Full report - ECE - Cornell University
Contents
1. Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 29 APPENDICES Appendix A Installation and User Manual Installation of the beehive monitoring system is pretty simple It consists of 2 major components Le Transmitter and receiver The integrated transmitter comes in a box with a battery and solar panel attached to it The solar panel needs to be positioned in a way that it is exposed correctly to the sun light and is connected to the battery which is connected to the transmitter circuit The box main transmitter circuit is placed inside the beehive as close as possible to the bees Once it is switched on the transmitter is ready and starts transmitting the temperature and audio information The receiver can be placed at a convenient location inside the house at a maximum of 1500 mt distance from the hive transmitter circuit As this is placed inside the house this can be connected to a power supply Wall mounting the receiver is suggested as it gives the best view of the graphic LCD Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 30 Appendix B XBEE Pro Radio e Outdoor RF Line of Sight Range Int 5000 ft 1500 m e Serial Data Rate 1200 bps 1 Mbps e Fast 250 kbps RF data rate to the end node e 24 GHz for worldwide deployment e Sleep modes supported for extended battery life XBEE Pro radio can act in different configurations which are described in the table below Term Definition Personal Area Network A2. 4 1 Approach The project is divided into two parts The Transmitter Circuit and The Receiver Circuit The data flow of the project is linear First the temperature and sound intensity information is read from the sensors The data is then fed to two separate ADC Analog to Digital Converter channels in the transmitter MCU which samples the signals at 8KHz and converts them into digital signals Then the digital data is converted back to meaningful information and is transmitted to the Transmitter XBEE Pro Radio through USART The Transmitter radio transmits the information to the Receiver XBEE Pro Radio in the form of packets using wireless communication The Receiver radio receives the packets and then sends this information to the Receiver MCU using USART The Receiver MCU analyses the data and displays it on the graphical LCD interfaced to it The flow is shown in the below block diagram Temperature Sensor Sound Sensor Led Acid Solar Panel Battery Power Supply Figure 1 Block Diagram 4 2 Hardware The hardware is split into two main parts The Transmitter Circuit and the Receiver Circuit Both these circuits are explained in detail in this section 4 2 1 Beehive Transmitter Beehive transmitter circuit is responsible for reading and transmitting hive conditions Its schematic diagram is below Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 11 o MC Pin Al aie Fig 2 Schematic Diagram for Bee
3. The BHTSM system shall wirelessly transmit information from hive to the destination SYS 06 The BHTSM system shall indicate if the data is out of range SYS 07 The bill of materials for the BHTSM system shall not exceed 500 SYS 08 The BHTSM system shall be designed to be weather proof outdoor beehive SYS 09 The BHTSM system shall be designed considering power saving options SYS 10 The BHTSM system shall work with a range of 1500 meters SYS 11 The BHTSM system shall read temperatures in F Degrees Fahrenheit SYS 12 The BHTSM system shall measure temp with 1 degree accuracy SYS 13 The BHTSM system shall read accurate sound intensity levels in the hive 2 2 2 Beehive Transmitter This section lists the requirements to be met by the Beehive Transmitter BHT BHT 01 The BHT shall read temperature and sound inside the beehive in periodic intervals BHT 02 The BHT shall consume less power Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 7 BHT 03 The BHT shall wirelessly transmit temperature details BHT 04 The BHT shall wirelessly transmit acoustics details BHT 05 The BHT shall be solar powered 2 2 3 Beehive Receiver This section lists the requirements to be met by the Beehive Receiver BHR BHR 01 The Beehive Receiver BHR shall receive wireless radio inputs BHR 02 The BHR shall understand and parse the received beehive temperature information BHR 03 The BHR shall understand and pars
