LCA User Manual
Contents
1. Marketing al Other N Ce mister Impact ap assessment Ne A Fig 1 Steps of Life Cycle Assessment to capture Scope 1 to 3 emissions and impacts on the environment 1 Goal and scope definition phase In this 1 phase system boundaries will be defined for the analyzed system System boundaries define which Unit Processes phases will be included in the LCA e Cradle to Grave Full Life Cycle Assessment e Cradle to Gate Exclude transportation part to customer e Gate to Gate One process in the production chain The depth and breadth of an LCA depend on the goal of each particular LCA The reason for making the LCA and the target group usually define the goal of the LCA 2 Inventory analysis phase This phase is also called the Life Cycle Inventory LCI phase which is the 2 phase of LCA This phase is usually the most time consuming phase where the input and output data regarding the system are studied and collected LCI answers the question How much of everything flows where Usually inout and output can be classified into the following main fields e energy inputs raw material inputs ancillary inputs other physical inputs e products co products and waste e releases into air water and soil and e other environmental aspects All calculating procedures should be explicitly documented and all assumptions should be explained carefully It is good to check the data validity during the2. which must be mapped to the GaBi LCA equivalents on the GaBi database The default is No Mapping which unless changed will exclude that stream from the evaluation Fig 4 shows the details of the laterite input stream while Fig 5 shows the output and more specifically the pig iron stream Please note that the exergy value is also given which is very useful additional information for analyzing technology reactors plants and systems fim LCA Evaluation F ay amp VAN N P gt ii VY T MM FYI LI Save Input Output Manual Manual Indicator Input Output i j p Wi Mapping Normalize Help Unit Name Stream Name Amount NiPigIronEF Slag I E NiPigironEF Ni Pig Iron a Value Class Name gt Summary Amount kg Summary Amount Nm3 Summary Extra energy kWh Summary Total Exergy Species Si l Species Fef Species Cul Species Cr l Species Ni 1 Species Cof Species P l Species C Species Element C Clement Ca NiPigIronEF Offgas NiPigIronEF Fluedust NiPigIronEF Heat Loss e 1710 51 45 89 200 00 i LA To Gabi To Excel Output Streams Unit 4279 05 1019 28 Output Streams Value 1019 28377545331 0 150249149287767 0 257545 550861513 31 4964345332637 859 537992162226 0 540959117183395 0 27299676690 1068 84 6539423076923 3 55049781132093 0 39 2309527547227 0 39 2309527547227 NANT 114237002 Lea Equivalent kg No Mapping kg No Mapping Unit Text kg lee kg No Mapping kg N
3. 3 Using the LGA Toolin ASG Sw secina aN S ANE R EEE iae 6 49 3 1 Automatic Import of All Input and Output StreaMs cc cceccceecccseeeceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeaes 6 49 3 2 Adding Manual Streams not Defined in the Process Simulation Model 0008 8 49 3 3 Mapping of Process Simulation Flows with GaBi Flow Definitions cccsseceeeeeee 9 49 3 4 Main Product Selection and Normalization of Data ccccccecccececeeceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeaeees 10 49 3 5 Exporting as an Ecospold File to GaBi and as an Excel File cccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 11 49 3 6 Importing a Process to GaBi and Further Analysis in the GaBi Plan Functionality 12 AGA BOIOJADNY scere r cepted amenastnatenuetamenasenas 15 Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 3 15 Peltom ki 49 1 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment LCA Calculating a LCA is defined in the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards which belong to the ISO environmental management standards family ISO 14000 According to the standards the calculation is divided into the four main phases presented in Fig 1 f Life cycle assessment framework N N Ni Goal and scope definition Direct applications Product development and improvement Invento Strategic planning analysis Interpretation Public policy making INDIRECT
