Mammography Applications for MAMMOMAT 1000/3000
Contents
1. Make sure the patient is at ease and ask her to stand absolutely still before you leave her to make the exposure 19 POSITIONING Cranio caudal projection CC Criteria The whole breast parenchyma should be depicted The fatty tissue closest to the breast muscle should appear as a dark stripe on the X ray and behind that it should be possible to discern the pectoral muscle The nipple should be depicted in profile Lift the breast approximately 2 cm and adjust the height so that the object table touches your hand 20 POSITIONING Stand on the medial side of the breast which Is to be X rayed or behind the patient Ask the patient to turn her head in your direction good to have eye con tact Take hold of the patient s back and shoulder in order to press her closer to the table Then with your other hand take hold under the breast and lay it on the table Draw the breast somewhat towards you so that the lateral side is turned forwards Grasp the breast with a grip from the sides so that you can guide It better Bear in mind that you should not draw the lateral side forward so much that the medial side Is lost Apply compression while keep ing an eye open for folds on the lateral side Use your hand on the patients shoulder to stretch the skin Ensure that nothing blocks the X ray field Make sure the patient is at ease and ask her to stand absolutely still before you leave he2. Mammography Applications for MAMMOMAT 1000 3000 Nova SIEMENS medical Introduction This booklet is intended as an application handbook for use with Siemens MAMMOMAT 1000 and 3000 Nova The booklet contains advice on positioning Instruc tions for choice of exposure and proper positioning of the Automatic Exposure Control AEC detector There are also instructions on the use of Opcomp and Opdose This handbook with helpful hints and directions is a complement to the operator s manual It should be noted that this is not a textbook and that we make no claim of complete coverage of the subjects discussed The responsibility for medical judge ments and directions remains with the attending physician For information on other questions relating to the operation of your MAMMOMAT 1000 3000 Nova please refer to the Operating Instructions Contents General advice Positioning Compression AEC detector Choice of exposure Opdose Image quality Radiation quality Film screen combinations Processing Positioning Mediolateral oblique view MLO Cranio caudal projection CC Lateral projection Medio lateral ML Latero medial LM Specialized mammographic technique Spot compression Magnification Biopsy methods Biopsy hole plate Shadow cross Stereo O WO 00 OO U 14 15 16 17 17 20 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 27 27 28 F at 1 i a tp 1 1 al dj 315 fin Rp 0
3. positioning and you will notice at once if the patient has moved Perform stereo exposures and evaluate in accordance with the Operating Instructions for Stereotactic Biopsy Attachment Never leave the patient on her own Keep eye contact and stand close a warm hand on her shoulder can be supportive Explain the procedure as It progresses 29 On account of certain regional limitations of sales rights and service availability we cannot guarantee that all products included in this brochure are available through the Siemens sales organization worldwide Availability and packaging may vary by country and is subject to change without prior notice Some All of the features and products described herein may not be available in the United States The information in this document contains general technical descriptions of specifications and options as well as standard and optional features which do not always have to be present in individual cases Siemens reserves the right to modify the design packaging specifications and options described herein without prior notice Please contact your local Siemens sales representative for the most current information Note Any technical data contained in this document may vary within defined tolerances Original images always lose a certain amount of detail when reproduced For accessories please refer to www siemens com medical accessories Headquarters Siemens AG Medical
4. 1 i Es wap 5 32 77 A En i 7 apt 1 of i ui FSF HD EA R ha General advice It is always important to inform the patient how the examination will be performed It should be explained why It is necessary to compress the breast and that it will be uncomfortable for a short time Always keep the patient under observation If the patient is very sensitive to pain or very nervous It Is recommended that two radiographers attend in the room Begin each setting by chosing the correct slide marker for the desired projection With Siemens fixed markings the risk of faulty marking is limited The marking for a cranio caudal projection is always found on the lateral side of the breast Positioning Correct positioning of the breast is extremely important If the entire breast is not in the X ray field or there is something block ing the X ray field the whole diagnosis can be incorrect It is also easier to apply good compression when the positioning Is correct Compression Proper and adequate compression Is necessary in order to reduce the radiation dose displace the tissue apart and avoid blurring due to motion Inadequate compression can for example mean that small micro calcifications do not appear on the X ray image as a result of which the patient risks getting an incorrect diagnosis Opcomp Siemens MAMMOMAT 1000 3000 Nova are fitted with Opcomp Opcomp senses
