Sketcher renderer was especially developed for the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER purposes 7 2 1 Renderers Dialog Windows Renderers can be user configured in the Rendering tab of the Real Time Panel The tab is composed of two frames Renderer Anchars Polygone Tree Lollypop with Profile MT Terrain DIM E wled Gri E Rendering Lollypop with Profile C Outline 8 Filled Number of sectors 8 E The Renderers list at the top displays all objects terrain grid and vegetation objects which are contained in the scene with an associated render The settings pane permits to edit settings which are specific to each kind of render For instance if vegetation objects are displayed with the lollypop render the user can change the settings for the crown representation Figure 32 Object renders
65. e list e Customize e Change filters parameters e Validate Remove a GROUP e Group catalog e Select a Group e Delete 10 3 Stand intervention Among the management options the user can choose e to compute an evolution of the stand from a given step for a given number of years EVOLUTION this functionality is detailed in the main CAP2szs help on line e to compute an intervention pruning thinning clearing etc or a perturbation Fire effects etc INTERVENTION e to export the current step in a given format Export this functionality will be detailed in the next chapter In the case of an EVOLUTION the model calculates different steps and links them after the starting step These new steps will have different dates In the case of an INTERVENTION the user has to parameterize the INTERVENTION new step is added after the chosen step carrying the stand after INTERVENTION Figure 49 Viewers can give a representation of the stand under a given project step This representation can be graphical maps distribution or not text Graphical outputs can mix data extracted from several steps of one or several projects These representations can be graphical curves histograms scatter plots or not tables text 10 3 1 Interventions Fire managers use mostly thinning and pruning as canopy fuel treatment Among the variety of thinning possibilities available in CA2srs it is p
66. e on the Fire Paradox Fire Intuition platform at http www fireintuition efi int 10 2 TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS This chapter gives a list of terms used in this manual A few concepts were already explained in the glossary and deliverable D6 1 2 Detailed definition of the data structure and functionalities of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER 2 1 Session project module scenario Session project module and scenario are CAPSIS concepts A session can contain several projects so the user can open several projects in parallel Each project is associated to a specific module chosen at the beginning A project always contains a root step supporting the initial stand of the simulation either loaded from file or virtually generated The user can create different scenarios by alternating growth sequences calculated by the model and silvicultural treatments 2 2 Extensions The simulated data can then be checked by using specific extensions plug ins of the module or others that are compatible with viewers graphics intervention methods including thinning pruning fertilization plantation etc and export tools in various formats for closer analysis 2 3 Objects A scene can be composed of several objects such as a terrain a grid and several vegetation objects Terrain corresponds to the ground of a vegetation stand It may be flat or may follow the ground surface topography through a Digital Elevation Model DEM This object
67. e scene are built and merge into the FIRETEC matrix 55 When a vegetation scene is ready to be exported click on OK on the main interface of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER Figure 47 You are back to the project creation screen of FIRE PARADOX model under CAPsrs Click on ox again On the main CAP2srs interface you can see the initial root step 0a of your project containing your initial scene Left click on this root step Select Export Capsis 4 1 5 untitled File Edit View Project Tools Window Help Ble ses E 9 hi ame rrr Model Fire Paradox 1 2 ha All in memory Explorer Evolution Inspector MAID Viewer Intervention Sapin viewer Delete Step Simple viewer t Group Text viewer Page4 Pages Configure Properties Figure 5 EXPORT choice on CAPSIS main interface Choose the F reTec MonoFuel Export format in the list Choose a target folder name to store the exportation files results Browse button enables to explore your computer hard disk 9 9 Click on ok a Export ddd 0a Export format Available formats Firetec Monofuel Export v Class capsis extension ioformat firetecsinglefamily FiretecSingleF amily Author F de Coligny O Vigy
68. eate or Update a Fuel Layer To create a new fuel layer click on Aaa To modify a layer select the layer in the list and click on Edit For further information refer to plant creation and update see chapter 12 6 2 12 8 3 Create shapes for a layer To be used in the FAIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER the layer measured or virtual has to be described as a 2D shape Only the cube method is available for creating a layer e Enter the voxels and samples EJ New shape design for a measured layer dimensions in cm Samples column dimension cm e Enter the shape dimensions e Enter the shape to continue e Close to cancel the shape creation Vowel height in z 25 Diameter in X 25 Diameter in Y 25 v CORE sample height in Z 100 E EDGE sample height in CORE and EDGE shapes dimension cm NoTE For virtual layers the dialog box Edu M rt _ and shape creation procedure will be EDGEheightimz 100 Diameter in X 20 the same Layer dimension cm Layer width min Layer spread width max Layer spread MAX Enter the shape J Clase A Help Figure 90 Measured layer shape creation 12 8 3 1 Sample creation for a layer For a layer at least one sample creation CORE or and EDGE is compulsory This sample is composed of a column of voxels with 3 types represented TOP CENTER BASE The procedure is the same as for plant samples see chapter to 12 6 3 1 12 8 3 2 2D shape creatio
69. erent vegetation objects displayed by using the same shape pattern the one previously described in Figure 2 12 14 7m 1 14 1m 1 12 3m 2 yj Y M 11 1m 2 AD smo NG 5 8m 4 4 4m 4 Figure 3 1 Crown height 2 Max diameter height 3 Crown base height The first shape looks like its associated shape pattern Figure 2 but the two others have quite different aspects It is due to one single property the maximum crown diameter height which differs from one vegetation object to the other Indeed in the three illustrations the maximum diameter level is respectively 29 76 and 99 of the crown height more or less closed to the 33 set in the shape pattern To date the maximum crown diameter height is randomly generated because this property is still missing in vegetation objects description in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database This property is planned to be filled in at the same time as other vegetation object shape properties thanks to the vegetation object manipulation functionalities The coherence between those different inputs should be then guaranteed 13 3 INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION The installation and configuration of three components are necessary to fully use the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER e Java Runtime Environment JRE version 1 6 e Module Fire Paradox of the C4psis platform Detailed instructions are given in the following chapters The FiRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER works on
70. etation object by defining the ratios between the different horizontal stratifications of the crown Site location where destructive fuel sampling has been carried out to characterize individual plant or particle fuel properties Taxon a taxon plural taxa is a name applied for an organism or a group of organisms In biological nomenclature according to Carl Linnaeus a taxon is assigned to a taxonomic rank and can be placed at a particular level in a systematic hierarchy reflecting evolutionary relationships Team Fire Paradox partner involved in fuel description field and laboratory works Vegetation object individual plant tree shrub grass or fuel layer represented on the vegetation scene and fully described as a fuel in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database Vegetation scene collection of vegetation objects organized on a landscape including possibly different vegetation layers trees shrubs grasses and litter Voxel Elementary volume for fuel description It is generally but not necessarily a volume of 25 cm side A voxel is part of the fuel sample collected in the field when using the cube method see Fuel sample Vegetation object Distribution of fuel Three fuel samples types used to build samples in a the vegetation object vegetation object Figure 1 Vegetation object built with 3 types of fuel samples 1 INTRODUCTION This document presents the functionalities of the application identified as an Integrated Product
71. etween and Layer min height m between and Name Min H m Max H m Density kg m3 LAI Arbutus unedo 3 Arbutus unedo Brachypodium retusum Buxus sempervirens Buxus sempervirens Buxus sempervirens Buxus sempervirens Calycotome villosa Remove Clear Name Min H m Max H m Characteris Cover 96 Live MC 96 Dead MC 96 Composite layer Cover percentages sum Add layers in the composite layer fill in the missing characteristic size cover percentage mandatory and moisture content then Add the composite layer in the scene in place of a selected polygon Figure 21 Adding a Layer from the FUEL database 28 d Adding a Local Layer A Local Layer Set is a Composite Layer built with layers that are not extracted from the FUEL database Local Layers may have tow origins e Predefined LayerSets The button Add layerSet entails to add the layers of predefined layerSet models Other default models can be added in a text file if required Note The option for evolution with time is not yet available e Build the LayerSet from individual layers The button Aaa layer entails to add selected layers one by one Note All the layers included in the Local Layer Sets can be edited and modified if the user prefers specific values for a given parameter in the table Add in the scene Items choice
