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1. 2 means that the command takes in principle two arguments However the next 1 says that the default value of the first argument is 1 Now we can use advenum in two ways either we can specify one argument and let the lower bound of the enumeration be 1 or we can specify two arguments but we have to specify the first argument with square brackets This example also illustrates another good point sometimes decide not to use 1 2 n for these standard sets of integers but instead decided to use the notation n By changing the first line of Example 1 2 3 one can easily change the way any enumeration is typeset throughout the document so no need to edit every single occurrence Example 1 2 4 newcommand enum 1 ensuremath 1 Let i in enum n and j ain enum k The set enum k is 1 2 1 Replacing existing ATEX commands In the definitions in the previous section we always created new commands Sometimes you want to redefine an already existing command This can be done by using the renewcommand instead For example redefine the Re and Im for the real and imaginary part of a complex number commands as follows Example 1 2 5 renewcommand Re mathop rm Re renewcommand Im mathop rm Im A problem occurs when you want to redefine a command but still use the old version of the command inside the new definition If you do this in the straightforward way i e2. Example 3 3 1 Matlab code to generate a ATX table open file for writing text to fopen tablel tex wt write beginning of table fprintf f begin tabular c rrr n fprintf f hline n if fprintf f textbf Sample amp 1 amp 2 amp 3 n fprintf f 5 Aline write contents of table for i 1 10 Eprinte a Bol amp BO ge E SO E 202 a ay rand rand rand end write end of table fprintf f hline n fprintf f end tabular n close file fclose f 13 Example 3 3 2 C code to generate a ATEX table include lt stdio h gt double randu return rand 1000 1000 0 int main int i open file for writing text to IIMs E rn role a Wine le write beginning of table fprintf begin tabular cl lrrr n iejoveatigeas IS a ice UN Vesicle Samael E a e 26 DNA FOLDE E alas ya write contents of table as m le w lt 09 Ta A E IS LES OZ OLI SNA ip renct p asetebaveley seevaxohut 7 write end of table ipjonealioneas Ge Na ias Vin gt fprintf f end tabular n JH ClIOSS TALS relos H y 14 Layout 4 1 Page headers and footers using fancyhdr 4 1 1 Using the fancy style for the first page of chapters too The fancyhdr package sets up fancy headers for all pages except for the first page of every chapter There is a simple remedy to fix t
3. The first result get today is the user manual in PDF format Most package manuals have approximately the same structure They start with an introduction describing what the package does Then it contains documentation on what options the package has and hopefully some examples on how to use it Finally there is usually an Implementation section which describes the internal workings of the package think that reading the manual is generally not necessary just try to pick what you need For example usually ignore the implementation part unless really have to Sections on options and examples tend to be the most useful 23
4. X compiler whenever it comes accross the command dR it is replaced immediately by the code mathbbR which in turn is replaced by whatever the definition of mathbb is this probably involves selecting a different font but we don t particularly care about that right now Notice that the outer curly braces in the first line of the example are NOT part of the definition of dR Only the command inside the outer curly braces count This is sometimes important as the following example shows In this example there are two commands myname changes the font to italic and then displays my name The second command mynamebetter does exactly the same but it has an extra set of curly braces This makes sure that after writing my name the font is reset to what it was before Example 1 2 2 Curly braces in command definitions newcommand myname it Yori Zwols newcommand mynamebetter it Yori Zwols normalfont myname is my name normalfont mynamebetter is my name This has the following output Yori Zwols is my name Yori Zwols is my name The reason is that this code gets expanded as follows normalfont it Yori Zwols is my name normalfont it Yori Zwols is my name As said one can think of these commands as subroutines or functions in your document which suggests that it is possible to add arguments to a command This is indeed possible and very useful For example don t like writing 1 2 hdots nl or 1 2 hdo
