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1. TimerO Timer1 Timer2 8 bit A D 060129 41 is however available from 7 x the Elektor SHOP on the web or in this I iji magazine eee m Gus PM k Ey A x gt D Note 1 Higher order bits are from the STATUS register 2 Not available on PIC16C745 060012 12 Circuit diagram A quick look at the diagram in Fig ure 2 allows you to better understand why the circuit can be so compact it has only two active components The PIC16C745 IC2 in its 28 pin SMD SOIC version is clocked at 6 MHz by X1 a miniature resonator with inte grated capacitors The internal micro controller frequency is set to 24 MHz thanks to its integrated PLL thus lowering any risk of stray radiation which might occur when using a res onator at this frequency The PIC gen erates the 3 3 V voltage necessary on 1 5 kW SMD resistor R1 connected to Figure 1 PIC16C745 architecture RB6 the D line of the USB cable A 220 nF RBS AAOCREK SMD capacitor C2 smoothes this RB4 DS751 6BM voltage supplied directly by the hi microcontroller pin Pins D and D RB1 of the PIC are directly connected to aL the USB bus The second capacitor ba C1 is included to suppress fluctua ayy tions in the 5 volt supply voltage RAS caused by PIC switching The last aa A RA1 electronic component in the circuit RAO mm IC1 is an RS485 bus dri
2. A Philips 42 inch Plasma Widescreen TV set worth 1550 This TV offers the latest display technology for razor sharp images and brilliant colours not forgetting 2x15 watts of audio power and of course HD ready The main prize is sponsored by leading postal services supplier DHL Global Mail who look after the mail distribution of our magazine to all subscribers within Europe Winning number O4C5F259EE0280 plus extra number 8 and 9 Prize A VMD HD player worth 110 Get access to the newest technology beyond the DVD This unit not only plays all known CD and DVD formats but also the latest VMD discs versatile multilayer disc offering a capacity of 20 100 NM z gigabytes Prize sponsored by oa NME New Medium Enterprises Winning numbers 047B5361EE0280 and 04DC4159EE0280 both plus extra number 10 to 13 Prize An E blocks Starter Kit Basic from Matrix Multimedia worth 96 The price conscious gateway to E blocks technology using an USB Multiprogrammer with PIC16F877 and Flowcode Home Edition Winning numbers 0407A459EE0280 04B96129EE0280 O4C34A29EE0280 and OAFDAC61EE0280 all plus extra number 14 and 15 Prize A Parallax RFID Starter Kit Jma The kit contains the well established Board of Education Full Kit version together with an RFID reader for 125 kHz tags a mains power supply two round and two rectangular tags Prize sponsored by Antratek www antrate
3. ATA 2 ADGA ada Anmaiqgalliaingion l 3 Helece LF d SARS 00 rales lliehin cf f y i fs 20 OU Select Zi FAK TH Paad Pope PL Date 06 5 00 m5 rita Page 10 Pace 45400 OF Pond Fogel idl a Patar dh dt af 465 Sf Ga of E3 FeaderConntcied 2062005 Figure 1 The MIFARE Magic program developed for the Elektor Electronics RFID reader allows MIFARE and ISO 14443 A RFID cards to be read written and programmed 27 HANDS ON MICROCONTROLLERS RFID Reader RC522 uC Philips IFC O ec OO a cs lt S O tional Power Suppl p EV pply Lit LPC 935 060132 13 Figure 2 Block diagram of the Elektor Electronics RFID reader packs and much more besides The combination of secure identity data storage and contactless interface opens up many opportunities for novel applications Reader hardware Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the reader The basic reader functions including the creation of the HF mag netic field modulation and demodula tion and the generation of the ISO 14443 data stream are carried out in the MF RC522 It is simplest to think of the MF RC522 as a contactless UART driven directly by the microcon troller In the Elektor Electronics reader we have used an 8051 compatible LPC936 microcontroller from Philips The CPU takes only two cycles per instruction and is clocked at 16 MHz This speed and the 16 kbyte Flash Contactless Interface UART MF
4. ir H EXPIRY ACG a a nan taar eines se CD ROM Home Automation 12 95 E blocks Easy ARM Kit 171 80 Vern CANON COUR lt creae nee e SWITCH ONLY Stant alee rr ere reas eee eee ESSUCNIMUNTIOENE fuse a nae a eee r Sub total i Prices and item descriptions subject to change Please send this order form to The publishers reserve the right to change prices P amp P see reverse for conditions without prior notification Prices and item descriptions shown here supersede those in previous issues E amp O E Order For Total paid Elektor Electronics Publishing Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Name Tel 44 0 208 261 4509 Fax 44 0 208 261 4447 Internet www elektor electronics co uk sales elektor electronics co uk Address Post code USA and Canada residents may but are not obliged to use prices and send the order form to Old Colony Sound Lab P O Box 876 Peterborough Date 2006 Signature NH 03458 0876 Tel 603 924 6371 924 6526 Fax 603 924 9467 ELO9 Email custserv audioXpress com 2 Cr ee Tel Email METHOD OF PAYMENT see reverse before ticking as appropriate Yes I am taking out an annual subscription to elektor electronics and receive a free 1 W Luxeon LED Torchlight Bank transfer Cheque UK resident customers ONLY Giro transfer would like d H AP d
5. Operation On power up the monitor is reset by R7 and C7 It initialises itself and shows the message DiSEgC Monitor Elektor V 05 06 If nothing appears on the display try adjusting the contrast with P1 The unit then enters data recording mode with the display showing DiSEqC raw data A character indicates that the bus is active and that the transmitted bytes are stored as raw data in the microcontroller s RAM They are simul taneously displayed on the LCD in 9 2006 elektor electronics Table 1 Format of DiSEqC commands FRAMING IPI ADDRESS IP COMMAND IPI DATA IPI Master Command Byte 1 framing byte EO to E3 master upper nibble family LNB positioner etc Byte 2 address byte lower nibble sub type Byte 3 command byte Byte 4 data byte Byte 5 data byte Slave reply Byte 1 framing byte Byte 2 data byte Byte 3 data byte standardised command E4 to E7 slave command dependent data command dependent data FRAMING IPI DATA IPI DATA IPI command dependent reply data command dependent reply data Byte Oa n n n rs cD cD cD cD e c so e Subsequent data byte hexadecimal form When the RAM buffer becomes full the device auto matically exits recording mode Button S51 allows recording to be stopped and restarted In display mode when recording is complete the individual DiSEqC commands each
6. Poca pen r Eaa Ms 3 80 w elektor electronics co uk lectronics KkC 7 LC ila C me a L nET Projects Intelligent REID Reader Mint USB DMX512 Converter Electronic Stamping on beer too KC 5423 11 75 post amp packing This easy to build kit emulates the unique noise made when the cabin doors on the Starship Enterprise open and close The shut noise is also duplicated The sound emulator can be triggered by switch contacts normally open which means you can use a reed magnet switch IR beam or PIR detector Kit includes a machined silkscreened and pre drilled case speaker and all electronics components with clear English instructions e Requires 9 12VDC power er pel KC 5427 29 00 post 8 Pane This kit attacks a common cause of failure in wet lead acid cell batteries sulphation The circuit produces short bursts of high level energy to reverse the damaging sulphation effect This improved unit features a battery health checker with LED indicator new circuit protection against badly sulphated batteries test points for a DMM and connection for a battery charger Kit includes case with screen printed lid PCB with overlay all electronic components and clear English instructions Suitable for 6 12 and 24V batteries e Powered ey the battery itself ies sa pei i osli KC 5425 7 25 post and Sag This kit converts coaxial digital audio signals ineremin g
7. bits Reader design After this observation session we had a clear idea of how to build a sim ple reader The transmitter could remain almost as is but the output stage had to be somewhat more pow erful to ensure reliable card reading Here we used a second coil to enable load modulation to be detected prop erly The card is inserted between the two coils The load modulation is detected by amplitude demodulation of the signal picked up by the second coil The design of the analogue por tion is thus easier to explain than the digital components which consist of a suitable microcontroller and a good deal of software Which microcontroller The microcontroller must be able to not only generate the transmit signal but also receive and evaluate the response signal from the card That requires a fast microcontroller and not just for transmitting The received bits arrive at a rate of approximately 100 kbit s The amplitude of the mod ulation signal should be sampled at least four times for each bit to enable proper detection of 0 and 1 bits It helps that we know exactly when the card transmits and that it does not transmit an especially large number of bits That means the detected signals can first be collected in memory and then evaluated later A microcontroller with sufficient memory is thus useful As the protocols include niceties such as parity bits block checksums and CRC checksums pure assembly lan
8. ci Figure 3 The compact printed circuit board mostly employs SMD components The bit values are packed into a byte and checked against the parity bit Figure 2 shows a simplified flowchart of the interrupt routine We will now look briefly at two important parts of the code e The main loop makes periodic checks to see if a byte has been read or if a button has been pressed If a byte has been read it is then output on the display If one of the buttons S1 to S4 has been pressed control passes to the corresponding routine e The output routines convert the byte value into hexadecimal form and depending on the function into a command in abbreviated form with four characters as described in 2 For example the command 7 might be displayed as 7 E01038F 4 in hexadecimal mode or as M LNBs wrNO0 F4 in abbreviated form This stands for master EOQ to LNBs 10 write to port group 0 38 with data F4 meaning that the master satellite receiver is instructing all LNBs and switches to clear all flags nibble F and set flag 2 nibble 4 In the case of a switch this command would select an input 49 HANDS ON INSTRUMENTATION N ade L Pe area ree meverernreerert PPPA ena ital k F GTE hal vba 7 aaa ee amp amp oe ad e ee O s Lx e 2 Spb i h ii p aai apep a p pi wali Figure 4 Our assembled prototype board Printed
9. guage programming would be rather laborious It is thus better to generate most of the code in C We decided on an Atmel ATmegai6 which has everything we need sufficient pro cessing power ready availability free software WinAVR and a simple pro elektor electronics 9 2006 gramming interface That should cer tainly be enough We thus arrived at the overall design of our complete DIY RFID reader which consists of three subcircuits Transmitter circuit As you can see from Figure 6 the transmit portion is still simple IC1 generates the 13 56 MHz clock and the microcontroller modulates keys this signal using the MOD signal port B O pin The 13 56 MHz signal provided by the 74HC00 passes through a push pull stage formed by two simple small MOSFETS T1 and T2 It then arrives at the series reso nant circuit L1 C4 R2 damps the reso nant circuit to reduce the duration of overshoots when the carrier is keyed off Here we can remark that the reader does not necessarily have to be oper ated at 13 56 MHz Experiments showed that the Mifare cards will accept any signal between 12 MHz and 16 MHz However as the micro controller in our reader also derives the baud rate from the clock frequency the serial communication routines in the software must be reconfigured if you use a non standard frequency which means the program has to be recom piled Receiver circuit The receiver circuit Figure 7 has to demodu
10. vir tual COM port drivers The VCP driver allows the USB link to be treated from the point of view both of the PC and of the microcontroller as an ordinary RS232 connection The D2XX driver is required if it is desired to modify the unit in a way that requires changes to the internal configuration data stored in EEPROM in the FT232R This can be done using the PC based program MPROG avail able as a free download from the FDTI website MPROG will work only with the D2XX driver MIFARE Magic Once the driver has been installed MIFARE Magic a specially written PC based program for the Elektor Elec tronics RFID reader can be run This is also available as a free download from www elektor electronics co uk After downloading the program the contents of the ZIP file must be copied into a subdirectory of your choice Start the program with a double click on MifareMagic exe with the reader already connected to the USB port Figure 5 The double sided printed circuit board incorporates the antenna The reader IC is not suitable for This allows MIFARE Magic to find the hand soldering and so the board is available ready populated and tested reader automatically There is no need 30 elektor electronics 9 2006 COMPONENTS LIST Resistors all SMD case 0805 5 R1 R2 R6 R12 R15 R17 1kQ R3 R4 R5 4kQ7 RZ 2kQ7 R8 R9 407 R10 2700 RII 10Q R13 100kQ R14 R16 10kQ P1 10kQ preset SMD 4 mm SQ i nye
11. Before this change software items were consecutively numbered independently of the article number Elektor production number extensions 1 though 9 are reserved for PCBs 11 through 19 for floppy disks and downloads 41 through 49 for controllers and 91 through 99 for modules kits and the like A special Forum topic is available on our website to help readers find articles from Elektor issues published before 1995 Provided an EPS number and or an exact article title can be supplied any article since 1975 can be sup plied as a photocopy and sent by post We are however unable to find old articles based on vague or incorrect information FPGA Colossus New amp Old Dear Jan am reading your FPGA Course articles with interest This is coincidentally in par allel with finding out more about the secret UK code breaking electronic computer of 1943 Colossus which has been rebuilt and tectures Do you or Mike Simpson know if anyone has been inclined to try The 800 MHz Pentium emula tor of Colossus runs slower than the valve and paper tape original but it is of course a series emulation using software modulo 2 addition rather than using hard wired five bit parallel 0 5 MHz XOR adders like the original It would be interesting to see how fast a 50 MHz FPGA emulator could run though the subject is probably far too specialised to interest the general reader Robert Cochrane UK
12. Crossover Cables The connec tion pattern of the cables is auto matically recognised and dis played on the unit s display as well as confirmation of the full connection pattern Now the Atlas IT has been enhanced with cable defintions of 8 more cable types including Cisco terminal cables Linn Audio network cables Ethernet Economisers 4 line crossovers voice data cables and many more Additionally for the first time ever the Atlas IT can now recognise the cable type even if there are connection faults such improve their skills and industry knowledge within their chosen locations product groups and industry sectors Companies can add details of their own seminars and training days to the site by completing the free registration and upload ing their event information either as a free listing or as an as missing connections swapped lines or other errors It will dis play the cable type and highlight any lines that have errors The Atlas IT hardware has had a boost too now it can cope with connection to live comms sys tems and even withstand the high telephone ring voltages upto 80 V associated with mixed voice and data cabling Using the Atlas IT could not be easier connect the main unit at one end of your cable run and the miniature 18mm cube ter minator at the other end For socket testing you can use the supplied mini patch leads too Press the test button and after a few seconds the results of the
13. For custom Data Acquisition export directly to your spreadsheet BitScope DSO 1 2 software for Windows and Linux 9 2006 elektor electronics WLC MAILBOX Brushless Motor Controller Dear Elektor people I m definitely interested in your brushless motor controller February 2006 but have run into a few problems while studying the design in some detail 1 In Figure 5 control mod ule schematic the connec tion to 5 V on K3 channel from to transmitter is miss ing On the PCB this connec tion is present 2 The pdf file supplied free of charge by the author men tions a buzzer mode Also it says that the configuration may be followed by means of beeps from a buzzer which I can no find any where in the design How do proceed would like to use this con troller with a modified power stage in a model car that def initely requires active brak ing The default settings men tioned in the pdf do not agree with those in the mag azine gues the pdf and the controller are not too well matched 214820 by email We confirm that the circuit dia gram in Figure 5 fails to show that the centre pin of K3 is at 5 V and that all 5 V points in the diagram are connected to this pin The PCB however has all the right connections This may be the cause of some contusion for which we apologise The buzzer in the pdf document is the motor itself which will pro duce a buz
14. Philips for his active support Addi tional information is also available from manufacturers of ISO 14443 cards and reader ICs Combined with a good deal 34 of software for coding and decoding the protocols that ultimately leads to a successful result Test transmitter If you examine the data sheet of the Mifare Ultralight card you will see that the simplest response of the card is a reply to a Request Command Type A REQA command after a power on reset POR Once you have attained this first objective you can examine the reply from the card and try to decode it Of course you have to understand how commands are sent to the card before you can actually send the command The ISO 14443 standard describes how the commands are coded as bit sequences and sent to the card The card is powered by a mag netic field generated by a coil The nominal carrier frequency f of the field is 13 56 MHz This carrier is mod ulated with 100 amplitude modula tion to transfer data to the card Fig ure 1 shows the simple circuit we used for our first test The carrier frequency f is generated by acrystal oscillator and this signal is also used as the clock for the micro controller in this case an ATtiny2313 One port pin acts in conjunction with a NAND gate 74F00 as a simple amplitude modulator The 74F00 can supply sufficient current to energise a Mifare card using a simple transmitter coil note that a 74H00 can t manag
15. The latter is used to measure the received signal strength of the uplink signal The ori entation of the satellite is adjustable with air coils which act on the earth s magnetic field The coils are custom manufactured The insulation material of the wire consists of polyurethane that melts at a temperature of about 180 C By melting the polyurethane the windings can be held in place without making a short circuit a techni cal tour de force Technology 2 Compass 1 also operates at 145 and 435 MHz Just as with Delfi C3 this satellite is also allocated its own fre 9 2006 elektor electronics Construction handbook DIY satellite Solar cells for power generation cost a few hundred euro per cell and are not all that expensive for such a crucial element The internal electronics you buy from the local electronics shop that works well and is also cheap Printed circuit boards can be made with FR4 substrate They work well with a little treatment The greatest expense by far is labour Keep this in mind when you cannot complete the task by yourself and start to employ other people Of course you can also look for help at various organisations There you can always find enthusiasts who will only be too happy to give you a hand in their spare time quencies within the 70 cm and 2 m bands by AMSAT 5 The uplink of the Compass 1 is in the 2 m band There are two downlink channels in the 70 cm band FSK fre quency
16. _ premier electronics magazine Elektor Electronics is offering its readers with this issue not only a free RFID card but also a professional RFID reader for your own applications The design described here can both read from and write to all types of RFID card that are compatible with the MIFARE and ISO 14443 A international standards In developing the Elektor Electronics conjunction with a PC over a USB con MIFARE Magic to read and write all RFID reader we have aimed to make nection or in stand alone mode using kinds of MIFARE cards without the device as universal as possible So its liquid crystal display It is very sim installing special software in the for example the reader can be used in ple to use the free PC based program reader 26 elektor electronics 9 2006 Specifications Elektor Electronics RFID reader Near field reader for 13 56 MHz RFID cards Compatible with MIFARE and ISO 14443 A cards Allows both reading and writing USB interface for connection to PC Ready for immediate use without programming Free PC based software available l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l I Stand alone including portable operation using LCD i module Dedicated MF RC522 reader IC Dedicated microcontroller on reader board SPI and 2C interfaces Spare 8 bit microcontroller port l Buffered switching output Available as ready populated and tested SMD circui
17. and the switched output could control a door opener see also the pages about the RFID reader on the Elektor Electronics website Get started The double sided printed circuit board for the Elektor Electronics RFID reader is shown in Figure 5 It is only possi ble to reflow solder the reader IC and so we are making the board available elektor electronics 9 2006 5V IC5 sedge y cD e T2 BAS19 IRLM6402 T1 e IRLM6402 100k 100n 100n VCC VCCIO RESET 3V30UT 12C IC1 CBUS0 TXLED CBUS1 RXLED CBUS2 CBUS3 PWRNEN CBUS4 SLEEP USBDM USBDP FT232RQFN OSCI OSCO TEST GND GND GND GND LC DISPLAY IC2 74HC02 RS o P1 5 RST P1 1 RXD P1 4 INT1 P1 3 SDA INTO P1 2 SCL IC3 P1 0 TXD P89LPC935 P0 0 P2 0 P0 1 P2 1 P0 2 P2 2 MOSI P0 3 P2 3 MISO P0 4 P2 4 SS P0 5 P2 5 SPICLK P0 6 P2 6 PO 7 T1 P2 7 VSS P3 1 X1 P3 0 X2 16MHz 3 R14 i lt o Ky BC517 ore NRSTPD IRQ SVDD D1 A5 D2 A4 D3 A3 D4 A2 D5 A1 D6 AO D7 SCL ALE SDA EA MFRC522 PVSS IC4 27 12MHz C11 100n C12 100n R6 560nH L3 560nH C16 100n R7 C22 C21 27p C17 C18 C25 220p 68p C19 C20 C27 220p x 68p C23 27p C24 see text R8 497 C26 060132 11 L4 Ant L5 Ant C15 In 29 ith a PC using the USB interface tion w in conjunc Figure 3 Complete circuit diagram of the reader which can operate
18. free DMX512 driver software Freestyler is software written in Visual Basic that makes it possible to drive DMX512 equipment by indifferently using an impressive variety of convert ers for the parallel USB or Ethernet port As shown in the screenshot in Figure 8 the latest version also func tions with our circuit using the refer ence Oksidizer USB2DMX FreeStyler is available as a free download from the website run by the author of the program It comes with a complete user manual The screen copy in Figure 9 shows that FreeStyler offers a range of func tions that may disconcert a beginner but will be welcomed as very useful by DMX512 enlightened amateurs and professionals 060012 1 elektor electronics 9 2006 Rolf Blijleven A bakelite box with rounded cor ners two large knobs on top and a nice small meter Still in perfect condition with proper Test Termi nals It was waiting to be thrown away when some colleagues were tidying up a cupboard since the device was no longer used The Rx Resistor we called it and it was used to measure the values of resistors used in manu facturing gas analysers Because found it heartbreaking to see such a magnificent piece of equipment disappear in the skip they let me take it home Admittedly it stayed in the loft for the first few years But when finally needed it one day it was easy to understand the Ger man instruction manual Its oper ation a
19. see Elektor SHOP pages and www elektor com 89LPC936 source amp hex code files free download from www elektor com Mifare Magic PC software incl source code free download from www elektor com 9 2006 elektor electronics 31 MICROCONTROLLERS CI MOFARE Magic Me MPRCS22 Reeder Termina Window Help Card Type Philips Bifare Ultralighr acd VIF DPE AL Eu Secial Humber fFege OO Axta A FS L Setial Bomber Page 1 GeAl 12 00 n Internal Lok Page 2 Oo Ce OO 00 UTF Page 0x00 00 00 fo aie Page i Garr FF larta Page SJ Geto oo y Pata Fage j 00 06 Mi ata Page T U0 uo aba Page 8 Geto 06 1a Ga Page Yj U0 oo a rage 10 Cerio 00 aLa Page ilji x00 uo Data Fage lf Geto 00 U ata Page 13 00 0a 0 T t Page 14 Clo OO U Hata Fage 15 Geld oo Figure 6 The Terminal view of MIFARE Magic shows all the characters sent by the reader over the USB interface J MIFARE Magic Milare Utra Light a HE eed asc Figure 7 The MIFARE Ultralight and Mifare Standard windows allow simple programming of the RFID card Plash Pelagia Pis GP Opis Too Hale Guili amp R 2G er 8 Fes OOM Part CUM E tape beech U UFF Eigse Bask 1 iiin Baad Piare 2600 Euras biesh fb TFF Eite beck J Jl BOOT FFF Devise FLPE Einte back d SOP Eures beek 5 han Oe F PE o a Emman ali Flash Dedy Freq oie 16 0000 M Dine Bocki uiad by Mex Fis Recommen
20. some highly toxic involved in that process This new printing technology is still in its early stages of development and offers great potential for further optimisa tion and cost reduction Crucial to this is the print materials used Intensive research is already under way to substitute lower cost copper particles for the expensive sil ver used at present Printed antennas can be applied to all current mod ules in the 13 56 MHz arena The RFID cards with printed antennas manufac tured in house by ACG are subjected to constant quality checks and production can be adapted very flexibly to end users requirements elektor electronics 9 2006 9 2006 elektor electronics YO UP AMP com p a email chou mbya Wae e k f dpp Gell AL Tel 01635 40347 Newbury Electronics ud Pan 16S Si Fanki Aco Meer Bearing pd Fan l EUROCARD 160x 100 mm o Soldermask o Fast turnaround o Silkscreen e 4 Layer Multilayer o 6 m asa 25 HANDS ON MICROCONTROLLERS ELEKTOR RFID Reader For MIFARE and ISO 14443 A cards Gerhard H Schalk RFID cards are becoming increasingly popular in many fields where previously barcodes and chip cards were used They open Y Visit Elek Ihr Je up many new possibilities such kid electron onica 200 Vi as applications in travel cards or 1 ee hit is Is sos ALT even banknotes As befits a hia Si nd 3 sa 0y H lektor
21. which is suitable for calcu lating goniometric functions using sim ple operations CORDIC has the unique property that it multiplies the length of desired angle is greater than the current angle so the first operation is to multiply the vector by the vector O 1 Our vector now has an angle of 90 That is greater than the each vector by approximately 1 645 That means you have to ensure that the results fit within the range of a 16 bit signed number so the input value must not exceed 4DDO If you use a larger value the resulting sinewave will be highly distorted Signal To obtain a sinusoidal signal a con stant value must be applied the mag input In addition the phase must be increases slightly for each sample That is the function of the mag phase accu block Each time a new sample is sent the signal new sample goes high briefly That tells this block that it must increment the value of phase by a certain amount That amount can be set using the dip switches The larger the amount the higher the frequency at the output of the codec The block cordic then per forms the calculation and sends the result to the codec 060025 4 CORDIC Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer is a method that can be used to implement goniometric functions efficient ly in digital systems It describes how to calculate goniometric functions using only add and shift operations CORDIC uses vectors These vectors can be described as a
22. 0 9 V and that s when the battery should be discon nected Transistors T1 and T2 of the first schematic may be just about any small signal npn from the BCxxx series like BC237 BC337 Miniature tweezers for SMDs Luc Lemmens Fitting SMD parts onto a circuit board is sure to tax your patience eyesight and precision to a degree In this magazine we ve often described the tech niques for positioning and solder ing of tiny parts like SMDs and will continue to share our tips and experience with you These days it seems you can t go round SMD parts anymore Although many implements and methods are available when it comes to picking up SMDs and 060160 11 BC547 and so on Resistor R determines the current consump tion of the circuit as well as the current stored in choke L1 and consequently the LED brightness It can take a value of between 15 Q and 47 Q where the lower value results in higher brightness and maximum current consumption The inductance of the choke is not critical and may be between 10 pH and 100 pH you ll find that only the fre positioning them on a board the humble pair of tweezers is proba bly one of the most frequently used fools when you re down to picking and placing SMDs manually Tweezers come in many shapes and sizes However despite their variety they have at least one common feature a relatively large force is required to keep the ends firmly pressed against each
23. 3000 series oscilloscopes are the latest offerings from the market leader in PC oscilloscopes combining high bandwidths with large buffer memories Using the latest advances in electronics the oscilloscopes connect to the USE port of any modern PC making full use of the PCs processing capabilities large screens and familiar graphical user interfaces E High performar p 10 ee J amp 200MHz bandwidth IMB buffe memory Tats IE Miia 1 a Protos ari ee a Tibia High speed USB 2 0 interface TEELS a Pare E T Sla Hin g TEORA a Hemphbeg reis repe A eee Esspleg rma leege hol HETG Advanced display amp trigger modes Chon Fol al Legge F a o beegeer mg ga FE pgg g Ciemi eet Oe be eee Sem a et a Heir Een ip oo ey Tacir co Sie ee Compact amp portable ra Ts D ga DHE Jimoh tm Ery caT E Dga m eee ee r ees Q qa PiMs ta Fl Supplied with PicoScope amp PicoLog software EEE a a pTi m Homai HE rory E bita 1 lig os Bee he 2 ee USO USES DD cee el al Tel 01480 396395 A cere www picotech com scope353 Technology Limited PC Go eek 9 2006 elektor electronics 19 av Card Win Visit Elektor El at electronica 2 7 Bh rs Munich November bv Hall A5 Stand A5531 Info www elektor com 20 utor ACG gt with the D card is tor Electronics magazine Philips and card manufacturer VisionCard cc goods a free creditcard sized act
24. 99 99 Aoyue 850C Hot Air Rework station for SMD Components 54 99 Aoyue 936 Temp controlled soldering iron with stand 24 99 DIY Digital Multimeter with transistor checker 03 150K 16 99 Stereo Simulator Splits source based on frequency FK651 14 99 1 6 99 board arm it and wait Passive Infrared Sensor amp relay SA 250V delay off FK510 27 99 Infrared Burglar Alarm relay Make an IR tripwire FK505 24 99 Intruder Alarm with delay function amp speaker FK501 9 99 Visitor Chime with speaker Ding Dong Req switch FK502 7 99 And this is ony 5 of our kits See the web site for the zst WWW LICHFIELDELECTRONICS CO UK Video Amplifier 1 to 4 ch Adjustable gain 12V FK655 12 99 Human to Robot Voice Changer with speaker FK930 12 99 Rat and Cockroach Banisher circuit with speaker FK929 8 99 Bass Booster Mono Audio 12V DC FK642 6 99 Electric Shock Machine Low Power 9V FK901 5 99 Two tone door bell with speaker FK238 5 99 Police Siren with speaker FK234 5 99 Walky Talky Kit pair 27Mhz 150mW to 1W FK711 34 99 Advanced AM FM Radio amp case Req Freq Gen 21 027A 16 99 Simple FM Radio 88 108Mhz Uses TDA7000 FK707 14 99 Advanced AM Radio amp case Req freq generator 21 028A 13 99 FM Wireless Mic Very simple transmitter 9V FK702 6 99 Pocket Transistor Radio Uses MK484 clone IC 21 001 9 99 PicoScope 3000 Series PC Oscilloscopes The PicoScope
25. DEAS oF Ob ARG Tay AME ay Capacitors all SMD case 0805 16 V ceramic C1 C2 47pF NPO C3 4 C5 C6 C9 C10 C11 C12 Cl16 C31 100nF C7 C8 C13 C14 12pF NPO C15 InF NPO C17 C19 220 p NPO eE m C18 C20 not fitted C21 C23 27pF NPO i C22 C24 not fitted C25 C27 68pF NPO C26 C28 not fitted C29 C30 C32 2pF2 a fi a Semiconductors D1 SMD LED 0805 green low current D2 SMD LED 0805 yellow low current D3 D6 D7 SMD LED 0805 red low current D4 BAS19 200 mA SOT23 D5 BAT5AS 30V 300 mA SOT23 T1 T2 6402 p channel MOSFET 20V b 3 7A SOT23 T3 BC517 npn Darlington TO92 case IC1 FT232RQFN QFN32 case FTDI IC2 74HCO2 TSSOP14 case NOR ate IC3 P89LPC936FDH S SSOP28 case Philips IC4 MFRC52201HN1 HVQFN32case Philips IC5 LM2937 low drop 3V3 SOT223 case pt Miscellaneous X1 16MHz quartz crystal 18pF parallel capacitance 5 3 2mm X2 27 12MHz quartz crystal 1 8pF parallel capacitance 5 3 2mm K1 miniature USB B socket SMD 5 way L1 SMD ferrite 1 5 A 0805 case L2 L3 560nH SMD inductor 0805 case JP1 JP2 0 1 in jumper see text LCD1 LCD module with 2x16 characters and backlight Enclosure dim 146x91x33 mm with LCD window and battery compartment for 4 AA bateries PCB order code 060132 91 populated and tested including USB cable see Elektor SHOP pages and www elektor com Compatible LC display