4. Category Sub Category Amount Normalized Amount Unit Input Nickel ore 1 5 FromTechnosphere Material resources Non renewable resources 5700 00 5 59 kg Input Coke metallurgic FromTechnosphere Materials Intermediate products 356 65 0 35 kg Input Limestone FromTechnosphere Materials Minerals 869 41 0 85 kg Input Air FromNature Material resources Renewable resources 128 67 0 13 kg Input Energy unspecific Electricity Heat Energy resources 5300 47 5 20 kwh Output Slag WasteToTreatment Waste to Hazardous waste 4279 05 4 20 kg Output Pig iron Fe carrier WasteToTreatment Waste to Materials Metals 1019 28 1 00 kg Output Flue gas ToNature Other emissions to air 1710 51 1 68 kg Output Dust containing heavy metals WasteToTreatment Waste to Hazardous waste 45 89 0 05 kg Output Energy unspecific ToNature Energy resources 200 00 0 20 kwh Output Carbon monoxide WasteToTreatment Waste to Inorganic emissions to air 474 18 0 47 kg Output Carbon dioxide ToNature Inorganic emissions to air 261 21 0 26 kg Fig 10 A complete normalized data set defining as a black box the complete process flowsheet or system 49 3 5 Exporting as an Ecospold File to GaBi and as an Excel File The To GaBi exporting menu button writes an Ecospold version 1 0 XML file The exported file contains metadata which provides general process information as required by the LCA methodology Metadata information is entered in the Process Intormation window and needs to be co
5. GaBi database from the directory into which the XML file was exported A file searching window opens for the exported HSC Sim file search as shown in Fig 14 File selection first opens the process summary where the user is also informed of the process export path in the GaBi process tree Fig 14 lists all the flows and amounts and if this summary is OK the final import can be started by clicking the green play button At the end of this import a log file popup appears in GaBi that informs the user whether the import was successful or not The log file can be closed without saving in GaBi W Import EcoSpold file en kiii No mapping scheme loaded Preview IOs Object list Mapping scheme 1 Inputs Flow Amount Unit Tracke Standard de Comment unit Nickel ore 1 5 Material resources Non renewable resources 5 59216200362kg x Coke metallurgic Materials Intermediate products 0 3498976768 1kg x Limestone Materials Minerals 0 85296445228 kg x Air Material resources Renewable resources 0 12623534541kg Energy unspecific Energy resources 5 200188 10444kwh X 4 Outputs Flow Amount Unit TrackeStandard de Comment units Slag Hazardous waste 4 1980906238 ikg Pig iron Fe carrier Materials Metals 1 kg Flue gas Other emissions to air 1 67815038062kg Dust containing heavy metals Hazardous waste 0 0450 186566 1kg Energy unspecific Energy resources 0 19621621065kwh Carbon
6. LCA process A production flow definition should be made using the real production distribution For example in the case of electricity details such as fuel combustion mix conversion etc should be included Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 4 15 Peltom ki 3 Impact assessment phase The 3 phase of LCA is also known as Life Cycle Impact Analysis LCIA LCI results allow you to calculate the LCIA of the system LCIA identifies and evaluates the amounts and significance of the potential environmental impacts of the product system LCIA answers the question What are the resulting impacts Calculating is usually done using four steps where the first two are mandatory Fig 2 describes the steps with example values GWP for 100 year time horizon IMPACT LCI CATEGORIES FACTORS 4 assessment report AR4 Emissions to air 1 3kg CO 1 1 3kg GWP 3kgCO 3 160 3 kg CO Eq 3 kg 6 kg 2 0 001 kg NO 0 08 kg 6 kg CH 25 CFC 11 CCF 3 800 4 750 0 001 kg SO 1 CFC 12 CCLF 8 100 10 900 HCI 0 9kg 0 08 kg NO 0 7 0 849 kg SO Eq Forcas cor 14 400 gt 0 9 kg HCI 0 88 CFC 113 CCLFCCIF 4 800 6 130 CFC 114 CCIF CCIF2 10 000 Emissions to water CFC 115 CCIF2CF 7 370 PO 2 ke 0 08 kg NO 0 13 Halon 1301 CBrF 5 400 7 140 NH 0 1 kg 2kg PO 1 2 043 kg PO Eq Halon 1211 CBrciF 1 890 0 1 kg