5. Solutions Henkestr 127 D 91052 Erlangen Germany Telephone 49 9131 84 0 www siemens com medical Siemens Medical Solutions that help Contact address Siemens AG Medical Solutions Special Systems 2004 Siemens AG Allee am Rothelheimpark 2 Order no A91100 M1600 C924 1 7600 D 91052 Erlangen Printed in Germany Telephone 49 9131 84 0 GP 65924 WS 07042 5
6. for each individual breast when the compression force Is sufficient for optimal image quality The force can be increased but this only adds to the discomfort and does not provide any improvement in image quality Opcomp is purely an aid It is always the operator who decides if the compression Is to stop before after or on the Opcomp value When using Opcomp the foot switch is to be kept pressed down during the whole compression process Using a pumping techni que on the foot switch can result in the Opcomp indication failing to appear Set the maximum value for the compression force 20 kg unless your facility has other guidelines Select automatic decompression however not when biopsies and localizations are to be performed Apply compression until the breast is evenly and firmly compressed Ensure that no folds form in the skin When using Opcomp Begin by applying compression until the compression plate comes into contact with the skin 3 5 kg Smooth out any folds in the skin Press the foot switch all the way down continue compression until the plate stops and the green OC lamp on the stand display is lit Keep the patient under observation Studies have shown that the Opcomp value on average Is 9 12 kg for the CC view and 13 16 kg for the MLO view However some breasts may require up to 20 kg This is not harmful The breasts withstand this temporary deformation but pay attent
7. of connecting up a stereo biopsy attachment With the aid of this stereo attachment biopsies can be performed both with fine needle and core gun technique Instructions on how the attach ment is mounted and used is described in the separate Operating Instructions Stereotactic Biopsy Attachment The following are some advices on how the examination can be made easier for the patient Inform the patient about the procedure Explain that the examination can take time at least 20 minutes and that she must sit still subject to compression the whole time Explain that the greatest source of unpleasantness Is not the actual needle puncture but rather the sitting position This procedure can also be carried out with the patient recumbent Show the patient the angular movement and how the cassette is moved Ask the patient to sit in the examination chair The chair must be height adjustable and be provided with lockable wheels and adjustable arm supports Start from as high a level as possible of the chair facilitates the working position A foot ring on the chair or a footstool improves the sitting position Ask the patient to check that she Is sitting comfortably 28 BIOPSY METHODS Position and compress Note the compression thickness so that you can make an adjustment if the compression value changes Mark on the breast with a felt tip pen the inner corners of the compression plate In this way you have control over the
8. d therefore it is of utmost importance that the com pression is as firm as possible and that the patient holds her breath 3000 Nova Note Opcomp shall be neglected when magnifica tion tables are used BIOPSY METHODS Biopsy and localization methods Mammography is a superior method for early detection of breast cancer Many pathological changes that are discovered are so small that it is not possible to carry out palpation guided biopsies X ray guided biopsies can be carried out in various ways and with different means Biopsy hole plate A hole plate perforated compression plate with a coordinate system helps the physician when making hand controlled biopsies Make an exposure In a CC projection using a biopsy hole plate Evaluate and use the coordinates to calculate where the needle should be inserted To check the depth of the needle make a right angle exposure compress carefully with the needle remaining in the breast Evaluate and make necessary adjustments Carry out the biopsy procedure Remember to switch off the automatic decompression Shadow cross A shadow cross attachment with a coordinate system helps the physician when making hand controlled biopsies A detailed step by step information on how to use the shadow cross is found in the separate Operating Instructions Biopsy attachment with shadow cross 27 BIOPSY METHODS Stereo On the Siemens MAMMOMAT 3000 Nova there is the possibility
9. de is 150 mA This is an important factor since high mA gives a short exposure time and consequently a reduced risk of motion artifacts The Siemens MAMMOMAT 3000 Nova can be configured with an X ray tube with two different anode materials molybdenum and tungsten plus various filter combinations of molybdenum and rhodium At 25 kV the tube current with tungsten W anode is 188 mA This in combination with a rhodium filter will provide high energy radiation and also reduce dose to the patient See the section on Opdose for instructions on use of the system The focus size need not be selected Fine focus will automatically be selected when the magnification table is inserted IMAGE QUALITY Film screen combinations Mammography film and screens are made to provide high reso lution and high contrast For normal mammography screens with the highest possible resolution should be used Faster screens can be used for magnification to reduce the exposure time The resolution will be maintained through the small focal spot Cassettes and screens should be cleaned regularly and you should check your cassettes to ensure that the contact between film and screen is the best possible It is important to keep all surfaces in the dark room clean wet wiping to avoid dust in the cassettes 15 IMAGE QUALITY Processing Even a picture which has been properly exposed and skillfully executed can easily lose in quality in a poor de