26. The software is accompanied by a compre hensive PDF document that addresses the following topics programming the Atmel microcon troller e building a sniffer probe for field strength measurements e transmitter alignment and functional checks e receiver alignment e software tools and tips e security method e collision detection ISO 15693 RFID devices Besides ISO 14443 ISO 15693 is the most commonly used standard for RFID devices operating at 13 56 MHz Although both standards use the same frequency they differ considerably in other regards ISO 14443 defines a con tactless interface for smart cards with a range of at most 10 cm while ISO 15693 defines a contactless label interface with a range of up to 1 5 m 37 RFID 50mm x 65mm 5 turns 1 0 ECW In other words you will find ISO 15963 on the products in your shopping bas ket once barcode scanners at cash points have been replaced by RFID scanners while you may already have ISO 14443 in your customer card Our initial experiments indicated that the experimental reader could also be upgraded to read ISO 16963 RFID Figure 7 Receiver and demodulator circuit labels As these labels use a different auxiliary carrier frequency LC circuits L4 C6 and L5 C7 would have to be modified It would also be necessary to use completely different software as the modulation and coding methods are significantly different from those used for ISO 14443 Howeve
27. actively participate in its space mission Taking your own pictures from space will soon be possible with the Compass 1 another amateur satellite But can we shoot our own satellite into space 14 52 56 20 75 77 Volume 32 September 2006 no 357 Cubesats into Free Orbit hands on The Elektor Electronics RFID Card Elektor RFID Reader Experimental RFID Reader DiSEqC Monitor FPGA Course 4 Electronic Stamping USB DMX512 Converter Design Tips Miniature tweezers for SMDs technology RFID Chips Greet the Future E blocks Easy ARM Pack Upgrade for Flash Microcontroller Board Colophon Mailbox News amp New Products Elektor SHOP Sneak Preview RFID Card Quest Retronics Pontavi Thomson Bridge Hexadoku lektor Doe OTCE Sarrusres rir nth leading the way lektor lectronics Volume 32 Number 357 September 2006 ISSN 0268 4519 Elektor Electronics aims at inspiring people to master electronics at any personal level by presenting construction projects and spotting developments in electronics and information technology Publishers Elektor Electronics Publishing Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH England Tel 44 0 208 261 4509 fax 44 0 208 261 4447 www elektor electronics co uk The magazine is available from newsagents bookshops and electronics retail outlets or on subscription Elektor Electronics is published times a yea
28. ah ea oe a ee 7 4 L P 1 T te j ae ae 1 X S iay z 3 Gaat l z a ee A a i F pi i la J 1 i a Bill Tutte s amazing statistical analysis of the German High Command Lorenz machine messages on which it was based have sent you a card showing the original card reproduced here cour tesy of Bletchly Park Trust Ltd Ed was intrigued by the links between the two Colossus was a switch programmed gate array computer with an architecture based on the derived structure of the Lorenz machine wheels and saw that Mike Simpson Colossus Jr Elektor Electronics October 2005 is obviously very familiar with this work think it should be possible to build fast versions of Tunny the electronic valve emulator of Lorenz and Colossus with an FPGA using a gate layout a bit like the original archi Thank for the interesting email and the nice postcard Robert have copied your message to Paul Goossens our in house FPGA pundit and await his response to the challenge 20 Sweex Router turned webserver Dear Jan referring to the February 2006 Modding amp Tweaking pages can now send strings from a web page to the second serial port and there is no terminal chatter to mess things up See www sunspot co uk Projects SWEEX second_rs232 html and www sunspot co uk Projects Sweex htm elektor electronics 9 2006 am trying to persuade the Linux Gods to let h
29. analysis are displayed on the clear alphanumeric display If you use the unique Identified Ter minators the Atlas IT will iden tify the cable run for you too allowing the easy testing and identification of many cable runs upto 24 without having to Single chip GPS receiver with highest sensitivity and low power consumption Atmel Corporation and u blox AG recently announced the availability of their latest weak signal tracking GPS technology in an ultra small form factor The new single chip ATRO635 meas ures just 7 x 10 mm and inte grates a complete ANTARIS 4 GPS receiver including ROM based SuperSense software in a 96 pin BGA package The small size plus the extremely low power consumption 62 mW in continuous power mode make 9 2006 elektor electronics the ROM based ATRO635 an excellent fit for handheld and mobile applications such as mobile phones PDAs smart phones after market naviga tional products and recreational consumer products Other products such as GPS plug in accessories for PCs small GPS mice Bluetooth GPS devices and other accessories equipped with GPS functionality will also enjoy the single chip s advantages in terms of small size enhanced listing Mike May nard Director of Tech Event Guide explained Although Event Diaries are already avail able they typically focus prima rily on major events and rarely include company specific events By giving register
30. and e Average of 60 faster than the competition creating a compelling alternative to ASICs for high volume designs e 90 nm devices shipping in volume When you need a company to rely on Altera delivers For high performance more capabilities fast time to market Q and a price that will blow you away contact us today at QUARTUS II www altera com cyclone2 NO fs pva P Distributors www altera com cyclone2 Arrow Electronics UK Ltd 01279 626777 EBV Elektronik UK 01793 849933 Copyright 2005 Altera Corporation All rights reserved Altera The Programmable Solutions Company the stylised Altera logo specific device designations and all other words and logos that are identified as trademarks and or service marks are unless noted otherwise the trademarks and service marks of Altera Corporation in the U S and other countries All other product or service names are the property of their respective holders Altera products are protected under numerous U S and foreign patents and pending applications mask work rights and copyrights Leading through innovation 9 2006 elektor electronics 39 TECHNOLOGIE 1 NL gt 40 F Satellites for home us welh almo Thijs Beckers Communicating with America on the 70 cm and 2 m bands This is only possible if you use a satellite or the moon The first Dutch amateur satellite Delfi C3 offers its transponder and even asks amateurs to actively participate in
31. beginning with the EO framing byte can be displayed in sequence either in forwards button S2 or reverse button Command name LNB select low frequency band LNB select high frequency band LNB vertical polarisation LNB horizontal polarisation Switches set four signals WXYZ upper nibble clear WXYZ lower nibble set WXYZ S3 order Button S4 selects whether the commands are displayed in abbre viated form Further information on satellite reception and DiSEqC com mands can be found on the Eutelsat website 040398 1 References and downloads 1 Application Information for Using a PIC Microcontroller in DiSEqC LNB and Simple Switcher Applications 1999 PDF available from www eutelsat com 2 DiSEqC Bus Functional Specification V 4 2 1998 PDF available from www eutelsat com 3 Source and object files for the PIC16F628 free download from www elektor electronics co uk 51 RG Ot E BLOCKS ARM E blocks Easy ARM John Dobson With the introduction of an ARM based development board there are now three E blocks processor platforms to choose from PIC AVR and ARM The latter is a class of its own due to speed and raw processing power When explaining what a microcon troller is to those who have some elec tronics experience but who don t actually use microcontrollers I often explain it like this if you remember back to when you had a Z80 or 6502 proces
32. by answering the following question how many turns does the antenna coil on the RFID card consist of no need to cut open your RFID card just carefully browse the pages of this magazine If you can prove you have an RFID card linked to a prize please send us a letter not an email stating the prize pages our RFID Reader offering yet another chance to win Bring your card to the Electronica exhibition held in Munich Germany between 14 and 17 November 2006 and visit the Elektor booth no A5 531 in Hall A5 Conditions for participation The closing date for reporting winning cards by post is 10 November 2006 The competition is not open to employees of Segment b v its business partners and or associated publishing houses A prize can only be claimed if the associated card UID can be read and verified on the RFID Reader used by Elektor editorial staff Legal procedures barred Errors and omissions excluded 060205 1 Special service from Elektor Electronics An extra service is offered to those of you not capable of reading their own card or using a fellow reader s card reader Send your RFID card in a closed properly sealed envelope to Elektor Electronics RFID Quest Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH England Elektor Electronics staff will read the code on your card enabling you to participate in the RFID Card Quest and qualify for a prize However you only participate if you answer
33. circuit board very compact and so there should be mounted at angles of 0 90 or 180 and construction no difficulty in finding a suitable enclo degrees to one another The four but sure A further feature of the layout is tons are arranged on a strip of board The printed circuit board Figure 3 is that the F type sockets can be that can be detached allowing other COM PO N NTS LI ST er nH fp gt 2GHz SMD case 0603 e g Epcos B82496A3270J Farnell 158 604 ql l l i i l l Resistors Semiconductors j a te 0805 except P1 D1 D4 1N4148 SMD case 0805 e g TS4148 Farnell I i 815 0206 l p R2 3kQ0 D5 LED 3mm green I R3 1MQ D LED 3mm red l I R4 39kQ IC1 PIC16F628A 20 P programmed l i RS 6800 order code 040398 41 Fa IC2 78L05 R8 220 Miscellaneous a K1 K2 F socket angled 75Q for PCB mounting Amphenol 10kQ preset Farnell 1111377 r S1 S4 6 mm pushbutton 1 make contact PCB mount bounce apacitors time lt 4ms all SMD case 0805 except C8 X1 4MHz quartz crystal y Cl 100pF LCD1 LCD module 2x16 characters general purpose l I C2 InF 2 14 way pinheader and mating socket for LCD connection l I C3 C4 C6 C7 100nF optional see text l I C5 220pF PCB ref 040398 1 from The PCBShop I C8 10pF 16V SMD case B PIC source and hex files file 040398 11 free download p C9 C10 27pF from www elektor electronics co uk i 50 elektor electronics 9 2006 types
34. combination of real and imaginary numbers corresponding to their X and Y coordinates or as a combination of a length and an angle If two vectors A and B are multiplied together the length of the resulting vector C is equal to the length of vector A times the length of vector B The angle of the resulting vector is the sum of the angles of vector A times and vector B This multi plication takes the following form in X Y notation Xo Xa X Xb Yo x Yb As you can clearly see this requires using multiplications If we ensure that these multiplications are all powers of 2 everything becomes very simple Multiplication by a power of 2 such as 2 2 is equivalent to shifting bits That is very easy to do using digital logic The CORDIC method describes how to calculate goniometric functions by multiplying an initial vector by vectors with X coordinates equal to 1 and Y coordinates that are always powers of 2 As a result this method can be implement very efficiently in digital circuitry desired angle The next step is thus to reduce the angle For that purpose we multiply by the vector 1 1 Note that the Y value of this vector is negative so angle of this vector is also negative After this multiplication the angle of our vector is 90 45 45 This is still greater than 30 so the next step is to mul tiply by the vector 1 0 5 This causes to angle of our vec tor to become 45
35. connecting multiple 48Pro pro grammers to the same PC This setup will work either as a gang programmer or to program chips with different data simultane ously New generation Dataman universal USB programmers The Dataman 40Pro and Data man 48Pro both have an In Sys tem Programming ISP connec tor with a JTAG interface which programs chips whilst still inside the end target system The Dataman 448Pro is built to meet the demands of high vol ume production programming with minimal operator effort The Dataman 448Pro features four independent universal program ming modules with support for over 22 000 devices The new programmers are operated from an easy to use Windows interface Software to cover new chips is released every 2 3 weeks and may be freely downloaded from Data I man s website al To show their confidence in y these new products Dataman is covering them for a 3 year warranty period l 067192 1 l l l www dataman com l l l a New searchable listing of European technology events Tech Event Guide Ltd announces a new searchable online data base which aims to become the definitive free listing of technol ogy events throughout Europe Unlike other listings the online Tech Event Guide www techeventguide com includes information on key industry shows and conferences as well as company specific sem inars and training days provided by manufacturers and distribu t
36. consists of eight data bits and one parity bit P and therefore has a duration of 9 1 5ms 13 5 ms The format of the DiSEqC commands is shown in Table 1 Essentially the satellite receiver behaves as the bus master The address byte selects between the var ious slave devices LNBs polarisers positioners switches etc and the command byte gives the command In version 2 0 of DiSEqC the slave devices can also reply to requests from the master Some examples of com mands from the DiSEqC specification 2 are also given in Table 1 PIC software The program in the PIC16F628 can be divided into three functional blocks e interrupt handling e loop for displaying bytes read and for reading the buttons e routines to output values and strings The 22 kHz signal generates an exter nal interrupt every 45 Us via input bit 0 of PORTB A continuous 22 kHz tone is recognised when more than 32 con secutive pulses of the 22 kHz signal are received TIMERO counts the duration of the pauses generating an interrupt every 110 pus If more than 16 pause inter rupts occur 16 x 110 us 1760 ps this is recognised as a continuous pause in the signal A 0 data bit consists of 22 signal pulses and four gaps while a 1 data bit consists of 11 pulses and eight gaps 9 2006 elektor electronics Boase 040398 1 C2__C7_ R gD W R1 R7 oS cs COH BOGBEESSSHAT e OOOO scooD0000 OO u D4 E ERIS
37. controllers Free fully functional software Blank chip auto detect for super fast bulk programming Parallel port connection Supply 16 18Vdc Assembled Order Code AS3117 24 95 Uses serial port and any standard terminal comms program Program Read Verify Code Data Write Fuse Lock Bits Erase and Blank Check 4 LED s display the status ZIF sockets not included Supply 16 18Vdc Kit Order Code 3123KT 24 95 Assembled Order Code AS3123 34 95 www QuasarElectronics com 9 2006 elektor electronics 45 HANDS ON INSTRUMENTATION ISEqC Monitor listens in on ite receiver contkos bus Wilfried Watzig DiSEqC Digital Satellite Equipment Control is a way of controlling satellite receiver equipment and accessories Many problems that occur in input switching systems can be tracked down to failures in DiSEgC communications with the receiver This DiSEqC monitor allows commands on the control bus to be analysed as a first step on the way to finding the fault 46 elektor electronics 9 2006 IC2 78L05 14V 18V In outline a satellite television receiver consists of two parts e an outdoor unit with dish and LNB low noise block converter and e the receiver itself The two are linked by a coaxial cable which also carries power to the LNB The LNB acts as a frequency downcon verter for the two frequency bands used for satellite TV transmissions e low band approxi
38. data acquisition and control units we have See website for full details Suitable PSU for all units Order Code PSU445 8 95 Computer controlled 8 channel relay board 5A 4 isolated digital inputs Useful in a variety of con trol and sensing applica tions Controlled via serial port for programming using our new Windows interface terminal emulator or batch files Includes plastic case 130x100x30mm Supply 12Vdc 500mA Kit Order Code 3108KT 54 95 Assembled Order Code AS3108 64 95 4 channel temperature log ger for serial port C or F Continuously logs up to 4 separate sensors located 200m from board Wide i range of free software appli cations for per te data PCB just 38x38mm Powered by PC Includes one DS1820 sensor and four header cables Kit Order Code 3145KT 18 95 Assembled Order Code AS3145 25 95 Additional DS1820 Sensors 3 95 each State of the Art High security 4 channels Momentary or latching relay output Range up to 40m Up to 15 Tx s can be learnt by one Rx kit in cludes one Tx but more avail n able separately 4 indicator LED s Rx PCB 77x85mm 12Vdc 6mA standby Two and Ten channel versions also available Kit Order Code 3180KT 44 95 Assembled Order Code AS3180 51 95 Call your phone number using a DTMF phone from anywhere in the world and remotely turn on off any of the 4 relays as desired User settable Security
39. digital domains at the same time to make tracking down those elusive real time bugs much easier Pocket Analyzer combines a high speed sample synchronized storage scope and logic analyzer with a programmable waveform and logic pattern generator Also included is an integrated real time spectrum analyzer and powered Smart POD expansion interface so you ve got all bases covered About the same size and weight as a Pocket PC this USB powered BitScope needs no bulky accessories It s the perfect low cost go anywhere test and debug solution 200uV 20V div with x10 probe 8 logic channels 2 analog channels Single USB cable to your PC Auto senses an external supply l S W select AC DC coupling Dual channel capture from POD A B Compressed data transmission removes power load from USB S W select 50ohm termination Async serial I O for external control Simple ASCII control protocol for use with unpowered hubs Arbitrary Waveform Generator Logic Pattern generator 32K 40MS s BitScope Scripting Language Supplies up to 500mA via POD BitScope and your PC provide an array of Virtual Instruments as f e R amp D e Education e Robotics z e Lab Scope A e Fast DAQ e Service f e Debug BitScope Pocket Analyzer uses highly integrated Surface Mount technology to provide functionality you would expect from scopes many times the size and price Its programmable Virtual Machine architecture means new functionality can be added via software
40. electronics co uk All magazine articles back to volume 2000 are available online in pdf format The article summary and parts list if applicable can be instantly viewed to help you positively identify an article Article related items are also shown including sofware downloads cir cuit boards programmed ICs and corrections and updates if applicable Complete magazine issues may also be downloaded In the Elektor Electronics Shop you ll find all other products sold by the pub lishers like CD ROMs kits and books A powerful search function allows you to search for items and references across the entire website Also on the Elektor Electronics website e Electronics news and Elektor announcements Readers Forum e PCB software and e magazine downloads Surveys and polls e FAQ Author Guidelines and Contact 84 elektor electronics 9 2006 Please supply the following For PCBs front panel foils EPROMs PALs GALS microcontrollers and diskettes state the part number and description for books state the full title for photocopies of articles state full name of article and month and year of publication PLEASE USE BLOCK CAPITALS Description Price each Qty Total Order Code METHOD OF PAYMENT see reverse before ticking as appropriate Visual Basic for Electronics Engineering Applications 27 50 CD ROM USB Toolbox NEW 18 95 Bank transfer Cheque UK resident customers ONLY Giro transfer d
41. elektor electronics 9 2006 F i s ma ee This line is not in a process so the function is evaluated each time COUNT changes The value of NEW_ COUNT is loaded synchronously into COUNT in line 71 Simulation Now you can test this code using the Quartus simulator For that purpose we created a simulation file named ex10 1 vwf If you open this file you will see several signals in the left hand column and plots of the input signals versus time on the right Before you can use this file you must configure Quartus so the simulator can use the file To do that select Settings in the Assignments menu In the new win dow that appears select Simulator Settings Enter the file name ex10 1 vwf in the Simulation Input box The simulation starts as soon as you select Start Simulator in the Process ing menu The result of the simulation Figure 2 is displayed after the simula tion is completed What matters at this point is the COUNT signal As you can see from the simulation results this counter is indeed incremented by 1 each time a rising edge occurs on the 12 288 MHz signal line Note that COUNT has been changed to a 7 bit number due to optimization Later on we ll explain why that is possible What matters now is that the counter is synchro nized to the clock 9 2006 elektor electronics Alias The next step is to generate the data transmission clock BCKI
42. fatal for your computer if unfortunately a mains phase conductor of a defective projector or floodlight should come into contact with the DMX512 line Fore warned is forearmed A PIC16C745 The PIC16C745 of which the block dia gram can be found in Figure 1 is a low cost microcontroller However it was one of the first to have a USB interface In reality it is a type 1 1 low speed USB interface The transmission rate of the USB bus in low speed mode is 1 5 Mbits second The DMX512 bus speed is a measly 250 kbits s The USB is six times faster so where is the problem Well for one thing the USB standard defines two data trans fer modes for low speed Control transfer and Interrupt transfer The control mode uses all of the bus band width and is according to the stan dard reserved for USB receiver con figurations The Interrupt mode is intended for data transfer but we should note that it is limited to 800 bytes per second Out of spec With the above in mind we re more or less forced to use the 160745 in a con figuration that s not found in the USB elektor electronics 9 2006 nverter standard To do so we have selected the Control transfer mode in order to exchange data between the com puter and the microcontroller Obviously considering that the USB bus was not designed for that use we had to write a special driver for this Microsoft Windows appli cation The firmware
43. for money Version 10 features E Intelligent Gerber Import option Fully integrated Schematics amp PCB layout in a single application complete with forward and back annotation Design and rules checks at all stages ensure integrity at all times Professional manufacturing outputs allow you to finish the design process with ease E Track Shape Hug Mode Routing Stop press Stop press Stop press Stop press E Text Callouts Easy PC imports Eagle files as well as Tsien Boardmaker 2 files E Layer amp Via Stack Previews E Blind amp Buried Via Support call for a brochure prices amp CD on 44 0 1684 773662 E Teardrop Pads or e mail sales numberone com ARS Designed for E Draw Spacing Clearances you can also download a demo from Microsoft Windows XP or ube Sloe cab il www numberone com tsa Plus many more exciting features Oak Lane Bredon Tewkesbury Glos GL20 7LR United Kingdom 12 elektor electronics 9 2006 We also have a wide range of competitively priced USB interface modules and cables ideal for implimenting one off designs through to full mass production runs Our on line shop accepts payment by credit card no minimum order restrictions apply i L HF IT REID Aposip Wiar ie ihiihi O l Looks great and works great with MAC platforms as well as PC 10 50 10cm version Future Technology Devices Inti Ltd Volume Discounts Available 373 Scotland Street Glasgow G5 B
44. its space mission Taking your own pictures from space will soon be possible with the Compass 1 another ama teur satellite But can we shoot our own satellite into space How would that be your very own satellite in space Not likely you say A number of university students and staff are making this a reality They are busy developing their Delfi C3 satellite 1 intended to be to be launched next year Launching may be overstating it the satellite actually hitches a ride on a Russian SS 18 rocket How ever a lot has to be done yet because preparing the electronics for the rough journey is a big job Fortunately the team members are very motivated and they can rely on support from Technical University Delft The Nether lands and others Project The Delfi C3 project began in 2004 as a final year proj ect in the faculty of Air and Space Technology at TU Delft The Delfi C3 Cubesat is a predecessor of the research program MISAT which aims to implement and test new developments for use in space travel This proved an excellent method for university graduates to gain experience in the actual work involved In addition it allowed TUDelft to flex its muscles Delfi C3 is after ANS 1974 IRAS 1983 YES 1997 and Sloshsat 2005 actually the fifth Dutch satellite and the very first student university satellite to go into space Delfi C3 is a very small satellite which measures only 34x10x10 cm and involves three separate resea
45. little like a PIC micro These routines give you a good head start in using the ARM and also mean that your current 8 bit programs and routines can be easily ported to the ARM platform To give you an example of this in Fig ure 3 you can see a sample of a rou tine to flash a LED on port A This is the entire program as all memory loca dorien Sa pes CH with 8G Ta eth CO 100M of PGS coax cable mii da pam S migi GEE E Pieria iiae HTA 16 channel DVR m h BB hartj i awidiir iara uae aa ery Di of Ai come gabip fl reid Grete e rar i ci tion addresses and functions are defined for you in a separate file If you are an 8 bit user you will notice that some of the strings used here for example AT91F PIO SetOutput seem a little long winded and you might think a simple SetOutput would do However the CD ROM s authors Rob and David Miles have kept the syntax of the basic functions and variables in the same style as Atmel s own code libraries Whilst this may take you a lit tle longer to get used to it means that what you learn in taking the course is immediately transferable to any of the Atmel ARM devices as they all share similar configurations Easy ARM pack To help you get started with the ARM we have produced an Easy ARM Kit that is now available It contains a USB lead ARM motherboard ARM daugh ter board LED board Switch board and LCD board as well as a C Pro grammin
46. low light environments bullet camera has an attractive alu minium weatherproof housing together with slide on sun shield and optional adjustable mount ing bracket This aesthetically pleasing product can be domestic property commercial buildings and public buildings such as hospitals schools air ports ports etc camera features built in infrared Designed for discreet surveil installed internally and exter www deview com LED with automatic backlight lance and easy installation the nally Ideal for industrial and 06711 1 10 a aa a a a a a aaa aa a a an a q Dataman has launched a new range of truly universal pro grammers built to meet the demands to support all device technologies The new pro grammers all have a USB2 interface which will particu larly suit the needs of those engineers who prefer to use a laptop for program develop ment The Dataman 40Pro is a small fast and portable pro grammer with a 40 pin socket designed to support a wide range of memory and logic devices including the latest low voltage chips It is ideal for the engineer on the move who needs to set up his working environment quickly in a small space The Dataman 48Pro is for engineers who want the best programming speeds and need to cover the widest possible range of memory and logic parts It supports over 25 000 devices from 5 volts down to 1 5 volts Large quantities of chips can be programmed more quickly by
47. of button to be used hand wired if necessary The LEDs can of course also be mounted on a front panel and hand wired The resonant frequency of the two coils L1 and L2 should lie above the output frequency of the LNB or LNBs The EPCOS types specified in the parts list are suitable The cathode of the SMD diodes D1 to D4 is marked on the component over lay by a thicker line F type connectors are made by vari ous manufacturers but unfortunately in diverse pinout arrangements For this reason we have allowed extra space in the layout This means that if you use the types specified in the parts list you should take care when soldering to ensure that they are sym metrically fitted The display is connected via 14 way headers and possibly also a ribbon cable This allows the display to be easily mounted at a suitable place in the chosen enclosure Unfortunately not all display modules have the same pinout It is not possible to use the backlight if the display has one as the current drawn from the coaxial cable and thence from the satellite receiver and which flows through the 78L05 must be kept to a minimum The total current consumption of the DiSEqC monitor including the LCD module but not its backlight is only approximately 12 mA It is of course possible to dispense with the 78L05 and connect a regulated 5 V supply across C4 to avoid loading the satellite control bus A display backlight could then be used
48. of the MF RC522 reader IC in the form of a greatly sim plified block diagram The output driv ers of the device allow direct connec tion of transmit and receive antennas without external active amplification circuitry A few passive components provide the essential matching to the antenna characteristics The analogue interface handles demodulation and decoding of the reply data sent by the card The digital block is responsible for constructing the ISO 14443A or MIFARE protocol frames and accompa nying error detection parity and CRC The FIFO buffer allows 64 byte blocks to be sent and received in ISO 14443 mode T CL protocol In MIFARE mode the largest data blocks exchanged are at most 16 bytes long and so there is no need for the micro controller to split up the command packets The registers of the MF RC522 can be programmed over the SPI asyn chronous serial or I2C interfaces Since the LPC936 microcontroller only has one asynchronous serial interface and this is required for communications with the PC the I2C interface is used to talk to the MF RC522 If desired an LCD module can be con nected to port PO of the LPC936 via connector K2 P0 0 is buffered by a transistor and provides a switched out put and the SPI and I2C interfaces of the microcontroller afford plenty of opportunities to expand the reader by adding extra hardware For example a real time clock could easily be added to allow for time monitoring
49. on the reader immediately looks for cards within the range of the antenna a few centimetres and reads any cards it finds in that area The LCD if connected then shows the card type along with its serial number and the switching output of the reader is activated The reader is constructed around the newest Philips reader IC type MF RC522 and a type LPC936 micro controller Since the reader IC is only available in an HVOFN32 package we have decided to solve the problems of mounting and soldering by making available ready populated and tested 9 2006 elektor electronics reader boards fitted with pre pro grammed microcontrollers The Elektor Electronics RFID reader is naturally ideal for experimenting with the free MIFARE UltraLight card The system includes a powerful microcon troller and I2C SPI UART and USB interfaces and free development tools EJ MIFARE Magie DACCI Cord Actyanom Card pega o wua Ariki Select are available This makes it suitable for developing dedicated applications such as door and gate openers mem bership card systems storing pass words and configuration data pay ment systems security for domestic appliances such as televisions video recorders and PCs monitoring battery Tine Figs Mi ae ira Lagh up enen RAT 120000 araa seco sax og Ansiclitiee 2 Select 2 a deacon tion Hal Sas wed 1 2 4 Ps0 ee 45 at a5 a we ELE HF Piet Pinnan Cad Road Wis
50. only the num An Elektor SHOP Voucher numbers O through F that s O bers aie grey neal to be Prize winners worth 35 00 goes to 9 and A F occur once in sent to us see below The The solution of the June every row once in every col puzzle is also available as a 2006 Hexadoku is IA6DC lan K Rolfe Newbury umn and in every one of the edonai o The E blocks Starter Kit Luciano Poretti Arconate and 4x4 boxes marked by the website Magazine gt 2006 Professional goes to Richard Mansfield Eastbourne thicker black lines A number _ September JohnHoughton of clues are given in the puz Mom Richmond Well done everybody Se et tee ee 6614 5 Ja st jojo Bi 4 Jefe 7 Jo f F oj I fifl7i fa fol c lei7je B ofa lofsfs 2 Ff9 cls Alt a Solve Hexadoku and win Correct solutions enter a prize draw for an E blocks Starter Kit Professional B 7 s 3ici4 lleis o fe c ls JD alil He worth 248 55 and three dle lBlajejo 5 4 i7jci3is 2 sietry Bi dzio fo tt is 12 s sl4j2fajo E07 FLEE TTT d jelz l4 le Elektor Electronics Shop Vouchers worth 35 each We believe these prizes should encourage all our readers to participate 9 2006 elektor electronics 77 SSS GR ISHOWCASE To book your showcase space contact Huson International Media MAIOS EREET EE