7. Normalize calculates how much of each flow is needed to obtain 1 kg of the main product The Normalize button in the button menu executes normalization and the results are written in a new LCA normalized data sheet which appears after the calculation as shown in Fig 10 The normalization sheet summarizes all the process LCA data and also provides a good opportunity to check the data validity All the same mappings are combined in one stream and unmapped streams are not included in the summary If for example more than one stream is mapped with the same GaBi data Air all Air LCA Equivalents will be added to create one stream Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 11 15 Peltom ki This normalization sheet Fig 10 also provides a complete overview of all the flows which thus provides an excellent black box summary of the complete simulation producing a complete and consistent mass and energy balance As only mapped inputs and outputs are considered and no internal flows the black box does not reveal any proprietary process detail making it ideal for benchmarking processes inclusion in environmental databases etc LCA Evaluation ao x is L EL oy gag Have nA 8 ii R Save Input Output Manual Manual Indicator Mapping Normalize Help To Gabi To Excel Input Output Norma lized Flows Direction Flow Name group Name
8. a selection With the keyword search it is possible to limit the search by selecting some tree view node before the search so that the search is performed under the selected node All hits below that node will be presented Also shown is the pulldown menu for the LCA Group Fig 8 and the possible places where it can flow to as selected as shown in Fig 9 Input Streams Unit Name Stream Name Amount Unit Lca Equivalent Lca Group E i Material resources i i gt Arseni p Lanthanides Fig 9 LCA equivalent search from the GaBi database structure selection of LCA Group When i navigating away you are asked to apply mapping The stream description field shows the stream name category and reference quantity as shown at the bottom of Fig 9 If changes are required simply drag and drop a new GaBi equivalent or if something is to be omitted select Not defined from the pulldown menu When navigating away from the page you will be prompted to apply the changes as shown in Fig 9 All changes must always be saved to be effective Main Product Selection and Normalization of Data Selection of the_Main product is needed in order for normalization of the data to be performed The Main product is always one of the output streams No matter how many by products there are only one main product can be selected as all flows are normalized relative to this This selection is made by checking the box as shown in Fig 5
9. in solution Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential AETP kg Residue t Product including composition Abiotic Depletion ADP kg Fugitive Emissions t Product Etc kg Particulate Emissions t Product Etc qT All analyses are performed on this basis linked to technology and can therefore be used to innovate the technology and or the system and understand its resource efficiency as shown in Fig 1 MINE Primary Resource Geological minerals Market amp Stocks Collection amp Dismantling Functional Metal amp Material Combinations Secondary Resources Unaccounted _ nn MM Losses amp Theft URBAN MINE Secondary Resource Designed mineral GREENPRINT OF THE SYSTEM MAXIMIZE RE RCE EFFICIENCY Maximize Handprint Minimise Footprint Losses Physics complex linkages economics Losses Manufacture Losses amp Stocks Sampling data integrity Le resolution detail statistics mineralogy Stocks Infrastructure Losses Thermodynamics system technology economics metal price feed morphology analysis complexity dilution of alloying metals etc Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA UTOoTec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 2 15 Peltom ki Table of Contents 49 1 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment LCA c cccccsecccseeececeeeeseeeeseeeeeseeeessaeesaaeeeseeeeesaes 3 A EOAR GC eee r r E r E 5 49