10. e at the angle desired Choose the correct marker Mount the spot plate and corresponding aperture Sometimes the spot view can be obtained without an external aperture or with a larger aperture axilla if you want to visualize the surrounding area Measure accurately use a ruler on the X ray image where the lesion is to be found Measure from the nipple straight in and then at right angles to the area of interest Transfer the measurement to the breast and make a small crossmark Inform the patient that it may feel more unpleasant with the spot plate Compress thoroughly and ensure that the cross lands right under the plate Make sure that no folds in the skin are formed Tell the patient to stand absolutely still and leave her to make the exposure Note Opcomp shall be neglected when spot compression plates are used 25 SPECIALIZED MAMMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES Magnification When making exposures with a magnification table the same positioning methods are used as for normal images or spot compression images There are two different compression plates available a flat plate used without a aperture and a spot compression plate with a corresponding aperture Take care to compress thoroughly Ask the patient to hold her breath It is useful to practice this procedure in advance Breath in breath out and hold your breath Since we use a smaller focal spot in magnification mode the exposure times are longer an
11. ion to the patient Do not override the patients pain treshold More information on Opcomp can be found in the operating Instructions GENERAL ADVICE AEC detector In order to obtain the correct density on the images the AEC detector should be moved to the densest area in the breast Move the AEC detector lever to the marking which corresponds with the marking in the compression plate Ensure that the breast com pletely covers the position of the AEC detector with a 2 cm margin otherwise the chamber will be measuring air Do not forget to return the detector to the chestwall close position after each patient The image on the left demonstrates the cassettes turbo release function The text does not mention this aspect of the unit Should this image be removed or should text be added Choice of exposure Both Siemens MAMMOMAT 1000 and Siemens MAMMOMAT 3000 Nova are equipped with automatic exposure control AEC Only the kV value is set manually After exposure the mAs value obtained can be read on the generator control panel If desired both kV and mAs can also be chosen manually When the mAs button Is first activated a value of 100 mAs is shown on the display Continue to press the mAs button until the desired value is shown then make the exposure GENERAL ADVICE GENERAL ADVICE Opdose Siemens MAMMOMAT 1000 and 3000 Nova are equipped with an automatic exposure system Opdose Opdose suggests the ex
12. n also be used tape from the sternum and fix It after dra wing the breast back onto the patient s back Make sure the patient is at ease and ask her to stand absolutely still before you leave her to make the exposure POSITIONING Latero medial 90 LM lateromedial Set the tube in a 90 lateral projection Ensure that the correct slide marker is used Set the height to the uppermost point of the sternum Position the patient with the object table between her breasts Ask the patient to lift her arm and place her hand on the handle while keeping the elbow lifted Then ask the patient to place the point of her chin as far forward as possible on the edge of the object table Grasp her breast from below and draw it outwards At the same time as you apply the compression the patient must be pressed in towards the table Take care to ensure that her arm is not squeezed Ensure that nothing blocks the X ray field Make sure the patient is at ease and ask her to stand absolutely still before you leave her to make the exposure SPECIALIZED MAMMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES Specialized mammographic technique Spot compression Spot compression images are valuable when improved compression is desired over a small area and overlapping structures need to be separated Since scattered radiation is reduced with this technique it is possible to obtain high contrast and detailed images Set the tub
13. posure parameters depending on the thickness of the breast Both kV and an anode filter combination are suggested in accordance with what has been preset for the respective thickness interval see program table on page 12 That is the larger the breast the more the high energy radiation which enables the dose and exposure time to be kept down The user must confirm the values before an exposure Is made Make sure that the Auto button Is pressed in 5 E Position the patient and apply the compression The compression force must be at least 6 kg for the Opdose to activate GENERAL ADVICE On the control panel an indicator lamp will now be flas ns I hing over the program which is _ suggested Confirm by pressing a the program button for the D suggested program Make the exposure ESEI uaa a i 1 It is recommended that the Same program is kept for the entire examination If you get a flashing light suggesting a different program it is not necessary to accept this suggestion Just make the exposure The program used for the last exposure is maintained As soon as you press a button which is not blinking you leave the auto mode for Opdose Always remember to check that the auto button Is pressed in when you start with the next patient The four programs can be set to suit the customer s requirements on installation Please refer to the Operating Instructions when changing p
