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Math Skill Handbook

1. iv 9 012 in significant amounts on Earth Useful O amounts are made synthetically iS Sodium Magnesium Lo 11 2 E na mo L 24 305 9 7 Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Cobalt 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 E Ca H sc H ti V LI cr H Mn co H ce 50 942 51 996 54 938 58 933 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium 1 38 40 I 41 42 43 o 44 C 45 E Rb Sr Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh 85 468 87 62 91 224 92 906 95 94 98 101 07 102 906 Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium 55 56 57 72 Bl 73 T 74 A 75 E 76 ol 17 m Cs LI Ba LI La LI Hf Ta W Re Os Ir 132 905 137 327 138 906 178 49 180 948 183 84 186 207 190 23 192 217 Francium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium 87 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 Fr T Ac a Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 223 227 261 262 266 264 277 268 The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope for that element Rows of elements are called periods Atomic number increases across a period Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium 58 E 59 E 61 o 62 T Lanthanide Ce Pr Pm Sm i 140 116 140 908 145 150 36 The arrow shows where these gt ele ae into the d Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium periodic tapie ey are move 90 91 92 93 94 to the bottom of the table to Actinide Th J Pa J U J Np o
2. Adult supervision Extra Try at Home Labs 23 How many pHs can you measure around your home Possible Materials Eza BN KE e purple cabbage e water e pot e hotplate or stove e knife e several clear glasses e spoons e baking soda juice soda vinegar and milk 1 Chop up the purple cabbage and put it in the pot Boil it until the water turns purple 2 Discard the cabbage but keep the water Y a How can you and your family represent organic bonding Possible Materials e family members or friends e large construction paper rings e pins or tape 1 You are a carbon atom Each of your arms and legs is a place for a bond Link the paper rings to your arms or legs to represent the correct number of hydro gen atoms 2 Get together with friends to form ethane propane butane and isobutane 3 With five friends make a benzene ring To make a double bond touch a neigh bor s foot with yours while holding his or her hand Make a single bond with your other neighbor by holding hands Adult supervision required for all labs 4 CONTENTS oo 3 Add a spoonful of the cabbage water to a spoonful of each household substance you plan to test What color is the mix ture The color change indicates if the substance is acidic or basic If the color is red or pink the substance is an acid If the color is blue green or yellow it is a bas
3. Student Resources CONTENTS ake 788 813 Scientific Methods 788 Computer Skills ca 813 Identity a QUESTION u oun et 788 Use a Word Processing Gather and Organize Information 788 a a e E E T 813 Form the Hypothesis 791 We aD ata aseeee cacy ca sae eee 814 lest the Fly porhesis se as ee 792 Use tme nie rnet Aaa oa 814 Colect Dd ese are 192 Users preddi hce erate eye 815 Anal Ze the Da E E anos 795 Use Graphics Software 815 Draw Conclusion ou iiia raean 796 Presentation Skills 816 CONNU ate a eee 796 Develop Multimedia Safety in the Science Laboratory 797 PESCA OMS iO 816 Sales MOIS ewan ect ares 197 Computer Presentations 816 Generalisatety Rules 2 seo ne 798 Prevent pene are ES aoe 798 Laboratory Work 798 Math Review ooooooooooo 817 Laboratory Clean 799 Wiser bina soins ta cena 817 Bienen Glee e oe eee 729 Usamos A nl eee 820 Ue Demma EE A K 820 ZAS 800 USePTODOTN ONS a 821 Equipment to Fit the Job 800 WisesPercemtases a2 Aa 822 Pince Borce nerde e ae eR 800 Solve One Step Equations 822 Look Out Blow a a a a 801 Use AaS ES 20 a E E 823 Energy Conversion Te eee 801 TEEGI COT T y E a 824 Lovers anata Ui cement E ae 802 Science Applications 827 Ice Melts Water Cools 802 Measure ste llth eed eek eased tart 827 Glowing Bulbs teen nares 803 Dimensional Analysis 827 Macnctic Atraco ct
4. Extra Try at Home Labs LightShow Real World Question What does light look like when it passes through different materials Possible Materials ad e aluminum foil e clear plastic wrap Procedure 1 Have a partner hold a 30 cm x 30 cm square of plastic wrap about 30 cm from a white wall 2 Darken the room and shine a flashlight through the plastic wrap Observe the amount of light that passes through the wrap and shines on the wall Be sure to keep the flashlight location constant e wax paper e flashlight 14 Mirror Mirror on the Car Real World Question Why are car side view mirrors convex mirrors Possible Materials e plane mirror e tennis balls cans or other objects 15 e meterstick Procedure 1 Measure a distance of 10 m directly behind your family car Be certain you are not walking into traffic If you do not have access to a car set up chairs and mirrors to simulate where they are positioned in a car 2 Line up 15 objects behind the car The objects should be perpendicular to the car and about 0 5 m apart Place the first object in line with the back bumper and line up the other objects so that they extend beyond the rear side view of the driver 806 STUDENT RESOURCES t Geoff Butler b Amanita Pictures Sit in the driver s seat with a parent or Sit in the same position and have Conclude and Apply 1 Compare the number of objects 2 Infer why
5. Properties In seawater the concentration of fluoride ions F7 is 1 3 X 1073 g L How many liters of sea water would contain 1 0 g of F There are three isotopes of hydrogen The iso tope deuterium with one proton and one neutron in the nucleus makes up 0 015 of all hydrogen atoms Of every million hydro gen atoms how many are deuterium A vitamin and mineral supplement pill con tains 1 0 X 10 g of selenium According to the label on the bottle this amount is 18 of the recommended daily value What is the recommended daily value of selenium in g The density of silver is 10 5 g cm and the density of copper is 8 9 g cm What is the dif ference in mass between a piece of silver with a volume of 5 cm and a piece of copper with a volume of 5 cm A person has a mass of 68 3 kg If 65 of the mass of a human body is oxygen what is the mass of oxygen in this person s body The melting point of aluminum is 660 0 C What is the melting point of aluminum on the Fahrenheit temperature scale A certain gold ore produces about 5 g of gold for every 1 000 kg of ore that is mined If one ounce 28 3 g how many kg of ore must be mined to produce an ounce of gold CONTENTS Extra Math Problems 210 A metal bolt with a mass of 26 6 g is placed in a 50 mL graduated cylinder containing water The water level in the cylinder rises from 27 0 mL to 30 5 mL What is the density of the bolt in g cm 211 O
6. energ a qu mica potencial energ a almacenada en los enlaces qu micos p 103 propiedad qu mica cualquier caracter stica de una sus tancia como por ejemplo la combustibilidad que indique si puede someterse a determinado cambio qu mico p 461 reacci n qu mica proceso en el cual una o m s sustan clas son cambiadas por nuevas sustancias p 632 circuito circuito conductor cerrado a trav s del cual puede fluir una corriente el ctrica p 201 c mara de vapor detector de radiaciones que usa vapor de agua o de etanol para detectar la trayectoria de las part culas cargadas p 546 c clea estructura en el o do interno con forma de espiral y llena de un fluido la cual convierte las ondas sonoras en impulsos nerviosos p 326 lt CONTENTS Glossary Glosario coefficient convex lens coefficient number in a chemical equation that repre sents the number of units of each substance taking part in a chemical reaction p 636 coherent light light of a single wavelength that travels in a single direction with its crests and troughs aligned p 398 colloid KAHL oyd heterogeneous mixture whose parti cles never settle p 454 combustion reaction a type of chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen to pro duce energy in the form of heat and light p 641 composite mixture of two materials one of which is embedded in the other p 775 compound substance
7. the candle burns and the ice melts Graph your temperature data v time Mark the changes you listed How would your graph be different if a Bunsen burner were used instead of a candle What if a heat lamp were used The temperature stays at 0 C for a long time before heating up again Where is the energy from the candle going dur ing this time EXTRA TRY AT HOME LABS 4 CONTENTS 801 Sq87 3WOH 18 A 913X3 Extra Try at Home Labs Extra Try at Home Labs 5 Levers that Cut Real World Question 3 Measure the distance from the bolt in What are the ideal mechanical advantages the center of the scissors to the center of the scissors in your home of the handles 4 Record your measurements in your Possible Materials a Eu KE J d Science Journal Repeat steps 1 3 with several other pairs of scissors e several pairs of scissors 5 e metric ruler e sheet of paper e calculator Conclude and Apply 1 Draw a labeled diagram of a pair of scis Procedure sors and identify the fulcrum resistance 1 Open the blades of a pair of scissors wide arm and effort arm insert a sheet of paper and close the scis Calculate the ideal mechanical sors until they just start to cut the paper advantage of each pair of 2 Measure the distance from the bolt in the scissors you measured center of the scissors to the spot where the blades are starting to cut the pa
8. 376 by television 370 370 372 Compact discs 397 399 399 Compass 226 226 227 227 229 lab Compass needle 227 Composites 765 lab 775 775 776 776 778 779 lab Compound s 452 452 454 457 lab with added water 620 620 620 lab aromatic 731 731 732 732 binary 615 618 act 620 621 biological 742 747 carbon 733 736 741 738 with complex ions 619 inorganic 726 naming 618 618 act 619 620 621 neutrality of 616 organic 585 properties of 602 602 603 603 stability in 604 604 606 605 606 Compound machines 146 146 Compression 322 327 Compressional waves 292 292 296 296 300 300 322 322 327 330 Computer models 11 Computers 770 act history of 769 and integrated circuits 768 768 and semiconductors 770 770 Concave lenses 426 426 427 Concave mirrors 418 418 420 419 420 422 Concentration 672 672 of acids and bases 703 703 706 lab 710 Conclusions 10 Condensation 179 Conduction 164 164 165 in gases 180 181 lab Conductivity 759 759 767 CONTENTS Cyanoacrylate Conductor 194 194 195 200 203 206 lab thermal 165 169 lab Cone s 391 391 Conservation of electric charge 193 of energy 110 113 111 112 116 117 lab 135 of fossil fuels 263 of mass 463 act 465 465 632 632 633 638 of momentum 87 87 Constant 9 Constructive interference 309 309 Contact charging by 195 Continent s
9. 704 of power 130 of radiation 548 549 549 in SI 15 15 16 16 standards for 14 15 15 28 29 lab systems of 14 16 of temperature 15 20 21 21 23 of time 15 19 units of 5 lab 14 15 15 16 16 16 ach 17 17 19 20 102 128 150 160 203 213 329 330 490 of volume 18 18 of wave properties 312 313 lab Mechanical advantage MA 136 136 See also Ideal mechanical advantage IMA Mechanical energy 108 112 112 Mechanical waves 291 295 292 293 294 Medicine alloys in 761 barium compound in 573 ceramics in 766 766 CT scan in 363 Doppler effect in 343 hydrogen peroxide in 588 laser eye surgery 440 440 lasers in 398 lithium in 572 magnetic resonance imaging MRI 248 248 magnetic resonance imaging MRI in 362 362 nuclear reactions in 554 554 556 555 556 petroleum products in 738 space 84 ultrasound in 341 343 342 343 X rays in 365 365 560 560 Medium 291 302 lab Meitner Lise 551 Melting point 478 Mendeleev Dmitri 516 516 517 Mercaptan 734 734 Mercury 450 570 575 633 638 638 Mercury poisoning 575 Mesosophere 491 Metal s 570 577 alkali 572 572 alkaline earth 573 573 and atmosphere 637 637 as catalysts 650 chemical reactions involving 631 lab 637 637 640 642 642 644 coinage 575 575 as conductor 195 corrosion INDEX xapu Index Metallic bond of 631 lab 637 637 640 641 648 in Earth
10. Document 1 appears on the screen To begin start typing To create a new document click the New button on the standard tool bar These tips will help you format the document m The program will automatically move to the next line press Enter if you wish to start a new paragraph Symbols called non printing characters can be hidden by clicking the Show Hide button on your toolbar To insert text move the cursor to the point where you want the insertion to go click on the mouse once and type the text To move several lines of text select the text and click the Cut button on your toolbar Then position your cursor in the location that you want to move the cut text and click Paste If you move to the wrong place click Undo m The spell check feature does not catch words that are misspelled to look like other words like cold instead of gold Always reread your document to catch all spelling mistakes yooqpueH JIS bojouyoaL To learn about other word processing methods read the user s manual or click on the Help button You can integrate databases graphics and spreadsheets into documents by copying from another program and pasting it into your document or by using desktop pub lishing DTP DTP software allows you to put text and graphics together to finish your document with a professional look This software varies in how it is used and its capabilities TECHNOLOGY SKILLHANDBOOK 813
11. lutions each second How many revolutions does the coil make in five minutes If a generator coil makes 6000 revolutions in two minutes how many revolutions does it make each second Chapter 9 Energy Sources 99 100 101 102 103 A gallon of gasoline contains about 2800 g of gasoline If burning one gram of gasoline releases about 48 kJ of energy how much energy is released when a gallon of gasoline is burned 1 kJ 1000 J An automobile engine converts the energy released by burning gasoline into mechanical energy with an efficiency of about 25 If burning 1 kg of gasoline releases about 48 000 kJ of energy how much mechanical energy is produced by the engine when 1 kg of gasoline is burned You heat a cup of water in a 750 W microwave oven for 40 s and warm the water by 20 C If it takes about 20 kJ of energy to raise the tem perature of a cup of water by 20 C what is the efficiency of the microwave oven On average solar energy strikes Earth s sur face with an intensity of about 200 W m If solar cells are 10 efficient how large an area would have to be covered by solar cells to generate enough electrical power to light a 100 W lightbulb What is the overall efficiency of a hydroelec tric plant if the process of falling water turn ing a turbine is 80 efficient the turbine spinning an electric generator is 95 effi cient and the transmission through power lines is 90 efficient EX
12. opaco propiedad f sica opaco material que absorbe o refleja toda la luz pero no la transmite p 384 eje ptico l nea recta imaginaria perpendicular al cen tro de un espejo c ncavo o lente convexo p 418 compuestos org nicos un gran n mero de compuestos que contienen el elemento carbono p 726 arm nico vibraci n cuya frecuencia es un m ltiplo de la frecuencia fundamental p 334 oxidaci n la p rdida de electrones de los tomos de una sustancia p 645 n mero de oxidaci n n mero positivo o negativo que indica cu ntos electrones ha ganado perdido o com partido un tomo para poder ser estable p 615 circuito paralelo circuito en el cual la corriente el ctrica tiene m s de una trayectoria para seguir p 208 pascal unidad SI de presi n p 490 per odo fila horizontal en la tabla peri dica p 523 la cantidad de tiempo que requiere una longitud de onda para pasar un punto fijo se expresa en segun dos p 297 tabla peri dica lista organizada de todos los elementos conocidos y que han sido ordenados de manera ascendente por n mero at mico y por cambios en sus propiedades qu micas y f sicas p 516 petr leo combustible f sil l quido que se forma a par tir de residuos en descomposici n de organismos ancestrales y que puede ser refinado para producir combustibles y usado para hacer pl sticos p 259 pH medida de la concentraci n de iones de hidronio en una solu
13. 107 114 108 109 chemical 101 108 108 647 647 650 chemical potential 103 105 115 and chemical reactions 647 647 650 648 649 conservation of 111 111 113 112 116 117 lab L35 converting calories to 114 114 115 converting mass into 113 113 cast ot 262 262 278 279 lab electrical 101 107 107211212215 212 ae in food chain 111 forms of 101 101 105 106 lab geothermal 275 273 273 act hydroelectric 273 273 kinetic 102 102 act 106 lab 108 111 109 110 477 mechanical 108 112 112 nuclear 264 270 265 266 268 270 280 280 potential 103 105 108 111 and power 131 131 radiant 101 166 167 167 357 solar 173 174 255 lab 2 2 EI 272277 ap 5341 of solution 674 674 and sound 327 327 328 328 storage of 108 from Sun 173 174 534 thermal 108 108 477 484 lab See also Thermal energy tidal 274 274 transforming 256 units of measurement for 102 213 using 254 254 256 256 257 257 wasted in lightbulbs 395 lab from water 273 273 274 274 and waves 289 lab 290 290 291 291 wind 274 274 and work 127 127 CONTENTS Expansion joints Energy conversions 99 lab 110 111 in body 114 114 115 Energy levels 520 520 521 521 act of electrons 605 605 Energy sources 254 279 261 See also Fossil fuels alternative 276 276 concentrated 257 nonrenewable 263 263 nuclear 264 270 265 266 268 270 280 280
14. 112 112 rolling 72 72 sliding 72 72 static 71 ZI Fuel alternative 276 276 biomass 276 energy storage in 108 nuclear 265 265 Fuel rods 265 269 Fulcrum 138 139 Fuller R Buckminster 586 Fundamental frequency 334 334 Fuse s 209 210 210 Fused ring system 732 732 Fusion 113 113 heat of 478 nuclear 270 270 553 553 553 act Q Galilei Galileo 438 Gallium 767 Galvanometers 234 234 235 Gamma rays 360 365 541 543 Gas es 478 478 479 479 See also Fluids behavior of 490 495 and Boyle s law 492 492 493 493 act and Charles s law 494 494 495 495 conduction in 180 181 lab convection in 171 lab diffusion of 479 dissolving 667 expansion in 475 lab 481 481 industrial uses of 503 act natural 258 260 727 727 pressure in 486 487 487 487 act 488 488 490 490 495 491 492 radiation in 167 solubility of 675 temperature of 494 494 495 495 volume of 492 492 495 493 act 494 495 Gasoline 108 Gears 144 144 Geiger counter 548 549 549 Generator 238 238 240 239 241 Genetic code 744 Gennes Pierre Gilles de 482 Geologic time scale 514 act Geothermal energy 275 275 270 det INDEX 877 xapu Index Germanium Germanium 517 585 Geyser 275 Glaciers 102 act Glass as ceramic 764 765 Glasses reading your prescription for 429 Glenn John Jr 30 30 Global Positioning System G
15. 238 240 239 and magnetism 231 231 measuring 15 switching direction of 239 239 Electric field 194 194 355 355 356 356 Electric heating systems 173 Electricity 190 215 conduction of 194 194 195 200 203 206 lab and electromagnets 232 232 233 233 240 generating 260 261 261 262 272 272 273 273 274 274 generating for home 240 240 and human body 205 and magnetism 231 237 245 lab static 192 194 193 194 using 191 lab and water 240 and windmills 240 240 Electric motors 235 235 237 236 237 ACh 239 239 241 Electrolytes 676 Electromagnet s 232 235 controlling 246 247 lab and electricity 232 232 233 233 240 and galvanometers 234 234 235 in generators 238 236 239 239 making 232 232 properties of 232 rotating 234 234 and sound 233 233 using 233 INDEX 875 xapu Index Electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic induction 238 Electromagnetic rays cathode rays 370 370 gamma rays 360 365 X rays 360 363 365 365 560 560 Electromagnetic spectrum 360 365 Electromagnetic waves 352 375 356 lab 364 frequency of 358 360 360 374 375 lab infrared 360 362 362 making 356 356 microwaves 360 361 361 361 lab 371 properties of 357 357 358 358 radio waves 360 360 362 367 367 373 368 369 371 act ultraviolet waves 353 lab 363 363 364 uses of 352 wavelength of 358 358 Electron s 507 507 512 536 ene
16. 267 273 274 274 a is ya he Power rating 210 211 211 Precipitate 643 643 Precipitation acid 648 695 lab 11o 716 Prediction 11 act Prefixes 621 in SI 15 Pressure 490 and Bernoullis principle 488 488 and Boyle s law 492 492 493 493 act and dissolving 675 electrical 200 200 in gases 486 487 487 487 act 488 488 490 490 495 491 492 observing 494 lab and Pascal s principle 486 487 487 487 act and temperature 494 494 lab and volume 492 492 493 493 act Prism 383 lab 387 387 Problem stating 8 Product 632 Project Apollo 85 Projectile motion 79 80 80 Promethium 61 589 Propane 260 727 727 728 Properties 458 465 757 lab of acids 696 of alloys 759 759 lab 760 760 761 of bases 698 chemical 461 461 of compounds 602 602 603 603 of electromagnets 232 identifying atoms by 607 lab magnetic 459 459 of metalloids 584 584 of metals 569 lab 570 570 571 571 759 759 of nonmetals 578 579 579 physical 458 458 459 459 of polymers 773 773 773 act of sound 327 332 of waves 312 313 lab Proteins 742 742 743 743 Proton s 507 507 512 513 536 537 IIA DIO IDO Pulleys Pulleys 141 142 block and tackle 142 142 constructing 125 lab fixed 141 141 142 movable 142 142 Pure substances 450 450 452 451 Quality of sound 334 Quarks 507 507 508 Q Radar 332 33
17. 418 418 Viscosity 489 496 497 lab Visible light 360 363 Vision and color blindness 391 391 and laser eye surgery 440 440 and lenses 427 427 431 428 429 430 431 and light 416 416 problems with 429 429 431 430 431 Vitamin s 588 in excess 685 fat soluble 684 684 and polarity 684 684 685 684 act 685 Vitamin A 684 685 Vitamin B 684 Vitamin C 684 685 Voltage difference 200 200 203 204 Volume 18 18 of gas 492 492 495 493 act 494 495 and pressure 492 492493 493 act and temperature 494 494 495 495 INDEX 889 xapu Index Washing soda 0 Washing soda 672 Waste s nuclear 268 act 268 269 209 Water boiling point of 20 21 21 chemical stability of 606 606 as compound 452 compounds with 620 620 620 lab decomposition of 642 642 dissolving without 681 685 distilling 449 lab energy from 273 273 274 274 freezing point of 20 21 21 in generation of electricity 240 273 273 274 274 heated by solar energy 255 lab 259 lab molecules in 482 482 refraction of light in 305 305 specific heat of 161 162 states of 476 476 symbol for 506 Water heaters 259 lab Water waves 292 292 293 293 294 306 306 354 354 359 Watt James 130 Watt W 130 Wave s 288 313 290 amplitude of 300 300 301 301 327 behavior of 303 311 carrier 367 367 368 369 compressional 292 292 296 296 3
18. 513 STUDENT RESOURCES m quina artefacto que facilita la ejecuci n del trabajo aumentando la fuerza que se aplica a un objeto cambiando la direcci n de una fuerza aplicada o aumentando la distancia sobre la cual se puede aplicar una fuerza p 132 dominio magn tico grupo de tomos en un material magn tico en el cual los polos magn ticos de los tomos apuntan en la misma direcci n p 229 campo magn tico rodea a un im n y ejerce una fuerza sobre otros imanes y objetos hechos de materiales magn ticos p 225 polo magn tico zona en un im n en donde la fuerza magn tica ejercida por un im n es la m s fuerte los polos iguales se repelen y los polos opuestos se atraen p 225 magnetismo propiedades e interacciones de los imanes p 224 maleabilidad capacidad de los metales y aleaciones de ser rolados o martillados para formar laminas del gadas pp 570 759 masa cantidad de materia en un objeto p 19 numero de masa suma del numero de protones y neu trones en el nucleo de un atomo p 513 lt CONTENTS Glossary Glosario mechanical advantage MA neutron mechanical advantage MA ratio of the output force exerted by a machine to the input force applied to the machine p 136 mechanical energy sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy in a system p 108 medium matter in which a wave travels p 291 melting point temperature at which a solid begins to lique
19. Plutonium 589 Polarity and vitamins 684 684 685 684 act Polarized light 400 400 Polar molecules 613 614 614 667 Poles See Magnetic poles Pollution of air See Air pollution of atmosphere 648 652 653 lab and fossil fuels 648 652 653 lab light 396 act noise 334 act 344 345 lab Polonium 542 588 590 Polyatomic ion 619 Polyester s 453 453 715 715 774 Polyethylene 739 771 773 773 Polymers 654 739 739 740 739 lab 740 740 act 771 775 775 act biological 742 747 changing Properties ol 773 773 772 ath elastic 775 history of 772 772 properties of 773 773 773 act strength of 778 779 lab synthetic 771 772 772 773 773 773 act 775 780 780 uses of 771 Polypropylene 771 774 Polystyrene 740 740 771 Polyurethane 774 775 Polyvinyl chloride PVC 771 773 Position and motion 38 39 Potassium 572 symbol for 506 Potassium bromide 572 673 Potassium carbonate 708 Potassium chloride 673 Potassium iodide 579 608 609 609 615 Potassium nitrate 673 708 Potential energy 103 105 108 111 chemical 103 103 115 conversion to kinetic energy 108 111 109 110 elastic 103 4 CONTENTS Proton s gravitational 104 act 104 105 105 106 lab 109 109 Power 129 131 534 calculating 129 lab 130 130 act 131 electrical 210 211 211 and energy 131 131 equation for 130 measuring 130 Power plants 260 261 261 262 264 264 267
20. Researchers 555 UCLA School of Medicine 556 J L Carson Custom Medical Stock Photo 557 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 558 1 Fermilab Visuals Unlimited r Matt Meadows 559 Matt Meadows 560 t C Powell P Fowler amp D Perkins Science Photo Library Photo Researchers Inc cr bl CORBIS 561 1 Martha Cooper Peter Arnold Inc r Oliver Meckes Nicole Ottawa Photo Researchers 566 567 Jon Feingersh The Stock Market CORBIS 567 inset Dorling Kindersley 568 569 Georg Gerster Photo Researchers 570 t Henry Groskinsky TimePix b Nubar Alexanian CORBIS 572 1 Stephen Frisch Stock Boston r Jerry Mason Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 573 Firefly Productions The Stock Market CORBIS 574 Mark Burnett Photo Researchers 575 tl Matt Meadows tr Icon Images br Jeff J Daly Fundamental Photographs 577 Melvyn P Lawes Papilio CORBIS 579 l to r Russ Lappa Science Source Photo Researchers Gregory G Dimijian Photo Researchers Stephen Frisch Stock Boston Andrew J Martinez Photo Researchers Doug Martin Charles Gupton Stock Boston 580 t Spencer Grant PhotoEdit Inc PictureQuest b Dick Frank The Stock Market CORBIS 581 t Norris Blake Visuals Unlimited b Steven Senne AP Wide World Photos 582 Gene J Puskar AP Wide World Photos 584 George Hall CORBIS 585 1 Icon Images r Charles D Winters Photo Researchers 586 1 Aaron Haupt c Rick Gayle Studio The Stock Market CORBIS r Alfred Pasieka Science Pho
21. Solids Liquids Boyles law P XV P xV and Gases Charless law V T V T Chapter 22 Surface area of a rectangular solid 2 h X w 2 h x I 2 w x I Solutions yooqpueH IIS YEN MATH SKILL HANDBOOK 833 4 CONTENTS Extra Math Problems Extra Math Problems EXTRA Math Problems For help and hints with these problems visit gpscience com extra_ problems Chapter l The Nature of Science 1 How many centimeters are in four meters 2 How many deciliters are in 500 mL 3 How many liters are in 2540 cm 4 Ayoung child has a mass of 40 kg What is the mass of the child in grams 5 Iron has a density of 7 9 g cm What is the mass in kg of an iron statue that has a volume of 5 4 L 6 A2 L bottle of soda has a volume of 2000 cm What is the volume of the bottle in cubic meters 7 Abig summer movie has a running time of 96 minutes What is the movie s running time in seconds 8 The temperature in space is approximately 3 K What is this temperature in degrees Celsius 9 The x axis of a certain graph is distance trav eled in meters and the y axis is time in sec onds Two points are plotted on this graph with coordinates 2 43 and 5 68 What is the elapsed time between the two points 10 Acircle graph has labeled segments of 57 21 13 and 6 What percentage does the unlabeled segment have Chapter 2 Motion 11 John rides his bike 2 3 km to school After school he ri
22. a mec nica usando las fuerzas magn ticas entre un electroiman y un im n perma nente para que el eje gire p 235 electrolito compuesto que se descompone en agua for mando part culas cargadas iones que pueden con ducir electricidad p 676 electroim n im n temporal que se hace envolviendo una bobina de cable que conduce una corriente alrededor de un n cleo de hierro p 232 inducci n electromagn tica proceso en el cual una cor riente el ctrica es producida en un circuito cerrado de cable mediante un campo magn tico cambiante p 238 ondas electromagn ticas ondas creadas por la vibraci n de cargas el ctricas que pueden viajar a trav s del vac o o de la materia y que tienen una amplia var ledad de frecuencias y de longitudes de onda p 354 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 855 lt CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosario Glossary Glosario electron cloud friction electron cloud area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom s electrons are most likely to be found p 511 electron dot diagram uses the symbol for an element and dots representing the number of electrons in the element s outer energy level p 522 electrons particles surrounding the center of an atom that have a charge of 1 p 507 element substance with atoms that are all alike p 450 endergonic reaction chemical reaction that requires energy input heat light or electricity in order to proceed
23. broken in half i 1 On a sunny day observe the bright glare from a shiny object without sunglasses 2 Now close one eye and use the other to look through the polarized lens Hold the lens in front of your eye then turn it a quarter turn Record your observations of how the electro magnetic rays of the sunlight changed in each case Adult supervision required for all labs 3 Fill the balloon with water and securely tie its neck Hold the water balloon next to your ear and have a partner hold the ticking watch against the other side of the balloon Note the sound of the watch through the water in the balloon 1 Compare the sound of the watch when it traveled through the three different mediums 2 Infer why the watch sounded different in the different mediums 3 Hold one lens in front of another Look through both lenses at the shiny object and slowly rotate one lens Record your observations of what happened to the light 1 Describe what happened to the sunlight glare when you looked through the double lenses of the glasses and rotated them 2 Why do you think the brightness is dif ferent when holding the glasses hori zontally and vertically 3 Infer how polarized sunglasses block electromagnetic energy from the Sun EXTRA TRY AT HOME LABS 4 CONTENTS 805 Sq87 3WOH 18 A 913X3 Extra Try at Home Labs
24. compared in the first column and the char acteristics to be compared in the first row The title should clearly indicate the content of the table and the column or row heads should be clear Notice that in Table 1 the units are included Table 1 Recyclables Collected During Week Day of Week Paper kg Friday 10 0 Make a Model One way to help you better understand the parts of a structure the way a process works or to show things too large or small for viewing is to make a model For example an atomic model made of a plastic ball nucleus and pipe cleaner electron shells can help you visualize how the parts of an atom relate to each other Other types of models can by devised on a computer or represented by equations yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Form a Hypothesis A possible explanation based on previ ous knowledge and observations is called a hypothesis After researching gasoline types and recalling previous experiences in your family s car you form a hypothesis our car runs more efficiently because we use pre mium gasoline To be valid a hypothesis has to be something you can test by using an investigation Predict When you apply a hypothesis to a specific situation you predict something about that situation A prediction makes a statement in advance based on prior obser vation experience or scientific reasoning People use predictions to make everyday decisions Scientists test predictions by per for
25. e plate e water e freezer a 1 Fill a clean plastic drink bottle with water The water should come to the top brim of the bottle 2 Place a plate in a freezer Be certain the plate is level and not tilted to one side 3 Carefully place the bottle on the plate without spilling any of the water If water spills refill the bottle Adult supervision required for all labs wn Y 4 CONTENTS Extra Try at Home Labs On the same side of the lemon repeat step 1 for the nickel and the dime Cuta 1 5 cm wide and 1 5 cm deep slit on the same side of the lemon and insert the quarter halfway into the slit Leave the coins in the lemon for two days before removing them Observe the chemical change that happened to the sides of the coins that were in the lemon Describe the change that happened to the coins Infer why this change happened Leave the bottle in the freezer overnight and observe the ice that forms the next day Describe what the ice looks like Infer why the ice formed this way Infer how the results of your experiment would be different if you had used rubbing alcohol instead of water Hint Look up the freezing point of rubbing alcohol 807 KS Studios Mullenix EXTRA TRY AT HOME LABS Sq87 3WOH 18 A 913X3 Extra Try at Home Labs 42 How big is an atom Real World Question 2 Put your pin thro
26. graph A bar graph uses bars to show the relationships between variables The x axis variable is divided into parts The parts can be numbers such as years or a category such as a type of animal The y axis is a number and increases continuously along the axis Example A recycling center collects 4 0 kg of aluminum on Monday 1 0 kg on Wednesday and 2 0 kg on Friday Create a bar graph of this data Step 1 Select the x axis and y axis variables The measured numbers the masses of alu minum should be placed on the y axis The variable divided into parts collection days is placed on the x axis Step 2 Create a graph grid like you would for a line graph Include labels and units Step 3 For each measured number draw a vertical bar above the x axis value up to the y axis value For the first data point draw a vertical bar above Monday up to 4 0 kg Aluminum Collected During Week Mass kg Monday Wednesday Friday Day of collection Practice Problem Draw a bar graph of the gases in air 78 nitrogen 21 oxygen 1 other gases Circle Graph To display data as parts of a whole you might use a circle graph A circle graph is a circle divided into sections that represent the relative size of each piece of data The entire circle represents 100 half represents 50 and so on Example Airis made up of 78 nitrogen 21 oxygen and 1 other gases Display the composition of air in a circle graph Step 1 Multipl
27. in Figure 4 SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK 789 4 CONTENTS yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Initiating Event l Soundis produced Sound travels C Sound hits hard surface Sound reflects back Echo is heard Figure 4 Events chain concept maps show the order of steps in a process or event This concept map shows how a sound makes an echo Cycle Map A specific type of events chain is a cycle map It is used when the series of events do not produce a final outcome but instead relate back to the beginning event such as in Figure 5 Therefore the cycle repeats itself To make a cycle map first decide what event is the beginning event This is also called the initiating event Then list the next events in the order that they occur with the last event relating back to the initiating event Words can be written between the events that describe what happens from one event to the next The number of events in a cycle map can vary but usually contain three or more events 790 STUDENT RESOURCES cs entering where mixture the cylinder is compacted inthe inthe Gasoline and air to mix allowing Compression stroke then ignited Gast for the and removed a during the Figure 5 A cycle map shows events that occur in a cycle Spider Map A type of concept map that you can use for brainstorming is the spider map When you have a central
28. is burned 50 1 kJ of energy per gram are released When propane C3Hg is burned 45 8 kJ of energy are released If a mixture of 1 g of methane and 1 g of propane is burned how much energy is released per gram of mixture A chemical reaction produces 0 050 g of a product in 0 18 s In the presence of a cata lyst the reaction produces 0 050 g of the Same product in 0 007 s How much faster is the rate of reaction in the presence of the enzyme EXTRA MATH PROBLEMS 843 4 CONTENTS Extra Math Problems Extra Math Problems Chapter 22 Solutions 233 A cup of orange juice contains 126 mg of vita min C and 1 2 cup of strawberries contain 42 mg of vitamin C How many cups of straw berries contain as much vitamin C as one cup of orange juice 234 A Sacagawea dollar coin is made of man ganese brass alloy that is 1 25 nickel Express this number as a percentage 235 What is the total surface area of a 2 cm cube 236 A cube has 2 cm sides If it is split in half what is the total surface area of the two pieces What is the increase in surface area when a cube with 2 cm sides is divided into eight equal parts 237 How much surface area is lost if two 4 cm cubes are attached at one face 238 239 At 20 C the solubility in water of potassium bromide KBr is 65 3 g 100 mL What is the maximum amount of potassium bromide that will dissolve in 237 mL of water 240 At 20 C the solubility of sodiu
29. movement of 46 46 Control 9 Convection 165 165 167 171 lab Convection currents 165 167 166 197 Convex lenses 424 424 425 425 427 Convex mirrors 421 421 422 Coolant 178 179 179 Copper 450 570 575 575 758 759 759 760 760 in compounds 602 602 as conductor 203 mass number of 513 native 643 oxidation number for 616 symbol for 506 Copper nitrate 643 643 Copper sulfate 602 602 637 673 Cornea 427 427 Corrosion of metals 631 lab 637 637 641 641 648 Cosmic rays 550 550 Covalent bond 579 579 611 611 620 621 622 623 lab Crash inertia in 55 55 56 56 Crest 296 296 Critical mass 552 Crust of Earth 45 45 46 46 577 577 584 motion of 45 45 46 46 Crystal dissolving 668 668 liquid 483 483 Crystalline solids 698 Crystalline structure 586 586 Crystallization 674 674 674 act CT scan 363 Curie Marie and Pierre 540 590 Current s See Electric current convection 165 167 166 Cyanoacrylate 624 Dalton John Dalton John 509 509 Dam 273 273 Data analyzing 10 29 lab communicating 27 lab 29 lab Data Source 278 374 558 652 Dating carbon 514 of fossils 544 545 radioactive 544 545 radiocarbon 545 of rocks 544 545 uranium lead 267 Decibel 329 329 Decimals 357 act Decomposition reactions 642 642 Delta 456 456 Democritus 509 Density 19 19 lab and
30. quina simple que consiste de una barra que puede girar sobre un punto fijo llamado pivote p 138 l pidos grupo de compuestos biol gicos que contienen los mismos elementos que los carbohidratos pero en diferentes disposiciones y combinaciones y que incluye grasas y aceites saturados o no saturados p 746 volumen de sonido percepci n humana de la intensi dad del sonido p 329 lustre propiedad de los metales y aleaciones que describe que tienen una apariencia brillante o que reflejan la luz p 759 O machine device that makes doing work easier by increasing the force applied to an object changing the direction of an applied force or increasing the distance over which a force can be applied p 132 magnetic domain group of atoms in a magnetic mate rial with the magnetic poles of the atoms pointing in the same direction p 229 magnetic field surrounds a magnet and exerts a force on other magnets and objects made of magnetic materials p 225 magnetic pole region on a magnet where the magnetic force exerted by a magnet is strongest like poles repel and opposite poles attract p 225 magnetism the properties and interactions of mag nets p 224 malleability mal yuh BIHL yt ee ability of metals and alloys to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets pp 570 759 mass amount of matter in an object p 19 mass number sum of the number of protons and neu trons in an atom s nucleus p
31. 1 TSADO NCDC NOAA Tom Stack amp Assoc r David Ball The Stock Market CORBIS 32 Amanita Pictures 35 courtesy Bureau International Des Poids et Mesures 36 37 Lester Lefkowitz CORBIS 38 Icon Images 42 Paul Silverman Fundamental Photographs 44 t SuperStock b Robert Holmes CORBIS 49 t RDF Visuals Unlimited c Ron Kimball b Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 50 1 The Image Finders r Richard Hutchings 51 Dan Feicht Cedar Point Amusement Park 52 Globus Brothers Studios NYC 53 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 54 Neal Haynes Rex USA Ltd 55 t Paul Kennedy Liaison Agency Getty Images b courtesy Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 56 Donald Johnston Stone Getty Images 57 Mark Burnett 58 59 Icon Images 60 Sylvain Grandadam Stone Getty Images 61 tl bl Tony Freeman PhotoEdit Inc br Peter Newton Stone Getty Images 66 67 Tim Wright CORBIS 68 David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc 70 t Pictor c M W Davidson Photo Researchers b PhotoDisc 71 Bob Daemmrich 72 t Bob Daemmrich b Peter Fownes Stock South PictureQuest 73 t James Sugar Black Star PictureQuest b Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 74 Keith Kent Peter Arnold Inc 76 StockTrek CORBIS 77 Peticolas Megna Fundamental Photographs 78 NASA 80 tl KS Studios tr David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc bl Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 81 Pictor 83 Steven Sutton Duomo 84 Philip Bailey The Stock Market CORBIS 85 1 NASA tr br North Ame
