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1. This is done via the serial port on the MP3 server com puter using the same application software that passes the incoming wireless commands to the Microsoft Media Player The firmware in the remote unit can handle up to four different music folders To avoid the need to constantly update the remote unit s flash memory it s recommended that four stable folders are chosen for remote playing with other fold ers used for newly downloaded music or selections that are always changing The remote unit contains a 32K x 8 flash memory which can hold up to 200 song titles per folder 800 total Because flash memory is nonvolatile it will hold this song database even when the unit is off which is important because the remote unit is battery operated Remote Control Unit The heart of the system is the remote control unit Shown in Figure 1 It is built around an Atmel AT90S2313 4PC which has 15 1 0 lines 12 of which are used as well as an internal hardware UART Because the unit requires so little power to operate chose to power it with four AA cells followed by an LM2936CZ5 low dropout regulator It became obvious early on that the song display would not be useful unless it was able to display the com plete song title and or artist s name Because there can be a lot of songs to scroll through also decided that four songs should be displayed simultaneously Therefore chose a 4 x 40 LCD panel This unit has a different wiring s
2. logo and combinations thereof are registered trademarks and Everywhere You Are is the trademark of Atmel Corporation or its Subsidiaries Other terms and product names may be trademarks of others All product names specifications prices and other information are subject to change without notice The publisher takes no responsibility for false or misleading information or errors or omissions Any comments may be addressed to the publisher Glenn ImObersteg at glenn convergencepromotions com or 1 925 516 6227 ANSI C development tools for Atmel AVR amp TinyAVR Full featured IDE Full support for AVR Studio my Application Builder ISP support e Code Browser e Code Compressor Inline assembly interrupt handlers in C Prices ICCAVR V6 STD 199 PRO 49 ICCtiny V6 129 Full featured 30 day at Www IMGGecrent con info imagecraft com 706 Colorado Ave Palo Alto CA 94303 650 493 9326 FAX 650 493 9329 co SGJV RO fo NRA NW WAUN COIN powered N rices N G C PRIORA page 26 Security Applications ai SCS Is Security Needed in Your Memory Application By Mary T J arboe Atmel Marketing Manager Crypto and RF Memories Atmel now offers CryptoMemory the industry s only Secure Serial EEPROM with the same pinout as the AT24xxx Series and also utilizing the same popular 2 wire serial interface This allows an embedded appli cation to be easily
3. 358 0 9 4520 820 email Kmeyer atmel com Mitarte T Kiis a z lt hitex DEVELOPMENT TOOLS fa w hj i ys NW WL aUe COM i a A Security Applications By Dany Nativel Atmel Intellectual Property IP theft is a problem confronting many system manufacturers Market share has been eroded due to other competitors providing a similar platform at a much lower price In some cases the entire system including hardware and software is being duplicated IP theft has allowed unscrupulous manu facturers to avoid the costly development and valida tion phases and to offer a lower price for a comparable system Protecting Hardware IP Protection has always been a tradeoff between increased costs versus additional security features An ASIC system architecture can provide very good pro tection against illegal copies However if no additional protection exists at the silicon level reverse engineer ing although costly is still feasible An ASIC is inflexi ble and requires a significant investment in time and money for development and validation In many cases it is easier to use an existing standard product such as a microprocessor and define the security perimeter at the system level rather than the chip level Re pro grammable solutions can also enhance the overall security but are limited to the FPGA s security profile Filtering By Online Authentication A networked system has the advant
4. and Q channel type applica tions the SMT391 has two identical channels and all settings are applicable to both Operations for both channels are the same and there is only one sample Clock for both channels and both channels will respond to the same trigger The dual channel Atmel converter converts the analog data and a single 16 bit parallel data stream is generated for each channel One stream is transmitted as is over the RSL interface for real time type applications The second data stream can either be transmitted straight over the SHB inter face or stored in DDR SDRAM every time a trigger is received COST IS VERY OFTEN AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION CHOICES SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE PARTITIONING IS KEY IN THAT PROCESS DECISION FUNCTIONS IMPLEMENTED IN SOFTWARE ARE GENERALLY LOWER COST THAN THE ONE IMPLEMENTED IN HARDWARE ON THE OTHER HAND HARDWARE GIVES SOME PERFORMANCE SOFTWARE COULD NOT ACHIEVE ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK FOR SYSTEM COST IS ON THE IP USED IP VENDORS TENDS TO SUPPLY FULL FEATURED IP THEY ARE PRIMARILY DESIGNED FOR HARDWIRED ASIC AND ARE FULLY CON FIGURABLE BY SOFTWARE TO COVER THE MAXIMUM OF APPLICATIONS VERY OFTEN THE FULL FEATURE IP IS OVERKILLED FOR THE APPLICATIONS REMOVING UNNECESSARY FEATURES WHILE KEEPING THE COMPATIBILITY WITH STANDARD ARE SOMETIMES VERY EFFICIENT FOR COST REDUCTION PARTIAL AND DYNAMIC RECONFIGURA TION CAPABILITY OF SOME FPGA ALLOWS YOU TO FURTHER R
5. while competing products have current consumption at least 3 times higher Another key requirement in TPM applications is small outline and low weight Since the high speed of a car wheel causes enormous centrifugal forces a TPM mod ule needs to be very small and may not exceed a weight of 35 grams Up to now the smallest possible 125 degree C TPM products were only available in TSSO16 packages the ATA5283 is available in a TSSOP 8 lead package For correct signal demodulation an appropriate internal signal amplitude is needed To control the input signal the ATA5283 has a built in digital automatic gain con trol AGC to amplify the input signal from the coil The AGC regulates the internal signal amplitude according to the reference value With its dynamic range of 60 dB the AGC can handle both very large and very small input signals from 1 mV rms to 1000 mV rms To prevent the circuit from unintended Operation in noisy environ ments a valid preamble sig nal with a minimum of 192 periods is necessary to acti vate the AGC circuit It requires up to 512 carrier periods for the settling Short interrupts which are sup pressed by the signal condi tioner are tolerated The ATA5283 supports ASK modulation PWM Man chester and Bi Phase with a data baud rate up to 4 kbit s The technology available from Atmel today along with the direct TPMS method will be implemented in automobiles for the next 3 5 years The
6. D1 Ceramic Resonator 4 1N914 4 MHz Lf 2 3 4 X1 5 6 3 Po PDS PBO AT90S2313 A0 YDD A VSS SDA 24LC256 P8EA Song list memory U7 LM2936CZ5 5V Cl C2 ON OFF B1 4 A A Cells LCD4X40 1 ycc enp U4 5V ai MXD 28 A2 SCL NC DOUT 5 MD SD NKM2401 N 5V U6 R4 1 YCC 10k a GND ge 7 IN eo C3 EA Link test AM RT5 433 0 1u LINX ANT 433 PW RA Z Transmitter Figure 1 The MP3 remote controller is run by a AVR device My other experience with small wireless modules was with the more costly Linx HP II series 900 MHz These are FSK units the transmitter can be fed directly from a UART and the receiver is a squelched unit that feeds a UART directly Luckily Abacom s technical staff pointed out that the low cost units had chosen can t be directly interfaced to a UART port However Abacom has designed a combo chip called the NKM2401 N which can function as either a data encoder or decoder depending on the wiring of the mode pin For this project use one of these devices at each end of the wireless data link In the remote unit the NKM2401 accepts an 8 byte packet from the UART of the 2313 at 2400 bps adds sync pre post amble bytes and CRC and performs Manchester encoding on the resulting data Because the NKM2401 requires an 8 byte packet and my com mands are only 2 bytes long add my own sync and filler bytes to make up an 8 byte packet The MK2401 s data output i
7. Each operand in the example is encoded using 24 bits the amount of parameters passed to the function is deter mined by the 8 bit architecture of the internal AVR FPGA data bus An additional parameter called oper parameter is passed to the AVR BIOS to determine if it mpilers ICD Simulators Programn i z 8051 r a at 80196 PIC MSP 430 censory 718 259 3191 www phyton com AEMICS is necessary to reconfigure the FPGA The BIOS then transfers the data to the coprocessor and gets the results Conclusion This paper has presented a hardware platform that makes use of dynamic reconfiguration to increase a computational potential of a simple microcontroller The platform uses an external memory to emulate a bigger program and data space and to store reconfiguration bitstreams needed to program an FPGA based acceler ator connected to the microcontroller Two sample appli cations have demonstrated the transparency of this approach in terms of application programming The most important advantage of the presented approach Is the possibility to offer an unlimited number of different operations accelerated in the FPGA to an application programmer without his concern for digital Circuit design Acknowledgements The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the support for this work provided by Atmel Hellas and Atmel Nantes W 78C51D others References 1 Collahan T J Hauser
8. Its 5 ms write timing isn t a problem because the data coming in from the server computer is sent at 1200 bps which is an 8 3 ms per character rate The 2313 doesn t have a dedi cated PC port so this function must be done in page 36 Play one of the four songs currently shown on display firmware The master PC routines were taken directly from Atmel s application note and work fine The LCD is a 4 x 40 unit that uses the ubiquitous Hitachi HD44780 con troller Actually it con tains two controller LSIs with a common data control interface in addi tion to two enable lines had to rewrite my trusty 4 bit LCD driver routines to handle the fact that lines one and two use controller one and lines three and four use con troller two All Played Out found this project to be very interesting partly because of the wireless The Abacom receiver transmitter modules coupled with the company s encoder and decoder devices work well Moreover the user friendly flash programming capabil ity of the AVR device made writing the assembly lan guage firmware nearly painless for me However there was one disappointment didn t antic ipate spending so much time coming up with a satis factory FM broadcaster module Although too late for this project recently came across the Rohm BH1416F Wireless Audio Link IC which contains a complete PLL Stabilized FM transmitter and FM stereo modulator in a SOP22 package bou
9. RECONF CTRL page 11 memory The START_ PROGRAM value has to be set in accordance with the starting location used by the FPGA DMA controller Once the overlay has been loaded the application code performs a jump to the START_PRO GRAM location appl is a pointer to a function When the overlay finishes the control is returned to the main application which can load and execute another over lay The LoadOvly function implemented in BIOS translates the overlay ID to its context in the external memory its MS address bits and stores it to the VIRTUAL MEM CTRL context register Figure 2 This write initiates a DMA operation implemented in the FPGA that trans fers a 2KB block of data from the external memory to the AVR program SRAM Once the transfer is complet ed the FPGA generates an interrupt if LoadOvly ovlyID TRUE PrintStr OVERLAY LOAD FAILED r n else appl START _PROGRAM appl Figure 3 An overlay use in an application program len LoadData amp oper data 1 0 while i lt len 6 CallFPGA oper data 6 i data 6 itl data 6 1it 2 data 6 i 3 data 6 it 4 data 6 1it5 amp results 3 i amp results 3 i 1 amp results 3 1 2 LiFe Figure 4 An FPGA call in an application program Reconfigurable Coprocessor The reconfigurable coprocessor implements different operations executed in the FPGA The coprocessor can be accessed by an application program executed by t
10. image Photo 5b is a negative image and Photo 5c is an edge extracted image used this type of image for object tracking Note that the light colored objects red and orange in this case don t show up as well in the edge extracted image You can increase or decrease the exposure setting to allow these low contrast objects to be seen in Edge mode Obstructed Views lan Horswill s 1993 dissertation Specialization of Perceptual Processes details some of his research concerning image processing for robotics Horswill out lines various assumptions that may be made by a robotic image processing system for detecting obsta Cles in a given environment After the edges have been extracted from an image the height of the first edge from the bottom of the image page 40 Register Address Normal mode Edge mode 0x80 0x3F 0xD6 0xD6 0x06 0x18 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x01 0x07 0xF 3 Table 1 When you re switching from Normal to Edge mode it s important to remember the M64282FP reg isters 0 2 and 7 can be determined Let s assume the camera is mounted somewhere on the front of the robot several inches or feet above the floor If the camera is aimed forward and down and if the floor doesn t have visible edges i e the carpet color is constant and there are no high contrast seams or changes of color then the only edges should be the obstacles on the floor or a floor to wall transition in front of th
11. 1 The AT90S8515 flash memory will be saved in page 47 8515 flash hex This file is in Intel hex format To read EEPROM change flash to eeprom Writing Flash EEPROM To write flash to the device on STK500 use the follow ing command assume you are using AT90S8515 avrdude c stk500 p 8515 U flash w test hex 1 AVRdude will automatically erase the device before it is programmed and verify the result The test hex file is in Intel hex format To write the EEPROM change flash to eeprom Signature Fuses and LockBits You must read the datasheet fuse programming lock bit programming and signature reading section to understand the magic number that is used to program the signature fuses and lockbits NOTE Not all AVR devices support fuses lockbits read write in ISP programming mode Signature fuses and lockbits are located in special memory section depend on AVR type To see where they are located type assume you are using ATMegal6 gt avrdude c stk500 p ml6 y You will see something like this see table top of next page Memory Type Paged Page Size Size eeprom no flash yes lock no lfuse no hfuse no signature It means that the signature is located in signature memory fuse in 1fuse and hfuse memory and lock in lock memory It maybe different on different AVR devices Usually this name corresponds to the datasheet eg lfuse to describe low byte fuse in ATMega16 Programming Fu
12. A VIRTUAL PRO GRAM MEMORY AND BY PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT INFRASTRUCTURE FOR FPGA RECONFIGURATION THE PLATFORM IS DEMONSTRATED ON TWO SIMPLE DESIGNS THAT DEMONSTRATE BOTH ASPECTS This work has been partially supported by the EU IST programme under No IST 2001 34016 and by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic under No 102 04 2137 Field Programmable System Level Integrated Circuit NW WL aUe COM Microprocessors In Depth rl fi Reconfigurable System on a Programmable Chip Platform By M Danek P Honz k J Kadlec R Matousek Z Pohl of the Institute of Information Theory and Automation Dept of Computer Science amp Eng and Centre of Applied Cybernetics Introduction Field programmable gate arrays are configurable VLSI devices that can implement various logic functions Classical SRAM based FPGA chips introduced in 1984 were designed to be configured only once at the begin ning of their operation and to enable a designer to improve the functionality after a device was shipped to the end user Now almost two decades later the current FPGA tech nology includes the concept of reconfigurability The reconfigurability has to be looked at from two levels One level is the actual dynamic reconfigurability of a device while the other is a support built into the CAD tools supplied for the device At present devices that support limited or full version of limited reconfigurabili ty are available
13. AT40K 5K to 50K Gates Coprocessor FPGA with FreeRAM Atmel 2002 Integrated Development Tools for Embedded Microcontrollers Atmel T89C51RB2 RC2 RD 2 T89C5111 5112 5115 T89C51AC2 T89C51CC01 02 03 TS8xC51U 2 AT8xLV51 52 55 AT87F51 52 55 AT89C1051 2051 2051x2 4051 AT89C51 52 55 55W D T89C511B2 IC2 AT87F51RC TS8xC51RA2 AT90S ATtiny and others Philips LPC760 761 762 764 767 768 769 LPC932 9xx 80C31X2 51X2 52X2 54X2 58X2 B89C51RA2 RB2 RC2 RD 2 8xC660 662 664 668 P87C552 554 87C652 654 and others Intel 80C 31 32 51 52 87C51FA FB FC 87C51RA RB RC 8xC196KC KD 8xC196MC MD MH 8xC196CB 8xC196NT and others Winbond W 77C32 58 W77E58 W77L32 W77LE58 W78C54 W78C58 W78E516B W 78E51B W 78E52B 54 58 W 781E54 W 78L51 52 54 W 78LE51 52 54 58 W 78LE516 532 W78LE52 W 78LE54 Dallas Semiconductor D S87C310 320 520 530 and others SST 89C59 89F54 89F58 and others Microchip The entire PIC12 PIC16 PIC17 and PIC18 families including PIC16F627 628 PIC17C756 PIC16F877A PIC16F818 819 PIC18F452 PIC18F458 PIC18F6620 PIC18F6720 PIC18F8620 PIC18F8720 PIC18F4320 and others Sensory RSC4xx Texas Instruments The entire MSP430 family TAS1020A TU SB3220 Xemics XE88LC01 05 XE88LC02 XE88LC06 06A Hi End Features Affordable Prices ARM CORE ASIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IS POSSIBLE BY THE MASSES AND ARM CORE BASED STANDARD PRODUCTS OFFER PROVEN PATHS TO ASIC SOLUTIONS RE US
14. AT94K device see 11 and Figure 1 con sists of an AT40K FPGA 12 an 8 bit AVR microcon troller a hardware multiplier two UARTs a two wire serial port TWS three counters a watchdog timer and a 36KB SRAM memory that is partitioned to a 20 32KB AVR program space and a 4 16KB AVR data space Prototyping boards based on this device are available from Atmel ATSTK94 ATSTK594 The AVR microcontroller can be programmed both in assembler or in C compiled for example by the Imagecraft C compiler or the free AVR gcc compiler The FPGA can be programmed by bitstreams generat ed by the Atmel supplied Figaro place amp route tool in combination with common design synthesis tools Mentor Graphics Leonardo Spectrum Synplicity Synplify etc 8 9 The AT94K device can implement both pure AVR or pure AT40K designs or their combination The standard AVR FPGA data interface consists of 8 data inputs 8 FPGA Fabric AVR Multiplier TWS TWS N Figure 1 AT94K with an external memory Arrows denote the direction of the data ports page 9 data outputs 16 FPGA select lines generated by the AVR and 16 AVR interrupt lines generated by the FPGA The FPGA can access both the AVR program area and AVR data area of the built in SRAM In addition the AVR can reconfigure the FPGA using Mode 4 bitstreams and four FPGA configuration registers FPGAX FPGAY FPGAZ FPGAD 10 11 AT94K alone is suitable for simple tasks that d
15. AVR BIOS To do this a service table is located at a fixed address in the AVR BIOS The service table describes calling addresses of services that are provided by the AVR BIOS The services include registering an interrupt or Starting a timer This organization ensures the inde pendence of overlays the only implementation dependent part of an overlay is a header file with the definition of the service table FPGA Run Time Reconfiguration Run time reconfiguration enables the designer to increase the functional density of the FPGA coproces sor in other words to download functions to the FPGA as they are needed AT94K supports four configuration modes out of which the simplest reconfiguration mode is Mode 4 simplest principally does not require an external hardware Mode 4 reconfiguration is based on four configuration registers serviced by the AVR 10 11 The most convenient implementation of the extended bitstream memory uses one FPGA register for context bitstream selection and another for data passing The Static part of the FPGA implements an address register that consists of the context register MS bits and a counter On writing to the context register the counter is reset Each time the data register is read by the AVR the counter increments When the top address speci fied in the bitstream header is reached i e when the reconfiguration of the dynamic part is finished the FPGA interrupts the AVR operation When
16. Atmel as well as our worldwide tools and engi neering support from independent suppliers Throughout 2005 and beyond Atmel will continue to provide you our customers with the standard products application specific standard products ASSPs or customer specific products ASICs in order to allow for a rapid and flexible response to the needs of your customers Non Volatile Memory i E yp i T _ NW WL aUe COM ATMEL APPLICATION S Number 4 gt Spring 2005 JOURNAL ee ee ee O S a s a O O s S gt Introduction Jeff Katz Amel f Atmel News News amp New Product Releases 3 Microprocessors In Depth Atmel s ARM based Flash p s Optimized J for Real time Control Applications by Peter Bishop Reconfigurable System ona Q Programmable Chip Platform by M Danek P Honzik J Kadlec R Matousek and Z Pohl Practical Aspects of ARM 3 Core based Product Development by Jim Hallman JANN Designing for Efficient Production 6 with In System Re programmable Flash Cs by OJ Svendlsi Designer s Corner M Zz 4 A Industrial amp Military Applications S Sy Naval Research Lab s Data Acquisition i8 Module for DSP by Flemming Christensen Simplified Ethernet Stack Core or J How to Reduce System Cost by Guy Lafayette A Low end Approach to Tamper proof Energy Metering with the AVR465 by Kim Meyer www atmel com fia S
17. BIOS function ensures that on completion the memory contains a valid overlay a jump to its starting address is then performed in the applica tion program Programming Overlays in GCC The overlay concept requires that a common C program is transformed to several functions with a common start function all contained in one overlay that is brought into the AVR program memory by the AVR BIOS on demand The start function is similar to the main function in C From the start function another sub functions are called that are not visible from the AVR BIOS The AVR BIOS can download a particular overlay to the memory page 10 and give control to the start function in the actual over lay The function for changing overlays is a loop that checks the ID of the actual overlay in the memory and compares it with that of the required overlay When a diferent overlay is requested it must be downloaded from the external memory in our case an external flash memory is used to store overlays The overlay transfer process is carried out by the FPGA logic when a user program calls a particular overlay the call initi ates an FPGA controlled DMA transfer On completion the FPGA generates an interrupt The AVR BIOS does not write into the program space or call any function from the overlay memory The AVR BIOS knows only the overlay starting address an over lay is executed by a function call to that address Each overlay needs to communicate with the
18. Bit in ATMegal6 refer to AT Megal6 datasheet page 259 uisp dserial dev ttyS0 dprog stk500 dpart atmegal6 wr_lock 0x2F STK500 Additional Features STK500 has many additional features such as high 00010110010 00110011001 voltage programming on board oscillator VTARGET AREF software controllable High Voltage Programming Refer to page 3 13 of the STK500 User Manual for high voltage programming setup Add option dhiv to ulsp eg uisp dserial dev ttyS0 dprog stk500 dpart AT90S8515 dhiv upload segment flash if test hex AREF setting Refer to page 3 17 of the STK500 User Manual for AREF jumper setting Reading AREF Use option rd_aref NOTE Due to a bug in the STK500 firmware the read value is sometimes off by 0 1 from the actual value measured with a volt meter Writing AREF Use option wr_aref lt value gt Valid values are 0 0 to 6 0 volts in 0 1 volt increments Value can not be larger than the VTARGET value VTARGET setting Refer to page 3 16 of the STK500 User Manual for AREF jumper setting Reading VIARGET Use option rd_vtg NOTE Due to a bug in the STK500 firmware the read value is sometimes off by 0 1 from the actual value measured with a volt meter Writing VTARGET Use option wr_vtg lt value gt Valid values are 0 0 to 6 0 volts in 0 1 volt increments Value can not be smaller than the AREF value Oscillator setting Refer to page 3 20 STK500 User Man
19. Configuration Data MEL y Protects Networked Systems Everywhere You Are m i fe ee e e E Cae i E Voice over IP VolP Media Decoder QAM Demodulator Sound Processing Dream MP3 Player Automotive amp Industrial Control DVD CD Writer Player UA Tere wi b TE Fi an agement jj J 4 m Non Volatile Mer a E Finding the building blocks for your next embedded design isn t child s play That s why for applications from Automobiles to Zigbee protocols companies that drive global innovation choose Atmel Atmel is a global leader in researching designing manufacturing and mar keting advanced semiconductors including microcontroller nonvolatile memory logic secure mixed analog digital radio frequency and sensor integrated circuits ICs These functions are marketed as standard products aimed at a wide range of applications for many customers ASSPs a single application for a lim ited number of customers and ASICs implementing a specific application for a single customer These functions are marketed as standard products aimed at a wide range of applications for many customers ASSPs a single application for a lim ited number of customers and ASICs implementing a specific application for a single customer Atmel ICs are fabricated in its own manufacturing facilities using its pro prietary industry leading process te