72. f shapes Edge Centre Symmetric Edge Symmetric Centre Edge Centre Symmetric Figure 88 Elements of a crown layer shape and types of shape 12 8 1 Fuel Layers List When selecting the Layer shrubs button on the Fuel database manager Figure 89a the Layers fuel list window is opened Figure 89b 82 All layers stored in the database appear in a list This list contains e species name e plant height in meters e plant crown base height in meters e plant crown diameter in meters e plant origin measured or virtual e mention if the plant is validated or not e mention if the plant is deleted or not Fuel database manager e LAYER fuel list rResearch criterias Team i Species Height Origin Validated INRA AVI UO lv v E mll wl rResulting fuels from database Team Site Species Height m Crown base H m Origin Desactivated INRA AVI null Arbutus unedo Virtual INRA AVI null Arbutus unedo Virtual INRA AVI null Arbutus unedo Virtual INRA AVI null Arbutus unedo Virtual INRA AVI null Arbutus unedo Virtual INRA AVI null Arbutus unedo Virtual INRA AVI null Arbutus unedo J Virtual INRA AVI null Buxus sempervirens Virtual INRA AVI pull Buxus sempervirens Virtual INRA AVI null Buxus sempervirens Virtual INRA AVI pull Buxus sempervirens INRA AVI null Calycotome villosa JINRA AVI Juli Calycotome villosa inna arm Caluzatana milles u n3
73. fication in 2D Right part for legend and biomasses checking L amp CUBE method 3D shape editor Plant Shape Plant ID 35037634 Shape ID 1 Team EMP Type Plant Site Antheron Kind XYZ Species Cedrus atlantica Voxel width X 0 25 Reference EMP 03 Voxel width Y 0 25 Height 1 0 Voxel height z 0 25 Origin Measured Forward ende j Top Backward fi Center e C Not set Voxels 64 L JL JL JL JL JL J View point Front mm Depth 1 copy Paste Validate Cancel Total measured biomass g Total estimated biomass g Figure 83 Measured 3D shape edition with voxel types Left part The crown shape appears in 3D X is the diameter Y is the perpendicular diameter Z is the shape height The selected voxel slice in red appears in 2D in the grid in the central screen Front Rear Left Right Top Bottom enables to display the shape from different direction Forward Backward enables to change the voxel slice point of view Central part To change a voxel color type select the color from the legend and left click on the voxel The voxel appears in the selected color with a red border Existing particles and biomasses for this type of voxel appear in the bottom right part of the screen To change several voxels color at the same time draw a rectangle with the right click around the group of voxels A zoom tool is a
74. ficinalis 25 _ B E C NM 167 0 EN ___ 10 Thymus vulgaris 0 25 0 39 79 70 10 Rosmarinus officinalis L 0 25 i Bx 2 33 Um 70 10 Rosmarinus officinalis 0 25 70 10 Buxus sempervirens 0 75 is 907 0 70 10 Ciche slhidue n ci nc n a 70 10i Figure 19 Adding a Database Tree b Adding a Local Tree Select a tree species Fill the tree general information Add the selected tree on the scene with a planting option 27 Add in the scene Items choice Type br A Method Local Trees Dominant Height m 10 0 Mean age 30 0 Standard deviation 0 0 Number of stem hectare Live Moisture content X Dead Moisture content 95 Spatialisation Method Random pattern Inside the selected polygon Number of items Add Help Figure 20 Adding a Local Tree C Adding a FireParadox Layer Sets a Composite Layer from the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database Select a Layer in the list extracted from the Fue database Click on App to add this layer to the composite layer Update Layer description in the Composite Layer table Repeat these action as far as the Composite Layer is not complete Add the Composite Layer on the scene with planting option A Add in the scene rItems choice Type Method FireParadox Laver Sets Layers in the database Layer max height m b
75. g Twigs D z ac gi100g 3 34E 4 Twigs 82 ma 0 T value NOT measured Save in the database to save Leaves SWRm ims 63000 S modifications Leaves AC gji 0g i ix Leaves ME Leaves HOW K3lkg Leaves Size mm Twigs_6_25 MWRkgims 858 083103 Save in Ehe database Cancel Help Figure 87 Plant particle parameters update 12 6 6 Desactivate a plant To desactivate a plant select the plant in the plants list and click on Desactivate Reactivate button When the fuel data appears on the fuels editor screen click on Desactivate in the database The object won t be physically deleted in the database it will be logically desactivated All shapes attached to this plant will also be desactivated 12 6 7 Reactivate a plant To reactivate a plant select the plant in the plants list and click on Desactivate Reactivate When the plant data appears on the fuels editor screen click on Reactivate in the database Shapes attached to this plant won t be reactivated 12 7 FuelEditors allometric approach for trees Allometric models can be used to fill up the 3D Matrix of the crown of some species These models are generally based on a dendrometric property of the tree such as diameter at breast height DBH generally in cm or tree height H in m The requirements are the following e a model for the crown envelope e amodel for fuel mass in the envelope
76. grated project Fire Paradox Project no FP6 018505 European Commission 93 p Download link Fire Paradox Fuel Manager software capsis 4 2 2 fireparadox setup Feb2010 jar can be downloaded from the Fire Paradox Fire Intuition platform at http www fireintuition efi int Executive summary The FiRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER is computer software integrated in the data processing chain between the European data and knowledge base on fuels FIRE PARADOX FUEL database and the 3D physical based fire propagation models The scientific objective is the representation of vegetation scenes and their transformation into fuel complexes including all the necessary parameters to run a fire behaviour model The technological objectives are to implement a user friendly platform to generate fuel complexes in 3D to provide tools for managing the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database to visualize fire effects on trees and simulate post fire vegetation successions A survey of available simulation platform technologies has led us to join the C4P57s project dedicated to hosting a wide range of models for forest dynamics and stand growth A new CAPSIS module Fire Paradox has been developed which implements data structure and functionalities of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER A 3D vegetation scenes editor has been implemented allowing interactive manipulative functionalities on vegetation scenes e g zoom rotation etc as well as on vegetation objects selec
77. gular lt 0 aggregated The vegetation scene has no link with the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database and cannot be exported for running a fire simulation As example an inventory file AREC poplPins bonnes valeurs txt cf Annex 14 1 IS available in the given CAP2srs archive and precisely in the capsis4 data fireparadox directory Select the From an Inventory and idem popcov files options of the scene generation window AW Click on the Browse button and select the valeurs txt file in the install directory Ncapsis4NdataNfireparadox directory e g C Program Files capsis4 data fireparadox _4REC_poplPins bonnes s Click on the Generate the scene You can optionally modify values in the simplified dialog window untitled Spatial rules and constraints 5 4 3 From POP COV files Full Dialog This sub option is similar to the previous one The only difference is the display of a complete dialog window for defining spatial rules and constraints 23 5 4 4 For Matching with Database This sub option is not available yet It will be necessary when user will finally need to create an export of the vegetation scene to be able to run the fire behaviour model As the inventory file doesn t contain vegetation object ID of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database the loading procedure will match each vegetation object with the most similar object present in the database 5 5 From Field Parameters This
78. holds a snapshot of the stand at this date calculated by the linked model A simulation always contains a root step supporting the initial stand either loaded from file or virtually generated When the project is initialized i e model parameters are set and initial stand is loaded it appears in the Project Manager interface Figure 48 A header shows its main properties name model name surface and the initial stand 0a is linked to the root Step with a date The Project Manager provides a Step contextual menu the Step Menu which contains Step management options ui Capsis 4 1 5 untitled File Edit View Project Tools Window Help Bje 818188 e ame rrr Model Fire Paradox 1 2 ha All in memory ow Evolution Intervention Delete Step Page4 Page 5 3 Group ii Export Ese Toolbo por E Configure Text viewer Properties Figure 48 CAPsIS project manager interface with the step contextual menu displayed 46 When you click on a step left button it becomes the Current Step with a pressed look and the project becomes the Current Project with a project selection color Actions in the Project menu occur on the current project 10 1 Project configuration saving and opening Open the Project Configuration dialog Select the project by left clicking one of its steps Project gt Configure e Change the project n
