Chapter 5 Zone Parameters
Contents
1. Program Number Display PNumDisp is useful because different MIDI instruments and sequencers refer to program numbers differently another ambiguity in the MIDI Spec Some start counting at 0 while others start at 1 Still others arrange them in groups of 8 with the first digit or a letter denoting the group and the second digit denoting the number within the group This parameter allows you to display the program numbers on the PC88 so that they agree with the way your receiving instruments display them It changes nothing in the outgoing MIDI data it s merely a convenience to you so that you aren t constantly adding or subtracting 1 or doing base 8 arithmetic to figure out how to get to specific sounds on your other synths Whenever a program is displayed for this Zone its number will follow the format you choose here The choices are 0 127 for those devices that believe life starts at zero 1 128 for those who start at one 11 88 for instruments that use this scheme primarily Roland A1 H8 for other instruments that like this way of doing things When using this last format don t get confused with the Internal Voice mode s Groups they each contain 16 programs not 8 Musician s Guide 5 5 Zone Parameters Key Range Program Name Display The final parameter under Program is PNameDisp which determines how the program name will be shown in the display when you select the Zone but like PNumDisp has no ef2. Velocity Velocity Parameter Values Vel Scale 300 to 300 Vel Offset 127 to 127 Vel Curve Linear Sin Cos Vel Min 1 to 127 Vel Max 1 to 127 The PC88 can respond to keyboard velocity how hard you play the keys ina variety of ways Each Zone can have its own velocity response settings and any change you make in a Zone affects both local sounds and outgoing MIDI data Variations in velocity response are useful if you want to customize the feel of the keyboard or if you are working with a synthesizer or patch that responds strangely to velocity or for special dynamic effects You can design a Setup for example where certain instruments perhaps horns or strings only play when you strike the keys with a high velocity Velocity Scale MIDI Velocity Vel Scale lets you amplify or diminish velocity response Normal response is 100 Higher values make the keyboard more sensitive you don t need to play as hard to get more sound while lower values make it less sensitive playing harder doesn t change the sound as much You can also set the scale to a negative number in which case the velocity response is turned upside down playing harder produces a softer sound and vice versa See the following section on Velocity Offset for ideas about negative scaling A neat thing to try is to set up two Zones with opposite scale factors so that key velocity acts as a crossfade between the two sounds Ma
3. Bank like Bank 1 if you don t have the VGM board Bank 4 if you do the Zone will produce no sound on the PC88 but will still send MIDI data out The Program display will say External Program indicating that any sounds produces will be created by an external device If the Bank parameter is showing on the display instead of a name you will see some numbers in the display below for example 292 2 36 Fone 1 2921 0493 Banki z292 t2736 The first number is the Bank number and the ones in parentheses show the Bank number in the two byte form Most Significant Byte MSB followed by the Least Significant Byte LSB prescribed by the MIDI Specification The Bank number is the MSB multiplied by 128 plus the LSB If this is confusing don t worry we ll discuss what it means shortly Press the right cursor gt gt gt to return to the Program menu s program display From the above display for example pressing gt gt gt would change the display to this Fone 1 2921 0493 H49 External Prod From this display use any data entry method to change the program number Entry Transmit The next parameter on the Program menu press the right cursor button twice if you have to is Entry Transmit If it is set to On then whenever you select this Setup the program number assigned to the Zone will immediately be sent out as a Program Change command on the Zone s MIDI channel assuming that MIDI is one of the destinati
4. Voices can be saved to the internal defaults memory In Setups mode the story is quite different Each Setup has four complete set of parameters one for each Zone and saving parameters for one Setup has no effect on any other Setup The Store button starts the procedure When you press it the display asks if you want to Replace setup and the name and number of the current Setup as shown below FePlace setut 37 HHS ERass E Pra If you press Enter now you will replace the old version of the current Setup with your newly edited version If you want to store the new Setup to a different location you can scroll to it with the Alpha wheel or enter its Setup number with the numeric keypad For convenience you can immediately find the first empty Setup location by pressing the increment and decrement buttons and under the Alpha wheel simultaneously Whenever you have selected an empty location the display asks you if you want to save to the Setup at the selected location with a message such as this one Save setut S37 03 EBass E Pro Press Enter and it s done You can also select a Setup location with the alpha wheel the numeric keypad or increment decrement buttons one at a time Locations that are already occupied will say Replace while empty ones will say Save If you would like to come up with a new name for this Setup then before storing it press the right cursor button once Th
5. Zone then copy a continuous controller then paste the continuous controller into another Zone then paste the switch In addition there are separate copy buffers for Effects parameters and for Arpeggiator parameters We ll discuss them in the chapters on those subjects Here is a table that can help you keep track of what can go where You have copied It can go a Zone to another Zone in the same Setup a Zone in a different Setup a Switch controller to another Switch controller in the same Zone or in a different a Continuous controller to another Continuous controller in the same Zone or ina dif Zone or in a different Setup ferent Zone or in a different Setup an Effect from the Internal to the VGM effect in the same Setup or to either effect in a different Setup an Arpeggiator to the Arpeggiator in a different Setup 5 18 PC88 Zone Parameters Storing a Setup You can also set the zone controller switch arpeggiator or effects to a default value Clear at the end of each copy menu copies information stored in Setup 127 that contains default parameter information You can overwrite this setup with your own information however to create your own default parameter settings Storing a Setup Names In Chapter 3 we discussed storing data with an Internal Voice The Voice itself can t be modified but the performance parameters affecting all of the Internal