32. 19 3 g cm what is the volume of the gold bar A book is sitting on a desk If the surface area of the book s cover is 0 05 m2 and atmos pheric pressure is 100 0 kPa what is the down ward force of the atmosphere on the book A piston applies a pressure of 5 000 N m If the piston has a surface area of 0 1 m2 how much force can the piston apply Chapter 17 Properties of Atoms and 183 the Periodic Table Boron has a mass number of 11 and an atomic number of 5 How many neutrons are in a boron atom EXTRA MATH PROBLEMS 841 4 CONTENTS Extra Math Problems Extra Math Problems 184 A magnesium atom has 12 protons and 12 neutrons What is its mass number lodine 127 has a mass number of 127 and 74 neutrons What percentage of the particles in an iodine 127 nucleus are protons 185 186 How many neutrons are in an atom of phosphorus 31 187 What is the ratio of neutrons to protons in the isotope radium 234 188 About 80 of all magnesium atoms are magnesium 24 about 10 are magnesium 25 and about 10 are magnesium 26 What is the average atomic mass of magnesium 189 The half life of the radioactive isotope rubidium 87 is 48 800 000 000 years Express this half life in scientific notation 190 The radioactive isotope nickel 63 has a half life of 100 years How much of a 10 0 g sample of nickel 63 is left after 300 years 191 Asample of the radioactive isotope cobalt 62 is pre
33. N on the Moon weighs 18 N on Earth How much would a rock that weighs 5 N on Write a proportion height of tree a length of tree s shadow height of pole length of pole s shadow Substitute the known values into the propor tion Let h represent the unknown value the height of the tree A _ 24 6 4 Find the cross products hx 4 6X 24 Simplify the equation 4h 144 Divide each side by 4 4h _ 144 4 4 h 36 yooqpueH IIS YEN the Moon weigh on Earth MATH SKILLHANDBOOK 821 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Use Percentages The word percent means out of one hun dred It is a ratio that compares a number to 100 Suppose you read that 77 percent of the Earth s surface is covered by water That is the same as reading that the fraction of the Earth s surface covered by water is a To express a fraction as a percent first find the equivalent decimal for the fraction Then multiply the decimal by 100 and add the percent symbol 13 Example Express zo 253 percent Step 1 Find the equivalent decimal for the fraction 0 65 20 13 00 120 100 100 0 Step 2 Rewrite the fraction 50 as 0 65 Step 3 Multiply 0 65 by 100 and add the sign 0 65 X 100 65 65 13 _ ero So 0 65 This also can be solved as a proportion Example Express as a percent Step 1 Write a proportion E 20 100 Step 2 Find the cross products 1300 20x Step 3 Divide each side by 20 1
34. a 4000 kg car that doubles its speed from 15 m s to 30 m s over 10 seconds 35 A book with a mass of 1 kg is sliding on a table If the frictional force on the book is 5 N calcu late the book s acceleration Is it speeding up or slowing down 36 What is the weight of a person with a mass of 80 kg 37 Acar with a mass of 1 200 kg has a speed of 30 m s What is the car s momentum Chapter 4 Energy 38 What is the kinetic energy of a 5 kg object moving at 7 m s 39 An object has kinetic energy of 600 J and a speed of 10 m s What is its mass 40 If you throw a 0 4 kg ball at a speed of 20 m s what is the ball s kinetic energy 41 Arollercoaster car moving around a high turn has 100 000 J of GPE and 23 000 J of KE What is its mechanical energy 42 If you have a mass of 80 kg and you are stand ing on a platform 3 m above the ground what is your gravitational potential energy 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A 2 kg book is moved from a shelf that is 2 m off the ground to a shelf that is 1 5 m off the ground What is its change in GPE A car is traveling at 30 m s with a kinetic energy of 900 kJ What is its mass At top of a hill a rollercoaster has 67 500 J of kinetic energy and 290 000 J of potential energy Gradually the roller coaster comes to a stop due to friction If the roller coaster has 30 000 J of potential when it stops how much heat energy is generated by friction from th
35. a gas or brittle solid at room temperature is not malleable or ductile is a poor conductor of heat and electricity and typi cally is not shiny p 578 nonpolar not having separated positive and negative areas nonpolar materials do not attract water mol ecules and do not dissolve easily in water p 681 nonpolar molecule molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends p 614 nonrenewable resources natural resource such as fos sil fuels that cannot be replaced by natural processes as quickly as it is used p 263 nuclear fission process of splitting an atomic nucleus into two or more nuclei with smaller masses p 551 nuclear fusion reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei form a nucleus with a larger mass p 553 nuclear reactor uses energy from a controlled nuclear chain reaction to generate electricity p 264 nuclear waste radioactive by product that results when radioactive materials are used p 268 nucleic acids essential organic polymers that control the activities and reproduction of cells p 744 nucleotides complex organic molecules that make up RNA and DNA contain an organic base a phos phoric acid unit and a sugar p 744 nucleus positively charged center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by a cloud of electrons p 507 segunda ley de movimiento de Newton ley de Ohm segunda ley de movimiento de Newton
36. act Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 508 Fertilizer 9 587 588 697 Fiberglass 775 775 Fiber synthetic 715 715 Field s electric 194 194 355 355 356 356 magnetic 355 355 356 356 vibrating 356 356 357 357 See Magnetic field s Filaments 203 203 451 574 Filters colored 389 390 390 polarizing 406 407 lab Fingerprinting 363 363 Fireproof clothing 774 774 Fireworks 573 573 630 630 First law of thermodynamics 175 176 Fish ladder 273 273 Fission nuclear 113 113 266 266 551 551 552 552 Fixed pulley 141 141 142 Flavor esters for 714 714 Fleece 169 169 Flight 488 act Flight simulator 11 11 Floating 485 485 486 486 Fluids 485 489 applied pressure in 486 and Archimedes principle 485 485 and Bernoulli s principle 488 488 flow of 489 and Pascal s principle 486 487 487 487 act Fluorescent lighting 394 394 395 Fluorides 580 580 Fluorine 580 symbol for 506 Flute 310 334 335 337 FM radio 367 368 368 369 Focal length 425 425 426 act 435 lab Focal point 418 418 424 424 427 Fog 454 455 455 Foldables 5 37 67 99 125 157 191 223 255 269 321 253 293 415 449 475 505 535 569 601 631 663 695 725 75 Food as chemical potential energy 115 periodic table of 525 lab Food chain energy in 111 Force s 52 53 66 91 and acceler ation 57 lab 68 68 69 bal anced 53 53
37. and Manipulate Variables and Controls In any experiment it is important to keep everything the same except for the item you are testing The one factor you change is called the independent variable The change that results is the dependent variable Make sure you have only one inde pendent variable to assure yourself of the cause of the changes you observe in the dependent variable For example in your gasoline experiment the type of fuel is the independent variable The dependent vari able is the efficiency 792 STUDENT RESOURCES Michell D Bridwell PhotoEdit Inc Many experiments also have a control an individual instance or experimental sub ject for which the independent variable is not changed You can then compare the test results to the control results To design a con trol you can have two cars of the same type The control car uses regular gasoline for four weeks After you are done with the test you can compare the experimental results to the control results Collect Data Whether you are carrying out an investi gation or a short observational experiment you will collect data as shown in Figure 9 Scientists collect data as numbers and descriptions and organize it in specific ways Observe Scientists observe items and events then record what they see When they use only words to describe an observa tion it is called qualitative data Scientists observations also can describe how much there
38. are in a car traveling an average speed of 60 km h The total trip is 240 km How long does the trip take You are riding in a train that is traveling at a speed of 120 km h How long will it take to travel 950 km A car goes from rest to a speed of 90 km h in 10 s What is the car s acceleration in m s A cart rolling at a speed of 10 m s comes to a stop in 2 s What is the cart s acceleration Chapter 3 Forces 25 26 A 85 kg mass has an acceleration of 5 5 m s What is the net force applied A 3200 N force is applied to a 160 kg mass What is the acceleration of the mass CONTENTS Extra Math Problems 27 If you are pushing on a box with a force of 20 N and there is a force of 7 N on the box due to Sliding friction what is the net force on the box 28 A 2 kg object is dropped from a height of 1000 m What is the force of air resistance on the object when it reaches terminal velocity 29 How much force is needed to lift a 25 kg mass 30 A person is on an elevator that moves down ward with an acceleration of 1 8 m s If the person weighs 686 N what is the net force on the person 31 The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is about 1 6 m s2 If you weigh 539 N on Earth how much would you weigh on the moon 32 If a5000 kg mass is moving at a speed of 43 m s what is its momentum 33 How fast must a 50 kg mass travel to have a momentum of 1500 kg m s 34 What is the net force on
39. buoyancy 486 486 486 lab Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA 744 act 744 745 745 Dependent variable 9 22 Depolymerization 741 Derived units 19 Desert s 166 167 168 Design Your Own Be a Soda Scientist 716 717 Become a Bond Breaker 622 623 Blocking Noise Pollution 344 345 Checking Out Chemical Changes 466 467 Comparing Motion from Different Forces 58 59 Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits 214 215 Controlling Electromagnets 246 247 Polarizing Filters 406 407 Setting High Standards for Measurements 28 29 Slippery Carbon 592 593 Swinging Energy 116 117 Destructive interference 309 309 Detergents 713 713 Diagrams electron dot 522 522 604 604 605 605 605 act Diamond 468 468 586 586 Diatomic molecules 579 587 588 Didgeridoo 334 Diet See Nutrition Diffraction 306 306 307 307 307 act Diffuse reflection 385 385 386 386 Diffusion 479 Dilute solution 672 Direct current DC 242 Displacement 39 39 Dissociation 677 677 Dissolving 667 667 670 681 685 and pressure 675 rate of 668 668 and temperature 670 675 675 without water 681 685 Distance 39 39 calculating 342 act measuring 17 17 and work IB T33 Distance time graph 43 43 Distillation 449 lab 461 461 fractional 259 736 737 737 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 744 act 744 745 745 DNA fingerprinting 744 act 745 Doping 768 Doppler effect 331 331 332 343
40. buoyant 485 485 486 lab centripetal 81 81 82 81 lab 82 changing direction of 133 133 134 134 136 changing motion with 52 52 comparing motion from different forces 58 59 lab and fault lines 53 act gravitational 75 82 78 See also Gravity input 134 135 136 machines multiplying 134 lab magnetic 224 and mass 68 69 measuring 128 net 53 53 70 output 134 135 136 resistance 73 73 74 74 89 lab strong nuclear 537 537 538 538 545 lab unbalanced 53 53 57 act Forced air heating system 172 172 Forests See Rain forests Formic acid 700 700 Formulas chemical 603 616 617 617 act 619 Fossil s dating 544 545 Fossil fuels 257 263 736 coal 258 260 260 261 262 conserv ing 263 costs of using 262 262 efficiency of converting 262 for mation of 257 258 natural gas 258 260 oil petroleum 258 259 259 263 263 origin of 261 and pollution 648 652 653 lab Fractional distillation 259 736 737 737 Fractionating towers 736 737 737 Francium 572 Free fall 67 lab 77 77 79 79 Freezing point 20 21 21 lowering 678 678 685 Frequency 297 298 298 330 330 358 360 360 374 375 and 4 CONTENTS Index Geothermal energy Doppler effect 331 332 fundamental 334 334 natural 11 395 Friction 4 72 177 178 causes of 70 70 71 comparing 71 lab and efficiency 137 137 and law of conservation of energy
41. can be written as a decimal by dividing 5 by 8 Written as a decimal it is 0 625 Add or Subtract Decimals When adding and subtracting decimals line up the decimal points before carrying out the operation Example 1 Find the sum of 47 68 and 7 80 Step 1 Line up the decimal places when you write the numbers 47 68 7 80 Step 2 Add the decimals 47 68 7 80 55 48 The sum of 47 68 and 7 80 is 55 48 Example 2 Find the difference of 42 17 and 15 85 Step 1 Line up the decimal places when you write the number 42 17 15 85 Step 2 Subtract the decimals 42 17 15 85 26 32 The difference of 42 17 and 15 85 is 26 32 Practice Problem Find the sum of 1 245 and 3 842 ll CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Multiply Decimals To multiply decimals multiply the numbers like any other number ignoring the decimal point Count the deci mal places in each factor The product will have the same number of decimal places as the sum of the decimal places in the factors Example Multiply 2 4 by 5 9 Step 1 Multiply the factors like two whole numbers 24 X 59 1416 Step 2 Find the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors Each factor has one decimal place for a sum of two decimal places Step 3 The product will have two decimal places 14 16 The product of 2 4 and 5 9 is 14 16 Practice Problem Multiply 4 6 by 2 2 Divide Decimals When dividing decimals change the divisor to
42. convert mechanical energy to electrical energy p 238 geothermal energy thermal energy in hot magma can be converted by a power plant into electrical energy D2 275 Global Positioning System GPS a system of satellites and ground monitoring stations that enable a receiver to determine its location at or above Earth s surface p 373 graph visual display of information or data that can pro vide a quick way to communicate a lot of information and allow scientists to observe patterns p 22 gravitational potential energy energy stored by objects due to their position above Earth s surface depends on the distance above Earth s surface and the object s mass p 104 gravity attractive force between two objects that depends on the masses of the objects and the dis tance between them p 75 group vertical column in the periodic table p 520 galvanometro dispositivo que usa un electroiman para medir la corriente el ctrica p 234 rayo gama onda electromagn tica sin masa ni carga que viaja a la velocidad de la luz y que usualmente es emitida con particulas alfa o beta a partir de un n cleo at mico en descomposici n tiene una elec tromagn tica con longitudes de onda menores a diez trillon simas de metro pp 365 543 contador Geiger detector de radiaci n que produce un sonido seco o un destello de luz al detectar una part cula cargada p 548 generador dispositivo que usa inducci n elect
43. covalent 579 579 611 611 620 621 622 623 double 611 611 and energy 646 formation of 609 609 gain or loss of electrons in 608 609 609 615 identifying type of 612 lab ionic 571 571 579 579 610 610 610 act 615 622 623 lab metallic 571 571 multiple 730 730 in nonmetals 579 579 in organic compounds 726 727 727 728 728 730 729 730 peptide 742 743 single 728 728 729 729 stability in 604 606 Bone s joining 761 Boranes 584 Borax 584 Boric acid 584 Boron average atomic mass of 515 515 isotopes of 514 mass number of 513 Boron group 584 584 Boyle Robert 492 Boyle s law 492 492 493 493 act Brass 761 Brass instruments 335 335 Bromine 580 581 Bronze 665 758 758 759 761 Bubble chamber 508 508 547 547 Buckminsterfullerene 586 586 586 act Buffer 705 705 Builders 713 Buoyancy 485 485 486 486 lab Buoyant force 485 485 486 lab Burning 462 498 498 Butane 260 728 728 729 729 Q Cadmium 574 575 590 Calcite 708 Calcium 573 578 symbol for 506 Calcium carbonate 464 573 695 lab 708 Calcium fluoride 573 616 Calcium hydroxide 699 Calcium oxide 617 Calories conversion to energy 114 114 115 Calorimeter 163 163 Cameras 436 436 437 437 Cancer 363 treating with radioactivity 556 556 Candela 15 Carbohydrates 745 746 746 Carbon 468 585 allotropes of 585 586 5
44. del mismo elemento p 579 difracci n curvatura de las ondas alrededor de un obst culo la cual tambi n puede ocurrir cuando stas pasan a trav s de una abertura angosta p 306 difusi n propagaci n de part culas en la totalidad de un volumen determinado hasta que se distribuyen de manera uniforme p 479 corriente directa CD corriente el ctrica que fluye en una sola direcci n p 242 desplazamiento distancia y direcci n del cambio de posici n de un objeto desde el punto inicial p 39 disociaci n proceso en el cual un compuesto i nico se separa en sus iones positivos y negativos p 677 distancia qu tan lejos se mueve un objeto p 39 destilaci n proceso que puede separar dos sustancias de una mezcla por medio de la evaporaci n de un l quido y la recondensaci n de su vapor p 461 lt CONTENTS doping electromagnetic waves doping process of adding impurities to a semiconduc tor to increase its conductivity p 768 Doppler effect change in pitch or frequency that occurs when a source of a sound is moving relative to a lis tener p 331 double displacement reaction chemical reaction that produces a precipitate water or a gas when two ionic compounds in solution are combined p 643 ductile ability of metals to be drawn into wires p 570 ductility duk TIHL uh tee ability of metals or alloys to be pulled into wires p 759 Glossary Glosario dopaje ond
45. establece que la aceleraci n de un objeto es en la misma direcci n que la fuerza neta del objeto y que la aceleraci n es igual a la fuerza neta dividida por su masa p 69 tercera ley de movimiento de Newton establece que cuando un objeto ejerce una fuerza sobre un segundo objeto el segundo objeto ejerce una fuerza igual de fuerte sobre el primer objeto y en direcci n opuesta p 83 no electrolito sustancia que no se ioniza en el agua y no puede conducir electricidad p 676 no metal elemento que por lo general es un gas o un s lido fr gil a temperatura ambiente no es maleable o d ctil es mal conductor del calor y la electricidad y por lo general no es brillante p 578 no polar sustancia que no tiene reas positivas y nega tivas separadas los materiales no polares no atraen las mol culas de agua y no se disuelven f cilmente en sta p 681 mol cula no polar mol cula que comparte equitativa mente los electrones y que no tiene extremos con cargas opuestas p 614 recursos no renovables recursos naturales tales como combustibles f siles que no pueden ser reemplaza dos por procesos naturales tan pronto como son usados p 263 fisi n nuclear proceso de divisi n de un n cleo at mico en dos o m s n cleos con masas m s peque as p 551 fusi n nuclear reacci n en la cual dos o m s n cleos at micos forman un n cleo con mayor masa p 553 reactor nuclear usa energ a de una reacci
46. file photo bl Lester Lefkowitz The Stock Market CORBIS br Harold Stucker Black Star 222 223 Kennan Ward CORBIS SUPalD CREDITS 891 lt CONTENTS Credits Credits 224 Don Smetzer Getty Images 225 226 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 229 1 Stephen Frisch Stock Boston r Mark Burnett 230 Mark Burnett 233 Icon Images 235 t Allen Zak b Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 238 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 240 t Tom Campbell FPG Getty Images b Russell D Curtis Photo Researchers 241 tl Clement Mok PictureQuest tr Joseph Palmieri Pictor cl br Tim Ridley DK Images cr Robin Adshead Military Picture Library CORBIS bl Brian Gordon Green 242 Mark Burnett 245 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 246 247 KS Studios 248 t Brian Blauser Stock Shop b Laurence Dutton Stone Getty Images 249 1 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs r Jeff Greenberg Peter Arnold Inc 254 255 Sandy Felsenthal CORBIS 256 t James Sugar Black Star b Bill Heinsohn Stone Getty Images 259 Amanita Pictures 260 t Digital Vision PictureQuest b Doug Martin 264 Robert Essel The Stock Market CORBIS 265 Photo Researchers 268 AFP CORBIS 269 Tim Wright CORBIS 271 Amanita Pictures 273 S K Patrick Tom Stack amp Assoc 274 t John Elk II Stock Boston b Lester Lefkowitz The Stock Market CORBIS 276 Martin Bond Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 278 Timothy Fuller 279 Martin B Withers Frank Lane Picture Agenc
47. gold in the earring In 1997 about 6 400 000 000 kg of polyvinyl chloride were used in the United States About 6 of the PVC used was for packaging Express in scientific notation how many kilograms of PVC were used for packaging in 1997 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 The molecules in a sample of polypropylene have an average length of 60 000 monomers The monomer of polypropylene has the for mula CH CHCH Express in scientific notation the mass in amu of a polypropylene mole cule made of 60 000 monomers A certain process for manufacturing inte grated circuits packs 47 600 000 transistors into an area of 340 mm If this process is used to produce an integrated circuit with an area of 1 cm express in scientific notation the number of transistors in this integrated circuit SUI3 001d YIPIN 21x3 The melting points of five different samples of a new aluminum alloy have measured values of 631 5 C 632 3 C 636 1 C 637 4 C and 630 2 C What is the mean of these measurements Rounded to the nearest degree eight meas ured values of the melting point of a stainless steel alloy are 1 421 C 1 420 C 1 421 C 1 423 C 1 423 C 1 421 C 1 424 C and 1 419 C What is the mode of these measurements The measured values of the copper content of seven bronze buttons found at an archaeo logical site are 83 90 91 72 79 87 and 89 What is the median of these measuremen
48. idea you might find that you have a jumble of ideas that relate to it but are not necessarily clearly related to each other The spider map on sound in Figure 6 shows that if you write these ideas outside the main concept then you can begin to separate and group unre lated terms so they become more useful through solids 13 a intensity eg through liquids 3 g frequency 2 SS through gases J quality outer ear sonogram AS middle ear 9 sonar ge c i S P inner ear N S echolocation i E music Figure 6 A spider map allows you to list ideas that relate to a central topic but not necessarily to one another lt CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Carbon Figure 7 This Venn diagram compares and con trasts two substances made from carbon Venn Diagram To illustrate how two sub jects compare and contrast you can use a Venn diagram You can see the character istics that the subjects have in common and those that they do not shown in Figure 7 To create a Venn diagram draw two overlapping ovals that that are big enough to write in List the characteristics unique to one subject in one oval and the characteris tics of the other subject in the other oval The characteristics in common are listed in the overlapping section Make and Use Tables One way to organ ize information so it is easier to understand is to use a table Tables can contain num bers words or both To make a table list the items to be
49. is of something These observations use numbers as well as words in the descrip tion and are called quantitative data For example if a sample of the element gold is described as being shiny and very dense the data are qualitative Quantitative data on this sample of gold might include a mass of 30 g 22 and a density of 19 3 g cm Figure 9 Collecting data is one way to gather information directly CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Figure 10 Record data neatly and clearly so it is easy to understand When you make observations you should examine the entire object or situation first and then look carefully for details It is important to record observations accurately and completely Always record your notes immediately as you make them so you do not miss details or make a mistake when recording results from memory Never put unidentified observations on scraps of paper Instead they should be recorded in a note book like the one in Figure 10 Write your data neatly so you can easily read it later At each point in the experiment record your observations and label them That way you will not have to determine what the figures mean when you look at your notes later Set up any tables that you will need to use ahead of time so you can record any observations right away Remember to avoid bias when collecting data by not including personal thoughts when you record observations Record only what y
50. lab 518 519 519 act 767 767 and atoms 520 520 522 521 522 of foods 525 lab groups in 520 522 halogens on 522 522 metalloids on 523 523 metals on 523 523 570 571 nonmetals on 523 523 578 rows on 521 521 Permanent magnets 230 in electric motors 235 235 237 236 in galvanometers 234 234 Perpetual motion machines 118 118 Perspiration 179 179 Petroleum 258 259 259 263 263 See Oil petroleum Petroleum compounds separating 736 737 737 uses for 737 738 741 741 PET scans 555 Pewter 761 pH 704 of blood 705 705 measuring 704 704 of solution 704 704 Phenolphthalein 710 pH meter 704 704 Phosphates 713 Phosphide 618 Phosphoric acid 697 716 717 lab Phosphorus 578 588 Photon 359 Photosynthesis 392 Photovoltaic cell 271 271 272 Physical changes 460 460 461 461 464 464 Physical properties 458 appearance 458 458 behavior 459 459 luster 570 magnetic 459 459 of matter 458 458 459 459 using to separate 459 459 Physical science 6 Physical weathering 464 464 Piano 333 334 Pigment 392 393 393 STUDENT RESOURCES Pistons 176 176 177 Pitch 330 330 331 331 332 Plane inclined 144 Plane mirrors 417 417 418 422 Planet s finding 76 gravity on 76 act Plant s chlorophyll in 392 photosynthesis in 392 Plasma 480 480 Plastic s 739 739 741 741 773 TA Sy ATS Platinum 577
51. median Step 1 Arrange the measures from least to greatest 36 37 39 44 44 Step 2 Determine the middle measure 36 37 39 44 44 The median is 39 m s To find the mode Step 1 Group the numbers that are the same together 44 44 36 37 39 Step 2 Determine the number that occurs most in the set 44 44 36 37 39 The mode is 44 m s To find the range Step 1 Arrange the measures from largest to smallest 44 44 39 37 36 Step 2 Determine the largest and smallest measures in the set 44 44 39 37 36 Step 3 Find the difference between the largest and smallest measures 44 36 8 The range is 8 m s Practice Problem Find the mean median mode and range for the data set 8 4 12 8 11 14 16 yooqpuey IIS YEN MATH SKILLHANDBOOK 823 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Use Geometry The branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement properties and rela tionships of points lines angles surfaces and solids is called geometry Perimeter The perimeter P is the distance around a geometric figure To find the peri meter of a rectangle add the length and width and multiply that sum by two or 2 1 w To find perimeters of irregular figures add the length of the sides Example 1 Find the perimeter of a rectangle that is 3 m long and 5 m wide Step 1 You know that the perimeter is 2 times the sum of the width and length P 2 3m 5m Step 2 Fi
52. noble gases 578 582 582 594 594 on periodic table 523 523 578 properties of 578 579 579 Nonpolar molecules 614 681 684 682 Nonpolar solutes 681 681 682 Nonrenewable resources 263 263 Normal 304 305 Nuclear energy 264 270 265 266 270 reacting to 280 280 risks of 267 268 268 using 264 Nuclear fission 113 113 266 266 551 551 552 552 Nuclear fuel 265 265 Nuclear fusion 113 113 270 270 553 553 553 act Nuclear reactions 535 lab 551 551 556 552 552 lab 553 553 act Nuclear reactors 264 266 265 266 Nuclear waste 268 act 268 269 269 Nucleic acid 744 745 744 act 745 Nucleotides 744 745 Nucleus 507 507 536 536 540 stability of 539 539 strong force in 537 537 538 538 Nutrients carbohydrates 745 746 746 fats 746 747 747 proteins 742 742 743 743 vitamins 588 684 684 685 684 act Nutrition balanced diet 744 act Nylon 774 775 Nylons 715 Objectivity 10 Ocean salt recovery site 581 581 Ocean waves formation of 294 tsunamis 299 Octane 729 729 lab Oersted Hans Christian 231 Ohm 203 Ohm s law 205 208 Oil dietary 747 747 Oil petroleum 258 259 259 263 263 724 736 741 738 drilling for 736 One step equations 487 act 493 act Oops Accidents in Science Move Pays Off 654 A Spill for a Spill 750 A Sticky Subject 624 Opaque materials 384 384 CONTENTS Index Pengui
53. objeto vibra al absorber energ a en sus frecuencias naturales p 311 resonador c mara hueca llena de aire que amplifica el sonido cuando vibra el aire en su interior p 335 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 865 lt CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosario Glossary Glosario retina sliding friction retina inner lining of the eye that has cells which con vert light images into electrical signals for interpre tion by the brain p 427 retina fricci n deslizante retina capa interna del ojo que posee c lulas que con vierten im genes iluminadas en se ales el ctricas para que el cerebro las interprete p 427 salt compound formed when negative ions from an acid combine with positive ions from a base pp 580 707 saturated hydrocarbon compound such as propane or methane that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms p 728 saturated solution any solution that contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature p 673 scientific law statement about what happens in nature that seems to be true all the time does not explain why or how something happens p 12 scientific method organized set of investigation proce dures that can include stating a problem forming a hypothesis researching and gathering information testing a hypothesis analyzing data and drawing conclusions p 7 screw simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped in
54. ocean waves 299 discovery of radioactivity 540 Ecology 713 Eyeglasses and the Printing Press 429 Lime 617 Panning for Gold 760 Understanding Unusual Behavior 482 Wire Communication 403 Integrate Language Arts The Myth of Sisyphus 104 Integrate Life Science Acidic Stings 700 animal antifreeze 678 Carbon Dating 514 Color for Photosynthesis 392 human coolant 179 human hearing 324 interpreting color 391 lenses and eyesight 427 Magnets in Organisms 228 Mirror Images 417 Muscle Development 609 Integrate Physics Color 408 Color and Mood 408 Integrate Social Studies Artificial Rainmaking 549 Deadly Ocean Waves 299 Ukraine 266 Intensity 328 328 329 329 329 CE Interference 308 308 309 309 337 359 magnetic 227 lab Internal combustion engines 176 176 177 177 International Space Station 6 International System of Units SI 15 15 16 16 act 16 act 18 20 Internet 278 279 lab 374 375 lab 652 653 lab See also Use the Internet 4 CONTENTS Index Kwolek Stephanie Intra cloud lightning 197 Investigations 7 10 Iodine 580 581 608 608 symbol for 506 Iodine tracers 554 555 Ion s 608 609 676 polyatomic 619 Ionic bond 571 571 579 579 610 610 610 act 615 622 623 lab Ionization 676 676 Iron 570 574 758 759 761 oxidation number for 616 physical changes in 460 460 rusting of 462 631 lab 637 637 642 648 s
55. organizado para probar una hip tesis prueba el efecto de una cosa sobre otra bajo condiciones controladas p 8 AX NAAAAAN lt AAA A A gt first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in thermal energy of a system equals the work done on the system plus the heat added to the system p 175 fluorescent light light that results when ultraviolet radi ation produced inside a fluorescent bulb causes the phosphor coating inside the bulb to glow p 395 focal length distance from the center of a lens or mir ror to the focal point p 418 focal point the point on the optical axis of a concave mirror or convex lens where light rays that are ini tially parallel to the optical axis pass through after they strike the mirror or lens p 418 force a push or pull exerted on an object p 52 fossil fuels oil natural gas and coal formed from the decayed remains of ancient plants and animals pP 257 frequency the number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each second is expressed in hertz Hz p 297 friction force that opposes the sliding motion between two touching surfaces p 70 856 STUDENT RESOURCES primera ley de la termodin mica establece que el aumento en la energ a t rmica de un sistema es igual al trabajo realizado sobre el sistema m s el calor agregado a ste p 175 luz fluorescente luz que resulta cuando una radiaci n ultravioleta producida dentro de una bo
56. temperature using the Celsius scale Pure water has a freezing point of 0 C and boil ing point of 100 C The unit of measure ment is degrees Celsius Two other scales often used are the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Figure 14 A thermometer measures the tempera ture of an object Scientists use a thermometer to meas ure temperature Most thermometers in a laboratory are glass tubes with a bulb at the bottom end containing a liquid such as colored alcohol The liquid rises or falls with a change in temperature To read a glass thermometer like the thermometer in Figure 14 rotate it slowly until a red line appears Read the temperature where the red line ends Form Operational Definitions An opera tional definition defines an object by how it functions works or behaves For example when you are playing hide and seek and a tree is home base you have created an operational definition for a tree Objects can have more than one opera tional definition For example a ruler can be defined as a tool that measures the length of an object how it is used It can also be a tool with a series of marks used as a stan dard when measuring how it works 4 CONTENTS Analyze the Data To determine the meaning of your observations and investigation results you will need to look for patterns in the data Then you must think critically to determine what the data mean Scientists
57. the results of your activity wool cloth 2 Infer why athletes wear polyester or polyester cloth nylon clothing nylon cloth Procedure 1 Pour 400 mL of water into each of the four glasses Extra Try at Home Labs 812 STUDENT RESOURCES Adult supervisio 4 CONTENTS Technology Skill Handbook Computer Skills People who study science rely on com puters like the one in Figure 16 to record and store data and to analyze results from investigations Whether you work in a labo ratory or just need to write a lab report with tables good computer skills are a necessity Using the computer comes with responsi bility Issues of ownership security and pri vacy can arise Remember if you did not author the information you are using you must provide a source for your information Also anything on a computer can be accessed by others Do not put anything on the com puter that you would not want everyone to know To add more security to your work use a password Use a Word Processing Program A computer program that allows you to type your information change it as many times as you need to and then print it out is called a word processing program Word processing programs also can be used to make tables Figure 16 A computer will make reports neater and more professional looking 4 CONTENTS Learn the Skill To start your word pro cessing program a blank document some times called
58. the tools you and any assistants will be using Maintain eye contact with the audience The purpose of using the computer is not to prompt the presenter but to help the audience understand the points of the presentation 816 STUDENT RESOURCES Davis Barber PhotoEdit Inc lt q GUI gt Math Skill Handbook Math Review Use Fractions A fraction compares a part to a whole In the fraction 3 the 2 represents the part and is the numerator The 3 represents the whole and is the denominator Reduce Fractions To reduce a fraction you must find the largest factor that is common to both the numerator and the denominator the greatest common factor GCF Divide both numbers by the GCF The fraction has then been reduced or it is in its simplest form Example Twelve of the 20 chemicals in the science lab are in powder form What fraction of the chemicals used in the lab are in powder form Step 1 Write the fraction part _ 12 whole 20 Step 2 To find the GCF of the numerator and denom inator list all of the factors of each number Factors of 12 1 2 3 4 6 12 the numbers that divide evenly into 12 Factors of 20 1 2 4 5 10 20 the numbers that divide evenly into 20 Step 3 List the common factors 1 2 4 Step 4 Choose the greatest factor in the list The GCF of 12 and 20 is 4 Step 5 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF 12 4_3 20 4 5 In the lab of the chemica
59. touching or rubbing p 195 charging by induction process of rearranging electrons on a neutral object by bringing a charged object close to it p 196 chemical bond force that holds atoms together in a compound p 606 chemical change change of one substance into a new substance p 462 chemical equation shorthand method to describe chemical reactions using chemical formulas and other symbols p 635 chemical formula chemical shorthand that uses sym bols to tell what elements are in a compound and their ratios p 603 chemical potential energy energy stored in chemical bonds p 103 chemical property any characteristic of a substance such as flammability that indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change p 461 chemical reaction process in which one or more sub stances are changed into new substances p 632 circuit closed conducting loop through which an elec tric current can flow p 201 cloud chamber radiation detector that uses water or ethanol vapor to detect the paths of charged parti cles p 546 cochlea spiral shaped fluid filled structure in the inner ear that converts sounds waves to nerve impulses p 326 852 STUDENT RESOURCES onda transportadora c clea onda transportadora frecuencia espec fica que se le asigna a una estaci n de radio y que la usa para emi tir se ales p 367 catalizador sustancia que acelera una reacci n qu mica sin camb
60. use several approaches when they analyze the data they have collected and recorded Each approach 1s useful for identifying specific patterns yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Interpret Data The word interpret means to explain the meaning of something When analyzing data from an experiement try to find out what the data show Identify the control group and the test group to see whether or not changes in the independent variable have had an effect Look for differ ences in the dependent variable between the control and test groups Classify Sorting objects or events into groups based on common features is called classifying When classifying first observe the objects or events to be classified Then select one feature that is shared by some members in the group but not by all Place those members that share that feature in a subgroup You can classify members into smaller and smaller subgroups based on characteristics Remember that when you classify you are grouping objects or events for a purpose Keep your purpose in mind as you select the features to form groups and subgroups Compare and Contrast Observations can be analyzed by noting the similarities and differences between two more objects or events that you observe When you look at objects or events to see how they are similar you are comparing them Contrasting is looking for differences in objects or events SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK 795 Timothy Fuller Science Skill
61. with a Simple Machine 125 The Effects of Acid Rain 695 Energy Conversions 99 The Expansion of a Gas 475 The Force of Gravity 67 Heating with Solar Energy 255 How do waves transfer energy 289 Inferring What You Can t Observe 505 Making a Water Lens 415 Observe Colorful Clues 569 Rainbows of Light 383 Rusting A Chemical Reaction 631 The Size of a Nucleus 535 Solution Identification by Solvent Subtraction 663 The Strength of Magnets 223 Temperature and Kinetic Energy 157 Understanding Measurements 5 Using Electricity 191 What sound does a ruler make 321 Law s Boyle s law 492 492 493 493 act Charles s law 494 494 495 495 of conservation of electric charge 193 of conservation of energy 111 111 115 112 116 117 lab of conservation of mass 463 act 465 465 632 632 633 638 of conservation of momentum 87 87 of inertia 55 55 Newton s first law of motion 5456 55 Newton s second law of motion 69 act 69 74 Newton s third law of motion 83 88 4 CONTENTS Lime Ohm s 205 208 of reflection 304 304 385 385 scientific 12 of thermodynamics 175 176 of uni versal gravitation 76 76 78 Lead 451 542 585 oxidation number for 616 Lead storage batteries 203 Lead sulfide 579 Length measuring 5 lab 15 16 16 16 act 17 17 Lenses 424 431 concave 426 426 427 convex 424 424 425 425 427 making 415 lab reading you