5. a a a a a aaa 4 10 Including source code C Matlab oo aaa o 2 4 11 Activating hyperlinks in PDF files 2 aa 4 12 Scaling boxes with scalebox a a a a a a a a aa Graphics A eh o eo eo ee BE a a Bee BOE a es AN BDF WK Lines A A EE a gras an e AE T ard wes ve ut eae ara lt M Soa ae gp Examples 6 1 Creating nice looking boxes 2 2 2 2 a 6 2 Putting parenthesis around references to equations Getting help 7 1 Package manuals 18 18 18 21 21 22 23 A little bit on the internals of ATEX Although you may not always realize it IATEX is an actual admittedly quite ugly programming language Just like C and Matlab This means that it supports all sorts of constructs for making life easier when you are editing papers or a thesis In this section we will go over some useful techniques for the not so beginner IATEX user 1 1 Counters and lengths While the IATEX compiler compiles a document it keeps track of a number of variables IATEX has two useful types of variables counters and lengths These variables have names just like in any other programming language Like the names suggest counters are used to count and lengths are used to measure lengths Counters Common counters include page the current page number section the number of the current section subsection the number of the current subsection etc At any point in your document code these variables are ava
6. creates a new command named nicebox It can be used for example as follows nicebox Title This is the content of my box which results in the following box This is the content of my box 6 2 Putting parenthesis around references to equations A useful command like to define is eqnref which makes just a reference to an equation but puts the parentheses around the equation number Example 6 2 1 newcommand eqnref 1 re f 1 22 Getting help Getting help on IATEX is relatively easy due to the fact that it has a huge userbase The most important thing to remember is the following whenever you encounter a problem or difficulty with high probability some other person on the internet has encountered it Is there something you want to implement in your document but you can t figure out how Again almost surely someone else has thought about the same problem and thought of a solution And if you re lucky there is even a package available for doing whatever you want to do Google is the answer to almost all your IATEX questions 1 1 Package manuals Besides particular problems you may want to find out how to work with a specific package Packages may have many options to customize its behavior A good way to find the manual of a package say quotchap is to just Google for the name of the package and the word package So for example to get the manual for quotchap Google for quotchap package
7. redefine the command and refer to the same command you will end up with a circular definition and your ATEX document will not compile The proper way to tackle this is to make a copy of the original command As an example the following code shows how make all citations boldface Example 1 2 6 let oldcite cite renewcommand cite 1 normalfont textbf oldcite 1 The code works as follows we first make a copy of the original command cite and call this copy oldcite Then we redefine the cite command and use the copy oldcite to cite 1 3 Creating environments Another useful construction that you are familiar with is environments Environments are like com mands but they have the advantage that you don t have to put the argument within curly braces Instead environments start with a begin command and end with a end command Like commands environments are expanded internally by the IATEX compiler Creating your own environments is as easy as creating new commands For example sometimes have equations that don t want to number but want to give them a text label call these named equations Example 1 3 1 newenvironment namedeq 1 4 renewcommand theequation 1 begin equation end equation renewcommand theequation arabic equation addtocounter equation 1 begin namedeq LP1 label linearprogram min c Tx mbox subject to Ax leq b x ge
8. 4 3 Choosing fonts 4 4 Minipages 4 5 4 6 4 7 se se Changing section headings using sectsty Customizing enumerations using enumerate Table of contents tcounter tocdepth 2 tcounter secnumdepth 5 16 4 8 Nice chapter headings using quotchap 4 9 Nice fractions using nicefrac 4 10 Including source code C Matlab 4 11 Activating hyperlinks in PDF files Example 4 11 1 PDF hyperlinks definecolor linkcolor rgb 0 0 0 hypersetup unicode true pdftoolbar true non Latin characters in Acrobata AZs bookmarks show Acrobat AZs toolbar show Acrobat AZs menu oe Je clo pdfmenubar true plainpages pdffitwindow false pdfstartview FitH pekee k TITLE pdfauthor AUTHOR colorlinks true window fit to page when opened fits the width of the page to the window title appears in Acrobat s title bar author de o clo lo linkcolor linkcolor citecolor linkcolor filecolor linkcolor urlcolor linkcolor 4 12 Scaling boxes with scalebox 17 Graphics Adding graphics to a IAT X document is not always straightforward In this section we will talk about two different ways of adding high quality graphics to your document By high quality mean the following There are two fundamentally different types of images bitmap images and vector images Bitmap images are basically stored as a matrix in which the entries correspon