6. been scaled and offset is below the minimum will not make a sound in the Zone Similarly a keystroke whose velocity after processing is above the maximum will not play the Zone These parameters are important for velocity switching having a note play different sounds depending on how hard you strike it The values can be anywhere from 1 to 127 As with other parameters Zones can overlap or be totally discrete or be identical Intuitive Entry gives us a special way to set these parameters hold the Enter key and play a note and the current parameter changes to the actual velocity of the note you ve played 127 Velocity Min 1 Max 64 no MIDI velocity is produced when you strike keys with medium velocity or greater 64 7 Velocity Min 64 Max 127 S MIDI velocity isn t produced unless you strike keys with velocity of medium or greater 0 64 127 Strike Velocity 5 10 PC88 Zone Parameters Controllers Controllers Continuous Controllers Pa bates Parameter Values Wheel I Up Ctrl Num None 0 127 Pitch Up Down Pressure Tempo special functions Ctrl Scale 300 to 300 Ctrl Offset 127 to 127 Ctrl Curve Linear Sint Cos Entry Value None 0 127 Exit Value None 0 127 Wheel 1 Down same as Wheel I Up Wheel 2 same as Wheel I Up MPressure same as Wheel I Up Sliders A B C D same as Wheel I Up Pedals 1 2 3 4 same as Whee
7. that have a range of values the two wheels four sliders and four pedals and also pressure As the table above shows all of them use the same parameters A word about pressure Key Range in a Zone does not define which notes will generate pressure in that Zone If pressure is enabled in a Zone playing with aftertouch anywhere on the 5 12 PC88 Zone Parameters Controllers keyboard will produce data For example if Zone 1 s Key Range is C3 C5 and you play C2 and push down on the note pressure messages will be sent from Zone 1 As with any other physical controller however you can disable pressure in any Zone or scale it or offset it differently in the various Zones It might help to think of pressure as a third wheel wheels operate in a Zone regardless of Key Range and so does pressure MIDI Controllers and Other Parameters After you ve selected which Zone and which physical controller to work with using the cursor buttons or Intuitive Entry use the Ctrl Num parameter to choose what this controller will do Some of the controllers have default settings that are pre programmed in all of the factory Setups of course you can change them You can select from the entire list of numbered MIDI controllers as well as other MIDI commands and some special functions To move through the list you can use the Alpha wheel or Intuitive Entry with any continuous controller or call up the Controller s number with
8. this Bank are exact duplicates of some of the sounds in the Internal Voices bank By assigning all of the odd numbered notes to the Internal Voices and all of the even numbered notes to the duplicates on the VGM board which have the same names U preceded by v you can achieve 64 voice polyphony within the PC88 An example of how this is done is found in Setup 49 64 note Piano The MIDI channel of Zone 1 is 1 Its Bank is Internal Voices and its Program is 000 Classical Piano Look at its Key Range map it is set to 1 of 2 Only odd numbered notes played on the keyboard will play sounds from the Internal Voices bank Now go to Zone 2 Its MIDI channel is 2 its Bank is 64 Note Poly and its program is also 000 vClassical Piano which is an exact copy of the sound in the Internal Voices bank Its Key Range however is 2 of 2 Only even numbered notes will play the sounds on this Bank in the VGM board Since each Bank can support 32 voices by itself combining them in this way gives you 64 voices unless you happen to play more than 32 odd or 32 even notes at a time This mapping of the keyboard is also applied to outgoing MIDI data odd numbered notes are sent out channel 1 and even numbered ones channel 2 If you have two identical synths receiving on the two channels say each with 16 voice polyphony you can set one to channel 1 and the other to channel 2 and thereby combine them to create a single 32 voice ins
9. x 122 Local Control Off gt 0 123 All Notes Off gt 0 x 124 Omni mode Off gt 0 x 125 Omni mode On gt 0 x 126 Mono mode On Vv x the On value in some synths oe the number of MIDI channels to respond to with one voice on each 127 Poly mode On gt 0 Program Increment x Program Decrement x Goto Program v Setup Increment x x lt x PC88 Zone Parameters Copying Parameters Setup Decrement x x Goto Setup vV x once you go to another Setup this Setup s parameters are no longer operative Sequence Start x x Sequence Stop x x Start and Stop will usually be on the same button as On and Off Ctrls Sequence Continue x x Transpose Up vV M Transpose Down vV vV Do I Need All Those Pedals It s important to realize that you don t have to have an actual pedal plugged into every Pedal and Switch Pedal jack in order to take advantage of all of them Entry and Exit Values can be assigned to a Zone and a physical controller even if the controller isn t there and they will behave as if the controller were in fact plugged in So if you want a specific group of Controller commands to be sent out whenever you choose a Setup and you know they re not going to change while you re playing you can assign them to physical controllers that aren t in use Multiple Controllers Sometimes it can come in handy to assign the same Controller to more than one physical controller For example you might want to be able to contr
10. Up 141 raises the pitch of the Voice and also raises the MIDI note numbers generated by the Zone The amount of transposition is variable from 1 to 127 Transpose Down Trans Down 142 lowers the pitch of the Voice and lowers the MIDI note numbers After you ve selected the MIDI command associated with a continuous physical controller you can modify the controller s response similarly to the ways you can modify velocity response Refer to the graphs beginning on page 5 8 for illustrations of the velocity scaling parameters Ctrl Scale lets you amplify or diminish the action of the controller Full scale 0 127 is 100 Higher values will make the controller more sensitive and lower values will make it less so Setting the scale to a negative number makes the controller action work in reverse As with velocity you can use a controller to crossfade between two Zones by setting the scaling for one Zone positive and the other negative Maximum scale values are 300 and 300 Ctrl Offset adds or subtracts a constant to the controller and at the same time sets minimum or maximum values there s no need for separate Max and Min parameters If the offset is 25 the minimum value of the controller will be 25 If it is 25 and scale is 100 the first one fifth of the controller s movement 25 127 about 1 5 won t do anything and the maximum value of the controller will be 102 127 25 As with velocity Scale is a proportional change t
11. Zone Parameters Chapter 5 Zone Parameters This chapter describes all of the menus you can access from the top row of Zone Parameter buttons These include MIDI Transmit Program Key Range Transpose Velocity and Controllers Zone Parameters Sa aaa MIDI Transmit Program Key Range Transpose Velocity Controllers Before we dig into the Zone Parameters let s review a few things that if you keep in mind will make your life easier First Zones You select which Zone you are working on with the four Zone buttons press a button once to make it current The current Zone number will be shown at the upper left of the display If a button is showing green and no other button is red then it is playing i e you can hear it If it is orange it is muted To mute the current Zone press its button To mute a Zone that s not current press its button twice You can solo the current Zone mute all the others by pressing the Solo button The current Zone s button turns red Pressing any other Zone button will solo its Zone Pressing Solo again turns the other Zones back on Zones that are not Soloed will still transmit non note information A Zone that has been turned off will have a dark button and will show Off in the display If you Solo a dark Zone you will hear nothing Second Data Entry Remember there are two methods of entering data for most parameters Direct E