79. if z lt H RK else R ne low 12 7 2 Thin biomass Fuel biomass in the envelope is generally assessed by the combination of allometric relationship to determine total thin biomass in a given plant Table 7 and thin biomass distribution in Crown 80 Table 7 Allometric relationships for thin biomass Species Twigs Reference Picea mariana Q 233DBH 24 0 133 DBH live 0 0555 DBH dead 24 Pinus banksiana 0 00672 DBH 24 0 00478 DBH live 0 00827 DBH dead 24 Pinus halepensis 0 026 DBH 25 0 0231 DBH 26 Pinus pinaster 2 508 TIa 2 708 0 034 TU ge 2 308 1 29 BH Age Pinus ponderosa 0 52 CR L derived from integration of 30 Pinus sylvestris 0 108 DBH Montes 2007 Quercus ilex O158e 777287 Porte unpublished but dbh Quercus 0 505 DBH ly SLA 29 pubescens SLA is the specific leaf area of the leaves m kg The biomass distribution in crown is generally a function of the relative height and relative radius The most common approach for biomass distribution is assessment of a cumulative vertical distribution of biomass following a An H se Distribution H This approach has been used by several authors Table 8 Table 8 Parameters of the inside crown distribution of thin biomass for different species a Distribution H iee Species Reference a ff Picea mariana leaves 24 1 015 2 775 6
80. igher o Fill in a value as upper limit to search all associations which is lower o Fill in values as lower and upper limits to search all associations which height is included in the specified interval Note that associations with no specified height interval display all the possible results e The Environment drop down list contains two values open and closed b Frame Criteria Pattern links e Table This frame displays available associations between criteria and shape patterns Each line of the table is an association the first three columns correspond to the criteria and the last one indicates the associated shape pattern name Associations of the table can be sorted by column entitled by clicking on e Buttons Manipulative functionalities are available throughout the Aaa Remove and Modify buttons o Create an association refer to chapter 9 2 1 o Update an association refer to chapter 9 2 2 o Delete an association refer to chapter 9 2 3 C Frame Preview A preview of the selected shape pattern is displayed at the right side of the interface Inferior and superior areas are displayed as well as the dimensions of each crown diameter A problem subsists in the shape pattern proportions as the crown is expressed in percentage it should be a cube and remain a cube when the window is re size computer d Patterns List At the bottom right of the window a Patterns List button permits to have access to a
81. igure 93 Fuel samples list When selecting the samples button on the Fuel database manager Figure 92 the Sample list window is opened Figure 93 The list can be restricted with selection in the research criteria s Control buttons are e Edit to display sample information Modification will be possible if the user is the owner of the fuel and if this sample is desactivated In the contrary the sample will have to be reactivated before being updated For details about sample edition refer to chapter 12 6 3 1 e Desactivate Reactivate to denied utilisation of a sample without deleting referenced data Reactivate action is useful to cancel a desactivation 12 9 2 Desactivate a sample To desactivate a sample select the sample in the sample list and click on Desactivate Reactivate button When the fuel data appears on the fuels editor screen click on Desactivate in the database The object won t be physically deleted in the database it will be logically desactivated 12 9 3 Reactivate a sample To reactivate a sample select the sample in the layer list and click on Desactivate Reactivate When the fuel data appears on the fuels editor screen click on Reactivate in the database 87 1 Morsdorf F and Allg wer B Eds 2007 Review of fuel description methods Deliverable D 3 4 2 of the Integrated project Fire Paradox Project no FP6 018505 European Commission 55
82. in a 2D grid X is the diameter Z is the shape height As this shape is created from a sample the voxels of the sample with attached particles and biomasses will be centered in the new 2D shape The screen is divided into 2 parts Left part for shape modification in 2D Right part for legend and biomasses checking m CUBE method 2D shape editor Plant Shape Plant ID 2172216 Shape ID 2146032 Team INRA AVI Type Plant Site Antheron Kind XZ Species Rosmarinus officinalis Voxel width X 0 25 Height 0 75 Voxel width Y 0 25 Origin Measured Voxel height Z 0 25 Legend B Top amp Center C Base Not set Blomasses values Particle ER ee EXE mm L4 ER validate Cance Help Total measured biomass g Total estimated biomass g Figure 81 Measured cube method 2D shape edition Left part To change a voxel color type select the color in the legend and left click on the voxel The voxel appears in the selected color with a red border Existing particles and biomasses for this type of voxel appear in the bottom right part of the screen To change several voxels color at the same time draw a rectangle with the right click around the group of voxels lt A zoom tool is available by drawing a rectangle with the left click of the mouse A single right click zoom forward pem mm Decrease and increase the grid size in 4 dimensions 73 jJ Copy voxels from left to
83. in window Figure 7 Analysis can be made on the whole set of vegetation objects or limited to a subset In addition visual analysis refers to different displays of the vegetation objects in the 3D panel In addition to relevant statistics vegetation scene screenshots will give a visual overview of the vegetation scene 8 1 Descriptive Analysis on the whole set of Vegetation Objects The state tab of the Real Time Panel is dedicated to the analysis of the whole set of vegetation objects The aim is to display in real time indicators relative to the vegetation scene composition and structure It aims at helping user to follow up the construction of the scene and to compare its current state to initial objectives cover presence of dominant species etc State Scene Rendering Selection Edition General Total cover 96 4 Maximum height m 15 Total load kg m2 0 02 Number 48 Threshold between shrub and trees Threshold value m 2 Tree strata Cover 96 Number Load kg m2 Shrub strata Cover 96 Phytovolume Load kg m2 Figure 36 Descriptive analysis State panel The indicators available are a General e Total cover total cover fraction of the vegetation displayed on the scene e Maximum height m height reached by the highest vegetation object e Total Load kg m2 total fuel load only fine fuel e Number the number of vegetation objects prese
84. ion definition Ey UNIQUE sample construction Shape Shape ID 1 Type Sample unique Kind XZ voxel width X 0 25 Voxel width Y 0 25 Voxel height Z 0 25 At the top right a panel displays the shape information ID sample type shape kind voxels dimensions The shape ID is still equals to 1 because the shape is not YET created in the database The color legend for each type of voxel T C B is displayed in the lower panel Legend e Column validation to be validated the E column must be composed of one L Base COLORED voxel at least Empty voxels at J Not set i the top of the column won t be saved in the database The column size will be automatically adjusted Column validation Cancel Figure 79 Measured cube method sample creation If the column is only one voxel height the single voxel value will be TOP If the column is 2 voxels height voxels value will be TOP BASE If the column is 3 voxels height values will be TOP CENTER BASE If the column is higher the TOP voxel will be at the top the BASE voxel will be at the bottom and the CENTER voxel will be centered in the middle of the column Only the CENTER position can be modified If you double click on a WHITE voxel this one will become CENTER TOP and BASE voxels cannot be moved from their initial position Each type of voxel can be removed If you double click on a COLORED voxel this one will become WHITE If you double click
85. ion in selection mode Shift Mouse hold down pan function in orbit mode C tp 35721 cancel last action betri qe redo last action Alt R orbit 19 Alt T pan Alt Z zoom Alt S selection Alt E move Alt A add Alt L polyline Alt P polygon Alt Del remove 4 3 Program Help Help buttons are available in the different dialog boxes in order to assist the user while working leJCcapsis4 openGL branchi bin capsis util InspectorPanel Help en html Inspector Capsis Help Principle This dynamic component can examine the properties of the object on which it is synchronized Vizualisation The inspector is opened on a target object The properties of the object are listed with their value in a table Some properties can be references to other object double click on them left button and the referenced object will become the current target under examination B iub 1910a Inspector LubStand Field Value Area 1265496 5 Caption 1910 Date 1910 DateCorrected DateCorrection DateCorrectionEnabled Empty FirstTree LubTreel id 2147 age Genotypables Collection 893 items Height 1359 0 Ids Collection 893 items Initialscene z InitialStand InterventionResult EJ Missinglds Collection empty MissingTrees null Newlds Collection 893 items NewTrees Collection 893 items Origin 835133 1870161 0 Plot PolygonalPIot GT Cstand RootDate 1910 SourceName I home colign