9. Roman fonts as default fonts The last three lines define commands as before 3 1 2 Making sure BT X can find your sty file In order to be able to use your newly created package you have to make sure that the sty file is available to the IATEX compiler You can do this by copying the sty file to the directory in which you have a document that requires the package but the problem is that you will have to make many copies of the same file Hence if you want to change the sty file you ll have to update all copies A nicer way to make sure that IATEX can find your package is by installing it into your local texmf directory This directory can be found either in c tex localtexmf for MiKTeX on Windows or texmf for Linux or MacOS To install it properly you should create a new subdirectory in the texllatex directory and put your package in that new subdirectory For example put my yzdefs package in the directory c tex localtexmf tex latex yzdefs directory on Windows and in the texmf tex latex yzdefs directory on Linux The name of the directory does not necessarily have to be the same as the name of your package 3 2 Separating documents into several files 3 3 Generating tables with Matlab or C Now that we know how to include files into our main document this opens a useful technique automatically generating tables The following two examples show how to automatically generate a IATEX table from Matlab and C 12
10. Some tips and tricks for ATEX Y Zwols yz2198 columbia edu June 29 2010 Contents 1 A little bit on the internals of ATEX 3 1 1 Counters and lengths a 3 t2 Commands e pt a A a ATA 5 1 2 1 Replacing existing ATEX commands o e 8 1 3 Creating environments 2 e 8 2 Useful tools for debugging your ATEX document 10 2d Podrta r ODON att da a a Aes ee Se SO ee Ae oS of ee SEE 10 2 2 Checking cross references with refcheck oaoa e 10 3 Using multiple files 11 3 1 Creating a style file a k a package 0 0 11 3 Thedayout ot a Stylo dd es 11 3 1 2 Making sure IATEX can find your sty file o a 0 0 12 3 2 Separating documents into several files o o 12 3 3 Generating tables with Matlab or C 2 2 2 e e 12 4 Layout 15 4 1 Page headers and footers using fancyhdr o 15 4 1 1 Using the fancy style for the first page of chapters too 0 02 15 4 2 Indentation and paragraph skip lt o e ses o 15 4737 GHOOSING ONES o da las a e e a e wy a Gov e vs e ae Ye a e GPa 16 AA IMIDIPAgES ee ee ee l ee ee de ad a de da e i piai 16 4 5 Changing section headings using sectsty o 16 4 6 Customizing enumerations using enumerate 0 00048 44 able O Contents neri bo ew ewe A a ee a ATA 4 8 Nice chapter headings using quotchap 2 a a a 4 9 Nice fractions using nicefrac 2 2 a
11. asy every command except for a set of primitive commands has a definition For example the definition of the section command contains all sorts of commands for ending the current line setting up the correct fonts and font sizes keeping track of the current section number outputting the current section number and it titles and starting a new paragraph The primitive commands include setcounter addtolength etc Internally whenever the IATEX compiler sees a non primitive command it replaces the command by its definition So whenever you type section Introduction this command is expanded under water to a much longer command Thus commands can be thought of as subroutines Many commands are part of the IATEX distribution but you can also create your own commands For example in many documents find myself using the same commands over and over again For example use the symbol IR for the set of real numbers many times Instead of writing mathbb R prefer to keep it short To achieve this goal always define at the beginning of every document a new command named dR actually don t exactly do that see Section 3 1 Now whenever want to use the symbol R just write dR The following example shows how to do this Example 1 2 1 Simple commands newcommand dR mathbb R newcommand cP mathcal P Let x in dRS Let cPS be the set of all perfect graphs When this code is fed to the lAT
12. d to the color of each pixel in your image Bitmap images are very useful for photographs but not so much for diagrams In contrast vector graphics are stored by the objects contained in them For example it would contain entries like draw a line here and draw a circle there The main advantage of vector graphics is that they remaing good looking when scaled This is not true for bitmap images when you zoom in on a bitmap the pixels will become visible and this looks quite ugly Therefore for diagrams it is better to use vector graphics In this section we will first talk about a way of making vector graphics the what you see is what you get way using a program called Inkscape The second part of the section talks about a programmer s way of creating graphics using PGF and TikZ 5 1 Inkscape 5 2 TikZ Installing PGF and TikZ Creating a TiKZ figure TikZ figures are usually surrounded by the begin tikzpicture and end tikzpicture commands Between these commands the TikZ language is in effect The 18 TikZ language is relatively straightforward For example Example 5 2 1 My first TikZ code begin tikzpicture Nan A O Glare ONE Nadran 0 1L 0 WD Soler 10 10 errele 3 end tikzpicture This has the following output Na UE In this example we give three command to TikZ each command consists of the draw command followed by instructions on what to draw and ended by a se