12. ale as being a proportional change to the velocity while Offset is a linear change The maximum values for Offset are 127 The illustration below shows the effects of Velocity Offset Note that Velocity Offset is the only parameter changed in this example the other parameters are set to their defaults scale 100 curve linear min 1 max 127 127 Velocity Offset 64 low velocity keystrikes produce medium MIDI velocity and greater D K Velocity Offset 64 low velocity keystrikes result in MIDI velocity of 1 maximum MIDI velocity reduced 127 64 Strike Velocity Offset and Scale work together If scaling takes the velocity out of the ballpark for example you want to set it to 300 but that puts all of your notes at maximum velocity using a negative offset say around 60 can make it possible to still play at different volumes although your curve will still be a lot steeper than normal If you use a negative scaling then you must use an offset otherwise all of your velocities will end up as zeroes well ones actually since a MIDI note on with velocity zero is something else So to get true inverse scaling that is 100 you must set an offset of 127 to get the full range of velocities Setting the offset to 127 and the scale to 100 produces a slope like this 127 MIDI Velocity oO KK 0 64 127 Strike Velocity Velocity Curve Vel Curve lets you taper the velocity response The defaul
13. arse which sets the range in semitones ST The second is fine which sets it in cents or 1 100ths of a semitone ct Since both values are positive they add to each other If you want to set the range to just under 3 semitones you would set ST to 2 and ct to 99 The maximum value for both parameters is 127 5 2 PC88 Zone Parameters Program Bank oM Program Whenever this parameter is set or the Setup containing it is called up a pair of MIDI Controller Messages known as Registered Parameters are sent on the MIDI channel assigned to this Zone These messages will set the coarse and fine pitchbend range of any MIDI instrument receiving data on this channel from the PC88 as long as that instrument recognizes the messages It will set itself to respond to pitchbend commands exactly the same way as the Zone on the PC88 Since this a relatively recently adopted addition to the MIDI specification there are plenty of instruments that don t recognize Registered Parameters if you want to adjust the pitchbend range on one of those you ll have to do it by hand The PC88 not only sends them it also recognizes them so if you send the PC88 these commands from an external source like another PC88 it will respond accordingly See Appendix F for more information about Registered Parameters Parameter Values Program 0 127 name Bank 0 Internal Voices 16383 127 127 press lt
14. ce into the PC88 s MIDI In jack However the Device ID of the PC88 which is set from the Global menu must be set to the same number both when dumping and reloading the Setup for this to work The same is true when going from one PC88 to another they must have the same Device ID You can avoid problems by setting the Device ID to 127 In MIDI speak this means broadcast to all units so any PC88 on the MIDI cable will receive the Setup data You might not want to do this if you have multiple PC88s that you re trying to keep different from each other You can t dump an empty Setup if you try the display will say Not Found Press either cursor button or any Parameter button to get out of here There is also a function for dumping all Setups it s on the Global menu Deleting a Setup The last item on the Store menu is Delete This comes in handy when you are designing and storing lots and lots of fancy Setups It erases a Setup from memory without replacing it with another Setup thus freeing up more space to store other Setups in other locations You can check the free memory in the PC88 at any time using the Mem Avail option on the Global menu From the Store function press the right cursor button gt gt gt three times The display says Delete setup If the number is wrong change it with the alpha wheel or numeric keypad If the Setup is empty the display will say Not Found and no
15. e Zone up to full volume when you release the pedal set Off Value to 127 None is also a choice here Entry State determines whether an initial setting for the switch will be sent when the Setup is selected There are three choices None no message Off the Off controller and value and On the On controller and value In a button if the entry state is On the light will glow as soon as you select the Setup Exit State similarly determines whether a setting for the switch will be sent when the Setup is left either for another Setup or for the Internal Voices mode The same three choices are available Very useful for turning off Sustains when changing Setups Do These Parameters Always Mean Something Be careful not to set up parameters that will do crazy things When in doubt leave things off or at the factory default settings All of the Special Function controllers should have their Entry and Exit values set to None On some of the higher numbered MIDI controllers and Special Function controllers the on and or off values don t have any meaning because the controllers have very limited functionality The following list shows these gt 0 means you can use any value that s greater than zero 0 means the value should be 0 x means you can use any value except None V means the value does count for P EA On Value Off Value 120 All Sound Off gt 0 x 121 Reset All Controllers gt 0
16. e display says Rename setup Press Enter and you can now edit the Setup s name Use the cursor buttons to locate the cursor under the first letter you want to change Now you can scroll through the available characters using the alpha wheel This includes an upper case alphabet a lower case alphabet the numerals 0 9 and two sets of punctuation marks Use the cursor buttons to select other letters to change and press Enter when you re done In the display shown below for example you could change the name from EBass to PBass by turning the alpha wheel until the E above the cursor changes to P Setur ramet EFBass E Pro There are a few shortcuts available when naming a Setup You can call up letters using the numeric keypad each keypad button chooses from the letters that are printed right underneath it Repeated pressings select the different letters in a group for example press the 1 button one time the letter A will appear in the name press it again and B appears and one more Musician s Guide 5 19 Zone Parameters Storing a Setup time and you get C Press it yet again and it brings us back to A The number 2 button is responsible for the letters D E and F and so on To change the case of a letter from UPPER to lower or the other way around use the button To get numbers into a name use the 0 button press it repeatedly to scro