62. 00 300 322 322 327 330 crest of 296 296 in different mediums 291 302 lab diffraction of 306 306 307 307 307 act electromagnetic See Electromagnetic waves and Index 890 STUDENT RESOURCES energy 289 lab 290 290 291 291 frequency of 297 298 298 358 360 360 374 375 lab infrared 360 362 362 infrasonic 330 and interference 308 308 309 309 mechanical 291 295 292 293 294 microwaves 360 361 361 361 lab 371 ocean 294 299 and particles 359 359 period of 297 properties of 312 313 lab radio 307 360 360 362 361 367 367 373 368 369 371 act reflection of 303 303 304 304 refraction of 304 304 305 305 and resonance 311 311 lab seismic 295 295 295 act sound 292 293 303 311 322 322 323 324 325 326 354 354 speed of 298 299 299 act 358 standing 310 310 subsonic 330 transverse 292 292 301 301 trough of 296 296 tsunami 299 ultrasonic 330 341 343 342 343 ultraviolet 353 lab 363 363 364 water 292 292 293 293 294 306 300 354 354 359 Wavelength 297 297 297 lab 296 307 307 358 358 Weak acids 702 702 703 703 Weak bases 703 Weather balloon 492 492 Weathering chemical 464 464 physical 464 464 Weather satellites 160 act Wedge 145 145 lt CONTENTS Zinc Weight 77 78 78 Weightlessness 78 79 79 Well 736 Wet cell batteries 202 202 203 Wheel and axle 143 143 144 14
63. 00 billionths and 10 bil lionths of a meter p 363 unsaturated hydrocarbon compound such as ethene or ethyne that contains at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms p 730 unsaturated solution any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature p 673 ultras nico ondas de sonido con frecuencia superiores a 20 000 Hz p 330 ondas ultravioleta ondas electromagn ticas con longi tudes de onda entre aproximadamente 10 y 400 bil lon simas de metro p 363 hidrocarburo no saturado compuesto como el etileno que contiene al menos un enlace doble o triple entre los tomos de carbono p 730 soluci n no saturada cualquier soluci n que puede dis olver m s solutos a una temperatura determinada p 673 ir _ _ variable factor that can cause a change in the results of an experiment p 9 variable factor que puede causar un cambio en los resultados de un experimento p 9 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 869 4 CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosario 870 Glossary Glosario velocity X rays velocity the speed and direction of a moving object p 44 virtual image an image formed by diverging light rays that is perceived by the brain even though no actual light rays pass through the place where the image seems to be located p 418 viscosity a fluid s resistance to flow p 489 visible light electromagnetic waves
64. 2 361 Radiant energy 101 166 167 167 357 Radiation 167 167 541 543 alpha particles 541 542 542 background 549 550 550 beta particles 541 543 543 gamma rays 541 543 heat transfer by 168 lab measuring 548 549 549 solar 534 from Sun 534 ultraviolet 353 lab 363 363 364 Radiation detectors 546 546 547 547 Radiation therapy 365 Radiator 173 car 679 Radioactive dating 544 545 Radioactive decay 541 544 542 543 544 554 Radioactive elements 538 540 540 572 573 576 589 591 Radioactive isotopes 539 550 556 556 Radioactivity 538 550 detection of 546 546 550 547 discovery of 540 540 reclaiming a radioactive site 269 act release into atmosphere 268 268 treating cancer with 556 556 Radiocarbon dating 545 Radio communication 367 368 368 369 Radio frequency 374 375 lab Radioisotopes See Radioactive isotopes Radio spectrum 367 368 368 Radio transmission 367 367 368 368 369 Radio waves 307 360 360 362 367 367 373 368 369 371 act Radium 269 act 573 590 Radon 550 550 590 Rain acid 648 695 lab 718 718 formation of 549 thunderstorms 196 197 463 Rainbow 383 lab 387 387 Rain forests and convection currents 166 167 Ramp 144 Rarefaction 296 296 322 327 Reactant 632 Reaction s See Chemical reactions and action 83 83 chain 266 552 552 557 lab nuclear 535 lab 551 551 556 552 552 lab 5
65. 2 712 713 Soda 716 717 lab Sodium 572 in compounds 603 603 mass number of 513 symbol for 506 Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate 672 708 Sodium carbonate 672 Sodium chlorate 673 Sodium chloride 452 452 522 522 572 603 603 605 605 616 635 673 677 677 708 709 Sodium hydride 579 Sodium hydroxide 672 698 699 699 Sodium phosphate 708 Sodium stearate 683 Sodium vapor lights 396 396 Solar cell 271 271 272 Solar collector 174 174 Solar energy 173 174 255 lab 271 DINA ZE DD Solar heating 173 173 174 174 174 act Solar radiation 534 Solder 761 Solenoid 232 232 Solid s 477 477 amorphous 482 crystalline 698 dissolving 667 667 melting point of 478 radiation in 167 Solid solution 665 665 Solubility 671 comparing 671 671 672 of gases 675 and pressure 675 and temperature 670 675 673 Solubility curves 673 Solute 665 nonpolar 681 681 682 Solute particles 678 678 679 679 Solution s 454 456 662 688 664 of acids 700 700 of bases 700 701 701 boiling poionts of 680 lab concentration of 672 672 formation of 664 670 identifying 663 lab nonliquid 665 665 particles in 676 679 pH of 704 704 saturated 673 686 687 lab solid 665 665 standard 710 supersaturated 674 types of 673 674 unsaturated 673 Solution energy 674 674 Solvent 665 Sonar 314 314 341 341 342 act S
66. 3 Sucrose 673 746 746 Sugars 746 746 solubility of 672 Sulfide s 588 618 Sulfur 578 588 Sulfur dioxide 648 Sulfuric acid 697 697 702 Sun distance from Earth 17 energy from 173 174 255 lab 271 INE 72 2727 ab od and nuclear fusion 270 553 553 orbit of 92 radiation from 534 INDEX 887 xapu Index Supernova Supernova 524 524 Supersaturated solution 674 Surface area 668 668 lab 669 act Surface coatings 775 Surfactants 713 Survival cells 774 774 Suspension 456 456 Sweat 179 179 Symbols for elements 506 526 527 lab 615 615 used in chemical equations 634 Synthesis reactions 642 642 Synthetic s 771 772 772 773 J73 To ac 775 OO 780 Synthetic elements 538 589 591 589 act 591 Synthetic fibers 715 715 System s closed 175 open 175 Tarnish 462 462 463 Technetium 43 589 Technology 13 13 air conditioner 178 aircraft 584 584 aircraft carriers 48 airplane simulator 11 11 alloys 758 763 759 lab 760 761 766 act 778 779 lab alternator 239 batteries 201 203 202 202 lab bubble chamber 508 508 547 547 calorimeter 163 163 cameras 436 436 437 437 car radiators 679 cathode ray tube 370 370 CD ROMs 362 ceramics 762 763 763 764 764 766 765 766 766 act circuit breakers 209 210 210 cloud chamber 546 546 compact discs 397 999 399 compass 2204220 227 227 229 lab
67. 3 53 Bar graph 25 25 Barium 573 Barium sulfate 643 act 644 645 Bar magnet 226 226 Base s 698 701 common 699 699 concentration of 703 710 indicator of 698 710 act 711 711 properties of 698 solutions of 700 701 701 strength of 703 strong 703 and titration 710 710 uses of 698 698 weak 703 Bats and echolocation 339 340 Batteries 201 203 202 202 lab direct current from 242 dry cell 202 202 lead storage 203 wet cell 202 202 203 Beats 337 337 Becquerel Henri 540 540 Behavior as physical property 459 459 Benzene 731 731 732 732 Bernoulli Daniel 488 Bernoulli s principle 488 488 Beta particles 541 543 543 Bias 10 Binary compounds 615 618 act 620 621 Biological compounds 742 747 carbohydrates 745 746 746 lipids 746 747 747 nucleic acids 744 745 744 act 745 pro teins 742 742 743 743 Bioluminescence 382 Biomass 276 Bismuth 588 Block and tackle 142 142 Blood pH of 705 705 Body balancing energy in 114 114 115 chemical composition of 578 578 coolant in 179 179 and electricity 205 Bohr Niels 510 Bohrium 590 Boiling 461 461 479 479 Boiling point Boiling point 20 21 21 478 479 of butane isomers 729 of carbon compounds 736 737 of hydrocarbons 728 728 729 raising 678 of solutions 680 lab Bond s 600 623 breaking 622 623 lab chemical 606 646 See also Chemical bonds
68. 3 Show that number as a power of ten 10 The Earth is 1 496 X 10 km from the Sun Practice Problem How many significant digits are in 149 600 000 km How many significant digits are in 1 496 X 108 km Practice Problem Parts used in a high performance car must be measured to 7 X 107 m Express this number as a decimal Practice Problem A CD is spinning at 539 revolu tions per minute Express this number in scientific notation yooqpuey IIS Yew MATH SKILL HANDBOOK 829 4 CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Make and Use Graphs Data in tables can be displayed in a graph a visual representation of data Common graph types include line graphs bar graphs and circle graphs Line Graph A line graph shows a relation ship between two variables that change continuously The independent variable is changed and is plotted on the x axis The dependent variable is observed and is plotted on the y axis Example Draw a line graph of the data below from a cyclist in a long distance race Table 5 Bicycle Race Data To fo a o Te ESA ESA REA Step 1 Determine the X axis and y axis variables Time varies independently of distance and is plotted on the X axis Distance is dependent on time and is plotted on the y axis Step 2 Determine the scale of each axis The X axis data ranges from 0 to 5 The y axis data ranges from 0 to 40 Step 3 Using graph paper draw and label the axes Include un
69. 300 _ 20x 20 20 65 x Practice Problem In one year 73 of 365 days were rainy in one city What percent of the days in that city were rainy 822 STUDENT RESOURCES Solve One Step Equations A statement that two things are equal is an equation For example A Bis an equa tion that states that A 1s equal to B An equation is solved when a variable is replaced with a value that makes both sides of the equation equal To make both sides equal the inverse operation is used Addition and subtraction are inverses and multipli cation and division are inverses Example 1 Solve the equation x 10 35 Step 1 Find the solution by adding 10 to each side of the equation x 10 35 x 10 10 35 10 x 45 Step 2 Check the solution x 10 35 45 10 35 35 35 Both sides of the equation are equal so x 45 Example 2 In the formula a bc find the value of cifa 20andb 2 Step 1 Rearrange the formula so a bc the unknown value is by ar be itself on one side of the b b equation by dividing both r sides by b Step 2 Replace the variables a FE b and b with the values that 59 are given DES 10 c Step 3 Check the solution a bc 20 2 X 10 20 20 Both sides of the equation are equal so c 10 is the solution when a 20 and b 2 Practice Problem In the formula h gd find the value of d if g 12 3 and h 17 4 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Use Statistics
70. 33 553 act Reading Check 7 9 10 12 15 21 22 25 39 42 44 46 48 51 53 55 70 72 78 84 101 103 109 LLL 127 129 151 136 142 160 165 168 169 175 178 193 195 200 204 207 210 224 226 233 234 239 243 259 263 266 269 273 275 291 293 304 306 323 325 329 331 334 336 341 342 356 358 361 364 370 371 385 386 389 392 394 395 396 401 402 417 421 426 428 433 434 452 454 455 460 462 465 477 478 479 480 482 488 489 490 493 495 507 509 512 513 514 517 522 523 537 539 541 544 946 949 5512 554 97 L 5757979 581 585 588 609 614 621 633 636 638 643 648 650 665 667 671 677 682 683 685 697 701 705 715 714 727 720 7305751 732 733 739 740 743 746 759 761 762 763 764 774 776 Real image 419 Real World Questions 27 28 57 58 89 90 106 116 147 148 171 180 206 214 245 246 277 278 302 312 338 344 366 374 405 406 423 438 457 466 484 496 525 526 557 558 583 592 607 622 652 680 686 706 716 735 748 777 778 Recycling using physical properties 459 Red shift 331 Reduction 645 Reflected beam 304 304 4 CONTENTS Index Salt s Reflecting telescope 433 433 Reflection from concave mirrors 418 419 419 420 420 422 from convex mirror 421 421 422 diffuse 385 385 386 386 of light 385 385 386 386 402 402 403 from plane mirrors 417 41
71. 361 lab mirrors 416 423 423 lab nanotechnology 144 150 150 586 nuclear reactors 264 266 265 266 ocean salt recovery site 581 581 optical fibers 402 402 403 403 optical instruments 432 437 optical scanners 404 404 pagers 371 parabolic trough 272 PET scans 555 pH meter 704 704 photovoltaic cell 271 271 272 polymers 771 775 772 773 774 775 act 778 779 lab power plant 260 261 261 262 264 264 267 267 273 274 274 275 275 radar 361 radiator 173 radio communication 367 368 368 369 radio wave 367 373 369 371 act 372 act refrigerators 177 178 178 rockets 84 84 85 647 647 satellite dishes 366 lab 4 CONTENTS Tevatron satellites 160 act 372 372 372 act 776 semiconductors 585 585 767 767 770 768 769 770 silicon retina 430 simple machines 125 lab 138 146 147 lab 148 149 lab smoke detector 542 542 589 589 sodium vapor lights 396 396 solar cell 271 271 272 solar collector 174 174 solar heating 173 173 174 174 174 act solenoid 232 232 sonar 314 314 341 341 342 act space shuttle 8 9 78 182 182 491 647 762 763 763 space stations 6 spinneret 780 steam engine 13 telephones 371 371 372 376 376 telescopes 432 434 433 434 438 439 lab television 370 370 372 Tevatron 508 508 thermograms 372 372 thermometer 481 481 thermos 170 170 tracers 554 555 transformer 2
72. 4 White Cliffs of Dover 464 464 Wide angle lenses 436 436 Wind energy 274 274 274 274 Windmills 240 240 274 274 Wintergreen 731 731 Wood specific heat of 161 Woodwind instruments 334 335 Work 126 126 131 127 129 148 149 lab calculating 128 129 128 act 129 lab changing direction of force 133 133 134 134 136 converting heat to 176 176 and energy 127 127 increasing distance 133 133 increasing force 132 132 134 134 increasing thermal energy by 174 175 and machines 125 lab 132 132 135 133 134 135 Xenon 582 X ray 360 363 365 365 560 560 973 Xylophone 336 336 A Zero absolute 477 Zinc 468 575 Credits Magnification Key Magnifications listed are the magnifica tions at which images were originally photographed LM Light Microscope SEM Scanning Electron Microscope TEM Transmission Electron Microscope Acknowledgments Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated in illustrating this pro gram Absolute Science Illustration Andrew Evansen Argosy Articulate Graphics Craig Attebery represented by Frank amp Jeff Lavaty CHK America John Edwards and Associates Gagliano Graphics Pedro Julio Gonzalez represented by Melissa Turk amp The Artist Network Robert Hynes repre sented by Mendola Ltd Morgan Cain amp Associates JTH Illustration Laurie O Keefe Matthew Pippin represented by Beranbau
73. 42 act 243 243 244 244 tungsten halogen lights 396 ultrasound 341 343 342 343 water heater 259 lab windmills 274 274 X rays 365 365 560 560 Teflon 734 Telephones 371 371 372 376 376 Telephoto lenses 437 437 Telescopes 432 434 Hubble 434 434 434 act lenses of 432 434 434 438 439 lab 443 reflecting 433 433 refracting 433 433 438 439 lab Television 370 370 372 Tellurium 588 Temperature 158 158 159 and dissolving 670 675 675 of gases 494 494 495 495 measuring 15 20 21 21 23 and pressure 494 494 lab and solute particles 678 678 and speed of sound 324 and thermal energy 477 484 lab and volume 494 494 495 495 Temperature scales 20 21 21 Celsius 20 21 21 159 Fahrenheit 21 21 Kelvin 21 21 Terminal velocity 74 74 Tetrachloroethene 733 734 Tevatron 508 508 Theory Theory 12 Thermal conductors 165 169 lab Thermal energy 108 108 156 182 159 159 477 484 lab See also Heat changes in 162 162 act conduction of 164 164 165 controlling flow of 168 168 170 convection of 165 165 167 171 lab equation for 162 increasing by heat and work 174 175 and radiation 167 167 transferring 164 170 Thermal expansion 481 481 482 482 Thermodynamics 174 175 first law of 175 176 second law of 175 176 Thermograms 372 372 Thermometer 481 481 Thermos 170 170 Thermosphere 491 Thiol me
74. 604 606 605 606 Standard 14 15 15 28 29 lab Standardized Test Practice 34 35 64 65 96 97 122 123 154 155 186 187 220 221 252 253 284 285 318 319 350 351 380 381 412 413 472 473 502 503 564 565 598 599 628 629 658 659 692 693 722 723 754 755 784 785 Standard solution 710 4 CONTENTS Index Sun Standing waves 310 310 Star s elements in 524 524 plasma state of 480 480 Starches 746 746 States of matter 474 474 476 476 480 See Liquid s Solid s See also Gas es gases 478 478 479 479 liquids 478 478 479 479 480 480 plasma 480 480 solids 477 477 482 Static electricity 192 194 193 194 Static friction 71 71 Steam engine 13 Steel 156 574 761 762 778 779 lab Step down transformer 243 243 244 Step up transformer 243 243 244 Stirring and dissolving 668 Stirrup 325 325 Strassmann Fritz 551 Stratosphere 491 Stress and elements 568 String instruments 310 333 334 335 335 Strong acids 702 702 703 703 Strong bases 703 Strong nuclear force 537 537 538 538 545 lab Strontium 573 Study Guide 31 61 93 119 151 183 217 249 281 315 547 377 409 441 469 499 529 561 595 625 655 689 719 751 781 Subatomic particles 507 507 508 507 act 508 Sublimation 581 581 Subsonic waves 330 Substance 450 454 pure 450 450 452 451 Substituted hydrocarbons 732 734 733 73
75. 669 Calculations with the Law of Conservation of Mass 463 Calculating Work 128 Chapter Review 32 33 62 63 94 95 120 121 152 153 184 185 218 219 250 251 282 283 316 317 348 349 378 379 410 411 442 443 470 471 500 501 530 531 562 563 596 597 626 627 656 657 690 691 720 721 752 753 782 783 Crust Elements 587 Determining a Formula 617 Electrical Energy Used by a Microwave Oven 212 Graphing Temperature 24 Measuring the Age of Rocks 548 The Momentum of a Sprinter 86 Power Used by a Computer 211 Section Reviews 13 21 26 46 51 56 74 82 88 105 115 131 157 146 163 170 179 199 205 213 230 237 244 263 270 276 2953 9015 Sl 320 992 37343 359 365 373 388 393 399 404 422 431 437 456 465 483 489 495 511 515 524 540 545 550 5560 577 562 591 606 614 621 637 640 645 650 670 675 679 685 701 705 715 730 734 741 747 763 770 776 The Speed of Light in Water 357 The Speed of Sound 299 Using Boyle s Law 493 Using Sonar 342 Applying Science Can a contaminated radioactive site be reclaimed 269 Can magnetic parts of a junk car be salvaged 228 Can you choose the right material 766 Can you name binary ionic compounds 618 Comparing Object and Image Distances 426 How can you handle an upsetting situation 872 STUDENT RESOURCES 711 Radioactive Isotopes Help Tell Time 514 Selecting a Balanced Diet 744 Arami
76. 686 687 lab Science 4 29 categories of 6 limitations of 12 using 13 13 Science and History Body Art 248 248 A Chilling Story 528 The Gas That Glows 594 The Impossible Dream 118 Making Waves 314 The Nuclear Alchemists 560 Riding a Beam of Light 376 Science and Language Arts A Brave and Startling Truth 60 A Haiku Garden 408 Invisible Man Ellison 216 Thinking in Pictures Grandin 30 Science and Society Acid Rain 719 Reacting to Nuclear Energy 280 The Science of Very Very Small 150 Sight Lines 440 Noise Pollution and Hearing Loss 346 Wonder Fiber 780 Science Online 113 Acid Base Indicators 710 Antoine Lavoisier 733 Archimedes Principle 12 Atomic Energy Level Structure 521 Balancing Chemical Equations 639 Caves 464 Changing Properties 773 Cleaner Chemistry 701 Compressed Gases 493 Crystallization 674 Diffraction 307 DNA Fingerprinting 744 Dot Diagrams 605 Electric Motors 237 Energy 212 Force and Fault Lines 53 Fusion Reactors 553 Geothermal Energy 275 Glacier Flow 102 Gravity on Other Planets 76 Holograms 401 Hubble Space Telescope 434 International System of Units 18 Ionic Bonds 610 Lightning 196 Light Pollution 396 Marie Curie 540 Materials for Space Vehicles 762 Motion in Sports 69 886 STUDENT RESOURCES Nanorobots 144 New Elements 523 Noise Pollution 334 Nuclear Fusion 113 Olympic
77. 7 418 422 of reflection 423 lab total internal 402 402 403 of waves 303 303 304 304 Refracting telescope 433 433 438 439 lab Refraction 304 304 305 305 index of 386 of light 386 386 388 387 387 lab 388 405 lab Refrigerators 177 178 178 Relative motion 39 Renewable resources 271 277 Research 8 Resistance 73 73 74 74 89 lab 203 204 204 Resonance 311 311 lab 333 Resonator 335 336 Resources nonrenewable 263 263 renewable 271 277 Retina 427 427 428 lab silicon 430 Retinitis pigmentosa 430 Reverberation 339 339 Roasting 577 Rock s dating 544 545 Rocket s 84 84 85 647 647 Rod s of eye 391 391 Roller coasters 51 51 Rolling friction 72 72 Rubidium 572 Rust 462 631 lab 637 640 640 648 Rutherford Ernest 510 8 Safety in automobiles 376 376 in car crash 55 55 56 56 and cell phones 376 376 and nuclear power 266 267 268 280 280 Salt s 452 452 572 580 581 603 603 605 605 616 635 673 677 677 694 707 715 common 708 electron dot diagram for 522 522 formation of 707 mining of 709 obtaining 708 708 709 organic 712 712 solubility of 672 INDEX 885 xapu Index Saltpeter Saltpeter 708 Sand specific heat of 161 Satellite s 160 act 372 372 372 act 176 Satellite dishes 366 lab Saturated fats 747 Saturated hydrocarbons 728 Saturated solution 673
78. 70 759 759 Mass 19 atomic 539 539 conservation of 463 act 465 465 632 632 633 638 converting into energy 113 113 critical 552 and force 68 69 measuring 15 15 19 and weight 78 78 Mass number 513 539 Materials 756 780 alloys 758 763 759 lab 760 761 766 act 778 779 lab ceramics 762 763 763 764 764 766 765 766 766 act choosing 760 766 766 act composites 765 lab 775 775 776 776 778 779 lab and electromagnetic waves 353 lab magnetic 228 230 228 act 229 230 plastics 773 775 775 polymers 771 775 772 773 774 775 act 778 779 lab properties Ol 797 lab 113 773 113 008 117 lab semiconductors 767 767 770 768 769 770 for space vehicles 762 763 762 act 763 Matter appearance of 458 458 chemical changes in 462 462 463 464 464 465 466 467 lab chemical properties of 461 461 classifying 448 467 composition of 450 457 expansion of 481 and light 384 384 in motion 158 158 physical changes in 460 460 461 461 464 464 physical properties of 458 458 459 459 states of See States of matter and thermal energy 477 484 lab 4 CONTENTS Index Metal s Measurement 14 14 21 converting 16 act 27 lab of density 19 of distance 17 17 of effects of air resistance 89 lab of electric current 15 of force 128 of intensity of sound 329 329 of length 5 lab 15 16 16 16 aci 17 17 of mass 15 15 19 of pH 704
79. 86 592 593 lab bonding of 726 727 727 728 728 730 729 730 identifying 725 lab isotopes of 514 539 mass number of 513 in meteorites 733 specific heat of 161 symbol for 506 Carbon compounds 733 736 741 738 Carbon dating 514 Carbon dioxide 585 in atmosphere 262 262 648 695 lab frozen 581 and greenhouse effect 652 653 lab solubility of 672 Carbon 14 dating 545 Carbon group 585 585 586 586 Carbonic acid 697 702 716 717 lab Carnot Sadi 13 Carotene 685 Carrier wave 367 367 368 369 Car s See Automobiles Catalyst 650 Catalyzed reaction 651 lab Cathode ray tube 370 370 Cave s formation of 464 464 act CD ROMs 362 Cell s photovoltaic 271 271 272 solan 271 2714272 Cell phones 371 371 376 376 Celsius scale 20 21 21 159 Centimeter 16 act 17 Centripetal acceleration 81 81 Centripetal force 81 81 82 81 lab 82 Ceramics 762 763 763 764 764 766 765 766 766 act 4 CONTENTS Index Chemical reactions Cereal 574 lab Cesium 572 Chadwick James 510 Chain reaction 266 552 552 557 lab Chalk 695 lab 708 Changes chemical 462 462 463 464 464 465 466 467 lab 466 467 lab and energy 100 100 physical 460 460 461 461 464 464 Chardonnet Hilaire de 654 654 Charge See Electric charge Charging by contact 195 Charging by induction 196 196 Charging objects 195 198 Charles Jacques 494 Char
80. 87 493 548 587 617 644 669 Applying Science 228 269 426 514 618 711 744 766 Integrate 9 11 17 30 39 45 48 76 79 84 104 111 115 136 162 176 179 202 205 208 227 2282240 267327 5 295 299 000 374925 331 343 363 364 370 391 392 403 408 417 427 429 456 459 462 463 480 489 514 520 524 540 549 554 573 576 608 609 617 637 650 678 685 700 713 733 743 760 772 Science Online 7 12 18 43 53 69 76 102 bs 160 174 196 212 237 242 2098 273 295 307 329 334 371 372 396 401 428 434 464 479 507 519 521 523 540 553 591 605 610 639 674 684 701 710 733 740 744 762 770 773 775 Standardized Test Practice 34 35 64 65 96 97 122 123 154 155 186 187 220 221 252 253 284 285 318 319 350 351 380 381 412 413 444 445 472 473 502 503 564 565 598 599 628 629 658 659 692 693 722 723 794 755 784 785 Adhesives 774 Air conditioners 178 Aircraft aluminum in 584 584 composite materials in 776 776 jumbo jet 92 92 Aircraft carriers 48 Airplane simulator 11 11 Air pollution ozone depletion 364 364 Air resistance 73 73 74 74 89 lab Alcohol 682 682 733 733 735 lab Alkali metals 572 572 Alkaline earth metals 573 573 Allotropes 585 586 586 592 593 lab Alloys 665 666 758 763 aluminum 762 762 ceramics 762 763 763 764 765 766 lt CONTENTS 766 ac
81. 92 622 716 Make a Plan 29 58 117 215 246 247 279 345 375 407 467 CONTENTS Sodium 526 593 623 652 717 Make the Model 149 559 Test the Model 149 559 Test Your Hypothesis 29 58 59 117 215 345 407 467 593 623 717 Scientific notation 357 act Screws 145 145 Seals 168 168 Second 15 19 Second law of thermodynamics 175 176 Seismic waves 295 295 295 act Selenium 588 588 Semiconductors 585 585 767 767 770 768 769 770 Separation 453 453 lab using chemical changes 463 using physical changes 460 using physical properties 459 459 Series circuit 207 207 214 215 lab Sherman Patsy 750 750 SI International System of Units 15 15 16 16 16 act 18 20 Silicon 585 585 767 767 Silicon dioxide 585 Silicone 774 Silicon retina 430 Silk artificial 654 654 Silkworms 652 654 Silver 570 571 575 575 590 761 symbol for 506 526 Silver tarnish 462 462 463 Simple machines 138 146 inclined plane 144 lever 136 138 141 139 140 147 lab pulley 125 lab 141 141 142 142 screw 145 145 using 148 149 lab wedge 145 145 wheel and axle 143 143 144 144 Single bonds 728 728 729 729 Single displacement reactions 643 643 644 644 Sisyphus myth of 104 Skin cancer 363 Sliding friction 72 72 Slingshot 103 lab Smoke detector 542 542 589 589 Snowboarding 756 756 Soaps 683 683 698 71
82. Amanita Pictures Technology Skill Handbook Technology Skill Handbook Use a Database A collection of facts stored in a com puter and sorted into different fields is called a database A database can be reor ganized in any way that suits your needs Learn the Skill A computer program that allows you to create your own database is a database management system DBMS It allows you to add delete or change infor mation Take time to get to know the fea tures of your database software Determine what facts you would like to include and research to collect your Information Determine how you want to organize the Information Follow the instructions for your particu lar DBMS to set up fields Then enter each item of data in the appropriate field Follow the instructions to sort the infor mation in order of importance Evaluate the information in your database and add delete or change as necessary Use the Internet The Internet is a global network of computers where information is stored and shared To use the Internet like the stu dents in Figure 17 you need a modem to connect your computer to a phone line and an Internet Service Provider account Learn the Skill To access internet sites and information use a Web browser which lets you view and explore pages on the World Wide Web Each page is its own site and each site has its own address called a URL Once you have found a Web browser fol
83. Doppler radar 332 332 Dot diagrams See Electron dot diagrams Double bond 611 611 Double displacement reactions 643 643 Double helix 745 Drilling 736 Drum 310 334 336 336 Dry cell batteries 202 202 Dry ice 581 Duct 172 172 Ductility 468 468 570 570 759 759 Dye 741 Ear 325 325 326 326 Eardrum 325 Earth atmosphere of See Atmosphere background radiation on 549 550 550 crust of 45 45 46 46 577 577 584 distance from Sun 17 magnetic field of 227 227 magnetic poles of 227 227 metals in crust of 577 577 584 Earth science 6 Echolocation 339 340 Ecology 713 718 718 Efficiency 136 137 calculating 137 and friction 137 137 CONTENTS Index Electromagnet s Einstein Albert 359 Einsteinium 590 Ekasilicon 517 Elastic polymers 775 Elastic potential energy 103 Electrical circuit See Circuit Electrical energy 101 211 212 213 212 act converting to other forms of energy 107 107 Electrical power 210 211 211 Electrical pressure 200 200 Electric charge s 192 199 attraction of opposites 193 193 charging by contact 195 charging by induction 196 196 detecting 198 199 199 law of conservation of 193 and static electricity 192 194 193 194 Electric current 201 205 204 238 244 245 lab alternating 242 243 244 244 direct 242 and electromagnetic induction 238 and generators 238
84. Handbook Science Skill Handbook Recognize Cause and Effect A cause is a reason for an action or condition The effect is that action or condition When two events happen together it is not nec essarily true that one event caused the other Scientists must design a controlled investigation to recognize the exact cause and effect Draw Conclusions When scientists have analyzed the data they collected they proceed to draw conclu sions about the data These conclusions are sometimes stated in words similar to the hypothesis that you formed earlier They may confirm a hypothesis or lead you to a new hypothesis Infer Scientists often make inferences based on their observations An inference is an attempt to explain observations or to indi cate a cause An inference is not a fact but a logical conclusion that needs further investi gation For example you may infer that a fire has caused smoke Until you investigate however you do not know for sure Apply When you draw a conclusion you must apply those conclusions to determine whether the data supports the hypothesis If your data do not support your hypothesis it does not mean that the hypothesis is wrong It means only that the result of the investi gation did not support the hypothesis Maybe the experiment needs to be redesigned or some of the initial observa tions on which the hypothesis was based were incomplete or biased Perhaps more observation or research is
85. Images 786 PhotoDisc 788 Tom Pantages 792 Michell D Bridwell PhotoEdit Inc 793 tl Mark Burnett br Dominic Oldershaw 794 StudiOhio 795 Timothy Fuller 796 Aaron Haupt 798 KS Studios 799 Matt Meadows 800 Rod Joslin 802 C Squared Studios PhotoDisc 803 Amanita Pictures 806 t Geoff Butler b Amanita Pictures 807 KS Studios Mullenix 808 KS Studios 813 Amanita Pictures 814 Bob Daemmrich 816 Davis Barber PhotoEdit Inc lt CONTENTS
86. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O S SS O O O O O O O QA O le oe O O es See lo ew gSA m S 6S co S S o o o o o o S Fer S S 10710712107 1071107 1078 1077 1076 10 107410 107 1071 10 10 10 10 104 10 Gamma ray X ray lt Microwaves gt K Q gt E Radio waves Mass number 238 234 230 226 222 218 214 210 206 A i i x Shorter Wavelength 7 Visible Light Longer Wavelength Sa x Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange m 4 0x 1077 4 2 x107 4 9x107 57x107 5 9x 1077 6 5x 107 7 0x 107 Heat Constants Atomic number and chemical symbol 4 eo He a particle Helium nucleus emission gt e e B particle electron emission REFERENCE HANDBOOKS 847 4 CONTENTS syooqpuepy aduaJajay Reference Handbooks Columns of elements are called groups Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties Element State of o Synthetic matter Atomic mass The first three symbols tell you the state of matter of the element at room temperature The fourth symbol Lithium O Beryllium 4 Be J identifies elements that are not present
87. PS 373 373 Glow sticks 648 648 Glucose 746 746 Glue 624 624 Goddard Robert 647 Gold 451 570 575 575 590 760 760 ductility of 468 468 sym bol for 506 Gold leaf 459 Goodyear Charles 772 Grain alcohol ethanol 603 682 682 733 733 Gram 15 20 20 Grams meter 20 Grandin Temple 30 Granite 453 Grape juice indicator 711 lab Graph s 22 22 26 of acceleration 49 bar 25 25 circle 26 26 587 act constructing 24 24 distance time 43 43 heating curve 480 480 line 23 23 24 25 lab of motion 43 43 49 50 observing change through 25 lab speed time 50 Graphing calculator 24 24 Graphite 136 586 586 592 593 lab specific heat of 161 Gravitation universal 76 76 78 Gravitational acceleration 77 77 78 Gravitational potential energy GPE 104 act 104 105 105 106 lab 109 109 Gravity 75 75 82 and atmos phere 79 as basic force 75 as centripetal force 82 82 force of 67 lab on other planets 76 act and projectile motion 79 80 80 range of 76 and weight 77 78 78 Great Salt Lake 688 688 Greenhouse effect 652 653 lab Grounding 198 878 STUDENT RESOURCES Group 520 522 Guitar 333 334 334 335 lt Hahn Otto 551 Half life 514 544 544 Halogens 522 522 580 580 581 581 Hammer 325 325 Hearing 324 326 325 326 Hearing loss 309 329 330 lab Heat 160 160 See also Thermal energy
88. Pu o save space series 232 038 231 036 238 029 237 244 848 STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS Metal Metalloid Nonmetal The color of an elements block tells you if the element is a metal nonmetal or metalloid Gallium 31 F 69 723 Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium 46 47 48 49 Pd E Ag E Cd T In T 106 42 107 868 112 411 114 818 Platinum Thallium 78 79 81 Pt E Au E Tl 195 078 196 967 204 383 Darmstadtium Unununium Ununbium 110 111 112 Ds O Uub 272 285 Visit gpscience com for updates to Reference Handbooks the periodic table Silicon 14 si LI 28 086 Germanium 32 Ge L 72 64 50 Sn E 118 710 Ununquadium 114 Uuq 289 Arsenic 33 As E Antimony 51 O F 121 760 Bismuth 83 F 208 980 Selenium 34 78 96 Tellurium 52 Te Polonium Chlorine 17 9 Cl 35 453 Bromine 35 Br syooqpuepy aduaJajay Xenon 54 O Xe 131 293 lodine The names and symbols for elements 111 114 are temporary Final names will be selected when the elements discoveries are verified XX Elements 116 and 118 were thought to have been created The claim was retracted because the experimental results could not be repeated Terbium 65 Tb a 158 925 Europium Gadolinium 63 Eu JD 151 964 Dysprosium 66 Dy J 162 500 Americium 95 0 243 Californium 98 a o 251 Curium Berkeliu
89. SOURCES pigmento polea pigmento material de color que se usa para cambiar el color de otras sustancias p 392 altura qu tan alto o bajo parece un sonido tiene relaci n con la frecuencia de las ondas sonoras p 330 espejo plano espejo plano y liso que refleja la luz para formar im genes verticales y virtuales p 473 plasma materia consistente de part culas con cargas positivas y negativas p 480 polar sustancia que tiene reas positivas y negativas separadas los materiales polares atraen las mol culas de agua y se disuelven f cilmente en sta p 667 luz polarizada luz cuyas ondas vibran en una sola direcci n p 400 mol cula polar mol cula con un extremo ligeramente positivo y otro ligeramente negativo como resul tado de un compartir desigual de los electrones p 614 ion poliat mico grupo de tomos enlazados covalente mente con carga positiva o negativa p 619 polietileno pol mero formado por una cadena que con tiene varias unidades de etileno es com nmente usado en la fabricaci n de bolsas y envases pl sticos p 739 pol mero clase de sustancias naturales o sint ticas compuestas por muchas mol culas m s simples y peque as llamadas mon meros ordenadas en largas cadenas pp 739 771 energ a potencial energ a almacenada que un objeto tiene debido a su posici n p 103 potencia cantidad de trabajo realizado o cantidad de energ a transferida dividid
90. Solution Real World Question How can heat change a solution Possible Materials fas Ell vg E e cornstarch e pot e kitchen stove or hotplate e glass e measuring cup e tablespoon e wooden spoon e oven mitt Procedure 1 Pour 300 mL of water into a clean glass 2 Add a tablespoon of cornstarch to the water and stir the water until a solution is formed Observe what the solution looks like 810 STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS Model each balanced chemical reaction that you have written down by bonding the atoms together with toothpicks or straightened paper clips to make the reac tants Sketch what you have modeled Using only the atoms from the reac tants break bonds and make new bonds to form the products Sketch what you have modeled Conclude and Apply 1 How do you know that the law of con servation of mass is followed in the reactions you modeled What would you do to fix a reaction that did not follow the conservation of mass What is the evidence that a reaction has occurred Pour your solution into a pot and boil the solution over a hotplate or stove top burner Once the solution is boiling stir it with a wooden spoon Boil the solution for 2 min and observe how the solution changes Conclude and Apply Describe the water and cornstarch solu tion before it boiled Describe how heat changed the water and cornstarch solution
91. Swimming Speeds 43 Particle Research 507 Periodic Table Updates 519 Polymers 740 775 Prediction 11 Radio Wave Technology 371 Retina 428 Satellite Communication 372 Seismic Waves 295 Solar Heating 174 Sound Intensity 329 States of Matter 479 Storing Nuclear Wastes 268 Synthetic Elements 591 Transformers 242 Vitamins 684 Weather Satellites 160 Science Stats Hot and Cold 498 Intriguing Elements 468 Moving and Forcing 92 Surprising Thermal Energy 182 Weird Solutions 688 Scientific laws 12 See also Law s Scientific Methods 7 10 8 27 28 29 57 58 59 89 90 91 106 116 117 147 148 149 171 180 181 206 214 215 245 246 247 277 278 279 302 312 313 338 344 345 366 374 375 405 406 407 423 438 439 457 466 467 484 496 497 525 526 527 557 558 559 583 592 593 607 622 623 652 653 680 686 687 706 716 717 735 748 749 777 778 779 Analyze Your Data 29 59 117 149 215 247 279 302 313 345 375 407 439 467 497 52 7999 593 023 053 OO 717 749 779 Conclude and Apply DALI OIL 106 117 147 149 171 181 206 215 245 247 2 7 279 302 313 338 345 366 375 405 407 423 439 457 467 484 497 525 527 557 559 583 593 607 623 653 680 687 706 717 735 749 777 779 Follow Your Plan 29 59 117 215 247 279 345 375 407 467 527993 023 033 717 Eorm a Hypothesis 28 58 116 214 246 344 406 466 5
92. TES LOM 225255 289 321 353 383 415 449 475 505 535 569 601 631 663 695 725 757 Levers 147 Make a Light Bender 405 Making Music 338 Measuring the Effects of Air Resistance 89 Measuring Wave Properties 312 313 Mini Labs 19 42 7 12103 129 109202227 2959 311 323 361 395 435 460 486 509 552 580 620 648 683 698 739 759 Model and Invent 148 149 438 439 558 559 The Momentum of Colliding Objects 90 91 A Periodic Table of Foods 525 Preparing an Ester 748 749 Reflections of Reflections 423 Saturated Solutions 686 687 The Shape of Satellite Dishes 366 Solar Heating 277 Testing the Viscosity of Common Liquids 496 497 Thermal Energy Changes in Matter 484 Try at Home Mini Labs 25 54 81 112 134 168 198 229 272 297 330 356 387 419 453 494 517 545 574 612 636 668 711 729 765 Use the Internet 278 279 880 STUDENT RESOURCES 374 375 526 527 652 653 Waves in Different Mediums 302 What can you do with this stuff 777 What type is it 583 Lactic acid 697 Lanthanides 576 Laser s 396 399 397 398 399 401 401 Laser eye surgery 440 440 Laser light shows 582 582 Launch Labs 157 Chemical Bonds and Mixing 601 Compare Motion and Speed 37 Can elec tromagnetic waves change mate rials 353 Carbon The Organic Element 725 Chemistry and Properties of Materials 757 Demonstrate the Distillation of Water 449 Doing Work
93. TRA MATH PROBLEMS 837 4 CONTENTS Extra Math Problems Extra Math Problems 104 When a certain 33U nucleus is struck by a neutron it forms the two nuclei 3 Kr and 142Ba How many neutrons are emitted when this occurs 105 A nuclear reactor contains 100 000 kg of enriched uranium About 4 of the enriched uranium is the isotope uranium 235 What is the mass of uranium 235 in the reactor core 106 Suppose the number of uranium 235 nuclei that are split doubles at each stage of a chain reaction If the chain reaction starts with one nucleus split in the first stage how many nuclei will have been split after six stages 107 From 1970 to 1995 the carbon dioxide concen tration in Earth s atmosphere increased from about 325 parts per million to about 360 parts per million What was the percentage change in the concentration of carbon dioxide 108 About 85 of the energy used in the U S comes from fossil fuels How many times greater is the amount of energy used from fossil fuel than the amount used from all other energy sources Chapter 10 Waves 109 What is the wavelength of a wave with a fre quency of 0 4 kHz traveling at 16 m s 110 Two waves are traveling in the same medium with a speed of 340 m s What is the differ ence in frequency of the waves if the one has a wavelength of 5 m and the other has a wavelength of 0 2 m Transverse wave A has an amplitude of 7 cm This wave constructiv
94. The branch of mathematics that deals with collecting analyzing and presenting data is statistics In statistics there are three common ways to summarize data with a single number the mean the median and the mode The mean of a set of data is the arith metic average It is found by adding the numbers in the data set and dividing by the number of items in the set The median is the middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order If there were an even num ber of data points the median would be the mean of the two middle numbers The mode of a set of data is the number or item that appears most often Another number that often is used to describe a set of data is the range The range is the difference between the largest number and the smallest number in a set of data A frequency table shows how many times each piece of data occurs usually in a survey Table 2 below shows the results of a student survey on favorite color Table 2 Student Color Choice red MA a wwe soo w i 2 ween I 3 purple He 7 Cyelow HT 6 Based on the frequency table data which color is the favorite Example The speeds in m s for a race car during five different time trials are 39 37 44 36 and 44 To find the mean Step 1 Find the sum of the numbers 39 37 44 36 44 200 Step 2 Divide the sum by the number of items which is 5 200 5 40 The mean is 40 m s To find the