86. ipality Tocreate a new municipality click on the Aaa button To modify a municipality select it in the municipalities list and click on the Modify button Data verifications before validation are Municipality editor nope x Municipality name La Roque d Antheror e Municipality name IS compulsory Country FR i e country is compulsory r Ir Save in database Cancel Help Control buttons are Figure 72 Municipality creation or modification e Save in the database to save modifications and close the window e cancel to cancel modifications and close the window 12 5 8 Desactivate a Municipality To desactivate a municipality select the municipality in the list and click on the Desactivate Reactivate button When the municipality data appears on the municipalities editor screen click on the Desactivate in the database button The object won t be physically deleted in the database it will be only logically desactivated 66 12 5 9 Reactivate a Municipality To reactivate a municipality select the municipality in the municipalities list and click On Desactivate Reactivate When the municipality data appears on the municipalities editor screen click on Reactivate in the database 12 6 Fuels Editor Fuel Plants The Fuel Editor is a functionality of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER im
87. is possible to add vegetation objects individual plants within or along a polyline or a vA FA to draw a polyline bA to draw a polygon Click on the right icon and draw the figure with you mouse v A double click enables to end the drawing For a polygon the figure will be closed automatically Figure 27 Drawing a polyline Figure 28 Drawing a polygon 31 6 3 Updating The scene structure can be modified by moving vegetation objects on the scene Several vegetation objects can be moved simultaneously thanks to a multi selection process Silvicultural treatments in other word the modification of the vegetation structure on a predefined scheme tree thinning brush clearing etc are available as an Intervention once the scene has been validated see Chapter 10 6 3 1 Moving Functionality Select vegetation object s to be moved E to move an object on the scene Hold down the left mouse button while moving the cursor to the target location The Edition tab also permit to update precisely selected objects coordinates Select vegetation object s to be moved s Select on Edition tab of the Real Time Panel Change the object coordinates 5 z 3 SPA State Scene Rendering Selection Edition State Scena Rendering Selection Edition Item HEM Name Mame Ref Ref Figure 29 Tree coordinates edition Figure 30 Grid coordinates edition 6 3
88. ist 12 9 2 Desactivate a sample 12 9 3 Reactivate a sample 13 REFERENCES 14 ANNEX 14 1 Annex Inventory Files 14 2 Annex Chain between Patterns Editor GUIs 90 90 93 2D AC AMAP DLL DIM FPFM GUI INRA JAR JRE MVR SLA SVR VF WSL ACRONYMS Two dimensions 3D Three dimensions Ash Content 9 1009 botAnique et bioInforMatique de l Architecture des Plantes Dynamic Link Library Digital Terrain Model Fire Paradox Fuel Manager Graphical User Interface Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Fire Paradox partner 02 Java Archive Java Runtime Environment Mass to Volume Ratio p Specific Leaf Area of the leaves m kg Surface to Volume Ratio 0 Volume Fraction a Wald Schnee und Landschaft Fire Paradox partner 13 GLOSSARY Cage method fuel description method expanded from the cube method see below in order to fit with plants of large dimensions Fuel particles biomass is measured in each voxel of a 3D grid Cube method fuel description method designed by the Fire Star European project and consolidated by the Fire Paradox project to model the spatial distribution of fuel particles as required by physically based fire models 1 Grid set of lines dividing the ground surface in squares Grid can be useful to locate vegetation objects in the vegetation scene Fuel family a fuel family represents all the solid particles of vegetation which have the same properties conce
89. isualization is a costly technology and items displayed on the vegetation scene can be very numerous First a degraded mode based on skeleton of tree crown is used by default during view manipulation fast mode Second the rendering of trees is degraded when tree number is high Table 3 so that scene manipulation is maintained The quality of this representation can be temporary increased for more accurate visualization Table 3 n luper mode by default depending of the number of trees Tree Tree number __ Rendering Quality note note lt 20 000 Crown and trunk plotted hyperbolic decrease Between 50 and 100 of the number of sectors use for crown representation from 16 to 4 lt 150 000 Crown plotted only 4 segments only for crown Between 1 and 50 representation for the highest trees anchorage only for the smallest the proportion of trees represented by their anchorage increase linearly with the tree number gt 150 000 All trees represented by default by their 1 anchorage number of pixel depending on tree Size To increase rendering level of the Pattern sketcher of trees can be improved or degraded manually through the parameter scene quality note with can vary from O worse resolution to 100 best representation 36 8 VEGETATION SCENE ANALYSIS Descriptive analysis is available in the Real Time Panel on the right side of the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER ma
90. lant ID 2172216 Shape ID 22472375 Team INRA AVI Type Plant Site Antheron Kind XYZ Species Rosmarinus officinalis Voxel width X 0 25 Height 0 75 Voxel width Y 0 25 Origin Measured Voxel height Z 0 25 Legend Forward 8g set PP IE ELT Fes 8 4 c 7 Not set Biomasses values Particle Twigs 25 75 T W gs _6 29 Twigs 0 2 Voxels 75 View point Front Depth o add apartcie validate rep Figure 84 Measured 3D shape edition without voxel types Left part The crown shape appears in 3D X is the diameter Y is the perpendicular diameter Z is the shape height The selected voxel slice in red appears in 2D in the grid in the central screen Front Rear Left Right Top Bottom enables to display the shape from different directions Forward Backward enables to change the voxel slice point of view Central part To change a voxel status set or not set select the color from the legend and left click on the voxel The voxel appears in the selected color with a red border 76 If biomasses already exist for this voxel it appears in the bottom right part of the screen o change several voxels color at the same time draw a rectangle with the right click around the group of voxels lt A zoom tool is available by drawing a rectangle with the left click of the mouse A single right click zooms forward Ew ew Decrease and increase the grid size
91. lected vegetation objects appear in the chosen colour for selection here RED or in a coloured bounding box EE to select an object on the scene Figure 14 Vegetation objects Figure 15 Terrain object Figure 16 Grid object selection selection selection Note While a selection is active functionalities are effective only inside the selection 6 1 1 Individual or Multiple Selection All type of objects visible on the scene can be selected vegetation objects tree shrub grass polygons polylines grid and terrain Click on the select button of the Menu Bar For simple selection click with the left mouse button on desired vegetation objects This action deselects all previously selected objects For a multi selection hold down the ctr1 key while clicking with the left mouse button on objects For a selection of objects within a drawn area on the scene move your mouse while clicking with the left mouse button and draw a rectangle including the group of objects that you want to select 6 1 2 Unselection Hold down the ctr1 key while clicking with the left mouse button on vegetation objects that you want to unselect Bey Rea At any time the undo button permit to cancel last actions even selections 25 6 1 3 Selection with the Scene Inspector Object selection is also possible with the scene inspector State Scene Rendering Selection Edition Click on the scene tab of th
92. n and the second one is listing all available shape patterns Pattern Edition Patterns List Patterns List Preview Resineous standard 11 35 s100 s101 bo E Arbousier boule 3 50 s95 s90 s85 __Edtpattems HHH Information Preview Key Juniperus 0 5 1 false Mame 15 30 s80 IN Arbousier boule 4 50 595 590 585 Sapin 5 0 s80 s60 s30 15 s5 Broadleave Standard 6 18 s100 s92 Arbousier boule 7 50 s95 590 s85 Max diameter height 9 5 30 Superior diameters 8 50 3 50 test 12 50 uu 13 50 Diameter height 9 Diameter value 95 Diameter height Diameter value 9 5 50 so ex 14 33 580 i60 Inferior diameters Diameter height Diameter value 9 5 Ga Supetior diameters m s dia eters Diameter height Diameter value Figure 44 Shape patterns edition window Figure 45 List of available shape patterns a Shape Patterns List Window e Patterns List frame o A list of available shape patterns is displayed o The Remove patterns button permits to delete a pre selected shape pattern o The Edit patterns button permits to modify the shape pattern description e The Preview frame displayed on the right side of the window gives an overview of the selected shape pattern e The Reset button permits to delete all associations b Shape Pattern Edition Window e The Information