13. ge tend to use the same definitions over and over again throughout different documents Therefore instead of copying and pasting these definitions into every new file have one personal package which called yzdefs Now whenever create a new IATeX file just type usepackage yzdefs and get all my standard definitions and packages for free In this section we will go through the process of creating a package 3 1 1 The layout of a sty file A sty file is not much different from a tex file The main difference is that it does not include any commands that directly output text It should only contains definitions Also you never compile a sty file directly Rather you use the usepackage command to load it into a tex file The following example illustrates how to create you own package which have named mypackage sty 11 Example 3 1 1 mypackage sty an example package NeedsTeXFormat LaTeX2e 1995 12 01 ProvidesPackage mypackage My personal LaTeX definitions RequirePackage times newcommand dR mathbb R newcommand cP mathcal P newcommand enum 1 ensuremath 1 2 hdots 1 The first two lines of this example form the header of the package The important part is that the name of the package is correct in the second line or you will get warnings when you compile your document The command RequirePackage is the package equivalent of usepackage In this case we load the Times New
14. his fancypagestyle plain 4 2 Indentation and paragraph skip There are two length variables that tend to change at the beginning of any document namely parindent and parskip The length variable parindent represents the amount of indentation for every paragraph The variable parskip represents the amount of space between paragraphs The values of these variables can be changes as described in Section 1 1 For example 15 Example 4 2 1 Setting parindent and parskip setlength parindent 0pt setlength parskip 16pt The purpose of this example is to illustrate how to use tt parindent and tt parskip This is a paragraph without indentation As you can see to make up for it there is space between paragraphs medskip hrule medskip setlength parindent 16pt setlength parskip 0pt The purpose of this example is to illustrate how to use tt parindent and tt parskip This is a paragraph with indentation Clearly now it is not necessary to set the tt parskip variable to a high value This code has the following output The purpose of this example is to illustrate how to use parindent and parskip This is a paragraph with no indentation As you can see to make up for it there is space between paragraphs The purpose of this example is to illustrate how to use parindent and parskip This is a paragraph with indentation Clearly now it is not necessary to set the parskip variable to a high value
15. ilable to you You can modify counters by using commands like stepcounter setcounter You can also create your own counters by using the command newcounter Counters are mostly useful when defining your own commands and or environments See Section 1 3 for an example At times you may want to turn a counter into text This can be done in several ways Say you have a counter mycounter You can turn it into a numerical value using arabic mycounter into a roman numeral using roman mycounter a letter alph mycounter not to be confused with alpha which is the greek letter etc The following example illustrates this Example 1 1 1 Counters Xnewcounter mycounter setcounter mycounter 1 arabic mycounter alph mycounter Alph mycounter roman mycounter Roman mycounter stepcounter mycounter arabic mycounter alph mycounter Alph mycounter roman mycounter Roman mycounter This has the following output 1 a A i 2 b B ii Il Lengths Common lengths include parindent parskip see 4 2 and many more You can change the values of length variables using the commands setlength addtolength Lengths are always specified by a number and a unit Common units are in inch pt point cm centimeter Lengths are useful in many places For example if you want to make the width of tge columns in a table uniform you can either type the lengths multiple times or use a length For example E
