Ch 4: IO Systems
Contents
1. CK p UNIT Figure 4 41 Connecting an IEEE 1284 Compliant Scanner Sa CAPTURE CARD ANALOG VIDEO SIGNAL ANALOG TO DIGITAL A CONVERTER ANALOG AUDIO SIGNAL 701 0010000 1000101 0010100 0010001 0100100 1110011 29011010 REMOVED 1000110 REDUNDANT 1011100 INFORMATION COMPRESSED ot DIGITAL 011001 INFORMATION Figure 4 42 Video Capture Operations 7mm FM AERIAL O TV AERIAL AUDIO IN E RED EE MODEL QNTSC W SG OV LISECAMLL CYPALM TIPALND REMOTE Wa OUR FE 11111111 1906387 A na X167 e CONTROL E 1 d S VIDEO IN _ c9 1 Uv E Y es SS NA AUDIO OUT P 2522 Figure 4 43 Video Capture Connections u nc M O N ITO R e 4 a gt i 41 T Cr LCD PROJECTOR Figure 4 44 Typical Output Devices DEETECIIOM HOBISOM LWT COMIHOF IMLEMEILA _ So SE by AOKE2 WMD HOBISOMLVF DOL 1 EBOUL Figure 4 45 Cathode Ra2. Figure 4 28 External Connections SCANNER Z CAMERAS SYSTEM UNIT JOYSTICK PHON MICROPHONE KEYBOARD Figure 4 29 Typical Input Devices KEYBOARD ENCODER POLARIZING 1 DATA 2 RESERVED 3 GROUND 4 POWER 5VDC 5 CLOCK 6 RESERVED NUM LOCK LED1 LI LED2 SCROLL LOCK lt LED3 CAP LOCK Figure 4 30 101 Key Keyboard SYSTEM BOARD KEYBOARD DATA KEYBOARD Figure 4 31 Moving Keyboard Data PS 2 CONNECTOR USB CONNECTOR A LA WIRELESS MOUSE RECEIVERS lt WIRELESS MOUSE lI OR i 6 NN b Am 4 J BACK OF SYSTEM UNIT Figure 4 32 Typical Trackball Mouse DOWN LEFT DOWN RIGHT DOWN SWITCH RIGHT SWITCH UP RIGHT F LEFT RIGHT SWITCH SWITCH DOWN SWITCH LEFT SWITCH UP SWITCH TO DIODE MATRIX Figure 4 33 A Digital Joystick A TES 236 DEPARTMENT DISCOL SPECIALTY THRIFT 61 FOOD AUTOMOTIVE Ja Figure 4 34 Membrane Strip Touch Screen LEDs SENSORS y COORDINATE b E A E E T E E 1 de L 4 baal baa banad bessi basai mad id basma
3. WVXGA b SXGA UXGA d 6 Select the option that is not found on the back plate of a typical audio sound card Line in b Line out Speaker d Microphone 7 If you establishing a component video connection between a media server PC and a television video display unit what connection standard offers the best performance SVGA b S video DVI d HDMI 8 user complains that he is unable to find a cord or plug to connect his brand new PDA to the workstation Reading through the PDA manual you note no mention of additional cords to interface with the PDA other functions of the PDA appear to be working What 15 the most likely solution a A The PDA is defective b The PDA 15 missing cabling The PDA uses wireless connections to transfer data d The PDA does not have batteries installed Which DMA channel has a dedicated function In a standard PC a Channel 6 for the FDD controller b Channel 2 for the FDD controller c Channel 3 for the EPP port controller d Channel 1 for the keyboard controller 40 Choose event that will cause an NMI error to occur a Adapter card error b Hard drive failure c Power failure port d User error
4. ODBC Data Microsoft Home Sources 326 Technical Support real Printers QuickFinder RealPlayer Manager Users Infrared E My Computer Figure 4 58 The Windows Wireless Link Icon TEST TIP Be aware of how to know that an IrDA capable device 15 within range of a host system You should use general procedure follows when you are upgrading a system s peripheral devices 1 Verify compatibility Because peripheral devices can vary greatly in their configuration and use you should always refer to the device s documentation to ensure that it will work properly with your system Because external devices must connect to the computer through its interface ports 1 serial and parallel ports USB Firewire and in some cases external SCSI connectors you must ensure that the proper port is available for the device to be installed continued You should use general procedure follows when you are upgrading a system s peripheral devices continued 2 Perform firmware upgrade Prior to installing a peripheral consult the manufacturer s Web site for any updates that may exist for its firmware or any updated device drivers that may be available To apply firmware updates you must first obtain the firmware update tool from the manufacturer continued You should use general procedure follows when you are upgrading a syst