10. monoxide Inorganic emissions to air 0 4652124642 kg Carbon dioxide Inorganic emissions to air 0 2562684662Skg Cancel Fig 15 Process summary presented during import as a check before clicking on the play button to complete the import The new process is available in GaBi Processes under the HSC folder This HSC Sim generated process can now be used in the new LCA plans together with all other GaBi processes functionality and an impact assessment performed as shown in Fig 17 Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J Peltom ki Gabi6 14 15 Database Edit Extras View Help l f xB i BRaAeD t9 Object hierarchy Naton Nane Type Su QA amp Source Group Last change 1D Nickel Pig iron Smelting Electric Fumace DB Process EP Deposal Object Edit View Help P ew ces Jhi p Gis aea E z are eens Name 1D v Nickel Pig Iron Smelting P Fesh Parameter P OFLA Parmeter Pormda P Outotec PSF FO mode pyrometalurgy iaminn P Perce ne amp tn G tcc o eur iewe Documentation Industry data Completeness No statement ea Inputs IP Recovery Mow BO Reparrg 2 Coke metallurgic Intermediate products W Transport Energy unspecific Energy resources FO vrizeton Umestone Minerals B Version 2005 2 Nickel ore 1 5 Hon renewable resources P Verson 2011 BP Ar Renemable
11. HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 1 15 Peltomaki 49 Environmental Impact Environmental impact assessment in HSC Sim 8 combines the simulation functionality of Sim with the functionality of GaBi environmental impact assessment software This provides a rigorous mass and energy balance as well as a techno economic basis for LCA and thus links the environmental impact analysis to technology Hence it can be used to suggest change and innovation Outotec HSC Sim a E re o y Rase 493 i n de ames iam jo inn Amm ee amp a zamonam e a m a Basan ascens PE anh mo Mc rm alpen s gt lt Pu os 4 o y aaz m_m co po T a swa 4 w 4 a R i _ m an i jou f BAT Flow Sheets amp Recycling System Maximizing Environmental Indicators based on BAT Resource Efficiency Benchmarks Driving Benchmarks of Industry US t Product CAPEX amp OPEX ReCiPe and similar Endpoint estimation Recyclability Index based on system simulation of whole cycle Global Warming Potential GWP Energy GJ amp MWh t Product source specific Acidification Potential AP Exergy GJ amp MWh t Eutrification Potential EP kg CO t Product Human Toxicity Potential HTP kg SO t Product Ozone Layer Depletion Potential ODP g NO t Product Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential POCP m Water t Product including ions
12. NH 0 33 Halon 2402 CBrF C8rFz 1 640 l Carbon tetrachloride CCL 1 400 1 400 Methyl bromide CHBr 5 CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISATION EEEE AE Fig 2 Life Cycle Impacts Analysis steps and a few impact factors for CO Eq e Classification All emissions are linked to one or more impact category for example CH belongs to the Global Warming Potential GWP category e Characterization Converts reference substance of the category by multiplying the quantities by the characterization factor which means that the result unit is changed to the reference unit of the category where the quantity belongs For example CH has a factor of 25 which means that CH contributes 25 times more than CO to the global warming potential The most common factor developers are the Institute of Environmental Science CML in Europe and TRAICI in the United States e Normalization Converts and possibly aggregates the indicator results across impact categories using numerical factors based on value choices The aim is to understand the relative magnitude for each indicator result e Evaluation Gives better understanding of the reliability of the collected indicator results More like a quality control step 4 Interpretation phase In this 4 and final phase of the LCA procedure the results of the LCI or LCA or both are summarized The main idea here is to identify significant issues based on the LCI and LCIA phases of LCA Not all of these ph
13. Reuter 2014 Handbook of Recycling Elsevier BV Amsterdam 595p 5 GaBi Paper Clip tutorial Handbook for Lifecycle Assessment Using the GaBi software htip tutorials gabi software com Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014