51. other We re not talking about the physical force exerted by your fin gers to close the arms but the fact that a normal pair of tweez ers will easily launch a tiny part like an SMD if it is not perfectly straight in the clamps or if you accidentally hit something while moving the part from container or reel onto the circuit board In nearly all cases the SMD part then becomes an easy prey for the missus vacuum cleaner Very annoying and a shame to lose the part Fortunately there exists a type of 060160 12 quency of operation will change This will be about 200 kHz with a 20 pH choke and will vary a little due to the stray base collector capacitance of the transistor you re using To prevent parasitic radiation of the circuit it is recommended to fit a 100 nF 0 1 yF decoupling capacitor across the battery ter minals The author employs a quadruple version of this battery discharger 060160 1 tweezers that s perfect for us Besides it s cheap and widely available Its small size low spring load and flat jaws make it the tool for manual fitting of SMD parts To cap it all you may have already this perfect pair of tweez ers and here s a secret it is one of the tools contained in the wellknown Victorinox Swiss Army Knife If you want one the good news is that you do not necessarily have to buy an SAK The tweez ers are also available as a spare part from hardware stores or out doo
52. r i a aj I L j i E coe eel ee eae Tt tf Esri _ Ce ee eens Bee a H 1 ge es ee ee Three easy to use yet powerful compilers for PIC microcontrollers ideal for beginners and experienced programmers alike e Support for PIC12 PIC16 and PIC18 devices e User friendly integrated development environment IDE compatible with Windows 98 ME NT4 2000 XP e Highly adaptable code editor with useful features e Useful tools include USART terminal 7 segment display decode and ASCII chart e Built in routines support all EasyPIC3 I O devices and add on boards and include ADC CAN Compact Flash EEPROM Ethernet Graphic LCD C LCD 1 wire PWM RS 485 sound SPI USART USB routines and many more e 30 discount for customers purchasing EasyPIC3 e mikroBASIC 85 59 50 with discount e mikroC 145 101 50 with discount mikroPascal 85 59 50 with discount Call 0845 226 9451 or order online at www breadboarding co uk All prices exclude UK delivery 5 normal 10 next day and VAT Major credit and debit cards accepted Secure online ordering 9 2006 elektor electronics Say one hundred and twenty five thousand cards Here at Elektor we re never stuck for ideas enthusiasm inspiration and gusto when it comes to publishing a high quality magazine on electronics And that s despite the onslaught in the UK newsstands on specialist and trade magazines like ours in favour of publica
53. source code for the microcontroller is available from our website at www elektor electronics co uk file 060129 11 zip Unfortunately Housed inside an XLR connector Program Bus EPROM Program Memory 8K x 14 14 13 Data Bus 8 Program Counter G 8 Level Stack 13 bit Instruction reg RAM File Registers 256 x 8 RAM Addr 1 j 9 Addr MUX 7 i Indirect Direct Addr 8 Addr FSRreg K5 STATUS reg K V Powe r up Timer Instruction Decode amp Control OSC1 CLKIN OSC2 CLKOUT Timin Generation x4 PLL Oscillator Start up Timer Power on Reset Watchdog Timer Brown out Reset RAO ANO RA1 AN1 RA2 AN2 RA3 AN3 VREF RA4 TOCKI RA5 AN4 gt X RBO INT X RB lt 7 1 gt RCO T10SO T1CKI RC1 T10SI CCP2 RC2 CCP1 RC6 TX CK RC7 RX DT RD3 0 PSP3 0 RD4 PSP42 RD5 PSP5 RD6 PSP6 the copyrights for the driver source i code rest with the author hence this A X file cannot be made freely available ak The pre programmed PIC order code RD7 PSP7 RE0 AN5 RD gt RE1 AN6 WR RE2 AN7 CS Parallel Slave Port
54. use their base station to send commands to the Delfi C3 and receive telemetry information The transceiver developed by Delfi CS will receive control commands from the Delfi ground station and return telemetry data back to earth About once a second Cubesat sends a data word to earth which contains all the information regarding the housekeeping of the satellite The data word contains the 9 2006 elektor electronics The three units of Delfi C3 are jam packed with electronics as can be seen in this CAD drawing Delfi C3 specs 3 unit Cubesat 34x10x10 cm 3 payloads Thin film solar cells Dutch Space Autonomous wireless solar sensor TNO Advanced radio transceiver Delfi C3 group TU Delft 4 solar panels 5 gallium arsenide solar cells per panel power 2 5 watts 145 MHz 1200 baud AX25 packet radio BPSK down link 400 mW transmitter power Linear mode VHF UHF radio amateur transponder Passover 6x per day on average of which 3x are useful because of solar energy 10 to 15 minutes of communication time per pass over Height of orbit 500 1000 km Orbit time 1 5 hours 41 GOR MINT SATELLITES All the PCBs are modelled on the computer in advance This is a view of the bottom PCB Close up view of the positioning of the antennas in the Delfi C3 satellite From left to right skeleton of the 3 unit Delfi C3 Cubesat early prototype of the internals and on the right a model of
55. www elektor electronics co uk INDEX OF ADVERTISERS ACG Identification Technologies www acg de os tetinde nest dee Weenies sade 25 Alera o25ckeeaens meee eect eos RS www altera com op cckeckds5 ebed rake Saux 39 ATC Semitec Ltd Showcase www atcsemitec co Uk cue cave e a ven enenus 78 Audioxpress Showcase WWW AUCIOXPFeSS COM 0 eee 78 Avit Research Showcase www avitresearch co Uk faces asexe cha sesan 78 BAEC Showcase sc ivae cus vane w aus http baec trip0Od COM 6 eee 78 Beta Layout Showcase WWW DCD DPOOLCOM 2060055000 nnana 25 78 Bitscope Designs cc cues WWW DUSCODE COIN a sict 0 a0n wot ae ab eee wae T7 Breadboarding Systems www breadboarding co uk 0 02200 eee 3 BYVdC orree ree aaen OEE ETEA www byvac co Uk nnnannnaa nnana 12 Compulogic Showcase WWW COMPUIOGIC CO UK 0 ee 78 Conford Electronics Showcase www confordelec co Uk oscic taut ote one kaa 78 Cricklewood pic saceiavenas sa dese www cctvcentre co Uk 22 2cestc cece andes tas 55 Danbury Showcase www DanburyElectronics c0 uk 78 Design Gateway Showcase www design gateway cOM 046 78 Eaglepics Showcase WWW eaglepiCS CO UK 6 0 0 ce eee 78 Easysync Showcase 2 lt lt lt eseeedens WWW CASVSVNG COUUK ccc ca wieieaeen kaw inn 78 EINGG SHOWCASE 0000 5 240
56. you can see that a 12 288 MHz clock signal is applied to this IC The clock signal is also routed to an I O pin B12 of the FPGA Unfortunately that was not shown in the original schematic diagram The data transfer clock BCKIN is sup plied by the FPGA This clock signal must be synchronised to the 12 288 MHz clock signal The timing diagram for data transfers between the codec and the FPGA is shown in Figure 1 As you can easily see it takes 156 clock pulses of the CODECCLK signal to transfer a set of samples for the two channels The frequency of that signal on the pro totyping board is 12 288 MHz If you divide that figure by 256 you arrive at a sampling rate of 48 kHz terry S ee i h SINTON All communications are synchronised to this clock The simplest approach is to first create a counter that counts how many pulses of the CODECCLK signal have been generated This sig nal is assigned the name 12 288MHz in our design This counter is also represented by the COUNT signal in the PCM3006 VHD file which is declared on line 54 as an 8 bit unsigned number This signal can thus take on values the range of 0 255 which is exactly what we need We let this number increment in syn chronization with the CLK signal 12 288 MHz The NEW_COUNT signal always con tains the value that COUNT must assume on the next clock pulse This is done by the following line NEW_COUNT lt COUNT 1 MOD 256
57. 0 eee aee 25 PCB World Showcase www pcbworld org uk 0c eee 79 Peak Electronic Design WWW pe akeleC CO UK nnana nnana 12 PEPEE TETEE pee ehe eee ees WWW picoteCh COM 19 Quasar Electronics www quasarelectronicS COM 45 Robot Electronics Showcase www robot electronics coO Uuk 79 Scantool x cph ae eae pean ae eee teed www ElmScan5 com epe 605 6 SHOWCASE sepes ae ae ee E eee ee ee eee eee ee ee a ee ee ee er 78 79 SK Pang Electronics Showcase WWW SKPANG CO UK 1 occ ee 79 Ultraleds Showcase WWW UNPGICOS CO UK 2 ccccb02hereeeaehores 79 University of Derby www vertigo derby aC uUK 0 0c eae 55 USB Instruments Showcase www usb instrumentS COM 79 Virtins Technology Showcase WWW VIS GORD oe ooon die Rend eel on BS 79 Advertising space for the issue of 17 October 2006 may be reserved not later than 19 September 2006 with Huson International Media Cambridge House Gogmore Lane Chertsey Surrey KT16 9AP England Telephone 01932 564 999 Fax 01932 564998 e mail gerryo husonmedia com to whom all correspondence copy instructions and artwork should be addressed 87 ELECTRONIC DESIGN impia dd imiy TT i tie E T Litie A powerful capture package tailored for todays engin
58. 09 4s000d ws WWW BNIEC COM 62 24 02402 seerad enews sane 78 Eurocircuits 25 5 lt 5564 42 44000s5020 e584 www thepcbShop cOM 00 0c eee 6 First Technology Transfer Ltd Showcase wWww ftt co Uk 0 00 00 cc ee 78 POLES Gace cua pee satenii Errep EEE WWWIOTEO COUR xt cexczsexadie eeee essa 59 Future Technology Devices Showcase www ftdichip com 0000055 13 78 Futurlec Showcase www futurlec com 5 5 ccc coon to ees ee eee dees 78 Heros Technology Showcase www herostechnology co Uk 006 78 Jaycar Electronics iii0scsaeeed cannes www jaycarelectronics CO UK 2 JLB Electronics Showcase www jlbelectronics com 0 eee ee 79 9 2006 elektor electronics KMK Technologies Ltd Showcase www kmk com hk cn xd ealis one anaana 79 MEDCCWICE ven een eed bo nnana www labcenter co uk 0 00 0c eee 88 Lichfield Electronics os lt 0 4 es caed nies www lichfieldelectronics co Uuk 19 London Electronics College Showcase Www eC 0rg uk 0 ces 79 MQP Electronics Showcase www mqgpelectronics cO UK 79 New Wave Concepts Showcase www new wave conceptS cOM 79 Newbury Electronics www newburyelectronics co uk 25 Number One Systems Www numberone COM 0 0 eee 12 Nurve Networks 00 www xgamestation cOM 60
59. 10 microseconds are not while holding the pushbutton down MODDING amp TWEAKING In addition to paper this device also works quite well on whiteboards This was the whole reason to get started in the first place unusual through this resistor the location becomes so hot that the ink that is there evaporates Because the ink in a gaseous state occupies more space than ink in a liquid state the still liquid ink at the front of the tube is pushed outside All this happens at a very small scale as a result if which the speed at which the drop of ink leaves the nozzle is quite high and the ink lands on the paper with high precision In a normal inkjet printer the print head is moved back and forth with a motor and a guiding system If however we want to make a manageable device then it is not con venient to integrate this entire system into an electronic stamp That is why we use only the cartridge together with some electronics that drives the head Moving the head itself is a job for the user When moving it is impor tant to hold the whole assembly straight and move with a uniform motion across the surface After a little practice this is quite easy to do The cartridge that was chosen is an HP 51640M car tridge also known as an HP type 40 magenta This cartridge is available in magenta red purple as well as cyan light blue yellow and black The circuit has Because the drops are so small and light it is eve
60. 17 05 Versatile FPGA Module 040477 91 Ready assembled plug on module For subscribers 181 80 333 50 For non subscribers 216 30 398 50 NO 351 FEBRUARY 2006 Brushless Motor Controller 050157 41 ST7MC1 programmed 380 7 15 A 16 bit Tom Thumb 050179 91 R8C Starter Kit 8 30 15 60 050179 C5 Set of 5 pcs R8C13 microcontroller only 20 70 39 00 NO 350 JANUARY 2006 95 watt Laptop PSU Adaptor 050029 1 PCB Automatic Attic Window Controller 050139 11 Disk PIC source amp hex code 050139 41 PIC16F84A 201 P programmed 030451 72 LCD Modue 2x16 characters 030451 73 PLED Module 2x16 characters SMD Reflow Soldering Oven 050319 11 Disk source and hex code 050319 41 AT89C52 24JI programmed 030451 72 LCD Modue 2x16 characters 030451 73 PLED Module 2x16 characters Timer Switch for Washing Machine 050058 1 PCB 050058 11 Disk PIC source amp hex code 050058 41 PIC16F84 programmed 4 80 5 20 13 10 7 25 25 50 5 20 7 60 7 25 25 50 8 90 5 20 13 10 NO 349 DECEMBER 2005 From A to D via USB 050222 1 PCB 050222 41 lOW24 P programmed Telephone Supervisor 050039 41 PIC16F628 20 P programmed 050039 81 CD ROM PIC hex amp source codes LCM First Server 7 95 9 40 8 20 6 90 NO 348 NOVEMBER 2005 Remote Control by Mobile Phone 040415 1 PCB 040415 11 Disk PIC source amp hex files 040415 41 PIC16F84A 20 P programmed Products for older projects if available may be found on our website www elekt
61. 26 57 18 43 The angle is now smaller than what we want We thus use the vector 1 0 25 in the next step That increases the angle by 14 04 After this step the angle of our vector is 32 47 We get closer to 30 with each step so the result is more accurate with each step Each multiplication changes the length of our vector as well as its angle In the present case we now have a vector with a length of 100 x 1 x 1 41 x 1 12 x 1 03 162 66 That means we have to multiply this value by a correction factor Another option would be to make the length of the initial vec tor 61 5 in order to finally obtain a vector with a length of 100 This multiplication factor is always the same regardless of which angle we want No matter which option we choose the desired cosine value is given by the X coordinate of our vector while the Y coordi nate represents the sine value We get those values for free Angle Length Example Consider the following expression as an example 100 x cos 30 As our starting point we take the vector 100 O which has length of 100 and an angle of O The l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Vee Wil A EA Sy l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l E 9 2006 elektor electronics 63 HANDS ON MODDING amp TWEAKING The cartridge concerned the 51640M from HP otherwise known as The still pristine yellow cart
62. 7 Email sales elektor electronics co uk Kits amp Modules OBD 2 Analyser July August 2005 Kit of parts including PCB programmed controller compo nents including IC7 IC3 PCA82C250 12 V enclosure and RS232 cable OBD cable not included 050092 71 52 50 96 95 OBD cable 050092 72 27 55 51 95 RC Servo Tester Exerciser July August 2006 Kit of parts including PCB programmed con troller and all compo nents 040259 71 22 70 42 85 050176 73 LCD 4x20 characters with backlight 28 80 54 50 050176 74 Case Bopla Unimas 160 with Perspex cover and mounting plate 15 80 29 90 050176 42 ATmega16 programmed 10 30 19 45 050092 71 OBD 2 Analyser Kit of parts without cable 52 50 96 95 050092 72 OBD 2 Analyser DB9 to OBD adapter cable 27 55 51 95 Mini ATMega Board 050176 1 PCB includes adapter PCB 050176 2 8 95 16 85 NO 353 APRIL 2006 Simple recharable A Cell Analyser 050394 1 PCB bare 480 9 04 050394 11 Disk PC Software 5 18 9 75 Universal SPI Box 050198 41 AT89C2051 24PC Programmed 7 25 13 65 NO 352 MARCH 2006 Application Board for R8C 13 050179 92 Ready assembled board 48 27 90 94 050179 1 PCB 13 77 25 94 030451 72 LCD with backlight 7 25 13 65 030451 73 Poly LED display 25 50 48 05 FPGA Prototyping board 050370 91 Ready assembled board For subscribers 181 80 333 50 For non subscribers 216 30 398 50 Telephone Eavesdropper 030379 1 PCB 9 05
63. ABNAGB2L Currency sterling UKP Please ensure your full name and address gets communicated to us Cheque sent by post made payable to Elektor Electronics Publishing Segment b v We can only accept sterling cheques and bank drafts from UK resident customers or subscribers We regret that no cheques can be accepted from customers or subscribers in any other country Giro transfer into account no 34 152 3801 held by Elektor Electronics Publishing Segment b v Please do not send giro transfer deposit forms directly to us but instead use the National Giro postage paid envelope and send it to your National Giro Centre Credit card VISA Access MasterCard JCBCard and Switch cards can be processed by mail email web fax and telephone Online ordering through our website is SSL protected for your security January 2006 Ce ee SUBSCRIPTION CONDITIONS The standard subscription order period is twelve months If a perma nent change of address during the subscription period means that copies have to be despatched by a more expensive service no extra charge will be made Conversely no refund will be made nor expiry date extended if a change of address allows the use of a cheaper service Student applications which qualify for a 20 twenty per cent reduc tion in current rates must be supported by evidence of studentship Signed by the head of the college school or university faculty A standard Student Subscription cost
64. BTEC First National Higher National NVQs GCSEs and Advanced Qualifications Also Technical Management and Languages NEW WAVE CONCEPTS Www new wave concepts com Software for hobbyists m e Livewire circuit simulation 9 software only 34 99 e PCB Wizard circuit design Ss a software only 34 99 Available from all Maplin Electronics stores and www maplin co uk OLD COLONY SOUND LAB www audioxpress com Premier source for DIY audio for 35 years New catalog features e Books e CDs e Test amp Measurement e Kits Full range of products and magazines for the DIY audio enthusiast products and services directory ROBOT ELECTRONICS http www robot electronics co uk Advanced Sensors and Electronics for Robotics e Ultrasonic Range Finders e Compass modules e Infra Red Thermal sensors e Motor Controllers e Vision Systems e Wireless Telemetry Links e Embedded Controllers SK PANG ELECTRONICS http www skpang co uk e ELM OBDII IC e VAG COM Interface e OBDII connector and cable e Modtronix Micro X board e Embedded Ethernet Controller e PIC Microcontroller CAN Bus driver Major credit cards taken online ULTRALEDS ld ta ledis co u http www ultraleds co uk tel 0871 7110413 Large range of low cost Ultra bright leds and Led related lighting products Major credit cards taken online with same day depatch MQP ELECTRONICS http www mapelectronics co uk uk Leaders in
65. Device Programming Solutions e Online shop y e Low Cost Adapters for all Programmers e Single Site and Gang a ETE e Support for virtually any Programmable Device SHOWCASE YOUR COMPANY HERE Elektor Electronics has a feature to help customers e For 330 VAT for the year 30 per issue promote their business Showcase a permanent for eleven issues we will publish the above plus feature of the magazine where you will be able to run a 3cm deep full colour image e g a product showcase your products and services shot a screen shot from your site a company e For just 220 VAT 20 per issue for eleven logo your choice issues Elektor will publish your company name Places are limited and spaces will go on a strictly website adress and a 30 word description first come first served basis So please fax back PCB WORLD http www pcbworld org uk World class site Your magazine project or prototype PCB from the artwork of your choice for less Call Lee on 07946 846159 for details Prompt service USB INSTRUMENTS http www usb instruments com USB Instruments specialises in PC based instrumentation products and software such as Oscilloscopes Data Loggers Logic Analaysers which interface to your PC via USB der today Pe eaan EN a ce ee oo VIRTINS TECHNOLOGY i mee I wish to promote my company please book my space Sanana iaeei I eText insertion only for 220 VAT e Text and photo for 330 VAT C and
66. E Fax 0044 0 1932 564998 ATC SEMITEC LTD www atcsemitec co uk Thermal and current sensitive components for temperature control and circuit protection e NTC Thermistors e Current Diodes e Thermostats e Re settable Fuses e Thermal Fuses e Temperature Sensors Call today for free samples and pricing Tel 0870 901 0777 Fax 0870 901 0888 BETA LAYOUT www pcb pool com Beta layout Ltd Award winning site in both English and German offers prototype PCBs at a fraction of the cost of the usual manufacturer s prices DESIGN GATEWAY www design gateway com PalmLogic II US 399 00 e Compact Logic Analyzer L116mm x W73 3mm x T3mm e High sampling rate 400 MHz Po 200 MHz 16ch 100 MHz 32ch i err e USB 2 0 high speed mode e 8MB memory storage e Bus Analyzer function e Multiple waveform windows e Waveform save restore DESIGN GATEWAY www design gateway com True PCI Starter Kit US 135 00 amaai e PCI Development Kit ee e Based on 200 000 gates FPGA e Extension connectors for 72 pin l O TALE PG e Configuration support for JTAG and slave serial e Free PCI Core for Target Mode DESIGN GATEWAY www design gateway com Ethernet 10 US 115 00 e 8 bits embedded network microcontroller e 6 channels available for 10 bits ADC e Ethernet 10 BASE T 10 Mb Ethernet w e UART port RS232 RS485 Max ae atl 15200bps e 35 bits general purpose 1 0 s e 500 bytes user area flash memory DESIGN GATEWAY www
67. FEFEFE FEF Figure 2 A screen image of the course showing the virtual ARM int main void Set all of PORTA as an output AT91F_PIO_CfgOutput AT91C_BASE_PIOA PORTA while 1 Set pin 0 of PORTA high AT91F_PIO_SetOutput AT91C_BASE_PIOA PORTAO Set pin 0 of PORTA low AT91F_PTIO_ClearOutput AT91C_BASE_PIOA PORTAO Figure 3 A simple LED flasher routine on pin AQ ARMed with some history The AT91SAM7 series of devices from Atmel is based on the ARM7TDMI core developed by ARM Advanced RISC Machines Ltd in England ARM based in Cambridge is one of the UK s greatest technology success stories of the last decade Spun off from a company that was an original competitor of the IBM PC and Apple back in the early 80 s Acorn Computers the ARM team of devel opers has become one of the world s leading designers of microprocessor cores Unlike its competitors ARM does not manufacture any devices itself Instead it develops the designs of microprocessors which it then licences to other IC manu facturers including Philips Texas Instruments and in this case Atmel This busi ness model has made ARM amazingly successtul Virtually every major semicon ductor company has taken out a licence for an ARM core and many millions of ARM processors are now in use The mobile phone industry in particular has adopted the ARM as a near de facto standard for use in mobile devices because of t
68. N This sig nal must be low for two clock intervals of the main clock signal after which it must be high for two clock intervals That corresponds exactly to the third bit of the COUNT signal This signal called BCKOUT in the VHDL file can thus be used at the output without any further processing The same holds true for the LRCK sig nal This signal must be low for the first 128 clock pulses and then high for the following 128 clock pulses That corresponds exactly to the most signif icant bit highest order bit of the COUNT signal That means you can use bit 7 of the COUNT signal as LRCKOUT The new status of LRCKOUT can be defined using the following line NEW_LRCKOUT lt NEW COUNT 7 Another way to do this is to use the alias keyword which allows a signal to have more than one name If you write ALIAS NEW_LRCOUT STD LOGIC is NEW_COUNT 7 you can use the signal NEW_LRCOUT in the rest of the source code The com piler will know that this signal is iden tical to NEW_COUNT 7 FPGA CODEC LRCIN BCKIN DIN LIS 14 3st ts 4 gs d il o DOUT fo J1 2 fat sto Ji 2 5 CODECCLK NS 127 128 254 255 060025 4 11 Left channel Part 4 Simulation Synchronous Data bit reception is synchronised to the rising edge of BCK The signal POSEDGE BCK is used to detect the rising edge of BCK It must indicate whether the BCK signal changes from low to high on the next rising edge
69. O Box Ready assembled and tested board 060098 91 MORE READY BUILT PROJECTS ClariTy 300 W Class T Amplifier 030217 91 Amplifier board with SMDs pre fitted cores for L1 amp L2 34 50 55 70 Electrosmog Tester 050008 91 PCB ready built and tested 50 00 94 25 050008 71 Matching enclosure 10 25 19 30 Flash Microcontroller Starter Kit 010208 91 Ready assembled PCB incl software cable adapter amp related articles 69 00 Gameboy Digital Sampling Oscilloscope GBDSO 990082 91 Ready assembled board incl the PC software and related articles 103 00 LPC210x ARMee Development System 040444 91 Processor board ready made and tested 25 50 48 05 Micro Webserver with MSC1210 Board 030060 91 Microprocessor Board ready assembled 75 90 142 95 044026 91 Network Extension Board ready assembled 44 50 83 95 044026 92 Combined package 030060 91 amp 044026 91 amp related articles 117 50 220 95 NO 358 SEPTEMBER 2006 Elektor RFID Reader 060132 91 PCB ready assembled amp tested with USB cable 41 50 77 95 030451 72 Standard back lit LC display P25 213105 060132 71 Matching enclosure 8 90 16 85 060132 81 CD ROM all project software 520 975 Experimental RFID Reader 060221 11 Disk all project software 520m5 060221 41 ATmega16 programmed 8 90 16 85 DiSEqC Monitor 040398 11 Disk PIC source amp hex code 520 975 040398 41 PIC16F628A 20 P programmed 5 50 10135 USB DMX512 Converter 060012 11 Disk all project softw
70. OB rel 0141 429 2777 E Mail chipshoplftdichip com Web www ftdichip com Prices shown exclude shipping amp VAT Over 50 different USB Interface products in stock at www ftdichip com shop htm ee RFID An employee of the Metro trading firm pulls a pallet of diapers through an RFID reader gate which rapidly reads the data from the chips The antennas of the RFID reader are located to the left and right visible on the right side photos Philips 14 Inanimate objects as well as animals and in principle people can be identified automatically without direct contact if they are fitted with small radio frequency identi fication RFID responders This technology is poised for a breakthrough this year in many sectors In the near future RFID labels will be so cheap that they can be used to mark even relatively low priced goods The route taken by every milk jug aspirin package or newspaper from production to selling and possibly even further could then be tracked electronically Logistics spe cialists welcome the new technology because it promises to yield considerable cost and time savings in transport and storage but many consumer associations and more than a few champions of privacy are worried about the potential for transparent customers Curse or blessing The mood among the general public is equally contradic tory as was already shown by our brief international RFID survey on the El
71. P OTP2 OTP3 1 kByte or 4 kBytes and additional crypto functionality Data Read Write Datad Data3 For this reason standard Mitare cards employ extra Data Read Write Datad Data instructions for card authentification and special com mands for EEPROM memory operations Data Read Write Datag paa Data Read Write Data12 Data15 Fundamentally the command set of Mifare cards divides Data Read Write Tee Tee into two groups commands for activating the card and commands for memory manipulation see inset The Data Read Write Data2o pales process of card activation follows the ISO 14443 3 stan Data Read Write Data24 Data27 dard When a compatible card comes within range of Data Read Write Data28 Data34 the reader unit the first task is to establish communication between the card and the reader During the process the Data Read Write Data32 Data35 command set takes regard of the fact that more than one Data Read Write Data36 Data39 card may be in range of the reader simultaneously oi Data Read Write Data40 Data41 Data42 Data43 Data Read Write Data44 Data45 Data46 Data47 060132 21 Figure 2 Layout of the EEPROM memory in the Mifare Ultralight IC 9 2006 elektor electronics 23 HANDS ON MICROCONTROLLERS 24 that communication may be in progress already with another card As soon as a card has picked up sufficient energy from the RF field of the reader it assumes a quies cent or idle state In this condition the card will r
72. Password Anti Tamper Rings to Answer Auto Hang up and Lockout Includes plastic case Not BT ap proved 130x110x30mm Power 12Vdc Kit Order Code 3140KT 46 95 Assembled Order Code AS3140 64 95 mains rated relay outputs 177 168 Individually control 12 on board relays with included infrared remote control unit Toggle or momentary 15m range 112x122mm Supply 12Vdc 0 5A Kit Order Code 3142KT 47 95 Assembled Order Code AS3142 66 95 PIC amp ATMEL Programmers We have a wide range of low cost PIC and ATMEL Programmers Complete range and documentation available from our web site Programmer Accessories 40 pin Wide ZIF socket ZIF40W 15 00 18Vdc Power supply PSU010 19 95 Leads Parallel LDC136 4 95 Serial LDC441 4 95 USB LDC644 2 95 USB Serial connection Header cable for ICSP Free Windows XP software Wide range of upported PICs see website for fy complete listing ZIF Socket USB lead not included Supply 16 18Vdc Kit Order Code 3149EKT 37 95 Assembled Order Code AS3149E 52 95 USB PIC programmer for all Flash devices No external power supply making it truly portable Supplied with box and Windows Software ZIF Socket and USB lead not included Assembled Order Code AS3128 44 95 PICALL will program virtu ally all 8 to 40 pin serial mode AND parallel mode i PIC16C5x family pro grammed PIC micro
73. Pocket PC base I virtual instrument for a NME a eee ORGANISATION ssssssscssssexsasscesssscasiacovessasinsarssinss electronics enthusiasts BO acess cen caedesv at E EE eee aan siudents professionals and scientists including sound PID DES So ospiicecssetasentsmctsoutsataseadsocaieutneceuientnocisantnetacertuedbvertuscbsaxtunchsncbuvbatientxasisinetnssidnctredbsextxeibserixestns card real time oscilloscope E E laid E E A E inion E dele dusts E A AV elk E E bara N I I V dus eh insu A E anions spectrum analyzer and signal generator Free to EA TEL download and try l PLEASE COMPLETE COUPON BELOW AND FAX BACK TO 00 44 0 1932 564998 l COMPANY NAME e e ee ame r meron Teron sentry ELECTRONIC ENTHUSIASTS I1 WEB ADDRESS ssdcciiansossidancnnattandensitancsatbendenntbeneenttiesivantnetevanthnstnendeanionsdeandansetaniaunitendaxoceneeneeheaesass Only one magazine tests its projects and circuits i a ae E 30 WORD DESCRIPTION nnna nnn a cueing ne l ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS eee ee re th nh nnn nn hhh horn nnn nnn nnn nnn THE ELECTRONICS amp Dees ec tocar ees oer E peterpan eee COMPUTER MAGAZINE l Contact Worldwide Subscription Service Ltd pooeeeteetetttteeesesseetettetteessssseetttteteetesssetettttteeeesnnnettttttteesssnnettttttteessnnettttttteeesnnnnntettttteeesnneettttetteeesnnet Unit 4 Gibbs Reed Farm Pashley Road i Ticehurst TN5 7HE po reeeeeeesssstessssssssscccoccnesssssnnnnnnsssssccccoccoseesssssnnnnnnsssssccececocsecsssesnnnnnnsssssceececeseeeseessnnnna
74. RC5222 memory are sufficient for an enormous range of possible applications Pro grams for the microcontroller can be simply written using any 8051 com piler Communications with the PC are handled by an FT232R USB RS232 interface chip from our friends at Future Technology Devices FTDI The full circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3 When connected to a PC power is taken from the USB via mini connector K1 The FT232R USB inter face chip is configured to report the reader as a high power device when the bus is initialised during enumer ation As a bus powered device the reader can then draw a current of up to 500 mA When enumeration is com plete the PWRNEN signal on pin 11 of IC1 changes state making P channel MOSFET T2 conduct The 5 V supply is then passed through to voltage regula tor IC5 The output of the LM2937 pro Register Bank Serial UART SPI I2C 060132 14 Figure 4 Block diagram of the Philips MF RC522 reader IC 28 vides the 3 3 V supply for the LPC microcontroller IC3 and the MF RC522 IC4 Red LED D6 shows when the 3 3 V supply is present If 5 V power is not provided via the USB con nector Schottky diode D4 allows an external power supply to take over automatically Either four AA size cells the enclosure suggested in the parts list will accept these or a 5 V mains supply capable of delivering at least 300 mA can be used Figure 4 shows an overview of the internal functions
75. September 2006 issue It s a milestone and I m sure the results of giving away a really useful item with the magazine will provide us with yet more inspira tion and zest they re catalysts really in the publication process we run every month for you Jan Buiting Editor IEKtOTF lasitironjiso 26 Elektor RFID Reader With this issue we re offering a free RFID card and description of a professional RFID reader for your own applications The design described here can both read from and write to all types of RFID card that are compatible with the MIFARE and ISO 14443 A interna tional standards 14 RFID Chips Greet the Future RFID labels can be used to mark racing N horses as well as containers Te e e an a a es te C a a a Ot scooters and perfume S packages Pass a ports and sporting event tickets can also be fitted with RFID chips The underlying technology is just as varied as the potential applications oe ee re f E a a a i TE Soa na E a a ee am he a i aa eee T ee a o a att i i E i r pe a Here is a project F that will make some on the dance floors very happy a DMX converter that will set you back just a few pounds i h a a a l q i I i 4 i q d The Delfi C3 satellite designed by undergraduates offers its transponder and even asks amateurs to