20. J R Wawrzynek J The Garp architecture and C compiler In IEEE Computer vol 33 iss 4 2000 pp 62 66 2 Horta E L Lockwood J W Taylor D E Parlour D Dynamic hardware plugins in an FPGA with partial run time reconfiguration In Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference 2002 pp 343 348 3 Matousek R Danek M Pohl Z Kadlec Dynamic runtime partial reconfiguration in FPGA In ECMS2003 Liberec 2003 pp 294 297 4 Matousek R Pohl Z Danek M Kadlec J Dynamic reconfigu ration of FPGAs In 10th International Workshop on Systems Signals and Image Processing IWSSIP 03 2003 pp 288 291 5 Wirthlin M J Hutchings B L Improving functional density using run time circuit reconfiguration IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration VLSI Systems Vol 6 Iss 2 2002 pp 247 256 6 X Zhang Kam W Ng A review of high level synthesis for dynami cally reconfigurable FPGAs In Microprocessors and Microsystems No 24 2000 pp 199 211 7 FPSLIC User s Guide and Tutorials Revision 5 Compatible with SystemDesigner 2 1 shipped with the ATSTK94 starter kit Atmel 2001 8 FPSLIC System Designer 3 0 User Guide Atmel 2003 9 Atmel FPGA Integrated Development System Atmel 2001 10 FPSLIC on chip Partial Reconfiguration of the Embedded AT40K FPGA Atmel 2002 11 AT94K Series Field Programmable System Level Integrated Circuit Atmel 2002 12
21. System Clock Frequency Via Appsel Pin Hardware Changes 1 Locate the MAX4468 component on the reference design see the arrow on the top right side of the Figure 3 N Locate the 3 SMD resistor capacitor aligned between the MAX4468 and the PCB edge OJ To de activate the L3 mode from left to right solder a 10K SMD resistor another 10K SMD resistor and keep the SMD capacitor as Is To activate the L3 mode from left to right perform a short circuit in APPSEL AT89C51SND1 UDA1330ATS Figure 1 Functional Overview of the Reference Design with DAC in Standard Mode page 37 Configuration Area Figure 3 Hardware Changes Location L3 Mode place of the first 10K SMD resistor remove the sec ond resistor and keep the SMD capacitor as is 4 Upload the new firmware according to the DAC configuration Proceed with software changes outlined in the following section Software Changes 1 Unzip the source code package of the latest version of the reference design firm ware snd1c refd nf The files corresponding to DAC controls are dac_drv c and dac_drv h in the directory snd1 refd nf x_X_X lib_ board dac 2 Edit the file sndlc refd nf x_x_x Lib_board refd h and comment or un comment the line define DAC_L3MODE to respectively de activate or activate the L3 mode usage 3 Recompile the project 4 Upload the new Hex file on the configured or un configured board in L3 mode according to the softwa
22. can be developed to allow a Host access the SES based devices and per form network maintenance functions such as IP address assignment status query as well as remote administration such as status update Design Implementation and Verification The FPSLIC design software System Designer is based on industry standard FPGA and microcontroller design tools The System Designer environment from Atmel includes VHDL and Verilog synthesis VHDL sim e Acceptance of IP frames with spe cific header attributes This allows for the implementation of a state machine that qualifies all incoming messages and discards those that have fields with inappropriate values Elimination of incoming frame buffers The receiver accepts incoming frames as soon as the Application Layer is ready This limits the amount of on chip memory that is allocated for frame buffering simplifies the Application Layer functionality and allows more resources to be available for the end application e Utilization of an IP address based addressing scheme rather than the default MAC address based one Since the SES core is naturally intend ed for handling small messages usu ally of length much smaller than the maximum allowed frame broadcast ing can be used in the MAC layer and addressing can be performed in the IP layer This is not a violation of the Ethernet protocol standards a network node that implements the full TCP IP stack will discard su
23. captures images and obtains depth information nearest object information or object tracking locations assembled the microcontroller code with the tavrasm AVR assembler and programmed the microcontroller with sp12 wrote the C program for the host PC using the Simple DirectMedia Layer SDL library which is a public cross platform graphics and multimedia pro gramming library SDL includes routines for drawing pixels on the X win dows display A user contributed extension Bfont sup plies the routines for writing text to the window Refer Photo 6a Four AA NiCd or NiMH batteries power the circuit board used for the pan tilt head b These servos have a quick transit time It takes only 0 09 s to rotate the control surface through 60 This fast response time keeps the servos from being the limiting factor in the system s reaction time N WW AUCI COM page 42 Wibe Gia reg get depth once lox depth zt ht OCE gp i get nearesk obj loon nearest track object mEpo read Shinn rece Wite ghom rege get depth once loop depth oie eee eric oap 1i Get npaegt ob lopp rae eet l track object Silt Pee Oba i Write 6h rece met de th orice lre eel get image once Lee Lk FF gat nearest obj loan flee ES track object quit Wireless Applications 1 ie 3 T i I a oe i Eii Fii Ca a Ut Marb A aT cil o ro 7 0 P Pa HoH rd A E mi aE 1 i i ltr dort Cet
24. code starts to shrink For a typical AVR user the crossover point where the HLL and assembly code is the same size is around 4K However the HLL code will almost never be faster than the assembly code If execution speed of a certain part of the program is critical the solution is often to write the code for the critical parts in assembly and write the skeleton and less critical subroutines in HLL Integration The level of integration in a microcontroller can also affect the development time in addition to power con sumption and board space Integrated functions such as Brown out protection Watchdog timer and Power on reset circuitry gives the most reliable operation of the microcontroller while functions like integrated EEP ROM internal RC oscillator and strong push pull port drivers eliminates external components and reduces cost and complexity of the design With fewer external devices on the PCB the possibility of running into noise related problems is also reduced Especially the internal RC simplifies the design from a noise tolerance point of view In System Programmable Flash Program memory Having In System reprogrammable flash memory sim plifies the development of a microcontroller application significantly compared to ROM OTP solutions The devices can be soldered into the application and then be reprogrammed when a problem with the code is found Using the AVR microcontrollers the reprogram ming can be done eithe
25. family of high performance data acquisition systems The SMT391 is a powerful 1 giga Sample per second GSPS dual channel analog to digital converter ADC This high performance 8 bit DAQ system makes the SMT391 ideal for high band width applications such as high speed test and instru mentation satellite communications software defined radio SDR direct RF IF processing direct RF down conversion and radar The SMT391 a daughter module that outputs data to a network of Sundance s reconfigurable computing and DSP systems is managed by a Xilinx Virtex l Pro FPGA The Virtex Il Pro FPGA with its IBM PowerPC embedded processor capabilities manages the data transfers to a variety of communication chan nels such as ComPorts Sundance High speed Bus and Xilinx RocketlO Multi Gigabit Transceivers MGTS These channels are compatible to a wide range of Sundance processors and I O modules The FPGA con trols all digital functions on the module as the digital output of the Atmel broadband converter is fed into the FPGA This data is then stored in an onboard DDR SDRAM for non real time processing The SMT391 leverages fully the power performance and reconfigurability flexibility of the Xilinx Virtex l Pro and meets the stringent requirements of wire less and signal processing applications said Dr Nory Nakhaee CEO of Sundance The combination of Sundance s signal processing technologies and high speed broad
26. for the microcontroller s on chip analog comparator The comparator is used in place of the ADC for the hobby robot depicted in Photo 2 found that the optimum setting for the reference voltage for my test environ ment was about 4 66 V Photography 101 The Game Boy Camera uses Mitsubishi s M64282FP CMOS image sensor This sensor is special because Mitsubishi designed some image processing capabili ties right into the CMOS array itself Software isn t required to perform edge detection enhancement or extraction from the image To get an edge extracted image simply put the sensor in the appropriate mode and then read out the resulting ana log pixel voltages for the entire image After this image is read out it can be further manipulated by the micro controller Photo 3 shows the M64282FP chip inside the camera didn t use the camera s cartridge base in these experiments After the cartridge is opened the ball can be disconnected from the cartridge disconnected the purple cable from the cartridge and soldered a stan dard 0 1 double wide header on the end This allowed a 0 050 ribbon cable to be used for a long distance connection although don t recommend exceeding 1 foot or so By the way cut a hole in the back of the ball so that the cable could exit in a place where it doesn t inter fere with mounting the camera on a pan tilt base You may download the pinout of the original connector that s
27. is very powerful and offers strong security on both sides system board and server The main draw back of this scheme is the complex ity of the key management limiting overall scalability After each system board personal ization a unique S N and public key have to be sent to the central server When deployed to millions of units the cost and complexity of updating and maintaining such databases can be prohibitive Pre shared Key Authentication Another way to perform secure online authentication without the difficulty of public key management is to use diversified keys based on a more conventional symmetrical encryption This authentication scheme offers both scalability and ease of implementation In a symmetrical key environment the same shared key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message If the shared key becomes compro mised the system becomes exposed In order to enable the secure authenti cation the server and Secure IC must be personalized That includes the gen eration of a Master Key for the server and unique Diversified key for each Secure IC The Master Key resides on the server and can be generated locally or using dedicated equipment During the personalization phase the Secure Chip will be programmed with the following items Application software fig 1 u e Copy of the Master Key fig 1 v Unique Serial Number fig 1 w The Atmel Secure Chip also provides a unique hardware serial number t
28. make S make install as root page 46 AVR libc 1 0 4 AVR libc has to be compiled within a new directory out Side its source code directory Otherwise some of the AVR type library won t be compiled cd temprorary working directory 9 tar xvj i avr libo 1 0 4 car b22 S mkdir temprorary working directory avr libc S cd avr libe export PATH usr local atmel bin PATH avr libc 1 0 4 configure prefix usr local atmel S make PATH usr local atmel bin SPATH make install as root AVR libc 1 0 4 User Manual AVR libc usually come with built in documentation You need to install Doxygen to build these documents This package contains only AVR libc documentation in HTML format just in case you don t have Doxygen to build the AVR libc documents Extract it to any place that you like S tar xvjf avr libc user manual 1 0 4 tar bz2 C usr local atmel as root Setting Environment After these toolchains are installed you need to add the path in your environment shell Assume you re using BASH add this in your bash_profile file PATH SPATH usr local avr bin export PATH Setting Debugger and Simulator Debugger and simulator is useful to verify one s design There are many free AVR debuggers and simulators around This application note uses gdb and SimulAVR Code Patch 00010000011 10001110010 01110011001 00010110010 00110011001 Package Name Description Download Location GDB 6 1 GNU Debugger http ftp gn
29. next phase is battery less systems where no bat tery is used in the sensor module instead a sensor tag IS placed inside the tire to allow the merging of RFID and pressure measurement functions Regardless of the technology we recommend that your tire pressures are checked monthly because even good tires lose about one pound of air per month through natural seepage Battery VDD ATA5283 Amplifier with AGC RESET Code Patch gt NW WGUie Code Patch 00010000011 10001110010 VLL100L1LO0L1 00010110010 00110011001 Setting the UNIX Linux Environment to Develop an AVR Application By Daniel Widyanto ITB DSP Lab Features Setting GNU Toolchain Setting Debugger and Simulator Introduction This application note will guide the UNIX Linux user in building an AVR development environment Setting GNU Toolchain The GNU toolchain consists of GCC GNU Collection Compiler binutils and library These packages are usually installed in your Linux box but usually it is con figured only to build host architecture software To make it compile AVR binaries one must download and reconfigure these toolchains GCC 3 3 1 Only GCC above v 2 95 is available for AVR except GCC 3 3 3 which is not work for AVR GCC 3 3 1 Is the only stable version of GCC when this application note was made C is still in development in this version cd temprorary working directory gt tar x 7k goc Core 3 04 lt bar
30. not considering different execution time due to reconfiguration the reconfiguration process is trans parent to the application software The access to the FPGA coprocessor is implemented as a special BIOS function whose parameters are the required operation and its operands passed either as direct values in the case of the register transfer or as a starting address of their location and their number in the case of the SRAM transfer When BIOS detects a request for an operation diferent than the one currently present in the FPGA it calls a function that reconfigures the FPGA This function first translates the requested operation to the context address of the corresponding bitstream and writes it to the context register Then it sequential ly reads 4 tuples of values and writes them to the four FPGA configuration registers X Y Z D until the FPGA generates an interrupt Generation of Reconfiguration Bitstreams The runtime reconfiguration of the AT94K FPGA fabric requires partial bitstreams Such bitstreams reconfig ure only a part of the chip while the rest is not a ected in its operation The Figaro design implementation tool provided by Atmel is meant to generate bitstreams that are not intended for partial reconfiguration of the FPGA A special implementation procedure must be used to obtain such bitstreams 3 The idea is to get several complete bitstreams with all diferent coproces sor contexts that contain the same placemen
31. to ATmegal69 for example Target Applications Application note AVR465 describes a tamper proof sin gle phase meter but it also serves well as a starting point for other types of energy meter designs Tamper proof Single phase Meters Tamper proof meters rely on two current transducers where traditional single phase meters rely on one The idea is to measure current flowing to the load through the live wire and current returning from the same through the neutral wire The meter then assesses the validity of the measurements and uses the assumption to overcome attempts of tampering Traditional Single phase Meters Tamper proof meters are required in selected regions where revenue loss due to pilfering is significant Traditional single phase meters do not need two cur page 22 AY N S N rent transducers and more to the point regional demands may even forbid meter connections to cut the neutral wire due to safety regulations The design presented in application note AVR465 is readily reduced to a traditional single phase meter Measurement circuitry and measurement algorithms related to the neutral wire are easily removed effec tively reducing the bill of materials at the same time Reductions in board space component cost and firmware size are typically between 25 and 50 Advanced Single phase Meters An advanced meter typically does something else than just measures and records energy consumption Addit
32. upgraded from an open EEPROM to a secure solution with its dual communications proto col The feature comparison matrix between plain memories and CryptoMemories shown here exhibit the similarities as well as the differences between seri als and CryptoMemory CryptoMemory provides a secure location for a manu facturer to store information not accessible by the user and can protect specific user data from other users It also provides a unique and secure ID for removable components to control use in a system and prevent counterfeiting CryptoMemory offers four different lev els of security allowing each zone of memory to be independently configured to different levels of security The four options are no security password protection authentication and data encryption and MACs The first option is no security where one or more zones are set up with open access for data that does not require protection In this mode it operates much like a Serial The second option is password protection which requires a password to be successfully presented before access is granted to the protected memory zone Only four attempts are allowed before that pass word and the protected zone are locked permanently The third security option is authentication This option protects one or more memory zones by exchanging 64 bit cryptograms Independent calculations are per formed for a dual authentication between CryptoMemory and the host logic Incorr
33. wheel SiliconCITY allows SOC designers to start ASIC product development from an SOC architecture platform netlist derived from a stan dard product netlist Or they can start with a collection of IP building blocks used to create a standard product N WW AUTE CONI J oint marketing to third party customers and configure their system netlist locally Atmel intro duces new ARM7 and ARM9 standard products through this same philoso phy An added advantage is the portability of products across multiple ASIC tech nologies For an architecture platform design system Figure 3 to be real it must be flexible enough to address a wide range of user requirements IP within the system must be configurable for multiple methods of use However flexibility introduces complexity from a synthesis and verification perspective This can translate into time diminishing the advantage of a platform based design system Highly parameterized IP is the answer Atmel s IP has been designed not only for direct re use but also for expandability Every component of the system uses parameterized IP in a common approach A clearly defined data structure common clock and test approach with global system constraint files insure a consistent design methodology across selected IP IP parameters extend into synthesis scripts and test benches to assure automated verification for each con figuration Why emphasize IP parameterization To dramatically reduce d
34. winter months when temperatures turn colder Indirect sys tems can also generate frequent false warnings such as when the vehicle is driven around a long curve that causes the outside tires to rotate faster then the inside tires or when the tires spin on ice and snow covered roads Rolling With Direct TPM Systems Direct tire pressure monitoring systems measure iden tify and warn the driver of low pressure Direct systems have a sensor in each wheel and can generate more accurate warnings if the pressure in any one tire falls below a predetermined level due to rapid or gradual air loss Many direct systems use dashboard displays that provide the ability to check current tire pressures from the driver s seat The least expensive and most basic of the direct TPMS systems are nothing more than a valve stem cap that changes color when the tire pressure drops below a preset pressure to warn the driver a tires needs airing up Alternatively a pressure sensor with a transmitter can be banded to the inside of the wheel before the tire is mounted or via a pressure monitoring device that attaches to or replaces the conventional valve stem or valve stem cap This more sophisticated and accurate method of direct tire pressure monitoring is based on a UHF receiver in the vehicle and 4 sensor modules mounted on the wheel rim valve to sense data to 125 kHz Amplifier with AGC lt j _ 433 MHz controller Pressure Sensor Fi
35. 077 S tar xvjf gec gt 3 3 1 tar bz2 OR tar Sev tr g0c 3 3 1 tar Dz2 mkdir gcc build cd gcc build gcc 3 3 1 configure target avr prefix usr local atmel enable language c c disable nls S make S make install as root Wy 1 YW Package Name Description Download Location Binutils 2 14 Binary utilities htto freshmeat net projects binutils binwcils 2 14 tar 0z2 http gcc gnu org mirrors html GCC 3 3 1 C compiler gcc 3 3 1 tar bz2 OR Gec Core 3 0 Iytar b2Z SCC ito el bans AVR libc 1 0 4 AVR C libraries htto savannah nongnu org download avriibc avr libce 1 0 4 bana O77 AVR libc User Manual Ig eee 164 2 Table 1 GNU Toolchain AVR C libraries user http savannah nongnu org download avrlibc avr libc user manual manual The GNU Toolchain is a combination of GCC binutils and avr libc versions Not all of these combinations work Please take a look at http winavr sourceforge net package html for a working combination To start the installation make a separate directory first A separate directory makes it easy to remove S su S mkdir usr local atmel Binutils 2 14 Extract binutils configure and install using UNIX Linux default installation Option prefix is used to arrange its output directory cd temprorary working directory gt tar xv it binutils 2 14 tar bz2 cd Dinutils 2 14 configure target avr prefix usr local atmel disable nls S
36. 2N5485 FET device The resonant frequency of the VCO is largely determined by the values of L1 and C12 The latter is a trimmer Capacitor that is adjusted manually when the unit is first powered up to achieve roughly the desired frequency This tuning is performed with jumper J 1 in place which causes the microcontroller to set the DAC to mid scale Thereafter the jumper is removed And when the unit is powered up again the automatic frequency stabiliza tion circuit starts to operate and the oscillator is fine tuned to the desired frequency by D1 the varactor diode The 74F161 prescaler requires several volts of signal for proper clocking The FET oscillator can pro vide this most other oscillator configurations are not Capable The RF output from the oscillator is taken from a tap on L1 to reduce loading effects This is capacitor coupled to the clock input of the first stage of the 74F161 prescaler Potentiometer R7 is adjusted to provide the proper bias on the clock input pin allowing the oscilla tor signal to properly trigger the input divider stage It should be set for around 2 to 2 5 V but is best set up by using an oscilloscope and looking for a clean 5 to 6 MHz waveform on pin 11 of the 74F161 The 12 bit DAC U4 that controls the VCO s fine tuning is a TI DAC7611 with an SPI interface Although the 2313 doesn t have a user SPI port its SPI port works strictly for flash memory programming it s simple to bit ba
37. 91SAM7S32 and the AT91SAM7S64 are the first members of a series of Small pincount Smart ARM7 Microcontrollers SAM 7S series with Flash den sities of respectively 32 kByte and 64 kBytes A 128 kbyte and 256 kbyte version the AT91SAM7S128 and AT91SAM7S256 are planned for availability at the end of this year Besides a jump in real time performance over 8 bit microcontrollers they are the world s first 32 bit microcontrollers to integrate a complete set of secure operation functions including a watchdog clocked by an on chip RC oscillator power supply mon itors and hardware protection of the Flash memory The AT91SAM7 microcontrollers are supported by low cost development tools bringing 32 bit real time pro cessing power to a wide range of cost sensitive appli cations that have until now been limited to 8 bit per formance Target applications for the AT91SAM7S series include appliance control utility metering secu rity systems data loggers USB based mobile phone and PC accessories Ultra Low Power MP3 Decoder for Cell Phones The AT89C51SND2C is a new MP3 decoder which combines in a single package all features needed in a cell phone to play MP3 ring tones and to convert a cell phone into a pen drive Integrated in a cell phone the AT89C51SND2C can easily replace sound genera tors while offering MMC SD card reader capability MP3 music decoding and USB connection to PC This provides cell phone manufacturers with more fun
38. ABLE RE CONFIGURABLE ARM PERIPHERAL IP IS A REALITY ASIC SYSTEM SOFTWARE TEAMS CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ARM STANDARD PRODUCT SOFTWARE AND ATMEL S SILICONCITY PLATFORM DESIGN APPROACH ENABLES FIRST TIME SUCCESS SILICON WITH REDUCED DEVELOPMENT LEAD TIMES N WW AUTE COIN Microprocessors In Depth rl Practical Aspects of ARM Core based Product Development By J im Hallman ASIC Design Manager Atmel Corporation ASIC development of embedded ARM microcontroller core systems often exceed engineering estimates and management expectations One might conclude that only experts should attempt embedded ARM core based ASIC designs Solutions have evolved to reduce product development cycle time cost and risk while avoiding unexpected pitfalls along the way ARM core based system on a chip SoC products should no longer be considered only by elite ASIC designers with lots of time and big budgets Parallel Development of Hardware IP Blocks Generic Hardware Bringing an ARM core based SoC product to production involves more than the hardware implementation of an ASIC concept Full system considerations including software development must be examined when a microcontroller is embedded inside the silicon It is now practical to develop system software in parallel to SoC development Figure 1 enabling product release to production soon after hardware silicon samples are reviewed Many ARM7 and ARM9 products have a c
39. CS Calculation module generates the FCS and appends it to the out going frame An interrupt notifies the AVR when the packet has been sent or if it has been rejected due to excessive number of collisions For packet reception the AVR enables the receiver and when a valid frame has been received an interrupt is issued To identify an incoming frame as valid the receiver module checks each frame being received against a set of predefined rules if the frame qualifies for those rules it is stored in the Shared SRAM else it is rejected The three receiver modules Rx Validation Machine Rx FCS Validation and Rx IP Checksum Validation perform frame validation while the Rx Validation Machine handles the control signals to from the PHY AVR and SRAM Since the SES core is mainly targeted to control appli cations running on top of the UPD protocol various opti mizations have been introduced They include Industrial amp Military Applications Ethernet broadcasting for example ARP However an SES based node will accept such a frame This tech nique allows the elimination of the ARP protocol and overcomes the need for MAC addresses allocation The optimizations described above lead to a compact and efficient implementation of an Ethernet based stack yet compatible with full implementations Therefore an SES based device can coexist with devices that implement the whole TCP IP suite of pro tocols As a consequence software