14. ases are always mandatory Sometimes sufficient information is already assimilated by carrying out only the LCI and LCIA phases This is usually referred to as an LCI study Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA UTOTeCc November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 5 15 Peltom ki 49 2 LCA in HSC Sim The HSC Sim LCA tool covers LCA phases one and two Subsequent phases are performed by 3 party LCA software When the LCI has been completed via HSC Sim the process and or flowsheet is are exported to a separate file that can be imported into GaBi LCA software the file is in Ecospold format In GaBi software other Scope 2 and 3 processes transportation etc are added as will be shown in the example below Please consult www pe international com for more information and details about GaBi at http www gabi software com The HSC Sim LCA tool can also be used to capture in a black box summary how much of a compound is released into the environment without the use of GaBi software However GaBi provides mid and end point analyses of the impacts of these flows materials compounds etc providing a detailed impact analysis of the flows HSC Sim LCA analysis is always based on a complete HSC Sim process model where the input and output streams represent the data for the LCIA phase In LCA analysis the substances of interest are only the input and output streams to the environment Internal stream
15. ed for environmental impact Mapping of Process Simulation Flows with GaBi Flow Definitions In order to perform LCA calculations all HSC streams have to be mapped to GaBi equivalents All automatically included input and output streams have to be mapped but mapping of predefined manual streams are not mandatory Non mapped streams are discarded automatically The mapping dialog is started by clicking the mapping button on the button menu On the left side of the dialog window all the HSC Sim process streams are given and the search tool for the GaBi database is on the right side Stream mapping and selection is done by drag and drop from the GaBi side to the HSC side see Fig 8 The right side will be updated automatically if changes are made to that stream fim LCA Evaluation o x is Ps m n GF yt hal oy E HLS H igg Avewen a il A Save Input Output Manual Manual Indicator Mapping Normalize Help To Gabi To Excel Input Output Inputs Outputs Manual Inputs Manual Outputs Indicators E Flows Keyword Search Coke Input Streams Deposited goods Coke Breeze Unit Name Stream Name Amount Unit Lca Equivalent Lca Group Emissions to agricultural soil US Dummy_Metallurgical coke combusted in ind Emissions to air NiPigIronEF Laterite 5700 00 kg No Mapping Not defined i tn ig E US Dummy_Petroleum coke combusted in indus i RST eee Emissions to fresh water ae N g Petrol coke NiPigIronEF C
16. environment are used in the assessment Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA utotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti Peltom ki 14022 ORC J 7 15 E LCA Evaluation A E Av 2 Save Input Output Manual Manual Indicator Input Output WAA S ill 7 BH Mapping Normalize Help To Gabi To Excel Input Streams Unit Name Stream Name Amount Unit Lca Equivalent Lca Group p E NPI OnE ne At 5700 00 kg No Mapping Not defined Input Streams a Value Class Name Value Unit Text Unit Enum r Summary Amount kg 5700 kg Masskg Summary Amount Nm3 2 38597352766815 Nm3 VolumeNm3 Summary Extra energy kWh 0 kWh EnergykWh Summary Total Exeray 666 2412048528 kWh EnergykWh Species NiO 119 7 kg Masskg Species Fe203 1254 kg Masskg Species CoO 4 56 kg Masskg Species CuO 0 684 kg Masskg Species Cr203 39 9 kg Masskg Species SiO2 2223 kg Masskg Species CaO 228 kg Masskg Species Al203 282 15 kg Masskg Species H20 855 kg Masskg Species MgO 693 006 kg Masskg Cnacian len aaalen NiPigIronEF Coke 356 65 kg No Mapping Not defined NiPigIronEF Limestone 869 41 kg No Mapping Not defined NiPigIronEF Infilitrate Air 128 67 kg No Mapping Not defined NiPigIronEF Power kWh 5300 47 kwh No Mapping Not defined Fig 4 Input streams info sheet extracted from flowsheet showing the laterite details The LCA streams sheets contain the HSC Sim stream names as defined by the design engineer and amounts