5. KEYBOARD PORT lt Figure 4 4 Addressing System Board I O Port Controllers VIDEO CABLE SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS SYSTEM BOARD Figure 4 5 Address Routing to an I O Port Table 4 3 Decimal Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers DECIMAL 10 BINARY 2 HEXADECIMAL 16 TM D 00 i Cn 4 COT c 1 2 3 1 E E B 0 1 2 3 4 5 ek c Methods used to initiate data transfer between the system and the peripheral device Polling where the microprocessor examines the Status of the peripheral under program control Programmed I O where the microprocessor alerts the designated peripheral by applying its address to the system s address bus Interrupt driven I O where the peripheral alerts the microprocessor that it s ready to transfer data DMA where the intelligent peripheral assumes control of the system s buses to conduct direct transfers with primary memory MICROPROCESSOR lt p END OF INTERRUPT TR COMMAND KEYBOARD IRQ 1 pw DATA BUS 5 INTERRUPT 7 NUMBER FLOPPY DISK IRQ 4 Roe DRIVE P IRQ 5 EPT1 PRINTER PORT Figure 4 6 Programmable Interrupt Controller Channels Two varieties of interrupts are used in PCs Maskable interrupts which computer can ignore under certain conditions Non maskable int
6. L a L id 12 14 ll L ll lil hi L E 8 13 24 25 35 36 49 j H E 50 6 i i o bo e STORE iS L a Rico A x dn L b bh ed ra mE 1 f Figure 4 35 LED Sensor Touch Screen SCREEN PANEL SCREEN USER VIEW COORDINATE X Y COORDINATE ACTUAL LOCATION LOCATION APPEARANCE Figure 4 36 Parallax Error GLASS WINDOW 41 _ 1 4 nti MIRROR LIGHT SCAN HEAD LIGHT DETECTOR lt gt ARRAY Figure 4 37 A Flatbed Scanner ORIGINAL COLOR 20 GREEN W IMAGE RECOMBINED COLOR IMAGE Figure 4 38 Color Filters INDICATOR LEDs 4 lt SCAN WINDOW TRIGGER 4 4 1 3 INTERFACE CABLE Figure 4 39 A Handheld Bar Code Scanner COMPUTER SYSTEM BAR CODE SCANNER OR USB CONNECTOR ze a Figure 4 40 Connecting a Bar Code Scanner o FLATBED SCANNER NI eam Y AA PARALLEL PORT gt Z E T 1284 x COMPLIANT n CABLES 4 L 4 BACK OF
7. STANDARD 1 0 SYSTEMS 1 2 3 4 5 Define the functions associated with PC s input output units Describe four common methods of initiating a data transfer in a Identify the various port connectors used in PC compatible systems Describe connection techniques for attaching multimedia equipment to PC Define digital television standards including LDTV SDTV EDTV and HDTV and describe how they relate to personal computers Differentiate between resolution formats associated with PC display monitors and digital televisions Describe the operation of the Universal Serial Bus List the events that occur when a key 15 depressed on the keyboard 9 Describe the operation of a video capture card 10 Install different types of mice and describe their operation 11 Identify game port connectors used with joysticks and game paddles 12 Describe the operation of flat bed and bar code scanners 13 Describe the physical aspects of a cathode ray tube 14 Explain how a single dot can be positioned anywhere on the face of the CRT using raster scanning DN HR N continued INUED 15 Describe how color images are created on a CRT video display screen 16 Identify connection types associated with typical and advanced sound cards 17 Describe the function of a shadow mask in a CRT monitor 18 State the characteristics of the VGA video standard including the type of physical
8. TEST TIP Be aware that plugging non hot swappable devices such as the keyboard into the system while it is turned on can damage parts of the system HUB FUNCTION EXTERNAL CAMERA 2 MODEM FUNCTION FUNCTION SPEAKERS i ss PRINTER FUNCTION HUB FUNCTION MONITOR EXTERNAL JAZZ DRIVE ae FUNCTION SCANNER HUB FUNCTION rmm SYSTEM UNIT gt HOST HUB KEYBOARD FUNCTION MOUSE FUNCTION Figure 4 9 USB Desktop Connection Scheme BLACK Figure 4 10 The USB Cable SERIES A lt lt lt SERIES RECEPTACLE 3552 j 2 gt 327 SERIES lt PLUG p oa lt CONNECTOR PLUG CONNECTOR Figure 4 11 USB Connectors HOST ROOT TIER Figure 4 12 Universal Serial Bus Architecture TEST TIP Memorize the number of devices that can be attached to a USB port 8 BITS BIIS 4815 OBITS TOKEN FORMAT 8 BITS 11 BITS 5 BITS SOF PACKET 0 1023 BYTES 16 BITS DATA PACKET FORMAT HAND PACKET Figure 4 13 USB Packet Formats The USB specification provides for following four types of transfers to be conducted Control transfers are used by the system to configure devices at startup or time of connection Other software can use control transfers
9. systems that include professional electronic music and video devices Their boss has asked local Geek Squad which type of interface the company should standardize on What should you tell their boss about this The Complete Introductory Database Course IrDA The copies introducta roar ning RECEIVER fa CN ASW AU X NM N YX A YIN NAINN ZY Y ZZ 7Z lt KAM NINI IAL JLA 9 706 5 lt Ts YX XX IAA N 4 X 2 A x x JM co WT T s Us mt AS T gt x cm d eo Ve COMPUTER PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT PDA Figure 4 15 An IrDA Device Connection The IrDA standard specifies four protocols that are used with different types of devices IrLPT This is used with character printers to provide a wireless interface between the computer and the printer IrDA SIR The standard infrared protocol used to provide a standard serial port interface with transfer rates ranging up to 115 kbps IrDA FIR The fast infrared protocol used to provide a high speed serial port interface with transfer rates ranging up to 4 Mbps continued The IrDA standard specifies four protocols that ar