17. fect on anything else either the choice of program or the outgoing MIDI data If you set this to Internal Voices the program name will show up as the name of the current PC88 sound from the Internal Voices bank or if there is one the VGM board A program for which there is no internal sound for example in an empty bank will be called External Prog If Dest MIDI Transmit Menu is set to MIDI then the display will read External Prog Set it to General MIDI and the PC88 s display will show the General MIDI program list the VGM board does not have to be installed for this This is helpful if you are driving an external General MIDI synth and would like to see those names displayed Set it to Off and the display says External Prog for all programs Use this setting if you are using neither the internal sounds nor a General MIDI synth to avoid possible confusion Key Range Parameter Values Low C 1 to G9 Hi C 1 to G9 Note Map Off Linear 1 of 2 2 of 2 1 of 3 2 of 3 3 of 3 1 of 4 2 of 4 3 of 4 4 of 4 Invrs Const Low Hi There are three parameters under the Key Range button The first two both of which appear on the initial display set the lower and upper note limits of the Zone Use the cursor buttons to move between the low and high settings Intuitive entry is useful here after you ve chosen which limit to set press and hold Enter and hit the note you want The limits of MIDI a
18. he greatest flexibility in addressing other MIDI instruments Usually you can look on the MIDI Implementation chart in the user s manual of an instrument to determine how it likes to receive Bank Select messages and then set this parameter for each Zone to suit the instrument that is receiving data from it The default setting which will work with the largest number of other instruments is Ctl 0 32 There are two other options which will be of special interest to owners of other Kurzweil instruments Setting Bank mode to K2000 takes advantage of that instrument s Extended mode The Bank Select message is sent as Controller 32 with a value between 0 and 9 remember the K2000 only supports 10 banks The K2000 only supports 99 programs per bank so Program Changes 100 or higher are sent as Bank Select 1 followed by the last two digits as a Program Change For example if Program 124 is assigned to the Zone this will be sent out the MIDI jack as Bank Select Controller 32 1 and then Program Change 24 K1000 is used with any of the 1200 series keyboards or modules or any of the 1000 series instruments that have version 5 software installed Those instruments pre date the adoption of standard Bank Select messages instead they use Program Changes 100 109 as Bank Selects If you select Bank 5 Program 42 for a PC88 Zone for example it will send out Program Change 105 followed by Program Change 42 PC88 program numbers over 99 are not sent
19. itch physical controllers have only two states on and off They are found after the Continuous controllers when you are scrolling the menu They are Buttons E F and G Switch Pedals SwitchPdl 1 and 2 The parameters for Switch controllers are slightly different from those for continuous controllers The first parameter is Switch Type SwType The choices available are Momentary in which a switch s action lasts only as long as you are pushing it and Toggle in which the switch s action lasts until you press it again The Momentary mode is used for functions like sustain or portamento while the Toggle mode is used for functions such as arpeggiator start and stop or latch program Goto s and transpositions The buttons show which mode they are in by the behavior of their lights if a button is in Momentary mode its light glows only as long as you are holding it while if it is in Toggle mode the light stays on until you press it again Bear in mind that button assignments are independent per zone and since there s just a single light per button the light only shows the state of the button for the current zone When you press the button however it executes its assignments for all four zones The next parameter for the Switch controllers is On Controller On Ctrl This determines what MIDI Controller or other message will be sent when the switch is on either pressed or Musician s Guide 5 15 Zone Parameter
20. l I Up Switch Controllers peeing Parameter Values Buttons E F G SwType Toggle Momentary On Ctrl None 0 127 Pitch Up Down Pressure Tempo special functions On Value None 0 127 Off Ctrl None 0 127 Pitch Up Down Pressure Tempo special functions Off Value None 0 127 Entry State None Off On Exit State None Off On SwitchPdl 1 2 same as Buttons E F G Controller editing is one of the strongest aspects of the PC88 s usefulness as the main controller for a sophisticated MIDI studio In this chapter we ll talk about two different types of controllers as they apply to the PC88 One is the physical controllers the wheels buttons pedals etc that you move with your fingers or feet The other is MIDI Controllers which are MIDI commands sent by the PC88 For our purposes MIDI Controllers includes the complete set of Controllers defined by the MIDI Specification as well as pitchbend aftertouch and a few other useful MIDI commands To fend off confusion we ll refer to the PC88 s ew physical controllers with a lower case c and MIDI Controllers with an upper case C Any of the physical controllers in any of the Zones can take on the identity of any MIDI Controllers In addition each controller in each Zone can be tweaked just like keyboard velocity You see that controller editing on the PC88 can be very complex but also ve
21. l be that only one Program Change will be recognized but every note played will sound double This can create unpredictable odd timing effects and will reduce polyphony by 50 There will however be occasions when stacking Zones on the same MIDI channel might come in handy One such situation would be if you would like a physical controller on the PC88 to send data out on two different numbered MIDI controllers on the same channel In this case you must create two Zones assigned to the same channel but with different controller assignments If a receiving synth is using Controller 1 for modulation depth and Controller 13 for modulation speed for example you can increase both the depth and the speed with one slider by assigning that slider in Zone 1 to 1 and in Zone 2 to 13 and assigning both zones to the same MIDI channel You will probably want to do something to make sure you aren t sending doubled notes Use the Key Range parameter to make sure the two zones aren t set to the same note range Another example create two or more Zones that are identical except for their transposition settings Now you can play parallel intervals or chords with single keystrokes Pitchbend Range The third and fourth parameters in this menu BndRng ST and BndRng ct set the pitchbend range This is the interval that the pitch wheel will change the pitch at the end of its travel both top up and bottom down The first parameter is co