17. ig iron Furnace x mi Mh Niche Pig fron Furnace a Ji Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxidty Pot kg DCB Equv Mh Nickel Pig fron Furnace a Jil Hunan Toxicity Potential kg DCB Equy ahil Neckel Ag tron Furnace F ahil Nickel Pig tron Furnace Wickel Pig Iron Furnace gt Nickel Pig Iron Furnace gt a dhl Photochem Ozone Creston Potenta kg Ethene fqur gt x FF dha Mechel Pig iron Furnace 3 EP a dhl Teresinc Ecotowoty Potental kg C8 Equiv 4 OD stabai pn tean annem m _j 1D Becticty gid aux PE 266 3 kg Phosphatetquiv E Bectricty gi Last change System 09 10 2014 11 37 05 2 Noci Last ci 09 10 2014 11 36 02 GUID d9235053 b89e 4i4f bf0ib d42290db3cd4 Selection Nickel Pig Iron F Completeness No statement Odour Changes a No image Energy net calontic vate Lint Maximus flow width 40 Piyes per unit X 214 a a Fig 17 The imported process can now be linked to other GaBi processes e g energy and the calculated environmental impacts Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 15 15 Peltom ki 49 4 Bibliography 1 E Worrell and M A Reuter 2014 Handbook of Recycling Elsevier BV Amsterdam 595p ISBN 978 0 12 396459 5 2 SFS EN ISO 14044 SFS EN ISO 14040 4 J Gediga Life Cycle Assessment pp 555 562 In E Worrell and M A
18. mpleted before exporting Fig 11 Stream details are taken from the normalization sheet Sim Process Information oO x Process Process Name Nickel Pig Iron Smelting Technology Electric Furnace General Comment Production of low grade Ni containing pig iron Location Location Indonesia v Location Comment Developer Author Reuter Date 09 10 2014 v Version Number 1 0 Cancel OK Fig 11 Process Info dialog for entering process detail It is not mandatory to complete all process information fields but it is worth filling well in order to export the process in a form that is best usable in GaBi After completion of the process information save it by clicking Process info can also be used without the LCA tool to describe the process well hence providing a good summary for use in a process design The To GaBi exporting button is found on the button menu to the right of the Normalize button If normalization has not been done the LCA tool will automatically ask you to perform normalization first Exporting opens a file search dialog where the location and Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 12 15 Peltomaki 49 3 6 name of the exported file is defined entered The Export done popup window will inform the user when the export is ready as shown by Fig 12 There is also an option to export the information t
19. o Excel which can be used as an input for other applications reports publications etc as shown in Fig 13 j J Computer Local Dikit DL a Notification x Fig 12 Selection of export directory and file name ANE Ta NPI Excel Export xlsx Microsoft Excel EEE ona apdo f Home Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review View Add Ins PDF XChange 4 FT Pa 3 z B 4 e Tahoma 7185 A a Wrap Text Text X E 5A Normal Bad Good P W som 2T Bw a Fill 74 Paste 7 LU Oe A S BE E Merges center gt E te 398 Conditional Format Neutral Calculation _ Insert Delete Format Sort amp Find amp VP Format Painter il Uji OA E a ie Formatting asTable _ ad c X x X Clear 7 Filter Select Clipboard p Font ta Alignment Sa Number ia Styles Cells Editing fe Input Streams c G H 1 J K L M N o P Q R S T 2 Unit Name Stream Name Amount Unit Lea Equivalent Lca Group 7 3 NiPigIronEF Laterite 5700 00 kg Nickel ore 1 5 FromTechnosphere 4 NiPigIronEF Coke 356 65 kg Coke metallurgic FromTechnosphere 5 INiPigIronEF Limestone 869 41 kg Limestone FromTechnosphere 6 NiPigIronEF Infilitrate Air 128 67 kg Air FromNature 7 NiPigIronEF Power kWh 5300 47 kwh Energy unspedfic Electridty Heat 8 K 4 gt gt Input Streams Output Streams Manual Input Streams Manual Output Streams Indicator Streams Normalized S
20. o Mapping kwh No Mapping Main Product Unit Enum eovesvsessvesvecevsecosessussessensvsesey Masskg VolumeNm3 EnergykWh EneragykWh Masskg Masskg Masskg Masskg Masskg Masskg Masskg Masskg Masskg Masskg saaka Fig 5 LCA Streams sheet for Output also marking the main product relative to which every flow is normalized Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 8 15 Peltom ki 49 3 2 Adding Manual Streams not Defined in the Process Simulation Model Sometimes during the LCI development via HSC Simulation some missing streams may be identified The best and recommended way is to add missing streams directly to the process simulation model This typically would include all fugitive emissions additional power leakages from the system etc In some cases it is also appropriate to add streams for LCA purposes only Adding these is done via the Manual Streams sheet as depicted in Fig 6 For example if general ancillary process electricity usage is not defined with its own stream in the process simulation model then it can be defined via the manual streams dialog sheet This can also be done for the output side As shown in Fig 6 the stream can be added click on Add new input stream button at the bottom of the window adding a name as well as the units and the amount for the flow that matches the da