76. When recording is over the display shows the individual com mands either in hexadecimal or in the abbreviated form given in 2 The DiSEqC monitor is useful for test ing and tracking down control prob lems The circuit allows you to check whether the receiver is controlling satellite equipment such as a DiSEqC switch or LNB correctly Hardware The simplicity of the circuit in Figure 1 is a consequence of the fact that most of the functions of the unit are carried out in software by the PIC The few external components are responsible for the following functions e coupling of the signals of interest from the control bus coaxial cable e suppressing unwanted HF signals e user interface display and buttons e clock generation quartz crystal The connection to the control bus is via the two coaxial F connectors K1 and K2 Since these are connected directly together and because the low pass fil ter formed by L1 L2 and C1 presents a high impedance attenuation of the passed through HF signal is negligible The filter also removes the HF compo nent from the signal seen by the DiS EqC monitor The DC voltage of 14 V or 18 V present on the cable used to sup ply the LNB passes through the low pass filter to voltage regulator IC2 which produces the 5 V supply for the monitor circuit The LNB supply volt age of 14 V or 18 V is also checked by the PIC microcontroller and the status shown on LED D6 The potential d
77. a better appraisal of Jeroen s general approach to electronics ARMed for IDE and more Dear Jan In the April 2005 issue you asked for details of practical applica tions for the Elektor Electronics ARMee Development System use my board as a test bed for embedded code development and to test other hardware do a lot of long term tests logging the results over sever al hours or days To this end designed an IDE interface board inspired by a couple of similar designs in Elektor see photo can connect one or more hard disks a CDROM drive and a CF card wrote FAT and ISO fil ing system drivers all in all a very useful little system designed it in a way that allows more than one card to be plugged into the expan sion connector at the same time using a simple parallel bus so my setup actually consists of an ARMee board connected to a 4 slot back plane Then each card plugs into the backplane However haven t yet got round to making any other types of boards though do have a paper design for an I O card with A D D A relays more digital I O etc also thought of designing a completely new system with an ARM9 core on a board that plugs into the backplane This would be a much more flexible modular system which could be expanded March 2006 ref 050370 1 A small number of FPGA Prototyping Boards from the first production batch have six SMD electrolytic capacitors fit
78. ae T ET T Standard Subscription 11 issues Subscription Plus 11 issues plus the Elektor Volume 2006 CD ROM Offer available to Subscribers who have not held a subscription to Elektor Electronics during the last 12 months Offer subject to availability See reverse for rates and conditions Verification code paaano goo aoan oA Onoon SWITCH ONLY Stare daters A a A E EE AE cee Name Bsuenumbek tees ee E ee Address Post code Please send this order form to Elektor Electronics Publishing Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Tet SOOO Emal Brentford TW8 OHH United Kingdom un kl d gt ho G3 Date 2006 Signature Tel 44 0 208 261 4509 cross out what is not applicable Fax 44 0 208 261 4447 Internet www elektor electronics co uk ELO9 subscriptions elektor electronics co uk ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS P amp P CHARGES Except in the USA and Canada all orders except for subscriptions for which see below must be sent BY POST or FAX to our Brentford address using the Order Form overleaf On line ordering http www elektor electronics co uk Readers in the USA and Canada may but are not obliged to send orders except for subscriptions for which see below to the USA address given on the order form Please apply to Old Colony Sound for applicable P amp P charges Please allow 4 6 weeks for delivery Orders placed on our Brentford office must include P am
79. also have to set a larger clock delay value The system will then work as before In the Microcontroller Basics course we used two spe cial download tools for the AT89S8252 These have to be replaced for use with the AT89S8253 MicroFlash53 is the new programming tool specific to the AT89S8253 Figure 2 It allows hex or binary files up to 12 kbytes in size to be transferred The TASMEdit program was designed to allow easy pro gramming in assembler There is also a new version of this program TASMEdit53 for the AT89S8253 Figure 3 If you wish to write your own programming software you must use the new four byte protocol in place of the previ ous three byte protocol Also it is no longer possible to simply overwrite old bytes in memory with new since this 9 2006 elektor electronics Enhancements AT89 5253 versus AT89 85252 e 12 kbytes of flash memory instead of 8 kbytes e Doubled processing speed using X2 clock option e Power on reset function and brown out l l l l l l l e Page Mode for faster programming l l l l detection l e Supply voltage from 2 7 V to 5 5 V function is not available in the new block mode Instead the entire flash memory must be erased using a Chip Erase command before programming can commence After erasure the device must be reset and programming mode re entered On leaving the reset state a small delay is needed to allow the reset capacitor on the board
80. and noticed that his handwriting was barely legible In addition the writing was also exceed ingly slow From the idea that it should be possible to complete the activity of vandalising someone else s white board much faster the idea of the electronic stamp evolved The function of the felt pen is replaced in the electronic stamp by an inkjet cartridge This effect is created by moving the whole assembly across a piece of paper 9 2006 elektor electronics He fe cece eee eee ole Saisie ee ee eee eee eee ss bdslals olslalslslel gt s s1 bd bed Pe Ia je eiejeisieie rece tt d Te i n T N EN RT Seeeeeeoen Bteaeeeaaeeee m a ine EE D iii ee er ETLN SPE S ono i E The bottom side is witness to the experimental character of the circuit as well Printing without a printer An inkjet printer cartridge these days is an advanced sys tem with perhaps hundreds of nozzles A nozzle is a small hole from which a droplet of ink is fired The method of firing differs from manufacturer to manufacturer In the case of the Hewlett Packard HP cartridge that we use in this circuit the nozzles are operated thermally The print head consists of a slice of silicon where the nozzles are channels from the ink reservoir to the outside of the print head In the middle of each tube there is a micro resistor By running a relatively high current for a very short time times of only
81. ange 25ft on off 18 99 2ch 50ft version also available Light Dimmer 500W uses a Triac With LED Light Sensor with 5A 250V relay With LED Touch Switch 10A 240V Touch on touch off Voice control switch 7A 240V clap on clap off FK409 9 99 Water Pump Level Control with 7A 240V relay FK425 9 99 Electronic Code Switch amp relay 7A 240V 4 digit FK422 14 99 LED Flashing Kits Arrow Chasing Light 21 LED A simple but fun kit to build an LED pointing Arrow ideal for near exits or as an indicator 9 99 Os IE BIO 6 program 4 channel DC chasing light 12V 100W FK144 15 99 Electronic Windmill 25 LED adjustable speed FK153 9 99 4 way traffic light 12 LED How do they work FK148 9 99 Two Way Chasing Light 35 dot Uses LED display FK151 7 99 240V flasher 2CH 1400W adjustable speed FK 144 7 99 Two way V U Meter 10 LED Displays volume FK102 4 99 FK415 5 99 21 053 6 99 FK405 8 99 FK318 2 99 T Our Shop a Located in the city centre of Lichfield We are within easy reach from Birming ham All stock is carried on site and is on display If you have any questions our staff would be be happy to help Power Amplifier Kits 15 15W Power Amp This quality kit uses 2X TDA200SR IC s Includes heat syncs and full instructions Requires only a 12V power source 24 99 FK608 Power Amp OTL 30W Mono R1 Req 50VDC FK656 14 99 Power Amp BTL 15W Mono Re
82. ardware enthusiasts use their product as an Embedded Linux Distro one is working well enough to be of use and can be downloaded They seem to modify Linux for its own sake want a tool to control hardware hence my website Please keep the Jeroen Domburg projects coming but support a proper distro tool for use of those of us who solder The files on the USB stick can be modified without needing to change the router firmware from that published by Elektor Your author Jeroen Domburg led me into a new world of embedded Linux trouble is they are all experts out there and there is almost no basic tutorial for an absolute begin ner like me You should have printed a health warning But then may not have jumped and am glad did only think a few of us did though would love to see such a tutorial in Elektor At below 20 all in the Sweex etc are fantastic plat forms compared to the aver age micro board Pay Jeroen to build an Embedded Linux distro that addresses all the ports and is easy to customise avail able from your site 2 Graham by email and on EE Forum Glad to see that the article spurred you into learning a bit about embedded Linux Graham The monthly Modding amp Tweak ing pages supplied by Jeroen are currently among the most popu lar in our magazine See also Electroshack in the July August 9 2006 elektor electronics 2006 issue for
83. are m20 O75 060012 41 PIC16C745 programmed 6 90 12 95 NO 356 357 JULY AUGUST 2006 RC Servo Tester Exerciser 040172 11 Disk project software 5 20 9 75 040172 41 PIC16F84 A programmed 10 30 19 40 040172 71 Kit incl PCB controller all parts 22 70 42 85 Elektor RFID reader September 2006 Ready built and tested PCB with USB port for connection to the PC Including USB cable not including display and enclosure Read and write 13 56 MHz RFID cards MIFARE and ISO 14443 A compatible Programmable 060132 91 41 50 77 95 LC display 030451 72 7 25 13 65 Matching enclosure 060132 71 8 90 16 85 CD ROM all project software 060132 81 5 20 9 75 LED Thermometer 030190 11 Disk project software 030190 41 PIC16F873 20 SP programmed Toothbrush Timer 050146 11 Disk project software 050146 41 AT90S2313 10PC programmed Easy Home Control 050233 11 Disk project software 050233 41 PIC16F84 programmed Universal LCD Module 050259 11 Disk project software 050259 41 AT90S2313 programmed 1 Wire Thermometer with LCD 060090 11 Disk project software 060090 41 PIC16F84A 04CP programmed GBPLC Gameboy PLC 050190 1 2 PCBs bare GBPLC Module amp Programming Interface 050190 51 Programmed PAL EEPROM and Flash IC 050190 91 Ready built and tested GBPLC Module and Programming Interface GBPLC I2C I O Box 060098 1 PCB bare 060098 91 Ready built and tested board Binary Cl
84. around 2 5 Us The standard specifies the form of the pulses more precisely The chosen trans mission protocol fulfils sev eral requirements First the carrier is keyed off only briefly to ensure that the card continues to receive suffi cient energy on average In addition the bit clock can be recovered easily from the signal Now it s interesting to take a closer look at the waveform at the moment when the carrier is keyed off For this purpose we placed a card under the transmit coil and used a sniffer coil described in more detail below to view the waveform on an oscilloscope see Figure 2 and Figure 4 As our transmit coil is not accompanied by a capacitor to form a resonant circuit it can be keyed without generating overshoots or undershoots However an overshoot is clearly visible after the carrier is switched off left cursor line in Figure 4 when the transmit coil is close to the card This over shoot is generated by the resonant Circuit in the card Response If the REOA command is sent correctly and with sufficient power the card must naturally send a sequence of two bytes in reply Load modulation is used to send data back to the reader The card generates this modulation by intentionally increasing the load on the 9 2006 elektor electronics RST PDO PD1 PD2 PD3 PD4 PD5 PD6 ATTiny2313 xO Xl window 40mm x 50mm 1 turn 0 5 ECW 13 56MHz 060221 11 Figure 1 A simp
85. arpur Hill Business Park Buxton Derbyshire SK17 9JL Tel 01298 70012 Fax 01298 70046 email sales peakelec co uk web www peakelec co uk based products ATRO635 samples in 7 x 10 mm 96 pin BGA packages are avail able now Atmel and u blox offer a complete evaluation kit including ultra small footprint example design which helps to dramatically shorten development cycle times Further information may be found at www u blox com products atr0635 html 067192 5 Cool Blue 16x2 LCD illuminated white lettering can be seen in full daylight Makes projects stand out from the rest 9 95 Cool Blue 16x2 LCD fitted with the serial interface simple text commands can scroll display turn back light on off etc Very powerful 22 90 Serial LCD controller will control any HD44780 compatible displays eas or 4 lines up to 180 total characters fully software configurable auto E T EFE matic Baud rate etc Works from RS232 port USB to serial converter or directly from a microcontroller Simple two character text commands for full control Very small will fit behind the display Scrolling text macro facility and much more 11 00 Serial Analogue board General purpose 10 bit 3 analogue Digital Analogue _ inputs 2 digital I O input output Con all serially controlled verts serial text using simple 2 letter commands into digi text commands Analogue as percentage tal 1 O 4 digi
86. ay which operates when the ECU is operating in closed loop Kit supplied with PCB and all electronic components e Car must be fitted with air flow and EGO sensors standard on all EFI systems for full functionality Recommended box UB3 Picture shows Spray Controller fitted to the Display Kit KC 5422 3 00 post amp packing Simply add these few components to the Smart Fuel Mixture Display Kit KC 5374 shown above and reduce water consumption by up to two thirds Electronics MiKrociektronika MICROCONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT TOOLS core r pa F TH a Ce ie ee nnn ren sll z ol gt z i Ci r Make PIC development easy with the EasyPIC3 Starter Pack only 99 A development system designed to make developing and experimenting with PIC microcontrollers easy and ideally suited to beginners e High quality development experiment board with built in USB 2 0 pro grammer and useful I O devices e Can be powered from your PC s USB port or optional mains adapter e Compatible with Windows 98 ME NT4 2000 XP e Supports virtually all 8 14 18 28 and 40 pin PICmicro devices in the 10F 12F 16F and 18F families Built in I O devices include switches LEDs seven segment displays potentiometers and RS 232 interface e Connectors for character and graphic LCD modules DS1820 tempera ture sensor and USB and PS 2 interfaces e All I O lines available for off board expan
87. case it helps to shake the whole thing vigorously a few times watch out for splattered ink everywhere and to suck up the ink with a tissue from the head afterwards It certainly helps if the cartridge is stored with the print head facing downwards as much as possible 065116 1 Internet addresses 1 http sprite student utwente nl jeroen projects stempel 2 www elektor electronics co uk About the author Jeroen Domburgh is a student at Saxion Technical University in Enschede the Netherlands Jeroen is an enthusiastic hobbyist with an interests in microcontrollers electronics and computers On the monthly Modding amp Tweaking pages Jeroen shows his tinkering modifications and other interesting stuff for which usefulness and absolute safety are not requirements while no attempt is made to win a prize for beauty of the design Jeroen strives to create or modify circuits to achieve no more than the desired degree of functionality Forewarned is forearmed elektor electronics 9 2006 This Issue design your own application with our matching RFID Reader Next Issue demos trial versions fully functional programs Want to know everything each month SELECT YOUR OWN ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION AND RECEIVE A FREE 1W LUXEON LED TORCHLIGHT Fill out the Order Form with this issue today e kt 0 F Subscription rates and conditions may be found at the back of this issue t Pi Offer available to Subscribe
88. ce are also new types which have to be tested in the tough environment of space Delfi C3 is a great opportunity for both companies to test the theories of the drawing table in practice Technology Nanosatellites have little opportunity for energy genera tion There is very little room for batteries and scarcely any surface area for solar cells That is why the on board electronics has to be very extremely thrifty with energy The transceiver that is being developed by the Delfi C3 team has an antenna amplifier which operates with inte grated transformers in the negative feedback loop This allows the efficiency of the amplifier to be increased while trading off linearity This non linearity is then cor rected with negative feedback In this way an antenna amplifier has been created that has both greater effi ciency and better linearity This improved linearity is very important in satellites because multiple frequency bands are often used for the data traffic allowing more data to be transmitted Many of the electronic parts used are standard compo nents Everything works well by using these parts in clever ways The antennas for example are made from the same material as that used for a tape measure A few things to take into account are operating temperature range operation in a vacuum and radiation hardness For example electrolytic capacitors cannot be used in space tantalum capacitors have to be used instead Cos mic radiati
89. ched in Since CLKREG can only be accessed as an entire byte all eight bits must be written at once bits 1 to 7 are don t care It is sufficient to write the value 1 into the CLKREG register to switch the processor to double speed Figure 3 TASMedit53 exe Fah Te Shall Pe PS 58 4 O02 Fa OF rs GF FS MI M4 Fo Fo BO ee Fe ifi a 8015 CLEBEG 8 FEI a 07S Fila A aiet Fi tain CLKREG equ O8Fh pKa Dair mov a Ol1h mov CLKREG a X2 1 The maximum clock speed is 24 MHz If the X2 bit is set the crystal frequency should not exceed 12 MHz Since a crystal with a frequency of 11 0592 MHz is used on the flash microcontroller board the X2 bit can safely be set With just three extra lines of code every program can run twice as fast as before Supply voltage and brown out The new microcontroller operates from a supply voltage of between 2 7 V and 5 V The flash microcontroller board is based on a 5 V supply and so a microcon troller can be programmed and tested using the board and then transferred to target hardware with a lower supply voltage The reset circuit has been extended to include a power on reset function and so the reset capacitor can be dis pensed with When power is applied the processor auto matically enters the reset state for a millisecond In addi tion to the reset circuit is a brown out detection mechanism with a trigger threshold of 2 2 V As soon as the supply voltage falls b
90. com munications Skimming Undesirable use of an RFID label or contactless smart card Replay attack An unauthorised transaction generat ed by repeating a previous transmis sion obtained by eavesdropping Modified Miller coding Pulse position coding scheme in which specific pulses are omitted to save energy DES Data Encryption Standard a symmet ric encryption method for 8 byte data blocks with a key length of 56 bits 8 bytes without parity bits See the web links 3 DES Triple DES A standardized encryption method consisting of three DES loops for increased security with a key length of 112 bits or 168 bits see web links elektor electronics 9 2006 The Corn Exchange Conant St Lichfield Staffs WEB EJU Te O43 256684 E Mail saleselichfieldelectronics coh Lichfield Elec fronts Telephone kits Build Your Own Telephone This great kit lets you build a tone pulse phone With mic and ear piece no batteries required gm 28 99 A great kit to build and use Telephone In Use indicator Requires phone lead Telephone Interceptor Listen in on phone calls FK306 8 99 Telephone Radio Transmitter FM 88 108 Mhz FK320 8 99 10W Telephone Ringer drives bell or speaker not inc FK305 9 99 Phone Ring Signal 500W Flash a lamp when the phone rings 12 99 Dual Station Intercom with speakers FK313 10 99 Switch and control kits Infrared Remote Relay Control 1 10A Mains device by infrared Remote control R
91. d be improved Firstly the nozzles that have been used are not spread evenly across the cartridge It is however quite a lot of work to figure out exactly how to drive all the noz zles and the pins used here already produce a quite legi ble text Secondly the current consumption is not really suited to a little 9 V battery With long texts this battery is temporarily exhausted quite quickly It is of course possi ble to replace it with a 9 V NiCd or NiMH battery These have no problems delivering short duration current spikes Thirdly the text that the stamp produces is fixed defined by the code in the microcontroller With a little bit of work it can be changed to use the EEPROM instead and be made adjustable via for example a serial cable ATTiny2313 PBO PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4 PB5 2 HP51640M a type 40 ar x see text 065116 11 Figure 2 The circuit is not all that big and can easily be built on a prototyping board All this is not necessary for vandalising someone else s whiteboard and is left as an exercise for the reader The author is keen to see any improvements in the circuit or firmware so that others can also benefit from these The firmware source code and any potential updates are available for free downloading of course 1 and 2 Now a final remark inkjet cartridges are not really designed to be used continuously in the open air It can happen that the head becomes blocked with dried ink In that
92. data speed Each card chip has its own unique 7 byte serial number for anti cloning sup j o gt es port S i in 1 f 2 i i 9 S High data integrity 16 bit CRC parity bit coding bit counting 512 bit EEPROM organised in 16 pages of 4 bytes each 32 bits user definable OTP one time programmable area 384 bits User Area read write memory EEPROM READ ONLY function programmable by the reader unit Supports DESFire SAM Secure Access Module security system p T1 CI 1 a ad f Ue _ ede i _ ai E j mn fey ee 2 7 Ey i 4 i I Ar A HES oF Command set of the Mifare Ultralight IC For card activation compatible with ISO IEC Standard 14443 3A REQA WUPA ANTICOLLISION of Cascade Level SELECT of Cascade Level ANTICOLLISION of Cascade Level2 SELECT of Cascade Level2 HALT wearin rat For memory manipulation READ WRITE PATIBILITY WRITE ture This memory can be both read and written to by the mon reader Two lock bytes LockO and Lock1 enable individ ual pages of the application data memory and OTP Page to be frozen with the data still readable but no longer capable of alteration Byte Number Serial Number eT ee ee sno s s2 ommand set and card activation e SN3 The command set of the Mifare Ultralight card is fully eo eT BOGA e compatible with standard Mifare cards the latter how ever are equipped with larger EEPROM memories OTP OTPO OT
93. ded Haud Hate _ amino Han Fike c Prague irala Feadag SEikeaP FIFe es Meified Somisg Jun 28 S006 p1 a Sen ae L T F unuied Faih heck 0Sa Ba 1 I Emi F Gen binek checksums M kosem beteo cm ramea l l a l Develop your cen ash Hegt based epphcetones ung gu devpiaper g hed Figure 8 The free PC based Flash Magic program can program the LPC microcontroller over the USB interface of the Elektor Electronics RFID reader 32 to select a COM port as MIFARE Magic uses the D2XX driver internally Figure 6 shows the Terminal view of MIFARE Magic This mode emulates a VT100 terminal and displays all the characters sent by the LPC microcon troller over the FTDI interface The firmware in the LPC microcon troller defaults to terminal mode on power up As soon as the reader detects a new card within its field it activates the card The reader deter mines whether the card is a MIFARE UltraLight MIFARE 1K or MIFARE 4K The entire memory contents of the card are read out and displayed on the MIFARE Magic terminal For MIFARE 1K and 4K cards the standard MIFARE key is used If the card uses a different key the data stored in certain sectors will not be readable To use a different terminal program instead of MIFARE Magic such as HyperTerminal or the built in terminal in the LPC Flash Magic programming tool the VCP driver must be used and the terminal program must be told the number of the relevant COM p
94. design gateway com VariClock US 163 00 e Adjustable clock signal synthesizer e 3 rotary switches for frequency setting e Standard DIP pin arrangement e Support both 3V 5V by on board regulator VC250M14P Frequency range 25 400 MHz Frequency setting 1MHz step VC100M14P Frequency range 25 100 MHz Frequency setting 100 kHz step for 25 oo Ua 50 MHz 200 kHz step for more than 50 MHz 78 AVIT RESEARCH www avitresearch co uk USB has never been so simple with our USB to Microcontroller Interface cable Appears just like a serial port to both PC and Microcontroller for really easy USB connection to your projects or replacement of existing RS232 interfaces See our webpage for more details Only 29 99 inc vat BAEC http baec tripod com The British Amateur Electronics Club Archive Website Archiving extracts from 140 Newsletters from 1966 2002 Currently have interesting and useful selected articles from 12 Newsletters Also a section about built electronics projects with schematics and photos Plus useful info downloads and links NO ADVERTS COMPULOGIC LTD www compulogic co uk Internet Remote Control Starter Kit 139 99 Create a simple web based remote control interface for many applications e Miniature Web Server Module e Analogue Digital Module e PSU p e Manuals software example HTML code CONFORD ELECTRONICS http www confordelec co uk Lightweight portable battery mains audio unit
95. e A A cable in half and strip it The black wire is sol dered to the 0 V pad terminal 4 the red wire to the 5V pad terminal 1 the green wire to the D pad termi nal 3 and finally the white wire to the D pad terminal 2 You ll find that this bit of the construction requires some dexterity in handling the solder iron ib im l Mlo ee ug i a a EE ee eee l ee j a E in a 2 ee ee ee of le eel Gece el eed fee Gh ck Sel i TEI a a ee T E ii 1 r Sete ce gt a h ik a oe oe cles he ee 2 ae Ee i ai ie i os wi annir ai h j DEBAR Iiii II T m TE Figure 7 The purpose of the oGenlnt sys driver function is to shape the requests sent by the USB bus Gomes rea ao een eg a bah LP kh LS d iem D Fer ee m re ees a r herm arm tembr pee ie e mmrirrri Se m a Ealain ar aa n L pae p nup P ees e ee 2 pihi fee ee ee Ta ae E h F io i kio Sled quant 2a e ee pre aire Frist Gate eed Peale et Gee h Maasi Figure 5 If you are used to installing USB peripherals this type of screen should look familiar Figure 8 Settings screen in FreeStyler 73 SANSONE eani iaw kikar 10 Figure 9 The number of functions available in FreeStyler makes it quasi professional since there are no holes in the printed circuit The cable shielding is soldered to the connector strip The next step is to solder the circuit to the XLR connec tor fro
96. e this Figure 2 shows the assembled circuit in the test setup The bits sent from the reader to the card are transferred using a bit inter val for each bit of thi 128 f 9 439 us This yields a bit rate of 13 56 MHz 128 105 9375 kbit s That is close to 100 kbit s or 100 microseconds per bit Figure 3 shows how the individual bits are arranged Bit coding The bit interval t can be imagined to be divided into four equal intervals of approximately 2 5 us There are three possible waveforms within each bit interval which are designed X Y and Z With waveform X the carrier is briefly keyed off starting at the middle of the bit interval With Y the carrier is not keyed off and with form Z it is keyed off at the start of the bit inter val A logic 1 is indicated by waveform X The first zero of a sequence of logic 0 bits is coded using the Y wave elektor electronics 9 2006 Reader Mesterdass RID decodin form and the successive zeros are coded using the Z waveform A series of bits always starts with Z as the start sequence and ends with a zero bit followed by Y the details are given in the standard The REOA command con sists of 7 bits and has the value 025H in hexadecimal notation The bits of each byte are transmitted with the least significant bit first That yields the waveform shown in Figure 3 Here the carrier is keyed off for approximately one quarter of the bit inter val which means
97. e e Lor Ma ee Le ie Fe Ce ia i 9 2006 elekor electronics 55 GORY MICROCONTROLLERS Burkhard Kainka MICROCONTROLLER Burkhard Kainka The popular AT89S 8252 Flash Micro controller Board published in the December 2001 issue of Elektor Elec tronics was developed for the Micro controller Basics course Since then many thousands of the boards have been built First the bad E wW _ news Atmel have made u en gt the AT89S8252 obsolete iiin But now the good news A x mE not only is the pin compati OW m nrAgeaoes ble AT89S8253 a drop in Fi replacement but it even offers enhancements over its predecessor 0519 ij F F EE E E a ee caidas To LS P Perm IE 56 elektor electronics 9 2006 icrocontroller Board The most significant improvements are a larger flash memory a page mode for faster programming and the option of a factor of two increase in processing speed The table gives an overview of the new features A first test to show that we can replace the AT89S8252 with the AT89S8253 is as follows take the 52 series microcontroller out of its socket insert the 53 series device program it with the old firmware and start it run ning Everything should work exactly as before There is a small difference between the two devices regarding the crystal oscillator A reduced lower supply voltage threshold and a new power saving mode ha
98. e print head itself consists of two rows of holes Each row of holes has four sectors And each sector has its own power supply pin When 20 V is applied to this the nozzles in that sector can be activated Whether they actually do this depends on the nozzle inputs When a positive voltage is applied an actual drop of ink will come out of the nozzle If no voltage is applied to the nozzle input then nothing hap pens Figure 1 shows the positions of the various inputs Voltage The remainder of the circuit consists of nothing more than a microcontroller ATTiny2313 some electronics to ensure smooth communication with the cartridge a DC DC converter to generate the required 20 V for the nozzles a 78LO5 for the power supply for the microcon troller and a 9 V battery as a power supply see Fig ure 2 The DC DC converter consists of L1 D1 T1 C4 R1 and the PWM hardware of the microcontroller These parts together form a simple boost converter This works as follows The microcontroller attempts to keep the voltage at PD6 at 2 5 V It does this by making the pulses it generates on PD5 longer or shorter These pulses cause T1 to conduct which results in a current through L1 When T1 blocks that current continues to flow for a short time due to L1 C4 is now charged via D1 The current that flows into C4 allows the voltage across C4 to be higher than the power supply voltage This voltage is divided via R1 and supplied to PD6 In th
99. ed companies the ability to upload details of their own seminars and training make lots of trips to swap ter minators The Atlas IT will automati cally power down after a period of inactivity so you ll never for get to switch it off Measuring just 103mm x 7Omm x 20mm the Atlas IT fits in the palm of your hand or could even happily dangle from a net work socket When it s not in use it can be stored safe and sound in the supplied custom machined carry case along with your accessories terminators cables and a spare battery The Atlas IT is available from many distributors including Far nell and Maplin as well as directly from the manufacturer reduced power needs and builtin features such as the ANTARIS 4 USB port Its high tracking sensi tivity of 158 dBm allows for weak signal tracking in urban canyons and even indoors The 96 pin ball grid array single chip has an excellent cost per formance ratio due to needing only a few external components The ATRO635 also brings bene fits such as simplified chipset integration which accelerates design projects for ANTARIS 4 days the database aims to build into a definitive listing of technol ogy events and a valuable resource for electronics engi neers in every country through out Europe 067192 3 www techeventguide com for 89 00 fully inclusive of UK delivery and VAT 067 192 2 Peak Electronic Design Limited Atlas House H
100. ed in excess of 95 The result is that this tester is a good way of checking that your charger is doing what it is required to do It is point less getting higher and high er capacity cells if your charger is not fully charging them Geoff Moore UK The article produced a good response and other readers have informed that it has enabled them to once and for all sort out ongo ing problems in the battery department MailBox Terms Publication of reader s correspon dence is at the discretion of the Editor Viewpoints expressed by corres pondents are not necessarily those of the Editor or Publisher Correspondence may be translated or edited for length Clarity and style When replying to Mailbox correspondence please quote Issue number Please send your MailBox correspondence to editor elektor electronics co uk or Elektor Electronics The Editor 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH England LTO ATC NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS Compact varifocal camera deView has launched its new Var ifocal Day Night IR Bullet camera to meet the demand for high per formance compact cameras Claimed an excellent choice for active monitoring and surveil lance programs the varifocal Sony 1 3 inch CCD compact compensation The 480 TV line colour camera is equipped to operate in various light condi tions automatically switching from colour images to high sen sitivity monochrome mode in