22. lers can cause trouble if not used carefully such as 0 Bank Select and all of the ones above 119 which include All Sound Off 120 Reset All Controllers 121 etc Be warned Pitch Up 128 on the numeric keypad pitchbend commands of 64 and above This is the default assignment for Wheel 1 Up Pitch Down 129 on the numeric keypad pitchbend commands below 64 going negatively The default for Wheel 1 Down Since Wheel 1 Up and Wheel 1 Down are configured separately you can have all sorts of wild pitchbend combinations going in various directions over the four Zones Pressure the MIDI command 130 Tempo 131 You can use the PC88 to clock an external sequencer and this parameter sets the tempo by determining the speed of outgoing MIDI Clock messages It can also set the tempo of the internal Arpeggiator The range is 20 300 beats per minute Musician s Guide 5 13 Zone Parameters Controllers Scaling The rest of the Controllers which we ll refer to as Special Functions are usually controlled by the PC88 s Switch controllers which we ll get to momentarily Program Increment Prog Inc 132 Moving the controller takes the Zone to the next highest Voice and sends out the next highest Program Change number Program Decrement Prog Dec 133 takes the Zone to the next lowest Voice and sends out the next lowest Program Change Goto Program Goto Prog 134 Selects an entirely different Voice f
23. ll through the digits 0 through 9 The Clear button makes the current letter a space To insert a space press the E button in the Assignable Controllers section To delete a letter press the F button and to move the cursor instantly to the end of the name in the display press G Cancel works the same way with letters as it does with numerical parameter values use it if you want to start over or forget the whole thing The PC88 s preset voices and Setups in ROM can never be erased You can however save over them into RAM with the same number If you subsequently delete the program in RAM the preset ROM program will again be stored at that number Dumping a Setup From the Store function press the right cursor button gt gt gt twice and you will come to Dump setup This allows you to transmit the parameters that make up this Setup over MIDI System Exclusive to another PC88 or to a sequencer if it is capable of recording Sysex messages or other MIDI storage device so that they can be recalled at another time If you are using complex Setups it s always a good idea to have them stored externally so you can load them back into the PC88 should something go wrong with the memory or if you have to do a hard reset You can change which Setup you are dumping by turning the Alpha wheel or entering a number on the keypad Loading a Setup back into the PC88 is simply a matter of playing it from the storage devi
24. lt lt Entry Transmit Off On Bank Mode None Ctl 0 Ctl 32 Ctl 0 32 K2000 K1000 PNumDisp 0 127 1 128 11 88 A1 H8 PNameDisp Off Internal Gen MIDI The first parameter under this button selects the program assigned to the Zone When you first enter this menu you have the choice of selecting among the 64 Internal Voices Use the Sound Select and Previous or Next Group buttons just as you would in Internal Voices mode or use the wheel and buttons in the Data Entry section or use Intuitive Entry with any controller Don t press the Internal Voices button or you will leave Setups mode and lose everything you ve done on this Setup If the Zone has been turned off the program name will be Zone Off Setting a program selects a voice for the Zone and also sends a Program Change command out the MIDI cable on the channel assigned to the Zone This is how you use the PC88 to select programs on your other instruments As we saw in the last chapter if the VGM board is installed you can use sounds from Banks other than the Internal Voices The Internal Voices are in Bank 0 VGM sounds are in Banks 1 3 There are two ways to access Banks from the Program menu One is to use the numeric keypad Press the Program button enter the number of the Bank and then press the button next to the 0 button Then enter the Program number and press Enter The button creates a ay colon in the display which sepa
25. nternal Voices followed by a Sound Select button See Customizing the Internal Voices Mode in Chapter 3 for some examples of this Musician s Guide 5 1 Zone Parameters MIDI Transmit MIDI Transmit Parameter Values MIDI Channel Off 1 16 Dest Local MIDI Local MIDI BndRng ST 0 127 BndRng ct 0 127 MIDI Channel The first parameter you see after pressing this button is the MIDI channel that the Zone will send data on Setting this to Off turns the Zone off completely no MIDI data and no local sound either A Zone that is off will have a dark Zone button Destination The second parameter press the right cursor button is the destination Dest of the data being generated in the Zone Data can be sent either to the PC88 s sounds Local which includes the VGM sounds if the board is installed out the MIDI Out jack MIDI or both Local MIDI Note that if MIDI is not selected and you play the PC88 into a sequencer you may hear nice sounds but the sequencer won t record anything from this Zone Generally speaking each Zone will have its own MIDI channel This is necessary if you want to layer sounds on the PC88 If two Zones have the same MIDI channel and destination but they have different Program settings there will be conflicts no MIDI device including the PC88 can respond correctly to two different simultaneous Program Change commands on one channel The result wil
26. ntry using the Alpha wheel decrement increment buttons or the numeric keypad and Intuitive Entry using sliders pedals wheels buttons or notes Also remember that most of the Parameter buttons access menus of two or more parameters so don t get confused if you don t see the parameter you want immediately after pressing a button Pressing a Parameter button always goes to the first item on its menu even if you re already in the menu To get to other parameters in the menu use the left and right cursor buttons directly underneath the display Information about storing Zone parameters to a Setup is on page 5 19 The section below discusses storing Zone parameters with the PC88 s Internal Voices Zone Parameters and Internal Voices The PC88 s Internal Voices have only one active Zone Zone 1 Saving Zone parameters to Internal Voices is a little different than saving to a Zone in a Setup since any parameter you change will affect all Internal Voices you cannot change parameters for just a single voice To change one of the parameters of the Internal Voices first choose the parameter you want to change for example Transposition 12 Then press the Store button followed by the Internal Voices button at the Save Setup xx prompt When the display says Save to Internal Voices you can either press the Enter button to confirm the change or return to Internal Voices mode without making any changes by pressing I