93. n for a layer A layer crown shape is split up in Core and Edge parts Each part is optional If a core sample exists this sample will be used by default to create the core part If an edge sample exists this sample will be used by default to create the edge part If only one sample exist this sample will be used to create the both parts The layer 2D edition screen is divided into 3 parts Left part for CORE shape modification in 2D Central part for EDGE shape modification in 2D Right part for legend and biomasses checking 84 E shape CORE and EDGE editor Plant shape Plant ID 35073723 Shape ID 35818080 Team EMP Type Layer Site Antheron Kind XZ Species Cedrus atlantica Vowel width X 0 25 Reference EMP 03_ Voxel width Y 0 25 Height 1 0 Vowel height Z 0 25 Origin Measured Width min 0 0 Width max 0 0 Legend E Top lI Center C Base C Not set rBiaomasses Particle Validate Cancel Hep Total measured biomass 3 Total estimated biomass 9 Figure 91 2D layer shape edition Left and center part To change a voxel color type select the color from the legend and left click on the voxel The voxel appears in the selected color with a red border Existing particles and biomasses for this type of voxel appear in the bottom right part of the screen To change several voxels color at the same time draw a rectangle with the right click around the gro
94. n of the 1 35562165377751336 FIRETEC 1 6525877453896491 1 7971445568114222 matrix 1 989886972040452 2 2308149910767394 Ready Cancel Help Figure 55 FIRETEC Export Interface The left column is dedicated to FiRETEC mesh computation The right column contains the options available for export inclusion of a topography Resolution of the 3D Matrix of Fuel LayerSets etc and file names 2 STEP 2 Insertion of the vegetation into the FrRETEC matrix Click on Insert the vegetation into the FIRETEC matrix 3 STEP3 Generate FAIRETEC input files Click on 3 File generation Control including check box permits to have a visual control on the FRETEC mesh merging with crown description grids 57 12 FIRE PARADOX FUEL DATABASE MANAGER Data related to fuel descriptions are stored in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database implemented by P13 WSL partner This database is now located on PO5 EFI server in Finland FIRE PARADOX FUEL database is a facility of the FIREINTUITION platform FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER needs a remote access through out an Internet connection A set of dialog windows have been implemented to manage the interactions between the FIRE PARADOX FUEL Database and the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER 12 1 Database Connection and User Rights For security reasons the database manager access is protected by login and password Three different right levels have been created e Administrator all
95. nce time 9 More recently Michaletz amp Johnson 2008 16 have proposed the following model by including more processes x BT t3 N With Nn and Nt respectively the number of killed buds and the total number of buds x the maximum necrosis depth in bark BT the bark thickness r 1 if t 1 else 0 In this last model the pipe model assumption is used to evaluate Nn Nt with 1 SAn SAlcb SA sapwood area evaluated with allometric relationships 52 Table 5 Mortality models available for a few Mediterranean species P 1 exp b0 Dl xl v bk xk 1 Variables and coefficient Species Source Do Di X D X 1 75 0 0385 CVS P halepensis 17 2 01 0 0004 CVS 4 17 1 e 2 32 0 00038 CVS 0 1119 DBH 1 13 0 118 BLC 8 78 1 e P nigra subs laricio 9 Br 0 222 0 103 BLC 9 95 1 e 7 390 0 101 CVS 0 00381 DBH P pinaster 18 0 527 3 53 BCmean 9 04 1 e P pinaster 9 0 773 0 0679 BLC 5 39 1 e 0 759 0 0499 BLC 9 32 1 e 23 0 0 253 CVS P pinea 17 33 1 0 313 CVS 0 1 94 BCmean 1 52 0 191 CS 0 287 DBH P sylvestris 19 3 33 0 187 CS 3 31 BT Generic 20 1 94 0 000535 CVS 6 32 1 e 9 8 Quercus suber 21 1 682 0 901 BT 0 0145 minBLC D3 Xs 1 649 BC du BCmnean 2 71 BCnean 0 042 DBH BC bark char class 22 4 quadrants mean or max BT bark thickness cm CS charred stem 6 CVS crown volume scorched DBH diameter at
96. nds on fire intensity kW m wind m s ambient temperature Tai and lethal temperature Tert C 213 h 4 55 T T crit air 1 1 This formula was obtained from dimensional analysis plume theory and a few field experiments The lethal temperature depends on the type and size of organ buds needles The different models derived from this approach Saveland and Neuenschwander 1989 13 Finney amp Martin 1992 14 Michaletz and Johnson 2006a 15 were included in the FUEL 51 MANAGER The assessment of scorch or kill height is used in the software to compute the crown volume scorched Figure 52 required for mortality models assuming a crown shape 5 or detailed plant architecture f A A Viewer 3D Figure 52 Simulated damage to bole and crown in a Pinus halepensis stand assuming a fire intensity of 1000 kW m and a residence time of 1 minute 10 3 2 3 Tree mortality A large variety of mortality models has been developed for European species Table 5 These models were implemented in the FUEL MANAGER using Crown Volume Scorched and Bark Thickness derived from the model described above Additional mortality resulting from cambial damage was also computed based on cambium damage criteria Other models that integrate more directly the mechanisms involved in death were also implemented fe gs p ge 100 With CVK the crown volume killed 96 z the critical time for cambium mortality and 7 the reside
97. nsuve False IBeauchame c u False Beauchamps False IBelcad ne False Cadenet 71 False lCadenet Z2 False Calas False Calas zi Fake Figure 67 Site list For research purposes the sites list can be restricted with a country or a municipality selection in the Research criteria frame Control buttons are e Modify to modify an existing site e ada to add a new site only available for ADMINISTRATOR e Desactivate Reactivate to desactivate or reactivate an existing site only available for ADMINISTRATOR e close to close the window e Help to get help about this screen 12 5 2 Create or Update a Site To create a new site click on the Aaa button 62 To modify a site select it in the sites list and click on the Modify button Site editor 4 Site location Site code Besucha mps8 Country FR M Municipality v Municipality editor Latitude degree 00 1 Longitude degree oo Elevation m p a B Environmental description Gener al deser pon Topographic position Shpe type k Slope value degree Aspect class M Aspect value degree Dominant taxa 1 Dominant taxa z Dominant taxa 3 Evants management Save in database Figure 686 Site creation or modification Data verifications before validation are e site code is compulsory e Municipality is
98. nt on the scene b Threshold between trees and shrub e Threshold value m vegetation objects lower than the threshold value belong to the shrub strata whereas others belong to the tree strata 37 C Tree stata e Cover 3 cover fraction of the tree strata e Load kg m2 fuel load of the tree strata only fine fuel is considered e Number Of vegetation objects in the tree strata d Shrub stata e cover 3 cover fraction of the shrub strata e Phytovolume bulk volume of shrub strata m ha e Load kg m2 fuel load of the shrub strata only fine fuel is considered 8 2 Descriptive Analysis on Selected Vegetation Objects The selection tab in the Real Time Panel permits to display information on selected vegetation objects The tool called inspector displays detailed data on the selected object State Scene Rendering Selection Edition Selection Inspector Jj gt TreeWithCrownProfileltem Field Value Age ri CrownBaseHeight 4 4 CrownColor java awt Color r 0 g 255 b 51 CrownProfile oub le 5 2 CrownRadius 1 975 19 75 FiPLant id 45 shapeld 1 10 0 6 10 48 15 13 10 omaes ull Tree 6 1 98 1 98 10 1 98 1 98 0 iPLant id 45 shapeld 1 ree 5 0 17 100000381469727 0 0 0 Figure 37 Tree Inspector Panel 8 3 Visual Analysis D
99. oT 4 4 10 true 18 Pinus halepensis LOS cur Q CES ARE PAS 7 true 1 Pinus halepensis L 7 S 0 J6 du o 9 7 true 20 Pinus halepensis 1 45 2 dio Q 8 6 SeT L 65 8 true 21 Pinus halepensis 7 4 sme 0 ome d THESE 7 true 22 Pinus halepensis 3 22 121 0 Dir sg 1255 5 true DN Pinus halepensis RSS IRAN 0 10 8 5 6 DID 10 true 24 Quercus ilex d o Td 0 dede Do 3 60 10 false 25 Pinus halepensis 14 85 12 9 0 MOT ess Sals 10 false 26 Pinus halepensis 12 DoS 0 ero Do guess 10 false zy Pinus halepensis LZ 33 TT 0 6 4 TEST 5 false 28 Pinus halepensis 10 8 0 oa AES Zad 5 false 29 Pinus halepensis LL95 6 15 0 Llo 7 So 2 Ded IO false e Pinus halepensis 13 8 506 0 E cod 5 OPAS 5 false Sd Quercus ilex 14 05 4 35 O TE 5 6206 10 false 32 Pinus halepensis RSI OES 0 TO ATS 505 7 false 33 Pinus halepensis WORO no eC ales 0 Ta 59 34 Pinus halepensis 9o S 2S 0 11 SeS 35 Quercus ilex ASS D ORO 0 PES Du Ss Pinus halepensis So IS IS 0 o MORS 37 Pinus halepensis 5 05 0 45 Q ROOMS 38 Quercus ilex 5 6 li O 8 295 S Pinus halepensis ad 11 2 Q 10 75 509 40 Pinus halepensis Boro Soll 0 10 23 7 41 Pinus halepensis Eno MR 12 4 0 14 75 6 5 42 Pinus halepensis poo Se 0 qe c ET 43 Quercus ilex SD ME I IEEE is 5o 7 44 Pinus halepensis 4 4 16 0 RS SMMS RUE 45 Pinus halepensis B25 17 1 Q 1O 4 4 46 Pinus halepensis 16 15 5 0 TES SRS 47 Pinus halepensis 15 85 5 19 Q RORA ORO 48 Pinus halepensis qoos i 10 5 Q L1 io mM Inventory file _4REC_pop
100. option is useful to generate automatically a vegetation scene given some indications describing its structure and composition It may contain a list of dominant tree species with specific heights and DBH classes and list of Fuel LayerSets including their respective Fuel Layers for the description of the understorey height cover bulk density moisture content As an example file fuelbreak txt is available in folder capsis4 data fireparadox Annex 14 1 5 6 From Scratch An empty scene can be generated by giving the dimensions of the terrain Select the From scratch option of the scene generation window Type the required dimensions m of the terrain in the Length and width fields Click on the Generate the scene to display the empty scene Render Terrain Figure 13 Scene creation from scratch 5 7 From Saved Scene CAPSIS can save FIRE PARADOX scene in a special format that can be re open later for further modifications Select saved scene on your computer Click on the Browse button and select the file in your computer Click on the Generate the scene to display the scene 24 6 VEGETATION SCENE MODIFICATION Vegetation scene modification includes the selection add and remove functionalities 6 1 Selection Individual and group selection techniques of vegetation objects are possible throughout the 3D view panel in clicking with the mouse Se