21. oke 356 65 kg Coke metallurgic Not defined ___f4 Emissions to industrial soil NiPigIronEF Limestone 869 41 kg No Mapping Group ae Hard coal coke i y ac fi S NiPigIronEF Infilitrate Air 128 67 kg No Mapping Not defined ae ver ome Ce Materials Fuels f oe Hard coal coke NiPigIronEF Power kWh 5300 47 kwh No Mapping residues in life cyde Electricity Heat Coke oven gas from external supply MJ Services FromNature abase Coke C carrier FromTechnosphere bstances Coke product x ee Fig 8 Selecting a stream for mapping by drag and drop from the right into the LCA Equivalent box as shown in red Please note that here you also have to select where this stream comes from using the dropdown menu Selection of the flow group is always a very important step The flow group defines the nature of the stream i e where it comes and where it flows to There are specific group types for input flows and output flows The flow group is selected from the dropdown menu as shown in Fig 8 Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 10 15 Peltom ki 49 3 4 There are two possibilities to search for the LCA equivalent of each stream A keyword search is one option during which the hits are listed below the search word Fig 8 and the second option is a tree view for manual searching Fig 9 In both cases double click on the stream name to make
22. resources g Version 2012 a Fows A Quenttes W Units User Contacts reien 2 Carbon dioxide Inorganic emissions to air 0x Gobsl parameter P Energy unspecific Energy resources Reference Citation Fue gas Other emissions to ax G Caper example 2012 C ProgramMata PE Intemational aae 61D Sag Hazardous waste G Popercip Tutorial 2012 C ProgramData PE internatonal Gat 6 5 Carbon mononode Inorganic emssons to ar amp Professional Extensions 2012 C ProgramData PE Internatone 5 Dust containing heavy metals Hazardous waste BP Pig ron Fe carrier Metas Last change System 09 10 2014 09 01 27 GLAD cef70021 3906 4e0a 0354 4874fdtice 337 No Object Edit es Help JB BBx PFsziqae m Nickel Pig Iron Furnace Process pian Energy net calorfe value MJ The names of the basc processes are shown ID Nike Pig iron XA a Nickel Pig ron Furnace Balances Balance Smelling Object Edit View Tools Help I EAL EAR fE 1D rE a gt me lili aco ut scra cme 2002 Qov 20 alt icra mac lt icia lll ReOPe 4 Balance gh ireport Ul outoteootoent Lh 2 a OutoteFootrint i Nickel Pig Irom Furnace gt Nickel Fig Iron Furnace gt a dal Goda warming Potential kg CO2 Equiy FZ dhl Ncket Pig tron Furnace GWP 100 years a dil Accifcation Potensal kg SO2 Equv 5 F hil tca Aig tron Furnace a dij Eutrophication Potental ko Phosphate Equiv F dil Nichel P
23. s are not taken into account because they are not relevant when analyzing the process as one black box As LCA does not generally base its analysis of complete systems on closed mass and energy balances it is always advisable to create a detailed process model to make the LCA results more accurate Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 HSC 8 Sim LCA Outotec November 20 2014 Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 6 15 Peltom ki 49 3 49 3 1 Using the LCA Tool in HSC Sim When the process simulation model is ready the LCA tool is started by selecting Tools gt LCA Evaluation from the main menu as shown in Fig 3 Paz Page Foged Pages PageS Papet Page Fig 3 Starting the LCA tool from the main menu also showing a Sankey diagram for total mass flow and some extra information required for slag chemistry to check the results Automatic Import of All Input and Output Streams The LCA tool creates up to five sheets namely Input Output Manual Input Manual Output and Indicator as shown in Fig 4 The Input and Output Streams Info sheets contain all the process input and output streams in HSC Sim format for the process or complete flowsheet In these sheets stream detail content is available and imported directly from the simulation model NOTE No internal streams are captured through this as only streams that can interact with the environment and flow out from the system into the