10. 4 IRQ Preference Auto Change Option Onboard LAN IRQ Preference Autol F1 General Help PCI Slot 5 IRQ Preference Auto F10 Save and Exit PCL Slot 6 IRQ Preference Auto ESC Exit Onboard SCSI IRQ Preference Auto e 54 3 e PAS Copyright 1985 2000 American Megatrends Figure 4 56 Enabling the USB Resources continued Installing a USB or Firewire device usually involves the following steps continued 2 Plug device into an open USB connector 3 Wait for operating system to recognize the device and configure it through the PnP process Welcome to the Found New Hardware Wizard This wizard helps you install a device driver for a hardware device KODAK DC3400 200M Digital Camera Installing To continue click Next Next gt Cancel Figure 4 57 The Windows Found New Hardware Wizard TEST TIP Be aware that IrDA operations must be enabled in CMOS before any infrared activities can occur Control Panel File Edit View Favorites es E a 2 x Back Forward Copy Paste Undo Delete Aggress Control Panel Control Panel Add Remove 7 CorelVersi ns Date Time Hardware Programs 77 Connect Infrared Use the settings Control Panel to personalize your computer Select an item to view its description
11. connector specified for this video standard 19 Identify standard PC compatible resource allocations 20 Differentiate between the operating characteristics of IEEE 1394 and USB ports OBJECTIVES CONT SPEAKERS ONITOR KEYBOARD Figure 4 1 Common I O Devices Used with PCs PARALLEL MODE COMPUTER PRINTER 11111 n NOOR WD O OOj O DEVICE A 1 CLOCK PULSE p b SERIALMODE EXTERNAL _ MODEM COMPUTER Y LOCATION Figure 4 2 Parallel and Serial Data Transfers Table 4 1 System Memory Map ADDRESS FUNC TION Sooo o y o VGA SVGA BIOS EIDE SCSI ROM also older HDD Types F4000 F7 FFF Table 4 2 I O Port Addresses HEX ADDRESS DEVICE ____000 01 DMAController South Bridge System Keyboard Controller Clear Math Coprocessor Busy MGAVfirst Printer ENABLE ADDRESS 020 03F lc EA is D ED E gt DECODER 040 05F 111 ENABLE SYSTEMADDRESS BUS we gt ENABLE Figure 4 3 System Board I O Address Decoding FLOPPY DISK SN DRIVE 7 Y e KEYBOARD POR SS PORT AS ENHANCEDII O CONTROLLER ASIC HDD CD ROM DVD COM PORTS UsBPORT
12. peripherals and systems are generally similar from device to device 1 Remove system unit s cover and take out an expansion slot cover 2 Check adapter card s user s manual for any manual configuration information and set up the card as required 3 Insert card into empty expansion slot Connect any necessary cabling to the adapter card continued Steps for installing these types of peripherals and systems are generally similar from device to device continued 5 Connect any external power supply connections to the peripheral device Start the machine The Windows operating system should detect the new device if It is PnP compatible If it does not you will need to load drivers for the device from its installation media disk or CD Shut down the system turn it off and reinstall the system unit s outer cover You should always use the following guidelines for upgrading adapter card based peripherals In a system 1 Verify compatibility When you are installing adapter cards you should verify their compatibility with the system board its adapter slot and the other cards installed in the system For example if you are upgrading a PCI card you should make sure that the voltage is compatible with the available PCI slot If your PCI slots only support 3 3 V adapters then the card you are upgrading to also needs to be 3 3 V continued You should a
13. ports in this chapter be aware of which ports provide bidirectional half duplex and full duplex operation TEST TIP Remember that the ECP specification employs DMA operations to provide the highest data throughput for a parallel port Figure 4 23 Asynchronous Transmission 25 PIN MALE PRO GND TX DATA QU RX DATA NS e 2 E 10 0 O A 0 CO T SIG GND CD 00 N U 2 N M O IN NM N IO 23 1 4 3 NO Figure 4 24 RS 232C Connector TEST TIP Know the maximum recommended length of an RS 232 cable 25 PIN 25 PIN MALE FEMALE D SHELL TX DATA O OO N 4 5 00 0 N O 0 A 4 09 SIG GND DTR RI Figure 4 25 A 9 Pin to 25 Pin RS 232 Cable 25 PIN D SHELL 25 PIN D SHELL Figure 4 26 A Null Modem Cable JOYSTICK 15 PIN FEMALE D SHELL JOYSTICK A 7 2 Noa SUPPLY VOLTAGE SUPPLY VOLTAGE FIRE BUTTON X COORDINATE X COORDINATE FIRE BUTTON 5 Y COORDINATE Y COORDINATE Figure 4 27 Game Port Connections AND MOUSE CONNECTORS SERIAL CONNECTOR EXTERNAL MODEM PRINTER ADAPTER CONNECTOR GAME ADAPTER CONNECTOR NETWORK CONNECTOR 27 n MONITOR h 15 PIN CONNECTOR Y BACK OF VIDEO SYSTEM PORT UNIT PORT