27. o the controller while Offset is a linear change The maximum values for Offset are 127 Ctrl Curve lets you taper the controller response The default setting is Linear which means that the response follows a straight line as you move the controller Sin sets the taper to resemble the first quarter cycle of a sine wave in which there is a bulge as the response 5 14 PC88 Zone Parameters Controllers increases As you move the controller up from the bottom of its travel the output will increase faster than normal until you reach its midpoint at which point it will start to increase slower than it would normally Cos sets the curve to resemble a cosine wave in which the bulge goes the other way the response is less than normal as you approach the controller s midpoint and then increases faster than normal as you move higher Entry and Exit Values Entry value allows you to specify an initial value for a controller in a Setup that will be sent whenever you select that Setup For example if you want to make sure that a voice in a Zone is panned to the center whenever you select the Setup you would assign MIDI Controller 10 to one of the physical controllers and then set an Entry Value of 64 Or perhaps you want to make sure that all of the modulation in a Zone is turned off when you select a Setup Assign MIDI Controller 1 to a physical controller and set its Entry Value to 0 Entry values ignore the current p
28. ol modulation depth both with Wheel 2 and pressure The PC88 has no restrictions on assigning multiple controllers to a particular MIDI message For live performers a useful trick is to assign Goto Setup to the three buttons E F and G each with its own value This lets you choose from among three Setups more if you want to include the Switch pedals in the fun to jump to at any one time Remember though since going to another Setup turns off all of the old Setup s parameters you ll have to include Goto s in the Setups you re going to or you may not be able to get back Here s an example You re playing a tune in which you want to use four Setups numbers 1 12 14 and 82 Here s how you would program the buttons to be able to move among the four Setups at will Goto Setup values Button E Button F Button G Setup 1 12 14 82 Setup 12 1 14 82 Setup 14 1 12 82 Setup 82 1 12 14 Copying Parameters Very often two or more Zones in a Setup will be very similar perhaps all of the MIDI parameters will be identical but you want to use a different instrument sound on a certain portion of the keyboard Since there are so many parameters that define a Zone it can be difficult making sure they re all the same in two different Zones For that reason a Copy function has been included Leave the Controllers mode it s a special case which we ll talk about in a moment by pressing any of the other butt
29. ons When it is Off no program change is sent from the Zone when the Setup is called A Bank Select command may or may not accompany the Program Change as we re about to see 5 4 PC88 Zone Parameters Program Bank Mode Bank Mode determines if bank numbers will be sent over MIDI when the Setup is selected and in what format None means no bank number is sent just the program number Ctl 0 means that the bank number is sent as a MIDI Controller 0 message Ctl 32 means it is sent as MIDI Controller 32 Ctl 0 32 means it is sent as a dual controller two byte message with the MSB of the bank number sent as Controller 0 and the LSB as Controller 32 Single byte Bank Select messages either 0 or 32 allow you to specify banks numbered 0 127 Two byte messages allow you to specify banks numbered 0 16 383 With 128 programs per bank this allows you to access 2 097 152 different programs on one instrument Have a good time and call us when you re done Seriously if all this seems bizarre to you you re not alone The MIDI Specification is a little ambiguous when it comes to Bank Select messages as to whether they should be only Controller 0 only Controller 32 or both Controllers sent as a pair Different manufacturers design their instruments to respond to different schemes and if you send Bank Select in a form an instrument doesn t like it may ignore it or interpret it wrong This PC88 parameter is designed to allow t
30. ons on the top row of Zone Parameters Select a Zone from the current Musician s Guide 5 17 Zone Parameters Copying Parameters Setup with the Zone buttons Now press Copy The display asks if you want to copy the current Zone If you do press Enter If you want a different Zone copied press its button Press any other parameter button to cancel Now press the right cursor button The display asks you where to paste the Zone you ve just copied Press the button of the Zone you want to paste into and press Enter Again any other parameter button cancels When you paste a Zone the PC88 retains the destination zone s old MIDI channel which is less likely to conflict with the MIDI channel you have copied It s a good idea to set the MIDI channel of the zone before you paste into it You can also copy a Zone from one Setup to another Copy it the same way and then press the MIDI Setups button and select the Setup you want to go to with the Select buttons or Data Entry controls Press Copy and then the right cursor and the display will ask whether you want to paste into the current zone You can select another Zone with its Zone button or not Press Enter and the deed is done Besides entire Zones you can also copy the parameters associated with a single physical controller in a Zone The procedure is the same except instead of using the Zone buttons to select an entire Zone select a single controller from the Controller
31. or the Zone The Voice number is the On value Setup Increment Setup Inc 135 takes the PC88 to the next highest Setup and sends out all of the appropriate Exit and Entry values When you change Setups it s quite possible that the Setup you go to won t have the same controller configuration as the current Setup and that this command won t be in the same place or even present at all in the next Setup Therefore you may only be able to use this controller once before it turns itself off or turns into something else Setup Decrement Setup Dec 136 takes the PC88 to the next lowest Setup Goto Setup 137 Selects a specific Setup In this special case the controller values are 1 128 to match the Setup numbers Sequence Start Seq Start 138 sends out a MIDI Start command which will set an external sequencer connected to the PC88 to the beginning of its sequence and start it If the sequencer is set up to accept external sync The tempo of the external sequence will be determined by the settings of the clock parameters in the Global menu and the Tempo setting Sequence Stop Seq Stop 139 stops any external sequencer Sequence Continue Seq Cont 140 starts an external sequencer from wherever it happens to be This is either where it was stopped by a Stop command or where it was sent by a MIDI Song Position Pointer message The PC88 doesn t transmit Song Position Pointers but most sequencers do Transpose Up Trans
32. osition of the physical controller when the Setup is selected In fact if the physical controller is above or below the Entry Value when the Setup is selected which it often is moving the controller will have no effect until it is past its entry value In the modulation example moving the assigned controller won t turn on any modulation until it s pushed all the way down and then up again An Entry Value of None is quite different from a value of 0 None means that there will be no initial controller command when the Setup is selected and any subsequent movement of the physical controller will be effective The position of the physical controller when the Setup is first selected however is still ignored Exit Value tells the PC88 to send a value for that controller whenever you leave the Setup either by selecting another Setup or by switching to Internal Voices mode It can be very useful when a controller is doing something special to the sound which you don t want to continue after you leave the Setup For example if you want to make sure a Zone s pan position is centered whenever you leave a Setup you would give an Exit Value of 64 to any controller assigned MIDI Controller 10 Or if you wanted to make sure a channel was playing at full volume when you left a Setup you would give an Exit Value of 127 to a controller assigned MIDI Controller 7 Again None means no command is sent The Switch Controllers Sw