95. The critical angle for water and air is 49 EXTRA MATH PROBLEMS 839 4 CONTENTS Extra Math Problems Extra Math Problems 149 A ray of light hits a plane mirror at 60 from the normal What is the angle between the reflected ray and the surface of the mirror 150 When alight beam is reflected from a glass surface only 4 of the energy carried by the beam is reflected If a light beam is reflected from one glass surface and then another what is the ratio of the energy carried by the beam after the second reflection compared to the energy carried by the beam before the first reflection Chapter 14 Mirrors and Lenses 151 A light ray strikes a plane mirror The angle between the incident light ray and the nor mal to the mirror is 55 What is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal 152 The magnification of a mirror or lens equals the image size divided by the object size If a plant cell with a diameter of 0 0035 mm is magnified so that the diameter of the image is 0 028 cm what is the magnification 153 A convex lens in a magnifying glass has a focal length of 5 cm How far should the lens be from an object if the image formed is vir tual enlarged and upright 154 A concave mirror forms a real image that is 3 4 the size of the object How far is the object from the mirror 155 Magnification equals the image size divided by the object size Magnification also equals the distance of the ima
96. a word processing document Clip art can be found on a variety of internet sites and on CDs These images can be copied and pasted into your docu ment When beginning try editing existing draw ings then work up to creating drawings The images are made of tiny rectangles of color called pixels Each pixel can be altered Digital photography is another way to add images The photographs in the memory of a digital camera can be down loaded into a computer then edited and added to the document Graphics software also can allow anima tion The software allows drawings to have the appearance of movement by connecting basic drawings automatically This is called in betweening or tweening Remember to save often TECHNOLOGY SKILLHANDBOOK 815 lt CONTENTS yooqpueH JIS bojouyoaL Technology Skill Handbook MELLA Handbook Presentation Skills Develop Multimedia Presentations Most presentations are more dynamic if they include diagrams photographs videos or sound recordings like the one shown in Figure 19 A multimedia presentation involves using stereos overhead projectors televisions computers and more Learn the Skill Decide the main points of your presentation and what types of media would best illustrate those points Make sure you know how to use the equipment you are working with Practice the presentation using the equip ment several times Enlist the help of a classm
97. a 803 Precision and Significant ERA O os 804 DO E E A RO 829 Measuring Refraction oai aa 804 Saent ie Notion aia 829 Sounds in Different Mediums 805 Make and Use Graphs irises ee 830 Stopping Electromagnetic Waves 805 Formulas o ooooo oo 832 igi SiO war Getto ete ee eee 806 Mirror Mirror on the Car 806 emioni leanne wesc 807 Overtlow ing Icen a a ee 807 How big is an atom 808 Ceta Pa ite gece es net ee 808 Mining for Metak Ta eres 809 Disappearing Beans 809 Modeling Balanced Reactions 810 Sky ONON O 810 Kitchen Indicator sa acca 811 Organic Human Bonding 811 ANO AD A mg 812 Extra Math Problems Reference Handbooks Physical Science Reference Tables 846 Periodic lablegyar Al ee aa 848 English Spanish Glossary rae ee 891 STUDENT RESOURCES 787 4 CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Scientific Methods Scientists use an orderly approach called the scientific method to solve problems This includes organizing and recording data so others can understand them Scientists use many variations in this method when they solve problems Identify a Question The first step in a scientific investigation or experiment is to identify a question to be answered or a problem to be solved For example you might ask which gasoline is the most efficient Gather and Organize Information After you have identified your question begin gat
98. a por el tiempo requerido para realizar el trabajo o transferir la energ a medida en vatios V p 129 precipitado compuesto insoluble que resulta de una soluci n durante una reacci n de doble desplaza miento p 643 presi n cantidad de fuerza ejercida por unidad de rea la unidad SI es el pascal Pa p 486 producto es la nueva sustancia que se forma en una reacci n qu mica p 632 prote nas pol meros biol gicos extensos y complejos formados por unidades de amino cidos conforman muchos tejidos del cuerpo como los m sculos los tendones el pelo y las u as p 742 prot n part cula compuesta por quarks dentro del n cleo de un tomo que tiene una carga de 1 p 507 polea m quina simple que consiste de una rueda acanalada con una cuerda cadena o cable que se desliza por el canal y que puede ser fija o m vil p 141 lt CONTENTS quarks resonator Glossary Glosario quarks resonador G quarks particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons p 507 quarks part culas de materia que constituyen los pro tones y neutrones p 507 QOG radiant energy energy carried by an electromagnetic wave p 357 radiation transfer of thermal energy by electromag netic waves p 167 radioactive element element such as radium whose nucleus breaks down and emits particles and energy p 572 radioactivity process that occurs when a nucleus decays an
99. a spiral around a cylindrical post p 145 second law of thermodynamics states that is impossible for heat to flow from a cool object to a warmer object unless work is done p 175 semiconductor materials having conductivity proper ties between that of metals good conductors and nonmetals insulators and having controllable con ductivity parameters pp 585 767 series circuit circuit in which electric current has only one path to follow p 207 SI International System of Units the improved uni versally accepted version of the metric system that is based on multiples of ten and includes the meter m liter L and kilogram kg p 15 simple machine machine that does work with only one movement lever pulley wheel and axle inclined plane screw and wedge p 138 single displacement reaction chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound p 643 sliding friction frictional force that opposes the motion of two surfaces sliding past each other p 72 866 STUDENT RESOURCES sal compuesto i nico que se forma cuando un hal geno adquiere un electr n de un metal pp 580 707 hidrocarburo saturado compuesto como el propano y el metano que contiene nicamente enlaces simples entre los tomos de carbono p 728 soluci n saturada cualquier soluci n que contiene todo el soluto que puede retener a una temperatura determinada p 673 ley cient fica enu
100. a whole number To do this multiply both the divisor and the dividend by the same power of ten Then place the decimal point in the quotient directly above the decimal point in the divi dend Then divide as you do with whole numbers Example Divide 8 84 by 3 4 Step 1 Multiply both factors by 10 3 4 X 10 34 8 84 X 10 88 4 Step 2 Divide 88 4 by 34 2 6 34 88 4 68_ 204 204 0 8 84 divided by 3 4 is 2 6 Practice Problem Divide 75 6 by 3 6 Use Proportions An equation that shows that two ratios are equivalent is a proportion The ratios a 4 and e are equivalent so they can be written 10 2 5 AS 4 10 This equation is a proportion When two ratios form a proportion the cross products are equal To find the cross products in the proportion ae 7 multiply 4 the 2 and the 10 and the 4 and the 5 Therefore 2 x 10 4 x 5 or 20 20 Because you know that both proportions are equal you can use cross products to find a missing term in a proportion This is known as solving the proportion Example The heights of a tree and a pole are proportional to the lengths of their shadows The tree casts a shadow of 24 m when a 6 m pole casts a shadow of 4 m What is the height of the tree Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 The height of the tree is 36 m Practice Problem The ratios of the weights of two objects on the Moon and on Earth are in proportion A rock weighing 3
101. able material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction p 552 espejo convexo destilacion espejo convexo una superficie reflexiva que se curva hacia el exterior y forma una imagen reducida verti cal y virtual p 421 cornea cubierta transparente del globo ocular a trav s de la cual entra la luz al ojo p 427 enlace covalente atracci n formada entre tomos que comparten electrones p 611 cresta los puntos m s altos en una onda transversal p 296 masa cr tica cantidad de material fisionable requerido de manera que cada reacci n de fisi n produzca aproxi madamente una reacci n de fisi n adicional p 552 decibel unit for sound intensity abbreviated dB p 329 decomposition reaction chemical reaction in which one substance breaks down into two or more substances p 642 density mass per unit volume of a material p 19 deoxyribonucleic dee AHK sih ri boh noo klay ihk acid a type of essential biological compound found in the nuclei of cells that codes and stores genetic informa tion and controls the production of RNA p 744 dependent variable factor that changes as a result of changes in the other variables p 9 depolymerization process using heat or chemicals to break a polymer chain into its monomers p 741 diatomic molecule a molecule that consists of two atoms of the same element p 579 diffract
102. absorption of 161 161 converting to work 176 176 and energy transformations 179 as fluid 7 7 increasing thermal energy by 174 175 and motion 159 specific 161 162 using 172 179 Heat conductors 165 169 lab Heat engine 176 Heat flow controlling 168 168 reducing 170 170 Heating curve 480 480 Heating solar 255 lab 259 lab 277 lAN Heating systems 172 174 electric 173 forced air 172 172 radiators 173 solar 173 173 174 174 174 act Heat movers 177 178 178 Heat of fusion 478 Heat of vaporization 479 Heat pumps 178 Heat transfer by radiation 168 lab Heavy Ion Research Laboratory 523 Helium 270 521 582 590 energy levels in 605 isotopes of 539 liquid 494 498 symbol for 506 Helix double 745 Henry Joseph 238 Heptane 727 Hertz Heinrich 359 Hertz Hz 330 Heterogeneous mixture 453 453 454 Holography 401 401 401 act Homogeneous mixture 454 454 Household circuits 209 209 210 210 CONTENTS Index of refraction Hubble Space Telescope 434 434 434 act Hummingbird 664 664 Hyatt John 772 Hydrate 620 620 620 lab Hydrides 579 Hydrocarbons 727 727 729 728 boiling points of 728 728 729 saturated 728 separating 259 substituted 732 734 733 733 synthetic polymers made from 772 unsaturated 730 730 Hydrochloric acid 612 612 697 700 700 702 702 705 703 707 JOR 11l act Hydroelectr
103. ad 0 13 sol Mercury 0 14 liq Platinum 0 13 sol Silver 0 24 sol Tungsten 0 13 sol Water solid 2 05 sol Water liquid 4 18 liq Water vapor 2 01 gas Zinc 0 39 sol 846 STUDENT RESOURCES 9 8 m s s or m s 6 02 X 10 particles per mole 1 6 X 10PC 1 atmosphere Wavelengths of Light ina Vacuum Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red 4 0 4 2 X 107m 4 2 4 9 X 10m 4 9 5 7 X 10m 5 7 5 9 X 10m 5 9 6 5 X 10m 6 5 7 0 X 10m The Index of Refraction for Common Substances A 5 9 X 107m Air Alcohol Canada Balsam Corn Oil 4 CONTENTS 9 11 X 10 kg Diamond 6 67 X 107 N X m kg Glass Crown 1 u amu 9 3 X 10 MeV Glass Flint 3 00 X 108 m s Glycerol Lucite Quartz Fused mmHg Water Heat Constants Melting Boiling Heat of Point Point Fusion C C kJ kg J g 117 79 109 660 2467 396 78 33 332 1083 2567 205 1535 2750 267 328 1740 25 39 357 11 1772 3827 101 962 2212 105 3410 5660 192 0 334 100 420 907 113 1 00 1 36 1 53 1 47 2 42 1 52 1 61 1 47 1 50 1 46 1 33 Heat of Vaporization kJ kg J g 855 10500 1370 4790 6290 866 295 229 2370 4350 2260 1770 Reference Handbooks Standard Units O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
104. afety Proper eye protection should be worn at all times by anyone per forming or observing science activities Special disposal proce dures need to be fol lowed Organisms or other biological materials that might be harmful to humans Objects that can burn skin by being too cold or too hot Use of tools or glass ware that can easily puncture or slice skin Possible danger to res piratory tract from fumes Possible danger from electrical shock or burn Substances that can irritate the skin or mucous membranes of the respiratory tract Chemicals can react with and destroy tissue and other materials Substance may be poi sonous if touched inhaled or swallowed Flammable chemicals may be ignited by open flame spark or exposed heat Open flame in use may cause fire Clothing Protection This symbol appears when substances could stain or burn clothing certain chemicals living organisms bacteria fungi blood unpreserved tissues plant materials boiling liquids hot plates dry ice liquid nitrogen razor blades pins scalpels pointed tools dissecting probes bro ken glass ammonia acetone nail polish remover heated sulfur moth balls improper grounding liquid spills short circuits exposed wires pollen moth balls steel wool fiberglass potassium perman ganate bleaches such as hydrogen peroxide acids such as sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid
105. ages 145 tl file photo tr Mark Burnett b Amanita Pictures 146 SuperStock 147 Mark Burnett 149 Hickson Bender 150 tr courtesy D Carr amp H Craighead Cornell University bl Joe Lertola 151 tl Ed Lallo Liaison Agency Getty Images r C Squared Studios PhotoDisc bl file photo 155 Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 156 157 Charles E Rotkin CORBIS 160 Aaron Haupt 165 Peter Ardito Index Stock 166 t Earth Imaging Stone Getty Images bl K amp K Arman Bruce Coleman Inc PictureQuest br Charles amp Josette Lenars CORBIS 168 1 Doug Cheeseman Peter Arnold Inc c Tim Davis The Stock Market CORBIS r Ed Reschke Peter Arnold Inc 169 David Madison 171 Leonard Lee Rue III Bruce Coleman Inc PictureQuest 174 Stu Rosner Stock Boston 180 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 182 tl bl NASA cr Roy Johnson Tom Stack amp Assoc 183 1 Dean Conger CORBIS r Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 186 Doug Martin 188 189 National Geographic Society 189 National Geographic Society 190 191 John Lawrence Getty Images 191 Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 193 Geoff Butler 195 KS Studios 196 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 197 T Wiewandt DRK Photo 198 Dale Sloat PhotoTake NYC PictureQuest 203 Ray Ellis Photo Researchers 204 Thomas Veneklasen 206 207 208 Geoff Butler 210 tl Geoff Butler tr Tony Freeman Photokdit Inc cl bl Aaron Haupt 214 215 Geoff Butler 216 Bernard Gotfryd Woodfin Camp amp Associates 217 t
106. alanced chemical equation for the neutralization of HBr hydrobromic acid by Al OH 3 aluminum hydroxide A molecule of acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin has the chemical formula COOHC H COOCH What is the mass of a molecule of acetylsali cylic acid in amu Write the equation for the reaction when HNO nitric acid ionizes in water When Na 0 sodium oxide reacts with water the base NaOH sodium hydroxide is formed Write the balanced equation for this reaction Chapter 24 Organic Compounds 253 254 255 256 The hydrocarbon octane C H g has a boiling point of 259 F What is its boiling point on the Celsius temperature scale A barrel of oil is 42 0 gallons About 45 of a barrel of oil is turned into gasoline during the fractional distillation process In 2001 about 19 6 million barrels of crude oil were refined each day How many gallons of gasoline were produced each day In 2001 about 56 of the crude oil used by the United States was imported If the United States used 20 6 million barrels of crude oil a day how many million barrels of crude oil were imported in 2001 Four molecules of a hydrocarbon contain car bon atoms and 56 hydrogen atoms What is the formula for a molecule of this hydrocarbon CONTENTS Extra Math Problems 257 For saturated hydrocarbons the number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule can be calcu lated by the formula N 2N 2 where Ny is the number of hyd
107. all bearing e metric ruler e meterstick 1 Fill an aluminum pie pan with modeling clay to a depth of 10 cm How does energy from solid wax change ice to water Possible Materials Za re EY e short candle e matches or lighter e glass measuring cup e dry very cold ice below 0 C e thermometer e pot e cooling racks for baked goods 1 Set the candle upright in the pot and place the cooling rack on top resting the rack on the pot Light the candle CAUTION Flame will be hot 2 Transfer the ice straight out of the freezer into the glass measuring cup and set it on the cooling rack directly above the candle If the ice has started to melt pat it dry Adult supervision required for all labs Extra Try at Home Labs Place the pan on a level cement or asphalt surface outside Measure and record the mass of each ball you will test Hold the foam ball 2 m above the clay and drop it into the center of the clay Measure the depth of the crater made by the foam ball in the clay and record it in your Science Journal Smooth out the clay Repeat steps 4 5 and 6 for each ball Infer what the depth of each crater measures Compare the crater depth of each ball Infer the relationship between the mass of each ball and its force Note the time and temperature of the water Record its temperature every minute List all the energy changes that occur as
108. an acid dissolves in water and H ions interact with water p 696 hypothesis educated guess using what you know and what you observe p 8 calor de vaporizaci n ondas infrarrojas calor de vaporizaci n cantidad de energ a necesaria para que un l quido en su punto de ebullici n se convierta en gas p 479 mezcla heterog nea mezcla tal como una mezcla de nueces o una mezcla seca para hacer sopa en la cual diferentes materiales est n distribuidos en forma desigual y se pueden identificar f cilmente p 453 holograf a t cnica que produce una imagen fotogr fica tridimensional completa de un objeto p 401 mezcla homog nea s lido liquido o gas que contiene dos o m s sustancias mezcladas de manera uniforme en toda la mezcla p 454 hidrato compuesto que contiene agua qu micamente conectada a sus iones y representada en su f rmula qu mica p 620 hidrocarburos compuestos saturados o no saturados que contienen nicamente tomos de carbono e hidr geno p 727 hidroelectricidad electricidad producida a partir de la energ a generada por una ca da de agua p 273 iones de hidronio iones H O que se forman cuando un cido se disuelve en agua y los iones H interac t an con el agua p 696 hip tesis suposici n fundamentada que se basa en lo que se sabe y lo que se observa p 8 i a incandescent light light produced by heating a piece of metal usually tungsten until i
109. as electromagn ticas dopaje proceso que consiste en afiadir impurezas a un semiconductor para aumentar su conductividad p 768 efecto Doppler cambio en la altura o frecuencia que ocurre cuando una fuente de sonido se mueve en relaci n con un oyente p 331 reacci n de doble desplazamiento reacci n qu mica que produce un precipitado agua o gas cuando se combi nan dos compuestos i nicos en una soluci n p 643 ductibilidad capacidad de los metales para convertirse en alambres p 570 ductilidad capacidad de los metales o aleaciones para ser convertidos en alambres p 759 A E eardrum tough membrane in the outer ear that is about 0 1 mm thick and transmits sound vibrations into the middle ear p 325 echolocation process in which objects are located by emitting sounds and interpreting sound waves that are reflected p 339 efficiency ratio of the output work done by the machine to the input work done on the machine expressed as a percentage p 136 elastic potential energy energy stored when an object is compressed or stretched p 103 electrical power rate at which electrical energy is con verted to another form of energy expressed in watts W p 210 electric current the net movement of electric charges in a single direction measured in amperes A p 201 electric motor device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy by using the magnetic forces between an electromagn
110. ate to push play or turn lights out for you Be sure to prac tice your presentation with him or her If possible set up all of the equipment ahead of time and make sure everything is working properly Figure 19 These students are engaging the audience using a variety of tools Computer Presentations There are many different interactive computer programs that you can use to enhance your presentation Most computers have a compact disc CD drive that can play both CDs and digital video discs DVDs Also there is hardware to connect a regular CD DVD or VCR These tools will enhance your presentation Another method of using the computer to aid in your presentation is to develop a slide show using a computer program This can allow movement of visuals at the pre senter s pace and can allow for visuals to build on one another Learn the Skill In order to create multi media presentations on a computer you need to have certain tools These may include tra ditional graphic tools and drawing programs animation programs and authoring systems that tie everything together Your computer will tell you which tools 1t supports The most Important step is to learn about the tools that you will be using Often color and strong images will con vey a point better than words alone Use the best methods available to convey your point As with other presentations practice many times Practice your presentation with
111. avid Parker Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 388 Charles O Rear CORBIS 390 Mark Burnett 391 tl Ralph C Eagle Jr Photo Researchers br Diane Hirsch Fundamental Photographs 392 Matt Meadows 395 Ginger Chih Peter Arnold Inc 396 Mark Burnett 397 Will amp Deni McIntyre Photo Researchers 399 Andrew Syred Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 401 Larry Mulvehill Photo Researchers 403 Paul Silverman Fundamental Photographs 404 David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc 405 Doug Martin 406 407 Dominic Oldershaw 408 t Archivo Iconografico S A CORBIS b Ashmolean Museum Oxford UK Bridgeman Art Library London New York 409 tl Dick Poe Visuals Unlimited br Timothy Fuller 414 415 John Elk III Stock Boston PictureQuest 416 CORBIS 417 David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc 420 George B Diebold The Stock Market CORBIS 421 Paul A Souders CORBIS 423 Matt Meadows 424 David Parker Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 430 tl cl bl National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health bc br courtesy Optobionics Corp 434 NASA photo via Consolidated News Pictures Archive Photos 436 437 Breck P Kent Earth Scenes 438 439 Dominic Oldershaw 440 t Hemsey Liaison Agency Getty Images b Louis Psihoyos Matrix 441 t Jeff Greenberg Visuals Unlimited bl Mark Burnett br John Durham Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 446 447 Granger Collection NY inset National Geographic Society 448 449 Michael Newman Pho
112. bases such as ammo nia sodium hydroxide mercury many metal compounds iodine poinsettia plant parts alcohol kerosene potassium perman ganate hair clothing paper synthetic materials lt CONTENTS Animal NV Animal Safety This symbol appears when safety of ani mals and students must be ensured Do not dispose of these materials in the sink or trash can Avoid skin contact with these materials Wear mask or gloves Use proper protection when handling Practice common sense behavior and follow guidelines for use of the tool Make sure there is good ventilation Never smell fumes directly Wear a mask Double check setup with teacher Check condition of wires and apparatus Wear dust mask and gloves Practice extra care when handling these materials Wear goggles gloves and an apron Follow your teacher s instructions Avoid open flames and heat when using flammable chemicals Tie back hair and loose clothing Follow teacher s instruction on lighting and extinguish ing flames Dispose of wastes as directed by your teacher Notify your teacher if you suspect contact with material Wash hands thoroughly Go to your teacher for first aid yooqpueH JIPS 22Ua19S Go to your teacher for first aid Leave foul area and notify your teacher immediately Do not attempt to fix electrical problems Notify your teacher immediately Go to your teacher fo
113. ce exerted on an object p 77 wheel and axle simple machine that consists of a shaft or axle attached to the center of a larger wheel so that the shaft and the wheel rotate together p 143 work transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move measured in joules p 126 onda alteraci n o movimiento repetitivo que transfiere energ a a trav s de la materia o el espacio p 290 longitud de onda distancia entre un punto en una onda y el punto semejante m s cercano p 297 cido d bil cualquier cido que solamente se disocie parcialmente en una soluci n p 702 base d bil cualquier base que no se disocie completa mente en una soluci n p 703 cu a m quina simple que consiste de un plano incli nado con uno o dos lados en declive p 145 peso fuerza gravitacional ejercida sobre un objeto p 77 rueda y eje m quina simple que consiste de una barra o eje sujeto al centro de una rueda de mayor tama o de manera que el eje y la rueda giran juntos p 143 trabajo transferencia de energ a que se produce cuando una fuerza hace mover un objeto y que se mide en julios p 126 a X rays electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between about 10 billionths of a meter and 10 tril lionths of a meter that are often used for medical imaging p 365 STUDENT RESOURCES rayos X ondas electromagn ticas con longitudes de onda entre 10 billon simas de metro y 10 trillon si mas d
114. ce that transmits one radio signal and receives another radio signal at the same time allowing a cordless phone user to talk and listen at the same time p 371 868 STUDENT RESOURCES tecnologia aplicaci n de la ciencia en beneficio de la poblaci n p 13 temperatura medida de la energ a cin tica promedio de todas las part culas en un objeto p 159 teor a explicaci n de las cosas o eventos que se basa en el conocimiento obtenido a partir de numerosas observaciones e investigaciones p 12 energ a t rmica suma de la energ a cin tica y potencial de las part culas en un objeto la cual se transfiere por conducci n convecci n y radiaci n p 159 expansi n t rmica aumento del tama o de una sustan cla al aumentar la temperatura p 481 termodin mica estudio de la relaci n entre la energ a t rmica el calor y el trabajo p 174 titulaci n proceso mediante el cual una soluci n con una concentraci n conocida es usada parea determi nar la concentraci n de otra soluci n p 710 reflexi n interna total ocurre cuando la luz choca con el l mite entre dos materiales y se refleja completa mente p 402 indicador radiactivo is topo radioactivo tal como el yodo 131 que puede ser detectado por la radiaci n que emite despu s de ser absorbido por un organ ismo vivo p 554 radio transmisor receptor dispositivo que transmite y recibe una se al de radio al mismo tiempo permi tiend
115. change in time 5 acceleration change in time average velocity change in displacement change in time final velocity initial velocity 2 average acceleration change in velocity change in time Kinetic energy gt mass x velocity Gravitational potential energy GPE mass X 9 8 m s X height Mechanical energy gravitational potential energy kinetic energy Work force X distance Power work time Efficiency work work xX 100 Ideal mechanical advantage IMA length of effort arm length of resistance arm L L Ideal mechanical advantage IMA radius of wheel radius of axle r r IMA effort distance resistance distance length of slope height of slope I h Change in thermal energy mass X change in temperature X specific heat or Oi im Mina EN Tinitia x C Q mass X heat of fusion mH Q mass X heat of vaporization mH lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Chapter 7 Electric current voltage difference resistance or I V R Electricity Electric power current X voltage difference or P IXV Electric energy power Xx time or E PXt Series Circuits Fe aes ee eee Va VS Vee RR te Bort sees Parallel Circuits eS Pe Persp uae VEENI ENVEE eee A EER A Chapter 10 Wave velocity wavelength X frequency or v AXf Waves Chapter 13 Index of refraction Light speed of light in a vacuum speed of light in a substance or n c v Chapter 16 Pressure force area or P F A
116. ci n usando una escala de 0 a 14 en la cual 0 es la m s cida y 14 la m s b sica p 704 fot n part cula como la cual algunas veces se compor tan las ondas electromagn ticas tiene energ a que aumenta a medida que la frecuencia de la onda elec tromagn tica aumenta p 358 c lulas fotovoltaicas dispositivo que convierte la energ a solar en electricidad tambi n llamada celda solar p 271 cambio f sico cualquier cambio en tama o forma o estado de una sustancia en la cual la identidad de la sustancia sigue siendo la misma p 460 propiedad f sica cualquier caracter stica de un material tal como tama o o forma que se puede haber observar o tratado de observar sin cambiar la identi dad del material p 458 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 863 lt CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosario 864 Glossary Glosario pigment pulley pigment colored material that is used to change the color of other substances p 392 pitch how high or low a sound seems related to the frequency of the sound waves p 330 plane mirror flat smooth mirror that reflects light to form upright virtual images p 473 plasma matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles p 480 polar having separated positive and negative areas polar materials attract water molecules and dissolve easily in water p 667 polarized light light whose waves vibrate in only one direction p 400 p
117. composites 765 lab 775 775 776 776 778 779 lab compound machines 146 146 computers 768 768 769 770 770 act CT scans 363 DNA fingerprinting 744 act 745 Doppler radar 332 332 dry ice 581 electric motors 235 235 237 236 237 act 239 241 electromagnets 232 235 238 239 246 247 lab electroscope 198 199 199 547 547 fingerprinting 363 363 888 STUDENT RESOURCES fireworks 573 573 fish ladder 273 273 fluorescent lights 394 394 395 fractional distillation 259 fuel rods 265 269 fuses 209 210 210 galvanometer 234 234 235 Geiger counter 548 549 549 generator 236 238 240 239 241 Global Positioning System GPS 373 373 graphing calculator 24 24 heat engine 176 heating systems 172 172 174 173 heat mover 177 178 178 heat pump 178 holography 401 401 401 act Hubble Space Telescope 434 434 434 act incandescent lights 394 integrated circuits 768 768 internal combustion engines 176 176 177 177 jumbo jet 92 92 laser eye surgery 440 440 laser light shows 582 582 lasers 396 399 397 398 399 401 401 lenses 415 lab 424 431 438 439 lab lightbulb 99 lab 107 107 131 131 203 395 lab 451 574 580 lightning rod 198 198 liquid crystal display LCD 483 483 Lunar Module 85 647 magnetic resonance imaging MRI 248 248 362 362 medical 554 554 556 555 556 microscopes 435 435 microwave oven 361 361
118. conversion factor to use You is the mass of the book in kg are converting from cm to in Use the conver sion factor with cm on the bottom Practice Problem Use the equivalent for in and cm ae 1 in 2 54 cm to show how 1 in 16 39 cm 2 54 cm Math Skill Handbook 828 STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Precision and Significant Digits When you make a measurement the value you record depends on the precision of the measuring instrument This precision is represented by the number of significant digits recorded in the measurement When counting the number of significant digits all digits are counted except zeros at the end of a number with no decimal point such as 2 050 and zeros at the beginning of a deci mal such as 0 03020 When adding or sub tracting numbers with different precision round the answer to the smallest number of decimal places of any number in the sum or difference When multiplying or dividing the answer is rounded to the smallest num ber of significant digits of any number being multiplied or divided Example The lengths 5 28 and 5 2 are measured in meters Find the sum of these lengths and record your answer using the correct number of significant digits Step 1 Find the sum 5 28 m 2 digits after the decimal 52 m 1 digit after the decimal 10 48 m Step 2 Round to one digit after the decimal because the least number of digits after the decimal of the numb
119. convex mirrors are l 4 CONTENTS Hold a 30 cm X 30 cm square of alu minum foil in front of the wall darken the room and shine the light on the foil Observe what happens to the light Hold a 30 cm X 30 cm square of wax paper in front of the wall darken the room and shine the light on the paper Observe the amount of light that strikes the wall Repeat step 4 after folding the wax paper once then twice and then sev eral times Conclude and Apply 1 Describe your observations of the light when you shined it on the different materials Identify translucent materials in your home that are used to partially block light guardian present and look in the side view mirror Count the number of objects you can see a partner place a plane mirror over the side view mirror Count the number of objects you can see you saw in the convex side gt i view mirror with the number Y f of objects you saw in the plane f mirror used for side view mirrors on Cars Adult supervision 5 What chemical changes happen to coins Possible Materials Za Ea EE e lemon e paring knife e tarnished penny e tarnished nickel e tarnished dime e tarnished quarter e metric ruler 1 Cut a slit in a lemon 1 cm wide and 1 cm deep Insert a tarnished penny halfway into the slit 15 What happens to water when it freezes Possible Materials E PEZ e plastic drink bottle
120. ct fractions with unlike denominators first find the least common denominator LCD This is the smallest number that is a com mon multiple of both denominators Rename each fraction with the LCD and then add or subtract Find the simplest form if necessary Example A A chemist makes a paste that is table Salt NaCl sugar C H 0 and the rest water H 0 How much of the paste is a solid Step 1 Find the LCD of the fractions 1 1 gt 3 LCD 6 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 1X3 3 2X3 6 1X2 2 3Xx2 6 Step 3 Add the numerators eae Ea NE 6 2 6 5 q F of the paste is a solid Example 2 The average precipitation in Grand Junction CO is L inch in November and gt inch in December What is the total average precipitation Step 1 Find i LCD of the fractions 7 o 2 LCD 10 Step 2 E each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 7X1 7 10Xx1 10 3x2 6 5X2 10 Step 3 Add the numerators AOA ES E O 10 10 10 10 gt inches total precipitation or In inches Practice Problem On an electric bill about 5 of the energy is from solar energy and about 5 is from wind power How much of the total bill is from solar energy and wind power combined 818 STUDENT RESOURCES Example 3 In your body 4 z f your muscle contractions are N die and smooth muscle tissue Smooth muscle makes of your muscle contractions How many of at rece contraction
121. culas tan peque as que no pueden ser vistas en un micro scopio pp 454 664 solvente en una soluci n la sustancia en la cual se dis uelve el soluto p 665 sonar sistema que usa la reflexi n de las ondas sonoras para detectar objetos bajo el agua p 341 calidad del sonido diferencia entre sonidos que tienen la misma altura e intensidad sonora p 334 calor espec fico cantidad de energ a t rmica necesaria para aumentar un grado centigrado la temperatura de un kilogramo de material p 161 velocidad distancia que recorre un objeto por unidad de tiempo p 39 est ndar cantidad exacta y acordada usada para hacer comparaciones p 14 onda estacionaria patr n de una onda que se forma cuando ondas con la misma longitud de onda y amplitud pero que viajan en direcciones opuestas interfieren continuamente entre s tiene puntos lla mados nodos que no se mueven p 310 electricidad est tica la acumulaci n del exceso de carga el ctrica en un objeto p 192 PILIL D olleso fricci n est tica fuerza que evita que dos superficies en contacto se deslicen una sobre otra p 71 cido fuerte cualquier cido que se disocie casi por completo en una soluci n p 702 base fuerte cualquier base que se disocie completa mente en una soluci n p 703 fuerza de atracci n fuerza de atracci n que act a entre protones y neutrones en un n cleo at mico p 537 sublimaci n proceso media
122. d emits alpha beta or gamma radiation p 538 radio waves electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than about 1 mm used for communications p 361 rarefaction the least dense regions of a compressional wave p 296 reactant in a chemical reaction the substance that reacts p 632 real image an image formed by light rays that converge to pass through the place where the image is located p 419 reduction the gain of electrons by the atoms of a sub stance p 645 reflecting telescope uses a concave mirror plane mir ror and convex lens to collect and focus light from distant objects p 433 refracting telescope uses two convex lenses to gather and focus light from distant objects p 433 refraction the bending of a wave as it changes speed in moving from one medium to another p 304 renewable resource energy source that is replaced almost as quickly as it is used p 271 resistance tendency for a material to oppose electron flow and change electrical energy into thermal energy and light measured in ohms Q p 203 resonance the process by which an object is made to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequen cies p 311 resonator hollow air filled chamber that amplifies sound when the air inside it vibrates p 335 energ a radiante energ a transportada por una onda electromagn tica p 357 radiaci n transferencia de energ a t rmica mediante ondas electr
123. de la mezcla de los is topos de un elemento p 515 velocidad promedio distancia que recorre un objeto dividida por el tiempo que dura en recorrer dicha distancia p 42 _ AAANt balanced chemical equation chemical equation with the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation p 638 balanced forces forces on a object that combine to give a zero net force and do not change the motion of the object p 53 base any substance that forms hydroxide ions OH in a water solution p 698 beta particle electron that is emitted from a decaying atomic nucleus p 543 bias occurs when a scientist s expectations change how the results of an experiment are viewed p 10 binary compound compound that is composed of two elements p 615 biomass renewable organic matter from plants and animals such as wood and animal manure that can be burned to provide heat p 276 boiling point the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pres sure acting on the surface of the liquid p 479 bubble chamber radiation detector consisting of a con tainer of superheated liquid under high pressure that is used to detect the paths of charged particles p 547 buffer solution containing ions that react with added acids or bases and minimize their effects on pH p 705 buoyancy ability of a fluid a liquid or a gas to exert an upward force
124. des an additional 1 4 km to the mall in the opposite direction What is his total distance traveled 12 A squirrel runs 4 8 m across a lawn stops then runs 2 3 m back in the opposite direction What is the squirrel s displacement from its Starting point 13 An ant travels 75 cm in 5 s What was the ant s speed 14 It took you 6 5 h to drive 550 km What was your speed 834 STUDENT RESOURCES 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 A bus leaves at 9 a m with a group of tourists They travel 350 km before they stop for lunch Then they travel an additional 250 km until the end of their trip at 3 p m What was the average speed of the bus Halfway through a cross country meet a run ner s speed is 4 m s In the last stretch she increases her speed to 7 m s What is her change in speed It takes a car one minute to go from rest to 30 m s What is the acceleration of this car You are running at a speed of 10 km h and hit a patch of mud Two seconds later your speed is 8 km h What is your acceleration in units of m s2 A weight lifter is trying to lift a 1500 N weight but can apply a force of only 1200 N on the weight One of his friends helps him lift it all the way What force was applied to the weight by the weight lifter s friend During a tug of war Team A is applying a force of 5000 N while Team B is applying a force of 8000 N What is the net force applied to the rope You