14. to perform other device specific operations Bulk data transfers are used to service devices that can handle large batches of data Scanners and printers for example Bulk transfers are typically made up of large bursts of sequential data The system arranges for bulk transfers to be conducted when the bus has plenty of capacity to carry out the transfer continued The USB specification provides for the following four types of transfers to be conducted continued Interrupt transfers are small spontaneous transfers from a device that are used to announce events provide input coordinate information or transfer characters O Isochronous transfers involve large streams of data This format is used to move continuous real time data streams such as voice or video Data delivery rates are predetermined and correspond to the sampling rate of the device TEST TIP Be aware of the USB high speed data streaming mode TEST TIP Know the length limits for full and low speed USB devices It should help you to remember that the low speed distance 15 actually shorter than the high speed length TEST TIP Be aware that the Firewire bus is faster than the USB bus TEST TIP Remember how many devices can be attached to a single IEEE 1394 port gt CONNECTOR Figure 4 14 Firewire Plug and Connector SQUAD CASE FILE 27846 The ACME company is moving strongly into multimedia
15. 4 d Figure 4 17 Audio Connection Methods COMPONENT VIDEO PLUGS DVI HDMI CONNECTOR S VIDEO e Figure 4 18 Advanced Video Connection Options Different video connection options adopted from the consumer A V market Composite Video a video connection scheme where all video color and synchronization information 15 transmitted as one combined signal These cables and connectors are typically color coded yellow This is typically the cheapest and lowest quality method of transporting audio signals continued Different video connection options adopted from the consumer A V market continued Component Video an analog video connection method where three color video signals red ereen blue RGB are transmitted on separate lines and combined inside the video equipment Luminance and synchronization signals are added to one or more of the color signal line This method delivers signal quality levels between the composite video and the S video method described next Component video connections are typically color coded as red blue and green Digital component video can be used with 480p 720p 10801 and 1080p video display systems O S video a high performance multi pin video cable and connector specification that splits the video signal into separate color components chrominance and luminance channels to provide high quality video output O Digital Video Interface DV
16. DIF connector PC system REVIEW QUESTIONS Describe the different methods commonly used to interface bar code readers to a PC system REVIEW QUESTIONS Which type of data transfer technique involves a high speed device taking over the system busses from the microprocessor to conduct I O read and write operations REVIEW QUESTION 5 An executive of a small company is concerned about purchasing digital cameras for her assessment team Her main concern is that the digital camera connect to the workstation properly List all the traditional connections that a digital camera can use to connect to a workstation REVIEW QUESTIONS What is the function of a shadow mask in a CRT display 7 A user wishes to connect a Firewire compatible video camera with his workstation However before he requests a purchase for all required devices he wants to make sure that the cable segment will be long enough so he can place the video camera on a tripod in a specific place at his office and still be connected to the workstation What is the maximum segment length for IEEE 1394 connection in terms of feet REVIEW QUES 8 You are establishing component video connection between a media center PC and a flat panel television video display how many cables should this involve and what colors should they be REVIEW QUESTIONS How many USB devices can be attached to the USB port of a PC REVIE