101. or a virtual plant If the sample creation is selected first a virtual voxel sample will be created Refer to chapter 12 6 3 1 Then a 3D shape will be generated composed of the sample voxels Refer to chapter 12 6 3 4 part a If the sample creation is NOT selected each voxel of the 3D shape will be different and particles and biomasses can be modified The procedure and screenshots are the same as in chapter 12 6 3 4 part b 12 6 5 Create or Update Plant Particles Parameters Before plant validation parameters have to be filled up at the plant level for each particle defined in the shape voxels Parameter list is e MVR Mass to Volume Ratio which correspond to the density kg m e SVR Surface to Volume Ratio used to evaluate the thickness of the particle m m e AC Ash content g 100g e MC Moisture Content at a given time 9 0 e HCV High Calorific Value KJ Kg e Size Size of the particle such as the length of needles mm 78 Ei Particle parameters for the fuel A parameter name can be selected Plant to reduce the value table size Plant ID 1731352 m e Enter parameter values for ALIVE Species Buus sempervirens a de and DEAD particles Origin Virtual value 0 0 means a measured w value equals to zero Particle parameters For the Fuel value 9 0 means a missing Fartiche Parameter Ave Twigs D 7 MWRkglms 10 040008 value NOT measured ILLU RUE pee re 055 value NaN means an existin
102. orest Service Northern Forestry Centre Edmonton Alberta Information Report NOR X 393 49 pp 25 Lopez Serrano FR de las Heras J Gonzalez Ochoa AG Garcia Morote AI 2005 Effects of silvicultural treatments and seasonal patterns on foliar nutrients in young post fire Pinus halepensis forest stands Forest Ecology and Managernent 210 321 336 26 Mitsopoulos ID Dimitrakopoulos AP 2007b Allometric quations for crown fuel biomass of Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis Mill in Greece International Journal of Wildland Fire 16 642 747 27 Tahvainainen T Forss E 2008 Individual tree models for the crown biomass distribution of Scots pine Norway spruce and birch in Finland Forest Ecology and Management 255 455 467 28 Port A Bosc A Champion I Loustau D 2000 Estimating the foliage of Maritime pine Pinus pinaster A t branches and crowns with application to modelling the foliage area distribution in the crown Annals of Forest Sciences 67 73 86 29 Tognetti R Cherubini P Marchi S Raschi A 2003 Leaf traits and tree rings suggest different water use and carbon assimilation strategies by two co occurring Quercus species in a Mediterranean mixed forest stand in Tuscany Italy 7ree Physiology 27 1741 1751 30 Linn R R Winterkamp J Colman J J Edminster C Bailey J 2005 Modeling interactions between fire and atmosphere in discrete element fuel beds Jnternational Journal of Wildland Fire 14 37
103. ossible to simulate a thinning that respaces stems or crowns It is thus possible to simulate fuel break according to French recommendations ie a distance of 3 m between crowns Pruning is also available Generally interventions are applied to a group of trees or to a spatial location which can be defined with a variety of criteria For example the fuel break presented on Figure 49 was build with a respacing of crowns at 3 m from an initial stand with 800 stem ha 10 3 2 Fire perturbation Fire perturbation is a specific case of INTERVENTION on the vegetation stand This functionality enables to calculate the fire impacts on the vegetation objects and namely on trees Two main options are available e Using the outcomes of the ZRETEC fire propagation model This option requires exporting first the vegetation scene in order to run a AIRETEC simulation see next chapter The result of a fire spread in terms of fire effects can be computed as a 48 function of different parameters intensity and residence time rate of spread and residence time etc It results in a new step or scenario in stand life e Using some published empirical models relating fire behaviour parameters to fire effects on trees This second option is the only one presented below The empirical models described below can thus be used to assess the fire severity parameters of each tree crown scorch kill height and volume cambium damage probability mortality prob
104. pages Outils Cc a X http capsis cirad fr capsis doku php id help_en fireparadox X Capsis AMAP INRA F pon 2 rojection of D iculture Fire Paradox Fuel Manager vegetation assessment and manipulation platform for A wildland fire modelling Spot id fire ed sk The at nan stu er Avigno n Fra aye aie e the alata Vene je Let yvegetalion facta EE fire and pos ste SPACE ue ior Figure 10 Example of Fire Paradox documentation page 21 5 2 Vegetation scene creation A scene can be created from text files of various formats containing the description of fuel in terms of layers and can be edited and modified Polyline and polygon can be added in the scene as well as fuel items plant layerSet with the add icon A scene can be built from scratch only using add icon Several creation modes for generating a vegetation scene are currently available throughout the user interface Figure 11 e From vegetation inventories load an input file database or detailed e From field parameters create a scene based on stand level characteristics e From scratch create an empty scene e From a previous scene already saved for reedition ES Scene editor Scene generation 8 Detailed inventory 8 For viewing only scene files D idem popcov files idem popcov files Full Dialog O From field parameters ICFME C From scratch X m Y m C Scene saved for reedition Once the metho
105. plemented to manipulate three fuel categories fuel samples fuel plants and fuel layers An individual Fuel Plant is a vegetation object which may be either a tree a shrub or a grass represented on the vegetation scene and fully described as a fuel in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database It may be either a measured plant corresponding to a real plant measured in the field or a virtual plant created with the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER A virtual plant may differ from a real one either by its shape by the distribution of voxels fuel samples within its shape by the values of one or several fuel parameters e g mean of several samples 12 6 1 Fuel Plants List When selecting the P1ants button on the Fuel database manager Figure 73a the plant list window is opened Figure 73b F1 Fuel database manager x Q M MMM M M T 9 X M M M M e saet M m Q Sites and Municipalities Plants Layer shrubs Figure 73a Fuel database manager window All plants stored in the database appear in a list This list contains e Species name plant height in meters e plant crown base height in meters e plant crown diameter in meters e plant origin measured or virtual e mention if the plant is validated or not and if the plant is deleted or not EJ PLANT fuel list Research criterias Team Species Height Crown diameter Origin Validated Desactivated INRA AVI
106. r 12 6 3 2 or 2 2D chapter 12 6 3 3 or 3D shape chapter 12 6 3 4 using voxels from the sample can be generated b Cage method First a 3D sample composed of all different voxels measured in the field has to be described chapter 12 6 3 5 Then a 3D shape chapter 12 6 3 6 using voxels from the sample can be generated EJ Hew shape design for a measured plant e Select the sampling method e Choose the shape kind e Enter the voxels and sample dimensions in cm e Enter the shape dimensions Sample dimensions cm aie e Enter the shape to continue N LL 4 rie 5 wisthinxt 25 width nv es e Close to cancel the shape creation Sample height in Z 100 Width in 25 width in 125 Shape dimensions Cem Shape height in Z Lau width in X 100 width in Y 100 Figure 78 Measured plant shape creation If the cube method is selected only the sample height in Z is necessary If a sample already exists for this plant the part Sample dimensions won t be enabled 12 6 3 1 Sample creation for a measured plant cube method For the creation of a plant measured by the cube method a sample creation is compulsory This sample is composed of a column of voxels with 3 types represented TOP CENTER BASE The first step of this sample creation will be to define the different voxels position in column height and the second step will be to describe particles and biomasses in each type of voxel 71 a Cubes posit
107. ranean and western North American conifers Society of American Foresters Book of Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology p701 708 9 Pimont F Prodon R Rigolot E 2006 Comparison of post fire mortality of Pinus nigra subs laricio and Pinus pinaster Submitted to Annals of forest science 10 IFN 1990 Inventaire Forestier National D partement des Alpes de Haute Provence 11 IFN 1990 Inventaire Forestier National D partement des Alpes Maritimes 12 Van Wagner CE 1977 Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7 23 24 13 Saveland JM Neuenschwander LF 1989 Predciting ponderosa pine mortality from understorey prescribed burning Symposium Proceedings of Prescribed Fire in the intermountain region 14 Finney MA Martin RE 1992 Modeling effects of prescribed fire on young growth coast redwood trees Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23 6 1125 1135 15 Michaletz ST Johnson EA 2006a A heat transfer model of crown scorch in forest fires Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36 2839 2851 16 Michaletz ST Johnson EA 2008 A biophysical process model of tree mortality in surface fires Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38 2013 2029 17 Rigolot E 2004 Predicting postfire mortality of Pinus halepensis Mill and Pinus pinea L Plant Ecology 171 139 151 2 LLLI 88 18 Botelho H S Rego F C Ryan K C 19