16. micolon For example in each of the first two lines we issue a command to draw a line between two points In the third line we draw a circle with center 0 0 and radius 1 We can also change properties i e line width and rounding of the objects to be drawn by adding some arguments to the draw command For example Example 5 2 2 Rounded corners begin tikzpicture Nana Rele rounds dame on eras p OO OZ enn S 2 2 2 0 0 2 24 2 070 2017 end tikzpicture This has the following output The possibilities with TikZ are practically endless and it takes a 560 page manual to go through all of it See 19 http www ctan org tex archive graphics pgf base doc generic pgf pgfmanual pdf 20 Examples 6 1 Creating nice looking boxes Next let us look at how created the example boxes in this document 21 Example 6 1 1 Example boxes tikzstyle nicebox draw gray 100 fill blue 10 very thick rounded corners rectangle inner sep 4pt inner ysep 16pt tikzstyle niceboxtitle draw gray 100 rounded corners very thick rectangle fill white text black newcommand nicebox 2 centering begin tikzpicture node nicebox box begin minipage 0 95 textwidth centering begin minipage 0 95 textwidth 2 end minipage end minipage node niceboxtitle right 10pt at box north west small textbf 1 end tikzpicture par This example
17. q 0 end namedeq egnref linearprogram is a generic linear program This code gets expanded as follows newenvironment namedeq 1 4 renewcommand theequation LP1 begin equation label linearprogram Amin c Tx mbox subject to Ax leq b x geq 0 end equation renewcommand theequation arabic equation addtocounter equation 1 eqnref linearprogram is a generic linear program This has the following output min c x subject to Ax lt b x gt 0 LP1 is a generic linear program Notice the use of counters in this example the counter equation keeps track of the number of the current equation The command begin equation automatically increases the equation counter by one but since we decided to give the equation a name instead of a number there is no need to increase the counter Hence the command addtocounter equation 1 which decreases the counter by one again Useful tools for debugging your ATEX document 2 1 The draft option By specifying the draft option 2 2 Checking cross references with refcheck 10 Using multiple files When creating large documents for example a Ph D thesis it is tempting to put all the IATEX code into one big file Although this will compile completely fine it becomes hard to manipulate such large files The section deals with ways to divide a large document into separate files 3 1 Creating a style file a k a packa
18. ts n many times for typesetting the sets 1 2 n and 1 2 k Therefore always define a command named enum which stands for enumeration The following example illustrates this Example 1 2 3 Commands with arguments newcommand enum 1 ensuremath 1 2 hdots 1 Let i in enum n and 3lin enum k The set enum k is newcommand enumb 2 ensuremath 1 hdots 2 Let qlin enumb 5 n newcommand advenum 2 1 ensuremath 1 hdots 2 Let ilin advenum n and let q lin advenum 5 n This code has the following output Let i 1 2 n andj 1 2 k The set 1 2 k is Let q 5 Nn Let 1 n and let q 5 N The lines with command definitions of this example may seem a bit cryptic In the first line we are defining a new command called enum The part 1 means that the command will take exaclty one argument The ensuremath part makes sure that whenever we use the enum command the part inside the ensuremath command is typeset in mathematics mode notice that in the last line we use the enum command both in math mode and in normal text mode Finally the 1 shows the IATEX compiler where to insert the text that is given as an argument to the enum command The second command we define enumb shows how to define more than one argument The third commandm advenum shows how to use optional arguments The
19. xample 1 1 2 Length variables newlength mycolwidth setlength mycolwidth 0 5in begin tabular p mycolwidth p mycolwidth p mycolwidth hline A amp B amp C DY amp Hom r hline end tabular This code has the following output A B C D E F You can do some arithmetic with length variables as well For example you may want to make the columns of your table about 1 3 of the page width excluding margins The length variable that measures this width is called textwidth The following example illustrates the arithmetic Example 1 1 3 Length variable arithmetic newlength mycolwidth setlength mycolwidth 0 3 textwidth begin tabular p mycolwidth p mycolwidth p mycolwidth hline ASBES TOENN Dy i amp I AN hline end tabular This code has the following output A D Notice that used 0 3 textwidth and not 0 33 textwidth This is because the column width specified in the p argument in the tabular environment measures the width of the column without the space between the columns So the actual width of the column will exceed 3x colwidth 1 2 Commands Everyone is familiar with commands in IATEX e g the commands section textbf think that knowing a little bit about the way these commands work internally in IATEX improves your programming and debugging skills considerably The way IATEX deals with commands is quite e
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