17. I a relatively new video signal connection scheme adopted from high definition HD television systems DVI 15 a video only connection scheme DVI can deliver quality video in video systems running resolutions up to 1080p continued Digital component video can be used with 480p 720p 10801 and 1080p video display systems continued High definition multimedia interface HDMI an advanced version of the DVI interface that offers high definition video and multichannel up to 8 audio transfers in a single cable Like the DVI interface HDMI is capable of handling signals for video systems running resolutions up to 1080p SYSTEM UNIT EXTERNAL SPEAKERS VIDEO DISPLAY MICROPHONE GCO 2226 X i uar ari 24 E eas 2222 2 d DT 2252 22 2526262 d ROO RUN IL UM RS M O 7 dein 20525 S S 37 21 46 498 51 5456 17 82 225 C4 B4 G6 A6 B6 2 48 59 81 83 OF DEI MIXER TAPE DECK HEADPHONES Figure 4 19 A Typical MIDI System EXTERNAL SPEAKERS SYSTEM MO M _ YBOARD CONTROLLER MIDI IN MI MIDI OUT MIDI THRU MT Figure 4 20 MIDI Cable Connections There are three port types that have been I O standards since the original IBM PCs were introduced Centronic parallel ports RS 232C serial ports Q Game port
18. W QUESTIONS What is the maximum recommended distance for an IrDA link REVIEW QUESTIONS State the maximum segment lengths for low and high speed USB connections REVIEW QUESTIONS How many devices can be connected to a single IEEE 1394 port REVIEW QUESTIONS 13 Which port types include high speed data streaming modes that can transfer large streams of data such as audio or video information REVIEW QUESTIONS d What type of device normally uses 1IRQ14 REVIEW QUESTIONS 15 When reviewing specification for a particular video display you read that it features a 0 28 mm dot pitch What does this mean 1 Which device or port uses IRQS in a PC compatible system a Keyboard buffer b Math coprocessor c RAM refresh controller d Real time clock module 2 At what I O port addresses does system communicate with the primary hard disk IDE controller a 0F8 0FF 1F0 1f8 c 200 207 d 278 27F 3 What type of connector 15 normally found on PC compatible keyboards Select all that apply a A 6 pin mini DIN connector b A 5 pin DIN connector An RJ 11 connector d An RJ 45 connector 4 Which type of I O port employs 2 row 15 pin D shell female connector a VGA port b ATX mouse port c LAN port d Game port 5 Which video display standard is capable of providing a maximum output resolution of 1600 x 1200 pixels
19. ards have also caused a reevaluation of display related terms continued Standard Definition TV SDTV Digital display systems that have lower resolutions than the high definition specification calls for These include the standard digital television displaying NTSC broadcasts SDTV resolutions include 4801 for displaying NTSC programming and 480p for European PAL M programming SDTV screen refresh rates are 60 24 and 30 Hz For PAL and SECAM formats the resolutions are 5761 and 576p using 50 and 25 Hz refresh rates continued The new digital television display standards have also caused a reevaluation of display related terms continued Enhanced Definition TV EDTV A gray area of picture quality that falls between traditional NTSC PAL picture quality and the definitions set for HDTV images DVD players with progressive scan output are a good example of EDTV The EDTV image has a horizontal resolution of 704 pixels regardless of the aspect ratio the picture is stretched to fit 4 3 or 16 9 aspect ratios continued The new digital television display standards have also caused a reevaluation of display related terms continued High Definition TV HDTV Under the ATSC standard HDTV is any image being displayed at a resolution of 720 or more using a 16 9 aspect ratio Cinematic video is produced in 720p or 1080p formats using a 24 frame per second refresh rate Noncinematic HDTV image
20. e used with different types of devices continued IrTran P This is used to provide a digital image transfer standard for communications with digital image capture devices TEST TIP Remember that the IrLPT port Is a new high speed printer interface that can be used to print from a wide array of computing devices SQUAD CASE FILE 26 Special Agent 632 15 setting up an IrDA printer a remote location He has called you because he cannot get the system to see the infrared printer connection To check the printer the agent connected it to the host computer using a normal parallel interface and it ran successfully Which items should you suggest that Agent 632 check to verify the operation of the infrared port 7 SATELLITE RECEIVER FM ANTENNA _ P MONITOR 94 1 MEMORY CARD READER DVD W R DRIVE WITH LIGHTSCRIBE FRONT ACCES PORT WIRELESS KEYBOARD MOUSE N RECEIVER SURROUND SOUND wa S H I a aL REMOTE CONTROL WIRELESS KEYBOARD Figure 4 16 Media Center Components AUDIO INPUT JACKS MEDIA CENTER SYSTEM UNIT REAR 9 eee Front Surr Back Sub CENTER MICROPHONE SUBWOOFER SPEAKERS CONNECTOR gt gt Ca LINE IN REAR SPEAKERS FRONT SPEAKERS lt AUDIO LS CONNECTOR LINE OUT 2 Input 4 S gt z lt