4. f BAUD OSE 16 UBRRn 1 where fosc is the CPU clock frequency Since the external clock frequency has to be less than a quarter of the CPU frequency which is at 16MHz the maximum BAUD rate that can be achieved from the above equation is 0 25MHz However since 9600 is a standard baud rate and a stable one as well it is used in the project which is achieved by setting the corresponding UBRROH and UBRROL registers We can keep sending data at every clock edge as long as we keep the USART Transmit Data Buffer register full at all times 4 3 2 Beehive Receiver The Receiver is responsible for receiving the data from the transmitter through receiver radio analyze and display the data on the graphic LCD AVR Studio 4 version 4 15 with the WinA VR GCC Compiler version 20080610 is used to write and build the code and to program the microcontroller The crystal frequency is set to 16 MHz and compiler optimization was set to Os to optimize the speed The LCD display toggles between temperature and sound information every 5 seconds configurable in code The temperature is displayed in Fahrenheit and corresponding indicator showing whether the temperature is Normal High or Low is displayed on the screen Similarly the sound information with corresponding high low indicator is also displayed when toggled to show sound information Historic Data There is a graphical representation of the history displayed below in the screen which
5. KS0105 graphic LCD is used for displaying the temperature and sound information It has a blue background with 128 x 64 monochrome white pixels For the contrast adjustment a 10K contrast pot is used The pin description and MCU connections are explained in detail in the table below The connections are shown in the picture below Figure 3 Receiver MCU Connected to Graphic LCD PIN SYMBOL FUNCTION MCU PIN Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 15 NO 1 VSS Ground GND 2 VDD Power supply 5 V VCC 3 V0 Contrast adjustment 4 D I Data instruction PA2 5 R W Data read write PA3 6 E H L enable signal PA4 7 DBO Data bus line PCO 8 DB1 Data bus line PCI 9 DB2 Data bus line PC2 10 DB3 Data bus line PC3 11 DB4 Data bus line PC4 12 DB5 Data bus line PC5 13 DB6 Data bus line PC6 14 DB7 Data bus line PC7 15 CSI Chip select for IC1 PAO 16 CS2 Chip select for IC2 PAI 17 RST Reset VCC 18 Ver Negative voltage output 19 A Power supply for LED 4 2 V RA 0Q VCC 20 K Power supply for LED 0 V GND Table 1 KS0108 Pin Description and MCU Connections 42 3 PCB boards The resulting circuits both transmitter and receiver are then 4 3SOFTWARE The software portion is split into two independent project modules i e one for the Transmitter MCU and the other for the Receiver MCU 43 1 Beehive Transmitter The transmitter MCU is
6. Page 6 2 Design problem amp System Requirements 2 1 Design Problem The goal of this project is to design a low cost compact and reliable temperature and sound monitor for monitoring the hive conditions The hive data collection unit should be solar powered and placed in weather proof boxes A simple graphical display should be available to display the collected data at the destination The system is composed of two sub systems and they are transmitter and receiver Transmitter is responsible in collecting data temperature and sound from the beehive arranging data into packet and sending the packet to the receiver Receiver is responsible in receiving packet and displaying the data on the graphical LCD Finally data is analyzed in some graphs 2 2 System level Requirements 2 2 1 Bee Hive Temperature and Sound Monitoring System BHTSM This section lists the requirements to be met by the Beehive temperature and sound monitoring system BHTSM SYS 01 The BHTSM system shall include Transmitter module to relay temperature and sound Note The requirements for the Beehive Transmitter are listed in Section 2 2 SYS 02 The BHTSM system shall include receiver module that receives and displays hive temperature and acoustics Note The requirements for the receiver module are listed in Section 2 3 SYS 03 The BHTSM system shall read the beehive temperature SYS 04 The BHTSM system shall read the beehive acoustics details SYS 05
7. a symbol is appended at the end of the string The transmission happens one character at a time So a Transmit method is developed which uses USART transmission protocol and sets the USART Buffer to the passed in character This buffer value is transmitted using the XBEE module Another method Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 17 TransmitString is also developed which accepts a string of characters and calls the Transmit function in a loop to deliver the complete string How the USART Data Transmission amp Reception Work The USART protocol uses two wires for transmit and receive and an additional wire when using synchronous mode I opted to use USART in Asynchronous normal mode since synchronous mode requires an additional clock to check the integrity of the communication whereas the asynchronous mode requires no such clock instead transmits and receives on an agreed upon format USART channel 0 is used on the transmitter MCU to transmit the data to the transmitter radio and the same channel is used on the receiver MCU to receive the data from the receiver radio Both USART are set up to transmit 8 bit size characters with a start bit and a stop bit to signal the start and end of a character and an even parity bit for error detection of 1 bit Thus a frame consists of a total of 11 bits Since both USART are operating in asynchronous mode the Baud rate of the transmission is set by the following equation