40. EDUCE THE COST IN SOME CASES IN THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE WE WILL TAKE THE EXAMPLE OF THE ETHERNET STACK AND DESCRIBE HOW YOU CAN IMPLEMENT A SIMPLIFIED ETHERNET STACK SES USING THE ATMEL FPSLIC N WW AUTE CONI industrial amp Military Applications Simplified Ethernet Stack Core or How to Reduce System Cost By Guy Lafayette Atmel FPSLIC Architecture Atmel s AT94K and AT94S family of Field Programmable System Level Integrated Circuits FPSLIC devices combine all the basic building blocks of a system logic memory and uC in an SRAM based monolithic field programmable device The FPSLIC Secure AT94S family of devices offers and even higher level of integration In addition to the FPGA AVR and SRAM memory these devices include on chip serial configuration memory The combination of the FPSLIC device and the embedded serial config uration memory in a single package allows for ISP and remote updates of FPSLIC while adding external read protection thereby protecting the designer s FPGA and AVR programming code from theft FPSLIC devices combine 5K to 50K gates of Atmel s patented AT40K FPGA architecture a 25 MIPS AVR 8 bit RISC microprocessor core numerous fixed micro controller peripherals and up to 36 Kbytes of program and data SRAM SES Features Provides 10 Mbps Ethernet connectivity to FPSLIC via Standard MII bus Requires only external Ethernet transceiver e Provides stripped down hardwa
41. M 4500 4500 Oxff Oxff 0 0 0x00 0x00 0 0 0x00 0x00 0 0 0x00 0x00 0 0 0x00 0x00 Reading Flash EEPROM To read flash use assume you are using AT90S8515 uisp dserial dev ttyS0 dprog stk500 dpart AT9088515 download segment flash of 8515 flash hex The flash will be saved in 8515 flash hex This is Motorola S record format file To read eeprom replace segment flash with segment eeprom Writing Flash EEPROM To write flash use assume you are using AT90S8515 uisp dserial dev ttyS0 dprog stk500 dpart AT9058515 upload segment flash if test hex UISP can accept Intel 16 bit hex file or Motorola S records S1 and S2 The file type is automatically detected by UISP It also erase the chip automatically Programming Fuses LockBits Under UISP fuses and lockbits programming is far more easy than AVRdude NOTE Not all AVR device support fuses lockbits read write in ISP programming mode There are several additional option to program fuses and lockbits rd_fuses Read all fuses and print values to screen stdout wr_fuse_l byte Write fuse low byte wr_fuse_h byte Write fuse high byte wr_fuse_e byte Write fuse extended byte Write lock bits Argument is a byte where each bit is Bits gt BLB12 Bit4 gt BLB11 Bit3 gt BLB02 Bit2 gt BLB01 Bitl gt LB2 Bitd gt LB1 wr_lock byte Here s an example of how to program mode 2 BLB1 Boot Lock
42. Number 4 Spring 2005 In This Issue Atmel s ARM based Flash Cs Optimized for Real time Control Applications Reconfigurable System on a Programmable Chip Platform B Practical Aspects of ARM Core based Product Development Designing for Efficient Production with In System Re programmable Flash Cs Naval Research Lab s Data Acquisition Module for DSP Simplified Ethernet Stack Core or How to Reduce System Cost A Low end Approach to Tamper proof Energy Metering with the AVR465 Limiting Illegal Hardware Copies by Using Secure Hardware Authentication Is Security Needed in Your Memory Application Implementing DES 3DES with Atmel FPSLIC Wireless MP3 Remote J ukebox with Atmel AT90S2313 4PC Song Quality Improvement Using the DAC on AT89C51SND1 Reference Design Easy Image Processing Camera Interfacing for Robotics Atmel Raises the Bar on Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems Setting the UNIX Linux Environment to Develop an AVR Application Using STK500 Under UNIX Linux Environment T Everywhere You Are Different architectures from Atmel one solution from IAR Systems IAR Embedded Workbench for any Atmel MCU The state of the art integrated development Secure your environment with a highly optimized IAR C C ape Ses compiler and versatile IAR C SPY source and assembly investment in application level debugger Full support for
43. Symmetric Dynamic Mutual Authentication e Attempts Counters Stream Encryption e Read Write Encrypted Checksum e Write Lock Mode per Byte PATA 2 way synchronous Same a cee po 8V 5 SV 00 KHz AKbit Mbit PN None O PN PN PN PN PN PN iy AT24Cxx AT88SCxxwZ 2 way synchronous 2 way synchronous TSSOP SOIC PDIP SOIC PDIP 3x5 MLF MAP 4 9x6 MLF SAP Same Yes 1 8V 5 5V 400 KHz 1Kbit 1Mbit 1Kbit 256Kbits xx Kbits yy number of zones C encryption Feature Comparison Between Plain Memories and CryptoMemories page 27 DATA SAFE Datakey Electroni CS Products DATA SAFE or Choose Datakey Electronics rugged and reliable keys amp tokens for critical data We programmed our keys and tokens and ran over them at a gravel pit with a semi truck 8 times Afterwards they all still worked We also ran over retail memory products with the opposite result ec oh Unlike consumer cards and other carriers that Sima PAN can easily fail in harsh conditions Datakey Poa Electronics key and token bodies protect the embedded EEPROM This is one of the many reasons Datakey Electronics products are chosen daily in hundreds of industrial military medical and commercial applications They ve been proven Ap y 4 y A y to continue working even after they ve been lt M Sterilized A Dropped in the mud A Washed A Zapped by static A Exposed to chemicals A Run ov
44. TL code allows the synthesis process to realize either pro tocol IP parameterization does not come without a price Certainly parameterized IP requires longer up front development time by the provider whether it is offered by an ASIC provider or an internal design team A rigid data structure across all IP must be adhered to while verification test benches and synthesis scripts tend to be more complex With parameterization comes an exponential increase in possible configurations which leaves potential for verification holes in test benches for unexpected combinations This also leads to heav ler documentation to cover what if scenarios Is a strong link between standard product IP and ASIC design IP necessary First time silicon success Is crit ical in today s markets By using identical IP blocks implemented in a standard product the ASIC designer is comfortable knowing that many users have heavily exercised the block function insuring robust logic For IP blocks such as USB devices and multi media card interfaces software drivers from a standard product may be easily updated to operate with an ASIC Even Operating systems such as Linux and Windows can be quickly ported A software development system from a standard product can be used to start ASIC code development while ASIC specific emulation sys tems are in development If an ASIC product has evolved from a standard product implementation the ASIC will be able t
45. The new antenna driver IC provides several diagnostic features such as short circuit open circuit and over temperature detection The IC is load dump protected up to 45 V and operates directly from the car battery The ATA5275 s time out interface supervisor serves to avoid unintended continuous transmission in case of line errors The temperature range is 40 C 104 F to 105 C 221 F Samples of the antenna driver IC ATA5275 in QFN20 packages are available now Pricing Starts at 1 94 US 10k Two New Physical Layer Chips Target Network Storage PC and Consumer Electronics Markets Two new PHY Physical Layer stand alone chips from the Serial ATA SATA product family targeted for PC and a range of storage applications such as SATA Host Device Controllers Redundant Array of Independent Disks RAID and Network Attached Storage NAS and SAN Storage Area Networks are now available from Atmel Other applications include Router Switches that can also be integrated in con sumer electronic products such as set top boxes The AT78C5081 is a single port and AT78C5090 is a dual port Serial ATA PHY that both exceed the parameters necessary to be compliant with the Serial ATA Genl revision 1 0 specification therefore providing a very high speed data transmission at 1 5 Gbps Atmel Network Storage Products BU is dedicated to designing high performance products for PC network ing and consumer products by making the Serial ATA Physic
46. a more powerful CPU thus leverag ing power consumption and system Until now hardware based cryptogra phy was not favourable for streamline embedded applications with the exception of smart card controllers page 29 clear text M v initial permutation Lie a 0 v For many use cases the additional cost of crypto graphic co processors is prohibitive Monolithic integration together with the target application is rarely available Exceptions are found with multi 100 MHz microprocessors or 100k pieces per year products With System Level Integration SLI being at hand for programmable logic devices PLD the situation has significantly changed This is even more the case when the communication controller is available in hardwired hardware and additional functionality can be added in programmable hardware Atmel provides with its Field Programmable System Level Integrated Circuit FPSLIC a powerful single chip solution DES 3DES Algorithm DES is asymmetric block cipher algorithm that ciphers 64 bit blocks of clear text into 64 bit of cipher text The encryption itself is based on XOR operations and most notably on lookup tables called S boxes The encryption is performed in 16 stages of identical func tionality but using different keys Those keys K1 K2 etc are 48 bits wide and derived from 56 bits of the input key K Additionally block oriented permutations are performed The encryption fl
47. a niks E Ei rr os RAFE Lisi ni i E oS F HE Pe F i M a EPER EE jE rE H ere OLS eee Cema ai ee ne y o ay Chaki a ee ee A i wata 1 cea T if FE EI BH kE r a mg LE T E ETE i E me JEDA m a Se F E EG O EO iH E mi m CEFE F mM T HAEN Gee Dampen pi m in L E at mep Se ee ee j I EIP A il Fe o See OP cur Fe m eee TE aS cl iS iL B iubi PLE aii jia CHOI 1 m E m a Ch J N ra pet Wm Fe E NH FFE Dmg I ke Sr a CHILE E k bL Gi ia ik P w Liep EENE T E Na eee ee Sn Fie oe es a Mis es Ocsigners corner Alp advantage of on chip debug is that the debugging is done on actual production silicon Because of this many of the problems designers run into when switch ing from an emulator platform to the real thing is elim inated Starter kits are useful when evaluating a microcontroller that might fit in the application Many starter kits can also be used as target hardware during initial code development before the target hardware is ready Programming in a High Level Language By programming the microcontroller in a high level lan guage HLL like for instance C it is possible to reduce the development time significantly compared to writing in assembly Generally one can say that an experienced designer can write the same amount of lines of code per day in C and assembly However the code lines written in C will do much more than the same number of lines written in assembly Typically a program written in a high l
48. a rate of one to 30 frames per second The camera s original price was between 40 and 50 making it somewhat cost prohibitive for hobby ists However because the product was recently dis continued found some on eBay selling for between 10 and 20 The reduced price makes the camera an attractive solution if you re interested in robot naviga tion It s even less costly than a single Polaroid sonar module 30 to 50 and in the same ballpark as reflective infrared sensors 5 to 15 The sensor inside the camera is a highly integrated CMOS array with built in edge enhancement and extraction Built in image processing enables a micro controller to perform object detection and tracking provided certain assumptions about the background of the image are valid Atmel s AT90S8515 microcontroller has an external memory interface bus that allows you to easily connect an SRAM IC The on chip hardware UART makes it possible to output processed data without consuming precious processing resources and the timers enable it to control hobby servo motors without much work In addition the AVR series of microcontrollers has a high speed RISC architecture e g most instructions take one or two clock cycles that makes timing calcula tions simple In short the flexibility of the AVR 8 bit microcontrollers makes attaching special purpose peripherals like the Game Boy Camera a breeze Figure 1 is a block diagram of a camera interface a
49. ach second clock cycle At a clock rate of 25 MHz a data throughput of 100 Mbytes s can be achieved However the required resources are enormous as approximately 2000 registers are needed In most cases this high performance is not needed Therefore an area optimized version realizes only one stage cycles the data through this one stage Atmel FPSLIC AVR Security Applications Encrypting a data set of 64 bytes requires 16 x 3 48 clock cycles which delivers a data throughput of 4 2 Mbytes s which seems more than sufficient for most cases The hardware library implements e access to the internal SRAM DES amp 3DES algorithm in hardware e easy to use finite state machine DES 3DES Software Hardware Co Design Whereas the pure hardware approach Is very strong with continuous data streams one of its major caveats is the reduced flexibility in terms of key and data selec tion and the difficulties of integration into a control ori ented application Therefore a hardware software co design seems to fit for a great number of applications Atmel s FPSLIC prepares an excellent platform for HW HW Co Design stzedn provides a VHDL based hardware library for use in FPSLIC The hardware ciphering is controlled by AVR software Key exchange and message communication between FPGA and AVR is done via the Dual Port SRAM accessible for both parties Additionally the finite state machines of both portions communicate v
50. adequate for tracking small objects provided that the object isn t moving faster than about 1 foot per second at a Ribbon cable RS 232 connector To pan tilt or left right servos Programming header ee eee distance of 4 feet from the eai a e ae o tgs era This means you can roll a R R SINSCK ping pong ball at a moderate speed across the floor roughly 4 feet in front of the camera and the camera will lock on and track the ball until the servos reach their Figure 2 With this processor and interface circuitry and connector design you can enhance your own robotics applications with the limit Game Boy Camera The system won t notice a bounc ing ball Using a large ball e g a the test objects in Photo 4 is shown in the object found in the image Assuming the lowestedgein basketball causes different edges left and right of the Depth Nearest Track frame in Photo 5c The groups of the image above some brightness threshold is an ball to be detected and the camera oscillates between shaded columns are areas that include objects object to be tracked the microcontroller can command the two nearest edges if they alternate in intensity or y servo motors to pan and tilt the camera to move the position Point and Shoot Object to the center of the image This requires some l The opposite of obstacle avoidance is object tracking intelligent control of the motors to prevent a slow One helpful piece of equipment for tuning th
51. age of having a piece of hardware that is in theory not physically accessible to the end user Even if this doesn t prevent an attack against the main server it can help a service provider to guarantee that only genuine systems are connected to the network An easy and cost effective way to limit the proliferation of unbranded systems is to securely authenticate the system board It is much easier to secure a system Operation e g authentication rather than trying to secure a whole complex process The Media Access Control MAC address is often used on cable modems to determine customer identity before attributing an IP address Unfortunately a MAC address can easily be forged or duplicated Currently this is not a major issue of concern because all cable providers give subscribers the option to use their own modems This situation could possibly change in the future if new innovative features are added to cable modems which could cause the Internet Service Provides ISP to reconsider their third party modem policy They might want only specific modems to be connected to their network A secure access module that combines unique serial number and strong online authentication allows identi fication and authorization of the piece of hardware try ing to connect to the network Such a module could easily be added to an existing system using various page 24 q Limiting Illegal Hardware Copies by Using Secure Hardware Authenticatio
52. ails download the program listing contained in the file MP3FM bas which is available on Circuit Cellar s web site as well as my personal web site The remote controller firmware was much more involved first tried to write it in Basic using the BAS COM AVR compiler but the program code generated would not fit into the flash memory of the 2313 Using assembly language accomplished the same thing in less than half of the flash memory space As with the PC client software the remote controller performs two functions one of which happens infre quently When turned on it displays the first four songs in folder one It then goes into a polling loop to detect IR commands sent by the RCA universal remote and received by the IR receiver module This IR signal comes into port D6 of the 2313 which is the INPUT CAPTURE pin N WW AUCI COM Wireless Applications The IR codes are deciphered by using the input capture feature of timer1 a 16 bit timer counter chose a sim ple IR command structure RCA code 54 Quasar TV to make my job easier This command structure has a Function Skip to next song J ump back to previous song Stop start again Prepare for song download from host PC Scroll to next screen of four songs Scroll to previous screen Select previous folder four total Select next folder four total Table 1 defined the buttons of the RCA universal IR remote control to function properly with the MP3
53. al Layer available as a stand alone product in the market We are able to provide more flexibility for new designs in PC and Network products in addition to participating into consumer electronic products said Max Bathaee Sr Marketing Manager for Network Storage Products at Atmel AT78C5081 is available in TQFP 100 pin package Pricing is based on volume shipment or 1 95 for 10K and below volume AT78C5090 is available in QFP 120 pin package Pricing is based on volume shipment or 2 95 for 10K and below volume Both products are available in a variety of packages based on customer requirements IPWireless and Atmel Partner to Develop UMTS TDD VoIP Mobile Handsets Atmel and IPWireless announced that they have collab orated along with an OEM to develop a UMTS TDD mobile handset The mobile handset will allow UMTS TDD network operators to offer carrier grade mobile voice over IP VoIP services in addition to existing broadband and other packet based services on their converged networks IPWireless and Atmel have already completed the first successful transmission of a call from a mobile VolP handset over UMTS TDD an important milestone in the development of commercial UMTS TDD handsets UMTS TDD the 3GPP standard optimized for high speed data is ideal for carrier grade voice applications with its high capacity low latency and low power requirements IPWireless latest UMTS TDD software Supports both dedicated a
54. antly under inflated and that the standard will not provide a timely warning The proposal requires manufacturers to install a four tire Tire Pressure Monitoring System TPMS that is capable of detecting when a tire is more than 25 percent under inflated and warning the driver Beginning by September 1 2005 the new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard would apply to passenger cars trucks multipurpose passen ger vehicles and buses with a gross vehicle weight rat ing of 10 000 pounds or less except those vehicles with dual wheels on an axle Atmel is at the forefront of this application with its offering of all the components needed to design a direct measuring sensor TPM sys tem TPMS sensor modules and car module base sta tions Indirectly Measuring Tire Pressure In general today s TPM systems allow just a general prewarning something is wrong without precise conclusions about what happened and where Future TPM systems will have monitoring dedicated to both driving and parked situations depending on different temperature and loading scenarios TPM is a vehicle embedded system detecting the tire pressure by analyzing different wheel speeds or by measurement of pressure and temperature Fundamentally the TPMS uses a transmitter with a tire pressure and or heat sensor located inside the each tire s air valve stem or inside the wheel itself There are two primary forms of TPMS indirect and direct The indirect method
55. ated to the left of the form A window keeps track of the space remaining in the song list flash memory Each folder can contain almost 200 songs before its flash memory allocation is exceeded One through four To simplify the firmware in the i remote controller make the Five assumption that all four folders SIX will be used and therefore down Seven loaded If you have fewer folders the remaining folders should be Enter designated as duplicates of the CH CH desired folder s Left VOL Right VOL Before pushing the Download button the remote controller must be plugged into the COM1 port of the PC temporarily dis placing the 433 MHz receiver use the custom cable described earlier which stays plugged into the PC The other end of the cable is a five pin DIN plug which fits sockets on either the receiver or the remote controller The download time is dictated by the write timing of the flash memory in the remote con troller Download time is about 4 minutes if all four directories contain the maximum of about 200 songs The download progress is indicated by check boxes appearing next to the client program s folder list as well as messages on the remote controller s LCD screen code 54 AVR Firmware already outlined the automatic frequency control of the FM broadcaster The program that accomplishes this is simple and therefore was written in Basic and compiled using the BASCOM AVR compiler For more det
56. band expertise combined with the power of the Virtex Il Pro makes the SMT391 more than just a data acquisition module as it is also high speed converter a processor and a gateway to an array of powerful processing nodes concluded Nakhaee A highly compact twin board design makes up the SMT391 A top layer board the daughter board is coupled to a base module via a Sundance LVDS Bus This daughter board contains all the analog circuitry the clock generation trigger control analog signal con ditioning and as well a converter This device handles all data acquisition and conversions Analog data enters the top module via two analog data streams that are pre conditioned before they enter the dual channel ADC converter In conjunction to the two analog inputs users can also provide the module with a custom clock and trigger Sundance was one of the first to recognize the benefits our Virtex Il Pro can offer to high speed broadband applications said J erry Banks Director of Worldwide DSP Solutions Marketing at Xilinx The page 18 Sundance data acquisi tion system introduces a novel level of design performance and flexi bility that delivers the most advanced features engineers expect in a system oriented data acquisition module The base module is a Sundance SMT39 module reconfigurable comput ing system also powered by a Xilinx Virtex Il Pro FPGA The FPGA is center to the base module as it controls all
57. be reconfigured at run time Data Sharing between AVR and FPGA Before the AT94K FPGA can be used as an AVR coprocessor it is necessary to define data exchange schemes between AVR and FPGA There are two possi ble schemes to use registers implemented in the FPGA or to use the internal SRAM The width of the FPGA registers is limited by the 8 bit AVR FPGA data bus The advantage of this scheme is its Simplicity a major drawback is its slow transfer rate each AVR load or store instruction requires 2 clock cycles The SRAM exchange scheme Is faster since the FPGA can implement a DMA controller that can access the memory directly without an AVR support in one clock N WW AUTE CONI Microprocessors In Depth cycle which saves at least 4 clock cycles per operation when processing one 8 bit data value at a time Its disadvantage is the necessity to implement a data Sharing or protection mechanism in its simplest form it may be represented by a convention that a given mem ory area must not be modified by the AVR until the FPGA has finished the calculation Virtual Program Memory The virtual program memory is often implemented using program overlays or memory paging Since AVR is intended for simple tasks we think that program overlays without memory protection are sucient The following text considers 2KB long overlays since this size seems adequate for AVR application programs The data memory can be extended using a simi
58. by an attacker This shield will also detect any tampering attempt and will trigger associated security alarms Automatic self erasure of both program and data space can be setup for maximum security Additional features provided by Atmel Secure products include power frequency and temperature protection logic logical scrambling on program data and address es power analysis countermeasures and memory accesses controlled by a supervisor mode Secure Cryptographic Operations Atmel secure microcontrollers contain a crypto engine that offers significant security benefits compared to conventional software or firmware implementations It will perform cryptographic operations much faster than software implementations based on a similar architecture The crypto engine uses advanced techniques to avoid predictable behavior such as timing or power con Sumption that could help an attacker to determine the value of a shared or private key The SC16 crypto engine featured in the AT90SC series IS a 16 bit processor dedicated to performing fast encryption and authentication functions on large keys It comes with Pre programmed functions for Cryptography and Authentication including RSA DSA Key Generation and ECC Authentication strategies When the system connects to the network it will dele gate the authentication process to the companion chip so the main processor will act as a bridge between the network and the Secure chip There a