21. em s peripheral devices continued 3 Obtain the latest drivers In most cases installation software that came with the peripheral will have the necessary drivers for the operating system you are using The latest driver on the installation CD or floppy disk is usually only the latest driver available at the time the peripheral shipped continued You should use general procedure follows when you are upgrading a system s peripheral devices continued 4 Implement ESD best practices Peripherals tend to be less sensitive to electrostatic damage than PC board devices and are often directly srounded through their power cords However because peripheral devices tend to be expensive you may still want to properly ground yourself before working with them It 15 always better to be safe than sorry continued You should use general procedure follows when you are upgrading a system s peripheral devices continued 5 Verify the upgrade Because peripheral devices can vary greatly in their configuration and use there are a variety of ways that you can test your upgrade For instance with a printer you can print a test page print a page from a client or print multiple print jobs to test the queue For a zip disk this may include moving data onto the disk and then trying to examine the data on another computer later continued You should use general procedure f
22. errupts NMI which the microprocessor must always respond to Table 4 4 Traditional System Interrupt Levels INTERRUPT DESCRIPTION INTERRUPT DESCRIPTION lO CHANNEL CHECK OR PARITY CHECK ERROR INTC INTC2 TIMER COUNTER ALARM IRQ8 REAL TIME CLOCK IRQ1 KEYBOARD BUFFERFULL SPARE CONTROLLER 8914 PRIMARYIDE CTRL TEST TIP Memorize the system resources available in an ISA compatible system and what their typical assignments are TEST TIP Know what types of problems can cause an NMI to occur SQUAD CASE FILE 77870 Don 5 Special Agent 67 is adding a wide carriage dot matrix printer to his workstation so that he can print multipart forms He already has a color ink jet printer attached to the computer using IRQ7 He has no idea of which resources to assign to the new printer What will you tell him when he asks for help MICROPROCESSOR NORTH BRIDGE SOUTH BRIDGE DATA BUS FDC CONNECTOR FLOPPY DISK DRIVE DATA BUS Ec DMAMEMW Figure 4 7 DMA Operations Table 4 5 Traditional DMA Channel Allocations CHANNEL FUNCTION CONTROLLER PAGE REGISTER ADDRESS SPARE 0087 SDLC NETWORIQ 1 __ 0083 0082 CHS SPARE ee A oz _______ CASCADETOCNTRA 2 cs ERE 101 _____ 12 or 2 Most intelligent devices in
23. ery small electromagnetic shocks so take extra care when handling or installing your adapter cards continued You should always use the following guidelines for upgrading adapter card based peripherals in a system continued 5 Verify upgrade There are specific attributes that are common when verifying proper installation of a wide variety of adapter cards For instance all adapters use resources such as IRQ I O memory or base memory address You must make sure that none of these settings conflict with those of other hardware devices in the system Installing a USB or Firewire device usually involves the following steps 1 Enable the USB resources in CMOS Setup screen as illustrated in Figure 4 56 In some cases this involves enabling the port and reserving an IRQ resource for the device continued BIOS SETUP UTILITY Advanced Chipset PCI Power Boot Security Exif NU lets the BIOS configure all the Reset Config Data No deuices in the sustem PCI Latency Timer 1641 YES lets the Allocate IRQ to PCI UGA Yes operating system Palette Snooping Disabled configure Plug and PCI IDE BusMaster Disabled Play PnP devices not OffBoard PCI ISA IDE Card Autol required for boot if your system has a Plug USB Function Enabled and Play operating system PCI Slot 1 IRQ Preference Auto PCI Slot 2 IRQ Preference Autol Select Screen PCI Slot 3 IRQ Preference Auto 11 Select Item PCI Slot
24. lways use the following guidelines for upgrading adapter card based peripherals in a system continued 2 Perform BIOS upgrade A system BIOS upgrade 15 not required when upgrading adapter cards but some adapter cards contain their own specific BIOS These BIOS may need to be upgraded to permit the adapter to work with the other components in the system If in doubt refer to the installation documentation and the manufacturer s Web site for specific information pertaining to the adapters you are using continued You should always use the following guidelines for upgrading adapter card based peripherals in a system continued 3 Obtain latest drivers In most cases drivers that came with an adapter card include the necessary drivers for the operating system you are using However the latest driver on the CD ROM or floppy disk supplied with the component 15 often not the latest driver available for the noted operating system Check the manufacturer s Web site for newer versions continued You should always use the following guidelines for upgrading adapter card based peripherals in a system continued 4 Implement ESD best practices prevent adapter from being damaged make sure that it is enclosed in an antishock bag when not In use Make sure that you wear an antistatic device when handling the adapter Most adapters include static sensitive components that can be damaged by v