125. dicates how many electrons an atom has gained lost or shared to become stable p 615 0G parallel circuit circuit in which electric current has more than one path to follow p 208 pascal SI unit of pressure p 490 period horizontal row in the periodic table p 523 the amount of time it takes one wavelength to pass a fixed point is expressed in seconds p 297 periodic table organized list of all known elements that are arranged by increasing atomic number and by changes in chemical and physical properties p 516 petroleum liquid fossil fuel formed from decayed remains of ancient organisms can be refined into fuels and used to make plastics p 259 pH a measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution using a scale ranging from 0 to 14 with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic p 704 photon particle that electromagnetic waves sometimes behave like has energy that increases as the frequency of the electromagnetic wave increases p 358 photovoltaic cell device that converts solar energy into electricity also called a solar cell p 271 physical change any change in size shape or state of matter in which the identity of the substance remains the same p 460 physical property any characteristic of a material such as size or shape that you can observe or attempt to observe without changing the identity of the mate rial p 458 Glossary Glosario
126. ding wave a wave pattern that forms when waves of equal wavelength and amplitude but traveling in opposite directions continuously interfere with each other has points called nodes that do not move p 310 static electricity the accumulation of excess electric charge on an object p 192 static friction frictional force that prevents two surfaces from sliding past each other p 71 strong acid any acid that dissociates almost completely in solution p 702 strong base any base that dissociates completely in solution p 703 strong force attractive force that acts between protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus p 537 sublimation the process of a solid changing directly to a vapor without forming a liquid p 581 jabones sublimacion jabones sales org nicas con extremos de hidrocarburos no polares que interact an con aceites y suciedad y con extremos polares que ayudan a disolverlos en agua p 712 recolector solar dispositivo utilizado en un sistema activo de calefacci n solar el cual absorbe la energ a radiante del sol p 174 solenoide cable envuelto en forma de bobina cil ndrica p 232 solubilidad m xima cantidad de soluto que puede ser disuelto en una cantidad dada de solvente a una temperatura determinada p 671 soluto en una soluci n la sustancia que est disuelta p 665 soluci n mezcla homog nea que permanece constante y uniformemente mezclada y que tiene part
127. ds 774 774 Archimedes principle 12 act 485 485 Argon 521 582 Aristotle 509 Aromatic compounds 731 731 732 732 Arsenic 767 Ascorbic acid 697 Aspirin 731 731 Astatine 468 468 578 580 581 Astigmatism 429 Astronauts 6 30 78 78 84 Astronomical unit 17 Atmosphere carbon dioxide in 262 262 and gravity 79 layers of 491 and metals 637 637 ozone layer in 364 364 pollution of 648 652 653 lab release of radioactivity into 268 268 Atom s 504 506 515 components of 507 507 electron cloud model of 511 511 520 520 identifying 607 lab mass number of 513 models of 509 509 511 509 lab 510 511 520 520 nucleus of 507 507 536 536 540 537 538 539 and periodic table 520 520 522 521 522 stability in compounds 604 604 606 605 606 Atomic mass 512 512 513 539 539 average 515 515 Atomic number 513 536 539 Aurora borealis 222 222 Autism 30 Automobiles alternative fuels for 276 276 alternator of 239 cell phones in 376 376 hybrid 276 276 radiators of 679 safety in 66 66 376 376 salvaging magnetic parts of 228 act transforming chemical energy in 108 108 Average atomic mass 515 515 Average speed 42 Axis optical 418 418 Axle See Wheel and axle CONTENTS Boiling Background radiation 549 550 550 Baking soda 672 708 Balanced chemical equations 638 640 act 639 Balanced forces 5
128. e 4 Record your colors on a chart 5 Ask an adult to select other substances for you to test By adding more of the acidic and basic substances you can get several interesting colors from this indicator How can you prove that vinegar is between drinking soda and baking soda on the pH scale by using the cabbage indicator 4 After forming each molecule try to move from one side of the room to the other Which molecules twist and bend easily and which don t Make a table of your observations 1 Use your observations to explain why the boiling point of hydrocarbons increases with the number of carbon atoms 2 Use your observations to explain why benzene is so stable 3 How many peo Isobutane ple would you need to forma protein mole cule Are there enough stu dents in your school a EXTRA TRY AT HOME LABS 811 sqe7 WOH 18 A e1 x4 Extra Try at Home Labs 25 Quick Dry Real World Question 2 Submerge a square of fabric in each Do synthetic fibers dry more quickly than beaker and soak the squares for 3 min natural fibers 3 Remove the fabric squares lay them flat on several layers of paper towels e PA Possible Materials Cal EE and place them in direct sunlight MESA TAP 4 Check the dampness of each cloth drinking glasses 4 square every 3 min for 15 min e water e 3 cm X 3 cm squares of Conclude and Apply cotton cloth 1 Describe
129. e top of the hill until it stops SUI3 001d YIPIN 21x3 A system has a total mechanical energy of 350 J and kinetic energy of 220 J What is its potential energy An object held in the air has a GPE of 470 J The object then is dropped Halfway down what is the object s kinetic energy A car with a mass of 900 kg is traveling at a speed of 25 m s What is the kinetic energy of the car in joules What is the gravitational potential energy of a diver with a mass of 60 kg who is 10 m above the water If your weight is 500 N and you are standing on a floor that is 20 m above the ground what is your gravitational potential energy Chapter 5 Work and Machines 51 52 53 54 55 When moving a couch you exert a force of 400 N and push it 4 m How much work have you done How much work is needed to lift a 50 kg weight to a shelf 3 m above the floor By applying a force of 50 N a pulley system can lift a box with a mass of 20 kg What is the mechanical advantage of the pulley system How much energy do you save per hour if you replace a 60 watt lightbulb with a 55 watt lightbulb Suppose you supply energy to a machine at a rate of 700 W and that the machine converts 560 J into heat every second At what rate does the machine do work EXTRA MATH PROBLEMS 835 4 CONTENTS Extra Math Problems Extra Math Problems 56 You exert a force of 200 N on a machine over a distance of 0 3 m If the machin
130. e about saving energy would not reflect the most recent findings Sometimes scientists use data that they did not collect themselves or conclusions drawn by other researchers This data must be evaluated carefully Ask questions about how the data were obtained if the investiga tion was carried out properly and if it has been duplicated exactly with the same results Would you reach the same conclusion from the data Only when you have confidence in the data can you believe it is true and feel comfortable using it CONTENTS Interpret Scientific Illustrations As you research a topic in science you will see drawings diagrams and photographs to help you understand what you read Some illustrations are included to help you under stand an idea that you can t see easily by yourself like the tiny particles in an atom in Figure 2 A drawing helps many people to remember details more easily and provides examples that clarify difficult concepts or give additional information about the topic you are studying Most illustrations have labels or a caption to identify or to provide more information Nucleus Neutron Proton Electrons Figure 2 This drawing shows an atom of carbon with its six protons six neutrons and six electrons Concept Maps One way to organize data is to draw a diagram that shows relationships among ideas or concepts A concept map can help make the meanings of ideas and terms more clear and
131. e as food or drink containers Keep your hands away from your face and mouth Know the location and proper use of the safety shower eye wash fire blanket and fire alarm Prevent Accidents 1 Use the safety equipment provided to you Goggles and a safety apron should be worn during investigations Do NOT use hair spray mousse or other flammable hair products Tie back long hair and tie down loose clothing Do NOT wear sandals or other open toed shoes in the lab Remove jewelry on hands and wrists Loose jewelry such as chains and long necklaces should be removed to prevent them from getting caught in equipment Do not taste any substances or draw any material into a tube with your mouth Proper behavior is expected in the lab Practical jokes and fooling around can lead to accidents and injury Keep your work area uncluttered Laboratory Work 1 Collect and carry all equipment and materials to your work area before begin ning a lab Remain in your own work area unless given permission by your teacher to leave 1t CONTENTS 3 Always slant test tubes away from your self and others when heating them adding substances to them or rinsing them 4 If instructed to smell a substance in a container hold the container a short dis tance away and fan vapors towards your nose 5 Do NOT substitute other chemicals sub stances for those in the materials list u
132. e metro las cuales se utilizan con frecuencia para producir im genes de uso m dico p 365 lt CONTENTS Absolute zero Italic numbers illustration photo lab a page on which the entry is used in a lab act a page on which the entry is used in an activity Index Applying Math Bold numbers vocabulary term Q Absolute zero 477 Acceleration 47 51 calculating 48 50 69 act centripetal 81 81 equation for 48 and force 57 lab 68 68 69 graphing 49 gravitational 77 77 78 negative 47 47 49 50 50 positive 47 47 49 50 50 of roller coasters 51 51 and speed 47 47 48 and velocity 48 50 Acetic acid 696 697 697 702 703 IS TIA Acetylene ethyne 730 730 733 734 Acetyl salicylic acid aspirin 697 TS 7al Acid s 696 696 common 697 697 concentration of 703 703 706 710 lab indicator of 696 710 act 711 711 neutralization of 707 707 716 717 lab organic 700 735 lab properties of 696 solutions of 700 700 strength of 703 716 717 lab strong 702 702 703 703 and titration 710 weak 702 702 703 703 Acid precipitation 648 695 lab 718 7185 Acid rain 648 effect of 695 lab 718 7185 Acoustics 339 339 Acrylic 774 Actinides 576 Actinium 576 Action and reaction 83 83 Active solar heating 174 174 Activities Applying Math 16 24 40 69 86 102 104 128 131 162 211 212 299 342 337 463 4
133. e moves an object a distance of 0 5 m how much force does the machine exert on the object Assume friction can be ignored 57 What is the efficiency of a machine if you do work on the machine at a rate of 1200 W and the machine does work at a rate of 300 W 58 What is the IMA of a seesaw with a 1 6 m effort arm and a 1 2 m resistance arm 59 What is the IMA of a wheel with a radius of 0 35 mand an axle radius of 0 04 m 60 An inclined plane has an IMA of 1 5 and a height of 2 0 m How long is this inclined plane 61 What power is used by a machine to perform 800 J of work in 25 s 62 A person pushes a box up a ramp that is 3 mlong and 1 m high If the box has a mass of 20 kg and the person pushes with a force of 80 N what is the efficiency of the ramp 63 A first class lever has a mechanical advantage of 5 How large would a force need to be to lift a rock with a mass of 100 kg Chapter 6 Thermal Energy 64 Water has a specific heat of 4184 J kg K How much energy is needed to increase the tem perature of a kilogram of water 5 C 65 The temperature of a block of iron which has a specific heat of 450 J kg K increases by 3 K when 2700 J of energy are added to it What is the mass of this block of iron 66 How much energy is needed to heat 1 kg of sand which has a specific heat of 664 J kg K from 30 C to 50 C 67 1 kg of water specific heat 4184 J kg K is heated from freezing 0 C to boi
134. e number of the unit where the object ends Look at the metric ruler shown in Figure 11 The cen timeter lines are the long numbered lines and the shorter lines are millimeter lines In this instance the length would be 4 50 cm a ii rT F T i ml E y M ai ae el i ja L i ha i EAS aa E F rT 3 J 4 3 sali i i aa ie pl i EAT ii a Figure 11 This metric ruler has centimeter and millimeter divisions SCIENCE SKILLHANDBOOK 793 t Mark Burnett b Dominic Oldershaw Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Mass The SI unit for mass is the kilogram kg Scientists can measure mass using units formed by adding metric prefixes to the unit gram g such as milligram mg To measure mass you might use a triple beam balance similar to the one shown in Figure 12 The balance has a pan on one side and a set of beams on the other side Each beam has a rider that slides on the beam When using a triple beam balance place an object on the pan Slide the largest rider along its beam until the pointer drops below zero Then move it back one notch Repeat the process for each rider proceeding from the larger to smaller until the pointer swings an equal distance above and below the zero point Sum the masses on each beam to find the mass of the object Move all riders back to zero when finished Instead of putting materials directly on the balance scientists often take a tare of a contain
135. e wave Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Waves 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 Express the number 20 000 in scientific notation An electromagnetic wave has a wavelength of 0 054 m What is the wavelength in scien tific notation Earth is about 4 500 000 000 years old Express this number in scientific notation The speed of electromagnetic waves in air is 300 000 km s What is the frequency of elec tromagnetic waves that have a wavelength of 5 X 1073 km The speed of radio waves in water Is about 2 26 X 10 km s What is the frequency of radio waves that have a wavelength of 3 0 km Radio waves with a frequency of 125 000 Hz have a wavelength of 1 84 km when traveling in ice What is the speed of the radio waves in ice Some infrared waves have a frequency of 10 000 000 000 000 Hz Express this frequency in scientific notation An infrared wave has a frequency of 1 X 1013 Hz and a wavelength of 3 X 107 m Express this wavelength as a decimal number An AM radio station broadcasts at a fre quency of 620 kHz Express this frequency in Hz using scientific notation 140 An FM radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 101 MHz Express this frequency in Hz using scientific notation Chapter 13 Light 141 Aray of light hits a plane mirror at 35 from the normal What angle does the reflected ray make with the normal SUI3 001d YIPIN 21x3 142 A light ray strikes a plane mirr
136. eal or virtual images p 424 coeficiente lente convexo coeficiente n mero en una ecuaci n qu mica que rep resenta el n mero de unidades de cada una de las sustancias que participan en una reacci n qu mica p 636 luz coherente luz de una sola longitud de onda que viaja en una sola direcci n con sus crestas y sus depresiones alineadas p 398 coloide mezcla heterog nea cuyas part culas nunca se sedimentan p 454 reacci n de combusti n un tipo de reacci n qu mica que ocurre cuando una sustancia reacciona con ox geno para producir energ a en forma de calor y luz p 641 compuesto mezcla de dos materiales uno de los cuales est embebido en el otro p 775 compuesto sustancia formada por dos o m s elemen tos en la que la combinaci n y proporci n exacta de los elementos es siempre la misma p 452 m quina compuesta m quina compuesta por dos o m s m quinas simples p 146 onda de compresi n onda para la cual la materia en el medio se mueve hacia adelante y hacia atr s en la direcci n en que viaja la onda p 292 lente c ncavo lente que es m s delgado en los bordes que en el centro hace que los rayos de luz se desv en y forma im genes reducidas verticales y virtuales y generalmente se utiliza en combinaci n con otros lentes p 426 a i a espejo c ncavo superficie reflexiva que se curva hacia gt el interior y que puede amplificar los objetos o crear Y rayos de
137. eciprocals Example Find the reciprocal of 7 Step 1 Inverse the fraction by putting the denomi nator on top and the numerator on the bottom 8 3 The reciprocal of is a Practice Problem Find the reciprocal of Math Skill Handbook Divide Fractions To divide one fraction by another fraction multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor Find the simplest form if necessary Example 1 Divide gt by a Step 1 Find the reciprocal of the divisor The reciprocal of is a Step 2 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor SS AE wi jw wo Step 3 Find the GCF 3 a GCF 3 Step 4 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF 9 meee Wi wlw re ce 9 divided by 3 ISS Example 2 Divide gt by T Step 1 Find the reciprocal of the divisor The reciprocal of is Step 2 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor Aa AR MTS 5 3 xX 5 blo ujw cee alee ee 5 divided by 7 Is 5 or 2 Practice Problem Divide by e MATH SKILLHANDBOOK 819 4 CONTENTS yooqpuey IIS WeW Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Use Ratios When you compare two numbers by division you are using a ratio Ratios can be written 3 to 5 3 5 or a Ratios like fractions also can be written in simplest form Ratios can represent probabilities also called odds This is a ratio that compares the number of ways a certain outcome occu
138. ed Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 481 t CORBIS b Mark E Gibson Visuals Unlimited 483 Amanita Pictures 484 Matt Meadows 488 t Bob Daemmrich b Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 490 file photo 492 Mark Burnett Photo Researchers 495 Matt Meadows 496 John Evans 498 t Geoff Tomkinson Science Photo Library Photo Researchers b Michael Dwyer Stock Boston 499 tl Breck P Kent Animals Animals bl Icon Images br Aaron Haupt 503 1 Mark Burnett Photo Researchers r Mark E Gibson Visuals Unlimited 504 505 Walter Bibikow Index Stock Imagery NY 508 tl Science Photo Library Photo Researchers tr Hank Morgan Science Source Photo Researchers b Photo Researchers 509 Sheila Terry Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 512 Matt Meadows 516 Science Museum Science amp Society Picture Library 524 CORBIS 525 The Image Bank Getty Images 526 Tom Pantages 527 PhotoEdit Inc 528 t Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS bl Maria Stenzel National Geographic Image Collection 534 535 Paul Souders Getty Images 535 Aaron Haupt 536 t Mark Burnett b David Frazier The Image Works 540 American Institute of Physics Emilio Segre Visual Archives 542 Amanita Pictures 546 1 courtesy Supersaturated Environments r Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 547 t CERN P Loiez Science Photo Library Photo Researchers others Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 549 Hank Morgan Photo Researchers 554 Oliver Meckes Nicole Ottawa Photo
139. eight of 7 m Step 1 You know that the area is gt the base times the height A 5 18 m X 7m Step 2 Multiply gt by the product of 18 Xx 7 Multiply the units A 5 126 m2 A 63 m2 The area is 63 m2 Practice Problem Find the area of a triangle with a base of 27 cm and a height of 17 cm 4 CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Circumference of a Circle The diameter d of a circle is the distance across the circle through its center and the radius r is the distance from the center to any point on the circle The radius is half of the diameter The distance around the circle is called the circumference C The formula for finding the circumference is CH ne ore nd The circumference divided by the diameter is always equal to 3 1415926 This nonter minating and nonrepeating number is rep resented by the Greek letter m pi An approximation often used for m is 3 14 Example 1 Find the circumference of a circle with a radius of 3 m Step 1 You know the formula for the circumference is 2 times the radius times Tr C 271r 3 Step 2 Multiply 2 times the radius C 67 Step 3 Multiply by Tr C 19m The circumference is 19 m Example 2 Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 24 0 cm Step 1 You know the formula for the circumference is the diameter times Tr C Tr 24 0 Step 2 Multiply the diameter by 77 C 75 4 cm The circumference is 75 4 cm Practice Problem Fi
140. ely interferes with wave B While the two waves overlap the amplitude of the resulting wave is 10 cm What is the amplitude of wave B 112 What is the wavelength of a wave with a fre quency of 5 Hz traveling at 15 m s 113 What is the velocity of a wave that has a wavelength of 6 m and a frequency of 3 Hz 114 A ray of light hits a mirror at an angle of 35 to the normal What is the angle of the reflected ray to the normal 838 STUDENT RESOURCES 115 116 117 118 A wave has a wavelength of 250 cm and a frequency of 4 Hz What is its speed A wave has a frequency of 5 6 MHz What is the frequency of this wave in Hz A light ray strikes a mirror and is reflected The angle between the incident and reflected rays is 86 What is the angle of the incident ray to the normal What is the frequency of a wave with a wave length of 7 m traveling at 21 m s Chapter Il Sound 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 What is the wavelength of a 440 Hz sound wave traveling with a speed of 347 m s A sound wave with a frequency of 440 Hz travels in steel with a speed of 5200 m s What is the wavelength of the sound wave A wave traveling in water has a wavelength of a 750 m and a frequency of 2 Hz How fast is this wave moving At 0 C sound travels through air with a speed of about 331 m s and through aluminum with a speed of 4877 m s How many times longer is the wavelengt
141. en su interior en c maras o cilindros p 176 ion part cula cargada que tiene ya sea m s o menos electrones que protones pp 608 676 enlace i nico atracci n formada entre iones con cargas opuestas en un compuesto i nico p 610 ionizaci n proceso en el cual los electrolitos se disuelven en agua y se separan en part culas cargadas p 676 is meros compuestos con f rmulas qu micas id nticas pero diferentes estructuras y formas moleculares p 729 is topos tomos del mismo elemento que tienen difer ente n mero de neutrones p 514 O joule SI unit of energy p 102 julio unidad SI de energ a p 102 A K kinetic energy energy a moving object has because of its motion depends on the mass and speed of the object p 102 kinetic theory explanation of the behavior of mole cules in matter states that all matter is made of con stantly moving particles that collide without losing energy p 476 energ a cin tica energ a que tiene un cuerpo debido a su movimiento la cual depende de la masa y veloci dad del objeto p 102 teor a cin tica explicaci n del comportamiento de las mol culas en la materia la cual establece que todas las sustancias est n compuestas de part culas en constante movimiento que colindan sin perder energ a p 476 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 859 lt CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosario 860 Glossary Glosario law of co
142. er A tare is the mass of a container into which objects or substances are placed for measuring their masses To mass objects or substances find the mass of a clean con tainer Remove the container from the pan and place the object or substances in the container Find the mass of the container with the materials in it Subtract the mass of the empty container from the mass of the filled container to find the mass of the materials you are using Figure 12 A triple beam balance is used to deter mine the mass of an object 794 STUDENT RESOURCES StudiOhio LL ol ue Meniscus Figure 13 Graduated cylinders measure liquid volume Liquid Volume To measure liquids the unit used is the liter When a smaller unit is needed scientists might use a milliliter Because a milliliter takes up the volume of a cube measuring 1 cm on each side it also can be called a cubic centimeter cm cm X cm X cm You can use beakers and graduated cylin ders to measure liquid volume A graduated cylinder shown in Figure 13 is marked from bottom to top in milliliters In lab you might use a 10 mL graduated cylinder or a 100 mL graduated cylinder When measuring liquids notice that the liquid has a curved surface Look at the surface at eye level and measure the bottom of the curve This is called the meniscus The graduated cylinder in Figure 13 contains 79 0 mL or 79 0 cm of a liquid Temperature Scientists often measure
143. er does the hair dryer use 89 Compare the electrical energy that is used by a 100 W lightbulb that burns for 10 h and a 1 200 W hair dryer that is used for 15 min Chapter 8 Magnetism and Its Uses 90 How many turns are in the secondary coil of a step down transformer that reduces a voltage from 900 V to 300 V and has 15 turns in the primary coil 91 A step down transformer reduces voltage from 2400 V to 120 V What is the ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil of the transformer 92 The current produced by an AC generator switches direction twice for each revolution of the coil How many times does a 110 Hz alter nating current switch direction each second 93 What is the output voltage from a step down transformer with 200 turns in the primary coil and 100 turns in the secondary coil if the input voltage was 750 V 94 What is the output voltage from a step up transformer with 25 turns in the primary coil and 75 turns in the secondary coil if the input voltage was 120 V 95 96 97 98 How many turns are in the primary coil of a step down transformer that reduces a voltage from 400 V to 100 V and has 80 turns in the secondary coil How many turns are in the secondary coil of a step up transformer that increases voltage from 30 V to 150 V and has seven turns in the primary coil SUI3 001d YIPIN 21x3 The coil of a 60 Hz generator makes 60 revo
144. ers Photo Researchers 741 courtesy Milmar Company 743 David M Phillips Visuals Unlimited 746 t Bob Mullenix b Diana Calder The Stock Market CORBIS 747 Ken Frick 749 Matt Meadows 750 courtesy 3M 751 tl Francis amp Donna Caldwell Visuals Unlimited tr Richard Hutchings Photo Researchers bl PhotoDisc br Bob Coates Index Stock 756 757 David Stoecklein CORBIS 757 Matt Meadows 759 1 Icon Images r Martin Fox Index Stock 760 Icon Images 761 tr Laura Sifferlin 1 STU Visuals Unlimited br Jonathan Blair CORBIS 762 courtesy Boeing 763 NASA 765 Aaron Haupt 766 courtesy Zimmer Inc 768 Michael Philip Manheim STUDENT RESOURCES Photo Network PictureQuest 769 tl L Mulvehill Photo Researchers tr cr Bettmann CORBIS cl courtesy Texas Instruments bl David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc br Charles O Rear CORBIS 770 Amanita Pictures 773 1 Leonard Lessin Peter Arnold Inc c Myrleen Ferguson PhotoEdit Inc r Robert Rathe Stock Boston 774 t Doug Wilson CORBIS c courtesy Dallara b Jon Eisberg FPG Getty Images 775 1 Herb Charles Ohlemeyer Fran Heyl Associates r Cindy Lewis 776 courtesy Boeing 777 Aaron Haupt 778 Timothy Fuller 779 Icon Images 780 t Bernard Roussel The Image Bank Getty Images c courtesy 3M b Steve Labadessa Timepix 781 t Tony Freeman PhotoEdit Inc c Flexdex Skateboards www flexdex com Photo by John Durant Photography 784 1 Martin Fox Index Stock r Icon
145. ers being added is 1 The sum is 10 5 m Practice Problem How many significant digits are in the measurement 7 071 301 m How many signifi cant digits are in the measurement 0 003010 g Practice Problem Multiply 5 28 and 5 2 using the rule for multiplying and dividing Record the answer using the correct number of significant digits Scientific Notation Many times numbers used in science are very small or very large Because these num bers are difficult to work with scientists use scientific notation To write numbers in sci entific notation move the decimal point until only one non zero digit remains on the left Then count the number of places you moved the decimal point and use that number as a power of ten For example the average distance from the Sun to Mars is 227 800 000 000 m In scientific notation this distance is 2 278 x 10 m Because you moved the decimal point to the left the number is a positive power of ten The mass of an electron is about 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg Expressed in scientific notation this mass is 9 11 x 107 kg Because the decimal point was moved to the right the number is a negative power of ten Example Earth is 149 600 000 km from the Sun Express this in scientific notation Step 1 Move the decimal point until one non zero digit remains on the left 1 496 000 00 Step 2 Count the number of decimal places you have moved In this case eight Step
146. et and a permanent magnet to make a shaft rotate p 235 electrolyte compound that breaks apart in water forming charged particles ions that can conduct electricity p 676 electromagnet temporary magnet made by wrapping a wire coil carrying a current around an iron core p 232 electromagnetic induction process in which electric current is produced in a wire loop by a changing magnetic field p 238 electromagnetic waves waves created by vibrating electric charges can travel through a vacuum or through matter and have a wide variety of frequen cies and wavelengths p 354 timpano membrana fuerte del oido externo que tiene m s o menos 0 1 mm de grosor y transmite las vibraciones del sonido al o do medio p 325 ecolocalizaci n proceso en el cual los objetos son local izados emitiendo sonidos e interpretando ondas de sonido que se reflejan p 339 eficiencia relaci n del trabajo efectuado por una m quina y el trabajo hecho en sta expresada en porcentaje p 136 energ a el stica potencial energ a almacenada cuando un objeto es comprimido o estirado p 103 potencia el ctrica proporci n a la cual la energ a el c trica se convierte en otra forma de energ a se expresa en vatios V p 210 corriente el ctrica movimiento neto de cargas el ctricas en una sola direcci n medido en amperios A p 201 motor el ctrico dispositivo que convierte la energ a el ctrica en energ
147. etely with 32 0 g of O how many grams of Li O are formed 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 What coefficients balance the following equation Zn OH _H3PO gt ZA ROD patos Aluminum hydroxide Al OH decomposes to form aluminum oxide Al O3 and water according to the reaction 2Al 0H 3 gt ALO 3H 0 If 156 0 g of Al OH decom pose to from 102 0 g of ALO how many grams of H O are formed SUI3 001d YIPIN 21x3 In the following balanced chemical reaction one of the products is represented by the symbol X BaCO C H O gt Ba Oh H O 2X What is the formula for the com pound represented by X When propane CzHg is burned carbon diox ide and water vapor are produced according to the following reaction C H 50 gt 3CO 4H 0 How much propane is burned if 160 0 g of O are used and 132 0 g of CO and 72 0 g of H O are produced Increasing the temperature usually causes the rate of a chemical reaction to increase If the rate of a chemical reaction doubles when the temperature increases by 10 C by what fac tor does the rate of reaction increase if the temperature increases by 30 C When acetylene gas C H is burned carbon dioxide and water are produced Find the coefficients that balance the chemical equa tion for the combustion of acetylene SC MnO gt COSO What coefficients balances the following equation C55 OD CO 7 25077 When methane CH
148. formed from two or more ele ments in which the exact combination and propor tion of elements is always the same p 452 compound machine machine that is a combination of two or more simple machines p 146 compressional wave a wave for which the matter in the medium moves back and forth along the direction that the wave travels p 292 concave lens a lens that is thicker at the edges than in the middle causes light rays to diverge and forms reduced upright virtual images and is usually used in combination with other lenses p 426 concave mirror a reflective surface that curves inward and can magnify objects or create beams of light p 418 conduction transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles in matter at a higher temperature and particles in matter at a lower temperature p 164 conductivity kahn duk TIHV ut ee property of metals and alloys that allows heat or electrical charges to pass through the material easily p 759 conductor material such as copper wire in which electrons can move easily p 194 constant in an experiment a variable that does not change when other variables change p 9 control standard used for comparison of test results in an experiment p 9 convection transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of warmer and cooler fluid from one place to another p 165 convex lens a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges and can form r
149. fy p 478 metal element that typically is a hard shiny solid is malleable and is a good conductor of heat and elec tricity p 570 metallic bonding occurs because electrons move freely among a metal s positively charged ions and explains properties such as ductility and the ability to con duct electricity p 571 metalloid element that shares some properties with metals and some with nonmetals p 584 microscope uses convex lenses to magnify small close objects p 435 microwaves radio waves with wavelengths of between about 1 m and 1 mm p 361 mirage image of a distant object produced by the refraction of light through air layers of different densities p 388 model can be used to represent an idea object or event that is too big too small too complex or too dangerous to observe or test directly p 11 molecule a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing p 611 momentum property of a moving object that equals its mass times its velocity p 86 monomer small molecule that forms a link in a poly mer chain and can be made to combine with itself repeatedly pp 739 771 music sounds that are deliberately used in a regular pattern p 333 ventaja mecanica MA neutron ventaja mec nica MA relaci n de la fuerza ejercida por una m quina y la fuerza aplicada a dicha m quina p 136 energ a mec nica suma de la energ a potencial y energ a cin tica en
150. g area of the same mirror without the hole 160 Astronomers have proposed building the OWL telescope overwhelmingly large tele scope with a mirror 100 m in diameter The diameter of the Hubble Space Telescope mirror is 2 4 m What percentage of the surface area of the OWL mirror would be covered by the surface area of the Hubble mirror Chapter 15 Classification of Matter 161 Two solutions one with a mass of 450 g and the other with a mass of 350 g are mixed A chemical reaction occurs and 125 g of solid crystals are produced that settle on the bot tom of the container What is the mass of the remaining solution 162 Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide according to the following equation C O gt CO When 120 g of carbon reacts with oxygen 440 g of carbon dioxide are formed How much oxygen reacted with the carbon 163 Salt water is distilled by boiling it and con densing the vapor After distillation 1 164 g of water have been collected and 12 g of salt are left behind in the original container What was the original mass of the salt water CONTENTS Extra Math Problems 164 Calcium carbonate CaCO decomposes according to the reaction CaCO gt CaO CO When 250 g of CaCO decompose com pletely the mass of CaO is 56 of the mass of the products of this reaction What is the mass of CO produced 165 Water breaks down into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas according to the reacti
151. ge from the lens divided by the distance of the object from the lens A penny has a diameter of 2 0 cm A con vex lens forms an image with a diameter of 5 2 cm and is 6 0 cm from the lens What is the distance between the penny and the lens 156 Light enters the human eye through the pupil In the dark the pupil is dilated and has a diameter of about 1 cm The Keck telescope has a mirror with a diameter of 10 m If both the pupil and the Keck mirror are circles what is the ratio of the area of the Keck tele scope mirror to the area of a dilated human pupil 840 STUDENT RESOURCES 157 A small insect is viewed in a compound microscope The objective lens of the micro scope forms a real image 20 times larger than the insect The eyepiece lens then magnifies this real image by 10 times What is the mag nification of the microscope 158 A light source is placed a distance of 1 2 m from a concave mirror on the optical axis The reflected light rays are parallel and form a light beam What is the focal length of the mirror 159 In some types of reflecting telescopes the eyepiece is located behind the concave mir ror A small curved mirror in front of the con cave mirror reflects light through a hole in the concave mirror to the eyepiece Suppose a circular concave mirror with a diameter of 50 cm has a hole with a diameter of 10 cm What is the ratio of the reflecting area of the mirror with the 10 cm hole to the reflectin
152. ge of the world s oil that the USA uses 2 Calculate the percentage of the world s total energy the USA uses 3 The population of the United States is 290 300 000 and the world population is 6 300 000 000 Calculate what per centage of the world s population is made up of the U S population 2 Place a straw into each glass so that each straw is resting at the same angle 3 Set the glasses side by side view them from eye level and observe the angle of refraction caused by each liquid 4 Use a metric ruler or protractor to meas ure the refraction caused by the water vinegar and oil Conclude and Apply 1 List the amount of refraction created by each liquid 2 Define refraction Adult supervision Extra Try at Home Labs a How do sounds change when heard through different mediums Possible Materials aa KZ e wood block water e balloon e ticking watch O 1 Hold a wood block next to your ear and have a partner hold a ticking watch next to the block Note the sound of the watch through the wood 2 Blow up a balloon and hold the balloon next to your ear Have a friend hold the ticking watch against the other side of the balloon and note the sound of the watch through the air in the balloon RB How do polarized sunglasses stop electromagnetic waves and prevent glare Possible Materials Gas e 2 sets of polarized sunglasses or one set
153. h of a sound wave in alu minum compared to the wavelength of a sound wave in air if both waves have the same frequency The speed of sound in air at 0 C is 331 m s and at 20 C is 344 m s What is the percent age change in the speed of sound at 20 C compared to 0 C In a lab experiment measurements of the speed of sound in air were 329 7 m s 333 6 m s 330 8 m s 331 7 m s and 332 2 m s What is the average value of these measurements What is the frequency of the first overtone of a 440 Hz wave The wreck of the Titanic is at a depth of about 3800 m A sonar unit on a ship above the Titanic emits a sound wave that travels at a speed of 1500 m s How long does it take a sound wave reflected from the Titanic to return to the ocean surface CONTENTS Extra Math Problems 127 128 129 130 A sonar unit on a ship emits a sound wave The echo from the ocean floor is detected two seconds later If the soeed of sound in water is 1500 m s how deep is the ocean beneath the ship One flute plays a note with a frequency of 443 Hz and another flute plays a note with a frequency of 440 Hz What is the frequency of the beats that the flute players hear A sound wave has a wavelength of 50 m and a frequency of 22 cycles per second What is the speed of the sound wave A tsunami travels across the ocean at a speed of 500 km h If the distance between the wave crests is 200 km what is the frequency of th
154. he solid V 9490 cm The volume is 9490 cm Example 3 Find the volume of a cylinder that has a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 4 8 mm Step 1 You know that the base is a circle with an area equal to the square of the radius times ar The radius is one half the diameter The volume is the area of the base times the height V mr X 4 8 V A x 15 Xx 4 8 V 157 52 X 4 8 Step 2 Find the area of the base V 56 2577 X 4 8 V 176 63 X 4 8 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 847 8 The volume is 847 8 mm Practice Problem Find the volume of a cylinder with a diameter of 7 cm in the base and a height of 16 cm lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Science Applications Measure in SI The metric system of measurement was developed in 1795 A modern form of the metric system called the International System SI was adopted in 1960 and pro vides the standard measurements that all scientists around the world can understand The SI system is convenient because unit sizes vary by powers of 10 Prefixes are used to name units Look at Table 3 for some common SI prefixes and their meanings Table 3 Common SI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Meaning deka af ten Example How many grams equal one kilogram Step 1 Find the prefix kilo in Table 3 Step 2 Using Table 3 determine the meaning of kilo According to the table it means 1 000 When the prefix ki