59. c tionality while reducing the system size and costs Derived from the AT89C51SNDIC a fully integrated standalone hardwired MPEGI Il Layer 3 decoder with an 8 bit microcontroller core handling dataflow and MP3 player control the AT89C51SND2C offers 64 Kbytes of Flash memory an embedded MP3 decoder host communication serial parallel USB and a Mult Media Card interface It also includes a high quality stereo DAC with a 50 mW earphone power amplifier and a 500 mW speaker power amplifier The AT89C51SND2C has versatile functionality apart from generating MP3 tones It can play MP3 music from the cell phone Flash through UART or SPI or from N WW AUCI COM the Flash card DataFlash NAND Flash MultiMediaCard Xd Picture Card Secure Digital CompactFlash It can also upload download files into the cell phone NAND Flash or NOR Flash upload files from the MMC to the cell phone NAND or NOR Flash For just one dollar more the AT89C51SND2C allows the cell phone manufacturers to get rid of the MIDI sound generator while offering to the mar ket a product with extended functionality said Bernard Bancelin Marketing Manager of Audio Line at Atmel With its compact package and low power consumption down to 35 mA while playing music at 2 7 V the AT89C51SND2C offers longer battery life with optimized space he added The AT89C51SND2C is available in a BGA100 9 x 9 mm package for industrial temperatures Pricing
60. ch an invalid broadcast frame since it will not be of os te Dii Teia pil Dami Ede Took Dptom Helo deere Pier k Pint damo ji ciamar ar R n ATE Fa HEL Sarim eee 1D r tg d E oari j So epea iibi e yika TE derrers J Feeda Cation a tre i OR ma a nh ee F HALID Ss ed ha ET T courte as il CODA A k cantori a e Fan U1 ATHEA FRAT ulation FPGA place and Route AVR studio tools FPSLIC supports most of the standard AVR C C compilers In addition Atmel has combined state of the art co verification tools to allow concurrent hardware and software development and debugging greatly reducing overall time to market The tool set is completely integrated and includes everything necessary to implement designs includ ing complete FPGA and AVR microcontroller tools along with Exemplar Synthesis Model Tech Simulator and Mentor s Seamless Co verification tools Applications The SES core is mainly targeted but not limited to control applications over the Ethernet such as remote sensor reading control of digital and analog 1 0 etc FPSLIC Resources Requirements The core fits in AT94K10 and AT94K40 devices Implementation on AT94K05 devices using the Partial Reconfiguration capabilities of the FPSLIC family could be considered too ATHE Desie Dipha Leap hajr oben apy han ea haad i iaj r er ai fe pee ag a blah jE li ety aiaj er Teeter Feige Hare ancl Soare
61. ch system Using the system board s Serial Number and its own Master Key the server can compute the decryption key aka Diversified Key and decrypt the message sent by the Secure IC fig 2 x If the decrypted message matches the original random number the authentica tion is successful Adding a Secure Chip to a system board can eliminate illegal system board duplication A system based on traditional ICs can be easily upgraded by adding a Secure Chip The manufacturing can done anywhere without compromising the security of the system Additionally on chip Secure Flash and EEPROM provide unmatched flexibility as well as permitting secure firmware updates and allowing a quicker time to mar ket This cost effective solution ensures that only gen uine boards can connect to the network Publisher Glenn ImObersteg Glenn convergencepromotions com Managing Editor Bob Henderson Bob convergencepromotions com Technical Editor Markus Levy Markus convergencepromotions com Production Manager Dave Ramos dbyd garlic com Designer J udy Gosse udy convergencepromothions com AW ile Tos WN i This issue of the Atmel Applications ournal is published by Convergence Promotions No portion of this publication may be reproduced in part or in whole without express permission in writing from the publisher The contents of this publication are Copyright Atmel Corporation 2005 All rights reserved Atmel
62. cheme than most common LCDs It contains two HD44780 controller LSls one for the top two lines and another for the bottom two The LCD connection to the micro is made through seven lines of port B using the common 4 bit data interface The con trol lines consist of an RS line and two ENABLE lines one for each controller LSI The LCD is sent commands only no status is read back so the R W line is tied low Rather than putting a keypad or a lot of switches on the front panel chose instead to install an IR detector module and use a universal IR remote control for the user interface The IR remote is a commonly available RCA model CRCU410 set to emulate a Quasar TV code 054 chose this because It s a simple IR code that is easy to decode in software The keys that are decoded and their functions are shown in Table 1 Nonvolatile memory storage of the song lists is provid ed by a Serial flash memory EEPROM used Microchip s 24LC256l P8EA because it s commonly available This chip is an I2C device therefore it needs only a two wire interface to the 2313 micro Unfortunately the 2313 doesn t contain a hardware PC port so a bit banged software routine must be used instead However fortunately Atmel provides an app note describing PC read write routines for the 2313 when used as the master device Note that 2 2 kW pull up resistors are required on both the SDA and SCL lines per the PC specifications The 24LC256l can ass
63. chnologies that are fine tuned to the requirements of its products and customers This gives Atmel s system designers flexibility of choice in terms of match ing device performance to their product requirements time to market development cost and unit price in volume Start your journey today towards a successful design at www atmel com 2004 Atmel Corporation Atmel and the Atmel logo are registered trademarks of Atmel Corporation AMEL T O Everywhere You Are LIT 3362D CORP VOL 4 15M
64. coming out of the ball from the Circuit Cellar ftp site The numbers refer to the corresponding pin num bers on the M64282FP chip To simplify the interfacing of the assembly code and speed things up turned the camera sensor board in AT90S8515 RS 232 converter Vie Ifa Timers Wireless Applications 32k x 8 Figure 1 You can use the two Servos for either panning tilting a camera head or driving the left and right wheels of an autonomous robot For the latter the servos must be modified to allow for continuous rotation This servo hack is common for hobby robots the camera ball upside down This ensures that the first pixels to be read from the camera are those correspon ding to the bottom right corner of the image instead of top left Furthermore this makes the calculation of the nearest object faster because the image is read out serially from the sensor The procedure for programming and using the M64282FP is straightforward First load the registers in the M64282FP using a synchronous serial protocol that is similar to other two wire synchronous serial inter faces The microcontroller generates the XCK SIN data and LOAD signals for loading all of the registers in the camera IC Next give the Start command After the exposure is fin ished the camera IC will return a READ signal When the READ signal becomes active read 15 744 pixels 123 x 128 worth of analog data on the VOUT pin syn chronous
65. configure an FPGA for an ASIC emulation system This is often a project of its own requiring spe Atmel s AT9L ARM Thumb Everywhere You Are Atmel s AT91 ARM Thumb microcontrollers provide the 32 bit perform ance every 8 bit microcontroller user is dreaming of while staying within his F tight system budget The extra performance enables the implementation in soft ware of innovative but evolving protocols for communication compression or control for new applications AT91 microcontrollers are et at ee LLL T low power real time control applications They have already been successfully designed into Industrial Automation sys tems MP 3 WMA players Data Acquisition products Pagers Point of Sales canis cific resources ASIC designers must consider from the start that they will be partitioning the ASIC netlist for synthesis to an FPGA Some logic does not lend itself to FPGA implementation and must be removed from the FPGA netlist In other cases the ASIC design may be very large exceeding the ability of a single FPGA Third party tools can assist designers to prepare an ASIC netlist for FPGA porting Preparing a solid hard ware emulation platform in advance of the ASIC can have results that ASIC designers may not like ASIC designers will spend time proving that bugs identified by the software team are in the software code and not in the hardware This is an inevitable event that will occur at some stage of the pro
66. d by the client appli cation will be legitimate The NKM2401 uses 8 byte packets All commands sent by the remote controller consist of a 2 byte sync pattern 0xAA 0x55 followed by a 16 bit command word and four dummy bytes Two bits of the command word are used to designate the four commands Play Stop Play Next Play Last and Pause The other 14 bits are used to select both the active folder and offset of the song s file name within that folder Earlier when you picked out the folder for use by this application that folder was parsed and a fixed record length database was generated a copy of which is maintained both by this application in a file and in the remote controller in the song list flash memory Doing it this way allows you to see all of the song names on the remote LCD readout In addition it means you can select songs to play by merely sending a number cor responding to the song s position in the database file After the client program knows what song to play how does it actually get the computer to play that particular song If the songs were in WAV format it would be easy as Visual Basic has built in support for multi media functions including the playback of WAV files However it does not support the playing of MP3 files at least not the version that have looked around for a shareware freeware Activex control that plays MP3 files page 35 but wasn t able to find one that was free or reasonably pr
67. digital functions on the module By separating the ana log circuitry from the digital one Sundance has not only substantially reduced cross talk but has also pro vided an astute heat dissipation scheme for the bottom board components Configuring the main FPGA is done via an on board and In System programmable logic that configured through an on board J TAG interface Configuration sampling and transfer modes are set by configuration data received over the ComPorts or the RocketlO Serial Links The SMT391 is truly a reconfig urable data acquisition system the Atmel ADC con verter digital outputs are fed into the FPGA where they can be processed by an optional user designed intel lectual property core The data is transferred to a 64 Mbytes per channel DDR SDRAM memory When the SMT391is embedded in a larger system environment this data is disseminated to other system modules via a high speed bus interface Alternately data stream may also be transmitted over to the FPGA Serial Link interface One of the most challenging design issues we faced in developing our standalone systems was the implementation of a cost effective high speed ADC said Lan Tran of the Naval Research Laboratory Information Technology Division With Sundance s SMT391 high sampling rate throughput and compati ble DSP and FPGA systems we managed to meet our specification requirements and remained within our project budget constraints Designed for high speed
68. ds arithmetic functions including RSA DSA DH ECC AES Atmel hardware emulator Voyager Emulation Platform ATV4 can be combined either with Software Development IAR Systems C Spy Debugger or Atmel s AVR Studio Version 4 07 Software Libraries crypto Hardware Abstraction Layers and application notes are also available The addition of accurate and complete documentation create a powerful user friendly develop ment environment For more information on the secureAVR tm product family please visit Atmel s website at htto www atmel com products SecureAVR AT45DB321B 32M ega bit FLASH Single Package or Module Figure 2 SIP Interface page 6 ATMEL S AT91SAM7S SERIES OF ARM BASED FLASH MICROCONTROLLERS AIM TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN 8 AND 32 BIT MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS IN PARTICULAR THEY FOCUS ON REAL TIME CONTROL APPLICATIONS THAT REQUIRE FEATURES TRADITIONALLY INCORPORATED INTO 8 BIT MCUS NOTABLY A DETERMINISTIC RESPONSE TO COMMANDS AND INTERRUPTS TOGETHER WITH THE SUPERIOR PROCESSING POWER AND EXTENDED ADDRESS SPACE OF 32 BIT MCUS THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE AT91SAM7S SERIES AND GIVES DETAILS OF THE UNIQUE FEATURES THAT ATMEL HAS BUILT INTO THESE PRODUCTS IN ORDER TO ENSURE A DETERMINISTIC RESPONSE TO AN EXTERNAL EVENT A GUARANTEED RESPONSE WITHIN A SPECIFIED TIME INTERVAL N WW AUTE CONI Microprocessors In Depth rl Atmel s ARM based Flash
69. duct development but it may also lead to discovery of true hardware bugs Addressing it early in the product development timeline increases the odds of first time success silicon but must be considered in the resource planning ARM core ASIC product development is possible by the masses and ARM core based standard products offer proven paths to ASIC solutions Re usable re config urable ARM peripheral IP is a reality ASIC system soft ware teams can take advantage of ARM standard prod uct software and Atmel s SiliconCITY platform design approach enables first time success silicon with reduced development lead times ij Medical equipment GPS and Networking systems Building a microcontroller product line around the industry standard ARM processor core guar antees the customer long term availability and its widespread acceptance has resulted in the development of an extensive range of qualified software IP products reducing the time to market The AT91 series is completely supported by state of the art development tools including C compilers Debuggers Emulators and RTOS Start your journey today towards a successful design at www atmel com arm Eval Board Microprocessor Supported AT91EB63 Supports AT91M63200 amp AT91M43300 enabling code development amp eval AT91MECO1 2003 Atmel Corporation Atmel and the Atmel logo are registered trademarks of Atmel Corporation AWW aUe COM page 15 Memory Extens
70. e articles can be found at www atmel com e eeeeseeo eaog e t eseoeoecoenaeaeaeaeeaeaeoeoedeeodeoedeeoeedeeoeedeoe eee eee ee 0 WiMAX and Atmel Target Broadband Wireless Market Atmel has announced its Principal membership in the WIMAX Forum an industry led organization that promotes the interoperability and certification of broad band wireless products based on the IEEE 802 16 standard As an experienced manufacturer of advanced wireless semiconductors Atmel will play an important role in the design production and marketing of silicon to be used in WIMAX Forum Certified applications for this key emerging market The WiMAX Forum is striving to create economies of scale made possible by standards based interoperable products that drive price and performance levels not achievable by proprietary approaches WiMAX technol ogy is designed to help service providers across global markets deliver economical broadband data voice and video services to both residential and business cus tomers Frank Draper Director of Membership at the WIMAX Forum says Atmel will be a significant contributor to the WIMAX Forum bringing their vast experience as a wireless IC manufacturer and their unique ability to offer complete out of the box solutions Media Processor for Digital TVs and ih bahia Atmel s next generation media processor the ARM7TDMI core based AT76C120 is ideal for stan dard and high definition TVs flat panel dis
71. e is repeated until all coprocessor contexts have been generated To obtain partial bitstreams the complete bitstreams obtained in the previous step must be compared using the Figaro bitstream compression tool The tool gener ates incremental changes that must be performed to Switch from the configuration given by the base bit stream to the configuration given by the new bitstream To be able to use the partial bitstreams for changing the coprocessor configuration all possible coprocessor con text swap combinations must be generated A direct approach leads to n combinations each to each where n is the number of contexts A significant reduc tion of combinations is obtained by introducing a com mon reference coprocessor configuration such as an empty contents or the most frequently used function this approach decreases the number of necessary bit streams to 2n Sample Applications The described platform Figure 2 is presented on two simple applications the first shows the use of overlays the second demonstrates a transparent run time recon figuration of the FPGA triggered by the application pro gram Program Overlays Program overlays are user defined functions compiled as a Standard C code with a specific starting address here denoted as START PROGRAM Figure 3 The overlays are implemented as data transfers from the external memory to specific locations in the program MODE4 REGISTERS L HACO VIRTUAL MEM CTRL
72. e robot If the robot moves near a wall and if there is enough of a contrast between the wall and floor an edge will be detected at that location in the image Using this tech nique the robot can tell how far away the edge of the obstacle is by its height in the image If the image is divided into thirds i e left third center third and right third then the lowest edge in each third of the image gives the robot the distance it can move in that direction Then the robot can turn and move toward the farthest direction to avoid the closer obsta cles This greatest third approach is well suited for corridor following because the greatest third of the image is most likely the direction of the corridor The camera takes care of extracting the edges from the image but the microcontroller must perform any addi tional processing For instance if you want to know an object s distance or depth from the robot then you ll need an algorithm to post process the image and reduce the information down to a depth table The index to this table could represent a given x location or column The entry at each index within the table could be written with the row of the lowest edge pixel in a given column This algorithm is implemented in the microcontroller as shown in Listing 1 Now l Il explain the operation of the depth finding code Starting at the bottom right corner of the image count the number of pixels vertically until one is
73. e servo s travel limits If a subject is lost because it moved too far to the left or right the camera will wait for up to 30 frames for the object to reappear before it returns to the center position to look for another object You can overcome this limitation by giving the camera the ability to pan all the way around To do this mount it on a mobile robot Wireless Applications Photo 4 The perfect testing area may be closer than you think placed the test objects on my kitchen floor which has a practically constant texture and Surface Follow that Subject You can apply the theory used for panning and tilting a camera to controlling a mobile robot The camera itself is stationary with respect to the robot base Instead of controlling the camera directly the microcontroller commands the robot base to move in a certain direction at a specified speed This arrangement allows the mobile robot to find high contrast objects and approach them The robot is able to search for objects by spiraling out in an ever widening arc until an object is within view When an object is detected the robot faces the object and speeds toward it The robot slows down gradually until it stops with the object located in the center of the camera image As long as the object doesn t move too fast the robot will continue to rotate move forward or move backward to keep the object in the center of the image Photo 2 shows the prototype of the mobile r
74. e system is The camera can be panned and tilted in responsetoan response overshooting and ringing a laser pointer With a laser pointer a bright point can BH mi FF LEFFE PPP eee B a o ae P i i B a n il m i m i a E i m i i i h m a 1 Photo 1 The prototype circuit board is small enough Photo 2 I ve provided you with four views of the mobile robot The servo that controls the tilt angle of the cam to fit inside a mobile hobby robot era is for future expansion NW WAUN CON page 41 as S a ALA pee Winall ee eee Photo 3 There s only one chip and two capacitors on the circuit board in the camera ball Take a look at the clear packaged M64282FP IC be moved from one location to another almost instan taneously Using one you can observe the reaction of the servos The gain of the system is set too high if the servos overshoot and ring i e oscillate until they come to a rest at the new location The gain should be set by increasing or decreasing the divisor of the error amount so that the correction amount causes the servos to overshoot slightly without ringing Look for the con stant TRACKDIV in the assembly code for more infor mation Incidentally the entire image capture process output sequence takes roughly 11 ms yielding a frame rate of about nine frames per second The pan tilt camera head is only able to track objects while they are within th
75. ect attempts are limited and access is granted to the protected memory zone only after successful calculations The fourth and highest level of security offered in CryptoMemory is data encryption and message authentication codes MACs To use encryption authentication much be successfully performed first With each successful authentication a new 64 bit ses sion key is generated This key is used for subsequent encrypted read and write operations When a memory zone is configured to require encryption all data exchanges will be encrypted A MAC may be request ed to further validate data read from the device and a MAC is required for each data string to be written to CryptoM emory Tamper protection circuits have also been added to stop hackers These circuits will detect operations out side the defined limits and will safely shut down the device preventing all access to its contents Any or all of these security levels can be used to enhance the security of a currently open serial memory application More information is available about CryptoMemory at www atmel com products SecureMem Features Serial EEPROM CryptoMemory Catalog Part Protocol Package Types 8 lead Package Pinouts Industrial Temperature Operating Voltage Clock Speed VDD 2 7V 5 5V Memor Number of Memory Zones Separately Programmable Zone Securi Memory Density Indentification Recognition Idenification Area Configurable Securi e Encrypted PIN Securi e
76. ecured Data storage and networking are cen tres of interest DES 3DES is used for Virtual Private Networking VPN In Secure IP IPsec based implementations In SSH based implementations In SSH2 based implementations As a consequence DES 3DES is used for secure extranet protocols such as Citrix Extranet or European Network Exchange DES 3DES is also used for secure Storage devices such as Smartcards A prominent example for the species is SIM Application Toolkit But also other applications ranging from XML encryption to secure eGovernment is dealing with DES 3DES Many of those applications are based on powerful processors However for a great number of new dis tributed services the same security requirements are to be met without the computing power being at hand In these cases also small power efficient and low cost microcontrollers can be used For many distributed embedded applications communication is an important value added however puts an additional burden onto the processor who also has to run the main task of controlling measur ing or displaying When the amount of data to be encrypted or decrypt ed is small and no special timing for encryption is required this may be organized with clever task management or a suitable real time operating system RTOS However when significant amount of data is to be encrypted or decrypted system designers have two options They may either use
77. ecurity Applications R 24 Limiting Illegal Hardware Copies by a Using Secure Hardware Authentication by Dany Nativel 27 s Security Needed in Your Memory Application by Mary T Jarboe 29 Implementing DES 3DES with Atmel FPSLIC by Axel Sikora Q amp wa A230 Ae 3 Wireless MP3 Remote Jukebox with Atmel AT90S2313 4PC by Brian Miller 7 Song Quality Improvement Using the DAC on AT89C51SND1 Reference Design 39 Easy Image Processing Camera Interfacing for Robotics by Daniel Herrington Automotive Applications 44 Atmel Raises the Bar on Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems by Markus Levy 00010000011 10001110010 Cc Code Patch 01110011001 00010110010 00110011001 46 Setting the UNIX Linux Environment to Develop an AVR Application by Daniel Widyanto MA 47 Using STK500 Under UNIX Linux Environment by Daniel Widyanto AMEL Everywhere You Are Atmel News Atmel News Emerson Corporation Strategic Supplier Award Atmel was one of two semiconductor suppliers recognized for exceptional Quality Service and Customer Support Presenting the award is Ahmad Kian Director of Strategic Sourcing Rosemont Process Management Division Emerson Corporation Atmel s Ray Barth District Sales Manager accepts the award on behalf of the Corporation This is the second consecutive year that Atmel received this prestigious Award More information on the products and services in thes