25. ollows when you are upgrading a system s peripheral devices continued 6 Check system resources Normally peripherals use the resources associated with the port they are attached to If the peripheral tests OK you will normally not have to verify system resources In addition to the millions of possible memory locations in a PC there are typically thousands of addresses set aside for input and output devices a system In order for any device to operate with the system s microprocessor it must have an address or group of addresses at which the system can find it Interface circuits are necessary because characteristics of most peripherals differ sreatly from those of the basic computer Most interface circuits in the PC compatible world have been integrated into application specific ICs When dealing with PC compatible there are two forms of I O to contend with These include the system board s on board I O and peripheral devices that interact with the system through its expansion slots Parallel ports have been a staple of the PC system since the original PCs were introduced Microsoft operating systems keep track of the system s installed printer ports by assigning them the logical device names handles LPT1 LPT2 and LPT3 Whenever the system 15 booted up the operating system searches the hardware for parallel ports installed at hex addresses 3BC 378 and 278 con
26. phics 51722 9 16 60 70 Hz 315 kHz DADODO 0BFF FF ray Adapter 1280 x 1024 Super 50 60 or 72 35 48 k Hz 080000 FF 15k Hz BSOU0 B RF FF BO 25 50 18 1 kHz SVGA 1024 x 788 9 x 15 132 x 25 Ede aam 355 kHz 0 FF super AGA 248 82 kHz fanalog SX GA 1280 x 1024 DOE MS 65 k Hz digital 0000 Ultra AGA 2 21 100 2 analog Ux GAJ 1200 X 1200 0100 Hz 31 400kHzidigitah 989999 Wide 1 A BO 7z75 8 24 100kHz analog WUXGAJ 0100 Hz 31 100kHzidigitah 989990 TEST TIP Be able to explain the definition of dot pitch 16 9 Ratio 4 3 Ratio Figure 4 49 Aspect Ratio Affects The new digital television display standards have also caused a reevaluation of display related terms Low Definition TV LDTV Display systems that produce lower resolutions than the NTSC standard These systems are digital and provide video for Internet distribution where higher bandwidth video streams associated with higher resolution video streams would slow down or crash the system Typical resolutions associated with LDTV are 240p and 288 Screen refresh rates used with LDTV include 24 30 and 25 Hz LDTV is used with Apple iPods Sony Playstations and video CDs continued The new digital television display stand
27. s Table 4 6 Typical I O Ports PORT CONNECTOR m 6 FEMALE FEMALE 25 PIN FEMALE E 0 E 18 ER 2 NER Dun Tua coi E 22 096 Ec ER os E T s 4 PIN 8 PIN BNC 15 PIN FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE Figure 4 21 Typical 1 Port Connectors TEST TIP Memorize the appearance type and pin configuration of the standard PC port connectors 1 parallel ports use 25 pin female D shell connectors SQUAD CASE FIL Your store has been called in to set up a network a corporate office and you are in charge of making the physical connections made to all the machines In the CFO s office you encounter a machine that has been running on a small accounting network for some years but doesn t have an RJ 45 jack for the network cable How can this be and what should you do about it SIGNAL ADAPTER NAME PIN NUMBER PRINTER SUROSE AA DATA BIT 0 2 1 DATABIT 2 3 DATABIT 4 DATABIT 5 DATABIT 6 DATABIT 7 ACKNOWLEDGE BUSY P END OUT OF PAPER 2 SELECT AUTO FEED ERROR INITIALIZES PRINTER SELECT INPUT GROUND 18 25 cO ums IO gt di peu me N p 36 PIN CENTRONICS 25 PIN FEMALE Figure 4 22 Parallel Port Connector and Signals TEST TIP Know the recommended length of a standard parallel printer cable TEST TIP As you study the I O