101. ed when the ratio of resistor S to the left of the wiper and Rx is the same as the ratio of the resis tors below and above the wiper of W In that state the posi tion of W in combination with that of S returns the value of Rx It s a marvel of simplicity and ingenuity Inside we can see the wirewound resistors connected to decade switch W right hand photo It all imparts a sense of reliability and craftsmanship we can almost see the electrons rush round with the naked eye It s all very different from the latest SMD boards made by robots The old clich has to be said at this point they don t make them like this any more Is there still a place in the world of modern electronics for an instrument such as this The principle is still in use but with servo circuits that determine the resistance automatically There is probably a niche for this instru ment in high end audio owners of ultra pure platinum doped cop per loudspeaker cables can make sure that the resistance of the left and right hand cables is identical giving an even better stereo reproduction l Il be using it for my own projects which can t tell you about just yet 065062 1 Web links and literature 1 www alte messtechnik de 2 www jogis roehrenbude de Retronics is a monthly column covering vintage electronics including legendary Elektor designs Contributions suggestions and requests are welcomed please send an email to edito
102. eer and designed to allow rapid entry of complex schematics for simulation and PCB Layout A customised implementation of the Industry standard Berkeley SPICE 3F5 engine with extensive optimisations and enhancements for true mixed mode simulation and circuit animation The worlds first and best schematic based microcontroller co simulation software Proteus VSM allows you to simulate the interaction between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or digital electronics connected to it This streamlines the project lifecycle and obviates the need for expensive hardware analysis tools A modern and professional layout package which seamlessly integrates with the ISIS capture software Features such as autoplacement and autorouting interactive DRC and an intuitive interface all serve to maximise productivity and reduce time to market ABLE TH TH CONTACT US NOW A technology pioneer in the EDA industry since 1986 to discuss requirements or Technical support direct from the program authors request a FREE evaluation copy Flexible packages and pricing tailored to customer requirements Tel 01756 753440 Fax 01756 752857 Email info labcenter co uk Jabcenter co uk Electronics Labcenter Electronics Lid 53 55 Main Street Grassington North Yorks 8023 SAA Registered in England 4692454
103. either in stand alone mode using the LCD module or i 9 2006 elektor electronics HANDS ON MICROCONTROLLERS K2 C29 E P1 ookoo ooo okoo ooko oo si a O Eai e e Efe O VOoecsssoo000ss I ready populated and tested Instruc tions are also provided for building the unit into the suggested enclosure which we can also supply The two jumpers on the reader board JP1 and JP2 are not fitted for normal operation Assuming the LCD module is connected to the reader board the unit is ready for operation as soon as power is applied and the serial num ber of any RFID card within range of the reader s antenna will appear on the display If the display appears blank the contrast should be adjusted using P1 To use the reader with a USB connec tion to a PC the free CMD FDTI USB driver must be downloaded from the Elektor Electronics website This par ticular driver is required because the FT232R contains the Elektor Electron ics Vendor ID and Product ID When the RFID reader is connected to the PC using the supplied USB cable Windows will automatically detect the new USB device The freshly down loaded driver should be selected for the unit If problems arise the Instal lation Guide on the FTDI website www ftdichip com can be consulted for assistance this guide is also appli cable to the modified driver Installing the CMD FTDI driver installs both the D2XX direct and VCP
104. ektor Electronics website For instance 80 of the participating readers assumed that RFID tags will make their everyday lives easier but an equally large percentage thought that personal privacy and data protection are threatened Perhaps the high level of insecurity arises from the fact that radio based identification cannot be seen or heard just like electros mog The possibility that an RFID responder that you RFID Chips Greet t Renke Bienert RFID labels can be used to mark racing horses as well as containers scooters and perfume packages Passports and sporting event tickets can also be fitted with RFID chips The underlying tech nology is just as varied as the potential applications may be carrying whether or not you are aware of it could be read out by a government authority a company or an avid hacker is thus a fear that must be confronted by the manufacturers of this technology This fear is also fed by horror stories such as the story that a security company ordered its employees to have RFID chips implanted under their skin However as with nearly all innovations the entire technol ogy should not be condemned based on a few particular applications Besides that there is certainly more than one form of RFID Consequently the simultaneous appearance of media reports on RFID viruses and 2006 World Cup tickets or passports fitted with RFID chips does not necessarily mean malicious programs will spread v
105. elow 2 2 V the device is reset This gives good reliability without the need for an exter nal voltage monitor Conclusion The new microcontroller is a significant upgrade to the popular Elektor Electronics Flash Microcontroller Board It is compatible with all its predecessor s functions and with the programming course without modifications An impor tant aspect is security of supply since the new microcon troller has only just been introduced it should with luck be some years before it becomes obsolete itself 060052 1 Downloads The most recent version of AtmellSP can be downloaded from the FAQ page for the Microcontroller Basics course book www b kainka de basismifaqg htm site in German only The modified programming software for the Microcontroller Basics course to suit the AT89S8253 can be downloaded from the Elektor Electronics website as file number 06005 2 11 zip Follow Magazine April 2006 Upgrade for Flash Microcontroller Board elektor electronics 9 2006 Elektor Electronics Publishing Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH e United Kingdom lektor lectronics Telephone 44 0 208 261 4509 Order now using the Order Form in Fax 44 0 208 261 4447 the Readers Services section in this issue Email sales elektor electronics co uk JEJ geo NU a om leole KCERI AEE IE E O EEA Build your own Audio Valve Amplifiers To many people the therm
106. espond only to the commands REQA Request or WUPA WakeUp to avoid disturbing any communication between the reader and another card A valid REQA or WUPA command causes the card to respond with the ATQA Block Answer to Request and enter the READY 1 state All the time that a reader unit has not received an ATQA Block it sends a REQA or WUPA command every 5 ms as it searches polls for new cards in its reader field When the reader picks up an ATQA Block it begins the anti collision process by sending the first ANTI COLLISON1 command ensuring that each card within range of the reader is handled individually without data corruption for other transactions in progress A more detailed description of this ingenious operation can be found in the Philips product description at http www semiconductors philips com acrobat_down load other identification MO28630 pdf For further information on the Mifare RFID family visit the Philips website www semiconductors philips com products iden tification mifare and the open Mifare Forum http mifare net 060132 2 RFID chip card with printed antenna Up to now techniques used for implementing antennas on RFID chip cards have had serious shortcomings from a manu facturing point of view The antennas themselves employ either wound or inlaid wires or else are etched in copper Both processes impose limits on production throughput and require additional production equipment Opportunit
107. f several components is only as good as the security of the weakest link in the system There is thus lit tle point in encrypting the data in the card if it is possible to eavesdrop on a communication session and then simu late a new session However effective methods for pro tecting against this form of attack and several other forms of attack are available see the Replay inset 060204 1 RFID glossary Tagging Capturing tags including RFID tags ISO International Organization for Standardization IEC International Electrotechnical Commission International standard for a contact ISO IEC 14443 less smart card interface with a maxi mum range of 10 cm and an operat ing frequency of 13 56 MHz l l l i l l l l l I l i l l l l PCD Proximity Coupling Device a trans ceiver for contactless smart cards l l l l l l l l l I i i l l l l L complaint with ISO IEC 14443 PICC Proximity Chip Card a contactless smart card complaint with ISO IEC 14443 ISO IEC 15693 International standard for a contact less label interface with a maximum range of 1 5 m at 13 56 MHz ISO IEC 18000 6 International standard for a contact less label interface with a maximum range of 3 7 m operating in the UHF band and or at 2 45 GHz UHF Ultra High Frequency in this case frequencies in the 862 956 kHz band Eavesdropping Undesirable listening in on RFID
108. f this is that these signals can briefly assume an incorrect level if the input signals have different path delays That phenomenon appears in the sim ulation in the form of short pulses The technical term for these short pulses is glitches Shift registers The incoming and outgoing data are read in and pushed out by shift regis ters On each rising edge of the BCK signal the contents of the SHIFTIN register are shifted left by one position The incoming data is stored in bit 0 The transmit shift register SHIFTOUT operates in a similar manner It shifts the bits by one position on each falling edge of BCK The most significant bit of this shift register is also the serial data output LOWPASS 500 Hz BANDPASS 1 kHz 4kHz 060025 4 13 Figure 3 The characteristics of the various filter sets 62 Each time a new set of samples must be transmitted this shift register is loaded using the R_IN and L IN sig nals The contents of the receive shift register are also loaded into the LEFT OUT and RIGHT OUT registers Interface At the same time the NEW_SAMPLE output is set high for one clock inter val This signal indicates that a new set of samples has arrived The periph eral logic can use this signal to process the new data Data must be applied to the inputs of the RIGHT _IN and LEFT IN inputs in order to be transmitted A high level at the LOAD input causes the data on
109. flexible tim 106 kbit s in both ing which means the directions optionally PED Promy Coupling Device reader card can request extra as high as eee time for execution of a 847 5 kbit s The command defines an error handling procedure error detection and correction reader on the pri mary side Con deri ort elektor electronics 9 2006 guarantees internationally unique product numbers which represent a sort of electronic barcode Smart cards Personal responders impose different technical require ments In this case the responders are generally referred to as smart cards instead of tags With a smart card the user must always actively initiate a read write process by bringing the card close to a transceiver A large operating range is not only unnecessary in this case it is also undesirable Unauthorised reading of the data can be prevented by design by keeping the operat ing range as small as possible The standardized inter face for contactless smart cards ISO IEC 14443 thus defines the technical parameters such that the maximum possible range is limited to 10 cm see inset However it may be necessary to exchange relatively large amounts of data in this case up to several kilo bytes and suitable data security is naturally required as well The contactless interface is designed to supply energy to suitable microcontrollers embedded in smart cards and transfer relative lar
110. g both wired and wireless The CD ROM contains specifications stan dards and protocols of com mercially available bus and network systems For develo pers there are datasheets of course of the book the reader gradually develops specific components and various items with increased competence in converting his or her application data End users and hobbyists will ideas into microcontroller circuitry find ready made applications that can be used immediately Visual Basic 12 95 US 22 90 for Electronics Engineering Applications This book is targeted towards those people that want to control existing or home made hardware from their computer After familiarizing yourself with Visual Basic its development environment and the toolset it offers are discussed in detail Each topic is accompanied by clear ready to run code and where necessary schematics are provided that will get your projects up to speed in no time ECD Edition 3 Elektors Components Database gives you easy access to design data for over 5 000 ICs more than 35 000 transistors FETs thyristors and triacs just under 25 000 diodes and 1 800 optocouplers All data bank applications are fully interactive allowing the user to add edit and complete component data 14 95 US 26 50 Visual Basic Robotics A large collection of data sheets software tools tips tricks and Internet links to assorted robot constructions and general technica
111. g while 1 Updates will be reported on the news pages of the website and in the maga zine under Corrections and Updates The LPC on the reader board can be programmed directly over the USB port using the free PC program Flash Magic see Figure 8 This program from Embedded Systems Academy www esacademy com and sponsored by Philips www semiconductors com supports a range of Philips microcon trollers Both jumpers JP1 and JP2 must be fit ted on the reader board before the LPC microcontroller can be programmed Interested readers will find a detailed discussion of how to program the device on the Elektor Electronics web site along with a list of all the MIFARE UltraLight reader and card commands The reader firmware was developed using the Keil mVision3 C compiler for the LPC microcontroller All the com mands necessary for developing dedi cated applications are made available as functions and so it is not necessary to deal directly with the individual reg isters of the MF RC522 The listing shows the code necessary to activate a MIFARE UltraLight card and read a data block The data will be transmitted using the serial interface of the microcontroller As mentioned above the PC reader mode of the LPC firmware allows a PC appli cation to invoke card func tions Using this mode function invoca tion is done Pm lektor using a very sim lektyur ple serial protocol to communicate wit
112. g for ARM microcontrollers love electronics Dr Amar Bousbaine Tim Wilmshurst School of Technology CD ROM For price and ordering details please visit the SHOP section of the Publishers website Conclusion The low cost and high processing power of the ARM core is making it one of the most popular processors in industry today Whilst many hobbyists and small companies have yet to start using ARMs the ATMEL device dis cussed here has so many benefits to offer that we think it will not be long before ARMs are one of the most popu lar processors for our readers too 065069 1 Reference 1 ARM Development System Elektor Electronics April and May 2005 Advertisement pur UNIVERSITY AAN of DERBY Yes to all of these For people who love electronics taught by people who Part time and full time study modes available Flexible entry qualifications with recognition of current experience Easy upgrades from HNC to HND to BSc Honours Final Year options give specialist training in key topics like digital signal processing embedded systems EMC or power electronics For further details view http vertigo derby ac uk and email or phone a bousbaine derby ac uk 01332 591760 OR t j wilmshurst derby ac uk 01332 591350 University of Derby Kedleston Road Derby DE22 1GB UK AN items are available separately Call now ea Noe nee mended Geacers mid i Giese tel 020 8450 0995 a na rp a ee ee LT eS Ce
113. ge data volumes at rates up to several hundred kilobits per second Sample applica tions include the new electronic passport see the web links and electronic tickets for local public transport sys tems like Oyster on the London Underground Which frequency for what Contactless smart cards generally operate at 13 56 MHz and typically employ the ISO IEC 14443 standard see inset The Mifare technology described in the RFID reader project in this issue is the most widely used tech nology worldwide for smart card RFID applications Selecting the right frequency is more complicated for tag ging applications As indicated in the table various fac tors come into play at different frequencies The influence of water is negligible at very low frequencies but it increases at high frequencies As water absorbs a lot of energy at 2 45 GHz for example it is better to choose 135 kHz for systems that must work under conditions of high relative humidity In a metallic environment such as with an RFID tag on a beer keg it is better to select a low frequency or design a UHF tag with a suitable antenna Antenna design for tags that use inductive coupling is easier than for high frequency tags On the other hand UHF tags have a larger theoretical range which is essen tially limited only by statutory provisions Naturally the number of tags that can be read per second is higher at relatively high frequencies due to the greater available bandwid
114. h the program running a RFID status 1S014443 Request WUPA amp bATQ if status STATUS SUCCESS continue status 18014443 Anticoll Levell 0 amp abSNR 0 i1f status STATUS_SUCCESS continue Status 1S014443 Select Levell amp abSNR O amp bSAK if status STATUS SUCCESS continue Check if UID is complete if bSAK amp 0x04 0x04 UID not complete status 1S014443 Anticoll Level2 0 amp abSNR 4 if status STATUS_SUCCESS Continue status 18014443 Select Level2 amp abSNR 4 amp bSAK if status STATUS SUCCESS continue Read UltraLight Block 0 3 status Read 0 abDataBuffer a eee ee eee in the microcontroller Visit Elektor Elektuwr 77 When the function has at electronica 2006 been executed the N and win with this cord response is returned to the Ciel Mevena 14 1771 f 1 Holl AS Sond ASSI PC The naming and parame bala waw eka coya ters of the functions are identi cal in the PC software and in the microcontroller firmware The source code for the PC based MIFARE Magic program and for the microcontroller software can be downloaded for free from the Elektor Electronics website 060132 1 9 2006 elektor electronics 33 CST ee Experimental RFID Martin Ossmann After the first sample Mifare cards were received in our editorial office there was a lively discussion about whet
115. he ARM s ultra low power consumption and huge processing power and you will find ARM cores in your iPod and Gameboy Advanced 54 several rows of standard PCB headers with 0 1 inch pin spacing so that it can be placed on to project boards and effectively used as a component in its own right making the technology readily usable in a range of projects The Atmel AT91SAM7S128 on the daughter board is programmed with a custom made bootloader program and a Windows application which allows you to easily download binary files into the device via USB onto the mother board The E blocks motherboard has five E blocks ports presenting the I O lines on the rugged 9 way sub D type connectors a power supply input and a USB connector The connections on these ports are optimised so that users can take advantage of the 25 E blocks downstream boards which con tain a range of peripherals from simple LED boards to more complex system modules like Bluetooth IrDA and CAN bus All E blocks and related products may be found in the SHOP section of www elektor electronics co uk Learning ARM programming Finally anew CD ROM called C Pro gramming for ARM Microcontrollers has been developed which provides you with a C compiler an Integrated Development Environment and an on screen full course on programming the ARM device The course is a key ele ment of this package which is part tutorial and part off the shelf design elemen
116. her any information could be extracted from these RFID cards using simple resources Hardly anyone could imagine that a reader could be built without using a special reader IC But it can be done and with a commonly available microcontroller to boot This article describes the protocols and coding in detail The software for this project is thus quite suitable for use in your own designs The readily available Atmel ATmega16 is used as the processing unit It is easy to program via the ISP interface using public domain tools such as the AVR Studio development environment the WinAVR compiler and the PonyProg programming adapter refer to the Mini ATmega Board article in the May 2006 issue of Elektor Electron ics The experimental reader described here can also be upgraded to read ISO 15693 cards Such cards are frequently used for applications such as product identification Un available information The first question is how to obtain the information you need to design your own reader The definitive reference is of course the ISO standard but it is not exactly cheap However ISO docu ments pass through the public Final Committee Draft FCD stage before being designated as official standards with the result that they are partially available on the Internet It also helps a lot if you have an operating reader available for making measurements Here the author would like to express his special thanks to Mr Schalk at
117. i ue of Elektor Electro ja 1es with a free RFID card V k your card contains a num s it to a fantastic prize ber umber sequence and the extra found in the colophon on page 6 u together with the prize winning hexade number Our add The card is returned secured to the front cover of this magazine Inside the flat plastic card hides an electronic circuit sisting of a More prizes waiting a ectronica 2006 printed antenna and an integrated circuit Each Philips There are even more prizes than the ones shown on these MIFARE Ultralight IC contains a unique sequence of 14 hexadecimal numbers 7 bytes which are read only i e cannot be changed see The Elektor RFID Card on page 22 The UID number may win a prize if you are able to read it Among the prizes we ve gathered for our RFID Card Quest are a plasma TV set and a versatile DVD recorder Read the card and win So there s the excitement and tension all you have to do now is participate in the quest Simply read the number stored on your card using an RFID reader unit You may want to build one yourself see the design on page 26 Alternatively get in touch with a fellow Elektor reader and use his her Card Reader Additional information concerning our RFID Card Quest will appear soon on the Internet at www elektor com rfid The winning hex numbers need to be completed however by an extra number which is easily found
118. ia your passport or admission ticket that in the future see also the web links at the end of this article RFID in a nutshell First a brief explanation of the terminology the RF in RFID stands for using radio frequencies to transmit data and possibly also energy The term ID can refer to a variety of applications ranging from simply reading num bers to encrypted data exchange or complicated compu tations for verifying the authenticity of an identification document A RFID system normally consists of a trans ceiver or reader and a number of RFID responders which are sometimes called tags transponders a elektor electronics 9 2006 he Future wrong use of the term or simply cards It s also necessary to make a distinction between active and passive responders Active responders are powered by batteries while passive responders take their operat ing power from the field emitted by the transceiver Here we limit our attention to passive responders because they are smaller and cheaper than active responders and thus far more significant for everyday applications Coupling methods Three different types of coupling can be used for data transmission between the responder and the reader capacitive inductive and electromagnetic with the latter being important at relatively high frequencies Capacitive coupling employs the electrical field and is limited to a small transfer range It
119. ies for cost reduction using this approach are difficult to find since the process itself is relatively static The RFID card given away with this issue of Elektor Electronics who else is produced by German company ACG using an entirely new technology the printed antenna In this application the antenna layout is imprinted onto a PVC carrier film in a special silver paste using standard screen printing techniques The special silver paste is a viscous printable base carrier containing metallic silver particles that remain conductive once the paste has solidified and allow electric currents to pass through this layer A similar process is used in the automotive industry for applying electric heater ele ments onto rear window glass A patented technology enables the contacts and terminals to be connected to the chip module The print layout of the antenna can be varied for each type of chip and module and is easily adapted The only redesign necessary is to the silk screen print material Contact is made to the chip module and the finalised card is laminated using holding strips and a plastic overlay foil The printed antenna offers many advantages Speed of production is far higher than with wire wound antennas Several different printed antenna types can be manufactured simulta neously raising production throughput significantly Printed antennas also avoid the environmental disadvan tages of etching with the vari ety of chemicals
120. il subscriptions elektor electronics co uk Rates and terms are given on the Subscription Order Form Head Office Segment b v PO Box 75 NL 6190 AB Beek The Netherlands Telephone 31 46 4389444 Fax 31 46 437016 Distribution Seymour 2 East Poultry Street London ECIA England Telephone 44 0 207 429 4073 UK Advertising Huson International Media Cambridge House Gogmore Lane Chertsey Surrey KT 16 9AP England Telephone 44 0 1932 564999 Fax 44 0 1932 564998 Email relgar husonmedia com Internet www husonmedia com Advertising rates and terms available on request International Advertising Frank van de Raadt address as Head Office Email advertenties elektuur n Advertising rates and terms available on request Copyright Notice The circuits described in this magazine are for domestic use only All drawings photographs printed circuit board layouts programmed integrated circuits disks CD ROMs software carriers and article texts published in our books and magazines other than third party advertisements are copyright Segment b v and may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including pho tocopying scanning an recording in whole or in part without prior written permission from the Publishers Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature Patent protection may exist in respect of circuits devices co
121. implements an audio filter Communication with the codec takes place via the previously described PCM3006 VHD core The samples are processed in the FIR VHD code segment The filter oper ates on the FIR principle FIR stands for finite impulse response Filters of this sort are often used in digital sig nal processing In a FIR filter the passband character istics are determined by a set of parameters called coefficients These coefficients can be modified as desired in Quartus Just as in the previous instalment the Memory Content Edi tor is the tool for that purpose The coefficients are stored in the memory segment named COEF The memory segment named IN holds the most recent 128 audio samples Several hex files with coefficients are CORDIC available for the project so you can easily try out various filters The charac teristics of the various filter sets are shown in Figure 3 Signal generator The final example ex12 implements a simple sinewave generator It prod ucts sinusoidal signals on the out puts The signal on the right channel lags the signal on the left channel by 90 degrees The sinusoidal signals are generated using an arithmetic unit that can com pute sine and cosine values This unit needs an angle phase and an ampli tude mag for this purpose The unit then calculates the corresponding X cosine and Y sine values The arithmetic unit uses the CORDIC algorithm
122. ionic valve or electron tube is history However whether it is nostalgia interest in the technical parameters the appeal of a gleaming amplifier chassis with softly glowing valves or perhaps the firm con viction that the sound of a valve cannot be bettered it is a fact that the valve is making a come back This book con tains apart from construction projects for preamplifiers power amplifiers and amplifiers for musical instru ments information on the operation of electron tubes while the first chapter gives a short history of the valve Modern High end Valve Amplifiers Valve amplifiers are regarded by many to be the ne plus ultra when it comes to processing audio signals The com bination of classical technology and modern components has resulted in a revival of the valve amplifier The use of toroidal core output transformers developed by the author over the past 15 years has contributed to this revi val This book explains the whys and wherefores of toroidal output transfor mers at various tech nical levels and offers innovative solutions for achieving perfect audio quality ISBN 0 905705 39 4 253 Pages 15 55 US 31 00 ISBN 0 905705 63 7 264 Pages 25 95 US 52 00 Build your own High End Audio Equipment The name high end equipment is a good indication of the prices charged for it For those who cannot or will not pay these high prices there is a solution offered in this book build yo
123. is thus rather insignifi cant in practice Inductive coupling uses a magnetic field to transfer energy and data with a coil being used as an antenna Figure 1 Systems operating at 125 or 135 kHz as well as at 13 56 MHz are in widespread use The choice of these specific frequencies has nothing to do with the technology but is instead based on legisla tion that makes these frequencies available for RFID applications Applications using inductive coupling are already quite common At high frequencies such as 434 MHz 862 956 MHz and 2 45 GHz the coupling is no longer purely induc tive or capacitive because the wavelength is small rela tive to the size of the components In this case propaga tion of electromagnetic fields through space is used to transmit energy and data Tagging A basic distinction is made between object related and personal applications In the former case the responder takes the form of a label attached to an object see Fig ures 2 and 3 Such responders attached to goods are often called RFID tags or RFID labels Logistics specialists may want to know when an object is at a certain location Using RFID tags data for all deliv ered pallets and cartons can be acquired automatically when the goods are delivered That makes it easier to keep track of inventory helps reduce shrinkage due to theft and facilitates distinguishing genuine goods from counterfeits The largest possible reading range a
124. is way the microcontroller regulates the voltage across C4 to a set value R1 is used to adjust the voltage across C4 to the required 20 V Start with the potentiometer in the centre position and turn towards the ground connec tion to increase the voltage to 20 V The power supply for the microcontroller is handled by the 78LO5 and the necessary decoupling capacitors around it Control In addition to the PWM logic that is programmed into the microcontroller there is also a simple character generator built in Even though it is possible to obtain quite a high resolution 32 nozzles are being controlled the font uses just 8x8 pixels per character This low resolution was deliberate because there is only 2 k of flash ROM avail able in the microcontroller By selecting a microcontroller with more ROM a better font could be used A consider able amount of rummaging through the junkbox was involved for this project and unfortunately the author did not have a bigger microcontroller on hand The characters are generated based on a small sentence in the flash ROM These are then sent to the nozzles The sectors are made active one by one and when a sector is active only one nozzle is activated The reason that this is done for each individual nozzle is that the print head would otherwise create a local vacuum for itself This would result in temporarily no ink from the print head By changing the nozzles the nozzles that are not driven a