78. effort more external devices and a high er bill of materials The new ATA5275 Is the first non discrete antenna driver IC available on the market making TPMS POD designs simpler and more cost effective The device is highly integrated and also pro vides a microcontroller interface bi directional K line interface that allows the transfer of diagnostic data Trusted Computing Standard Extended to Embedded Systems Atmel has announced the AT97SC3201S Trusted Platform Module TPM a single chip hardware securi ty subsystem designed specifically for embedded sys tems such as voting machines gaming systems PDAs Set top boxes POS terminals ATMs portable mass Storage devices and industrial controls Based on Trusted Computing Group industry standards the new device offers embedded systems ultra security that until now has only been available for personal comput ers According the Kevin Schutz Atmel s Product Line Manager for Trusted Platform Modules The AT97SC3201S gives embedded systems the capability to provide a variety of software integrity measurements perform mutual authentication processes and present credentials that have not been available to embedded system designs before Now any embedded system can take advantage of hardware security based on TCG Standards Price and Availability The 3 3 volt AT97SC3201S is available immediately and is priced at 4 50 in quanti ties of 10 000 N WW AUCI COM
79. eft connected to a serial port on the MP3 server computer However from time to time the remote control unit must be con nected to the PC in its place i e when the song lists are being downloaded to it For that reason made up a short cable to connect the DB9 male socket on the PC to a five pin DIN plug Both the receiver and remote control unit use matching five pin DIN sockets and you Simply hook up the proper unit as needed The Abacom receiver transmitter modules when used with NKM2401 N devices are reliable The wireless link for the command transmission was one of the Smoother aspects of the project The only complication ran into was that wasn t able to place the 433 MHz receiver and FM broadcaster modules in the same case When the FM broadcast transmitter was placed next to the receiver its RF output slightly desensitized the receiver The result was that the wireless link would work for a distance of only about 20 feet which was too short for my purpose However when placed the FM broadcaster in its own case and moved it several feet away from the 433 MHz receiver the problem dis appeared and the range increased to about 50 feet keep in mind that s still within the house N WW AUCI COM FM Broadcaster When originally conceived this project anticipated some challenging design or programming problems assumed getting a small FM broadcaster module would be easy so tackled that job last Howev
80. epth jinaga baudresbe divisor pper threshold 1720 05 00 H vet Vio GG raf 720 Ki Pec DFP M7 Ho tt E E Po ve I I race RAET a eSdepth leimage baudrste divisor m upper threshold L 20 0 fo ae r HT A li nF i ii E S 1 vw ato ape est e2deeth l tae baudeate divisor visi pper threat ld to Photo 5 for screen shots of the user interface Although completed all of the development for this project in Linux it should be fairly easy to port to a Windows environment There are two versions of the AVR assembly code The pan tilt program controls the pan tilt camera head and the chase program controls the mobile robot The pan tilt code has the added overhead of communicating with the PC through the UART In addition it requires the use of the pan tilt C program on the PC This adds significant delays to the operation of the pan tilt cam era If you want to get the maximum performance out of the pan tilt camera you can hard code the register set tings and remove the calls to the UART communication routines The chase code is already optimized for the fastest possible frame rate Either of the AVR programs can be modified to allow for higher level behavior by adding calls to new routines in the main loops One way to enhance the output of the tracking system would be to mount a low power laser pointer on the pan tilt head Then as long as the field of v
81. er of course Murphy s Law dictated that this would turn out to be the most frustrating and time consuming part of the proj ect had heard rumors that stereo FM transmitter kits based on the Rohm BA1404 IC were too unstable to be useful Not easily deterred bought such a kit anyway Alas the rumors were true its frequency stability is too poor to work with modern digitally tuned FM receivers Even when replaced the cheap RF tuning components with high quality parts the problem remained In fairness to Rohm expect that this IC was 2N5485 FET OSCILLATOR 88 92 MHz rail MAN Tunning DAC7611 12 BIT Serial DAC designed before the advent of digital FM receivers Older analog FM receivers had an automatic frequency control circuit that likely would have tracked the fre quency changes that occur with this transmitter kit found a PLL stabilized FM broadcaster kit but it cost about 200 which was too steep for this project A number of years ago built several PLL based fre quency generators in the 10 to 400 MHz range so thought I d try to roll my own FM broadcaster That s when the trouble began The PLL chips that had used in the past were no longer available Most of the currently available PLLs are meant for cell phones and the like and won t work reliably below 100 MHz found some that were targeted for the FM broadcast band but they were in such tiny packages that couldn t sol der anythi
82. er by a semi truck Also unlike retail memory products Datakey Electronics offers long term OEM support and product availability Our Keys and Tokens have been proven rugged and reliable for over 28 years Let our products carry your critical data atakey EvecTronics L oU0 3 2 6 h ed F i 4 t z 2004 Datakey Electronics Inc All Rights Reserved DKE0469 09 04 THE NEED FOR SECURE DATA NOT ONLY APPLIES TO WIRED AND WIRELESS COM MUNICATIONS BUT IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN APPLICATIONS WHERE ACCESS CON TROL DATA INTEGRITY CONFIDENTIALITY AND AUTHENTICATION ARE REQUIRED FOR THIS REASON CRYPTOGRAPHY WILL FIND ITS WAY INTO A HOST OF COMMON DEVICES INCLUDING BANK ATMS KIOSKS INFORMATION PORTALS VIDEO SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT BUILDING ACCESS CONTROLS AND THE LIKE ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR CRYPTO GRAPHIC ALGORITHMS IS THE DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD DES DEVELOPED IN THE SEVENTIES IT STILL SUSTAINS REASONABLE SECURITY LEVEL WHEN RUN THREE TIMES AS TRIPLE DES THIS OVERVIEW GIVES A SHORT INTRO DUCTION TO COMMON APPLICATIONS AND TO IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOFTWARE ASED HARDWARE BASED AND SOFT WARE HARDWARE CO DESIGNS N WW AUTE CONI Security Applications lm q Implementing DES 3DES with Atmel FPSLIC By Axel Sikora University of Cooperative Education Loerrach Germany DES 3DES Applications Applications can be found everywhere where data has to be s
83. ering hours are spent Thus making sure the micro controller has what it takes to ease the development should be given some priority Selecting the Right Development Tools When selecting a microcontroller you are also selecting the development tools you are blessed with These development tools range from the simplest evaluation kits to high end In circuit emulators and production programmers Depending of the complexity of the end product different debugging solutions will be optimal A 1 2K microcontroller with a minimum of on chip resources can often be debugged using a free archi tectural simulator such as AVR Studio For complex applications on big parts with many peripherals using an advanced In circuit emulator with advanced features such as Trace capabilities advanced breakpoints and Code coverage functionality might reduce the design time significantly Parts with on chip debug capability offers a very low cost alternative for the debugging The J TAGICE mk Il from Atmel is available for only 299 but still provides debugging capabilities like breakpoints data watch Single stepping through code and full overview of processor internal resources An additional important alll ejin t AFFE Ahi a Mess a cre a Se a T er La ii F fi oe amp oe EEIE m A T E H cine Tah aP af P fe i i L G mee F Pe me eo p a E ee ee i rH TRE GS es i ia E in ia amp Iara pay ee FF LE TH Ci a ae CSL HEHE Sn Fl ee ie
84. es all the benefits one can ask for in a modern energy meter Also the design is easily customized to fit special needs such as remote reading and demand recording It is easy to replace the default ATmega88 with the pin compatible ATmegal68 and gain twice the Flash memory for program enhancements whereas migrating to say an ATmegal69 gives the benefit of an integrated LCD driver Tamper proof metering is a special case of single phase metering the difference being that tamper proof metering requires current to be measured in live and neutral wires whereas traditional single phase meter ing relies on only one current transducer Application note AVR465 is easily modified reduced actually to fit page 21 traditional single phase metering by simply removing the second current transducer related measurement algorithms and tamper logic The reduced code rough ly fits a 4kB AVR microcontroller such as the ATmega48 cutting the overall cost of the meter Current transformers are typically expensive and easily mount up to a quarter or even half of overall component cost As a result the bill of materials of a single phase meter can be nearly half of that of the presented tamp er proof design Key Features and Benefits Albeit many mechanical meters are yet to be replaced there are many solutions for electronic metering The three most used solutions are based on ASICs ASSPs and microcontrollers Very few companies use ASICs anym
85. evel language will also be much more structured than a similar program written in assembly Because of this it is generally eas ler to debug a program written in a high level language Project Progress 9 Assembly Development Time Most 8 bit microcontroller architectures come with a C compiler However there is a big difference in how effi cient the architectures are for high level languages and how the C code should be structured to be efficient with one particular microcontroller architecture Generally one can say that accumulator based archi tectures like the 8051 architecture from Intel works best with global variables while register based archi tectures like the AVR from Atmel works best with local variables The benefits of using local variables are that the code becomes more structured and the portability and main N WW AUTE CONI tenance of the code is simplified when compared to code written with very many global variables It is also much easier to reuse code when it is written with extensive use of local variables When all the parame ters going in and out of a subroutine is defined in the function call it is very easy to port that subroutine into a new project The biggest drawbacks of writing code in a HLL are that the code normally becomes bigger and slower than a similar program written in assembly However as the number of code lines increases the gap in size between the HLL code and the assembly
86. evelopment lead times IP must be config urable for use in multiple applications while retaining a robust verification methodology Parameterization allows bus interfaces and peripheral features to evolve with market needs Bit oriented peripherals can expand page 14 Internal Enables Power Management or shrink to a specific configuration Multiple functions can be duplicated Standard interface protocols can be enforced or relaxed System performance can demand increased pipelining of peripherals A choice of multi ple bus architecture interfaces expands usage options System interfaces off chip often have fixed require ments which the ASIC must match Designing IP to have a large feature set that can be selectively parsed down through parameters to meet multiple user needs broadens the applications that may be addressed with out excessive gate count overheads As an example of parameterization power consider how the ARM AMBA bus standard has evolved The APB protocol has changed between revision D ASB and revision 2 AHB related to the read data sampling and register reset timing points An APB peripheral would require a different interface depending on the AMBA protocol in use for the overall system requiring two versions of the peripheral design to be maintained However all remaining features of the peripheral remain unchanged Using a bus protocol parameter in the IP definition BRIDGE TYPE as part of the R
87. f MP3 files through the Media Player from wireless commands received from the MP3 remote controller The code s other main function is to allow you to choose up to four music folders and then download the song titles file names to the flash memory in the remote controller posed on it to perform the frequency modulation The DAC output voltage is initially set to a middle range 2 V and you manually tune the oscillator to the desired frequency by adjusting the variable trimmer capacitor Thereafter the microcontroller will adjust the DAC volt age up and down slightly to maintain the proper fre quency For the microcontroller to measure the oscillator fre quency it must first be prescaled by a factor of 16 This is done using a common 74F161 4 bit divider chip The prescaler output is in the 5 to 6 MHz range which can be directly counted by the microcontroller using its 16 bit counter timer To determine the oscillator frequency clear the 16 bit timer and then read it after a fixed interval This fixed interval is provided for by another counter timer in the microcontroller which is programmed to provide a peri odic interrupt every 5 461 ms Using this arrangement the expected value in the 16 bit counter equals counter timer Value 7 x 5 461x107 In operation the microcontroller reads the count in the 16 bit timer and compares it to a fixed constant derived from this equation using the FM broadcast fre quency cho
88. for page 5 500 000 unit quantity per year is 6 00 A masked ROM version is available for low cost application at 4 50 for 500 000 units A complete development package is available to help designers develop their new applications It includes an emulator a development board AT89DVK 04 and a remote MP3 reference design AT89RFD 08 All boards come with complete MP3 player firmware schematics and host drivers Atmel News AT90SC320288RCT High Security High Performance Cost Effective Member of the AT90SC Family Atmel Corporation introduces the AT90SC320288 RCT a new member of the AT9OSC family featuring outstanding on chip compact memories flexible 288 kbyte EEPROM 320 kbytes of user ROM and 8 kbytes of RAM Data Bus 8 bit EEPROM User Memory Access Control General Purpose Registers ROM Program Memory ROM Crypto Library I 1 16 I I Instruction r Register 16 I I i Instruction Decorder 16 I I Control I Lines Status Register Figure 1 AT90SC320288RCT block diagram Thanks to the performance and the density of the 8 16 bit RISC SecureAVR CPU architecture Atmel can propose an attractive product for high density cost sensitive applications such as SIM USIM cards Combining advanced technologies and optimized architecture the AT90SC320288RCT can run at high speed and be compliant with the most stringent indus try standards suc
89. for example the recently introduced devices from Xilinx Spartan2 Virtexll or Atmel AT40K AT94K but it has not been incorporated into the sup plied design tools 3 The reason for the latter fact is the rather complicated methodology that has to be implemented in the tools 6 This paper describes a universal reconfigurable SOPC platform built around the Atmel AT94K FPSLIC1 device The platform enables a software programmer to take advantage of a possible hardware implementation of a user function while not being directly involved in the hardware design process This is made possible by pro viding a universal transparent hardware software inter face and a library of pre compiled configuration bit streams that are selected by the programmer accord ing to the required hardware functions The platform implements an extended virtual memory space that increases the standard 64KB address space that is accessible by the FPGA and AVR processor inside AT94K The extended memory space can be used for AVR programs data and FPGA configuration bitstreams which increases the power of the AT94K device 5 Similar architectures can be found in 1 2 The paper is structured in the following way Section 2 describes basic features of the AT94K device Section 3 presents basic features of the presented platform Section 4 shows the use of the platform on two sample applications and Section 5 concludes the paper AT94K FPSLIC The Atmel
90. ght a few of these to try out later If you re not a big music fan maybe you ll be able to apply some of the ideas mentioned here for other use ful remote control concepts Stay infor med Subscribe NOW to The Atmel Applications our nal www atmel com jour nal mail asp SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO CAN BE IMPROVED BY CONTROLLING THE SONG LEVEL BOTH WITH THE EXTERNAL DAC AND WITH THE AT89C51SND1 SONG LEVEL SFR REGISTER TO CONTROL THE SONG LEVEL WITH THE DAC UDA1330ATS THE L3 MODE MUST BE USED THIS APPLICATION NOTE GIVES SOME INFORMATION ON ACTIVATING DE ACTIVATING THE L3 MODE OF DAC UDA1330ATS OR COMPATIBLE HARDWARE FOR THE AT89C51SND1 REFERENCE DESIGN N WW AUTE CONI Wireless Applications Song Quality Improvement Using the DAC on AT89C51SND1 Reference Design Application Modes The DAC UDA1330ATS has two application modes Standard mode and L3 mode The application mode can be set with the three voltage levels on the APPSEL pin of UDA1330ATS see Table 1 In standard mode or static mode APPLx pins are Static input pins In L3 mode a serial protocol is specified over the APPLx pins See Philips datasheet UDA1330ATS for more information Figure 1 and Figure 2 are the functional schematics of the reference design in standard mode and L3 mode Voltage on Mode fsys Pin APPSEL VSSD 256fs 384fs or 512fs 1 2 VDDD Static pin 384fs mode VDDD ny 256fs Table 1 Selecting Application Mode and
91. gram Data Memories External RAM J Memory Bus DMA Controller DSP Data Flow Application Internal Clocks Clock Sources Figure 3 SoC Architecture Platform End user product becomes industry standard Standardize architecture and interfaces ASSP application market which means many features of the product go unused even though paid for in silicon area Systems typically want to use a large percentage of a selected standard product with the addition of applica tion specific intellectual property IP This IP differenti ates the end product from the competition It is a nat ural progression for designers to begin a product devel opment with a standard ARM product complemented by an FPGA containing application specific IP or by dis crete analog components The product may even evolve into an application specific standard product ASSP marketed by the originator and the ASIC vendor Figure 2 Atmel s approach to development branded Silicon CITY encompasses standard product ASIC and ASSP evolution into one common design and develop ment environment Atmel s SiliconCITY architecture platform and IP libraries permit migration of the utilized standard product components application IP and ana log into a single ASIC chip in a short period of time Figure 2 Product Evolution A key factor to reduce risk and design lead time is to start development from validated and proven IP Who wants to re invent the
92. gure 1 Atmel s TPMS product portfolio includes UHF transmitter and receiver ICs as well as highly integrated microcontrollers Calibrate pressure vs temperature and to organize the data transmission to the car body and driver display Atmel s TPMS product portfolio includes UHF transmit ter and receiver ICs as well as highly integrated micro controllers Figure 1 All of these products operate in the 40 to 125 degree C to comply with automotive standards The direct TPMS approach can be implemented using Atmel s integrated ATAR862 a 4 bit microcontroller combined with a UHF ASK FSK transmitter and ATA5283 interface IC for 125 kHz wake up function The ATA5283 Figure 2 can wake up sensor modules in defined duty cycles to improve the TPMS battery life time In addition to its tolerance for a wide range of tem peratures to comply with automotive manufacturers Standards a TPM module must have a minimum life time of 10 years Since the integrated battery in such modules cannot be replaced low current consumption is a must for TPM applications The LF receiver ATA5283 is constantly in standby listening mode and monitors for a signal originating from the car or from a base station The device switches off the TPM module when it is not needed and wakes up the module only if a valid preamble has been detected The ATA5283 s Current consumption in listening mode with a sensitivi ty of 1 mV rms is as low as 1 microampere typical
93. h as mobile phone specifications The concept of product family allows developers to re use existing OS application software and get immedi ate access to a product featuring 288 kbytes of EEP ROM memory with minimum effort For example a developer who has an operating system up and run ning on 32 36 kbyte of EEPROM such as the AT90SC19236R T or 64 72 kbyte AT90SC25672 R T or AT90SC7272C Atmel platform can port it with a very limited amount of resources and effort on this new product and get access to a 256 288 kbyte EEP ROM product We believe that this will create unique opportunities for mobile network operators to extend N WW AUC CONI an existing product portfolio and offer new products with value added services quickly onto the market The AT90SC320288RCT can also be delivered with Atmel basic OS When this basic OS is combined with I Data Memor lt q y Control I GND 1 VOC AdvX Crypyo Accelerator 1 Reset I BST Circuit DES 3DES On Chip Security 1 of DRC and Checksum Accelerator lt _ gt Access Control Interrupt Unit ISO 7816 Controller I O port SPI Controller IN OUT1 IN OUTO e e H the memory management block It allows program developers to use the 288 kbytes of non volatile mem ory either as program memory or user memory For examples this device can be used as a 144 kbyts Program Flash functionality 144 kbyte EEPROM or 160 kb
94. hat can be used in conjunction with the one sent during the personalization From a security point of view this phase Is critical because the Master Key is exposed for a short amount of time Maximum security should be observed during personalization At the final stage of personalization the on chip cryp to accelerator encrypts the Serial Number using the page 25 Previously generated Serial Number ATMEL AT90SC3232CS Diversified Key 7410141111 Serial Number Encryption Engine e g AES Decryption Engine e g AES Encrypted Random Number Figure 2 Pre shared Key Authentication Master Key and algorithms such as DES 3DES AES fig 1 x The Master Key is then erased from the Secure Chip and the previously computed key also called Diversified Key is stored into the on chip EEPROM fig 1 y Grouping Serial Numbers and protect them with differ ent Master Keys reduces the risk of compromising the whole system if a Master Key leaks The system is now ready to perform a secure authenti cation over the network The Secure IC starts by sending its serial number to the server fig 2 u The server responds to the Secure IC with a random number fig 2 v Using its Diversified Key the Secure IC encrypts the given random number and sends it back to the server fig 2 w For a Same given random number the response sent by each system board will be different due to the different key used on ea
95. he AVR microcontroller In the described application the coprocessor imple ments basic floating point operations ADD MUL DIV SQRT in a 24 bit precission 1 bit sign 6 bit expo nent 17 bit mantissa As the AT40K40 FPGA is too small to contain all the operations at once the coprocessor is reconfigured prior to calculation when necessary The performed task is simple the AVR gets a data block from the serial port then it uses the FPGA floating point coprocessor to calculate results for these values microprocessors in Depth The design consists of four main parts Figure 2 1 the floating point coprocessor implemented in the FPGA denoted as IP CORE 2 the data management i e the data transfer part of the AVR BIOS and the REGFILE and SRAM ACCESS blocks in the FPGA 3 the virtual memory management implemented in the PGM MEM MGMT part of the BIOS and the VIRTU AL MEM CTRL block in the FPGA 4 and the reconfiguration controller shown in BIOS as RECONF MGMT and in the FPGA as RECONF CTRL A sample application program built upon the infra structure is shown in Figure 4 The code first gets a data block then it calls the FPGA to process the data The first item in the block determines which operation should be performed this is stored in the oper param eter The FPGA infrastructure is transparent to the program mer The only place at which the AVR FPGA interaction can be noticed is the function call CallFPGA
96. he COM1 seri al port looking for commands that have been sent to it by the remote controller Its other main function is to allow you to browse through your directory structure and designate up to four folders as jukebox folders The file names in these folders are then converted into a database record and sent to the remote controller using the transmit section of the COM1 serial port This download is performed only once unless the contents of the folders change because this data is stored in the song list flash memory within the remote controller Photo 2 Let s look at the first function in more detail As men tioned earlier the connection between the computer and remote controller is a 433 MHz wireless link At the PC end the 433 MHz receiver takes the RF signal and converts it into serial data at 2400 bps which is fed into the COM1 port All data formatting and error checking are performed in the hardware using the NKM2401 encoder decoder chips This method N WW AUCI COM Wireless Applications Audio in R R3 Pre emphasis 10k 6 to 9 VDC From adapter or 6 battery Modulation voltage R4 100k 680k C7 C5 10p odu Di Qi Zetex BBY31CT S 2N5485 Coarse freq adj trimmer RF To prescaler Note L1 is 4T 0 25 diameter tapped 2T from GND u1 LM29312 5 1 co 3 10 AT9052313 10PC J Figure 4 The FM broadcaster unit is automatically fine tuned ensures that any command receive
97. ia control lines Key generation Software Hardware Speed optimized area optimized 72300 cycles 32 cycles Ciphering 64b block 124000 cycles 32 cycles Pipelining RAM bytes 532 bytes Table 1 Results of DES cipher function in software DP SRAM on a software based state machine ciphertext C load key Ky gt load key K encrypt gt decrypt gt encryption decryption hardware based state machine a ready Figure 2 DES design in Hardware Software Co Design The software hardware co design shows the best compromise for system level integration and enables a low cost crypto coprocessor with very reasonable per formance The performance of the hardware portion remains unchanged to the pure hardware implementa tion Only eight additional clock cycles must be consid ered for reading or writing 64 bit data blocks from or into the DP SRAM as the width of the data bus is restricted to eight lines The block diagram is shown in Figure 2 DES 3DES Outlook Using FPSLIC gives an optimum fit for many applica tions which may even be leveraged when partial reconfiguration comes into the game In these cases the crypto hardware can be loaded only for those cases when data bursts are to be processed Other functionality may be re loaded in the same hardware cells Dynamic reconfiguration may also be used for hard ware based generation of keys being