14. profile and a small stomach fold should be visible as a sign that the whole breast is reproduced 17 POSITIONING Set the angle for the desired projection 30 60 It is best to adapt the angle to each patient The object table should be parallel with the pectoral muscle Many clinics want to use the same pro jection angle for all patients in order to be able to reproduce the image on the next occasion Be sure to adjust the height so that the top edge of the object table is on a level with the axillary fold PO ae i 18 POSITIONING Place the patient s hand on the lower part of the handle Turn the patient 45 or more in towards the stand Ask the patient to stand steadi ly and not to move her feet Instruct the patient to lift her elbow but still keep her hand in the same position Ask the patient to bend slightly forward then take hold of the lifted arm and the breast from below At the same time as you move the patient in towards the object table draw the breast parenchyma medially Ensure that the patient relaxes and ask her to lower her shoulders and at the same time roll them forward Draw the breast forward at the same time as you apply com pression and hold on the clavicle with your other hand so that the compression plate is just clearing the clavicle When the compression is sufficient using Opcomp or your own selection make sure that nothing blocks the field of the intended image
15. r to make the exposure POSITIONING Lateral projection The lateral projection can be taken either from the medial side mediolateral ML or from the lateral side lateromedial LM If no oblique projection is taken the mediolateral projection may be preferable since the lateral side of the breast where pathological changes are most commonly found is then closest to the film However if you want to include as much as possible of the medial side then the LM projection should be chosen Criteria The pectoral muscle should be depicted as a narrow light band on at least half of the picture The nipple should be depicted in profile and a clear stomach fold should be visible under the breast 22 POSITIONING lateral ML mediolateral Set the X ray tube in a 90 lateral projection Ensure that the correct slide marker is used Set the height to the axillary fold Ask the patient to put up her arm along the object table and stretch it well forward Grasp the breast from below and draw it out while applying compression Place your other hand on the patient s back and press her in towards the stand If the other breast blocks the field of the view ask the patient to keep it out of the way You may wish to help her with this to avoid unnecessary turning Pull the patient s hand carefully to the side so that only her fingertips are holding the breast A wide paper plaster ca
16. rogram settings You can also choose to make the exposure using a program which Is set manually On the MAMMOMAT 1000 3000 Nova you then choose the kV value the anode Tilter combination and the film screen combination H D button 11 GENERAL ADVICE The program values as preset from the factory are for Mo W tube Program Compression kV value Anode Filter thickness combination 45 59mm Mo Rh for Mo tube Program Compression kV value Anode Filter thickness combination l The program settings in the table are only suggestions Each facility may choose the most suitable setting for the film screen in use The thickness intervals can only be changed by a service engineer IMAGE QUALITY Image quality Several factors affect the image quality In addition to the pre viously mentioned factors such as positioning compression and the position of the detector the cooperation between the doctor radiographer and patient Is of greatest importance 13 Radiation quality The radiation quality is determined by the kV value anode material and filter Low kV means that the image contrast increases The kV value to be used Is determined by each individual facility Some film screen combinations are recommended to be used with a high kV 28 30 in order to keep the contrast down At 25 kV and large focal spot the tube current for a Siemens mammography xX ray tube with a molybdenum ano
17. velopment process The film processing machine Is the heart of the mammography department Deterioration in image quality can often be traced to a disorder in the development process Modern film processing machines can be programmed for various processing times which means that the processing time can be adapted to mammography film The development temperature should be approximately 35 C 95 F Chemicals suitable for mammography film should be chosen and be mixed in small tanks so that they always are fresh Replenishment should be adapted to mammography film The film processing machine should be inspected daily The temperature film speed film contrast and film base fog should be controlled For this purpose a sensitometer and a densitometer are required Positioning Mediolateral oblique view MLO For routine examinations the MLO projec tion is to be preferred over the 90 lateral projection More of the breast tissue can 0 aad be seen in the upper outer quadrant and the axilla Furthermore it is easier to carry out the application with this setting Criteria The pectoral muscle should be depicted obliquely from above and be visible down to the level of the nipple or further down The shape of the muscle should be depicted weakly convex as a sign that the muscle is completely relaxed and medially prominent The compression should be proper over the whole image area The nipple should be depicted in
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