125. ivider formed by R1 and R2 scales the 14 V or 18 V to 2 3 V or 3 0 V for the comparator input RAO on pin 17 Out put RAS pin 2 drives LED D6 which lights if the voltage on the coaxial cable is 18 V Half the supply voltage or 2 5 V appears on RAZ the reference output of the comparators pin 1 The poten tial divider formed by R4 and R3 reduces this to 2 34 V at the input to comparator 2 RA1 pin 18 The 22 kHz signal is also coupled to this input via capacitor Cb When a 22 kHz signal is present output RA4 pin 3 drives LED D5 as well as generating an interrupt on every rising edge via the connection to input RBO pin 6 The LCD module is driven in 4 bit mode using data outputs RB4 to RB7 and control signals on RB2 and RB3 Buttons 1 to 4 are read in multi plexed fashion using input RB1 and the LCD data lines with diodes D1 to D4 preventing operation of the buttons from interfering with the display Quartz crystal X1 may be replaced by elektor electronics 9 2006 a 4 MHz ceramic resonator if desired in this case C9 and C10 may be dis pensed with Bits and bytes As already noted the 22 kHz signal which has a nominal amplitude of 0 65 Vop is amplitude modulated to encode DiSEqC commands A data bit on the bus is formed as follows 0 bit 1 0 ms 22 kHz signal followed by 0 5 ms pause 1 bit 0 5 ms 22 kHz signal followed by 1 0 ms pause Each data bit thus lasts 1 5 ms A data byte
126. k nl Winning numbers 04B77359EE0280 and OABE9929EE0280 both plus extra number 21 HANDS ON MICROCONTROLLERS c c fes c lt 22 The Elektor Electronic Contactless transaction card u MIFARE Ultralight IC RF Interface By Gerhard H Schalk The free 13 56MHz RFID smart card given away with this issue is designed around the Mifare Ultralight IC MFO IC 01 the smallest member of the Mifare product family from Philips Semiconductors Key applications of lekto jektuur ur Visit Hektor I o at electronica ynich Nov mber 14 17 al Hall A5 aay sy conv ctid this IC are public transport passes loyalty cards and entry into W tickets for special events Its advantages over older tech nologies such as magnetic stripe cards are greater user friendliness increased security shorter transaction time lower maintenance costs and fewer terminal equipment errors The heart of the RFID smart card is a silicon chip that is thin enough to be embedded inside a piece of plastic or paper Once encapsulated in a usable form it is known as a module Even the smallest member of the Mifare family provides comprehensive functionality as the block diagram in Figure 1 shows The Mifare Ultralight Card IC comprises a 512 bit EEPROM read write memory an RF interface and control logic with command interpreter Digital Control Unit Anticollision EEPROM Interface Command Interprete
127. key is that it is based on random numbers which means a new key is used in each session That effectively defends against replay attacks to do this is to assign each RFID tag a unique identifica tion number UID The UID is stored in unalterable form in the memory of the RFID by the chip manufacturer and thus provides a basic form of protection against copying Secret keys The next step is to us this method to protect writeable or rewriteable memory areas against misuse Here the UID Web links RFID card applications everywhere in the world www mifare net news press World Cup ticket with RFID chips www elektor electronics co uk Default aspx tabid 27 amp art 5 3048 amp PN On Technical details of electronic passports www elektor electronics co uk Default aspx tabid 27 amp art 53049 amp PN On RFID viruses www elektor electronics co uk Default aspx tabid 27 amp art 5 3050 amp PN On Explanation of DES and Triple DES en wikipedia org wiki Triple_DES 17 TECHNOLOGY Figure 4 The advantages of RFID technology come to the fore with perishable goods since it saves time in transport RFID is used to generate a chip specific secret key that is used to encrypt the data The user requires the following to evaluate the data stored in such a tag e the UID e a secret key e knowledge of the encryption method that is used Other ways to protect data include password functions and true encryption processe
128. l infor mation All aspects of modern robotics are covered from ISBN 0 905705 68 8 27 50 US 51 50 ISBN 0 905705 67 X 18 70 uss Sl MICROCONTROLLER Basics ISBN 0 905705 67 X 230 Pages 18 70 US 33 70 Visual Basic i lor Heclronkes Engimasriag ISBN 0 905705 68 8 476 Pages 27 50 US 51 50 BESTSELLING BOOKS for Electronics Engineering Applications o a a Modern High end Valve ampi ers parts to microcontrollers not forgetting matching S programming tools and libraries for signal 308 PSE processing 12 05 US 21 25 More information on www elektor electronics co uk lektor Order o SHOP www elektor el Order now using the Order Form in the Readers Services section in this issue GameBoy Programmable Logic Controller Ready built PCB and I O Extension July August 2006 Turn your Gameboy games console into a powerful home automation controller with Elektors GBPLC Module and the associated I O Board Save s Reserve a set and beat the price The more reservation we get he lower the price Go to Quick Service on www elektor electronics co uk click on Gameboy PLC and reserve your set You can save tens of pounds The Elektor website will indicate the current price so you instantly see your discount GameBoy Programmable Logic Controller Ready assembled and tested GBPLC Module and Programming Interface 050190 91 GBPLC PC I
129. late the load modulation and provide the result to the microcon troller as a digital signal Coil L3 receives the load modulated signal which is rectified by D1 Reso nant circuit L4 C6 has a resonant fre quency of approximately 847 MHz which matches fm It is important that the bandwidth of this resonant circuit is sufficiently large to pass the modu lation signal which has a bit rate of approximately 100 kHz This is achieved by damping it with resistor R6 Transistor T3 amplifies the signal and resonant circuit L5 C7 R8 pro vides additional filtering The modu lation present on the signal can then be detected by a rectifier diode D2 The rectifier is followed by a three stage RC low pass filter and a com parator The reference level is set using R13 The digital signal at the output is provided to the microcon troller for evaluation in the form of the DEMOD signal The internal compara tor of the ATmega16 could have been used instead of comparator IC2 but 9 2006 elektor electronics IC1 74HC00 CLK1 MOD XTAL1 PORTB 0 13 56MHz window BS250 50mm x 65mm 5 turns 1 0 ECW 060221 13 Figure 6 Clock generator and transmitter portion of the experimental reader using an external comparator makes it easier to examine the signal with an oscilloscope when the circuit is first put into service and check that the it is operating properly Digital portion The digital portion of the circuit a
130. le Mifare test transmitter Figure 2 Transmitter circuit with Mifare card and sniffer coil reader field The modulation frequency used for this purpose is n fe 16 847 5 kHz The bit inter val is again in the simplest case thit 128 fo 9 439 ms Here a 1 is encoded by applying load modulation during the first half of the bit interval the first half bit A 0 is coded by applying load modulation during the second half of the bit interval The load modulation can be observed readily using the sniffer probe The signal from the sniffer probe is shown in more detail in Figure 5 The 35 RFID l Y l REQA 026H 0100110B 7 Bit Start LSB 060221 12 Figure 3 Bit coding scheme for transmitting data to the card tt TTI VTE Figure 4 Sniffer probe signal with carrier keying Figure 5 Sniffer probe signal with load modulation 36 upper trace shows a relatively long portion of the signal The seven carrier keying pulses of the REOA command can be seen at the left The load modu lation is faintly visible at the far right end of the upper trace It is shown magnified in the lower trace The first bit of the reply from the card is visible between the cursor lines The first half approximately 5 Us is modulated with exactly four cycles of fm This is fol lowed by the unmodulated half bit of the 1 bit As you can see the 1 bit is followed by two 0
131. ly abbreviated fea tures list reads like something from an engineer s letter to Santa Clause see Table 1 If you are used to programming PIC micros 8051 cores or other Atmel 8 bit devices then you will agree that the AT91SAM78S128 is a real beast Unfor tunately for us Atmel are only making these devices available in high density surface mounted packages in this case the dreaded 64 pin LOFP pack 9 2006 elekor electronics C compiler included it s a beast Screw terminals Power connector USB connector Power selector link block Port E 1 0 Reset switch Port A 1 0 Port B 1 0 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Port C 1 0 Port D 1 0 JTAG interface Power switch ARM daughter board Programming selector link block Programming switch Recovery selector link block Figure 1 The ARM mother and daughter board age On this package the pins are so close together that manual soldering is a bit of a lottery which brings us to our next point The third change here is that a low cost development platform has been developed for the E blocks range of products This solves a few problems the hardware solution contains two printed circuit boards the device itself is placed on a daughter board which sits on top of a mother board see Figure 1 The daughter board has 53 RG Oe E BLOCKS ARM hor RAM mbarncenceir cl Hears ed oe nied __ E E i E uz E js T i EET E SESE
132. m http users pandora be freestylerdmx http www beyondlogic org usbnutshell http ogloton free fr dmx_5 12 index html 74 ure 6 is used to quickly test the oper ation of the USB DMX512 converter Its source code demonstrates the way to use the unique function exported from DLL DasHard dll The really important bits happen in the test_cppDlg cpp file More specif ically the CTest_cppDlg OnVScroll function copies the value of the cur sors in the OutDmx output buffer And the CTest_cppDlg OnTimer function called on at regular inter vals loads the DLL and obtains a pointer on the OksidCommand func tion during its first call During the fol lowing calls it simply passes the out put buffer to the OksidCommand function The DLL DasHard dll This one links it all to the driver and provided a converter is connected to the computer opens a data stream with it This stream is fed by a specific thread that loops as long as the DLL is used Refer to the source code for more details The oGenilnt sys driver The driver see the screenshot in Fig ure 7 of which the source code is regrettably not available is in charge of shaping Control type requests trav eling on the USB bus The OGENINT INF file makes the driver installation possible It creates the association between the driver with our USB module thanks to the Vendor ID and Product ID identifiers that are specific to our application Freestyler
133. m which the rubber cable guide has been cut Terminal 5 should be sol dered to pin 1 of the XLR connector terminal 6 to pin 3 and finally termi nal 7 to pin 2 Before applying a little glue to keep the USB cable in place and to close the XLR connector again test the set up by connecting it to your computer When the new USB device is inserted for the first time you will be asked to install the drivers provided in the zip file 060012 11 zip Figure 5 Once the drivers are installed connect the XLR plug to your DMX512 equipment and launch the program cpp test bin test_cpp exe which is found in the same archive file There you have it Internet links Software environment PIC firmware The assembly code of the PIC is derived from version 1 25 of the firmware provided on Microchip s website the manufacturer of the PIC16C745 We used version 1 25 because version 2 00 did not seem to function with the erasable PICs we had available The file usb_main asm contains an endless loop reading batches of data sent by the computer These data are utilised in the dmx512 asm file that synchro nises the USB reception with the trans mission on the serial DMX512 bus Also in this file we find the code that serves to generate the pause required at the end of each DMX field The test_cpp exe program This program shown in action in Fig Author s website http www oksidizer com http membres lycos fr epatix dmx_5 12 ht
134. mately 10 7 GHz to 11 8 GHz and e high band approximately 11 7 GHz to 12 75 GHz 9 2006 elektor electronics 27nH 27nH PIC16F628 MCLR OSC1 KonwW FT ON TST n NA qgaaq aaa 4 K1 Co Control Bus Control Bus K2 st de p o 1N4148 D2 gp 2 JS to 1N4148 D3 gg sH S to 1N4148 D4 gg E S to 1N4148 gt gt LC DISPLAY Figure 1 Circuit diagram of the DiSEqC monitor the PIC microcontroller or rather its software is responsible for most of the functions The LNB amplifies the signals received from the satellite and shifts them to a frequency band between 0 95 GHz to 2 15 GHz for the receiver As is explained in more detail elsewhere in this issue the polarisation plane of the LNB is set by switching its supply volt age between 14 V for vertical polari sation and 18 V for horizontal With more than one LNB a switchable 22 kHz signal is superimposed on the supply voltage If this signal is not present LNB1 for example is selected if the signal is present LNB2 is selected With the introduction of digital satellite television the opportu nity was taken to bring all the control 040398 11 functions together into a single bus operating over the coaxial cable This avoids the need for extra control cables for example in the case of a motorised dish mount The cable there fore carries e power for all the devices LNB switch positioner etc e control functions u
135. mpo nents etc described in this magazine The Publisher does not accept responsibility for failing to identi fy such patent s or other protection The submission of designs or articles implies permission to the Publishers to alter the text and design and to use the contents in other Segment publications and activ ities The Publishers cannot guarantee to return any material submitted to them Disclaimer Prices and descriptions of publication related items subject to change Errors and omissions excluded Segment b v 2006 Printed in the Netherlands gt ElmScan 5 Scan Tool e 9600 or 38400 baud e Supported by more software than any other OBD interface including free and open source software e Inexpensive v ISO9141 2 e Package includes cables software v 1850 VPW CD and Quick Start Guide v 1850 PWM e Buy from your local UK distributors www ElmScan5 com epe pooling for standard boards up to 6 layers from 1 to 1000 pieces from 4 working days onwards technology at the right price up to 8 layers from 1 to 1000 pieces from 3 working days onwards your board our challenge up to 20 layers from 1 piece onwards from 2 working days onwards elektor electronics 9 2006 USB Oscilloscope amp Logic Analyzer The new generation Scope for the age of microelectronics Turn your PC or NoteBook into a powerful Scope and Logic Analyzer See inside your circuit in the analog and
136. n agreed time while the transceiver can take its time In the simplest case as with the Mifare Ultralight card used in our RFID reader project this is accomplished by direct use of suitable card commands Read and Write in the case of the Mifare Ultralight card This means there is only a simple rigid protocol and errors cause termination of the communi cation session The magnetic field is amplitude modulated by the reader to transfer data from the reader to the card in this case using a Miller coded data stream and binary 100 modulation in accordance with ISO IEC 14443A This is naturally impractical for relatively complex applica tions so there is also a flexible transmission protocol for microcontroller smart cards It is specified in Part 4 of the ISO IEC 14443 stan dard This protocol Load modulation is PHILIPS mifare Transceive Principle used to transfer data allows different i ite direc sizes of data blocks in the opposite direc Receive Data depending on the buffer size of the card or reader tion from the card back to the reader This means the card uses the modulating data signal to switch a load in or out The variations in the load on the secondary side of the transformer permits chaining of are detected by the 03 54 Wie Corte MLL eaid DATA L mmiuimei DATA data blocks to transfer i are b relatively large data ib i re volumes The data rate is supports
137. n possible to write on water But it is not limited to this The object shown here is something that many students and also many non students will be very familiar with only been tested on the magenta and cyan cartridges but it can be assumed that all type 40 cartridges have the same pin out therefore also the yellow and the black Other HP cartridges do not appear to have the same pinout although the operating principle is proba bly the same In the first generation of inkjets the cartridges had only about 24 nozzles Driving this system was simple one side of all the nozzle resistors were tied together and connected to one pin of the connector The other side of the little resistors each had their own connector pin The pin layout for such a cartridge can be figured out with a simple multimeter New cartridges are more awkward The cartridge that we use here has over 100 nozzles The number of con necting pads is a lot smaller however It appears that HP has built some electronics into the print head that takes care of driving all the nozzles And now as electronics hobbyist you are facing a problem What s inside that However the ink sinks after ten or so seconds and becomes unreadable elektor electronics 9 2006 You can let the circuit loose on this too Note the ink is probably not all that healthy piece of electronics You see there are several methods that could be thought of to enable to nozzles t
138. nd application turned out to be child s play The Pontavi Thomson made by Hartmann amp Braun is a bridge that can accu rately measure low value resis tors Ry The measurement range is from 0 0001 Q up to 2 1 Q and the measurement error is less than 5 Ry is connected directly to the ter minals on the left hand side and also to the terminals at the top via two leads see Figure 1 At the right you have to connect a power source with a voltage of 2 V and capable of sourcing sev eral amps We re now ready to take a measurement With the switch set to 1 Ohm you momen tarily press down button T which is on the top right If the meter deflects to the left you should turn the big dial to the right If the meter doesn t move with the dial turned all the way it follows that the value of the resistor is greater than 2 4 Q or so which is too large to be measured by this instrument If the meter instead deflects to the right you can set the switch to a tenth a hundredth or a thousandth of an Ohm In one of those settings you ll find that you can set the dial such that the pointer is absolutely central The scale has been provided with a mirror to avoid errors caused by the parallax effect when the pointer is no longer visible in the mirror i e when your eye is straight above the needle you have removed any parallax error The value of Ry is then calculated by multiplying the position of the dial by the se
139. nd easy operation are important factors in such applications They do not require complex computational operations in the RFID tags or large data volumes but they do require large numbers of tags to be read quasi concurrently Reading several hundred or even a thousand tags per second at a range of tens of centimetres to a few metres extending to more than 5 m is readily possible That is offset by small data volumes several bytes and a 9 2006 elektor electronics i a y f n Wa L f Bt j U kz f T aa a UA S Cl Ly gt El 4 ro a fal D ug i ees Vv 3 d Ls data rate of a few kilobits per second The tag usually holds only a number that can be linked to product char acteristics in a database In many cases the database can be accessed via the Internet which means it can be consulted from Beijing just as easily as from San Fran cisco The new Electronic Product Code EPC standard Figure 1 RFID label with antenna and chip Figure 2 Label inlays on a roll An inlay consists of a chip an antenna coil and a substrate paper or film Figure 3 Manufacturing RFID labels If you look closely at the bottom surface behind the roll you can see the antenna coils shining through the base layer 15 ea RFID 16 Frequencies for RFID tags energy provided by the reader is sufficient to operate a 1 Contac
140. nssssssseeeseneeeeeesnnnttte Telephone 01580 200657 Fax 01580 200616 l www elektor electronics co uk 9 2006 elektor electronics 79 E blocks Starter Kits ina S0 discount e downloads availabie on ET EEE ee UK EDIOCKS ocks Easy Internet Kit C for AVR microcontrollers single user 118 Special Offer 30 232 50 Cher ana g NEW e a Special Offer Special Offer EA 166 00 Learn more about E blocks E blocks Easy C AN For more information visit www elektor electronics co uk eblocks Ordering Use the order form at the back or go to www elektor electronics co uk E blocks will be shipped after receipt of payment Prices are exclusive of postage b Oo C k S Special Offer 299 00 More information on www elektor electronics co uk CD ROM BESTSELLERS Microcontroller Basics Home Automation Microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronics They make things possible that vastly exceed what could be done previously Innumerable applications show that almost nothing is impossible There s thus every reason to learn more about them This book offers more than just a basic introduction It clearly explains the technology using various microcontroller circuits and programs written in several different programming languages In the This CD ROM provides an overview of what manufactu rers offer today in the field of Home Networkin
141. o be driven individually From shift registers and multiplexers to a sim ple matrix to reach the nozzles one by one The latter method can still be figured out with a multimeter but the other methods require at least a logic analyser to dis cover what is going on or a stroke of genius Opening the printer where this cartridge belongs leads to nothing in this case The only thing that can be seen is that a number of connections are tied to ground and the others run into an unidentified IC In the end the author after thinking long and measuring a lot arrived at a method copied from gene technology Make a gene defective observe what changes in the organism and then you know what that gene does This is also possible with inkjet cartridges cover some con nector pads with sticky tape and look at what goes wrong After much messing about it appeared that with exactly three pins one of which is ground just one thin line was drawn by the printer These pins are therefore enough to drive one nozzle With this information and A final tip should you have a go with inkjet cartridges yourself then work on a surface where it will not be a problem if it gets a bit messy 9 2006 elektor electronics some tinkering with a microcontroller and a lab power supply set to 20 V it was possible to discover the exact workings of the cartridge In the end it appeared that the cartridge is divided into eight sectors with 17 nozzles each Th
142. ock 020390 11 disk project software 5 20 9 75 020390 41 PIC6C54 04 P programmed 8 05 15 10 NO 355 JUNE 2006 FM Stereo Test Transmitter 5 20 16 50 9 75 31 00 5 20 6 90 9 75 1295 5 20 10 30 975 19 40 5 20 6 90 9 75 1295 5 20 10 30 9 75 19 40 11 70 11 00 22 00 20 75 Ie SE Tes 050268 1 PCB 11 70 22 00 Network Cable Analyser 050302 1 PCB 8 20 15 55 050302 11 Disk PIC source code 5 20 9 75 050302 41 PIC16F874 20 P 16 90 31 85 NO 354 MAY 2006 Onboard OBD 2 Analyser 050176 72 Kit of parts incl 050176 1 050176 2 050176 42 all components excl LCD and Case 24 80 46 70 nline at ectronics co uk Due to practical constraints final illustrations and specifications may differ from published designs Prices subject to change See www elektor electronics co uk for up to date information Onboard OBD 2 Analyser May 2006 Kit of parts including ATMega board pro gramming adapter board preprogrammed AT Mega microcontrol ler and all compo nents but excluding LC display and Case 050176 72 24 80 46 70 LC display 4 x 20 characters 60 x 98 mm with background lighting 050176 73 28 80 54 50 Case Bopla Unimas 160 with Perspex cover and mounting plate 050176 74 15 80 29 90 Elektor Electronics Publishing Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 0 208 261 4509 Fax 44 0 208 261 444
143. of the system clock That requires knowing the current sta tus of BCK and the status after the next clock pulse These signals are COUNT 2 and NEW COUNT 2 which are also assigned the names BCK INT and NEW BCK by alias statements in lines 62 and 63 The POSEDGE BCK signal is gener ated by the following line POSEDGE BCK lt NEW _BCKOUT AND NOT BCKOUT_INT Data must be sent on the falling edge of BCK as shown in Figure 2 The signal NEGEDGE BCK is generated in a sim ilar manner for his purpose Glitches Now it s time to look at these new signals in more detail First configure the settings to have the simulator use the file ex10 vwf and then start the simulation You will see the signals NEGEDGE BCK POSEDGE BCK and LRCIN in the simulation results The last signal of this group is the same as Right channel Figure 1 Timing diagram for data transfers between the codec and the FPGA 61 FPGA Joe eer amp of Ai e i Pee EI ETTE TE to Oh a ki dee En fo eee lesterol mama Ble i F I i SF am i Paap Coes he ey i hah a gj TEG al aji m b e TN yJ nm Figure 2 Data is transmitted on the falling edge of BCK as can be seen from the simulation the LRCOUT signal in the VHDL design The POSEDGE BCK signal and its counterpart NEGEDGE _BCK are gen erated using combinational logic That means these signals are not synchro nised by flip flops The disadvantage o
144. olle Digital Adjusters KC 5386 25 95 post amp ie This hand controller is used for mapping programming the independent electronic boost controller Kit shown below It features a two line LCD and easy to use push buttons It can be used to program the adjusters then removed or left permanently connected to display the sso s operation It is designed as an interface and display and is not g required for general adjuster functions after they have been programmed Kit supplied with silkscreened and ii machined case PCB LCD and all electronic components Independent Electronic Boost Controll KC 5387 25 95 post amp aang Superb control over your turbo boost curve It can be used in cars fitted with factory electronic boost control using the factory control solenoid or cars without electronic boost control using a solenoid from a wrecker etc This is ideal for switching between say a race street mode or a performance wet weather mode Boost curve selection is via a dashboard switch and is all programmed using the handheld digital controller KC 5386 shown above Kit supplied with PCB machined case and all electronic components e Suitable for EFI and engine management systems only www jaycarelectronics co uk catalogue 0800 032 7241 Smart Fuel Mixture Displa KC 5374 8 95 post amp ins This kit features auto dimming for night driving emergency lean out alarm better circuit protection and a dancing displ
145. on can also have a significant influence It is therefore necessary to add additional screening For this you need to consider the desired operating life time and the total dose of radiation that the component will have to endure over a certain period Delfi C3 has been designed for an operating life of three months Testing of this design target is done with simulation software calcu lations and various radiation sources in a test enclosure Incidentally the use of standard components has been proven by a previous successful implementation OSCAR 7 an amateur satellite which was launched in 1974 was built with the first generation of CMOS ICs and is still functioning elektor electronics 9 2006 Think of a technical design subject or a circuit with which you would like to carry out experiments in space Establish a business Only if you are in business can you apply for a subsidy at the NIVR You will get a 75 sub sidy for industrial research for space technology Look for a wealthy sponsor who is prepared to provide the remainder of the finance Many hands make light work so look for multiple partici pants preferable those with the means to contribute finan cially as well Buy a Cubesat costs about 5000 For that you get an aluminium box that has undergone special treatment and has a Teflon coating on the outside The structure is quali tied and has been tested for launch Cold Space Another problem
146. or electronics co uk home construction fun and added value 6 20 5 20 10 30 WTOC SNEAK PREVIEW Theme Plan for 2006 January Recycling Reverse Engineering February Motors Propulsion March Development Microcontrollers Power Supplies Safety Soldering Etching Test amp Measurement Electronics Simulation Software rf ane uly August Summer Circuits Rather than building prototype after prototype companies developing September RFID Satellites SoSe maces omesee electronic products now almost invariably use software simulating the E Z end result E simulation not only saves time and money in the design Novemb r Chipcards Security i TETE phase but also allows a good idea to be obtained about the operation look DE Flecramechonical Enclosures and feel of the final product The October 2006 issue of Elektor Elec tronics comes with a free DVD on which we ve compiled an impressive collection of E Simulation software not just demos trials and limited versions but also fully functional programs specially designed to simulate and in some case also design electronic circuits GBECG Gameboy Electrocardioscope We know from reader correspondence that many of you would like to see a piece of equipment for home construction of course that enables an electrocardiogram ECG to be written on the spot The reasons are mixed out of technical curiosity personal interest to surprise one s ca
147. ors Registration to the site is free and TRAINING I P 1 rE Pa Pie EE DP a EE OTT ae ma maty ra i i mo Pees Oe ee a cim aT i i z CONFERENCE E S Sel F m E m a TE ETI i a Sf ae S SHOWS SEMINARS electronics engineers can browse a continually updated list of events by date name or loca tion or make a selective search for events by location and key products areas such as Ana logue RF and Microwave FPGAs ASICs amp Logic Power and Power Supplies Processors Microcontrollers and DSC or industry sectors such as Automo tive amp Transport Aerospace and Defence Communications amp Networking Control amp Automa tion or EDA Design Tools elektor electronics 9 2006 Users can download registration forms and event literature directly from the Tech Event Guide website or to click a link through to the event s own web site for additional information Once registered users can cre ate their own My Tech Event Guide profile so that they can monitor every opportunity to Network cable analyser gets an intelligence boost Peak Electronic Design Limited have launched an enhanced version of their Network Cable Analyser the Atlas IT model UTPO5 designed and made in the UK The Atlas IT has always had the unique ability to analyse many types of RJ45 based network cabling including Ethernet Token Ring Patch cables and
148. ort The parame ters for the port are as follows 115200 baud no parity 8 data bits and one stop bit The Window menu allows MIFARE Magic to be switched between the Terminal view the MIFARE Ultra Light and the Show All Cards views The MIFARE UltraLight window see Figure 7 allows various card com mands to be executed with a click of the mouse This makes it easy to pro gram a MIFARE UltraLight card such as the sample supplied free with this issue When this window is opened the firmware in the LPC microcon troller on the reader board switches from terminal mode into PC reader mode Here the microcontroller waits for a card command from the PC and calls the corresponding function in its software This mode is useful when developing applications on the PC The Show All Cards window displays the serial numbers of all cards cur rently detected by the reader This is useful for testing reader range and the capacity of the reader to deal with mul tiple cards simultaneously Program it yourself For dedicated applications it is possi ble to modify or completely rewrite both the firmware in the LPC936 and the software running on the PC Any updates to the reader firmware will also require reprogramming the elektor electronics 9 2006 LPC936 The most up to date software i aa aa ca aa aaa a will always be available on the Elektor i Electronics website for free download l Li S Tl n
149. ove at the same speed as the higher heavier satellite If you now cut this wire then the lighter satellite has actually too little speed to maintain its orbit around the earth and will therefore fall back to earth For this purpose the YES2 has a thirty kilometres long Dyneema line on board which will be used in 2007 to accu rately return a small capsule back to earth This capsule called Fotino weighs only 5 kg and is probably the smallest return capsule ever It is also the first return capsule built by ment will search for greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere The German Compass 1 group is sponsored by the DLR Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt In addition the FachHochschule Aachen also provides a helping 1 hand The remainder of the money i has to be gathered by the boys 1 themselves from sponsors In 1 Delft the TNO Dutch Space and i TUDelft pay for all the costs of 4 the project 060227 1 With thanks to W J Ubbels from ISIS 4 4 Delfi C3 team Jeroen Brinkman 1 from NERO and de COMPASS 1 group e i from the FH Aachen Weblinks 1 www delfic3 nl 2 www raumfahrt th aachen de 3 www amsat org 4 www isispace nl students Fotino contains scientific instrumentation to measure all the details of the unique return At a late stage it was decided that a parachute system had to be fitted to the Fotino to ensure a soft landing To make a running start possible a search