8. displayed on the LCD with corresponding High Low indicator This value is then passed to a local function for storing in an array This array maintains the most recent 128 sound values received by the receiver These values are displayed on the graphic LCD as vertical lines with the length of each line proportional to the corresponding sound value Below is a flow chart describing the functional flow of the receipt and processing of the values Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 19 Receive information Processed Information and retrieve Temp amp Sound Call ProcessTemp for storing temperature data Call ProcessSound for storing Sound Data ShowTemp Flag If Set to True Display Temperature Display Temperature Graph History If Set to False Display Sound Display Sound Graph History Fig 6 Flow Chart for Receiver 5 TEST METHODOLOGY amp DIFFICULTIES The test strategy mainly focused on building and testing individual components and promoting the end system in phases Each unit is developed and tested independently The approach of building and testing different units separately helped me in facing very few problems in the integrated test environment Some of the key components build and test Temperature Sensor I interfaced the temperature sensor and a 16X2 LCD that I used in other labs on a single MCU This was mainly to test the temperature sensor and see if the
9. reete eire Rene dE ERU ax nee ERE O O EOE ERR Pew RANG 24 Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 4 6 2 Requirements Eis 23 To CONCLUSION E M asters 27 AM SUMUMALY EE 27 D2 Buture W ODM occas eintreten rator oen nera taa ture Y aea Pa esl au NEE a AEEA NENEA 27 7 3 More Compliance Considerations eese nene rennen enne 27 7 4 Ethical Considerations reete ertet tritt eren eod uo khe e e ek e T ek aea TYo Rag 27 7 5 Legal Considerations iin etc E rta e s ree need re er eade 27 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 tti rn t tror lg ena dede aeaaea ka s sae ie eei apres ao TR Reged ca 28 PEN elus Gic 29 APPENDICES p ELT 30 Appendix A Installation and User Manual eese eene eene ren rennen 30 Appendix B XBEE Pro Radio acte otto ten etae fet dorso tan aieeaa aaiae o nere pla peri ipe ade 31 Appendix C X CTU Software ione dec a eei dod dec ia Cr eat a o Dir eel e FERE E e uade ede 32 Appendix D Schematics m titt rmt aa aa ERE UXR AMETE BERE ATRRR CERE a aa e ERR R eR NEE EA VERA CURAE Eo EROR 33 Appendix E Layouts P 34 Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 5 1 Introduction Beekeeping is a production branch of the agriculture Honeybees are very important economical insects not only for pollination of crops but also for their valuable products These products are used either directly as human food
10. responsible for the data acquisition converting the analog data signal into digital signal by ADC sampling and transmitting the processed data to transmitter Radio through USART 4 3 1 1 ADC Sampling The temperature data and modified audio signal from the audio analog circuit was fed into the ADC port A 7 and A 3 respectively The DC bias voltage was fed into A 1 The ADC voltage reference was set to AVCC By default the successive approximation circuitry requires an input clock frequency between 50kHz and 200kHz to get maximum resolution according to the Atmel Megal284 specifications The ADC is set to run at 125 kHz and it takes 13 ADC cycles Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 16 to produce a new 10 bit ADC value ranging from 0 1023 or about 104us Since 10 bit ADC result is used the ADLAR in ADC was set to zero 4 3 1 2 The Algorithm Temperature Reading The output of the temperature sensor is fed into the ADC port A 3 The sensitivity of LM34DZ is 10 millivolts per F So if the temperature of the surrounding is 1 F then it s output will be 10mv or if the temperature is 31 F then the output will be 310mv These small voltages can easily be detected by the AVR after converting them into ADC and by doing a certain amount of calculation we can get back the temperature Since the ADC is configured in 10 bit mode with a reference voltage of AVCC the maximum ADC value can be 1023 and minimum can be 0 The resolution in t