155. help you understand and remember what you are studying Concept maps are useful for breaking large concepts down into smaller parts making learning easier has has Definite Definite shape volume has Science Skill Handbook Network Tree A type of concept map that not only shows a relationship but how the concepts are related is a network tree shown in Figure 3 In a network tree the words are written in the ovals while the description of the type of relationship is written across the connecting lines When constructing a network tree write down the topic and all major topics on sep arate pieces of paper or notecards Then arrange them in order from general to spe cific Branch the related concepts from the major concept and describe the relationship on the connecting line Continue to more specific concepts until finished is classified as o na lt gt D fo oun d CP D no Definite Definite shape volume Figure 3 A network tree shows how concepts or objects are related Events Chain Another type of concept map is an events chain Sometimes called a flow chart 1t models the order or sequence of items An events chain can be used to describe a sequence of events the steps in a procedure or the stages of a process When making an events chain first find the one event that starts the chain This event is called the initiating event Then find the next event and continue until the outcome is reached as shown
156. hering and organizing informa tion There are many ways to gather information such as researching in a library interviewing those knowledgeable about the subject testing and working in the laboratory and field Fieldwork is investigations and observations done outside of a laboratory Researching Information Before moving in a new direction it is important to gather the information that already is known about the subject Start by asking yourself questions to determine exactly what you need to know Then you will look for the information in various refer ence sources like the student is doing in Figure 1 Some sources may include text books encyclopedias government docu ments professional journals science magazines and the Internet Always list the sources of your information 788 STUDENT RESOURCES Tom Pantages Figure 1 The Internet can be a valuable research tool Evaluate Sources of Information Not all sources of information are reliable You should evaluate all of your sources of information and use only those you know to be depend able For example if you are researching ways to make homes more energy efficient a site written by the U S Department of Energy would be more reliable than a site written by a company that is trying to sell a new type of weatherproofing material Also remember that research always is changing Consult the most current resources available to you For example a 1985 resourc
157. iar el mismo permanentemente p 650 tubo de rayos cat dicos tubo vac o sellado que produce uno o m s haces de electrones para producir una imagen al chocar con el revestimiento del interior de una pantalla de televisor p 370 aceleraci n centr peta aceleraci n de un objeto dirigida hacia el centro de un trayecto curvo o circular p 81 fuerza centr peta fuerza neta dirigida hacia el centro de un trayecto curvo o circular p 81 cer micas materiales vers tiles hechos con arcilla seca o mezclas parecidas a la arcilla con propiedades adaptables producidos mediante un proceso en el cual un objeto es moldeado y luego sujeto a altas temperaturas aumentando su densidad p 764 reacci n en cadena serie continua de reacciones de fisi n p 552 carga por contacto proceso de transferir carga entre objetos por contacto o frotaci n p 195 carga por inducci n proceso de redistribuci n de los electrones en un objeto neutro acerc ndoles un objeto con carga p 196 enlace qu mico fuerza que mantiene a los tomos jun tos dentro de un compuesto p 606 cambio qu mico transformaci n de una sustancia en una nueva sustancia p 462 ecuaci n qu mica m todo simplificado para describir reacciones qu micas usando f rmulas qu micas y otros s mbolos p 635 f rmula qu mica nomenclatura qu mica que usa s m bolos para expresar qu elementos est n en un com puesto y en qu proporci n p 603
158. ic energy 273 273 Hydrofluoric acid 580 Hydrogen 270 579 energy levels in 605 nucleus of 539 in periodic table 521 symbol for 506 Hydrogen fluoride 613 Hydrogen peroxide 588 Hydronium ions 696 700 700 Hydroxide 619 Hydroxide ions 698 Hypothesis 8 10 pyp Ice core 528 Ideal machines 135 135 Ideal mechanical advantage IMA 136 of inclined plane 144 of lever 141 of pulley 142 of screw 145 of wheel and axle 143 Image s with concave lens 426 426 427 from concave mirror 418 419 419 420 420 422 with convex lens 425 425 427 from convex mirror 421 421 422 and location of object 426 act observing 419 from plane mirror 417 417 418 422 real 419 in a spoon 419 lab virtual 418 418 Image distance 426 act Incandescent light 394 Incident beam 304 304 Inclined planes 144 Incoherent light 398 398 Independent variable 9 22 Index of refraction 386 Indicator Indicator 696 and acid 696 710 act 711 711 and base 698 710 act 71L 711 natural Ae ZII 711 lab testing 711 lab universal 704 Induction charging by 196 196 electromagnetic 238 Inertia 54 54 56 54 lab 55 56 Inference 505 lab 508 Information gathering 8 Infrared waves 360 362 362 Infrasonic waves 330 Inhibitors 650 Inner ear 325 326 326 Inner transition elements 576 Inorganic compounds 726 Input force 134 135 136 Instantaneous
159. id with a length of 2 0 m a width of 4 0 m and a height of 3 0 m Step 1 You know the formula for volume is the length times the width times the height V 2 0m XxX 4 0m Xx 3 0m Step 2 Multiply the length times the width times the height V 24 m The volume is 24 m Practice Problem Find the volume of a rectangular solid that is 8 m long 4 m wide and 4 m high To find the volume of other solids mul tiply the area of the base times the height Example 1 Find the volume of a solid that has a triangular base with a length of 8 0 m and a height of 7 0 m The height of the entire solid is 15 0 m Step 1 You know that the base is a triangle and the area of a triangle is gt the base times the height and the volume is the area of the base times the height v bx h x 15 Step 2 Find the area of the base v 4 8x7 x 15 Fl v 5x 56 x 15 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 28 Xx 15 V 420 m The volume is 420 m 826 STUDENT RESOURCES Example 2 Find the volume of a cylinder that has a base with a radius of 12 0 cm and a height of 21 0 cm Step 1 You know that the base is a circle and the area of a circle is the square of the radius times 77 and the volume is the area of the base times the height V ar x 21 V 11122 X 21 Step 2 Find the area of the base V 14477 X 21 V 452 X 21 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of t
160. iding the change in the velocity by the dividiendo el cambio en la velocidad por el tiempo time it takes the change to occur p 47 que toma para que ocurra el cambio p 47 acid any substance that produces hydrogen ions H cido sustancia que produce iones de hidr geno H in a water solution p 696 en una soluci n de agua p 696 J acoustics the study of sound p 339 ac stica el estudio del sonido p 339 O air resistance force that opposes the motion of objects resistencia del aire fuerza que se opone al movimiento U that move through the air p 73 de los objetos que se mueven por el aire p 73 gt alcohol compound such as ethanol that is formed alcohol compuesto como el etanol que se forma D when OH groups replace one or more hydrogen cuando grupos OH reemplazan a uno o m s to O atoms in a hydrocarbon p 733 mos de hidr geno en un hidrocarburo p 733 T allotropes different forms of the same element having al tropos formas diferentes del mismo elemento que different molecular structures p 585 tienen diferentes estructuras moleculares p 585 alloy a mixture of elements that has metallic proper aleaci n una mezcla de elementos que tiene ties p 758 propiedades met licas p 758 alpha particle particle consisting of two protons and part cula alfa part cula compuesta por dos protones y two neutrons that is emitted from a decaying atomic dos neutrones y que es emitida por un n cle
161. ing in the water is 686 N What is the person s mass 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 The pressure on a balloon that has a volume of 7 Lis 100 kPa If the temperature stays the same and the pressure on the balloon is increased to 250 kPa what is the new volume of the balloon Two cylinders contain pistons that are con nected by fluid in a hydraulic system A force of 1 300 N is exerted on one piston with an area of 0 05 m2 What is the force exerted on the other piston which has an area of 0 08 m2 SUI3 001d YIPIN 21x3 A gas filled weather balloon floating in the atmosphere has an initial volume of 850 L The weather balloon rises to a region the pressure is 56 kPa and its volume expands to 1700 L If the temperature remains the same what was the initial pressure on the weather balloon The air in a tire pump has a volume of 1 50 L at a temperature of 5 C If the temperature is increased to 30 C and the pressure remains constant what is the new volume A block of wood with a mass of 1 2 kg is float ing in a container of water If the density of water is 1 0 g cm what is the volume of water displaced by the floating wood In a hydraulic system a force of 7 500 N is exerted on a piston with an area of 0 05 m2 If the force exerted on a second piston in the hydraulic system is 1 500 N what is the area of this second piston A gold bar weighs 17 0 N If the density of gold is
162. ing to Sound through Different Materials 323 Making a Hydrate 620 Modeling an Aluminum Atom 509 Modeling a Nuclear Reaction 552 Observe Density and Buoyancy of Substances 486 Observing Acid Relief 698 Observing Clinging Molecules 683 Observing Magnetic Interference 227 Observing Properties of Alloys 759 Visualizing Polymers 739 Mining 576 577 577 of coal 260 260 of salt 709 Mirage 388 388 Mirrors 416 423 423 lab concave 418 418 420 419 420 422 con vex 421 421 422 magnifying 420 420 plane 417 417 418 422 Mixtures 448 452 456 457 lab heterogeneous 453 453 454 homogeneous 454 454 separat ing 453 453 lab Model s 11 11 of atom 509 509 511 509 lab 510 511 520 520 Model and Invent make a refract ing telescope 438 439 modeling transmutation 558 559 using simple machines 148 149 Mole 15 Molecules 611 clinging 683 lab diatomic 579 587 588 nonpo lar 614 681 684 682 polar 613 614 614 667 Momentum 86 88 87 88 90 91 lab Monomers 739 744 745 771 Moon s exploration of 78 move ment of 82 82 orbit of 82 82 Moseley Henry G J 517 Moth crystals 732 732 Motion and air resistance 73 73 74 74 89 lab changing 52 52 comparing from different forces 58 59 lab describing 38 39 42 lab and displacement 39 39 and distance 39 39 of Earth s crust 45 45 46 46 and friction 70 70 72 71 7 lab 72 g
163. ings or cars for 20 30 meters 800 Rod Joslin STUDENT RESOURCES 4 The precision is one half of the smallest 5 division on the measuring device Subtract this amount from each meas urement and calculate the volume in each case Add half the smallest division to each measurement and calculate the volume in each case Conclude and Apply 1 4 CONTENTS Identify all the forces that acted on the What difficulties did you encounter while measuring How did you over come them Use the measurement of the diameter to calculate what the circumference should be How does that compare with the measurement you had for cir cumference Which measuring tool gave the most precise calculation of volume Why Which measuring tool do you think was the best for the job Explain why Throw a plastic baseball as far as you can in a straight line Observe the baseball as it moves through the air falls to the ground and eventually stops Conclude and Apply ball from the time you threw it to the time it came to a stop Infer why baseball batters want the grass of a baseball field cut short Infer and describe the ball s motion if no outside forces ever acted on it Adult supervision How does an object s mass affect the amount of force it has Possible Materials Za PEZ e aluminum pie pan e clay e foam ball e tennis ball e baseball e basketball e 1 in steel b
164. ion the bending of waves around an obstacle can also occur when waves pass through a narrow opening p 306 diffusion spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed p 479 direct current DC electric current that flows in only one direction p 242 displacement distance and direction of an object s change in position from the starting point p 39 dissociation process in which an ionic compound sep arates into its positive and negative ions p 677 distance how far an object moves p 39 distillation process than can separate two substances in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondensing its vapor p 461 STUDENT RESOURCES decibel unidad que mide la intensidad del sonido se abrevia dB p 329 reacci n de descomposici n reacci n qu mica en la cual una sustancia se descompone en dos o m s sustan clas p 642 densidad masa por unidad de volumen de un material p 19 cido desoxirribonucleico compuesto biol gico esencial encontrado en el n cleo de c lulas que codifican y almacenan informaci n gen tica y que controla la producci n de ARN p 744 variable dependiente factor que var a como resultado de los cambios en las otras variables p 9 despolimerizaci n proceso en el que se utilizan calor o qu micos para descomponer una cadena de pol meros en sus mon meros p 741 mol cula diat mica mol cula formada por dos tomos
165. ion in Water 387 Observing the Effect of Surface Area 668 Observing Wavelength 297 Organizing a Personal Periodic Table 517 Separating Mixtures 453 Simulating Hearing Loss 330 Testing a Grape Juice Indicator 711 Using Solar Power at Home 272 Tsunami 299 Tungsten 203 451 574 Tungsten halogen lights 396 Tuning fork 311 Turbine 240 Tyndall effect 455 455 Q Ultrasonic waves 330 341 343 342 343 Ultrasound 341 343 342 343 Ultraviolet radiation 353 lab 363 363 364 Ultraviolet waves 353 lab 363 363 364 Unbalanced force 53 53 57 lab Unit managers coefficients 636 636 Universal gravitation 76 76 78 4 CONTENTS Index Volume Universal indicator 704 Universe elements in 524 524 Unsaturated fats 747 Unsaturated hydrocarbons 730 730 Unsaturated solution 673 Uranium 265 266 266 267 268 540 573 576 589 Uranium dating 545 Uranium lead dating 267 Uranus 76 Use the Internet Fossil Fuels and Greenhouse Gases 652 653 How much does energy really cost 278 279 Radio Frequencies 374 375 What s in a name 526 527 Q Vacuum bottle 170 170 Vanillin 727 Vaporization 461 461 478 heat of 479 Variables 9 22 Velocity 44 and acceleration 48 50 terminal 74 74 v speed 44 44 Vibrating fields 356 356 357 357 Vinegar 454 603 697 733 733 and oil 681 681 Violin 335 335 Virtual image
166. its in the labels Step 4 Draw a point at the intersection of the time value on the X axis and corresponding dis tance value on the y axis Connect the points and label the graph with a title as shown in Figure 20 830 STUDENT RESOURCES Distance v Time 50 40 30 20 Distance km Time h Figure 20 This line graph shows the relationship between distance and time during a bicycle ride Practice Problem A puppy s shoulder height is measured during the first year of her life The follow ing measurements were collected 3 mo 52 cm 6 mo 72 cm 9 mo 83 cm 12 mo 86 cm Graph this data Find a Slope The slope of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical change rise to the horizontal change run Giga vertical change rise __ change in y P horizontal change run change in x Example Find the slope of the graph in Figure 20 Step 1 You know that the slope is the change in y divided by the change in x Slope change in y change in x Step 2 Determine the data points you will be using For a straight line choose the two sets of points that are the farthest apart __ 40 0 km Slope 5 0 hr Step 3 Find the change in y and x Slope Eo P 5h Step 4 Divide the change in y by the change in x _ 8km Slope aa The slope of the graph is 8 km h 4 CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Bar Graph To compare data that does not change continuously you might choose a bar
167. l fabric e flashlight a 1 Turn the flashlight on and carry your materials into a completely dark room such as a closet or bedroom with thick curtains 8 What things in your home are magnetic Possible Materials Bz as e refrigerator door magnet e bar magnet e horseshoe magnet 1 Obtain a magnet from your refrigerator door hobby shop or science store 2 Test a wide variety of items in your home to find out what materials are magnetic To test an object simply hold the mag net against it and observe whether or not the magnet attaches to it 3 Test materials in your home including tools kitchen food cans aluminum foil bolts screws appliances lamps bicy cles car parts and anything else you can think of Adult supervision required for all labs Identify the type of fabric that caused Research what Listthe things you Infer what types of 4 CONTENTS Extra Try at Home Labs 2 Hold a fluorescent bulb and soft wool in one hand Turn off the flashlight Place the wool in your other hand and rub the wool vigorously against the bulb Observe any change in the bulb Put down the wool and turn on the flashlight Repeat step 2 using the silk fabric and then the flannel fabric Describe how the fluorescent bulb changed when you rubbed it with each cloth the greatest change Sq87 3WOH 18 A 913X3 pF k bh a r Record al
168. l the fe magnetic objects you find in your Science Journal Fa hai A 2 T the magnetic objects found in your home are made of tested and found to be magnetic materials are magnetic EXTRA TRY AT HOME LABS 803 Amanita Pictures Extra Try at Home Labs y Energy Graphs Real World Question How much energy does the United States use compared to the rest of the world Possible Materials za e calculator e colored pencils e white paper Procedure 1 Study the energy consumption chart 2 Use the data to make a bar graph of the oil consumption of the countries in the chart e metric ruler e compass and pencil Extra Try at Home Labs 49 Measuring Refraction Real World Question Do some liquids refract light more than others Possible Materials Ea Ed A FI BE e glasses 3 e vegetable oil e straws or pencils 3 metric ruler or e water protractor e white vinegar Procedure 1 Pour 300 mL of water into a glass 300 mL of vinegar into a second glass and 300 mL of vegetable oil into a third glass 804 STUDENT RESOURCES Conclude and Apply 2002 Energy Consumption Equivalent of Millions of Metric Tons of Oil Ene Consumption Gent fis oiner a tas al otic Radar Ten ie 4 CONTENTS gt 3 Construct a circle graph showing the total energy consumption of the coun tries in the chart 1 Calculate the percenta
169. l voltaje de una corriente alterna p 243 elementos de transici n los elementos de los grupos 3 al 12 de la tabla peri dica que se encuentran en la naturaleza como elementos sin combinar e incluyen la tr ada de hierro y los metales con los que se fabri can las monedas p 574 transl cido material que transmite alguna luz pero no la suficiente para ver claramente los objetos a trav s del mismo p 384 transmutaci n proceso de cambio de un elemento a otro mediante la descomposici n radioactiva p 542 transparente material que transmite casi toda la luz choc ndola de tal manera que los objetos pueden ser claramente vistos a trav s del mismo p 384 elementos transur nicos elementos que tienen m s de 92 protones todos los cuales son sint ticos e inesta bles p 589 onda transversal onda para la cual la materia en el medio se mueve hacia adelante y hacia atr s en ngulos rectos respecto a la direcci n en que viaja la onda sta tiene cresta y depresiones p 292 depresi n los puntos m s bajos en una onda transver sal p 296 turbina rueda grande que gira al ser impulsada por vapor viento o agua y que suministra energ a mec nica a un generador p 240 efecto Tyndall difusi n de un rayo de luz al pasar a trav s de un coloide p 455 0 ultrasonic sound waves with frequencies above 20 000 Hz p 330 ultraviolet waves electromagnetic waves with wave lengths between about 4
170. les s law 494 494 495 495 Chemical bonds 600 623 606 646 gain or loss of electrons in 608 609 609 615 sharing electrons in 611 611 614 612 613 614 stability of 604 604 606 605 606 Chemical changes 462 462 463 464 464 465 466 467 lab Chemical energy 101 647 647 650 converting to other forms of energy 108 108 Chemical equations 634 balanced 638 640 639 act symbols used in 634 Chemical formulas 603 616 617 617 act 619 Chemically stable atom 604 604 606 605 606 Chemical names 618 618 act 619 620 621 Chemical potential energy 103 105 115 Chemical properties 461 461 Chemical reactions 630 651 632 catalyzed 651 lab classification of 640 643 colorful 648 lab combustion reactions 641 decomposition reactions 642 642 describing 632 633 double displacement 643 643 endergonic 649 649 endothermic 649 649 and energy 647 647 651 648 649 exergonic 648 exothermic 648 INDEX 873 xapu Index Chemical weathering and lightning 463 of metals 631 lab 637 637 640 642 643 oxidation reduction reactions 645 single displacement 643 643 644 synthesis reactions 642 642 Chemical weathering 464 464 Chernobyl nuclear accident 266 268 268 280 280 Chlorine 578 580 580 580 lab 581 590 734 in compounds 603 603 symbol for 506 Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 364 364 581 Chloroform 613 Chlorophyll 392 573 Ch
171. ling 100 C What is the change in thermal energy 68 A concrete statue specific heat 600 J kg K sits in sunlight and warms up to 40 C Overnight it cools to 15 C and loses 90 000 J of thermal energy What is its mass 69 A glass of water has temperature of 70 C What is its temperature in K 836 STUDENT RESOURCES 70 A substance with a mass of 10 kg loses 106 5 kJ of heat when its temperature drops 15 C What is this substance s specific heat 71 Airis cooled from room temperature 25 C to 100 K What is the temperature change in K 72 To remove 800 J of heat from a refrigerator the compressor in the refrigerator does 500 J of work How much heat is released into the surrounding room 73 Acalorimeter contains 1 kg of water specific heat 4184 J kg K An object with a mass of 4 23 kg is added to the water If the water tem perature increases by 3 K and the temperature of the object decreases by 1 K what is the spe cific heat of the object 74 How much heat is needed to raise the temper ature of 100 g of water by 50 K if the specific heat of water is 4 184 J kg K 75 Asample of an unknown metal has a mass of 0 5 kg Adding 1 985 J of heat to the metal raises its temperature by 10 K What is the spe cific heat of the metal Chapter 7 Electricity 76 A circuit has a resistance of 4 2 What voltage difference will cause a current of 1 4 A to flow in the circuit 77 How many ampe
172. lligrams are in one kilogram Hint You will need to use two conversion factors from Table 3 Step 3 Multiply the starting quantity and units by the conversion factor Cancel the starting gt units with the units in the denominator There un are 400 cm in 4 m a 4m x 10M 400 cm of Lm Q O Q MATH SKILLHANDBOOK 827 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Table 4 Unit System Equivalents pa Measurement 1in 2 54 cm 1yd 0 91 m 1 mi 1 61 km 1 oz 28 359 1 Ib 0 45 kg 1 ton short 0 91 tonnes metric tons 1 lb 4 45 N 1 in 16 39 cm 1qt 0 95L 1 gal 3 78 L 1 in 6 45 cm 1 yd 0 83 m 1 mi 2 59 km 1 acre 0 40 hectares Temperature C F 32 1 8 K C 273 Weight is measured in standard Earth gravity Convert Between Unit Systems Table 4 Step 3 Multiply the starting quantity and units by gives a list of equivalents that can be used to the conversion factor Cancel the starting convert between English and SI units units with the units in the denominator Round your answer based on the number of Example Ifa meterstick has a length of 100 cm significant figures in the conversion factor how long is the meterstick in inches A Sogn 2 54 em Step 1 Write the conversion factors for the units given From Table 4 1 in 2 54 cm The meterstick is 39 4 in long Hines eee dic 2 54 cm Tin Practice Problem A book has a mass of 5 Ibs What Step 2 Determine which
173. lo is added to a unit it means that there are 1 000 of the units ina kilounit Step 3 Apply the prefix to the units in the question The units in the question are grams There are 1 000 grams in a kilogram Practice Problem Is a milligram larger or smaller than a gram How many of the smaller units equal one larger unit What fraction of the larger unit does one smaller unit represent Dimensional Analysis Convert SI Units In science quantities such as length mass and time sometimes are measured using different units A process called dimensional analysis can be used to change one unit of measure to another This process involves multiplying your starting quantity and units by one or more conver sion factors A conversion factor is a ratio equal to one and can be made from any two equal quantities with different units If 1 000 mL equal 1 L then two ratios can be made 1000 mL IL 58 1 000 mL One can covert between units in the SI sys tem by using the equivalents in Table 3 to make conversion factors Example 1 How many cm are in 4 m Step 1 Write conversion factors for the units given From Table 3 you know that 100 cm 1m The conversion factors are 100 cm ae Im 1m 100 cm Step 2 Decide which conversion factor to use Select the factor that has the units you are convert ing from m in the denominator and the units you are converting to cm in the numerator 100 cm 1m Practice Problem How many mi
174. low these steps for a search this also is how you search a database 814 STUDENT RESOURCES Bob Daemmrich Figure 17 The Internet allows you to search a global network for a variety of information Be as specific as possible If you know you want to research gold don t type in elements Keep narrowing your search until you find what you want Web sites that end in com are commercial Web sites org edu and gov are non profit educational or government Web sites Electronic encyclopedias almanacs indexes and catalogs will help locate and select relevant information Develop a home page with relative ease When developing a Web site NEVER post pictures or disclose personal information such as location names or phone numbers Your school or community usually can host your Web site A basic understanding of HTML hypertext mark up language the language of Web sites is necessary Software that creates HTML code is called authoring software and can be downloaded free from many Web sites This software allows text and pictures to be arranged as the software is writing the HTML code CONTENTS Use a Spreadsheet A spreadsheet shown in Figure 18 can perform mathematical functions with any data arranged in columns and rows By enter ing a simple equation into a cell the program can perform operations in specific cells rows or columns Learn the Skill Each column ve
175. ls are in powder form Practice Problem At an amusement park 66 of 90 rides have a height restriction What fraction of the rides in its simplest form has a height restriction Add and Subtract Fractions To add or subtract fractions with the same denomina tor add or subtract the numerators and write the sum or difference over the denom inator After finding the sum or difference find the simplest form for your fraction Example 1 In the forest outside your house of the animals are rabbits are squirrels and the remainder are birds and insects How many are mammals Step 1 Add the numerators AAA A g 8 8 8 Step 2 Find the GCF 4 3 GCF 4 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF ance E re le 1 7 A of the animals are mammals Example 2 If of the Earth is covered by freshwater and L of that is in glaciers how much freshwater is not frozen Step 1 Subtract the numerators Me nih ot Mee aes 16 16 16 16 Step 2 Find the GCF 6 16 GCF 2 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF A lo ele oe gt of the freshwater is not frozen Practice Problem A bicycle rider is going 15 km h for 5 of his ride 10 km h for 5 of his ride and 8 km h for the remainder of the ride How much of his ride is he going over 8 km h yooqpuey IIS Yew MATH SKILL HANDBOOK 817 4 CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Unlike Denominators To add or subtra
176. luz p 418 o conducci n transferencia de energ a t rmica por coli lt siones entre part culas de materia a una temperatura a alta y part culas de materia a una temperatura m s Q baja p 164 a conductividad propiedad de los metales y aleaciones o que permite f cilmente el paso de calor o cargas el ctricas a trav s del material p 759 conductor material como el alambre de cobre a trav s del cual los electrones se pueden mover con facilidad p 194 constante en un experimento una variable que no cambia cuando cambian otras variables p 9 control est ndar usado para la comparaci n de resulta dos de pruebas en un experimento p 9 convecci n transferencia de energ a t rmica en un flu ido por el movimiento de fluidos con mayores y menores temperaturas de un lugar a otro p 165 lente convexo lente que es m s delgado en el centro que en los bordes y que puede formar im genes reales o virtuales p 424 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 853 lt CONTENTS Glossary Glosario 854 Glossary Glosario convex mirror distillation convex mirror a reflective surface that curves outward and forms a reduced upright virtual image p 421 cornea transparent covering on the eyeball through which light enters the eye p 427 covalent bond attraction formed between atoms when they share electrons p 611 crest the highest points on a transverse wave p 296 critical mass amount of fission
177. m 96 97 Cm O Bk 247 247 Holmium 67 A O 164 930 Einsteinium 99 Es 252 Erbium 68 Er 167 259 Fermium 100 Fm 257 lt q GUI gt Thulium 69 ow 168 934 Mendelevium 101 Md 258 Ytterbium Nobelium Lutetium Lu 174 967 Lawrencium 103 dE o 262 102 No 259 REFERENCE HANDBOOKS 849 Glossary Glosario Como usar el glosario en espanol 1 Busca el t rmino en ingl s que desees encontrar 2 El t rmino en espa ol junto con la definici n se encuentran en la Pronunciation Key columna de la derecha Use the following key to help you sound out words in the glossary REPERE E back BAK CW I EE food FEWD II day DAY YOO aos pure PYOOR aa ee re father FAH thur WEW ets ceca few FYEW o flower FLOW ur o comma CAH muh o ne eae eae car CAR UE CO rub RUB e less LES A shelf SHELF COs ee ee leaf LEEF Oe ee nr eee nature NAY chur ee er trip TRIHP Do gift GIHET i con el idea 1 DEE uh Met te gee gem JEM er go GOH Dos sing SING BW rc soft SAWFT 1 ee Per are vision VIH zhun e orbit OR buht eee eee cake KAYK A coin COYN Sh ees Sere ee seed cent SEED SENT OO seeks foot FOOT Tne Rae nie ie zone raise ZOHN RAYZ English Espanol acceleration rate of change of velocity can be calcu aceleraci n tasa de cambio de la velocidad se calcula lated by div
178. m Artist s Representative Precision Graphics Publisher s Art Rolin Graphics Inc Wendy Smith repre sented by Melissa Turk amp The Artist Network Kevin Torline represented by Berendsen and Associates Inc WILDlife ART Phil Wilson represented by Cliff Knecht Artist Representative Zoo Botanica Photo Credits Cover Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS i ii Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS viii SuperStock ix Peter Ardito Index Stock x Russell D Curtis Photo Researchers xi CMCD PhotoDisc xiii tr Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs bl Alfred Pasieka Science Photo Library Photo Researchers xiv George B Diebold The Stock Market CORBIS xv Ginger Chih Peter Arnold Inc xvi NASA xvii AISI Visuals Unlimited xxi Dominic Oldershaw 1 James H Karales Peter Arnold Inc 2 3 John Terence Turner FPG Getty Images 3 tl Artville br Charles L Perrin 4 5 Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS 6 Shuttle Mission Imagery Liaison Agency Getty Images 7 Will McIntyre Photo Researchers 9 James L Amos CORBIS 10 David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc 11 1 Roger Ressmeyer CORBIS r Douglas Mesney The Stock Market CORBIS 12 J Marshall The Image Works 13 t Jonathan Nourok PhotoEdit Inc b Tony Freeman PhotoEdit Inc 14 Mark Burnett 15 courtesy Bureau International Des Poids et Mesures 16 Matt Meadows 17 t Amanita Pictures bl Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman br CORBIS 24 Mark Burnett 28 Bob Daemmrich 29 Icon Images 30 Rosalie Winard 31
179. m chloride NaCl in water is 35 9 g 100 mL If the maxi mum amount of sodium chloride is dissolved in 500 mL of water at 20 C the mass of the dissolved sodium chloride is what percentage of the mass of the solution 241 At 60 C the solubility of sucrose sugar in water is 287 3 g 100 mL At this temperature what is the minimum amount of water needed to dissolve 50 0 g of sucrose A fruit drink contains 90 water and 10 fruit juice How much fruit juice does 500 mL of fruit drink contain 242 Chapter 23 Acids Bases and Salts 243 The difference between the pH of an acidic solution and the pH of pure water is 3 What is the pH of the solution 244 The pH of rain that fell over a region had measured values of 4 6 5 1 4 8 4 5 4 5 4 9 4 7 and 4 8 What was the mean value of the measured pH 844 STUDENT RESOURCES 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 If 5 5 of 473 0 mL of vinegar is acetic acid how many milliliters of acetic acid are there The difference between the pH of a basic solution and the pH of pure water is 2 What is the pH of the solution On the pH scale a decrease of one unit means that the concentration of H ions increases 10 times If the pH of a solution changes from 6 5 to 4 5 how has the concen tration of H ions changed Write the balanced chemical equation for the neutralization of HSO sulfuric acid by KOH potassium hydroxide Write the b
180. mbilla fluo rescente hace que brille el revestimiento de f sforo dentro de la bombilla p 395 longitud focal distancia desde el centro de un lente o espejo al punto focal p 418 punto focal el punto en el eje ptico de un espejo c n cavo o lente convexo en el cual los rayos de luz que inicialmente son paralelos al eje ptico cruzan luego de chocar con el espejo o lente p 418 fuerza impulso o tracci n sobre un objeto p 52 combustibles f siles petr leo gas natural y carb n for mados por los restos descompuestos de plantas y animales ancestrales p 257 frecuencia el n mero de longitudes de onda que pasan por un punto fijo en un segundo se expresa en hertz Hz p 297 fricci n fuerza que se opone al movimiento deslizante entre dos superficies en contacto p 70 lt CONTENTS galvanometer heat of fusion Glossary Glosario galvanometro calor de fusion G galvanometer a device that uses an electromagnet to measure electric current p 234 gamma ray electromagnetic wave with no mass and no charge that travels at the speed of light and is usually emitted with alpha or beta particles from a decaying atomic nucleus has a wavelength less than about ten trillionths pp 365 543 Geiger counter radiation detector that produces a click or a flash of light when a charged particle is detected p 548 generator device that uses electromagnetic induction to
181. ming investigations Based on previous observations and experiences you might form a prediction that cars are more efficient with premium gasoline The pre diction can be tested in an investigation Design an Experiment A scientist needs to make many decisions before beginning an investigation Some of these include how to carry out the investigation what steps to follow how to record the data and how the investigation will answer the question It also is important to address any safety concerns SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK 791 CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Test the Hypothesis Now that you have formed your hypoth esis you need to test it Using an investiga tion you will make observations and collect data or information This data might either support or not support your hypothesis Scientists collect and organize data as num bers and descriptions Follow a Procedure In order to know what materials to use as well as how and in what order to use them you must follow a procedure Figure 8 shows a procedure you might follow to test your hypothesis Procedure 1 Use regular gasoline for two weeks 2 tabs the number of kilometers etween fill ups and the amo gasoline used 3 Switch to premium gasoline for two weeks 4 Record the number of kilometers between fill ups and the amount of gasoline used Figure 8 A procedure tells you what to do step by step Identify
182. n nuclear con trolada en cadena para generar electricidad p 264 desperdicio nuclear subproducto radioactivo que resulta del uso de materiales radiactivos p 268 cidos nucleicos pol meros org nicos esenciales que controlan las actividades y la reproducci n de las c lulas p 744 nucle tidos mol culas org nicas complejas que compo nen el ARN y el ADN y que contienen una base org nica una unidad de cido fosf rico y un az car p 744 n cleo centro de un tomo con carga positiva que contiene protones y neutrones y est rodeado por una nube de electrones p 507 FG Ohm s law states that the current in a circuit equals the voltage difference divided by the resistance p 205 862 STUDENT RESOURCES ley de Ohm establece que la corriente en un circuito es igual a la diferencia de voltaje dividida por la resistencia p 205 lt CONTENTS opaque physical property opaque material that absorbs or reflects all light and does not transmit any light p 384 optical axis imaginary straight line that is perpendicu lar to the center of a concave mirror or convex lens p 418 organic compounds large number of compounds con taining the element carbon p 726 overtone vibration whose frequency is a multiple of the fundamental frequency p 334 oxidation the loss of electrons from the atoms of a substance p 645 oxidation number positive or negative number that in
183. nacircle graph showing the percentage of elements in the human body the wedge rep resenting nitrogen takes up 10 8 What is the percentage of nitrogen in the human body 212 The synthetic element hassium 261 has a half life of 9 3 s The synthetic element fermium 255 has a half life of 20 1 h How many times longer is the half life of fermium 255 than the half life of hassium 261 Chapter 20 Chemical Bonds 213 What is the formula of the compound formed when ammonium ions NH and phosphate ions PO combine 214 Show that the sum of positive and negative charges in a unit of calcium chloride CaCl equals zero 215 216 What is the formula for iron III oxide How many hydrogen atoms are in three mol ecules of ammonium phosphate NH PO 217 The overall charge on the polyatomic phos phate ion POG is 3 What is the oxidation number of phosphorus in the phosphate ion 218 The overall charge on the polyatomic dichro mate ion O is 2 What is the oxidation number of chromium in this polyatomic ion 219 220 221 222 What is the formula for lead IV oxide What is the formula for potassium chlorate What is the formula for carbon tetrachloride What percentage of the mass of a sulfuric acid molecule H SO is sulfur Chapter 21 Chemical Reactions 223 Lithium reacts with oxygen to form lithium oxide according to the equation 4Li O gt 2Li O If 27 8 g of Li react compl
184. nciado acerca de lo que ocurre en la nat uraleza lo cual parece ser cierto en todo momento sin explicar c mo o por qu algo ocurre p 12 m todo cient fico conjunto organizado de proced imientos de investigaci n que puede incluir el planteamiento de un problema formulaci n de una hip tesis investigaci n y recopilaci n de informa ci n comprobaci n de la hip tesis an lisis de datos y elaboraci n de conclusiones p 7 tornillo m quina simple que consiste de un plano inclinado envuelto en espiral alrededor de un poste cil ndrico p 145 segunda ley de la termodin mica establece que es imposible que el calor fluya de un objeto fr o a uno caliente a menos que se realice un trabajo p 175 semiconductor materiales que tienen propiedades de conductividad entre aquellas de los metales buenos conductores y los no metales aisladores y que tienen par metros de conductividad controlables pp 585 767 circuito en serie circuito en el cual la corriente el ctrica tiene una sola trayectoria para seguir p 207 SI Sistema Internacional de Unidades la versi n mejo rada y aprobada universalmente del sistema m trico que se basa en m ltiplos de diez e incluye el metro m el litro L y el kilogramo Kg p 15 m quina simple m quina que realiza el trabajo con un solo movimiento palanca polea rueda y eje plano inclinado tornillo y cu a p 138 reacci n de un solo desplazamiento reacci n