24. ta in the flowsheet as it is being simulated imi LCA Evaluation eaa 4 Y T M IM I GI ell 6 B Save Input Output Manual Manual Indicator Mapping Normalize Help To Gabi To Excel Input Output Manual Input Streams Stream Name Amount Unit Lca Equivalent Lca Group Delete ji Power for buildings 0 kwh No Mapping Not defined X Add new input stream fimi LCA Evaluation ee i L amp A N gt m P is A YY FT M M I Am Hbk A Sa Input Output Manual Manual Indicator Mapping Normalize Help To Gabi To Excel Input Output Manual Input Streams Stream Name Amount Unit Lea Equivalent Lca Group Delete Power for buildings 0 f v No Mapping Not defined X i kwh Add new input stream Fig 6 LCA Manual Streams sheet for defining additional flows that do not appear in the simulation The key indicator sheet offers the possibility to examine how much of the compounds are released into the environment in the offgas or flue dust etc This is a valuable part of the evaluation as a transparent analysis can be made of all the compounds that flow into the environment Fig 7 shows all the indicator values and adds them together once they have been mapped as entering the environment You can use the wildcard Table 1 to capture more than a single compound e g CO will collect all CO and CO etc species as defined in the model Table 1 Possible wildcard for compound definition Wildcard Description Zero or more characters An
25. treams fy Ready Calculate Fig 13 The Excel export of all the information for further use by other software Importing a Process to GaBi and Further Analysis in the GaBi Plan Functionality GaBi software is 3 party LCA software and not part of HSC Chemistry software http tutorials gabi software com Extending the GaBi process database is possible by selecting Database Import Ecospold producing functional GaBi processes Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 Outotec tango Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 13 15 Peltomaki Gabi 6 o g xz exh D TELAT 2 a Obpect barr archy z m 4 Pns Ga Bi a 4 rantak Produet Sustainabi Welcome to GaBi 6 P Balarces Software San 7 Linkedin User Groug Facebook Learning Canter Tutorials M Utic Rec Connect Local Database Username System Role Administrator Ufe Cycle susme Benches OutotecBenchn so OutotecFoo mnt Activate Database APOE Reuterttodets T Conper_s00000tps Copier example 2012 ProgramData PE I NationalGahi G atabases Copier exarmole 2 Gabo s Exargies amp Papercip Tutorial 2012 ProgramData PE Intemational Gabi 6 Patabases Papercip Tutora 2 6ab08 F Fecy 240000epa Professional Extensions 2012 C ProgramData PE Intemational Gabi 6 Databases Professional Extensions 2012 Gab08 w dh 200000 P cesses Poo BS9SS3 77 LOZ RhwOPS eee EF a em jec Fig 14 Importing a new process to the
26. y single character Any single digit 0 9 You can type any compound in the sheet after having clicked on the Add new input stream bar at the bottom of the window Some defaults are given The compound definition may contain wildcards as presented in Table 1 The LCA tool will automatically check if there are double counts of elements compounds species A message box informs the user of double counting and will not add the compound to the list Copyright Outotec Oyj 2014 Outotec it Research Center Pori Markus Reuter Matti 14022 ORC J 9 15 Peltomaki 49 3 3 All the indicators which have some amount will be automatically added to the Manual Output streams list If these emissions are to be excluded from the LCA analysis the streams can be deleted manually by clicking the red cross Sim LCA Evaluation a ee Ea E Ak gt m P T m Avant amp S amp S iii 2 Save Input Output Manual Manual Indicator Mapping Normalize Help To Gabi To Excel Input Output Indicator Streams Stream Name Measured Property Amount Unit Lea Group Lea Equivalent Delete coga c g 0 00 kg Not defined No Mapping a CO2 qg cOig 0 00 kg Not defined No Mapping 4 H200 H200 0 00 kg Mot defined No Mapping 4 so 50 0 00 kg Not defined No Mapping x No NoO 0 00 kg Not defined No Mapping J nee ace ee aon APEE FOR EERE se Add new indicator stream Fig 7 Key Indicator sheet showing the entry of a new compound that has to be track
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search