150. p P charges Priority or Standard as follows UK 4 00 Europe 5 00 Standard or 7 00 Priority Outside Europe 8 00 Standard or 12 00 Priority HOW TO PAY All orders must be accompanied by the full payment including postage and packing charges as stated above or advised by Customer Services staff Bank transfer into account no 40209520 held by Elektor Electronics Publishing Segment b v with ABN AMRO Bank London IBAN GB35 ABNA 4050 3040 2095 20 BIC ABNAGB2L Currency sterling UKP Please ensure your full name and address gets communicated to us Cheque sent by post made payable to Elektor Electronics Publishing Segment b v We can only accept sterling cheques and bank drafts from UK resident customers or subscribers We regret that no cheques can be accepted from customers or subscribers in any other country Giro transfer into account no 34 152 3801 held by Elektor Electronics Publishing Segment b v Please do not send giro transfer deposit forms directly to us but instead use the National Giro postage paid envelope and send it to your National Giro Centre Credit card VISA Access MasterCard JCBCard and Switch cards can be processed by mail email web fax and telephone Online ordering through our website is SSL protected for your security COMPONENTS Components for projects appearing in Elektor Electronics are usually available from certain advertisers in this magazine If difficulties in the
151. pper motors and servo motors See website for full details Drives any 5 6 or 8 lead unipolar stepper motor rated up to 6 Amps max Provides speed and direc tion control Operates in stand alone or PC controlled mode Up to six 3179 driver boards can be connected to a single parallel port Supply 9Vdc PCB 80x50mm Kit Order Code 3179KT 11 95 Assembled Order Code AS3179 19 95 Drive any bi polar stepper motor using externally sup plied 5V levels for stepping P and direction control These usually come from software running on a computer i Supply 8 30Vdc PCB 75x85mm Kit Order Code 3158KT 15 95 Assembled Order Code AS3158 29 95 Controls the speed of most common DC motors rated up to 16Vdc 5A in both the forward and reverse direction The range of control is from fully OFF to fully ON in both directions The direction and speed are con trolled using a single potentiometer Screw terminal block for connections Kit Order Code 3166KT 16 95 Assembled Order Code AS3166 25 95 Control the speed of almost any common DC motor rated up to 100V 7 5A Pulse width modulation output for maximum motor torque at all speeds Supply 5 15Vdc Box supplied Dimensions mm 60Wx100Lx60H Kit Order Code 3067KT 13 95 Assembled Order Code AS3067 20 95 O 8 7 A 7 Credit Card Sales Controllers amp Loggers Here are just a few of the controller and
152. q 12VDC FK607 14 99 Power Amp IC 8 8W Stereo 12VDC TDA200SR FK605 13 99 Power Amp IC 8W Mono 12VDC TDA2030 FK604 8 99 Power Amp 2 2W Stereo 3 12V DC TBA820M FK603 9 99 Power Amp 2W Mono 3 12V DC TBA820M FK602 5 99 Postage Order Value P amp P Cost 4 99 12 99 2 00 13 00 22 99 3 00 23 00 49 99 8 00 50 150 10 00 Above prices UK Only Phone or e mail for Ireland Payment by cheque card or P O Power Supply kits 0 30V 3A Variable Regulator Build a high quality variable voltage regulator Using this simple to assemble kit 30VDC or 2x12VAC required 1599 0 30V 1A Variable Regulator as above but 1A FK808 7 99 Variable DC Regulator 0 12V from 12V 500mA FK807 4 99 DC Down Converter 12v to 6 or 9V Uses 7806 FK805 3 99 Power Supply 6 9 12V 0 3A Inc transformer FK801 8 99 Mini Emergency Light When mains fails it lights FK802 5 99 BA Kits WW S 00 Kll 12V Low battery alarm Suit car or boat FK915 6 99 Open Mon Tue amp Thur Sat 9 15 5 00 Closed Wed amp Sunday Intruder Alarms Magnetic Switch Alarm Make a digital burglar alarm with this great Kit simply attach the magnet to a door and the switch to the surround hide the control Radio kits Shortwave Radio Reciever A great kit to make a short wave reciever for 2 2 7Mhz Easy to build Uses the 4007 IC 9 99 9V 21 020 Everything Else Aoyue 909 Hot air gun soldering iron amp 0 15V PSU
153. r 060132 20 and anti collision logic The article on the Elektor Electron ics RFID Reader elsewhere in this issue gives information on building a contactless interface for connecting to the reader unit Memory layout Figure 2 shows the memory diagram of the 51 2 bit EEP ROM read write memory which is organised in 16 pages of four bytes each Each card has its own unique 7 byte serial number the UID or Unique Identifica tion Number programmed by the chip manufacturer into pages O and 1 Philips guarantees that this number will never occur more than once worldwide For security rea sons this serial number is protected and cannot be altered by the user Page 3 is the 32 bit OTP one time programmable area where each individual bit can be programmed irre versibly from logic state O preset at production stage to a 1 This means the bits cannot be reset back to O after wards A sample use for the OTP area would be reduc ing the number of trips remaining on a multi ride ticket by one after each journey Pages 4 to 15 constitute the 384 bit application data memory also preset to all zeros at the time of manufac Figure 1 Block diagram of the Philips Mifare Ultralight RFID IC elektor electronics 9 2006 Characteristics of the Mifare Ultralight IC 100 MIFARE compatible y Supports anti collisions process specified in ISO IEC standard 14443 3 A Read write range up to 10 cm 106 kbit s
154. r the dif ferent auxiliary carrier frequency and PINB 4 060221 14 bit rates also make it possible to build a selective reader with a wider range and possibly also with collision detec tion If our efforts to develop an ISO 15693 version are successful you will hear about it in a future issue of the magazine and via the Elektor Electron ics newsletter 060221 1 VCC AVCC AREF TOSC2 PC7 PBO XCK TO Q MOD 28 X 7 E TS 27 OTP2 TDI PC5 PB2 INT2 AINO TDO PC4 PB3 OCO0 AIN1 O TP3 SAMPLE TMS PC3 PB4 SS O DEMOD TCK PC2 PB5 MOSI SDA PC1 PB6 MISO SCL PCO PB7 SCK IC5 RESET ATmega16 16 R2OUT PDO RXD T2OUT T2IN PD1 TXD R1IN R10UT PD2 INTO T1OUT T1IN PD3 INT1 AY c24 PD4 0C1B MAX232 PD5 0C1A ADC5 PA5 PD6 ICP1 ADC6 PA6 PD7 OC2 ADC7 PA7 GND GND XTAL1 XTAL2 ADCO PAO ADC1 PA1 ADC2 PA2 ADC3 PA3 ADC4 PA4 CLK1 060221 15 Figure 8 Digital portion with RS232 and LCD 38 elektor electronics 9 2006 Cyclone economics just got more economical Cyclone I1I The lowest cost FPGAs ever Building on the success of the original Cyclone family the 90 nm Cyclone II e Densities up to 3 5x the original family gives designers more density more features and more speed than Cyclone family ever before all at a lower price Cyclone II devices are the lowest cost FPGAs e Dedicated DSP circuitry ever making them ideal for a wide range of volume driven applications
155. r elektor electronics co uk subject Retronics EE 9 2006 elektor electronics 75 HANDS ON DESIGN TIPS 76 Battery discharger Gerard Guilhem The circuit shown in Figure 1 allows NiCd type LRO3 AAA and LR6 AA rechargeable cells to be discharged in a controlled manner The discharging load current is about 500 mA The LED indicates the progress of the dis charging process it goes out when the battery is completely discharged The current becomes zero at a battery voltage of about 0 6 V which is perfectly accept able for most NiCd cells The 2 2 ohm resistors R2 and R3 are the components taking the battery current and turning it into heat The diagram in Figure 2 closely resembles the first one Here we suggest using an npn power tran sistor T3 as the power dissipat ing component The pulsed dis charging current is determined by the value of resistor R1 Discharging NiMH nickel metal hydride batteries is not a prob lem either since the terminal volt age is the same as NiCd cells the only difference is the usually higher capacity compared with NiCd cells The crucial parameter here is the i see text deep discharge or end volt age Again 0 6 V is acceptable for NiCd as well as NiMH cells Accidental polarity reversal is a real danger but then only one cell is treated at a time so no great losses will be suffered The LED goes out when the cell volt age approaches
156. r sports shops Still choosing a tool for a certain job is subject to personal taste what s perfect for you may be a disaster for someone else Some of you may argue that the SAK mini tweezers are far too small but then the price of about 2 50 each can t be a real objection if you want to give it a try 060229 1 elektor electronics 9 2006 PUZZLE INFOTAINMENT Entering the competition Please send the numbers in the grey boxes by email fax or post to Hexadoku Puzzle with an electronic touch Following the super complex Alphadoku in last month s edition it s time to revert back to the standard level of difficulty which is the well known Hexadoku This electronics oriented variation of Sudoku is guaranteed to give you a few hours of puzzling fun Enter the competition for a chance to win one of several fantastic prizes Elektor Electronics Hexadoku Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Fax 44 0 208 2614447 Email editor elektor electronics co uk Subject hexadoku 09 2006 The closing date is 1 October 2006 Competition not open to employees of The instructions for the puzzle zle and these determine the Segment b v its business partners are straightforward In the start situation and or associated publishing houses diagram composed of 16x16 boxes enter numbers in such Your solution may win a prize 2 zi a way that all hexadecimal and requires
157. r with a double issue for July amp August Under the name Elektor and Elektuur the magazine is also published in French German and Dutch Together with franchised editions the magazine is on circulation in more than 50 countries International Editor Mat Heffels m heffels segment nl Editor Jan Buiting editor elektor electronics co uk International editorial staff Harry Baggen Thijs Beckers Ernst Krempelsauer Jens Nickel Guy Raedersdorf Design staff Ton Giesberts Paul Goossens Luc Lemmens Karel Walraven Editorial secretariat Hedwig Hennekens secretariaat segment n Graphic design DTP Ton Gulikers Giel Dols Managing Director Publisher Paul Snakkers Marketing Carlo van Nistelrooy Customer Services Margriet Debeij m debeij segment nl Your price conscious PCB supplier C EVRU IRCUITS Online price calculation Online ordering Online order tracking Online 24 24H and 7 7D Interested Contact us 32 15 28 16 30 E mail euro eurocircuits com www eurocircuits com e Diagnose any car with EOBD a Based on the ELM327 IC e Supports all EOBD and OBD II protocols v ISOI5765 4 CAN v ISO14230 4 Keyword 2000 Automatic protocol detection ri ala carte On demand Subscriptions Elektor Electronics Publishing Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH England Tel 44 0 208 261 4509 fax 44 0 208 261 4447 Internet www elektor electronics co uk Ema
158. rch proj ects In addition to the home grown linear frequency transponder it contains a solar sensor from TNO and a new type of thin film solar cell from Dutch Space The offi cial project names are Advanced radio transceiver Delfi C3 Autonomous wireless solar sensor TNO and Thin film solar cells Dutch Space All three still have to prove their functionality in a vacuum Unfortu elektor electronics 9 2006 nately the three research projects will never come back in one piece The Cubesat will burn up on re entry in the atmosphere Depending on the altitude it could actually take quite a while before this happens At an orbit height of 500 km for example the satellite can be expected to be in space for about 25 years At a height of 1000 km it could even be hundreds of years before the satellite returns Overview The ground station for Delfi C3 is located on the top of the 22 storey tower building of the faculty of Electrotech nical Engineering of TU Delft The base station jointly built by the faculties of Air and Space Travel Electrotech nical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science allows students and staff to gain experience with satellite communications to their hearts content The system can among other things autonomously track Low Earth Orbit LEO satellites that operate in the VHF UHF and S bands In addition the system can decode telemetry data from these satellites The team will
159. rdiologist or the desire to step into medical proceedings in a well prepared manner Our ECG writer is a plug in unit for the famous Gameboy games console type Classic Pocket Color or Advance o e PIC In Circuit Debugger Programmer Also PIC micros from the 8 bit 16F and 18F series are found in lots of equipment and the devices are Programmable Laser Lightshow Wireless Key Universal USB Driver Zigbee with Xbee very popular among Elektor readers as they allow interesting applications to be built using almost FPGA Course 5 Hexadoku no hardware Our PIC 1CD Programmer is largely compatible with Microchip s ICD2 module due to lack of space these articles could not be accommodated in the current issue RESERVE YOUR COPY NOW The October 2006 issue goes on sale on Thursday 21 September 2006 UK distribution only UK mainland subscribers will receive the magazine between 16 and 20 September 2006 Article titles and magazine contents subject to change please check our website NEWSAGENTS ORDER FORM SHOP SAVE HOME DELIVERY j kt O F Please save deliver one copy of Elektor Electronics magazine for me each month A lectronics Name leading the wary Address Please cut out or photocopy this form com Post code plete details and hand to your newsagent Elektor Electronics is published on the third Date Friday of each month except in July Signature Distribution O R by Seymour NS Telephone www elektor
160. re given time to fill with ink again The sector lines of the cartridge C1 to C4 have to be powered with a voltage of 20 V to make a sector active 67 MODDING amp TWEAKING Figure 1 Here we see the layout for the print head used Only RO to R7 and Cl to C4 are used the other connections are not required for this project We do this with T2 to T5 and T6 to T This double tran sistor stage looks superfluous at the first instance Why not connect T6 to T9 directly to the microcontroller This would cause problems however In the microcontroller there are built in ESD diodes that conduct voltage above or below the power supply voltage to 5V and ground respectively If T2 to T5 were left out current would flow from the emitter via the base to the 5 V power supply and this is not the intention Hence the addition of T2 to T5 in the circuit Construction The author built the circuit on a piece of experimenting board using parts available from the closet That is why for example MOSET T1 is a rather strange type In prin ciple any P channel MOSFET can be used for this as long as it can cope with the peak current of about half an amp The coil L1 does not have a critical value either The author s coil comes from a backlight inverter but any slightly hefty coil will do If the 20 V power supply is actu ally in the vicinity of 20 V then all is well Additional possibilities There are a few aspect of the circuit that coul
161. ree download You need to use a soldering iron witha Semiconductors 060012 11 zip from www elektor fine tip and thin gauge solder Start by IC1 DS75176BM National electronics co uk soldering the PIC micro IC2 into place be careful to observe the correct polar 72 elektor electronics 9 2006 ity which then constitutes a base plane in order to solder the compo nents on the other side of the circuit The best option so as to perfectly align the integrated circuit on the board is to apply a bit of solder to two pads for corner pins of the device Next place the PIC and reheat the two solder terminals in order to create an initial attachment point for the compo nent If the component is perfectly positioned the only thing left to do is to solder the remaining 26 pins If not reheat the corner pins and carefully re align the chip Next solder R1 and C2 on this side by pre tinning a pad then placing the component with tweezers while keep ing the pad at fusion temperature Figure 6 The test_cpp exe program is used for quick testing of our USB DMX512 converter 9 2006 elektor electronics Next solder the other connection of the component Use the same tech nique to solder the remaining compo nents IC1 C1 X1 on the other side of the board X1 is the component that requires the most attention because it is more usually soldered using the reflow technique Microsurgery Next we cut a USB typ
162. ridge A number of other cartridges looked type 40 According to sources on the Internet this cartridge can be much worse after many hours of fiercely attempting to figure out the refilled at least 10 times function of the individual contacts Electronic St Jeroen Domburg amp Thijs Beckers In this month s modding amp tweaking article we delve a little more into the not so very useful but nevertheless quite funny types of circuit With the circuit presented here you can write on water for example even if the message lasts for only a short time before it fades away But whiteboards and other solid surfaces such as paper can be used as well Curious how we did this Read on The circuit attached to the cartridge The activation pushbutton has a alae PRELE a am a k a Gaffa tape has been used been placed in an easily accessible location Also handy for holding the battery in place 64 elektor electronics 9 2006 wa ee Teas ae a Ey Le Fal ak z The circuit was built straight away without doing a PCB design or such on a prototype board One of the nice things of having electronics as a hobby is that the things you make do not necessarily have to be useful It is all good fun as long as you re entertained The present project sprang from this mentality In good Young Ones tradition the author was very busy scrawl ing meaningless mottos maxims and sayings on a flat mate s whiteboard
163. rs who have not held a subscription to Elektor eG ror ICS Electronics during the last 12 months Offer subject to availability CSD sn USB DMX512 Co Jean Marc Lienher All amateur disc jockeys and light jockeys dream about it a DMX512 con verter not bigger than an XLR connector But at a retail price of more than 500 pounds for this type of accessory the dream may never come true Here is a project that will make some on the dance floors very happy the DMX converter of their dreams and for only a few pounds The USB DMX512 converter described in this article connects to any com puter equipped with a USB connector and a Windows 98 OS or later The USB bus supplies the current neces sary to power the circuit we ve designed The proposed setup trans mits the 512 DMX channels at a rhythm of approximately 42 frames per second using a computer equipped with a USB 2 0 interface The maxi mum speed defined by the standard is 44 frames per second Note that this transmission rate may be a little less with a USB 1 0 connection The printed circuit board we designed for the con verter measures 14 mm by 26 mm and employs SMD components Important note our circuit like many DMX converters sold in retail shops 70 some of which come at exorbitant prices does not include full electrical isolation This is not terribly important when using a DMX device that s oper ating properly but could prove
164. s 33 50 a Student Subscription Plus costs 40 40 UK only Please note that new subscriptions take about four weeks from receipt of order to become effective Cancelled subscriptions will be subject to a charge of 25 twenty five per cent of the full subscription price or 7 50 whichever is the higher plus the cost of any issues already dispatched Subsciptions cannot be cancelled after they have run for six months or more January 2006 leading the way lektor lectronics CD ROM USB TOOLBOX This CD ROM contains technical data about the USB interface It also includes a large collection of data sheets for specific USB components from a wide range of manufacturers New There are two ways to incorporate a USB interface in a microcontroller circuit add a USB controller to an existing circuit or use a microcontroller with an integrated USB inter face Included on this CD ROM are USB Basic Facts several useful design tools for hardware and software and all Elektor Electronics articles on the subject of USB ISBN 90 5381 212 1 18 95 US 34 95 Embedded USB Know How npe eEmpedde d USE kinom Pere t Og saat pararse anes re eww ELEKO E om Order now using the Order Form in the Readers Services section in this issue Elektor Electronics Publishing Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 0 208 261 4509 See also
165. s offering the highest technical performance Microphone Phantom Power and Headphone Amplifiers Balanced unbalanced signal lines with extensive RFI protection DANBURY ELECTRONICS http www DanburyElectronics co uk Transformer manufacturers since 1983 Visit our new site Also link directly to Mike Holme s Valve Tube DIY amplifier site featuring our standard Audio Transformers Mains Output Chokes PP SE etc EAGLEPICS http www eaglepics co uk Embedded Internet Solutions e Stand alone TCP IP module e Platform independent e Simple AT like command set e GPRS or modem connection e E Mail FTP HTTP UDP e Development board available e Free development utilities e Free UDP only stack EASYSYNC http www easysync co uk EasySync Ltd sells a wide range of single and multi port USB to RS232 RS422 and RS485 converters at competitive prices ELNEC www elnec com e device programmer manufacturer e selling through contracted distributors all over the world e universal and dedicated device programmers e excellent support and after sale support e free SW updates e reliable HW e once a months new SW release e three years warranty for most programmers http www ftt co uk PICProTrng html Microchip Professional C First Programming Courses Fr Transfer HA The future is embedded courses e Distance learning instructor led PIC24 dsPIC microcontrollers e Foundation Intermediate http ww
166. s shown in Figure 8 does not have any unusual circuitry A MAX232 supports an RS232 interface A two line LC dis play enables the data from the card to be displayed for stand alone operation A simple voltage regulator circuit with a diode for protection against reverse polarity allows the circuit to be pow ered by a simple AC adapter Switch S1 acts as a reset switch and connec tor K2 provides access to the ISP port for in system programming Construction and coils The prototype see the photo at the head of the article was constructed on a piece of Vector board Note that the portions of the circuit that process RF signals must be adequately decoupled with capacitors The two rectangular coils 50 mm x 65 mm spaced 30 mm apart each consisting of 5 turns of 1 mm enamelled copper wire are a spe cial feature The Mifare card should be placed between the two coils The optimum position can be determined experimentally Other configurations are also worth trying It may be neces sary to adjust the trimmer accordingly Software and initial operation The software for the microcontroller can be downloaded from the Elektor Electronics website www elektor elec tronics co uk You will find the appro priate file and all supplementary infor mation on the project page for this arti cle which you can access via the issue table of contents on the Elektor Elec tronics website or our RFID summary page at www elektor com rfid
167. s in the tag to encrypt the transmitted data as well Although many things are tech nically possible complex methods are usually not used in simple systems for cost reasons Data safe Smart cards typically require a relatively high level of security because personal data such as with a passport or relatively large monetary values such as with an elec tronic ticket are often stored in them The same security requirements can fundamentally be fulfilled with contact less smart cards as with contact cards Naturally the first step is to encrypt the transmitted data There are various standards for this purpose with the degree of security typically being stated in the form of the length of the key In simplified terms the length of the key corresponds to the statistical number of incorrect attempts to guess an unknown key In the case of a DES algorithm with an 8 byte key of which only 56 bits are actually used for the key the single correct key must be found from among 72 000 000 billion possible keys This sounds like a very large number but in an era of net worked computers there are many applications for which it does not provide adequate security One option is to use a longer key such as 112 bits with Triple DES or a different encryption method Here again effort and cost must be weighed against the required security and for that reason many different con cepts are available However the security of a system consisting o
168. shift keying modulation and the AX20 protocol are used on one channel for sending large data packets such as photos to earth The other channel is available for a CW signal Morse code GPS is used to determine the exact location of the satel lite The other sensors collect telemetry data which is sent to earth for analysis After a few months once the Compass team has com pleted all their measurements and experiments they will make the satellite available for use by anyone That means that any licensed radio amateur can for example instruct the satellite to take a picture and receive the data In Practice Before you can even start to think about building a satel lite you will have to put a design together including all the specifications of all the subsystems what does the sys tem have to do how does it do it with what perform ance etcetera You then progress through a sequence of steps where you will closely examine the design concept validation breadboard prototype engineering model and the flight model Once the entire sequence has been completed the original specification then serves as the final checklist All systems have to be tested on the ground Every possi ble fault situation has to be simulated including the envi ronmental tests that is thermal tests vacuum tests radia tion tests shock g force and vibration tests related to the launch etc Before the launch you will need to take into account
169. sing the 22 kHz signal and e last but not least the satellite signal down converted to the 0 95 GHz to 2 15 GHz band In order to broaden the possibilities for using multiple satellites and LNBs a 47 INTERRUPT external interrupt INSTRUMENTATION reset TIMER cnttimer 0 cntint 1 gt cntint 32 a TIMER interrupt e i cnttimer 16 7 no 22 kHz signal permanent 22 kHz signal cnttimer lt gt om shift bit value into data byte datacnt 1 datacnt 8 return from INTERRUPT datacnt 0 cntint 0 set flag byte is complete 040398 12 Figure 2 Simplified flowchart of the interrupt routine digital control system for the various devices was developed The so called DiSEqC system transmits data using amplitude modulation of the 22 kHz signal Version 2 0 of the protocol was laid down by Eutelsat in 1998 2 In theory The DiSEqC monitor couples a micro controller to the control bus using a design based on an application circuit provided by Eutelsat 1 The PIC16F628 is also connected to an LCD module with two rows of 16 charac ters which displays the DiSEqC com mands The circuit is inserted in line 48 with the coaxial cable connecting the satellite equipment and draws power from the bus The PIC microcontroller eavesdrops on the bus listening for control com mands which it records in its RAM Up to 20 DiSEqC commands 80 bytes can be stored
170. sion e Useful add on boards available separately see below e BASIC C and Pascal compilers available separately see below e Starter Pack includes PIC16F877A microcontroller DS1820 tempera ture sensor 16x2 character LCD 128x64 pixel graphic LCD RS 232 data cable and USB programming cable for just 99 EasyPIC3 Add on Boards from 4 95 A range of add on boards for use with the EasyPIC3 or in conjunction with your own designs e DAC 12 bit D A with SPI interface 9 95 e ADC 4 channel 12 bit A D with SPI interface 13 95 e ACCEL 2 axis accelerometer 11 95 e 485 RS 485 interface 10 95 e CAN1 CAN transceiver for CAN enabled PICs 10 95 e CAN2 CAN transceiver with SPI CAN controller 12 95 e KEYPAD 4x4 matrix keypad 4 95 e RDA1 IrDA transmitter receiver 13 95 e RDA2 wireless RS 232 communications 13 95 e ETHERNET SPI serial Ethernet controller available soon e RTC battery backed real time clock 10 95 e CF Compact Flash card reader 10 95 e MMC MMC SD card reader 10 95 e EEPROM l2C EEPROM 4 95 mikroBASIC mikroC and mikroPascal compilers save 30 pad id i e See fo Se She HAJ 2 28 Bie bbb Leer ee 2G Ti ae E 2a Sam Em ey ee E z wi a i pe a EPF je a ii u H m 3 re vil e al Pe DN ae we ma a Mtn EE ai ul 1 i SS ED ge ey a lza hai Aa zi j i
171. smitted in any form or by any means including photocopying and recording in whole or in part without the prior permission of Elektor Electronics Publishing in writing Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of these publications is stored in a retrieval system of any nature Notwithstanding the above printed circuit boards may be produced for private and personal use without prior permission Limitation of liability Elektor Electronics Publishing shall not be liable in contract tort or otherwise for any loss or damage suffered by the purchaser whatsoever or howsoever arising out of or in connexion with the supply of goods or services by Elektor Electronics Publishing other than to supply goods as described or at the option of Elektor Electronics Publishing to refund the purchaser any money paid in respect of the goods Law Any question relating to the supply of goods and services by Elektor Electronics Publishing shall be determined in all respects by the laws of England ey SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION Standard Plus United Kingdom 41 90 48 80 Surface Mail Rest of the World 54 50 61 40 USA amp Canada US 95 50 US 106 50 Airmail Rest of the World 68 90 75 80 USA amp Canada US 120 00 US 131 00 HOW TO PAY Bank transfer into account no 40209520 held by Elektor Electronics Publishing Segment b v with ABN AMRO Bank London IBAN GB35 ABNA 4050 3040 2095 20 BIC
172. sor connected to a serial I O chip EPROM chips RAM chips and assorted glue logic on a double sided Eurocard well a microcontroller per forms the same function as the whole card but it is contained on just one chip With the arrival of the Atmel ARM7 the word microcontroller just took on a whole new meaning so I am going to have to think of a new metaphor Something like remember the first 386 motherboards Well now you have the equivalent of a complete motherboard on one chip would be a closer approximation to describing this device Let me explain 52 C for ARM Microcontrollers By Rob and Govld Miles Table 1 AT91SAM7S128 quick features list 128 k flash ROM 32k RAM 80 MHz internal clock speed 2 USARTs USB programming and communications interface 32 O lines Achannel 16 bit PWM outputs 32 bit processor 8 x 300 kHz 10 bit A D converters The AT91SAM7 Until recently the ARM has still been out of reach of the non specialist micro controller programmer but a number of changes mean that a low cost solution to developing projects with ARM cores in is now open to everyone In this respect the Elektor Electronics ARMee Development Sytem 1 based on the Philips LPC210x ARM CPU was a ground breaking publication elektor electronics 9 2006 Pack Firstly developments in higher reso lution semiconductor masks have meant that it is now possible to sq
173. supply of components are envisaged a source will normally be advised in the article Note however that the source s given is are not exclusive TERMS OF BUSINESS Delivery Although every effort will be made to dispatch your order within 2 3 weeks from receipt of your instructions we can not guarantee this time scale for all orders Returns Faulty goods or goods sent in error may be returned for replacement or refund but not before obtaining our consent All goods returned should be packed securely in a padded bag or box enclosing a covering letter stating the dispatch note number If the goods are returned because of a mistake on our part we will refund the return postage Damaged goods Claims for damaged goods must be received at our Brentford office within 10 days UK 14 days Europe or 21 days all other countries Cancelled orders All cancelled orders will be subject to a 10 handling charge with a minimum charge of 5 00 Patents Patent protection may exist in respect of circuits devices components and so on described in our books and magazines Elektor Electronics Publishing does not accept responsibility or liability for failing to identify such patent or other protection Copyright All drawings photographs articles printed circuit boards programmed integrated circuits diskettes and software carriers published in our books and magazines other than in third party advertisements are copyright and may not be reproduced or tran
174. t KC 5295 14 75 post and packing The Theremin is a musical instrument that was invented last century By moving your hand between the antenna and the metal plate you create strange sound effects Kit includes a machined silkscreened and into optical or vice versa Use this bit stream converter in situations where one piece of equipment has an optical audio input and the other a coaxial digital output Kit includes Toslink optical modules PCB with overlay case with screen printed lid all electronic components and clear English gai instructions Order Value Cost Order Value 20 49 99 5 200 499 99 50 99 99 10 500 100 199 99 20 Max weight 12lb 5kg Heavier parcels POA Minimum order 20 Cost 30 40 pre drilled case circuit board all electronics components and clear English instructions BS 5080 7 00 post amp packing Australia s leading electronics magazine Silicon Chip has developed a range of projects for performance cars There are 16 projects in total ranging from devices for remapping fuel curves to nitrous controllers The book includes all instructions components lists colour pictures and circuit layouts There are also chapters on engine management advanced systems and DIY modifications Over 150 pages All the projects are available in kit form exclusively to Jaycar Check out our website for all the details and Co