185. nd the circumference of a circle with a radius of 19 cm Area of a Circle The formula for the area of a circle is A mr Example 1 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 4 0 cm Step 1 A 11 4 0 Step 2 Find the square of the radius A 16T Step 3 Multiply the square of the radius by Tr A 50 cm The area of the circle is 50 cm2 Example 2 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 225 m Step 1 A T 225 Step 2 Find the square of the radius A 5062571 Step 3 Multiply the square of the radius by m A 158962 5 The area of the circle is 158 962 m Example 3 Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 20 0 mm Step 1 You know the formula for the area of a circle is the square of the radius times 77 and that the radius is half of the diameter ue 20 0 2 si m 2 Step 2 Find the radius A 71 10 0 Step 3 Find the square of the radius A 10071 Step 4 Multiply the square of the radius by Tr A 314 mm The area is 314 mm Practice Problem Find the area of a circle with a radius of 16 m yooqpuey IIS YEN MATH SKILLHANDBOOK 825 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Volume The measure of space occupied by a solid is the volume V To find the vol ume of a rectangular solid multiply the length times width times height or V lx wx h It is measured in cubic units such as cubic centimeters cm Example Find the volume of a rectangular sol
186. nd the sum of the width and length P 2 8 m Step 3 Multiply by 2 P 16m The perimeter is 16 m Example 2 Find the perimeter of a shape with sides measuring 2 cm 5 cm 6 cm 3 cm Step 1 You know that the perimeter is the sum of all the sides P 2 5 6 3 Step 2 Find the sum of the sides P So shoe 3 P 16 The perimeter is 16 cm Practice Problem Find the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 18 m and a width of 7 m Practice Problem Find the perimeter of a triangle measuring 1 6 cm by 2 4 cm by 2 4 cm 824 STUDENT RESOURCES Area of a Rectangle The area A is the number of square units needed to cover a surface To find the area of a rectangle multiply the length times the width or x w When finding area the units also are multiplied Area is given in square units Example Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 1 cm and a width of 10 cm Step 1 You know that the area is the length multi plied by the width A 1cm X 10cm Step 2 Multiply the length by the width Also multi ply the units A 10m The area is 10 cm2 Practice Problem Find the area of a square whose sides measure 4 m Area of a Triangle To find the area of a triangle use the formula A base x height The base of a triangle can be any of its sides The height is the perpendicular distance from a base to the opposite endpoint or vertex Example Find the area of a triangle with a base of 18 m and a h
187. needed to refine your hypothesis A successful investigation does not always come out the way you origi Avoid Bias Sometimes a scientific investi gation involves making judgments When you make a judgment you form an opinion It is important to be honest and not to allow any expectations of results to bias your judgments This is important through out the entire investigation from research ing to collecting data to drawing conclusions Communicate The communication of ideas is an important part of the work of scientists A discovery that is not reported will not advance the scientific community s under standing or knowledge Communication among scientists also is important as a way of improving their investigations Scientists communicate in many ways from writing articles in journals and maga zines that explain their investigations and experiments to announcing important dis coveries on television and radio Scientists also share ideas with colleagues on the Internet or present them as lectures like the student is doing in Figure 15 Figure 15 A student communicates to his peers nally predicted about his investigation 796 STUDENT RESOURCES Aaron Haupt CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook DISPOSAL BIOLOGICAL Ad EXTREME TEMPERATURE SHARP OBJECT FUME ELECTRICAL Gy lt 4 IRRITANT CHEMICAL x a20 DO TOXIC FLAMMABLE OPEN FLAME de l Eye S
188. nies in a shoe box with the heads side decay shaking time was required for up half of your atoms pennies to decay 2 Close the shoe box and shake it for 3 s go tails up 3 Open the shoe box shift the pennies 2 If you increased the number of atoms around until they are all flat and remove pennies would your results change all pennies that are now tails side up 3 How would you define the term half RECO Rd tS number ONDERNE thal yOu life How would you measure half life removed from the box and the number of pennies that are left in the box Possible Materials e pennies 200 e shoe box 5 808 STUDENT RESOURCES Adult supervision KS Studios 4 CONTENTS Extra Try at Home Labs 1 E How do miners get metal from ore Possible Materials Gas EA 3 E e potato chips e hotplate kettle e rolling pin or or stove heavy book e tea leaf strainer e plastic bags 2 flour sifter or other e water mesh device 1 Pretend that the potato chips represent ore taken from the ground and the fat represents a metal compound 20 How can you observe chemical bonds breaking Possible Materials fas Ell N nl Ea Ke e polystyrene packing peanuts or polystyrene cups e acetone fingernail polish remover e glass jar or shallow dish e measuring cup 1 Work in a well ventilated area 2 Pour 30 mL of acetone into a glass jar or shallow dish Adult supervision required fo
189. nless instructed to do so by your teacher 6 Do NOT take any materials or chemicals outside of the laboratory 7 Stay out of storage areas unless instructed to be there and supervised by your teacher Laboratory Cleanup 1 Turn off all burners water and gas and disconnect all electrical devices 2 Clean all pieces of equipment and return all materials to their proper places Science Skill Handbook 3 Dispose of chemicals and other materi als as directed by your teacher Place broken glass and solid substances in the proper containers Never discard mate rials in the sink 4 Clean your work area 5 Wash your hands with soap and water thoroughly BEFORE removing your goggles Emergencies 1 Report any fire electrical shock glass ware breakage spill or injury no matter how small to your teacher immediately Follow his or her instructions 2 If your clothing should catch fire STOP DROP and ROLL If possible smother it with the fire blanket or get under a safety shower NEVER RUN 3 If a fire should occur turn off all gas and leave the room according to established procedures 4 In most instances your teacher will clean up spills Do NOT attempt to clean up spills unless you are given per mission and instructions to do so 5 If chemicals come into contact with your eyes or skin notify your teacher immedi ately Use the eyewash or flush your skin or eyes with large quantities of wa
190. ns Open circuit 208 Open system 175 Optical axis 418 418 Optical fibers 402 402 403 403 Optical instruments 432 437 Optical scanners 404 404 Optic nerve 427 427 Orbit of Moon 82 82 of Sun 92 Ore s 576 577 Organic acids 700 735 lab Organic compounds 585 725 lab 726 726 See Hydrocarbons See also Carbon aromatic 731 731 732 732 bonding in 726 727 727 728 728 730 729 730 esters 748 749 lab petroleum 736 741 737 738 741 simple 726 730 Organic salts 712 712 Organism s magnets in 228 Outer ear 325 325 Outer planets Neptune 76 Uranus 76 Output force 134 135 136 Overtones 334 334 Oxidation 645 Oxidation number 615 616 Oxide 618 Oxygen 450 mass number of 513 symbol for 506 Oxygen group 588 588 Ozone 364 463 Ozone depletion 364 364 Ozone layer 364 364 Q Pagers 371 Parabolic trough 272 Parallel circuit 208 208 209 214 215 lab Particle s with a charge 676 676 677 677 solute 678 678 679 679 in solution 676 679 and waves 359 359 Pascal Blaise 486 Pascal Pa 490 Pascal s principle 486 487 487 487 act Passive solar heating 173 173 Patina 637 637 Penguins 168 168 INDEX 883 xapu Index 884 Peptide Peptide 743 743 Peptide bond 742 743 Percentages 548 act Percussion instruments 310 334 336 336 Period 297 523 Periodic table 516 516 525 517
191. nservation of charge mass number ley de la conservacion de carga numero de masa aVvXamK law of conservation of charge states that charge can be transferred from one object to another but cannot be created or destroyed p 193 law of conservation of energy states that energy can never be created or destroyed p 111 law of conservation of mass states that the mass of all substances present before a chemical change equals the mass of all the substances remaining after the change p 465 lever simple machine consisting of a bar free to pivot about a fixed point called the fulcrum p 138 lipids group of biological compounds that contains the same elements as carbohydrates but in different arrangements and combinations and includes satu rated and unsaturated fats and oils p 746 loudness human perception of sound intensity p 329 luster property of metals and alloys that describes having a shiny appearance or reflecting light 0739 ley de la conservacion de carga establece que la carga puede ser transferida entre un objeto y otro pero no puede ser creada o destruida p 193 ley de la conservaci n de energ a establece que la energ a nunca puede ser creada ni destruida p 111 ley de conservaci n de la masa establece que la masa de todas las sustancias presente antes de un cambio qu mico es igual a la masa de todas las sustancias resultantes despu s del cambio p 465 palanca m
192. nte pp 739 771 m sica sonidos que se usan deliberadamente en un patr n regular p 333 PILIL D olleso 0 net force sum of the forces that are acting on an object p 53 neutralization chemical reaction that occurs when the H O ions from an acid react with the OH ions from a base to produce water molecules p 707 neutron neutral particle composed of quarks inside the nucleus of an atom p 507 fuerza neta suma de fuerzas que act an sobre un objeto p 53 neutralizaci n reacci n qu mica que ocurre cuando los iones H O de un cido reaccionan con los iones OH de una base para producir mol culas de agua p 707 neutr n part cula neutra compuesta por quarks den tro del n cleo de un tomo p 507 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 861 lt CONTENTS Glossary Glosario Glossary Glosario Newton s second law of motion Ohm s law Newton s second law of motion states that the accelera tion of an object is in the same direction as the net force on the object and that the acceleration equals the net force divided by the mass p 69 Newton s third law of motion states that when one object exerts a force on a second object the second object exerts a force on the first object that is equal in strength and in the opposite direction p 83 nonelectrolyte substance that does not ionize in water and cannot conduct electricity p 676 nonmetal element that usually is
193. nte el cual un s lido se con vierte directamente en vapor sin pasar por estado l quido p 581 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 867 lt CONTENTS Glossary Glosario Glossary Glosario substance transceiver substance element or compound that cannot be bro ken down into simpler components and maintain the properties of the original substance p 450 substituted hydrocarbon hydrocarbon with one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms or groups of other elements p 732 supersaturated solution any solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature p 674 suspension heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle p 456 synthesis reaction chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a different sub stance p 642 synthetic describes polymers such as plastics adhe sives and surface coatings that are made from hydrocarbons p 771 sustancia radio transmisor receptor sustancia elemento o compuesto que no se puede descomponer en componentes m s simples y que mantiene las propiedades de la sustancia original p 450 hidrocarburo sustituido un hidrocarburo en el cual uno o m s de sus tomos de hidr geno son reemplazados por tomos o grupos de otros elementos p 732 soluci n sobresaturada cualquier soluci n que con tenga m s solutos que una soluci n saturada a la misma temperatura p 674 suspen
194. o nucleus p 541 at mico en descomposici n p 541 alternating current AC electric current that reverses its corriente alterna CA corriente el ctrica que invierte su direction of flow in a regular pattern p 242 direcci n de flujo en un patr n regular p 242 amplitude a measure of the energy carried by a wave amplitud medida de la energ a transportada por una p 300 onda p 300 aromatic compound an organic compound that con compuesto arom tico compuesto org nico que contiene tains the benzene ring structure and may have a la estructura del anillo benc nico y que puede tener un pleasant or unpleasant odor and flavor p 731 olor y un sabor agradables o desagradables p 731 atom the smallest particle of an element that still tomo la part cula m s peque a de un elemento que retains the properties of the element p 507 mantiene las propiedades del elemento p 507 850 STUDENT RESOURCES lt CONTENTS atomic number carbohydrates atomic number number of protons in an atom s nucleus p 513 average atomic mass weighted average mass of the mixture of an element s isotopes p 515 average speed total distance an object travels divided by the total time it takes to travel that distance p 42 Glossary Glosario numero atomico carbohidratos numero atomico numero de protones en el nticleo de un atomo p 513 masa atomica promedio masa de peso promedio resultado
195. o que un usuario de un tel fono inal mbrico pueda hablar y escuchar al mismo tiempo p 371 lt CONTENTS transformer variable transformer device that uses electromagnetic induction to increase or decrease the voltage of an alternating current p 243 transition elements elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table occur in nature as uncombined elements and include the iron triad and coinage metals p 574 translucent material that transmits some light but not enough to see objects clearly through it p 384 transmutation process of changing one element to another through radioactive decay p 542 transparent material that transmits almost all the light striking it so that objects can be clearly seen through it p 384 transuranium elements elements having more than 92 protons all of which are synthetic and unstable p 589 transverse wave wave for which the matter in the medium moves back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels has crests and troughs P292 trough the lowest points on a transverse wave p 296 turbine large wheel that rotates when pushed by steam wind or water and provides mechanical energy to a generator p 240 Tyndall effect scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid p 455 Glossary Glosario transformador variable transformador dispositivo que usa inducci n electro magn tica para aumentar o disminuir e
196. o requerido para que se descom ponga la mitad de los n cleos de una muestra de is topo radiactivo p 544 calor energ a t rmica que fluye de un material caliente a uno fr o p 160 motor de calor dispositivo que convierte la energ a t r mica en trabajo p 176 calor de fusi n cantidad de energ a necesaria para cambiar una sustancia del estado s lido al l quido p 478 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 857 lt CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosario Glossary Glosario heat of vaporization infrared waves heat of vaporization the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas p 479 heterogeneous het uh ruh JEE nee us mixture mixture such as mixed nuts or a dry soup mix in which dif ferent materials are unevenly distributed and are easily identified p 453 holography technique that produces a complete three dimensional photographic image of an object p 401 homogeneous hoh moh JEE nee us mixture solid liq uid or gas that contains two or more substances blended evenly throughout p 454 hydrate compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula p 620 hydrocarbon saturated or unsaturated compound con taining only carbon and hydrogen atoms p 727 hydroelectricity electricity produced from the energy of falling water p 273 hydronium ions hi DROH nee um e ahnz H O ions which form when
197. olar molecule molecule with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end as a result of electrons being shared unequally p 614 polyatomic ion positively or negatively charged cova lently bonded group of atoms p 619 polyethylene polymer formed from a chain containing many ethylene units often used in plastic bags and plastic bottles p 739 polymer class of natural or synthetic substances made up of many smaller simpler molecules called monomers arranged in large chains pp 739 771 potential energy stored energy an object has due to its position p 103 power amount of work done or the amount of energy transferred divided by the time required to do the work or transfer the energy measured in watts W p 129 precipitate insoluble compound that comes out of solution during a double displacement reaction p 643 pressure amount of force exerted per unit area SI unit is the pascal Pa p 486 product in a chemical reaction the new substance that is formed p 632 proteins large complex biological polymers formed from amino acid units make up many body tissues such as muscles tendons hair and fingernails p 742 proton particle composed of quarks inside the nucleus of an atom that has a charge of 1 p 507 pulley simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope chain or cable running along the groove can be either fixed or movable p 141 STUDENT RE
198. olesterol 747 Chromium 574 574 577 oxidation number for 616 Circle graph 26 26 587 act Circuit 201 201 207 210 closed 201 201 household 209 209 210 210 natural 208 open 208 parallel 208 208 209 214 215 lab series 207 207 214 215 lab Circuit breakers 209 210 210 Citric acid 697 702 Classification 9 of chemical reactions 640 643 of matter 448 467 Cleaners 698 698 701 701 act 712 712 713 Climate and greenhouse effect 652 653 lab Closed circuit 201 201 Closed loop 201 201 Closed system 175 Cloud chamber 546 546 Coal 258 260 260 261 262 Cobalt 574 Cochlea 326 326 Coefficients 636 636 639 act 644 Coherent light 398 398 Coinage metals 575 575 Coins as alloys 665 666 Colloid 454 455 455 456 Color s of elements 569 lab 574 574 interpreting 391 and light 387 387 389 389 393 mixing 392 392 393 393 seeing 390 390 391 391 874 STUDENT RESOURCES Color blindness 391 391 Colored filters 389 390 390 Combustion 498 498 Combustion reactions 641 Communicating Your Data 27 29 57 59 89 91 106 117 147 149 EZOO a 2A 22472 277 279 313 338 345 366 375 405 407 423 439 457 467 484 497 525 52 7 9957 5959 583 593 607 623 653 680 687 706 717 735 749 III TO Communication by radio 367 368 368 369 by satellite 366 lab 372 372 372 act by telephone 371 371 372 376
199. omagn ticas p 167 elemento radiactivo elemento como el radio cuyo n cleo se divide y emite part culas y energ a p 572 radiactividad proceso que ocurre cuando un n cleo se descompone y emite radiaci n alfa beta o gama p 538 ondas de radio ondas electromagn ticas con longitudes de onda m s largas de aproximadamente 1 mm y que se usan en las comunicaciones p 361 rarefacci n las regiones menos densas de una onda de compresi n p 296 reactante es la sustancia que reacciona en una reacci n qu mica p 632 imagen real imagen formada por rayos de luz que con vergen para pasar a trav s del sitio donde est local izada la imagen p 419 reducci n la obtenci n de electrones por los tomos de una sustancia p 645 telescopio reflexivo usa un espejo c ncavo un espejo plano y lentes convexos para recolectar y enfocar la luz proveniente de objetos distantes p 433 telescopio refractivo usa dos lentes convexos para reunir y enfocar la luz proveniente de objetos dis tantes p 433 refracci n curvatura de una onda al cambiar su veloci dad al pasar de un medio a otro p 304 recursos renovables fuente de energ a que es reem plazada casi tan pronto como es usada p 271 resistencia tendencia de un material de oponerse al fluido de los electrones y convertir la energ a el c trica en energ a t rmica y luz se mide en ohmios 0 p 208 resonancia el proceso por el cual un
200. on 2H 0 gt 2H O In this reaction the mass of oxygen produced is eight times greater than the mass of hydrogen produced If 36 g of water form hydrogen and oxygen gas what is the mass of hydrogen gas produced 166 The size of particles in a solution is about 1 nm 1 nm 0 000000001 m Write 0 000000001 m in scientific notation 167 A chemical reaction produces two new sub stances one with a mass of 34 g and the other with a mass of 39 g What was the total mass of the reactants 168 The human body is about 65 oxygen If a person has a mass of 75 0 kg what is the mass of oxygen in their body 169 A 112 g serving of ice cream contains 19 g of fat What percentage of the serving is fat 170 The mass of the products produced by a chemical reaction is measured The reaction is repeated five times with the same mass of reactants used each time The measured product masses are 50 17 g 50 12 g 50 17 g 50 10 g and 50 14 g What is the average of these measurements Chapter 16 Solids Liquids and Gases 171 A book is sitting on a desk The area of contact between the book and the desk is 0 06 m If the book s weight is 30 N what is the pressure the book exerts on the desk A skater has a weight of 500 N The skate blades are in contact with the ice over an area of 0 001 m2 What is the pressure exerted on the ice by the skater 172 173 The weight of the water displaced by a per son float
201. on an object immersed in the fluid p 485 ecuaci n qu mica Fnceada ecuaci n qu mica con el mismo n mero de tomos de cada elemento en los dos lados de la ecuaci n p 638 fuerzas equilibradas fuerzas en un objeto que se com binan para dar una fuerza neta de cero y no cambiar el movimiento del objeto p 53 base sustancia que forma iones de hidr xido OH en una soluci n de agua p 698 part cula beta electr n emitido por un n cleo at mico en descomposici n p 543 predisposici n ocurre cuando las expectativas de un cient fico cambian la forma en que son vistos los resultados de un experimento p 10 compuesto binario compuesto conformado por dos elementos p 615 biomasa materia org nica renovable proveniente de plantas y animales tales como madera y esti rcol animal que puede ser incinerada para producir calor p 276 punto de ebullici n temperatura a la cual la presi n del vapor de un l quido es igual a la presi n externa que act a sobre la superficie del l quido p 479 c mara de burbujas detector de radiaci n que consiste de un contenedor de un l quido sobrecalentado a alta presi n usado para detectar la trayectoria de las part culas cargadas p 547 buffer soluci n que contiene iones que reaccionan con los cidos o bases agregados y que minimiza los efectos de stos en el pH p 705 fuerza flotante capacidad de un fluido l quido o gas para ejercer una f
202. or The angle between the light ray and the surface of the mirror is 25 What angle does the reflected ray make with the normal 143 About 8 of men and 0 5 of women have some form of color blindness The number of men who experience color blindness is how many times larger than the number of women who experience color blindness 144 The index of refraction of a material is the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in the material If the index of refraction of the mineral rock salt is 1 52 and the speed of light in a vacuum is 300 000 km s what is the speed of light in rock salt 145 A laser is used to measure the distance from Earth to the Moon The laser beam is reflected from a mirror on the Moon s surface If the time needed for the laser to reach the Moon and be reflected back is 2 56 s and the laser beam travels at 300 000 km s what is the dis tance to the Moon 146 A light ray is reflected from a plane mirror If the angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray is 104 what is the angle of incidence 147 In the human eye there are about 7 000 000 cone cells distributed over an area of 5 cm If cone cells are evenly distributed over this region how many cone cells are distributed over an area of 2 cm Express your answer in scientific notation 148 What will happen to a ray of light leaving water and entering air if it hits the boundary at an angle of 49 to the normal
203. ou observe Estimate Scientific work also involves esti mating To estimate is to make a judgment about the size or the number of something without measuring or counting This is important when the number or size of an object or population is too large or too dif ficult to accurately count or measure lt CONTENTS Sample Scientists may use a sample or a portion of the total number as a type of estimation To sample is to take a small rep resentative portion of the objects or organ isms of a population for research By making careful observations or manipulat ing variables within that portion of the group information is discovered and con clusions are drawn that might apply to the whole population A poorly chosen sample can be unrepresentative of the whole If you were trying to determine the rainfall in an area it would not be best to take a rainfall sample from under a tree yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Measure You use measurements everyday Scientists also take measurements when col lecting data When taking measurements it is important to know how to use measuring tools properly Accuracy also is important Length To measure length the distance between two points scientists use meters Smaller measurements might be measured in centimeters or millimeters Length is measured using a metric ruler or meter stick When using a metric ruler line up the 0 cm mark with the end of the object being measured and read th
204. oug Martin 339 Araldo de Luca CORBIS 340 tr Merlin D Tuttle bl Gary W Carter CORBIS 342 Doug Martin 344 John Wang PhotoDisc 345 David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc 346 tl Australian Picture Library CORBIS tr Zig Leszczynski Earth Scenes bl David Sacks 347 tl Planet Earth Pictures FPG Getty Images tr CMCD PhotoDisc br Robert Brenner PhotoEdit Inc 352 353 Bob Burch Index Stock Imagery 357 Mat Jacob The Image Works 362 t Pete Saloutos The Stock Market CORBIS bl NASA GSFC JPL MISR and AirMISR Teams br NASA GSFC MITI ERSDAC JAROS and USA Japan ASTER Science Team 363 AP Wide World Photos 365 Telegraph Colour Library FPG Getty Images 892 STUDENT RESOURCES 367 StudiOhio 368 tr bl Mark Burnett br PhotoDisc 369 tl Stephen Frisch Stock Boston PictureQuest tr Mark Richards PhotoEdit Inc PictureQuest bl CORBIS bc Dorling Kindersley br Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc PictureQuest 370 Nino Mascardi The Image Bank Getty Images 371 Photolink PhotoDisc 372 VCG FPG Getty Images 374 Len Delessio Index Stock 375 Jim Wark Index Stock 376 t Getty Images b Bettman CORBIS 377 tl Martin Dohrn Science Photo Library Photo Researchers cr Mickey Pfleger Photo 20 20 Lonely Planet Images bl Joe McDonald Tom Stack Assoc 380 PhotoDisc 382 383 Brandon Cole 384 Mark Burnett 386 tl Bruce Iverson tr Myrleen Cate Index Stock PictureQuest bl Stephen Frisch Stock Boston PictureQuest 387 D
205. ound 320 346 and acoustics 339 339 causes of 322 and Doppler effect 331 331 332 343 echolocation 339 340 and energy 327 328 328 frequency of 330 330 See also Frequency and hearing 324 326 325 326 intensity of 328 328 329 329 329 act loudness of 327 329 329 model for transmitting 324 324 moving through mediums 323 324 323 lab and music 321 lab 333 338 338 lab pitch of 330 330 331 331 332 properties of 327 332 quality of 334 sonar 314 314 341 341 342 act speed of 323 324 ultrasound 341 343 342 343 uses of 339 343 340 341 342 342 act 343 using electromagnets to make 233 233 Sound waves 292 293 303 311 322 322 323 324 325 326 354 354 Space carbon compounds in 733 Space exploration of Moon 78 Space medicine 84 Space shuttle 8 9 78 182 182 491 647 762 763 763 Space stations International 6 Space vehicles materials for 762 763 762 act 763 Specific heat 161 163 Spectrum electromagnetic 360 365 radio 367 368 368 Speed 39 42 41 and acceleration 47 47 48 of animals 41 average 42 calculating 37 lab 40 calculating time from 40 act changing 41 41 43 constant 40 equation for 40 examples of 41 instantaneous 42 42 of light 358 of sound 323 324 vs velocity 44 44 of waves 298 299 299 act 358 Speed time graph 50 Spinneret 780 Sports 69 act 70 Stability chemical 604
206. p 649 endothermic reaction chemical reaction that requires heat energy in order to proceed p 649 exergonic reaction chemical reaction that releases some form of energy such as light or heat p 648 exothermic reaction chemical reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat p 648 experiment organized procedure for testing a hypothe sis tests the effect of one thing on another under controlled conditions p 8 nube de electrones fricci n nube de electrones rea alrededor del n cleo de un tomo en donde hay m s probabilidad de encontrar los electrones de los tomos p 511 diagrama de punto de electrones usa el s mbolo de un ele mento y puntos que representan el n mero de electrones en el nivel de energ a externo del elemento p 522 electrones part culas que rodean el centro de un tomo que tienen la carga de 1 p 507 elemento sustancia en la cual todos los tomos son iguales p 450 reacci n enderg nica reacci n qu mica que requiere entrada de energ a calor luz o electricidad para poder proceder p 649 reacci n endot rmica reacci n qu mica que requiere energ a de calor para proceder p 649 reacci n exerg nica reacci n qu mica que libera una forma de energ a tal como luz o calor p 648 reacci n exot rmica reacci n qu mica en la cual la energ a es inicialmente emitida en forma de calor p 648 experimento procedimiento
207. pared The sample has a mass of 1 00 g After three minutes the mass of cobalt 62 remaining is 0 25 g What is the half life of cobalt 62 A neutral phosphorus atom has 15 electrons How many electrons are in the third energy level 192 Chapter 18 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions 193 How many protons are in the nucleus Kr 194 195 How many neutrons are in the nucleus 32Fe What is the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus Am 196 How many alpha particles are emitted when 222 218p the nucleus Rn decays to Po 197 How many beta particles are emitted when the nucleus 73K decays to the nucleus 5 Ca 198 An alpha particle is the same as the helium nucleus He What nucleus is produced when the nucleus Ra decays by emitting an alpha particle 842 STUDENT RESOURCES 199 200 201 202 How long will it take a sample of 3 Po to decay to 1 8 of its original amount if 134Po has a half life of 0 7 s The half life of 231 is 8 04 days How much time would be needed to reduce 1 g of 231 to 0 25 g A sample of radioactive carbon 14 sample has decayed to 12 5 of its original amount If the half life of carbon 14 is 5730 years how old is this sample A sample of 8CI is observed to decay to 25 of the original amount in 74 4 minutes What is the half life of 5C1 Chapter 19 Elements and Their 203 204 205 206 207 208 209
208. per y S Ice Melts Water Cools Real World Question 5 The heat gained by the ice is lost by the What can a thermometer tell you about water Use the equation water Mice X 335 J 9 Mater X te t X Cwater Materials ESE a the specific heat capacity of e polystyrene cups 2 ice j Lo e thermometer e lid with a hole for i oi APeMMentogalm with NEALE e scale the thermometer Conclude and Apply 1 Should you get the same result for c if you start with ice and water at different temperatures than your original trial Explain Try to experiment with this if you have time Procedure 1 Place one cup inside the other and measure their mass 2 Half fill the inner cup with water and determine the water s mass and temperature ve pera l 2 Why is the lid important 3 Pat the ice dry if necessary Measure A aca 3 List sources of experimental error What would you do differently next 4 Put the ice in the water and place the lid time on the cup When the ice has almost melted insert the thermometer through the hole in the lid and measure the water s temperature Record the lowest temperature of the water 802 STUDENT RESOURCES Adult supervision C Squared Studios PhotoDisc 4 CONTENTS Ue How can you make a lightbulb glow without plugging it into an outlet Possible Materials Ezu A BE e fluorescent bulb e soft wool fabric e silk fabric e flanne
209. qu mica en la cual un elemento reemplaza a otro elemento en un compuesto p 643 fricci n deslizante fuerza de fricci n que se opone al movimiento de dos superficies que se deslizan entre s ps 72 lt CONTENTS Glossary Glosario soaps sublimation soaps organic salts with nonpolar hydrocarbon ends that interact with oils and dirt and polar ends that helps them dissolve in water p 712 solar collector device used in an active solar heating system that absorbs radiant energy from the Sun p 174 solenoid a wire wrapped into a cylindrical coil p 232 solubility maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature p 671 solute in a solution the substance being dissolved p 665 solution homogeneous mixture that remains con stantly and uniformly mixed and has particles that are so small they cannot be seen with a microscope pp 454 664 solvent in a solution the substance in which the solute is dissolved p 665 sonar system that uses the reflection of sound waves to detect objects underwater p 341 sound quality difference between sounds having the same pitch and loudness p 334 specific heat amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material 1 C p 161 speed distance an object travels per unit of time p 39 standard exact agreed upon quantity used for com parison p 14 stan
210. r first aid Immediately flush the affected area with water and notify your teacher Always wash hands thoroughly after use Go to your teacher for first aid Notify your teacher immediately Use fire safety equipment if applicable Notify your teacher immediately Use fire safety equipment if applicable Handwashing After the lab wash hands with soap and water before removing goggles SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK 797 Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Safety in the Science Laboratory The science laboratory is a safe place to work if you follow standard safety proce dures Being responsible for your own safety helps to make the entire laboratory a safer place for everyone When performing any lab read and apply the caution statements and safety symbol listed at the beginning of the lab General Safety Rules 1 Obtain your teacher s permission to begin all investigations and use labora tory equipment 2 Study the procedure Ask your teacher any questions Be sure you understand safety symbols shown on the page 3 Notify your teacher about allergies or other health conditions which can affect your participation in a lab 4 Learn and follow use and safety proce dures for your equipment If unsure ask your teacher 798 STUDENT RESOURCES KS Studios 5 6 Never eat drink chew gum apply cos metics or do any personal grooming in the lab Never use lab glasswar
211. r all labs 2 Research the mining process and 1 develop a procedure to process the ore to refine the metal Were you satisfied with your procedure and results What could you do better next time How does your procedure compare to the real mining process sqe7 3WOH 18 A 21 Xx9 Drop a polystyrene packing peanut into the acetone and observe how the poly styrene and acetone react Drop several peanuts into the acetone and observe what happens to them Drop a handful of peanuts into the acetone so that they stack up above the liquid observe the reaction that occurs Describe what happened to the poly styrene peanuts Infer why this happened to the peanuts 809 EXTRA TRY AT HOME LABS 4 CONTENTS Extra Try at Home Labs Extra Try at Home Labs 2 Balanced Reactions Real World Question What would a balanced chemical reaction look like in terms of atoms and molecules Possible Materials zu PE e round fruit grapes oranges apples marshmallows foam balls or any other suitable objects to represent atoms e sharp toothpicks or straightened paper clips to represent bonds Procedure 1 Look through the chapter to find two examples of chemical reactions Balance the equations if necessary 2 Make a key for your modeling set For example grape carbon marshmallow oxygen apple magnesium Sticky
212. r prescription for 429 telephoto 437 437 of telescopes 432 434 433 434 438 439 lab and vision 427 427 431 428 429 430 431 wide angle 436 436 Levers 138 138 141 147 lab mechanical advantage of 141 types of 139 139 140 Life science 6 Light 382 407 behavior of 384 388 coherent 398 398 and color 387 387 389 389 393 and eye 390 391 391 fluorescent 394 394 395 incandescent 394 incoherent 398 398 laser 396 399 397 398 399 401 401 and matter 384 384 neon 395 395 and photons 359 polarized 400 400 producing 394 399 reflection of 303 303 304 304 385 385 386 386 402 402 403 refraction of 304 304 305 305 386 386 388 387 387 lab 388 405 lab sodium vapor 396 396 speed of 358 tungsten halogen 396 using 400 404 visible 360 363 and vision 416 416 Lightbulb 99 lab 107 107 131 131 203 395 lab 451 574 580 Lightning 182 182 196 196 act 197 198 463 Lightning rod 198 198 Light pipes 403 403 Light pollution 396 act Light sticks 648 648 Lime 617 Limestone Limestone 464 Line graph 23 23 24 25 lab Lipids 746 747 747 Liquid s 478 478 479 479 See also Fluids boiling point of 478 479 convection in 171 lab dissolving 667 expansion in 481 481 heating curve of 480 480 measuring volume of 18 18 radiation in 167 viscosity of 489 496 497 lab Liquid crystal 483 483 Liq
213. raphing 43 43 49 50 and heat 159 matter in 158 158 4 CONTENTS National Geographic Visualizing Newton s first law of 54 56 55 Newton s second law of 69 act 69 74 Newton s third law of 83 88 and position 38 39 pro jectile 79 80 80 relative 39 and speed 37 lab 39 42 42 Motors electric 235 235 237 236 237 act 239 241 Movable pulley 142 142 MRI magnetic resonance imaging 248 248 362 362 Multiple bonds 730 730 Muscle s development of 609 Music 333 338 and beats 337 337 making 321 lab 338 lab vs noise 333 333 standing waves in 310 Musical instruments 333 333 334 336 brass 335 335 and overtones 334 334 percussion 310 334 336 336 resonance of 333 strings 310 333 334 335 335 woodwinds 334 335 Myth of Sisyphus 104 p lt Names chemical 618 618 act 619 620 621 Nanotechnology 144 150 150 Nanotubes 586 Naphthalene moth crystals 732 TOL National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA 8 9 11 434 National Geographic Unit Openers How are Waffles and Running Shoes Connected 2 How are Clouds and Toasters Connected 180 How are Glassblowing and X Rays Connected 286 How are Playing Cards and the Periodic Table Connected 446 How are Billiards and Bottles Connected 566 How are Algae and Photography Connected 660 National Geographic Visualizing Acceleration 49 Atmospheric Layers 491 A
214. rcaptan 734 734 Thomson Joseph John 510 Thorium 576 Thunder 196 Thunderstorms 196 197 463 Thyroid gland 554 554 Tidal energy 274 274 Time calculating from speed 40 act measuring 15 19 TIME Science and History 118 248 314 528 594 Science and Society 150 280 346 376 440 Tin 570 585 585 758 Titanium 451 762 763 763 Titration 710 710 Top quark 508 Tornadoes 332 Total internal reflection 402 402 403 Tracer 554 555 Transceiver 371 Transformer 242 act 243 243 244 244 Transition elements 574 574 575 575 inner 576 Translucent materials 384 384 Transmutation 542 542 543 543 558 559 lab Transparent materials 384 384 Transuranium elements 589 Transverse waves 292 292 301 301 Troposphere 491 Trough 296 296 Trumpet 335 335 Try at Home Mini Labs Designing a Team Equation 636 Discovering What s in Cereal 574 Energy Transformations in a Paper Clip 112 Investigating Charged Objects 198 Investigating Electromagnetic Waves 356 Machines Multiplying Force 134 Making Your Own Compass 229 Modeling a Composite Material 765 Modeling Structures of Octane 729 Modeling the Strong Force 545 Observing Bond Type 612 Observing Centripetal Force 81 Observing Change through Graphing 25 Observing Heat Transfer by Radiation 168 Observing Images in a Spoon 419 Observing Inertia 54 Observing Pressure 494 Observing Refract
215. renewable 271 277 Energy transformations 99 lab 110 111 179 in body 114 114 115 Engine s heat 176 internal combustion 176 176 177 177 steam 13 ENIAC 769 Epsom salt 649 Equation s for acceleration 48 chemical See Chemical equations for gravitational potential energy 104 for kinetic energy 102 for mechanical advantage 136 for mechanical energy 108 for momentum 86 for Newton s second law of motion 69 one step 40 act 487 act 493 act for power 130 for radioactive decay 554 simple 69 act 86 act 102 act 104 act 128 act 130 act 162 act 299 act for speed 40 for thermal energy 162 for wave speed 299 for weight 77 Ester s 714 714 715 715 748 749 lab Ethane 728 733 Ethanol grain alcohol 603 682 682 733 733 Ethene ethylene 730 730 734 Ethyl butyrate 714 714 Ethylene ethene 730 730 734 Ethyne acetylene 730 730 733 734 Evaporation 179 179 obtaining salt through 708 709 Exergonic reactions 648 648 Exosphere 491 Exothermic reactions 648 Expansion thermal 481 481 482 482 Expansion joints 481 Experiments Experiments 8 Eye 427 427 431 428 429 430 431 and light 390 391 391 Eyeglass prescription 429 Eyesight See Vision Q Fahrenheit scale 21 21 Faraday Michael 238 Farsightedness 429 429 Fat s dietary 746 747 747 Fat soluble vitamins 684 684 Fault s and forces 53