33. p selection if you press both cursor buttons simultaneously the display will jump to the same parameter of the next controller So if you are working on the scaling of Slider A as shown here Fone 1 Slider A Ctrl Seale 135 and you want to check the scaling of Slider B press both cursor buttons lt lt lt and gt gt gt and you ll get Slider B s Scale setting fone l Slider E Ctrl Seale T54 The other quick method of getting around is a special Controllers Intuitive Entry mode when you re in Controllers mode press and hold the Controllers button and then make a movement of any kind with the physical controller you want to adjust The display will change to show the controller you ve selected and its initial parameter Ctrl Num Pressure can also be selected this way hold the Controllers button and play any note adding a little extra weight at the bottom of the downstroke To get back to the very beginning of the Controllers menu Wheel 1 Up s number just press the Controllers button Intuitive Entry also works in the normal way when setting the value of a parameter hold the Enter key while you move any slider wheel or pedal or play a note and the value will change accordingly To quickly set a parameter to its default value scale 100 offset 0 curve linear press the decrement and increment buttons simultaneously The Continuous Controllers The continuous physical controllers are those
34. rates the Bank number from the Program number The second method uses a special Bank parameter From the Program display press the left cursor button lt lt lt Now the display says Bank and the name if there is one of the Bank Musician s Guide 5 3 Zone Parameters Program If there isn t one it just shows a number Here s an example of the PC88 s display when you press the lt lt lt key while an internal voice is active Zone Bank Program number number number ry Fone 1 SHIRI Bank Internal Voices S Bank name You can set the Bank by any of the usual data entry methods Direct or Intuitive Like Programs any Bank can appear in any Zone For example turn the alpha wheel one notch clockwise while the above is displayed to see Fone 1 1 61 Bank General MIDI Notice that the Bank number and name change but the Zone number and program number don t Sending Bank Select Messages to External MIDI Devices Bank Select messages can go to external MIDI devices as well if the Destination is set accordingly Some instruments have more banks than the PC88 the Kurzweil K2000 for example has 10 The MIDI Specification says a device can have up to 16 384 Banks and the PC88 gives you access to every single one of them Bank switching over MIDI makes it easy for the PC88 user to scroll through sounds on external instruments no matter how many Banks they might have If you select an empty
35. re C 1 to G9 The normal 88 key range is AO to C8 You can create negative ranges by setting the high limit lower than the low limit This results in the Zone being active at the top and bottom of the keyboard but being silent in the range between the two limits This lets you create a layer with a hole in the middle which you can then fill with a different sound on another zone either internal or on an external synth Note Map Note Map lets you change the way notes are sent from the PC88 which can be useful in a number of situations The default setting is Linear all notes go out as played Moving decrementally takes you to Off no notes are sent but controllers and other non note data are Moving back up takes you through the alternating maps which we ll skip over for just a second After them comes Inverse which turns the keyboard upside down with the highest key being A 0 and the lowest C 9 Finally if you set it to Constant Const all of the keys on the keyboard will play the same note The note defaults to C4 but you can change this with the Transpose parameter 5 6 PC88 Zone Parameters Transpose Alternating Maps Alternating maps can be used when you are addressing multiple synthesizers that can play the same sound to increase the apparent polyphony of your system An obvious use of alternating note maps is with the 64 Note Poly instruments on the VGM 116 M board The instruments in
36. ry rewarding Musician s Guide 5 11 Zone Parameters Controllers The PC88 s physical controllers include in the order they appear in the menu the pitch wheel which is actually split into two controllers one for movement up from the center Wheel 1 Up and the other for movement down Wheel 1 Dn the second wheel often referred to as the modulation wheel Wheel 2 keyboard aftertouch or Mono Pressure MPressure the four sliders A B C and D in the Assignable Controllers section the four continuous control pedals 1 2 3 and 4 the three buttons E F and G in the Assignable Controllers section and the two footswitch pedals 1 and 2 Getting Around As usual the cursor buttons select the various parameters associated with the physical controllers You must scroll through all of the parameters for one physical controller before you get to the parameters for the next physical controller For example if you are looking at Wheel 1 Up and you want to jump to Slider A you have to scroll through the rest of Wheel 1 Up s parameters all of Wheel 1 Down s all of Wheel 2 s and all of MPressure s before you get to Slider A The cursor buttons have an auto repeat function hold one down and it keeps scrolling Each controller has either 6 or 7 parameters so even with auto repeat this can get pretty tedious Therefore two special ways of accessing controller parameters are available One is jum
37. s Controllers toggled the first time The list of available controllers is the same as for the continuous controllers and can be accessed the same way Then comes On Value the value of the Controller when the switch is on In the case of conventionally switched functions such as sustain the On Value will be 127 For example the default for Switch Pedal 1 is Controller 64 Sustain with an On Value of 127 However you might want to use a button or pedal as a soft switch in which case you might set On Ctrl to 7 Volume and On Value to 50 On Value can also be set to None so that turning on the switch has no effect at all in this Zone which can be useful when you are using one switch for multiple functions in different Zones Off Ctrl is the MIDI Controller or other message that is sent when the switch is turned off either released or toggled a second time Whenever you set the On Controller it automatically sets this parameter as well to match If you want the Off Controller to be something else however you can change it after setting the On Controller A situation where this might come in handy is when you want to switch a synth between Mono and Poly mode The On Ctrl would be 126 MonoOn and the Off Ctrl would be 127 PolyOn Off Value is the value of the Controller when the switch is off The default value is 0 You might want to change this as in the soft switch example above in order to bring th