28. s are produced in 720p or 10801 formats with refresh rates of 24 25 30 50 or 60 Hz depending on the producer of the content In computer terms these are screen resolutions of 1280 x 1024 and 1920 x 1080 respectively VIDEO CABLE 120 Vac POWER CABLES POWER OUTLET SYSTEM Y BOARD Figure 4 50 Video System Components SOUND WAVES m y ANALOG AUDIO SIGNAL AUDIO INPUT MICROPHONE 3 01001101 CORRESPONDING DIGITAL AUDIO VALUE Figure 4 51 A Typical Audio Digitizer System TIME 3 4 TIME 4 5 20 2 1 oo CO oo CO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CORRESPONDING ANALOG AUDIO DIGITAL AUDIO SIGNAL VALUE Figure 4 52 Converting Analog Signals to Digital Values CD AUDIO CONNECTOR AUDIO OUT SPEAKERS LINE IN FROM STEREO 5 MICROPHONE IN MIDI GAME PORT JOYSTICK l Figure 4 53 Sound Card Connections Center Mic Fear Out Center Figure 4 54 Advanced Sound Card Connections BACK OF DESKTOP CAMERA USE Device Properties DIGITAL CAMERA Figure 4 55 Digital Camera Connection Steps for installing these types of
29. secutively As the distance between computer and peripheral reaches a certain point 10 feet it becomes less practical to send data as parallel words An alternative method of sending data is to break the parallel words into their individual bits and transmit them one at a time a serial bit stream over a single conductor Two methods are used to provide proper timing for serial transfers The data bits may be sent synchronously in conjunction with a synchronizing clock pulse or asynchronously without an accompanying clock pulse The operating system assigns COM port designations to the system s serial ports during bootup COM port designations are normally COMI and COM in most systems but they can be extended to COM3 and in advanced systems Peripherals are devices and systems are added to the basic system to extend its capabilities These devices and systems can be divided into three general categories input systems output systems and memory systems The universal serial bus USB was developed to provide a fast flexible method of attaching up to 127 peripheral devices to the computer The USB provides a connection format designed to replace the system s traditional serial and parallel port connections REVIEW QUESTIONS Explain the differences between SDTV and HDTV REVIEW QUESTIONS 2 Where would you be likely to find an S P
30. the PC system will require at least two of the following system resources IRQ interrupt channels DMA channels I O port address allocations Buffer memory address allocation in system RAM TEST TIP Memorize the I O port addresses for the first and second IDE controllers TEST TIP Memorize the system resources that the PC typically assigns to parallel ports TEST TIP Know the system addresses and other resources that a PC compatible system uses for serial ports It may be helpful to remember that IBM set up these Standards so that the odd numbered COM ports use the even numbered IRQ channel and vice versa GEEK SQUAD CASE FILE One of the CIA agents has called you because he 15 working on a system that has several legacy devices installed and he does not remember what resources are assigned to typical devices PC compatible system He needs you to fax him a list of these devices Because you have become a very successful Geek Squad technician you are on a cruise and do not have access to your resource materials What information can you send the agent from your memory The standard I O port types commonly found on new computers include PS 2 keyboard and mouse ports USB ports Firewire ports Infrared ports Figure 4 8 Mouse and Keyboard Connectors TEST TIP Be aware that it is quite possible to confuse the PS 2 mouse and keyboard connections on most PC systems
31. y Tube START RASTER VERTICAL HORIZONTAL SWEEP RETRACE VERTICAL RETRACE CRT SCREEN ELLO X X X X D 4 HORIZONTAL SWEEP Figure 4 46 Raster Scan Video ELECTRON GUNS BLUE GREEN ELECTRON RED BEAMS SHADOW MASK BLUE PHOSPHOR RED PHOSPHOR GREEN PHOSPHOR GLASS FACEPLATE Figure 4 47 A Color CRT Construction lt os lt Hz DVI HDMI 7 n S VIDEO gt lt 2 CONNECTOR 4 VGA CONNECTOR Figure 4 48 An Advanced Video Card Several newer XGA standards have made it to the market These include Q Super XGA SXGA specification capable of displaying 1280 x 1024 resolution Ultra XGA UXGA specification capable of displaying 1600 x 1200 resolution Q Wide UXGA WUXGA specification that is capable of displaying 1920 x 1200 resolution Table 4 7 Video Standards STANDARD RESOLUTION REFRESH HORIZONTAL SWEEF BUFFER PIXELS DISPLAY CHARACTER RATE RATE ADDRESS Monochrome 720 x 348 Display 720 x 348 Adapter BODOO B7F FF Non interlaced 60000 7 FF FF F T 9 14 T x f in 14 Mr 840 x 200 Color Graphics ee Adapter 320 x 200 640 x 200 ercules Graphics Adapter es ue xtende B40 x 350 80 x 25 7xBi im hics 640 350 80 x 43 Bx 14 SE Hz 22 1 kHz DADODO Adapter Gra
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