175. t board Can be modified for user applications Programming tools available MF RC522 reader IC Highly integrated single chip reader for ISO 14443 A and MIFARE cards Supports contactless data transmission at 106 kbit s 212 kbit s and 424 kbit s 50 mm approx read write range depending on antenna Integrated MIFARE Classic cryptography Programmable over UART 2C or SPI 64 byte transmit and receive FIFO buffer Programmable reset and power down modes Programmable timer Internal oscillator allows direct connection of 27 12 MHz l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l crystal I a MIFARE Magic directly supports a range of contactless 13 56 MHz MIFARE cards including the Philips MIFARE UltraLight MIFARE 1K and MIFARE 4K The MIFARE Magic win dow Figure 1 also offers the facility to send individual commands to the card with a click of the mouse This allows you to determine the character istics of different cards very easily Examples of compatible cards include the MIFARE UltraLight RFID card sup plied with this issue and described in more detail in a separate article and smart cards used on many public transport systems all over the world for example the London Underground Oyster card In stand alone operation for example in an access control application the reader can be used directly with the firmware we have developed On switch
176. tal I O and 4 analogue or absolute 10 bit value 12 50 input channels 11 00 Control hardware using simple text commands see www byvac co uk RS232 Serial Lead 4 50 Power Regulator 4 95 MONEY BACK GUARANTEE If you are not completely satisfied return the goods within 30 days for a full refund 01 Number One Systems They are warti additions to anv amateur comiractor s bench Rag eana kane LCR Analyser Atlas LCR40 Automatically identify and measure Inductors Capacitors and Resistors Automatic test frequency selection Inductors from 1H to 10H Capacitors from 1pF to 10 000uF Resistors from 1fto 2g 1 Basic accuracy Made with pride have in fhe LUE Star Pack Offer gt yo Atlas DCASS Aiaran analyse most 2 and 3 leaded semis transistors MOSFETs JFETs diodas LEDs etc Automatically identify all leads Connect any way Measures lots of parameters too such as gain PN characteristics MOSFET gate thresholds leakage current and much more i Examge screenshots E a Sy P C Windows The World Beating PCB design software T Easy PC version l0 sets another milestone Ae Winning accolades the world over Easy PC for Windows V 10 PH ait is another major milestone in the evolution of this extremely a a Mi rel fal popular software tool Try a demonstration copy of Easy PC et and prepare to be amazed at the power versatility and remarkable value
177. ted the wrong way around C5 C6 C7 C13 C14 and C15 I The dash on these capacitors has to be at the side of the I connectors If they are at the side of the LCD there are two I options I I 1 you remove the capacitors and refit them with the correct I orientation above free of charge Way around easily Just a thought Please can you pass this info on to the designer Dave UK Good to see Dave that our arti cles boards and software have enabled you to actually build such an impressive system This sort of information is very rewarding not only for the respec tive authors but also for us editors and designers working in a pub lishing company AA cells fully charged Dear Editor several of my colleagues and myself have built this useful piece of equipment Simple Rechargeable AA Cell Characteriser April 2006 Ed and have found that not only does it check the quality of an AA cell but it also checks the amount of charge that different chargers put into the cells get between 98 and 103 of the rated capacity Corrections amp Updates FPGA Prototyping Board 2 you return the FPGA board to us and we will do the In any case do not apply the supply voltage before it has been ascertained that the six electrolytics are fitted the right from my cells but one col league was only getting 70 or so and blamed his cells A quick swap of cells and charging on my charger pro duc
178. th Security System security and data security must be given adequate attention before the system is put into service Of course the requirements depend on the specific application In a system with objectrelated RFID tags which in the simplest case only replace barcode labels it is basically not necessary to have any more security than when bar codes are used but also no less The data is stored in compliance with a standard and can be write protected However everyone who has access to the tag can read and copy the stored data just as with a barcode In contrast to barcode systems it is relatively easy to increase the functionality and security of RFID tags The first step is to protect the data against copying One way 9 2006 elektor electronics Preventing replay A typical application for contactless smart cards is an access control system such as for a company Every employee with access authorisation carries a badge con taining a smart card The employee holds the card in front of a reader before entering a secure area That causes access to be granted or the door to open automatically Of course the authorisation data is transmitted between the card and the reader in encrypted form However a session key is needed to prevent an attacker from recording the transmitted data and then simply using it again a replay attack In the 3 pass mutual authorisation method the correctness of the secret ke
179. that you certainly wouldn t pause to think about in the first instance is the dissipation of heat The satellite generates about 2 5 W of which about 0 4 W is the radio signal transmitted from the antenna So about 2 watts have to be dissipated as heat some where Since convection does not take place in a vac uum heat can only be dissipated via radiation and inter nal conduction And then 2 W is suddenly quite a lot In addition there is heating from the sun some 1000 W m The only possibility to control the temperature is to choose the surface material of the satellite just right for example consider the reflectivity of a surface The thor ough simulation of what comprises the best configuration and the location of where an isolating or radiating sur face should be is so complex that it was the thesis for a student from the Delfi C3 group Not the only one The group from Delft is not unique In Aachen Germany there is also a project which uses a Cubesat Using the name COMPASS 1 the Fachhochschule Aachen will launch a satellite that besides taking pictures of the earth will also test a new bus system for space vehicles 2 The equipment on the Compass 1 comprises a GPS a camera an energy backup source a 3 axis magnetome ter five solar cells some 12 temperature sensors five of which are on the outside one near the battery pack and the others integrated in ICs current and voltage sensors and a fieldstrength meter
180. the altitude it which the satellite will be placed The main payload satellite determines the altitude You therefore have to be able to make last minute adjustments to tune the satellite for the altitude Hitching a ride on a launch usually costs between 20 000 and 50 000 dollars But sometimes if you re lucky you can go along with another satellite for free JAXA the Japanese space agency for example offers a number of free piggyback launches with their H 2A From 2008 this GOSAT satellite sponsored by the govern 43 GOKU MINI SATELLITES Professional amateurs In addition to the activity in Delft there are other projects in the Netherlands related to cheap space travel From Leiden the company Delta Utec has already worked for 10 years with students from all around Europe building and launch ing satellites At this moment a second Young Engineers Satellite abbreviated to YES2 is being built The object of this satellite is to show that a wire tether can be used to return a satellite back to earth This works as follows In a classical balance between gravity and centrifugal force the satellites move in circular orbits distant satellites move slower than near ones On the same principle it takes the moon one month to complete one orbit but the Space shuttle takes only an hour and a half If you now lower on a wire a light satellite from a heavier one the lower lighter satellite because of the wire will m
181. the final version The satellite is very small indeed The one euro coin gives a good impression of the size 42 on board voltage the on board temperature the various currents that flow and all the information from the other two projects In this way for example it is possible to determine the temperature and the very important I V curve of the solar cells The satellite has no data storage capability on board so all data is immediately transmitted down to earth The transceiver uses amateur radio frequencies for this pur pose which are also permitted for use with amateur satellite traffic 145 MHz and 435 MHz The satellite is compatible with AMSAT standards and its linear transponder is available for radio amateurs allowing them to make cross continent contacts for example between Europe and North America when the satellite flies above the Atlantic Ocean In exchange for this the Delfi C3 crew ask all radio amateurs to send received data from Delfi C3 to the base station in Delft Work is currently in progress on software that allows radio amateurs to process the data at home In this way data can be collected when the satellite is out of range of the ground station The research project of TNO is a new type of solar sen sor with a wireless interface This is an important experi ment for size critical applications because there will be no need for wires running through the satellite The solar cells from Dutch Spa
182. the inputs to be stored and it will then be sent with the next transmission Example In the example you can see that the data outputs are connected directly to the associated data inputs The NEW SAMPLE output signal is con nected to the LOAD input This causes the received samples to be sent back to the codec on the next transmission In other words the sig nals at the inputs appear unchanged at the outputs after a short delay Another simulation Overall operation of the circuit is illustrated by the file ex10 3 vwf In this simulation we used a random bit pattern for DOUT The simulation clearly shows that this bit stream appears at the DIN output after approximately 31 us The received data is thus sent back to the codec without any modification As you can easily see several signals are missing in this simulation The rea son for this is that these signals dis appeared in during compilation because the compiler attempts to gen erate a design that is compact a pos sible As a result certain signals may become redundant and the compiler will not implement these signals in the FPGA As a result Quartus cannot simulate the signals during the simu lation session Filter The bypass function described above is not particularly useful in practice A elektor electronics 9 2006 more useful technique is to process the input signal and then output the results via the codec The example file ex11
183. the extra question number of turns of the antenna coil on the RFID card Write the answer together with your email address on the back of the envelope Envelopes are not opened by Elektor Electronics staff wireless reading is employed You will receive a return email from us if your card contains a winning number Unfortunately we are unable to return cards checked using our reader elektor 9 2006 it Pri TE 2 Prize A Mio C170 Navigation System worth 345 The C170 comes with with full European coverage 24 countries and features integrated Bluetooth handsfree communication an MP3 player and a photo viewer Prize sponsored by Conrad Electronics Netherlands conrad nl Winning number 04B71559EE0280 plus extra number 3 Prize A Liteon LVW5045 GDL DVD Recorder worth 245 Show nrRaD view p driven recor mm poan ding on 5 eeD a 160 gigabyte hard disk disk burning and playback of all current DVD standards Prize sponsored by Conrad Electronics Netherlands conrad nl Winning number 0498F361EE0280 plus extra number 4 to 7 Prize E blocks Starter kit Professional from Matrix Multimedia worth 166 The ideal way to step into E blocks technology using the main modules and the graphics oriented Flowcode A software Winning numbers 0445F96 1EE0280 047BF 159EE0280 04945A29EE280 and 04EE4761EE0280 all plus extra number 9 2006 elektor Ze
184. tions carefully described as having a wider appeal to the general public Fortunately over the past few months sales of Elektor Electronics magazine have increased to the extent that we re on the verge of re entering the infamous Top 1000 of magazine titles sold through WH Smith thank you all for your persistence in looking for our magazine We get a lot of inspiration from you our readers but also from profession als in the industry we speak to from time to time in various languages To cut a long story short the result of talk ing to just a few people best described as being in the right place as well as fully aware of Elektor s potential is attached to this very copy of the magazine a free RFID card con taining a unique hexadecimal number string Although RFID gets a lot of attention these days and the associated industry is used to handling really tall orders our contact persons at Philips and ACG took a deep breath when told them we needed 125 000 cards to go with the full European print run of the magazine After some more sighing and moaning from the printers binders and the odd local distributor everyone agreed that Elektor s Giant RFID Card Quest went to prove that there may be some truth after all in the byline leading the way we print with our masthead and logo As far as know no other magazine has ever supplied free RFID cards in such great numbers as we re about to do with this
185. tless interface microcontroller as specified by As it is basically impossible to say in advance whether more than one card is within the operating range of the reader ISO I EC 1 4443 card selection must occur before the actual communication session in order to ensure that only one card is addressed collision protection Analogue portion Mifare technology uses a contactless interface that complies Digital portion with the ISO IEC 14443 standard A carrier frequency of Data including user data can be transferred after the card 13 56 MHz is used for energy transfer and data transfer has been selected The following rules apply between the reader and the card The read write range is Fis a aa a a lesaivan lorcn Reader talks first the transceiver always transmits first and the card replies As shown in the illustration the contactless interface can be explained in simplified terms using the operating principle of a transformer The antenna coil of the reader generates an alternating magnetic field at 13 56 MHz In simplified terms the reader antenna can be regarded as the primary winding of a loosely coupled transformer The card antenna acts as a secondary winding that picks up part of the generated mag netic field This provides the card chip with the necessary energy The terms PCD and PICC used in the figure come from the ISO standard and are explained in the glossary The card always replies within a
186. to charge Listing 1 and Listing 2 show the relevant lines from the Delphi source code of the new software Parameter Dene C ATITA C ATES C ATSULP2S2 iw ATRASAOS ATRASI E ATAN pans rain Reset iar Delay afier Reset ims on fom ins If aler 7 000 10 000 THO C AS DIR invert Pin S232 Pin used tor MOSI function tf THD f RTS OTR fw inert Pin REZ Pin ued for SCL funcion eee RSP272 Pin used for MESO function f CTS DSR C RLSOO Ri f RTS f DTR ieewert Pin fe ieecert Pir Terminal Feud Rabe i i E Fa i 4000 OCO 9600 arene Complete O Fos Carel k m a0 f 47600 Figure 1 AtmellSP exe 57 GO MICROCONTROLLERS 2 MikroFlash Elektor 6956253 COMI t COM2 Figure 2 MicroFlash53 exe Double speed The AT89S8253 uses an improved version of the 8051 core One processor cycle now takes only six clock peri ods rather than the previous twelve The microcontroller is thus twice as fast as before although this is not imme diately noticeable since the clock generated by the crys tal oscillator is internally divided by two However there is a new register called CLKREG at address O8Fh and bit O of this register X2 can be used to switch out the divider When the microcontroller is reset CLKREG is cleared to zero The X2 bit is therefore zero and the divider is swit
187. ts you can use The on screen course also includes a number of vir tual ARM simulations which will allow you to more easily understand the pro gramming concepts involved This is illustrated in Figure 2 The CD ROM based course also links seamlessly to a compiler and IDE which are supplied along with a num ber of C code examples that show you how to develop a range of programs for the ARM These range from very simple tasks starting with lighting a LED on a single output pin through to tasks of medium complexity such as programs to control LCDs using serial communications The C compiler is based on the open source GNU com piler and it is possible to add other licence free GNU code libraries to this An added bonus here is that the float ing point library is already included in the compiler set up and the system is able to execute full floating point arithmetic elektor electronics 9 2006 Great strides from 8 bit to 32 bit The ARM is a 32 bit core which means greater processing power and support for a larger variable range and advanced mathematical operations floating point etc But when you just want to control eight bits on a port then writing and reading 32 bit words to memory addresses can become a lit tle unwieldy To get round this the CD ROM also has an include file and a range of pre written functions that allow you to use the I O pins on the ARM like a more simple 8 bit device with ports A to E a
188. tting of the switch A piece of cake really Finding out about the theory of operation which should be included in a descriptive article like this turned out to be less easy The manual casually men tions the well known Thomson cir cuit This may have been well known in the sixties but had cer tainly never heard of it Much to my surprise a search on the Inter net led me to a more modern ver sion of the Pontavi Thomson 1 but I still couldn t find an easy to understand description did dis cover that Pontavi wasn t as thought at first an Italian col league of Mr Thomson but rather a descriptive term used by Hartmann amp Braun there was also a Kapavi for capacitors Kapazitaten and an Inkavi for RETRONICGS Pontavi Thomson Bridge inductors Induktionen 2 finally found the answer in a library book in the college in a chapter we were allowed to skip for our exams that s why The operation comes down to the following Figure 2 the resistors on either side of the ammeter have such a large value that little or no current flows through the terminals at Xe Their contact resistance and that of the leads can therefore be ignored The series resistance between the wiper and the negative side of the supply reduces the voltage across the bridge but doesn t influence its balance The same applies to the resistor in the posi tive supply side The bridge is bal anc
189. ueeze more transistors onto a given area of silicon Users of integrated cir cuits effectively pay for the cost of the silicon inside the device and the pack aging so a smaller area of silicon used means lower cost The ARM device detailed here costs only 6 50 or around 10 euros each There is a down side here squeezing more tran sistors into a given area means that the available power dissipation of the device reduces cleverly the ARM designers have compensated for this by reducing the internal operating voltage down to 1 8 V which means that the transistors in the chip use only an eighth of the power of a simi lar 5 V device To help you along a lit tle the device has peripheral circuitry that presents the i o lines at a level of 3 3 V at the point where they interface to the outside world and these i o lines are 5 V tolerant inputs to the micro are compatible with existing circuitry but the output lines will only give 3 3 V Secondly Atmel have released a series of devices which have built in USB 2 0 support As a result you don t need an expensive programmer although if you have a JTAG programmer the device can also be programmed that way With an appropriate shell pro gram inside the device you can simply connect the ARM to your PC and download your program This also allows engineers to add USB function ality to Atmel AT91SAM7 projects USB is not the only trick up Atmel s sleeve in fact the great
190. ur own at considerable cost savings This book is aimed not only at this sector of the market but also at the many enthusiasts who want to be able to experiment and to make their own modifications to their high end equipment Contents include solid state and valve preamplifiers and power amplifiers active cross over filters an active subwoofer a headphone amplifier and more ISBN 0 905705 40 8 262 Pages 15 55 US 31 00 Complete ANSI C Compiler Development Environments for PIC and AVR m Rapid Application Designer RAD front end the fastest way to fully working code m Drag amp Drop interface into library routines and hardware drivers m Link C functions into hardware events Hugely featured Simulator including Logic Analyser and big range of external devices Our development systems are standalone and include RAD front end compiler assembler and simulaotr All systems include elements library functions for Timers Ports A D SPI I2C USART Watchdog Delays USB PWM Capture Compare Oscillator functions Voltage Ref LCD modules 7 Segment p Learn A Design Displays Graphic LCD ANSI libraries and many more IDE Forest Electronics www fored co uk sales fored co uk 01590 681511 9 2006 elektor electronics FED Support the complete development Lifecycle Free manuals including C tutorials for the PIC AVR RAD front end to WIZ C Develop Complete integrated development en
191. ve necessitated changes to the oscillator circuit The recom mended values for the circuit around the crystal C1 and C2 on the printed circuit board are now 5 pF 5 pF The 22 pF capacitors previously used can be simply removed This is not compulsory however as the 11 0592 MHz crystal used will still oscillate perfectly well with 22 pF capacitors connected No changes should be made if it is desired to be able to use either the new or the old microcontroller in the same board Programming software The AT89S8252 was rather slow to program which was particularly noticeable when a full 8 kbytes of data were to be transferred Time is money and so Atmel have addressed this problem The programming interface has been thoroughly overhauled there is a new protocol which uses Page Mode A total of 64 bytes can be loaded in one operation and then these bytes can be simultaneously programmed into the microcontroller This makes programming much faster While the old micro controller took at least 12 seconds to program 8 kbytes the new version can program the full 12 kbytes in under a second New programming software is required to take advantage of this new mode The most recent version of the program AtmellSP exe Figure 1 by Ulrich Bangert DF6JB already supports the new chip simply select the desired microcontroller device and hardware code DK7JD for the Elektor Electronics Flash Microcontroller Board On some PCs you may
192. ver for which we use the SMD SO8 package ver sion It is connected to the USART Universal Synchronous amp Asynchro nous Receiver Transmitter of the 16C745 enabling it to be used bi 060012 11 Figure 2 The circuit diagram of our converter is limited in fact to a PIC micro and an RS485 bus driver 9 2006 elektor electronics 71 TS sn directionally in case you would like to modify the firmware of the PIC to use it as a DMX512 input The non inverting buffer output of the RS485 driver is connected to pin 3 of the XLR connector and the inverter out put is connected to pin 2 since pin 1 is connected to ground As far as the USB cable and connector are con cerned this is a moulded cable sold in retail stores or the one with your old mouse USB of course It has four wires plus shielding a pair of untwisted fairly thick wires for the 5 V power supply voltage and two thinner wires twisted as pair for data transmission XLR connectors are supplied by many manufacturers Here a Cannon type 10HC089 is used It is important to use this XLR connector because a standard Neu trik connector does not have enough space to hold the circuit Programming the PIC The PIC 16C745 micro has to be pro grammed before soldering it onto the board If you re a home programmer make sure you have a suitable DIL to SOIC adaptor with your programmer Alternatively as we did in our tests see the photo in Figure 3
193. vironment Prototype We supply a variety of prototyping boards Program Forest have Serial USB and In Circuit Programmers In Circuit Debugging operates with all our IDE s p Simulate Fast simulator with huge range of device types 59 FPGA Paul Goossens Welcome back to the beginner friendly course we run in support of our extremely popular FPGA Development System This month we examine the simulation capabilities of Quartus Simulation makes it a lot easier to design circuits and track down errors in your designs The accompanying examples show how you can use the audio interface of the prototyping board It s handy to be able to test your design during the design process VHDL allows you to create test benches which make it a lot easier to test and simulate VHDL designs Unfortunately Quartus does not sup port VHDL test benches It has a graphic simulator instead Although the simulator provides less user func tionality it is easier to use The simu lator is more than adequate for most of the sample applications in this course The simulator is actually a combination of a virtual signal generator and a logic analyser Here we use it to simulate the operation of an audio interface implemented with the hardware The ex10 sample application described in this instalment uses the 60 ACCENSIONE ANOD voi T U aad 5 E audio codec IC12 on the prototyping board From the schematic diagram
194. w ftdichip com FTDI designs and sells interface i c s Complete with PC drivers upgrading peripherals to USB FUTURLEC Save up to 60 on e Electronic Components e Development Boards Programmers Huge range of products available on line for HEROS TECHNOLOGY LTD www herostechnology co uk microcontrollers Suitable for Developers Pre production e WinPIC2006 USB full speed programmer e CPU microcontroller modules FIRST TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER LTD and Assembly Microchip Consultant Training Partner developed e Assembly C Programming of PIC16 PIC18 FUTURE TECHNOLOGY DEVICES USB UART and USB FIFO these devices simplify the task of desing or http www futurlec com e Microcontrollers PIC Atmel immediate delivery at very competitive prices Introducing Modular Concept for Educational and Hobby applications e Peripheral modules for all microcontrollers elektor electronics 9 2006 JLB ELECTRONICS www jlbelectronics com Suppliers of electrical electronic parts and consumables Including e Cable ties bases e Tools hardware e Bootlace ferrules e Connectors e Solvent sprays amp cleaners e PVC Tape e Heat Sink compound KMK TECHNOLOGIES Ltd http www kmk com hk Low Cost DIY Robotic Kits and Computer Controller Boards LONDON ELECTRONICS COLLEGE http www lec org uk Vocational training and education for national qualifications in Electronics Engineering and Information Technology
195. was made in the Netherlands for expertise in the area of building light parachute systems This was found quickly at the Netherlands Organisation for Rocket Research NERO the pre eminent Dutch organisation for rocket amateurs In this organisation there appeared to be plenty of expertise in the area of designing and qualifying of parachute systems The connections with suppliers and test facilities were also invaluable For the amateur rocket enthusiasts from NERO the opportuni ty to cooperate with real space projects is obviously fantastic A multi disciplinary project team has been formed that is sup ported by Delta Utec with the design and qualification of the parachute This system had to be designed and tested according to the requirements of the ESA in only a few months of available time That showed that the working pro cedures of the professional space industry and those of the NERO do not differ all that much Where the professional space industry does more calculations and simulations the amateurs do more testing But the end result is the same working and qualified systems And in this way hobbyist and professionals complement each other More information www yes2 info www nerorockets org elektor electronics 9 2006 QUASAR Tronics Get Plugged In pay a j H i ta ka Wa Motor Drivers Controllers Here are just a few of our controller and driver modules for AC DC unipolar bipolar ste
196. y is verified and a session key is generated This works as follows 1 The card generates a random number RndB which is encrypted using a secret key and then sent to the reader 2 Decryption in the reader then yields the same random number RndB if the read er uses the same secret key The decrypted number is permutated to form the number RndB The two numbers RndB and RndA are then encrypted and sent back to the card 3 The card recovers the two received random numbers by decryption and revers es the permutation of RndB If the result is the same as the number RnaB previ ously generated by the card the keys used by the card and the reader must be the same In this way the card recognises that the reader is authentic The card then permutes RndA to generate RndA encrypts RndA and sends this num ber back to the reader 4 Now the reader can decrypt RndA and convert it back to RndA to test the cor rectness of the key that was used If the test is successful the reader has recog nised that the card is genuine After this authentication both sides know that they are using the same key even though the key never left the card or the reader A temporary session key can now be generated from the random numbers which are known only to the reader and the card because they were transmitted in encrypted form The session key is then used for data encryption during the rest of the communication session The advantage of such a session
197. you can ie ei TUUT gt fe 3 9 A e C if y Va BOP make one yourself using a DIL carrier a Figure 3 Not for the faint hearted 5 TONI 060012 1 piece of flatcable and a test clip for SOIC circuits The hex object code file to burn into the PIC is called Figure 4 The PIC occupies almost all space at one of the board sides firmware usb2dmx hex It is con This double sided board is through plated tained in archive file 060012 11 zip which may be downloaded free of charge from our website The PIC may also be purchased ready programmed from the Elektor SHOP Heat up your soldering irons Populating the board requires some skills handling SMD parts but should not cause dramatic problems Fortu nately the components used for this project are not as difficult to solder as for example an ARM processor in a BGA package with 278 balls sized 14 mm x 14 mm icond C OM PO N E NTS cz CTEC7AS 0 programmed 060012 41 LIST order code Miscellaneous Xi 66MH resonadon Murata The printed circuit board of which the Reviciore CSTCR6MO0G53 RO top and bottom side artwork is shown RI 1kQ5 0 25W 5 0805 XLR connector Cannon type 10HC089 in Figure 4 is without doubt one of the e g www distrelec com smallest we have ever published in Capacitors 12242 USB AA cable 1 8m Elektor Electronics C1 150nF ceramic 0603 standard C2 220nF ceramic 0603 PCB ref 060012 1 from The PCBshop ee Project software f
198. zing sound when repeatedly reversed at a high rate Useful if your model car careers into the undergrowth The default settings are best taken from the pdf document We hope you will get your model car on the asphalt soon Old PCB numbers Dear Jan while rummag ing around on my loft found an old Elektor printed circuit board numbered EPS 9860 cannot remember anything about The centre of the board has an LM324 two presets diodes and a couple of electrolytics Is this some kind of tone control or ampli tier Tanglung Singapore The EPS number 9860 is for a Peak Programme Meter from the January 1978 issue The number may be confusing in this day and age because of the fist two digits 98 In the old days we re talk ing about almost 30 years ago a different PCB numbering system was used Starting with the July August 1978 double edition a 5 digit PCB production number was adopted for example 78003 but only for Summer Cir cuits projects The first two digits then indicate the year in which the project was first filed for pub lication By November 1978 all articles got the 5 digit code the first number issued being 79001 In January 1988 the system num bering was expanded to six digits with the third digit e g 4 indi cating a Summer Circuits article e g 884056 From March 2000 on any software and other article related items followed this number system by means of an extension

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