38. s menu Press Copy and the display confirms the controller you ve selected and the Zone it s in Press Enter and all of that controller s parameters are copied This information can now be pasted to another controller another Zone in the Setup or another Setup To copy to another controller press the Controllers button and scroll through the list of controllers with the cursor buttons or use Intuitive Entry to get to the controller you want Press Copy then right cursor and you can paste the copied values into this controller To copy the controller into another Zone press a Zone button right after copying You can also select a different controller in this Zone to paste into To copy into another Setup press MIDI Setups right after copying and select your Setup Press the appropriate Zone button if the Zone you want isn t current Press Controllers the Copy then the right cursor Paste away You can only paste information from a continuous controller into another continuous controller Likewise you can only paste information from a switch controller into another switch controller Different memory buffers are used to store information during Copy operations depending on whether you re copying a Zone a single switch controller or a single continuous controller so different types of copy and paste operations can overlap For example you could copy a Zone then copy a switch in a different Zone then paste the first Zone into another
39. t setting is Linear which means that the output velocity changes directly proportionally to the played velocity Sin sets the taper to resemble the first quarter cycle of a sine wave in which there is a bulge as the velocity increases from 1 to 64 If you start playing softly and then progressively louder the response will increase more quickly than normal until you reach the middle of the velocity Musician s Guide 5 9 Zone Parameters Velocity MIDI Velocity range If you keep playing harder the sound will continue to get louder but the increase will be less than it would be normally Cos sets the taper to resemble a cosine wave in which the bulge goes the other way the change in response is slower than normal as you approach the velocity midpoint and then increases faster than normal as you play harder 127 k z Velocity Curve Linear a as you hit the keys harder increase the i velocity MIDI velocity increases proportionally 7 Velocity Curve Sin ii MIDI velocity is greater at medium strike velocity than with Linear curve 64 tees Velocity Curve Cos z MIDI velocity is less at medium strike velocity than with Linear curve 127 64 Strike Velocity Velocity Minimum Velocity Maximum MIDI Velocity Vel Min and Max set minimum and maximum velocity values that the Zone will respond to A keystroke whose velocity after it has
40. the numeric keypad Here are some of the common targets for each controller in scrolling order None the controller does nothing MIDI Controller messages 0 127 The most commonly used Controllers are e 1 Modulation the default assignment on factory Setups for Wheel 2 e 2 Breath Controller e 4 Foot Control the default for Pedal 2 and Slider C e 6 Data Entry Slider e 7 Volume e 10 Pan stereo position Pan messages on the PC88 s internal sounds only affect the beginnings of notes and do not change notes that are being sustained e 11 Expression an attenuator for fading in and out the default for Pedal 1 e 64 Sustain the default for Switch Pedal 1 e 65 Portamento e 66 Sostenuto it holds notes that are currently down but not notes played subsequently the default for Switch Pedal 2 e 67 Soft lowers the volume by a pre set amount and may softens the timbre as well e 69 Hold 2 or Freeze it freezes a synth envelope at its current state 72 Envelope Control also called Sound Controller 3 shortens or lengthens the envelope of a sound e 91 Reverb Depth the default for Slider A e 93 Effects Depth the default for Slider B The PC88 uses some MIDI Controllers in unique ways to edit effects 83 90 92 and 94 and operate the Arpeggiator 116 119 see Chapters 6 and 7 for more A detailed list of the entire set of MIDI Controller messages appears in Appendix F A number of Control
41. thing will happen Press the left cursor button or any Parameter button to bail out The factory programmed Setups in the first 32 locations 64 if you have a VGM board cannot be deleted although they can be written over You can Store any Setup in any of those locations but if you then Delete it the factory Setup that was originally in that location will reappear 5 20 PC88
42. trument and you don t need the VGM board to do this You can use three Zones this way 1 of 3 2 of 3 3 of 3 or even if you re really ambitious all four Zones 1 of 4 etc These maps won t accomplish much on the PC88 but they can come in handy with external synths Transpose This is a simple menu it has but one item This parameter changes the pitch of the Zone without changing its position on the keyboard It also changes the MIDI note numbers generated by the keys in the Zone without physically shifting the Zone The range is 127 semitones Since there are 12 semitones or half steps to an octave you can transpose up or down over ten octaves If you transpose out of the range of the active voice however no notes will sound beyond MIDI note numbers no notes will transmit If the Note Map is set to Const then this parameter determines what note will be transmitted over the Zone the sort of thing that comes in handy when you re laying a ride cymbal over a bass or a wood block over a flute Intuitive Entry can be used with the keyboard to set this parameter holding the Enter button and playing a note C4 is no transposition above that is up and below it is down To enter negative numbers on the numeric keypad use the button any time before you press Enter e g to enter 100 you can press 1 0 0 Enter or 1 0 0 Enter or 1 0 0 Enter etc Musician s Guide 5 7 Zone Parameters
43. ximum scale values are 300 and 300 The illustration that follows shows what happens when you change Velocity Scale Note that Velocity Scale is the only parameter changed in this example the other parameters are set to their defaults offset 0 curve linear min 1 max 127 127 j _ Velocity Scale 100 as you strike the keys harder increase the velocity MIDI velocity increases proportionally Velocity Scale 200 MIDI velocity reaches maximum on medium strike velocity 64 E aer O O Tema Velocity Scale 50 sen MIDI velocity never reaches maximum even on ad maximum strike velocity 127 64 Strike Velocity Velocity Offset Vel Offset also changes the response but in a more direct way by adding or subtracting a constant to the key velocity For example if this is set to 25 assuming a scale of 100 then 25 is added to the velocity of every keystroke making the sound that much louder The softest possible keystroke will have a value of 25 while a keystroke with velocity of 102 will produce the same sound as a note with velocity 127 102 25 127 Negative values diminish the response a setting of 25 means the loudest velocity available will be 102 while any keystroke 25 or below will produce a velocity of 1 a velocity value of zero has a special meaning in MIDI 5 8 PC88 Zone Parameters MIDI Velocity Velocity and cannot be used for note ons You can think of Sc
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