108. reate button Give an alias optional to the shape pattern The key and name data are automatically generated Modify the max diameter height and press the Enter key to validate Add intermediate diameter in the superior and or inferior areas of the crown by filling in the corresponding parameters Click on the Aaa button or press the Enter key to validate The table is automatically refreshed Columns of the table are editable in double clicking values press the Enter key to validate Press the ox button to validate the shape pattern description 9 3 3 Update a Shape Pattern Knowing first the shape pattern to update go to the right interface throughout the one displaying all shape patterns Click on the Eait patterns button to open the same interface as for a shape pattern creation Modify all the necessary parameters alias intermediate diameter dimensions etc and validate by clicking the ox button 9 3 4 Delete a Shape Pattern A pattern shape can t be suppressed if it is used in an association From the Patterns list window shape patterns can be removed by two ways d Remove Pattern button Select a shape pattern in the list Click on the Remove Patterns button to delete the selected shape pattern Validate the confirmation dialog box b Reset button At the bottom left of the interface the Reset button permits to delete all shape patterns 45 10 STA
109. right symmetrically to Z axe Right part Select the type of voxel to spread on the shape in the coloured squares in the legend TOP CENTER BOTTOM The selected type name appears in RED white voxel represents empty areas in the crown At the bottom right part of the screen particles list with biomasses for the selected type of voxel is displayed Biomasses values CAN NOT be modified here Unit is grams Control At the bottom of the screen the total estimated biomass is automatically calculated Total measured biomass from the sampling is displayed for control Click on Validate to save the shape in the database All empty voxel rows at the right or at the top of the shape will NOT be saved The Shape size will be automatically adjusted NOTE It is NOT POSSIBLE to modify biomass values or to add a new particle from this interface you have to go back to the SAMPLE edition of the given plant 12 6 3 3 2 2D shape creation for a measured plant cube method The crown shape appears in 2 grids one representing the front view X is the diameter Z is the Shape height the other representing the side view X is the perpendicular diameter Z is the shape height If this shape is created from a sample the voxels of the sample will be centered in the 2 2D shape The screen is divided in 3 parts Left part for FRONT shape modification in 2D Central part for SIDE shape modification in 2D Right pa
110. rning physical chemical and thermal processes involved in wildfire propagation Typical fuel families are needles leaves or twigs of several diameters Fuel sample sample of fuel of a lower level than a vegetation object individual plant One or several fuel samples are necessary to build a vegetation object See Figure 1 Fuel sampling is generally carried out with the so called cube method see above collecting fuel in elementary volumes of 25 cm side Consequently a typical fuel sample is a 25 cm x 25 cm x 25 cm voxel although it may have other dimensions A fuel sample may be collected by field destructive measurements measured or calculated Layer Vegetation layer layer composed of all the plants occupying the same vegetation stratum trees shrubs and grasses layers are the main layers considered in this document Litter can be considered as a layer as well but it is composed of downed and dead woody debris Fuel Layer collection of individual plants closely grouped and difficult to describe separately forming a layer generally much more wide than high A fuel layer is described as a single vegetation object and has almost the same properties than an individual plant Each Fuel Layer is described with its own macroscopic properties including bulk density LAI moisture cover fraction and characteristic size of clumps Quercus coccifera shrubland is a typical fuel layer Fuel LayerSets A Fuel LayerSet is a polygon which
111. rt for legend and biomasses checking CUBE method 2 2D shape editor Plant Shape Plant ID 35037634 Shape ID 35983279 Team EMP Type Flant Site Antheron Kind Xz Yz Species Cedrus atlantica Vaxel width X 0 25 Reference EMP 03 Voxel width Y 0 25 Haight 1 0 voxel height Z 0 25 Origin Measured a l F Legend 2 Wo B center Base L Not set Biornasses values I Particle lLaavas Twigs Q 2 Emm Cancel Halp Total measured biomass g 40 0 Total estimated biomass g 10000000024 Figure 82 Measured cube method 2 2D shape edition The shape creation process is the same as for the previous chapter single 2D shape except that both grid size widths cannot be increased 74 12 6 3 4 3D shape creation for a measured plant cube method A 3D shape can be generated from 2 different ways e By copying voxels from a sample or a 2D shape in this case the 3D shape will be composed of voxel types TOP CENTER BASE e By a rotation algorithm from 2D to 3D in this second case the shape will be composed of voxels all different with biomasses calculated from the voxel distance to the centre of the rotation axe a From sample or 2D shape cubes copy As this shape is created from a sample or a 2D shape the voxels of the sample or the 2D shape are centered in the 3D shape The screen is divided in 3 parts Left part for 3D visualisation Middle part for shape modi
112. ry and run the launcher script CAPSIS is available in French and English To launch CA42srs in French use the 1 fr option instead of 1 en which stands for opening in English Windows cd capsis install directory Ncapsis4 capsis Linux cd capsis install directory capsis4 sh Capsis sh NOTE You can check C4P57s option with the h option 15 4 USE OF THE FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER OVERVIEW In this chapter an overview of the CAZSIS platform is first presented Then the way to use available functionalities of the Fire Paradox module is described The items represented on a 3D vegetation scene can be used to build a large variety of landscape including zones with different fuel types These items only contain the macroscopic properties that are required for their representation and computation of mean fuel characteristics at stand level Table 1 These items are individual plants and Fuel LayerSets Fuel LayerSets are composed of several Fuel Layers Table 2 An individual plant can be a tree or a shrub with a few characteristics including its dimension bulk density and LAT Fuel Layers correspond to fuel complex where few information is available on the position of the individual fuel type inside of it or when the user wants to summarize them in a unique object This object is attached to a polygon of the scene determining the location of the fuel complex It is generally used to represent understorey but
113. species 1 Pinus halepensis Dominant species 2 Tree cover by dominant species 25 0 l Figure 77 Plant simple individual panel Data verifications before validation are e Species IS compulsory e Latitude has to be numerical and between 0 and 360 degrees e Longitude has to be numerical and between 0 and 90 degrees e Altitude has to be numerical e Height is compulsory and has to be numerical e Diameter is compulsory and has to be numerical e Perpendicular diameter has to be numerical e Tree cover has to be numerical and between 0 and 100 Available values for openness are e Open e Closed Control button are e save in the database to save modifications on the plant e Cancel to cancel modifications and close the window e Help to get help about this screen 12 6 3 Shapes creation for a measured plant To be used in the FIRE PARADOX FUEL MANAGER the measured plant has to be described as a 3D crown shape Several methods are available for creating a shape a Cube method The spatial distribution of fuel particles within the crown is modelled by three types of cubes voxels called top T centre C and base B Zones composed of the same type of voxel have similar volume fractions or biomass for the particles First a sample composed of each type of voxel T C B measured in the field has to be describe chapter 12 6 3 1 Then a 2D chapte
114. thickness threshold for cambium mortality as a function of residence time with several empirical models Bark thickness models A review of relationships available for bark thickness assessment as a function of DBH was done for European species based on the following publications Ryan et al 1994 8 Pimont et al 2006 9 IFN 1990 04 10 IFN 1990 06 11 A selection of models was done based on the number and range of tree sampled and the coherence with other models The main relationships of bark thickness as a function of DBH are presented in Table 4 and Figure 51 50 Table 4 Review of bark thickness of different Mediterranean species BT m a bx DBH m halepensis 0 00559 tte a Pinus nigra 0 0621 0 838 2371 10 11 8 60 cm nem de Haute subsp nigra Provence Southern French Alps Quercus 0 0381 0 623 3218 10 11 8 70 cm Alpes de Haute pubescens Provence Southern French Alps www x 0 0232 0 614 288 10 11 8 35 cm Southern French Alps Selected models 60 e A T T T 77 P halepensis pinea pinaster P laricio 505 P nigra P sylvestris pubescens SS Q ex Bark Thickness mm Ww B e e ho T 10F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 DBH cm Figure 51 Bark thickness as a function of DBH for different European species 10 3 2 2 Fire damage to crown Following Van Wagner 1977 12 the crown scorch height m depe