216. res of current will flow in a circuit if the voltage difference is 9 V and the resistance in the circuit is 3 2 78 Ifa voltage difference of 3 V causes a 1 5 A cur rent to flow in a circuit what is the resistance in the circuit 79 The current in an appliance is 3 A and the volt age difference is 120 V How much power is being supplied to the appliance 80 What is the current into a microwave oven that requires 700 W of power if the voltage differ ence is 120 V 81 What is the voltage difference in a circuit that uses 2420 W of power if 11 A of current flows into the circuit 82 How much energy is used when a 110 kW appliance is used for 3 hours CONTENTS Extra Math Problems 83 A television has a power rating of 210 W If the television uses 1 68 kWh of energy for how long has the television been on 84 How much does it cost to light six 100 W light bulbs for six hours if the price of electrical energy is 0 09 kWh 85 An electric clothes dryer uses 4 kW of electric power How long did it take to dry a load of clothes if electric power costs 0 09 kWh and the cost of using the dryer was 0 27 86 What is the resistance of a lightbulb that draws 0 5 amp of current when plugged into a 120 V outlet 87 How much current flows through a 100 W lightbulb that is plugged into a 120 V outlet 88 Eight amps of current flow through a hair dryer connected to a 120 V outlet How much elec trical pow
217. rgy levels of 520 520 521 521 act 605 605 gain or loss of in bonding 608 609 609 615 sharing 611 611 614 612 613 614 Electron cloud 511 520 520 Electron cloud model of atom 511 Sl 520 320 Electron dot diagrams 522 522 604 604 605 605 605 act Electroplating 649 649 Electroscope 198 199 199 547 547 Element s 450 450 451 454 457 lab 568 593 atomic mass of 539 539 atomic number of 536 539 chemical bonds between 601 lab 602 602 603 603 color of 569 lab 574 574 discovery of 590 halogens 522 522 identifying 513 inner transition 576 isotopes of 514 515 514 act 515 539 539 metalloids 584 584 767 767 metals 570 577 759 759 new 523 act noble gases 604 604 nonmetals 578 583 organizing 516 516 517 517 lab 518 519 519 act oxidation numbers for 615 616 periodic table of 570 571 578 767 767 See also Periodic table periods of 523 radioactive 538 540 540 572 876 STUDENT RESOURCES 573 576 589 591 and stress 568 symbols for 506 526 527 lab 615 615 synthetic 538 589 591 591 591 act transition 574 974 575 575 transmutation of 542 542 543 543 558 559 lab transuranium 589 in universe 524 524 Elephant s 708 Ellison Ralph 216 216 Endergonic reactions 649 649 Endothermic reactions 649 649 Energy 98 117 110 balancing in human energy 114 114 115 and changes 100 100 changing forms of 107
218. rican Rockwell cr Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical 87 1 Jeff Smith Fotosmith r Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 88 Amanita Pictures 90 Matt Meadows 91 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 92 tr Tony Craddock Science Photo Library Photo Researchers Inc bl Bettmann CORBIS 93 1 Keith Kent Peter Arnold Inc r Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 98 99 Jim Cummins CORBIS 100 Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman 101 1 Tony Walker PhotoEdit Inc c Mark Burnett r D Boone CORBIS 105 KS Studios 109 Walter H Hodge Peter Arnold Inc 110 RFD Visuals Unlimited 114 Rudi Von Briel 117 Matt Meadows 118 tl Brompton Studios cr Hank Morgan Photo Researchers bl TIME 119 tl SuperStock cr Telegraph Colour Library FPG Getty Images bl Jana R Jirak Visuals Unlimited 124 125 Jakob Helbig Getty Images 125 Timothy Fuller 126 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 127 tr Tim Courlas Horizons Companies bl Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 129 Michelle Bridwell PhotoEdit Inc 131 Jules Frazier PhotoDisc 132 Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 133 t Mark Burnett b Tony Freeman PhotoEdit Inc 134 Joseph P Sinnot Fundamental Photographs 135 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 139 tl Tom Pantages tr Mark Burnett br Tony Freeman PhotoEdit Inc 140 tr Richard T Nowitz cl David Madison Stone Getty Images br John Henley The Stock Market CORBIS 141 A J Copley Visuals Unlimited 143 Mark Burnett 144 Tom Pant
219. rld Photos 689 690 692 Icon Images 694 695 Frans Lanting Minden Pictures 696 KS Studios 697 Matt Meadows 698 Geoff Butler 699 Rick Poley Index Stock 702 Matt Meadows 704 cw from tl Elaine Shay Brent Turner BLT Productions Matt Meadows Elaine Shay StudiOhio Icon Images CORBIS c Dominic Oldershaw bl Mark Burnett Stock Boston PictureQuest br Matt Meadows 706 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 707 Charles D Winters Photo Researchers 708 The Purcell Team CORBIS 709 tl b Kevin Schafer CORBIS tr Wolkmar Wentzel c CORBIS 710 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 711 t Matt Meadows b Amanita Pictures 713 Chinch Gryniewicz Ecoscene CORBIS 714 Amanita Pictures 715 PhotoDisc 716 t Bill Lyons Liaison Agency Getty Images b Richard SUPalD CREDITS 893 lt CONTENTS Credits 894 Credits Megna Fundamental Photographs 717 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 718 TIME 719 1 KS Studios r Matt Meadows 723 Matt Meadows 724 725 Walter Bibikow Index Stock Imagery 726 KS Studios 730 tl Jens Jorgen Jensen The Stock Market CORBIS br PhotoDisc 731 t Aaron Haupt b Mark Burnett 732 Ken Frick 733 1 Aaron Haupt c r Timothy Fuller 734 Lynn M Stone Index Stock 735 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 738 tl courtesy Land s End Inc tr CORBIS c Bernard Roussel The Image Bank Getty Images bl George Hall Check Six PictureQuest br PhotoDisc 740 1 Geoff Butler r Charles D Wint
220. rogen atoms and N is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule If a molecule of the saturated hydrocarbon decane has 22 hydrogen atoms how many carbon atoms does a decane molecule contain 258 Fats supply 9 Calories per gram carbohydrates and proteins each supply 4 Calories per gram If 100 g of potato chips contain 7 g of protein 53 g of carbohydrates and 35 g of fats how many Calories are in 100 g of potato chips 259 The basal metabolism rate BMR is the amount of energy required to maintain basic body functions The BMR is approximately 1 0 Calories hr per kilogram of body mass For a person with a mass of 65 kg how many Calories are needed each day to maintain basic body functions 260 A food Calorie is an energy unit equal to 4 184 joules If a person uses 2 070 Calories in one day what is the power being used Express your answer in watts 261 In each 100 g of cheddar cheese there are 33 g of fat Calculate how many grams of fat are in 250 g of cheddar cheese 262 Acar gets 25 miles per gallon of gas If the car is driven 12 000 miles in one year and gaso line costs 1 55 per gallon what was the cost of the gasoline used in one year Chapter 25 New Materials Through Chemistry 263 A stainless steel spoon contains 30 0 g of iron 6 8 g of chromium and 3 2 g of nickel What percentage of the stainless steel is chromium 264 A 14 karat gold earring has a mass of 10 g What is the mass of
221. romag n tica para convertir energ a mec nica en energ a el ctrica p 238 energ a geot rmica energ a t rmica en el magma caliente la cual se puede convertir mediante una planta industrial en energ a el ctrica p 275 Sistema de Posicionamiento Global GPS sistema de sat lites y estaciones de monitoreo en tierra que per miten que un receptor determine su ubicaci n en o sobre la superficie terrestre p 373 gr fica presentaci n visual de informaci n que puede suministrar una forma r pida de comunicar gran cantidad de informaci n y que permite que los cien t ficos puedan observar los patrones p 22 energ a gravitacional potencial energ a almacenada por objetos debido a su posici n sobre la superficie ter restre la cual depende de la distancia sobre la super ficie terrestre y de la masa del objeto p 104 gravedad fuerza de atracci n entre dos objetos que depende de las masas de los objetos y de la distancia entre ellos p 75 grupo columna vertical en la tabla peri dica p 520 n AAA half life amount of time it takes for half the nuclei in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay p 544 heat thermal energy that flows from a warmer mate rial to a cooler material p 160 heat engine device that converts thermal energy into work p 176 heat of fusion amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase p 478 vida media tiemp
222. rs Photo Researchers b Stephen Frisch Stock Boston PictureQuest 643 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 645 Royalty Free CORBIS 646 Tim Matsui Liaison Agency Getty Images 647 1 cl Bettmann CORBIS cr Roger Ressmeyer NASA CORBIS r NASA CORBIS 648 Matt Meadows 649 t Jeff J Daly Fundamental Photographs c b Matt Meadows 651 Timothy Fuller 652 UNEP Topham The Image Works 653 Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 654 tr Bibliotheque du Museum D Histoire Naturelle bl Brad Maushart Graphistock 655 tr Icon Images 1 Charles D Winters Photo Researchers br Joseph P Sinnot Fundamental Photographs 658 Charles D Winters Photo Researchers 659 1 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs r Firefly Productions The Stock Market CORBIS 660 661 Norbert Wu 661 inset Spencer Collection New York Public Library Astor Lenox amp Tilden Foundation 662 663 Stephen Frink Index Stock Imagery 664 Annie Griffiths Belt CORBIS 665 1 Christie s Images r Flip Schulke Black Star 666 t Bettmann CORBIS c Brian Gordon Green b Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc PictureQuest 672 Mark Thayer Photography Inc 674 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 680 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 681 682 Icon Images 683 Steve Mason PhotoDisc 684 KS Studios 686 1 Matt Meadows r Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 687 Matt Meadows 688 tr Tony Freeman PhotoEdit Inc cl AISI Visuals Unlimited br Standard Examiner Kort Duce AP Wide Wo
223. rs to the number of outcomes For example if you flip a coin 100 times what are the odds that 1t will come up heads There are two possible outcomes heads or tails so the odds of coming up heads are 50 100 Another way to say this is that 50 out of 100 times the coin will come up heads In its simplest form the ratio is 1 2 Example 1 A chemical solution contains 40 g of salt and 64 g of baking soda What is the ratio of salt to baking soda as a fraction in simplest form Step 1 Write the ratio as a fraction salt _ 40 baking soda 64 Step 2 Express the fraction in simplest form The GCF of 40 and 64 is 8 40 _40 8_5 64 64 8 8 The ratio of salt to baking soda in the sample is 5 8 Example 2 Sean rolls a 6 sided die 6 times What are the odds that the side with a 3 will show Step 1 Write the ratio as a fraction number of sides witha3 _ 1 number of sides 6 Step 2 Multiply by the number of attempts gt X 6 attempts attempts 1 attempt 1 attempt out of 6 will show a 3 Practice Problem Two metal rods measure 100 cm and 144 cm in length What is the ratio of their lengths in simplest form 820 STUDENT RESOURCES Use Decimals A fraction with a denominator that is a power of ten can be written as a decimal For example 0 27 means a The decimal point separates the ones place from the tenths place Any fraction can be written as a decimal using division For example the fraction gt
224. rtical is assigned a letter and each row horizontal is assigned a number Each point where a row and column intersect is called a cell and is labeled according to where it is located Column A Row 1 A1 Decide how to organize the data and enter it in the correct row or column m Spreadsheets can use standard formulas or formulas can be customized to calcu late cells To make a change click on a cell to make it activate and enter the edited data or formula Spreadsheets also can display your results in graphs Choose the style of graph that best represents the data Big it iano mE F u aga E H j 24 BP ee T Figure 18 A spreadsheet allows you to perform mathematical operations on your data EE tiil po 0 Technology Skill Handbook Use Graphics Software Adding pictures called graphics to your documents is one way to make your docu ments more meaningful and exciting This software adds edits and even constructs graphics There is a variety of graphics soft ware programs The tools used for drawing can be a mouse keyboard or other special ized devices Some graphics programs are simple Others are complicated called computer aided design CAD software Learn the Skill It is important to have an understanding of the graphics software being used before starting The better the software is understood the better the results The graphics can be placed in
225. s are made by cardiac muscle Step 1 Find oe LCD of the fractions 7 10 LCD 30 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 7X3 21 10X3 30 3xX2 6 15 X2 30 Step 3 w the numerators 21 ALZA 6 _ 30 ri 30 En Step 4 Find the GCF 15 30 GCF 15 1 2 1 gt of all muscle contractions are cardiac muscle Example 4 Tony wants to make cookies that call for A of a cup of flour but he only has gt of a cup How much more flour does he need Step 1 Find the LCD of the fractions Al ag LCD 12 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 3xX3 9 4x3 12 1x4 4 3x4 12 Step 3 at the numerators 9 AER AO 12 ole 12 12 5 12 of a cup of flour Practice Problem Using the information provided to you in Example 3 above determine how many muscle contractions are voluntary skeletal muscle lt CONTENTS Multiply Fractions To multiply with frac tions multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators Find the simplest form if necessary Example Multiply by 3 Step 1 Multiply the numerators and denominators Sy Aiba Cut ess 53 53 15 Step 2 Find the GCF ES 15 GCF 3 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF E elle a eal 3 5 1 5 1 CL mae anal th 5 multiplied by 3 IS Practice Problem Multiply by ae Find a Reciprocal Two numbers whose product is 1 are called multiplicative inverses or r
226. s crust 577 577 584 electroplating of 649 649 as heat conductors 165 ionic bonding of 571 571 magnetism in 228 metallic bonding of 571 571 vs nonmetals 583 lab on periodic table 523 523 570 571 properties of 569 lab 570 570 571 571 759 759 transition elements 574 574 575 575 Metallic bond 571 571 Metalloids 523 523 584 767 767 properties of 584 584 Meteorite 733 Meteorology 11 Meter 15 16 17 17 20 Meters second 20 Methane 260 727 727 728 Methyl salicylate wintergreen EJ Metric system 14 16 See also International System of Units SI Micrometer 17 Microscopes 435 435 Microwave s 360 361 361 361 lab 371 Microwave oven 361 361 361 lab Microwave tower 371 371 Middle ear 325 325 Milliliter 20 Millimeter 20 Mineral s 577 luster of 570 Mini Labs Calculating Your Work and power 129 Creating a Colorful Chemical Reaction 648 Comparing Friction 71 Comparing Thermal Conductors 169 Describing the Motion of a Car 42 Designing an Efficient Water Heater 259 Determining the Density of a Pencil 19 Discovering Energy Waste in Lightbulbs 395 Experimenting with Focal Lengths 435 Experimenting with Resonance 311 Heating with Microwaves 361 Identifying Changes 460 Identifying Chlorine Compounds in your Water 580 Interpreting Data from a Slingshot 103 882 STUDENT RESOURCES Investigating Battery Addition 202 Listen
227. si n mezcla heterog nea que contiene un l quido en el cual las part culas visibles se sedimen tan p 456 reacci n s ntesis reacci n qu mica en la cual se combi nan dos o m s sustancias para formar una sustancia diferente p 642 sint tico describe a los pol meros tales como pl sticos adhesivos y recubrimientos de superficies hechos de hidrocarburos p 771 rr technology application of science to help people p 13 temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object p 159 theory explanation of things or events that is based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations p 12 thermal energy sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in an object is transferred by con duction convection and radiation p 159 thermal expansion increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased p 481 thermodynamics study of the relationship between thermal energy heat and work p 174 titration ti TRAY shun process in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the con centration of another solution p 710 total internal reflection occurs when light strikes a boundary between two materials and is completely reflected p 402 tracer radioactive isotope such as iodine 131 that can be detected by the radiation it emits after it is absorbed by a living organism p 554 transceiver devi
228. speed 42 42 Insulator s 169 169 170 170 195 195 206 lab Integrate Astronomy Carbon Compounds in Space 733 elements in the universe 524 finding other planets 76 Moving through Space 39 plasma state 480 Red Shift 331 Integrate Career astronaut 30 Astronomers 370 Audiology 325 Electrician 208 Mining Engineer 576 Organic Chemist 743 Power Plant Operator 240 Research Physicist 520 Integrate Chemistry batteries 202 Graphite 136 Radioactive Decay Equations 554 Integrated circuit 768 768 Integrate Earth Science Astronomical Units 17 Chemical Reactions and Lightning 463 Coastal Climates 162 Computer Models 11 Earth s magnetic field 227 geothermal energy 275 Gravity and Earth s Atmosphere 79 Magma and Viscosity 489 motion of Earth s crust 45 Nature s Heat Engines 176 seismic waves 295 suspensions 456 Uranium Lead Dating 267 Integrate Environment chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 364 Energy and the Food Chain 111 metals and the atmosphere 637 Recycling and Physical Properties 459 Synthetic Polymers 772 Integrate Health barium compound 573 CT Scans 363 Current and the Human Body 205 Doppler Waves 343 food energy 115 iodine deficiency 608 Noise Damage 309 reading your eyeglass prescription 429 Space 84 Vitamins in Excess 685 Integrate History Alchemy 462 Aircraft Carriers 48 Catalysts 650 Classification Systems 9 deadly
229. t properties of 759 759 lab 760 760 761 steel 761 762 778 779 lab titanium 762 763 763 uses of 761 761 Alpha particles 541 542 542 Alternating current AC 242 243 244 244 Alternator 239 Aluminum 451 570 584 584 590 649 762 762 chemical reaction with oxygen 631 lab 637 modeling an atom of 509 lab symbol for 506 Aluminum hydroxide 699 699 Aluminum oxide 616 637 Americium 451 589 589 Amine group 743 Amino acids 742 Ammonia 579 587 699 701 701 Ammonium chloride 708 Amorphous solids 482 Ampere 15 Amplitude 300 300 301 301 327 AM radio 367 368 368 369 Angelou Maya 60 Angle s of incidence 304 304 of reflection 304 304 Animal s in cold climates 678 control of heat flow by 168 168 speed of 41 Antacid 698 698 lab 707 707 Til act Antarctica ozone hole in 364 Antifreeze 678 679 Antimony 588 Anvil 325 325 Apollo 11 85 Appearance 458 458 Appliances cost of using 213 and electric current 242 242 energy used by 211 Applying Math The Acceleration of a Sled 69 Barium Sulfate Reaction 644 Calculate a Change in Thermal Energy 162 INDEX 871 xapu Index Applying Science Calculating Centimeters 16 Calculating Forces Using Pascal s Principle 487 Calculate Gravitational Potential Energy 104 Calculate Kinetic Energy 102 Calculating Power 130 Calculating Speed 40 Calculating Surface Area
230. t glows p 394 inclined plane simple machine that consists of a slop ing surface such as a ramp that reduces the amount of force needed to lift something by increasing the distance over which the force is applied p 144 incoherent light light that contains more than one wavelength and travels in many directions with its crests and troughs unaligned p 398 independent variable factor that as it changes affects the measure of another variable p 9 index of refraction property of a material indicating how much light slows down when traveling in the material p 386 indicator organic compound that changes color in acids and bases p 696 inertia resistance of an object to a change in its motion p 54 infrared waves electromagnetic waves that have a wave length between about 1 mm and 750 billionths of a meter p 362 858 STUDENT RESOURCES luz incandescente luz que se produce al calentar una pieza de metal generalmente tungsteno hasta que brille p 394 plano inclinado maquina simple que consiste de una superficie inclinada tal como una rampa que reduce la fuerza necesaria para levantar un objeto aumentando la distancia sobre la cual se aplica dicha fuerza p 144 luz incoherente luz que contiene mas de una longitud de onda y que viaja en varias direcciones con sus crestas y depresiones no alineadas p 398 variable independiente factor que a medida que cam bia afecta la medida de o
231. ter 6 The fire extinguisher and first aid kit should only be used by your teacher unless it is an extreme emergency and you have been given permission 7 If someone is injured or becomes ill only a professional medical provider or some one certified in first aid should perform first aid procedures yooqpueH JINS 22U PS SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK 799 Matt Meadows CONTENTS Extra Try at Home Labs Extra Try at Home Labs EXTRA 1 Labs From Your Kitchen Junk Drawer or Yard Measure for Measure Real World Question What is the difference in the precision of different measuring instruments Possible Materials E PE e kitchen pot e ruler e sewing measuring tape e carpenter s measuring tape Procedure 1 Before you begin the lab review this procedure and make an appropriate data table to record your results For more information refer to the Precision and Significant Digits section in the Math Skills Handbook 2 With the ruler measure the diameter the height and the circumference of the pot 3 Measure the same three things with both the sewing tape and the carpen ter s tape Finding Forces Real World Question What forces act on a moving ball Possible Materials Za EZ e tennis ball e softball e plastic baseball e football e rubber ball Procedure 1 Go outside and stand in an empty field or lawn where there are no other peo ple build
232. ther more or fewer elec trons than protons pp 608 676 ionic bond attraction formed between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound p 610 ionization process in which electrolytes dissolve in water and separate into charged particles p 676 isomers compounds with identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes P729 isotopes atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons p 514 Glossary Glosario inhibidor teoria cin tica inhibidor sustancia que reduce una reacci n qu mica o previene que ocurra por una combinaci n con un reactivo p 650 velocidad instant nea velocidad de un objeto en un punto dado en el tiempo es constante para un objeto que se mueve a una velocidad constante y cambia con el tiempo en un objeto que est reduciendo o aumentando su velocidad p 42 aislador material a trav s del cual los electrones no se pueden mover con facilidad p 195 aislador material en el cual el calor fluye lentamente p 169 circuito integrado pedazo min sculo de material semi conductor que puede contener millones de transis tores diodos y otros componentes p 768 intensidad cantidad de energ a que fluye a trav s de cierta rea en un tiempo espec fico p 328 interferencia ocurre cuando dos o m s ondas se sobrepo nen y combinan para formar una nueva onda p 308 motor de combusti n interna motor de calor que quema combustible
233. to Library Photo Researchers 588 1 RMIP Richard Haynes r PhotoDisc 590 tl Gianni Dagli Orti CORBIS tc Jonathan Blair CORBIS tr Patricia Lanza cl CORBIS ccl Tony Freeman CORBIS c PhotoDisc ccr Paul A Souders CORBIS cr Bettmann CORBIS bl Steve Cole CORBIS bc Artville br Achim Zschau 592 t Charles D Winters Photo Researchers b Richard Hutchings 593 Richard Hutchings 594 Lynn Johnson Aurora 595 cw from left Charles D Winters Photo Researchers Stephen Frisch Stock Boston Charles E Zirkle Doug Martin Karl Hartmann Sachs PhotoTake NYC Russ Lappa Science Source Photo Researchers 599 George Hall CORBIS 600 601 Tom Sanders CORBIS 601 Amanita Pictures 602 t John Evans b CORBIS 603 1 Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman c Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs r Syndicated Features Limited The Image Works 607 Mark Burnett 608 John Paul Kay Peter Arnold Inc 612 John Evans 613 Patricia Lanza 615 Bettmann CORBIS 620 Amanita Pictures 622 1 Amanita Pictures r Richard Hutchings 623 Richard Hutchings 624 Daniel Belknap 625 Syndicated Features Limited The Image Works 630 631 Transglobe Index Stock 633 Mansell Collection TimePix 635 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 637 CORBIS 638 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 639 Doug Martin Photo Researchers 640 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 641 Emory Kristof National Geographic Image Collection 642 t Charles D Winte
234. toEdit Inc 449 Matt Meadows 450 t Siede Pries PhotoDisc c Ryan McVay PhotoDisc b PhotoDisc 451 tl James L Amos CORBIS tr Stockbyte PictureQuest cl Yann Arthus Bertrand CORBIS cr Cal Tech bl Robert Fried Stock Boston PictureQuest br Dorling Kindersley 452 t Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs b Icon Images 453 tr l Icon Images br Andrew Syred Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 454 t Icon Images bl PhotoDisc br C Squared Studios PhotoDisc 455 tl Chuck Keeler Jr The Stock Market CORBIS tr Kaj R Svensson Science Photo Library Photo Researchers b Kip amp Pat Peticolas Fundamental Photographs 456 Larry Mayer Liaison Agency Getty Images 457 Icon Images 458 Matt Meadows 459 t Amanita Pictures b Doug Martin 460 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 461 Jed amp Kaoru Share Stone Getty Images 462 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 464 1 M Romesser r SuperStock 465 Chris Rogers The Stock Market CORBIS 466 Icon Images 467 t Icon Images b Matt Meadows 468 tr Dominic Oldershaw cl Doug Martin br Frank Siteman Stock Boston PictureQuest 469 tl Icon Images tr Will Ryan The Stock Market CORBIS bl Tony lt CONTENTS Credits Freeman Photokdit Inc br Icon Images 473 tl Doug Martin tr Chris Rogers The Stock Market CORBIS bl br Doug Martin 474 475 The Stock Market CORBIS 475 Matt Meadows 476 Icon Images 479 Doug Martin 480 JISAS Lockhe
235. tomic Model 510 Bat Echolocation 340 Chemical Energy 647 Convection Native copper Currents 166 The Discovery of Elements 590 Elements 451 Energy Transformations 110 The Formation of Fossil Fuels 258 Formation of Ocean Waves 294 The History of Computers 769 Lasers 397 Levers in the Human Body 140 Lightning 197 Metal Alloys 666 Motors and Generators 241 Petroleum Products 738 PET Scans 555 Polar Molecules 613 Radio Broadcasts 369 Rocket Motion 85 Salt 709 SI Dimensions 20 The Silicon Retina 430 Native copper 643 Natural circuit 208 Natural frequencies 311 333 Natural gas 258 260 727 727 Nature 6 7 Nay 334 Nearsightedness 431 431 Neon 522 582 590 594 594 Neon lights 395 395 Neptune 76 Neptunium 589 Net force 53 53 70 Neutralization 707 707 716 717 lab Neutron s 507 507 512 536 537 DI 538 3538 Newton Isaac 54 76 Newton s first law of motion 54 56 55 Newton s second law of motion 69 act 69 74 Newton s third law of motion 83 88 Nickel 574 Nickel hydroxide 635 Nitrates 587 Nitric acid 697 Nitride 618 Nitrogen 587 Nitrogen group 587 588 Noble gases 578 582 582 594 594 stability of 604 604 Noise 309 333 333 Noise pollution 334 act 344 345 lab 346 Nonelectrolytes 676 Nonmetals 578 583 bonding in 579 579 halogens 522 522 580 580 581 581 hydrogen 579 vs metals 583 lab
236. tra variable p 9 indice de refracci n propiedad de un material para indicar la cantidad de luz que se frena al pasar a trav s del material p 386 indicador compuesto organico que cambia de color en presencia de acidos y bases p 696 inercia resistencia de un objeto a cambiar su movimiento p 54 ondas infrarrojas ondas electromagn ticas que tienen una longitud de onda entre aproximadamente 1 mm y 750 billon simas de metro p 362 lt CONTENTS inhibitor kinetic theory inhibitor substance that slows down a chemical reac tion or prevents it from occurring by combining with a reactant p 650 instantaneous speed speed of an object at a given point in time is constant for an object moving with con stant speed and changes with time for an object that is slowing down or speeding up p 42 insulator material in which electrons are not able to move easily p 195 insulator material in which heat flows slowly p 169 integrated circuit tiny chip of semiconductor material that can contain millions of transistors diodes and other components p 768 intensity amount of energy that flows through a cer tain area in a specific amount of time p 328 interference occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave p 308 internal combustion engine heat engine that burns fuel inside the engine in chambers or cylinders p 176 ion charged particle that has ei
237. ts The number of transistors and other compo nents per mm on an integrated circuit has doubled on average every two years If inte grated circuits contained 100 000 transistors in 1982 estimate how many transistors an integrated circuit of the same size contained in 1998 A car contains 200 kg of plastic parts instead of steel parts The density of steel is twice the den sity of plastic If the volume of the plastic parts equals the volume of the same parts made of steel how much less is the mass kg of the car by using plastic parts instead of steel EXTRA MATH PROBLEMS 845 CONTENTS Reference Handbooks Reference Handbooks Physical Science Reference Tables Standard Units Symbol Name Quantity m meter length kg kilogram mass Pa pascal pressure K kelvin temperature mol mole amount of a substance J joule energy work quantity of heat S second time C coulomb electric charge V volt electric potential A ampere electric current Q ohm resistance Physical Constants and Conversion Factors Acceleration due to gravity g Avogadro s Number N Electron charge e Electron rest mass Gravitation constant G Mass energy relationship Speed of light in a vacuum c Speed of sound at STP 331 m s Standard Pressure 101 3 kPa 760 Torr or 14 7 Ib in Specific Heat average kJ kg X C J g X C Alcohol ethyl 2 43 liq Aluminum 0 90 sol Ammonia 4 71 liq Copper 0 39 sol Iron 0 45 sol Le
238. uerza ascendente sobre un objeto inmerso en un fluido p 485 ce ST carbohydrates group of biological compounds such as sugars and starches with twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms p 745 carbohidratos grupo de compuestos biol gicos tales como az cares y almidones que contienen el doble de tomos de hidr geno que de ox geno p 745 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO 851 lt CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosario Glossary Glosario carrier wave cochlea carrier wave specific frequency that a radio station is assigned and uses to broadcast signals p 367 catalyst substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently changed itself p 650 cathode ray tube sealed vacuum tube that produces one or more beams of electrons that produce an image when they strike the coating on the inside of a TV screen p 370 centripetal acceleration acceleration of an object toward the center of a curved or circular path p 81 centripetal force a net force that is directed toward the center of a curved or circular path p 81 ceramics versatile materials made from dried clay or clay like mixtures with customizable properties produced by a process in which an object is molded and then heated to high temperatures increasing its density p 764 chain reaction ongoing series of fission reactions p 552 charging by contact process of transferring charge between objects by
239. ugh a piece of tape so If an atom s nucleus were as big as the you can find it later Measure out the head of a pin how far away would the distance to the first electron and mark nearest electron be the spot with a second pin and tape Possible Materials Bz al EE Conclude and Apply e pins 1 Earth orbits the Sun at about e measuring tapes 150 million km This is 214 times the e outdoor playing field Sun s radius How many km away would e masking or duct tape Earth orbit the Sun if it were on the same scale as an Pr ocedure l atom s first electron Pes 1 The diameter of an atom s nucleus is 2 How many times 15 by about 1x 107 m ine orbit of an elec the nucleus radius a U tron is about 1 x 10 m Calculate is the orbit of an p ii 4 how big the orbit would be if the electron aE nucleus were the size of the head of a pin about 0 0001 m gt En dee xX Lu Get a Half life Real World Question 4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all pennies How would you determine the half life of a are removed from the box or you have radioactive substance done this process ten times Record each shake and remove step as incre ments of 3 s 3 s 6 s 9 s etc This is the time interval Graph the data as number of pennies Procedure left versus time 1 To model the half life of 200 atoms of a Conclude and Apply radioactive substance place 200 pen 1 According to the graph how much
240. uid crystal display LCD 483 483 Liquid crystal solution 780 Liter 20 Lithium 521 572 640 640 Lizards 168 168 Loudness 327 329 329 Lunar Module 85 647 Luster 570 759 759 Lye 672 0 Machines 132 149 compound 146 146 efficiency of 136 137 137 ideal 35 135 cana mechanical advantage 136 136 See also Ideal mechanical advantage IMA multiplying force 134 lab perpetual motion 118 118 simple See Simple machines and work 125 lab 132 132 135 133 134 135 Macular degeneration 430 Magma 275 489 Magnesium 573 symbol for 506 Magnesium chloride 610 610 Magnesium hydroxide 699 Magnesium oxide 639 639 Magnet s 224 226 See also Electromagnet s Permanent magnets bar 226 226 interaction of 226 226 strength of 223 lab using 223 Magnetic domain 229 229 Magnetic field s 225 225 226 226 355 355 356 356 of Earth 227 227 and moving charges 231 231 Magnetic force 224 Magnetic interference 227 lab Magnetic materials 228 230 228 AC 22952 30 Magnetic poles 225 225 226 226 of Earth 227 227 isolating 230 230 Magnetic properties 459 459 Magnetic resonance imaging MRI 248 248 362 362 Magnetism 224 237 and electricity 231 237 245 lab and electric motors 235 235 237 236 237 act 239 241 and galvanometers 234 234 235 in metals 228 Magnetite 224 Magnifying mirrors 420 420 Malleability 570 5
241. un sistema p 108 medio materia a trav s de la cual viaja una onda p 291 punto de fusi n temperatura a la cual un s lido comienza a licuarse p 478 metal elemento t picamente duro s lido brillante maleable y buen conductor del calor y la electrici dad p 570 enlace met lico ocurre debido a que los electrones se mueven libremente entre los iones de un metal car gados positivamente y explica propiedades tales como la ductibilidad y la capacidad para conducir electricidad p 571 metaloide elemento que tiene algunas propiedades de los metales y algunas de los no metales p 584 microscopio instrumento que usa lentes convexos para amplificar objetos peque os cercanos p 435 microondas ondas de radio con longitudes de onda entre aproximadamente 1 mm y 1 m p 361 espejismo imagen de un objeto distante producida por la refracci n de la luz a trav s de capas de aire de diferentes densidades p 388 modelo puede ser usado para representar una idea objeto o evento que es demasiado grande demasiado peque o demasiado complejo o demasiado peligroso para ser observado o probado directamente p 11 mol cula part cula neutra que se forma al compartir electrones p 611 inercia propiedad de un objeto en movimiento que es igual a su masa por su velocidad p 86 mon mero peque a mol cula que forma una conexi n en una cadena de pol meros y que se puede combi nar consigo misma repetidame
242. with wavelengths of 750 to 400 billionths of a meter that can be detected by human eyes p 363 voltage difference related to the force that causes elec tric charges to flow measured in volts V p 200 volume amount of space occupied by an object p 18 velocidad direccional rayos X velocidad direccional la rapidez y direcci n de un objeto en movimiento p 44 imagen virtual la imagen que se forma al divergir los rayos de luz la cual es percibida por el cerebro a n cuando ning n rayo de luz real pase por el sitio donde la imagen parezca estar localizada p 418 viscosidad resistencia de un fluido al flujo p 489 luz visible ondas electromagn ticas con longitudes de onda entre 400 y 750 billon simas de metro y que pueden ser detectadas por el ojo humano p 363 diferencia de voltaje se refiere a la fuerza que causa que las cargas el ctricas fluyan se mide en voltios V p 200 volumen espacio ocupado por un objeto p 18 wave a repeating disturbance or movement that trans fers energy through matter or space p 290 wavelength distance between one point on a wave and the nearest point just like it p 297 weak acid any acid that only partly dissociates in solu tion p 702 weak base any base that does not dissociate completely in solution p 703 wedge simple machine that is an inclined plane with one or two sloping sides p 145 weight gravitational for
243. y CORBIS 280 Dan Lamont CORBIS 281 tl Amanita Pictures cr Kathy Ferguson Photokdit Inc bl US Department of Energy Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 285 Robert Essel The Stock Market CORBIS 286 287 Nonstock Inc 286 inset John Eastcott amp Yva Momatiuk Woodfin Camp amp Associates 288 289 Jason Childs Getty Images 290 James H Karales Peter Arnold Inc 294 t Galen Rowell b Stephen R Wagner 302 303 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 304 t Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs b SIU Visuals Unlimited 306 t John S Shelton b Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 307 Richard Megna Fundamental Photographs 310 Kodansha 312 Doug Martin 313 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 314 Ralph White CORBIS 315 tl Stan Osolinski The Stock Market CORBIS tr Bruce Heinemann PhotoDisc b SIU Visuals Unlimited 320 321 AFP CORBIS 324 Tim Courlas Horizons Companies 326 Prof P Motta Dept of Anatomy University la Sapienza Rome Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 328 Michael Newman PhotoEdit Inc 329 l to r Mark A Schneider Visuals Unlimited lan O Leary Stone Getty Images Rafael Macia Photo Researchers David Young Wolff PhotoEdit Inc SuperStock 332 NOAA OAR ERL National Severe Storms Laboratory NSSL 333 t Jean Miele The Stock Market CORBIS b Mark Burnett 335 t Charles Gupton Stone Getty Images b Will Hart PhotoEdit Inc 336 t Nick Rowe PhotoDisc b Derick A Thomas Dat s Jazz CORBIS 338 D
244. y each percent by 360 and divide by 100 to find the angle of each section in the circle 78 X q 280 8 21 X x 75 6 1 X oo 3 6 Step 2 Use a compass to draw a circle and to mark the center of the circle Draw a straight line from the center to the edge of the circle Step 3 Use a protractor and the angles you calcu lated to divide the circle into parts Place the center of the protractor over the center of the circle and line the base of the protractor over the straight line Other 1 Oxygen 21 Practice Problem Draw a circle graph to represent the amount of aluminum collected during the week shown in the bar graph to the left yooqpueH IIS WeW MATH SKILLHANDBOOK 831 4 CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Chapter 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 2 Motion Chapter 3 Forces Chapter 4 Energy Chapter 5 Work and Machines Chapter 6 Thermal Energy 832 STUDENT RESOURCES Formulas Density mass volume Kelvin Celsius 273 Error Accepted value Experimental value Accepted value X 100 Speed distance time Acceleration change in velocity time Change in velocity final velocity initial velocity Acceleration net force mass Force mass X acceleration Gravitational force mass X acceleration due to gravity Weight mass X 9 8 m s Momentum p mass X velocity Force mv mv time change in displacement initial velocity
245. ymbol for 506 Iron oxide 637 641 642 Iron triad 574 Isobutane 728 729 Isomer s 728 729 729 Isoprene 727 Isotopes 514 515 539 539 identifying 515 515 radioactive 514 act 539 550 556 556 __ fj Joule 102 128 160 Joule James Prescott 13 102 Journal 4 36 66 98 124 156 190 222 294 288 320 352 382 414 448 474 504 534 568 600 630 662 694 724 756 Jumbo jet 92 92 _qQ Kelvin Lord 11 13 Kelvin scale 21 21 Kelvin unit of measurement 15 Kelvin unit of temperature 159 Kilogram 15 15 Kilometer 20 Kilowatt kW 130 Kilowatt hour 213 Kinetic energy 102 102 act 106 lab 108 111 109 110 aver age 477 Kinetic theory 476 481 Krypton 582 Kwolek Stephanie 780 780 INDEX 879 xapu Index Lab s Acid Concentrations 706 Alcohols and Organic Acids 735 Atomic Trading Cards 607 Boiling Points of Solutions 680 Bouncing Balls 106 Can polymer composites be stronger than steel 778 779 Catalyzed Reaction 651 Chain Reactions 557 Conduction in Gases and Liquids 180 181 Convection in Gases 171 Converting Kitchen Measurements 27 Design Your Own 28 29 58 59 116 117 214 215 246 247 344 345 406 407 466 467 592 593 622 623 716 717 Electricity and Magnetism 245 Elements Compounds and Mixtures 457 Force and Acceleration 57 Identifying Conductors and Insulators 206 Launch Labs 5 S101 deL do

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