98. iced took a different tack at this point had just down loaded the Windows Media Player V 7 that Microsoft distributes for free This multi purpose program han dles MP3 files nicely and has all the bells and whistles people want Like many Windows programs it allows for keyboard shortcuts an advantageous capability My idea then was to run my MP3 J ukebox client applica tion and the Windows Media Player concurrently and let my client application send keyboard strokes to the Media Player to control tt This is done using a couple of Visual Basic commands The Shell command transfers program flow over to the Media Player and the Sendkeys command sends the proper codes to the Media Player causing it to select the desired song and play it or do some other functions To check that the client program is actually communi cating with the Windows Media Player added the Capability of picking a specific song from a folder and playing it without a command coming in from the remote control As Photo 2 demonstrates you may choose the song to be played using the drive folder and file windows on the right and the transport controls located along the bottom will play or stop tt The second function used occasionally chooses the desired music folders up to four and downloads the contents into the remote controller s flash memory You do this by picking out a specific folder and then click ing on one of the four numbered buttons loc
99. iew is kept away from humans and highly reflective surfaces in addition to other appropriate safety precautions the robot could alternate between strobing the laser point er and tracking an object This would let you see a pul sating red dot signaling where the robot is actually focusing its attention You could also use the laser and a cylindrical lens to generate a flat fanned out beam visible as a horizon tal line on any objects in its path This line would be visible only at points in the field of view where an object is obstructing the beam T Ward Scope Out the Laser Range Finder Circuit Cellar 46 Therefore the camera would have a much greater ability to detect low con trast objects against the floor background Additionally this approach would also help in finding low contrast walls lf a high speed parallel connection to a PC were used instead of the serial one then the PC could attempt to perform pattern recognition in real time comparing the edge extracted image to an edge database of known objects A similar improvement would be to use two cameras in tandem without pan servos A microcontroller could send both edge extracted images via a high speed parallel connection to a PC allowing the PC to compare the two images and attempt to find matching patterns of edges Assuming that the pan angles of the two cameras were fixed the matching pattern locations would then allow the PC to determine the distance t
100. ion Card Increases memory capacity of AT91 Eval Board adding 2M bytes of SRAM and 3M bytes of Flash on the external bus Complete with application Guide Everywhere You Are Designer s Corner Designer s gt Corner By OJ Svendlisi For products where time to market and efficient pro duction is important selecting the right microcontroller architecture plays a big role To get the shortest possi ble development time the following requirements should be filled Good and easy to use development tools Enough resources on chip to meet require ments Efficient for high level languages Flash program memory for fast and reliable programming The megaAVR family from Atmel has all these features and more making them a perfect choice for advanced products requiring short time to market This white paper discusses the advantages of this family related to getting the shortest time to mar ket and the most efficient production once the product IS ready Development During development of a new product the microcon troller is normally the most important module and De ee ee p ee oe Cage METT oo RY he ak A le HAD 0 Ers Js nef FOS r l m es Pt a Te E bn ee Ar E L ee TL E LU ft ae We comer er i a ij j i vww atmel com TEET Designing for Efficient Production with In System Re programmable Flash Cs always the component where the majority of the engi ne
101. ional features such as remote reading demand recording and displaying measurement results on an LCD are typically considered Remote reading is readi ly implemented using Atmel s SmartRF solutions for example Demand recording and profiling requires little more than a modification to the firmware and some Spare Flash or EEPROM both of which are already included on chip LCD support is also an option in some AVR microcontrollers Single phase Three wire Meters Single phase energy service in the US is distributed using three wires two for live voltage and one as grounded neutral Similarly as in the AVR465 design two transducers are required for measuring current in both live wires Minor changes to the hardware and a few changes to the firmware effectively transform the AVR465 design into a single phase three wire meter Polyphase Meters Most polyphase energy service is three phase The design presented in AVR465 serves as a Starting point in a polyphase meter design where each phase is mon itored by a separate microcontroller Development Tools Firmware development downloading the code to the microcontroller reading measurement results and cal ibrating the meter can all be done using Atmel s AVR Starter Kit STK500 For program development and debugging purposes and for easier access to on chip EEPROM during calibration Atmel recommends using AVR development tool J TAGICE mkl Related Products As part of an attempt
102. ions sectors such as Industrial Consumer amp Computing Wireless Automotive and Security Each application section will carry applications articles on cre ating product designs using Atmel s products and embedded and applications specific tools and services from our partner s suppliers In addition this issue features articles covering recent initiatives involving Atmel s AVR microcontroller family and some key applications associated to current and future designs taking advantage of the benefits afforded by this IC family For those looking for more processing power we feature two applications involving our 32 bit ARM support for today s market requirements We also continue to carry our popular Designer s Corner and Code Patch sections for our readers who wish to go a little deeper into the content and access the code shortcuts this time featuring the UNIX Linux environment provided in each issue By eff C Katz VP Marketing Atmel We trust that the articles will provide a clear understanding of how you can use Atmel s product line up to meet your exacting demands within key areas of these application segments such as GPS design automotive safe ty computer and network security and residential industrial wireless data transfer Within these areas of end product design we feature the complementary nature of our product lines and how to get the most from work ing with us and getting all the support you need both from
103. is based on technology that page 44 is already more than a decade old This method is very low cost but is unacceptable due to its many disad vantages Specifically indirect TPMS doesn t measure actual tire pressure instead these systems monitor the rotational speed of the individual wheels and interpolate that data to warn a driver of tire pressures below the acceptable margin Basically the way an indirect TPMS works is when a tire loses air pressure its effective diameter gets smaller and the rotational speed increas es in relation to the other tires The vehicle s on board computer and or a chip in the indirect TPMS device s picks up on the differences in wheel speeds and signals the driver there s a problem Some indirect systems tie in directly to the vehicle s anti lock braking system s ABS wheel speed sensors to help reduce implemen tation costs Reading the same signal used to modulate ABS systems the vehicle manufacturers have pro grammed another function into the vehicle s onboard computer to warn the driver when a single tire is run ning at a reduced inflation pressure compared to the other three Despite the cost benefits of implementing an indirect tire pressure monitoring system there are several Shortcomings to this approach First indirect systems don t tell the driver which tires are low on pressure and won t warn the driver if all four tires are losing pressure at the same rate as occurs during the fall and
104. j avrd de 4 3 0 tar bz2 Then configure compile and install S cd avrdude 4 3 0 gt configure S make S su S make install Programming Devices on STK500 The typical command to use STK500 with avrdude is S avrdude c stk500 p lt device gt U lt memtype gt r w v lt filename gt format other_option Option explanation c Use to identify the programmer that is used Currently AVRdude supports STK200 STK500 avrisp AVR910 butterfly N WW AUTE CONI p AVR device Currently these AVR lt device gt are supported t15 AT Tinyl5 1200 AT90S1200 2313 AT9052313 2323 AT90S2323 2333 AT9052333 2343 AT90S2343 4414 AT90S4414 4433 AT90S4433 4434 AT90S4434 8515 AT90S8515 8535 AT90S8535 m163 ATMEGA163 m169 ATMEGA169 m128 ATMEGA128 m103 ATMEGA103 m16 ATMEGA16 m8 ATMEGA8 U Memory operation Multiple U can be used to operate on multiple memories at single command lt memtype gt memory type flash Or eeprom r w vi read memory to lt filename gt w rite lt filename gt to memory verify memory against lt filename gt format lt filename gt format The option is i Intel hex format s Motorola S record r Raw binary little endian byte order a Auto m Immediate the value is entered directly Reading Flash EEPROM To read flash from a device on STK500 use the follow ing command assume you are using AT90S8515 avrdude c stk500 p 8515 U flash r 8515 flash hex
105. l Competitive Strategy Leadership in recog nition of its achievements in the smart card IC market throughout 2003 Atmel s ever rising market rank ing and market shares each year validate its success in the smart card IC industry said Prianka Chopra NW WL aUe COM Smart Cards Program Manager at Frost amp Sullivan page 3 Atmel News New Highly LF Antenna driver IC for Automotive Tire Pressure Monitoring Applications Atmel announced at the Convergence Show in Detroit last month the release of a new IC for automotive Pressure on Demand POD systems in Tire Pressure Monitoring System TPMS applications POD systems provide the automotive industry s highest flexibility dur ing wheel change and for TPMS system operation Also they help to reduce RF noise since the driver stage is placed together with the antenna inside of the wheel well The ATA5275 features the highest integra tion for embedded automotive systems and maximum performance Due to its self tuning resonance capabil ity the antenna is able to operate with maximum volt age maximum current and maximum field strength The ATA5275 extends Atmel s broad TPMS product portfolio which already includes UHF transmitter and receiver ICs LF receiver and antenna driver ICs as well as microcontroller devices to design complete TPMS systems Comparable solutions are usually designed as discrete solutions where the system is not integrated requiring more design
106. lar concept The implementation uses the fact that the program memory can be accessed as data by the FPGA by set ting bit 36 in the FPSLIC system control register 11 The implementation consists of two parts a software overlay support contained in the AVR BIOS and a hard ware DMA controller implemented in the FPGA that transfers overlays from an external memory to a given location in the program SRAM The DMA controller con sists of a context register that determines the starting address its MSbits of the overlay in the external mem ory and of a 12 bit counter that generates the LS address bits of the overlay address A write to the con text register initiates a data transfer When the counter overflows it means that the transfer has been complet ed and the controller generates an interrupt Since a sequence of locations as accessed by the AVR in the program memory maps to diferent clusters of locations in the data memory it is necessary to trans late the compiled overlay code It is convenient to per form this translation at compile time since the result ing data can be just streamed from the external mem ory to the internal SRAM memory by the DMA controller each time an overlay is required and no run time address translation is necessary The overlay service is accessed through a BIOS func tion call with a parameter that identifies the required overlay This parameter is translated and stored to the context register The
107. le correction and this circuit will apply it as necessary AVR AFC While describe how implemented the automatic fre quency controlled FM broadcaster in detail refer to Figure 4 on page 35for a visual representation To begin needed a microcontroller that could count pulses at a 6 MHz rate also containing another timer to generate the periodic interrupt needed to read and clear this counter chose the Atmel AT90S2313 10PC because it has the required functionality However have to run the device at 12 MHz instead of its rated 10 MHz to achieve the 6 MHz counting rate By the way have not experienced any problems over clocking the 2313 by this modest amount The setting of the FM oscillator frequency will be per formed only once when the unit is first set up and a clear channel is found on the FM dial Therefore to make things simple the desired broadcast frequency is entered into the program code as a constant at the beginning of the program The program is then com piled and downloaded into the 2313 resulting in a fixed frequency FM transmitter Ten years ago you could find prescaler chips readily available that would divide by 256 at frequencies up to 1 GHz but these are no longer manufactured So used a 74F161 four stage counter to implement a divide by 16 prescaler It handles frequencies greater than 100 MHz costs less than 1 and is readily available page 34 built my own VCO around a
108. ls the two interrupt lines of the ARM7 processor normal and fast interrupt It provides a set of individually maskable vectored interrupt sources with 8 level priority One source is for the fast interrupt request one is for the system peripherals and the remainder are for interrupts Internal SRAM Interrupt Handler Code Core IRQ Vector Idr pc pc amp F 20 Advanced Interrupt Controller Offset is Interrupt Number Program Counter Figure 2 AT91SAM7S Advanced Interrupt Controller N WW AUTE CONI from peripherals or external sources The basic inter rupt handler permanently stored in SRAM resolves interrupt priorities and then executes an instruction that uses the interrupt number as an offset to load the vec tor for the required interrupt service routine directly into the Program Counter Figure 2 This simple robust mechanism ensures the transfer of control to the required interrupt service routine in the minimum num ber of instruction cycles Single Cycle Bit Set and Reset Control applications frequently require individual bit set reset operations but the basic ARM7 processor architecture requires that this be accomplished by a read modify write sequence of operations that requires interrupt masking itself a bit set reset operation to ensure that the entire sequence is carried to completion once it has started To overcome this shortcoming Atmel has provided the AT91SAM7S series with an atomic bit se
109. ly with the XCK signal that the microcontroller generates After all of the image data has been output the READ signal becomes inactive and the camera automatically starts another exposure In the first part of the programming process you can set the camera s registers for a normal positive or inverted negative image an edge enhanced image or an edge extracted image Register settings also control the camera s exposure time the output voltage offset level and the gain of the video signal i e how much it varies from the output voltage offset The maximum frequency for the camera s XCK input is 500 kHz T 2 us With a microcontroller crystal fre quency of 7 3728 MHz T 135 6336 ns the time for each half period of XCK is N WW AUTE CONI lus 135 6336ns or approximately eight microcontroller clock cycles tuned the timing of the assembly code by adding NOP instructions where appropriate It s interesting to see how different register settings affect the image output from the camera Table 1 shows two settings Normal mode and Edge mode These settings were derived by experimentation and may need to be adjusted for any given environment set up a test area with various medium and high con trast colored objects on a light colored floor see Photo 4 The top center image frames within Photo 5a on page 43 show what the Game Boy Camera images look like with specific register settings Photo 5a is a normal
110. majority of AVR microcontroller datasheets have been translated in Chinese as well as other AVR related technical docu mentation Atmel plans to progressively extend trans lation to other Atmel product literature to support the engineering community in mainland China and Taiwan According to Jensan Jen Sr Vice President and General Manager Asia and J apan Operations Atmel is a global player in the semiconductor market and our products are very well received in Asia They are also among one of the favorites in the Chinese engi neering community Although many engineers have the professional level of English reading capability it is still preferred to see Chinese website content and other technical documentation being translated in order to easily comprehend and enhance the devel opment efficiency We believe that this new web service combined with an Increasing support from local technical teams will Significantly strengthen Atmel s presence in China he added First ARM7 Core based Flash uC Under 3 Introduced at ARM Developers Conference At the ARM Developers Conference in Santa Clara last month Atmel introduced the world s first family of ARM7 core based flash microcontrollers with prices Starting at less than 3 The product line is targeted at 8 bit applications such as designs with in system pro grammable Flash single supply operation BOD POR RC Oscillator HW security and USB device The AT
111. make sure you call the obsessive engineers at Atmel We ll do everything we can to help you make a name for yourself Check out Atmel s security solutions today at www atmel com ad securitysolutions Secure Memory and Microcontrollers for Smart Cards Smart Card Reader ICs Trusted Platform Module IC Embedded Security RF Identification 2004 Atmel Corporation Atmel and the Atmel logo are registered trademarks and Fingerchip is a trademark of Atmel Corporation AMEL Everywhere You Are SINCE CHILDHOOD DANIEL HAS INCORPORATED HIGH TECH TOYS IN HIS ROBOTICS PROJ ECTS THUS IT S NO SURPRISE THAT HE USED A GAME BOY CAMERA IN ONE OF HIS RECENT DESIGNS NOW HE LL SHOW YOU HOW TO USE THE CAMERA TO ENHANCE THE NAVIGATION SYSTEM ON YOUR OWN MOBILE ROBOT Reprinted from Circuit Cellar 151 NWW dUIG Wireless Applications Easy Image Processing Camera Interfacing for Robotics By Daniel Herrington I ve been interested in robotics since was a little boy Back when was in junior high school built a mobile robot platform out of the drive portion of a child s motorized car and a Commodore VIC 20 Over the years advances in technology have made experiment ing with robotics more enjoyable The Game Boy Camera is an ingenious addition to the Game Boy Color game unit that came out a couple of years ago It s a black and white digital camera with a resolution of 123 x 128 pixels operating at
112. n interfaces such as the smartcard interface ISO 7816 Serial Peripheral Interface SPI Low Pin Count bus LPC Universal Serial Bus USB or any proprietary interface based on some General Purpose Os GPIO The minor board modifications required to accommo date the small secure IC significantly increases IP pro tection and system security Insecure Authentication Using Conventional ICs In a typical network the processor connects to the network by using some kind of authentication Unfortunately the application software and other data including secret keys are often stored on some exter nal Flash SRAM EEPROM Some modern microcon trollers offer on chip Non Volatile Memory NVM but they do not offer efficient protection against reverse engineering leaving most of the system from PCB lay out to Flash content susceptible to duplication Instead of having the main processor manage the secret key and compute the authentication challenge this critical task can be delegated to an external secure IC that e Protects the key serial number and detects any tampering Securely performs cryptographic operations Key Protection and Tamper Detection Using an innovative custom design for both logic and NVM Atmel secure products can provide both key protection and tamper protection along with several additional security features to provide secure code execution A metal shield protects the on chip memory from being probed
113. nd object tracking system As you can see the camera is controlled via some of the microcontroller s general purpose I O pins The analog output of the camera is attached to the external A D converter The servos are connected to two more pins of the microcontroller and the RS 232 converter conditions the UART s signals for connection to the outside world Figure 2 details the interface circuit A few notes might be helpful here The A D converter needs to be fast enough to read out a pixel value every 2 us if the max imum frame rate is desired This means the sample frequency of the ADC must be at least 500 kHz A page 39 speed requirement like this rules out the use of the built in ADC on most microcontrollers e g the AT90S8535 For my circuit settled on the Analog Devices AD7822 which doesn t have the added complication of pipelining that many of the newer ADCs seem to have Also you don t need the RS 232 converter IC if the circuit will be interfaced directly to another micro controller s UART used a 7 3728 MHz crystal to achieve compatibility with standard data rates A speed of 115 200 bps is the maximum speed that a standard PC serial port supports so programmed the microcontroller to work at that speed The completed prototype circuit board is shown in Photo 1 It s a simple wire wrapped board with all through hole components except the ADC The poten tiometer is used to adjust the reference voltage
114. nd shared channels enabling operators to deliver circuit switched quality while page 4 enjoying packet based system economic benefits Operators can leverage existing network infrastructure to add VoIP over UMTS TDD services in a highly effi cient reliable and economic manner thereby increas ing revenue while augmenting subscriber services With a UMTS TDD VolP handset subscribers will expe rience the same quality of voice service they expect from traditional mobile phones In addition the hand set s USB port allows users to connect it to computers or other devices and use it as a very high speed broad band modem The UMTS TDD VolP handset will use Atmel s highly inte grated AT76C902 VoIP system on a chip as the main processor with the IPWireless TDD Module performing the UMTS TDD modem functions UMTS TDD handsets prototypes will be ready by the end of 2004 with com mercial availability of phones expected mid 2005 Atmel News Web Site Expanded to Support Chinese Language The Atmel web site www atmel com now supports a Chinese language version Users can now switch from m r ar Evapa Fou Ara be aa E i PE La APEP LPA j pa E Ai A Hre TSTRUE TL ees English to Chinese from any page of the site and Smoothly navigate the site in the selected language Specific information is available in simplified Chinese to introduce the company activity and the various Atmel product lines Additionally the
115. ng the SPI data out to the DAC using 1 0 lines PB1 through PB4 Shown just below the 2313 in Figure 4 is jumper J 1 which is connected to port line PD6 At reset the microcontroller checks the state of this line if the jumper is in place it merely sets the DAC to mid scale 2 048 V and waits This allows you to set the mechan ical trimmer capacitor C12 for an oscillator frequency as close as possible to the desired FM broadcast fre quency In North America all FM broadcasting is done at odd multiples of 100 kHz so pick a frequency accordingly Having accomplished this next you remove the jumper and powerup the unit again The device should home in on the desired frequency within a few seconds by repeatedly adjusting the DAC voltage and measuring the resulting frequency via the prescaler This is the normal operating mode when subsequently being used as an FM broadcaster module Line level stereo audio from the host computer s sound card line out is first run through a pre emphasis net work for each channel and then mixed down to a monaural signal This low level AC signal is superim posed on the DC control voltage of the DAC and used to frequency modulate the oscillator The RC values in the pre emphasis network were picked by monitoring the output of a stereo receiver and aiming at a flat frequency response The values shown in Figure 4 come pretty close Don t expect the chosen component values to provide a time co
116. ng to them At this point decided to try something different Because needed a microcontroller to load the PLL chip anyway why not try to let the microcontroller measure and control the oscillator frequency and dispense with the PLL chip entirely What I had in mind could be con sidered an automatic frequency stabilizer The basic concept is demonstrated in Figure 3 The oscillator frequency is determined primarily by the val ues of the inductor and variable capacitor For this design chose an overall tuning range of roughly 88 to 92 MHz for two reasons First there are fewer com mercial FM stations at the bottom of the band More importantly 96 MHz is the highest frequency that can be measured using this circuit Fine tuning of the oscillator both for stabilization and FM modulation purposes is handled by a varactor diode The bias on the varactor sets its capacitance This bias has two components A DC voltage level is applied by a 12 bit DAC and an AC signal is superim 74F 161 AT90S 231 10PC 8 bit Timer PRESCALER DIV BY 16 16 bit counter Figure 3 The block diagram shown here outlines the FM broadcaster page 33 h Cell r i Ee Bi iij Bee that Saili Poe ober f Seat Wikel Ades a a Beg Curiad Poe BENE Gerad Sooke Set Pde ae Ypi Fadu ifi Lh tum E Trta coco A bh naa Tl Ck Vat E Uh ma L Photo 2 This is the PC application program that controls the playing o