115. ting adding updating through a graphical user interface Several renderers are available to display 3D vegetation objects Fire damage on vegetation objects have been mainly focused on fire induced tree mortality Several fire impacts on trees crown and trunk have been defined and can be visualized at the scene scale Moreover several tools are available to display information descriptive statistics indicators on the vegetation scene content or on the current selection Several creation modes of vegetation scenes are available including loading of a pre existing inventory file or the automatic generation of a new scene respecting a set of constraints on species distribution The application is connected through the Internet to the FIRE PARADOX FUEL database and manages the users rights FIRE PARADOX FUEL database is hosted by PO5 EFI server in Finland being a facility of the FZREINTUITION platform An export module has been developed to prepare the set of files necessary to run the fire propagation model FRETEC Export files describe the composition and the structure of the fuel complexes taking into account the physical properties of various components of the different vegetation layers trees shrubs herbs and litter composing the vegetation scene CONTENTS LIST CONTENTS LIST 3 ACRONYMS 7 GLOSSARY 8 1 INTRODUCTION 10 1 1 Fuel manager 10 1 2 The Fuel Database 10 2 TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS 11 2 1 Session project module scenario
116. tor N Desactivate in the database tO Team INRA AVI desactivate the person Person name Cohen e Save in the database to save modifications and close the window Desactivate in database Save in database Figure 65 Team person update 61 EN Team password update Team Old password Mew password Save in database Figure 66 Team password update 12 5 Sites Editor Control buttons are e Save in the database to save the new password and close the window e Cancel to cancel modifications and close the window Note that the old password is required If you have lost it contact the database ADMINISTRATOR A Site is the location where destructive fuel sampling has been carried out to characterize individual plant or particle fuel 12 5 1 Sites List properties All site objects stored in the database appear in a list This list contains the country the municipality the site code and the mention if the site is deleted or not E4 Site editor Research criteria FR IFR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR Municipality La Rogue dAntheron La Roque d Antheron La Rogue d ntheron La Roque d Antheron ramon Porto Vecchio hi en Frovence Lambesc Lambesc Bekod ne Cadenet Cadenet Cabri s ndis Municipalitw Desactivated Antheren False iAntheranciterne False lAntheron Z1 False Antheron Z2 false Aramon Fase Arasu False lArbois_bastide
117. ulation 8 VEGETATION SCENE ANALYSIS 8 1 Descriptive Analysis on the whole set of Vegetation Objects 8 2 Descriptive Analysis on Selected Vegetation Objects 8 3 Visual Analysis 8 4 Effects of Fire Visualisation 8 4 1 Crown Damages visualisation 8 4 2 Bole Damages visualisation 8 5 Visualisation Options 9 PATTERNS EDITOR 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 9 1 Screen Layout 9 2 Association Shape Pattern linked to a Group of Vegetation Objects 9 2 1 Create an Association 9 2 2 Update an Association 9 2 3 Remove an Association 9 3 Shape Patterns 9 3 1 Shape Patterns Dialog Windows 9 3 2 Create a Shape Pattern 9 3 3 Update a Shape Pattern 9 3 4 Delete a Shape Pattern 10 STAND EVOLUTION AND INTERVENTIONS 10 1 Project configuration saving and opening 10 2 Groups 10 3 Stand intervention 10 3 1 Interventions 10 3 2 Fire perturbation 10 3 2 1 Fire damage to cambium empirical models implemented 10 3 2 2 Fire damage to crown 10 3 2 3 Tree mortality 10 4 Session saving and opening 11 FIRE MODELS EXPORTATION 11 1 FIRETEC Model 11 2 Exportation procedure 12 FIRE PARADOX FUEL DATABASE MANAGER 12 1 Database Connection and User Rights 12 2 Available functionalities main menu 12 3 Teams Editor Administrator rights 12 3 1 Teams List 12 3 2 Create a new Team 12 3 3 Update a team 12 3 4 Desactivate a Team 12 3 5 Reactivate a Team 12 4 Teams Editor Team rights 12 5 Sites Editor 12 5
118. up of voxels A zoom tool is available by drawing a rectangle with the left click of the mouse A single right click enables to zoom forward Em rug Decrease and increase the grid size in 4 dimensions ES n Copy voxels from left to right symmetrically to Z axe Right part Select the type of voxel to spread on the shape in the coloured square in the legend TOP CENTER BOTTOM The selected type name appears in RED A white voxels represent empty areas in the crown At the bottom right part of the screen particles list with biomasses for the selected type of voxel is displayed Biomasses values CAN NOT be modified here Unit is grams Control At the bottom of the screen the total estimated biomass is automatically calculated Total measured biomass from the sampling is displayed for control Click on Validate to save the shape in the database All empty voxel rows at the right or at the top of the shape will NOT be saved The shape size will be automatically adjusted NOTE It is NOT POSSIBLE to modify biomasses values or to add a new particle from this interface you have to go back to the SAMPLES edition in the same layer 12 8 4 Create or Update layer Particles Parameters This procedure is the same as for plant particle parameters see chapter 12 6 5 85 12 8 5 Desactivate a layer To desactivate a layer select the layer in the layer list and click on Desactivate Reactivate button
119. uring the Pattern render development some options were developed in addition such as setting colours to shape patterns according to criteria species or height threshold 11m Figure 38 By height threshold Figure 39 By species 38 Figures 38 and 39 show perspective and side views to display the vegetation scene in using e two different colours for vegetation objects over and underneath 11 m e two different colours according to the species criterion Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex 8 4 Effects of Fire Visualisation Fire damage on vegetation objects has been mainly focused on fire induced tree mortality Several fire impacts on trees crown and trunk have been defined and can be visualized at the scene scale Figure 40 Visualisation of fire impacts on trees 8 4 1 Crown Damages visualisation Three levels of crown damages are classified e crown green per default e Crown scorched height yellow per default e crown killed height grey per default The best display of this impact would be transparent in order to represent the dead fuel but it is too much resource consuming 8 4 2 Bole Damages visualisation Bark charring is shown on tree trunk with min and max heights e Trunk brown per default e Max trunk charred height dark per default e Min trunk charred height dark per default 39 8 5 Visualisation Options For Pattern sketcher render several visualisation options are available
120. vailable by drawing a rectangle with the left click A single right click zooms forward COPY PASTE is useful to copy a 2D slice of voxels in another one ENS Decrease and increase the grid size in 4 dimensions m mT Copy voxels from left to right symmetrically to Z axe 75 Right part Select the type of voxel to spread on the shape in the coloured square in the legend TOP CENTER BOTTOM The selected type name appears in RED white voxel represents empty areas in the crown At the bottom right part of the screen particles list with biomasses for the selected type of voxel is displayed Biomasses values CAN NOT be modified here Unit is grams Control At the bottom of the screen the total estimated biomass is automatically calculated Total measured biomass from the sampling is displayed for control Click on Validate to save the shape in the database All empty voxel rows at the right or at the top of the shape will NOT be saved The shape size will be automatically adjusted NOTE It is NOT POSSIBLE to modify biomasses values or to add a new particle from this interface you have to go back to the SAMPLE edition in the same plant b From 2D shape voxels rotation algorithm The screen is divided in 3 parts Left part for 3D visualisation Central part for shape modification in 2D Right part for legend and biomasses update m CAGE method 3D shape editor Plant Shape P
121. y java cap 4 Navigation The buttons in the navigation bar can be used at every time previous target i e Back next target i e Forward gt back to the first target i e Home Figure 8 Example of Capsis help screen inspector panel 20 5 VEGETATION SCENE CREATION 5 1 CaPsis project creation A project creation consists in initializing the root step of the Fire Paradox module under CAPsrs platform in other words in creating the initial planting set All manipulative functionalities which are already available will be loaded with this stage Click in the menu bar of the C4esrs interface Project gt New Or Ctrl N The following dialog window will appear New Project Tes GenLoader Guppy Hi sAFe IFN CA ISGM Ivy Sd Fire Paradox Eric Rigolot Francois e Pimont Isabelle Lecomte Oana Vigy Eric Rigaud INRA ENSMP Fire Paradox Fuel manager user friendly v n es i3 License Figure 9 New project window Type a project name s Select the model to be linked Fire Paradox Hit the Initialize button Please refer to the chapter 5 2 for specific instructions Note From this screen you can also get documentation and information about FIRE PARADOX model licence 7 Capsis AMAP INRA Mozilla Firefox TAX Fichier Edition Affichage Historique Marque

Project no. FP6-018505 Project Acronym FIRE PARADOX

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