117. nstant of 75 us which is the standard pre emphasis used by broadcasters Consider that there are many other fac tors in the VCO that affect the modulation characteris tics My values provide an overall flat frequency response as measured with a high quality FM receiver Note that no antenna is illustrated in Figure 4 If the project is placed in a plastic enclosure it will radiate enough signal to cover a 50 radius This works out well because government regulations prevent using a transmitter capable of covering a much greater range than this built the VCO section of the circuit shown within the dashed lines in Figure 4 on a small single sided PC board with dimensions of about 1 5 x 1 The remain ing part of the circuit was hand wired on a Simm Stick protocard The VCO PCB is designed like a SIP package and mounts vertically on the Simm Stick Software and Firmware The application software consists of a server applica tion running on a computer and client firmware running on the remote controller At the PC end the server soft ware is written in Visual Basic 6 The remote controller firmware is written in AVR assembly language The FM broadcaster is frequency stabilized by another AT90S2313 The program required for this is trivial so used the BASCOM AVR compiler for that application Client Application Software The client application running on the PC has two main functions Most of the time it is polling t
118. o certain objects based on the distance between the two cameras and the difference in pan angles NW WGUie Automotive Applications Atmel Raises the Bar on Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems By Markus Levy Convergence Promotions How many people check their tire pressures on a regu lar basis If you walked outside and checked the air pressures in your vehicle s tires you ll probably find that at least one is under inflated That s what the U S Department of Transportation s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA discovered in a recent Study Tires under inflated by as little as 3psi can adversely affect vehicle handling as recent Goodyear and NHTSA tests show when front tire pressure s are low a vehicle wants to go straight thus requiring more steering wheel input to make the curve Furthermore under inflated tires change the shape of the tire s foot print and the pressure it exerts on the road degrading the tire s ability to transmit braking force to the road surface With one or more tires on the majority of vehi cles being nearly 8psi below the recommended inflation pressure the chances of hydroplaning and overheating also come into play not to mention the drop in fuel economy and the excessive wear on tire edges The NHTSA has proposed a new Safety standard to warn the driver when a tire Is significantly under inflat ed the current industry controversy is in the definition of signific
119. o not deal with large amount of data and that do not require high data throughput Fortunately the AT94K target is sup ported by available C compilers so programming the AT9AK is a matter of routine C programming and FPGA design Its limits are mainly the size of its internal memory and the rather small size of the built in AT40K FPGA The internal memory is 36KB out of which max 32KB is available for program code and max 16KB for user data In the best configuration the built in FPGA con tains 50K equivalent gates Also the available C com pilers do not provide any sophisticated interface to access the FPGA fabric Extending the AT94K Power To increase the capabilities of AT94K it is necessary to increase mainly the real size of the program memory by implementing a virtual memory and the size of the data memory that stores FPGA bitstreams Notice that a common size of a simple compiled AVR code is about 10KB a common size of a moderate size bitstream in Mode 4 10 is well over 100KB Both problems can be solved by using an external data memory The proposed platform Figure 2 uses an external FLASH memory to store fixed program and bit stream data that are copied at diferent times to specif ic locations of the internal SRAM memory The FPGA is divided to a static part that implements an access to the FPGA reconfiguration data and the AVR program code and to a dynamic part that contains user defined designs the designs can
120. o use a large portion of the software application code previously created by the product design team Serious developers of ARM core based SoCs will include the creation of an ASIC specific product emu lation board into the overall program development Microprocessors In Depth schedule Designers may create a specific board for their application or adopt a third party board such as the Prototype and Emulation Platform PEP from Atmel created for this purpose This emulation board would include an ARM7 or ARM9 test chip obtained from the ASIC manufacturer an FPGA large enough to hold all of the ASIC logic large memories and numerous inter face and clock circuits From a hardware perspective the board will be used as an aid to prove hardware design of new system com ponents It can be used to heavily exercise compo nents operating to a standard protocol And it can be used to prove complex peripheral relationships not practical though ASIC simulation From a software per spective it provides the software team with a vehicle to exercise real application code This will reduce soft ware debug efforts when final silicon arrives The soft ware team may have started to prove their code using a code development board from an ARM standard product They can now move this code over to the ASIC specific emulation system FPGA development should not be taken lightly Too often ASIC design teams underestimate the effort required to
121. obot Instead of using the external ADC the microcontroller uses the on chip analog comparator to detect bright pix els In addition the RAM isn t used because the only information the robotrequires is the nearest object loca tion To determine the location of the nearest object the pixels om the camera are read and processed on the fly Because the information isn t sent from the UART it s pointless to have the RS 232 converter on the board Therefore you can construct a reduced circuit for the mobile robot The only components that you need for the mobile robot s microcontroller board are the micro controller itself the crystal a potentiometer which is used for adjusting the analog comparator reference voltage and a few capacitors Regarding the performance of the mobile robot the camera does an excellent job sensing high contrast objects within its view however it is inadequate for detecting the majority of medium and low contrast obstacles In the real world you should always use mul tiple layers of sensors It is a good idea to try supple menting the camera with a bumper panel or whiskers Developing The software for this project consists of two parts The first section consists of the assembly code in the AVR microcontroller that talks to the camera RAM and seri al interface The second part includes the C program for a Linux based PC that reads and writes camera regis ters In addition this portion
122. ommon Set of featured peripherals to complement the chosen core General purpose standard products address a wide Parallel Development of System Software IP Modules Architecture Platforms Select Generic Software Partition IP Modules Hardware Architecture Software Platform s Design specifi Integrate Design tear Aes i Specific IP Blocks IP Blocks into Architecture Platform s Integrate Design specific Software Software IP Modules IP Modules Hardware Software Functional Simulation Co simulation Software Simulation Emulate Hardware and Software on FPGA based Emulation Platform Physical Design Fabricate Fabricate Volume ICs Finalize Software Development Hardware Software eee Verification Prototype on System ICs Development Board Software on Prototypes Ship ICs and Software to Clients Figure 1 Parallel Development of SOC Hardware and System Software page 13 Initial SoC Specifi cation Rapid implematation SoC FPGA using standard product Standard plusFPGA gate array Product with discrete analog or Gate Array Integrate all functional First generation elements into platform based ASIC Repeat as required Enhanced feature price reduced end user product release Next generation ASIC Shrink technology enhance functionality Discrete Analog Prototype and first end user product release High volume end user product release Pro
123. omputer via a serial port A dedicated PC application running in the background receives these commands and dispatches them to the Windows Media Player which then plays the request ed selection The second module the FM broadcaster gets audio from the sound card output of the comput er and broadcasts it To reduce cost and simplify the design the 433 MHz wireless link operates in one direction only That is after you have selected a function that command is sent to the MP3 server computer via the wireless link lf that transmission never makes it to the server you will hear that nothing has happened and can issue the command again However to ensure that spurious commands don t disrupt operation a dedicated decoder encoder chipset is used This performs all necessary functions to ensure that only legitimate packets are passed to the MP3 server For the remote unit to be able to display the contents of the MP3 folders on the server it must have the con tents of those folders downloaded to it prior to use page 31 Photo 1 This photo shows the various parts of the system The mini box to the left houses the 433 MHz receiver The case with the large LCD is the MP3 remote control unit Sitting above it are the RCA remote control and the FM broadcaster module In normal use only the FM broadcaster and receiver are located with the host computer the remote con troller is placed wherever you want to listen to the MP3 music
124. onally energy meters have been mechanical but are rapidly being replaced by electrical due to many reasons Foremost the price of electronic meters has come closer to that of mechanical but other factors are also playing increasingly more important roles Electronic meters are fast and easy to calibrate cali bration can be automated measurement results don t degrade over time and it is easy to add more sophisti cated functions like remote reading to an already elec tronic design In selected areas the most important Issue however is that electronic meters can resist tamper attempts and continue to measure reliably in situations where the mechanical meter could not It has been estimated that some utility companies are loosing more than 40 of their revenue due to defec tive or illegal connections defective or dead meters and meter tampering The major cause for revenue loss is tampering i e illicit interference with the meter and wiring in an attempt to withdraw more energy than the customer is paying for Mechanical meters are highly Subjected by tampering but most pilfering schemes can be detected signalled and even overcome by electron ic meters Replacing mechanical meters with electron ic gives many benefits including an immediate improvement in revenue yield Application note AVR465 describes how to use the AVR microcontroller to build a tamper resistant meter Besides meeting all the demands on tamper prevention it giv
125. ontroller is ideal The PCB can be assembled and completely tested in advance Once the order comes in for a specific product the code for this product can be programmed in and the product shipped to the customer Many larger manufacturers are selling the same prod uct to different OEM customers In many cases the dif ferences between the products shipped to these OEMs lies in the software Again an In System reprogram mable flash microcontrollers can be programmed with the correct code at the production line Alternatively the OEM account can program the parts of the code that is individually changeable by using the boot capability of the megaAVR devices Calibration Many analog sensors have a relatively large offset error that needs to be calibrated out to achieve good meas urements Devices with integrated non volatile data memory and high performance Analog to Digital con verters are ideal for this With the AVR microcontrollers special calibration software can be used to run the cal ibration and store the calibration values in the internal EEPROM After this the main code can be programmed in and use the values stored in the EEPROM Industrial amp Military Applications Naval Research Lab s Data iS Acquisition Module for DSP By Flemming Christensen Managing Director Sundance Sundance s new high throughout configurable data acquisition module DAQ the SMT391 is the flagship of Sundance s new
126. ore leaving the struggle between ASSPs and microcontrollers Cost Meter manufacturers naturally want to drive the overall cost of the meter as low as possible As a discrete com ponent the ATmega88 used in this application is less expensive than most ASSP devices and rival microcon trollers Considering the integrated peripherals of the ATmega88 the price benefit increases as there is no need to include external devices such as an EEPROM for calibration data storage In addition many ASSP designs include a microcon troller Flash Memory Because of the competition many manufacturers want to offer a meter with unique features or personalized settings Also since many meters are based on the same technology and the use of similar components manufacturers want to offer something personalized a meter with unique functions In addition it should be easy to make modifications to the design when required The integrated Flash memory of the AVR makes all the above possible at no extra cost The firmware is easily Customized to fit any needs of the manufacturer and it can be updated at any time even in the field This is a huge benefit over ASSP designs which are fully static and therefore make the design easy to copy by rival meter manufacturers The AVR enables the firmware to be securely locked inside the microcontroller making it impossible to copy the design but yet allowing the firmware to be updated at any time using a bo
127. orion Toe Menke any of the standard protocols that use FPSLIC design software System Designer N WW AUTE CONI page 20 TRADITIONALLY ELECTRICAL ENERGY HAS BEEN MEASURED USING ELECTROMECHANICAL METERS ALSO KNOWN AS FERRARIS METERS OR MORE DESCRIPTIVELY TURNING WHEEL METERS GRADUALLY AND AT AN INCREASING RATE MECHANICAL METERS ARE NOW BEING PHASED OUT BY ELECTRONIC CONTEMPORARY DESIGNS INCLUDE THE USE OF HIGH RESOLUTION A D CONVERTERS 16 OR 32 BIT DSPS Cs ATMEL NOW CHALLENGES THIS SETTING BY INTRODUCING A CONCEPT WHERE A SINGLE LOW END COST EFFECTIVE 8 BIT AVR MICROCONTROLLER HANDLES ALL MEASUREMENT TASKS REQUIRED IN A SINGLE PHASE METER THE DESIGN PRESENTED IS A TAMPER PROOF METER AIMED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE MOVEMENT AGAINST ENERGY THEFT BUT IT IS EASILY MODIFIED TO FIT OTHER ENERGY METERING DEMANDS AS WELL NW WGUie Industrial amp Military Applications S gt i PA Dy sa a_ il Se PA A Low end Approach to Tamper proof Energy Metering with the AVR465 By Kim Meyer Atmel Field Applications Engineer Introduction Energy or power metering is about collecting data on energy consumption for billing purposes the electricity utility provides customers with energy and customers pay for the amount of energy consumed The energy meter measures energy and stores billing data for the utility provider to collect either manually or electroni cally Traditi
128. otloader Nonvolatile memory can also be used in more advanced meters for demand recording and logging measurement data Integrated Peripherals The AVR microcontroller includes many peripheral Figure l AVR465 Schematic functions not available in any ASSP and not many rival microcontrollers The USART interface enables easy remote reading and calibration via the PC serial port but also comes in handy if the meter is to be equipped with an optical interface ASSP designs typically do not include serial interfaces at all Also inherent to the ATmega88 SPI and TWI enable fast and efficient com munication with external components for example In addition the fully programmable I O ports of AVR micro controllers allow easy control of other external compo nents such as LEDs Customer Figure 2 Single phase Metering NW WL aUe COM Poe MESET Pie PD Pra Pain Ha Fia Pa Pa e oa a HD A P Ease of Migration The meter design is easily customized not only because of the integrated Flash memory but also because the firmware readily migrates to other AVR microcontrollers For example in a matter of seconds the firmware is migrated to ATmegal68 effectively doubling the Flash size without changing the pin con figuration Similarly the design can be stripped down to fit the 4kB Flash of an ATmega48 effectively reducing the component cost Additional features such as an LCD driver are readily added by migrating
129. ow is shown in Figure 1 below 64b key K v v i v encryption 7 v v v cost Or they may implement DES 3DES as a crypto co proces sor final permutation cipher text C Figure 1 DES encryption flow DES 3DES Implementations DES 3DES Software Implementation The implementation of DES in software on an 8 bit microprocessor is possible however poses significant challenges on the computing power of the underlying processor Line to column permutations and mangling functions require a significant number of cycles for copying and normalization stzedn provides a software library as a demo applica tion for Atmel FPSLIC This library features e access to the internal SRAM implementation of DES and optionally 3DES algorithm key length 64 or 192 bit extensive comments how to use the API The software library can be compiled in two modes DES or DES3 DES 3DES Hardware Implementation When significant amount of data is to be encrypted or decrypted system designers have two options They may either use a more powerful CPU thus leveraging power consumption and system cost Or they may implement DES 3DES as a crypto co processor As the DES algorithm runs through 16 identical cipher ing stages using different sub keys there are two dif ferent options to optimize the design A speed optimized approach realizes all stages in a pipeline delivering 64 bit encrypted or decrypted data with e
130. plays pro jectors portable media servers and standalone play back boxes The AT76C120 integrates all the functions required to implement media playback functions onto a single chip Atmel s Director of Multimedia Products Tassos Markas remarked With the introduction of the AT76C120 device Atmel is enabling a new line of con sumer products with rich media capabilities Our goal is to enhance the digital experience and allow con Sumers to enjoy their media content in their native high resolution The AT76C120 device has the processing power and performance to just do that The AT76C120 device supports high performance still image and video decoding of media files encoded according to J PEG MPEG4 MPEG1 Motion PEG Standards as well as of other popular media formats found in digital still cameras The device contains a high speed flash card interface that allows quick access to high resolution images video and audio streams stored in flash cards by digital still cameras video cameras PDAS or camera phones Production samples evaluation boards software libraries as well as full application software are avail able now The part is priced at 8 for quantities of 100 000 parts Atmel Receives 2004 Frost amp Sullivan Award for Smart Card IC Frost amp Sullivan announced at the Smart Card Alliance Conference in San Francisco that Atmel has been presented with the prestigious Frost amp Sullivan award for Globa
131. r through the SPI interface or if using a JTAG on chip debug or programming tool through the integrated TAG interface If using a boot loader with the self programming memory other com munication channels can also be used to reprogram the devices The non volatile memories of the AVR devices can be used to store history when debugging a pro gram The contents of the memories can then be read out after the program is finished Production The advantages of using modern flash microcontrollers do not stop when the development is completed Also when in full volume production the benefits are many as outlined here page 17 Procurement When using Flash microcontrollers it is much easier to handle the procurement of the products It is often eas ler to handle surprise orders since the microcontroller used is a standard line item The chance that other companies are using the same microcontroller is usu ally big This makes it possible to stock the microcon troller both at the distribution level and at the device manufacturer If the same microcontroller is used for a number of applications inventory can be moved from one product over to another to maximize the revenue Handling multiple versions With a Flash microcontroller the same device can be used to handle multiple software versions In many products the only difference between a high end and a low end version of a product is the firmware In these cases a flash microc
132. re implementation of MAC and IP Layers Well suited for control applications e Shares overall functionality among hardware FPGA and software AVR Outline The SES Simplified Ethernet Stack core is aimed to provide a limited Ethernet communication stack to the ATMEL FPSLIC System on Chip Although an embed ded system often needs to support Ethernet function ality rarely are all the features provided by the TCP UDP IP MAC Layer protocols really necessary The SES core fills that gap and provides FPSLIC with a minimal implementation of the TCP over Ethernet suite of pro tocols while retaining compatibility to existing stan dards Description The SES core includes part of the MAC layer function ality implemented in the FPGA section of the FPSLIC Therefore only a PHY transceiver is necessary for inter facing to the Ethernet channel through the standard MII bus The IP protocol implementation is distributed among hardware running on the FPSLIC s FPGA core and software executed on the AVR core Additionally the UDP protocol is implemented in software This approach offers a good compromise between software and hardware in terms of resources utilization and execution speed To transmit a packet the AVR places the data to be transmitted into the Shared SRAM block and issues a transmit command The Tx State Machine controls data flow from the Shared SRAM and handles control sig nals to from the Ethernet PHY The TxF
133. re many different authentication schemes avail able The selection will be driven by the complexity of the network and number of involved clients The schemes can be split into two groups Public Key Authentication using asymmetrical encryption e g RSA Pre Shared Key Authentication using symmetrical encryption e g DES Public Key Authentication A typical secure authentication involves a challenge response exchange between the central server and the remote system ATMEL AT90SC3232CS Equipment Master Key 11 Serial Number 741014 11 Figure 1 Chip Personalization When the system wants to connect to the network it first sends its serial number to the main server The server then generates a random number and encrypts it with the public key associated with the serial number it has just received This encrypted random number can then be sent over the network to the system board Only the Secure chip containing the correspon ding Private key can decrypt this encrypted random number After decryption the random number is sent N WW AUTE COIN Encryption Engine il a Security Applications back to the server in clear text this time Upon reception of this data the server compares it to the original random number A match would indicate correct authentication Central Server Encryption Engine e g AES Diversified Key The authentication scheme describ ed above
134. re selected see Section Hardware Changes APPSEL AT89C51SND1 UDA1330ATS Figure 2 Functional Overview of the Reference Design with DAC in L3 Mode 5 Lim Sain a TT Some people think we re a little obsessed with security We ll take that as a compliment Because nobody has a bigger ws commitment to secure ICs than Atmel And nobody has more security solutions That s why we can protect just about any system with the most advanced security features you can find Our portfolio includes dozens of products that meet the world s toughest standards including ITSEC E3 Common Criteria EAL4 and Level 3 approval from Visa International You might also like to know that we re the third largest supplier of smart card ICs including chips that power products from many of the world s largest banks and credit card companies And that over 5 million of our ultra secure Trusted Platform Modules are installed in some of the planet s best selling laptops We ve also got a strong story in biometrics where our FingerChip is the world s smallest and one of the most popular fingerprint sensors And our CryptoMemory is the industry s only secure serial EEPROM But that s just the beginning We also have a broad line of secure microcontrollers and card reader ICs contact and contactless interface ICs ISO 14443 plus a huge library of security IP So if your next project calls for secure ICs
135. reached that surpasses a predefined threshold value Put the row number i e depth of that pixel in a table Step to the next column to the left and repeat the process When the depths of all of the columns of the image have been recorded send that information out of the UART A graphical representation of the depth map for Wireless Applications To perform object tracking the Aa microcontroller searches the U image in RAM from the bottom up When it finds the first edge brighter than a given threshold Pe value it marks the x and y loca tions and measures the horizontal and vertical distance of this edge from the center of the image Then the microcontroller issues a E corrective movement command to R2 READ 2 lpp Do 2 Do the servos which respond by Jok VOUT 3 _JPB2 AINO AINI 4 i AAN Peat redirecting the camera until the MOSI 6 i LEDMISO 7 _ PB5MOSI object is centered in the view SINSCK 8 ppwrsci Listing 2 shows how it s done NRST 9 oA RESET RXD 10 31 R TXD 11 open 1g Photos 6a and b show the pan tilt ADCK 12 29 SRVY i LOAD AG oo Arer A servo mechanism The pan servo XCK 14 PD4 1 Li ETEA eN is directly mounted to the tilt NWR 16 x ee ee servo s control surface Note that the sub micro sized servos in my photos allow for a compact instal p25 12S NRO 17 Jpn7RD ATUPE HEAT B AN A 8 15 lation 18 19 XTAL2 Y1 7 3728MHz a The performance of the pan tilt Camera head is
136. remote controller The remote control must be set up to emulate a Quasar TV remote for this application aspect fixed length start pulse at the beginning of each com mand sent followed by 8 bits of data The data bits are represented by two different intervals between pulses After recognizing the fixed length start pulse you have to do only two things You must capture the timing of the eight subsequent pulses and from the interval sep arating them assign the proper bit values As men tioned earlier the remote control constantly polls the IR receiver for commands and then performs the proper function Many keys allow for navigation only through the song lists and moving from one folder to another Do this by adjusting pointers into the storage flash chip reading the song names and transferring these ASCII characters to the LCD screen The keys used for Play Play Next Play Last and Pause actually send out the proper command via the UART transmit port of the 2313 Again the NKM2401 uses 8 byte packets so sync and filler bytes are added to the 16 bit command word as needed There is a key dedicated to the download function When pressed it shifts program execution to a routine that accepts characters coming into the UART receive port of the 2313 The database generated by the PC is transferred into the song flash memory using this func tion The Atmel 24C256 flash memory chip is an PC device with a 32K x 8 storage capacity
137. rhead On the one hand this reduces the programming requirement for data trans fers to writing or updating the contents of the appropriate PDC Interface registers and on the other hand the transfer time for blocks of data is considerably reduced The transfer of succes sive blocks can be chained to avoid generating unnecessary interrupts until the entire transfer is complete These features sig nificantly enhance the real time performance of the AT91SAM 7S Conclusion The AT91SAM7S series incorpo rates a number of architectural features that bring the real time control capabilities of 8 bit microcontrollers into the 32 bit arena with hardly any price adder Most of these features are Atmel enhancements to the basic ARM7TDMI architecture with the common aim of pro viding deterministic performance at a clock speed and data throughput significantly higher than can be achieved with 8 bit microcontrollers At the same time these devices achieve a commendably low power con sumption while driven from a single voltage supply and protect valuable application code and reference data Further information can be obtained from Atmel s Web site at www atmel com THIS PAPER PRESENTS A UNIVERSAL RECONFIGURABLE SOPC PLATFORM BASED ON A COMBINATION OF THE ATMEL AT94K FPSLIC DEVICE AND AN EXTERNAL MEMORY THE PRESENTED PLATFORM INCREASES THE POWER OF THE FPSLIC DEVICE BOTH BY EXTENDING THE INTERNAL ADDRESS SPACE THROUGH AN INTRODUCTION OF
138. ring the write cycle time of the serial flash EEPROM Lastly there is a jumper labeled 1 Link Test on the remote control unit When in place the NMK2401 N sends out a constant ABACOM message which can be used to check the wireless link Wireless Receiver Module The job of the wireless receiver is to pick up the 433 MHz signal transmitted by the MP3 remote control unit and convert that signal to RS 232 level data for the server PC The Abacom AM HRR3 433 receiver is shown in Figure 2 The receiver module is connected to the same type of 1 4 wave whip antenna as the remote transmitter Linx ANT 433 PW RA AM HRR3 433 6 to 9 VDC From adapter Wireless Applications Figure 2 The 433 MHz receiver receives the wireless commands sent by the remote controller and passes them to the server computer for execution The output of the receiver module is full of spikes and noise in the absence of an actual signal coming in from the transmitter monitored it using an oscilloscope and live in a quiet RF rural area For that reason using Abacom s NKM2401 N decoder chip was a necessity In the receiver the NKM2401 N has its mode pin pin 4 tied to ground to place it in Decode mode A simple PNP transistor inverter is used to provide pseudo RS 232 level signals to the server PC An LM2936CZ5 low dropout regulator is used to provide the 5 VDC needed for the receiver Most of the time this receiver module is l
139. s connected directly to the data input of the AM RT5 433 transmitter For an antenna use a 1 4 wave whip was hoping to be able to do without the encoded NKM2401 in the remote unit instead depending on some 2313 firmware routines to perform the same functions The remote unit s firmware is written in assembly language and uses only about one third of the AT90S2313 s 2 KB flash memory There would have been plenty of room for the necessary routines there However at the receive end didn t plan to use a microcontroller so had to use an NKM2401 for page 32 decoding there was unable to convince Abacom to give me the exact protocol it uses for communication which is understandable Therefore wasn t able to write routines to do the encoding of the packets Given more time could have captured the datastream using a digital scope or a program running on a micro and reverse engineered it but it wasn t in the cards Before moving on let me mention a few miscellaneous details about the remote unit The AT90S2313 operates at 4 MHz using a ceramic resonator This is accurate enough for the slow serial data communications rate used had to set the UART to receive at 1200 bps dur ing data download but transmit at 2400 bps sending commands via NKM2401 and transmitter The two rates are necessary because the NKM2401 works only at 2400 bps and 1200 bps is the highest speed that can be used for downloads conside
140. sen by you If the oscillator frequency is too low it bumps up the DAC value by one and tries again Conversely if the oscillator frequency is too high it decreases the DAC value by one This process is repeated until the oscillator frequency falls within a narrow band around your set point frequency N WW AUCI COM we Seal ites in Zie Tp E ir Hii I ki H ahii yer j Mm Lass F be pee wh TE FA boars fiend ear k ii Upda bbae Lir Pe d r mjr lrk res oe oe oe EEEF Wireless Applications w The circuit described here normally would be hunting constantly for two reasons First there always would be a one count bobble in the counter timer value because of variations in the position of the sampling interval with respect to the oscillator signal Secondly because the oscillator is being frequency modulated by an audio signal its fre quency will vary from this modulation voltage li y Se ma el ipa ees aad ar ey ed l aih a all Para This hunting is undesirable because it produces arti facts in the music heard through the FM receiver To prevent this as soon as the microcontroller has tuned the oscillator so that the 16 bit counter timer is within two counts of ideal an accuracy of about 6 kHz it will go to sleep for 10 minutes after which time it will check the frequency again Unless the room tem perature changes significantly the frequency of the oscillator will require litt
141. ses LockBits To program lockbits fuses use lock 1fuse hfuse as memory type replacing flash eeprom keyword in U option For example to activate mode 2 BLB1 Boot Lock Bit in ATMegal6 type refer to AT Megal6 datasheet page 259 avrdude c stk500 p m16 U lock w 0x2F m Notes with m modes all values are located in filename section and are entered directly in the lockbit memory UISP UISP is far more advanced than AVRdude UISP can be used to set advanced features in STK500 setting STK500 oscillator VTARGET AREF It also can be used to program STK500 in high voltage mode Installation UISP can be downloaded from http savannah nongnu org download uisp UISP only needs typical installation extract configure compile and install S tar xvjf uisp 20040311 tar bz2 cd uisp 20040311 S configure S make S su S make install Programming STK500 Typical command to program STK500 is uisp dserial dev ttyS0 dprog stk500 dpart ATxxx upload download verify segment flash eeprom fuse if lt input_hex_file gt of lt output_hex_file gt Option explanation dserial location where your STK500 is attached dev ttySo for serial port 1 serial port 2 is dev ttyS1 and so on selecting STK500 board device name Use complete device name eg dpart atmegal 6 dprog dpart Pages MinW MaxW Code Patch 00010000011 10001110010 01110011001 Polled ReadBack 9000 9000 OXiE TO
142. set of general purpose 1 0 lines in order to reduce the pin count and provide flexibility of external access AT91SAM7S64 ARM7TDMI Processor System Controller Advanced Int Ctr Power Mgt Ctrl RCOsc Reset Ctrl Brownout Dtr Power On Reset me USARTO 1 e Two Wire Interface ae ADCO 7 Figurel AT91SAM7S Architecture page 7 Peripheral Ose Bridge Voltage regulator SRAM 32 bit Bus Memory Controller 32 bit Bus Peripheral Data Controller USB Device r Synchno Serial Ctrl Timer Counter 0 2 Single Cycle Code Access from Flash Memory The limiting deterministic performance of a fast proces sor running code from memory is established by the Single cycle access time of the memory Cache mem ories cannot be used where deterministic performance is mandatory Atmel s integrated high speed Flash memory is capable of single cycle access in 33 ns giv ing maximum deterministic performance by the ARM7TDMI processor of 27 MIPS This is a significant improvement over 8 bit MCU performance under deter ministic conditions Rapid Interrupt Handling Real time control applications are typically interrupt driven with a response required within a specified time to each external event Atmel has significantly enhanced the basic interrupt structure of the ARM7TDMI processor in order to provide an interrupt handling capability that meets this requirement The Advanced Interrupt Controller AIC contro
143. success of various music file shar ing services it s a safe bet that many computer users are converting their record and CD collections to MP3 files and storing them on the ridiculously large hard drives available in modern computers Tiny MP3 play ers compete with CD and tape walkmans for portable use With many computers powered up continuously for Internet access it occurred to me that it would be nice if my computer could act as the server for a wireless MP3 Jukebox Let me explain the concept in more detail The idea is to allow you to listen to MP3 music files at any loca tion within the home where there is an FM receiver which could be a walkman for example This is made possible by feeding the server computer s audio out put to a low power FM broadcaster A portable unit displays the contents of the server s MP3 file folders to allow you to browse through your music collection For convenience you can scroll through up to four dif ferent folders containing lists of songs The functions of picking a particular song starting stopping and Skipping a song are accomplished using a universal IR remote control These commands are then forwarded to the MP3 server computer via a 433 MHz wireless link Photo 1 shows all the components of the system For the server end designed two modules a 433 MHz receiver and FM broadcaster The receiver picks up commands sent by the remote control unit and feeds them to the server c
144. switched to encryption algorithms afterwards Further improvement on the security and the performance could be achieved by fixing the value of the key to a constant Hardware Software Hardware 32 cycles 32 cycles 1700 cycles 1700 cycles ROM toys eys 3540 bytes 941 bytes 250 141 STZEDN Steinbeis Transfer Center for Embedded Design and Networking http www ba loerrach de stzedn found ed in 2002 is led by Dr Axel Sikora Professor at the University of Cooperative Education Loerrach and Head of Information Technologies Department He has long scientific and industrial experience in the semi conductor field and is author co author and editor of several textbooks and numerous papers The Transfer Centre works in the interdisciplinary fields of Hardware Software Co Design combined products with MCUs MPUs DSPs and ASICs preferably for net working applications The Transfer Centre has devel oped emBetter a TCP IP stack optimized for use in 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers WE VE GONE FROM RECORDS AND 8 TRACKS TO CDS AND MP3S CONVERTING TO MP3S HAS BECOME POPULAR AND HOW TO STORE THE FILES IS AN INTERESTING TOPIC THESE DAYS TUNE IN BECAUSE THIS PROJ ECT COVERS A STORAGE SCHEME AND EXTENDS YOUR CURRENT MP3 LISTENING AREA Reprinted from Circuit Cellar 134 Wireless Applications Wireless MP3 Remote Jukebox with Atmel AT90S2313 4PC By Brian Miller Regardless of the
145. t and routing of the identical static part The Figaro tool works with a system of libraries Any design component can be implemented as a macro and stored in a named library The top level design may contain instances of such components as black boxes i e without a description of their content Figaro will then search project libraries for components that fit the instance interfaces This feature is used in the described approach to implement and store diferent contexts of the reconfig urable coprocessor in libraries with diferent names Since all contexts are implemented the top level design can be opened in a new project that includes only one of the context libraries A complete bitstream is generated by performing all implementation steps The next complete bitstream with a different coproce sor context must contain the same placement and routing of the identical static part This is achieved by BIOS DATA TRANSFER PGM MEM MGMT RECONF MGMT Figure 2 The AT94K based reconfiguration platform N WW AUCI COM REGFILE SRAM ACCESS Microprocessors In Depth opening the same project under a different name with the placement and routing locked Before the project is re opened the context library must be changed to the next coprocesor context The Figaro tool then detects that the coprocessor has changed and it reimplements only the coprocessor without any modifications in the locked static part This procedur
146. t reset facility that works in the same way for all the peripheral control monitoring registers As shown in Figure 3 complementary Enable and Disable Registers are connected by RS flip flops to each Status Register A bit is set in the Status Register by writing 1 to the corresponding bit position in its Enable Register writing a zero has no effect Writing a 1 in the Reset register clears the corresponding bit in the Status Register Interrupt Enable Register Interrupt Mask Register Interrupt Disable Register Figure 3 AT91SAM7S Register Bit Set Reset Mechanism This provision commonly found in 8 bit microcon trollers reduces bit manipulation to a single instruction executed in a single clock cycle It reduces code size by approximately 60 for the instruction sequence concerned and speeds program execution Peripheral Data Controller for Direct Memory Access Many of the AT91SAM7S peripherals are designed to transfer blocks of data between SRAM and an external communications channel USART Debug Unit SSC SPI and ADC In order to carry out these transfers as effi ciently as possible Atmel has incorporated a Peripheral page 8 Figure 4 AT91SAM7S Peripheral Data Controller Data Controller PDC into the AT91SAM 7S architecture that provides a direct memory access DMA function The PDC Figure 4 manages the transfer of blocks of data between SRAM and these serial peripherals with minimum processor ove
147. that fit remote reading demands such as Wireless LAN BlueTooth SmartRF and similar devices Prepayment Metering Prepayment metering means the meter is equipped with an interface to a token or a chip which contains validation data that either allows or prohibits energy withdrawal If no validation is found the meter will cut power line connections for example when all money N WW AUCI COM industrial amp Military Applications tokens have been used Prepayment meters are often used in temporary connections Atmel has a selection of SmartCard products that fit prepayment demands The ATmega88 Microcontroller ATmega88 is a fresh addition to the well established 8 bit AVR Flash micontroller family The mega88 and pin compatible ATmega48 and ATmegal68 AVR Flash microcontrollers expand the AVR s reach into the low pin count medium memory size market Designed with low power consumption in mind this sub family intro w R S page 23 duces many of the high end AVR features into the low price point market Features such as Self Programmable Flash Data EEPROM and On Chip Debug OCD are rarely seen on low cost devices in this range but Atmel s high density non volatile memory process technology allows the integration of such advanced features at minimum cost Further information can be obtained from Atmel s Web site at www atmel com Contact Kim Meyer AVR Applications Group Finland Tel
148. the AT89 AVR and AT9 code development and including SAM7 families re use your code in any IAR Embedded Workbench for 8051 v 6 10 brings the most compact code to all AT89 users With all powerful Atmel device new eae introduced this is the most efficient IAR Embedded Workbench C development tool on the market supports the Atmel AT89 a IAR visualSTATE for any Atmel MCU AT I and AVR families The only state machine design tool for embedded systems generating micro tight C code i BIAR Visit us at WWW lar com Download evaluation versions today and find out SYSTEM S for yourself how easily you can develop and re use From Idea to Target your application code across different Atmel platforms Introduction Introduction Welcome to Atmel s Application J ournal Vol 4 In every issue of the Applications ournal we strive to provide our readers the electronics design engineering community with a strong representation of our ability to offer technology for complete systems including System Building Blocks like our microcontroller lines Basic Technologies such as non volatile memory and RF Mixed Signal and Complete System Solutions for the leading embedded applications as exemplified in the illustration below Readers of previous issues will notice some subtle changes in the way we are now formatting the Applications J ournal each issue in the future will be segmented into key applicat
149. to minimize the theft of energy many utility companies consider using more than just a stand alone meter for billing and monitoring Although an energy meter built around the principles illustrated in AVR465 does function properly under list ed tamper conditions people involved in energy theft sometimes use brutal methods including partial or full destruction of the meter Some meter manufacturers may therefore consider enhancements to the basic design such as remote reading or prepayment sys tems In addition the meter manufacturer may want to pro vide a wide product range with meter options altered either during production as population alternatives or after as plug ins Market volumes for ehanced meters may not be as large as those for plain but the manu facturer probably wants the option to exist in the basic meter design Hence additional circuitry needs to be designed already at an early stage Remote Metering Remote metering is typically not a default option but something provided for selected customers The pre ferred customer base may include suspicious clients or those located very close to others such as in a high rise building In the latter case tens or hundreds of meters may use RF to send billing data to a common collector unit which then transmits the data package to the service provider using telephone modem cable TV internet connection or similar Atmel has a broad range of communication products
150. u org gnu gdb gdb 6 1 tar gz ftp sources redhat com pub gdb releases SimulAVR 0 1 2 1 simulavr 0 1 2 l tar bDz2 GDB 6 1 GDB GNU Debugger is GNU s official debugger GDB must be combined with SimulAVR to simulate AVR cd temprorary working directory tar lt xvzt gdb 6 1 tar gz cd gdb 6 1 S configure target avr prefix usr local atmel S make S make install as root AVR Simulator http savannah nongnu org download sim ulavr SimulAVR 0 1 2 1 SimulAVR provides an AVR emulator in your computer The AVR registers and data as provided by SimulAVR You can read these registers and data using GDB cd working directory S tar xvjf simulavr 0 1 2 1 tar bz2 S cd simulavr 0 1 2 1 configure prefix usr local atmel S make PATH usr local atmel bin SPATH make install as root Using STK500 Under UNIX Linux Environment Code Patch gt By Daniel Widyanto ITB DSP Lab Introduction This application note is a guide to use the STK500 fea tures under a UNIX Linux environment To be able to use STK500 in Linux one needs additional software There are two software packages that can be used with STK500 AVRdude formerly known as AVRprog and UISP It is recommended that you use UISP since it can handle all of STK500 features AVRdude 4 3 0 Installation AVRdude can be downloaded from http savannah nongnu org download avrdude To install it extract the source first tar xv
151. uCs Optimized for Real Time Control Applications By Peter Bishop Communications Manager Atmel Rousset AT91SAM7S Architecture and Real Time Control Features As shown in Figure 1 Atmel s AT91SAM7S series microcontrollers are built around a 32 bit ARM7TDMI processor core and on chip Flash and SRAM memo ries Flash memory densities range from 32K to 512 kbytes An integrated Flash Programmer facilitates pro gramming or re programming of the Flash memory as required A memory lock bit when set makes it impos sible to read the Flash memory by an external device in order to protect valuable application code and sensi tive data The System Controller includes a Brownout Detector and Power On Reset controller to ensure power down and power up without accidental or deliberate corrup tion of data or code A Voltage Regulator enables the device to be supplied by a single 3 3 V supply and a Power Management Controller can put the processor and any combination of peripherals into idle mode when they are not in use in order to minimize power consumption The rich peripheral set of the AT91SAM7S features a USB V2 0 full speed device for PC connectivity and a number of peripherals adapted for real time control These include a Pulse Width Modulator several Timers and Timer Counters supported by on chip Oscillators and a Phase Locked Loop and an 8 channel 10 bit ADC A Parallel 1 0 Controller multiplexes peripheral I Os with a
152. ual for AREF jumper setting Reading oscillator Use option rd_osc The frequency is displayed in Hertz Writing oscillator Use option wr_osc lt value gt Set the oscillator frequency in Hertz from 14 06 to 3686400 Cita 00 Wil vm With CryptoMemory you get a low cost high security solution for any embedded application that requires data protection These devices have many security features not found in any other product on the market today Atmel s CryptoMemory family was developed after years of designing chips for the smart card market and those same security techniques are now available for the embedded market ia The World s ONLY Secure Serial EEPROM CryptoMemory is available from 1 Kbit to 256 Kbits operating in a synchronous 2 wire protocol A proprietary cryptographic algorithm encrypts data passwords and checksums providing a secure place for storage of sensitive information within a system With its tamper protection circuits this information remains safe even under attack CryptoMemory is available now only from Atmel Check out www atmel com CryptoSecureMem for more information on CryptoMemory Features Applications Four Independent Levels of Security symmetrical Dynamic Mutual Authentication Stream Encryption 2004 Atmel Corporation Atmel and the Atmel logo are registered trademarks of Atmel Corporation Authenticates Subassemblies Securely Stores System
153. ume up to eight different PC address es allowing for flash memory expansion to 256 KB depending on the state of the AO through A2 pins Because you re using only one device all three address lines are tied low The datasheet for this memory device states a 5 ms flash memory write cycle time The flash memory is written to only during a data download at which time the data comes in via the receive section of the UART of the 2313 My download protocol is strictly one way from the server PC to the remote unit using no hand Shaking Therefore a data rate of 1200 bps was cho sen which places the incoming data characters 8 3 ms apart This period allows sufficient time to send the data to the 12C flash memory even using software PC rou tines and have 5 ms to spare for the actual EEPROM write didn t use a full blown RS 232 interface like a MAX232 Instead converted RS 232 levels of the host computer to TTL with a single 2N3904 NPN transistor and a few passive components chose an Abacom AM RT5 433 for the wireless trans mitter module Conveniently the AM RT5 433 Is con tained in a small SIP package that s easy to mount Abacom was kind enough to send me a sample of both the transmitter and receiver modules These inexpen sive modules are meant to cover a distance of 100 feet or so using simple carrier on off modulation for data transmission N WW AUTE CONI Wireless Applications Download link to PC Q1 2N3904
154. yte of program and 128 kbyte of EEPROM or 224 kbyte program and 64 kbytes EEPROM AT90SC3230288RCT 320KB ROM 288KB EEPROM secureAVR core 3DES RSA With this configuration developers can create and test products with high flexibility and introduce products within extremely short time frames Targeting high security markets the AT90SC 32088RCT is designed to meet Common Criteria EAL5 and Visa Level3 requirements Like most of AT90SC SecureAVR products this device features but not only true random number generator DES 3DES hardware unique chip ID memories encryption Memory Protection Unit active shield protection coun termeasures against SPA DPA glitches and side chan nel attacks as well as voltage frequency temperature and light protections This device also features a SPI interface up to 12 Mhz The SPI interface can either be used as addition al port to communicate with external device or to con nect an external Flash memory to create a very high secure mass storage device see figure 2 In that case data is ciphered by the high security and tamper resist ant secure microcontroller storing encryption keys and transferred crypted to the Flash memory through the SPI interface On the top of the high speed high security DES 3DES engine the AdvX high performance cryptographic accelerator and it s embedded firmware located in an additional 32KBytes dedicated ROM supports stan dard finite fiel

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