11. set in the project proposal were met A fully functional telemetry system to monitor the temperature and sound in a beehive with a graphical display bar graphs and line graphs of the data in real time is designed The project accurately displayed the data received The corresponding PCBs are designed for Receiver and Transmitter and ordered online at Advanced Circuits Refer to Appendix E for the details of PCBs received The material costs were kept down and the system designed is also user friendly By switching on the display device the user will be able to know the temperature and sound intensity level inside a beehive at that time instant The added display options like displaying the minimum maximum and average values in bar graph representation over a specific period helps the user to know about the data in a more user friendly way On the display device the log data is also shown which helps the user to know and compare not only the absolute data values but also the relative data values Integrated system with both receiver and transmitter is found functioning as expected Both XBEEs are connected and the communication has been established and noticed to be consistence for long periods of time The display of temperature and sound information are periodically toggled and the graphical information is displayed consistently S Fig 7 Receiver and Transmitter integrated and functioning correctly Temperature Display Beehi
12. to obtain a gain of 133 33V V or 42 4 dB This ensures that the maximum output of the microphone results in a full voltage swing across the ADC range Since the audio signal is sampled with the ADC at 8 KHz sampling rate it must be low pass filtered before the ADC conversion to remove aliasing A 2nd order Sallen Key low pass filter is built using the op amp with a cutoff frequency of 500Hz 4 1 1 1 XBEE Pro Radio amp Adaptor An XBEE Pro radio is installed at the transmitter which is used for transmitting the temperature and sound information read and transformed by the MCU XBEE Pro has a UART interface and can connect directly to a microcontroller Using UART the radio can be used to communicate between microcontroller to microcontroller or between PC to microcontroller XBee Pro radio is designed for 3 3V system So in order to interface the radio with ATmega 1284p MCU an adaptor kit is used XBEE MCU DTR Flow control into XBee RST XBee Reset Common Ground RTS Flow control into XBee 3V from regulator or input Fig 4 XBEE Radio with adaptor Tablel XBEE and MCU Connections The adaptor can be used to interface for 5V microcontroller board The XBEE radio can be connected to either a PC or MCU using this adaptor The radio is mounted on top of the adaptor kit as shown in figure 8 This connection is used to configure the radio which is explained in detail in the software sectio
13. was also quite self critical of the design accepting honest criticism of my work to help me improve I sought the help of the project advisor whenever I couldn t figure out how to tackle an issue I was not biased towards anyone based on any factors such as race religion and national origins I treated all of my peers with respect and did not say or publish anything offensive while in lab I was respectful to others wishes and made sure that I was not hindering their work I cited all contributions made to the project including any of my own previous work Overall I honestly tried to create the best project that I could given time constraints and I was honest with others and myself throughout the process 7 4 Legal Considerations There are no major legal considerations to be concerned as I did not transgress upon any intellectual property The project does not pose any known danger to any people or property I used standard 9 12V AC adapters to power the system all of which should conform to legal standards Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 27 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my MEng project advisor Dr Bruce Land for supporting me throughout the entire project Bruce is someone you will instantly love and never forget once you meet him He s the coolest advisor and one of the smartest people I know I hope that I could be as lively enthusiastic and energetic as Bruce I am also very grateful to him for his advi
14. 02 110 ND 3 8 XBEEAdapor ADA I26_ wo A A en s Electret Microphone COM 08635 0 95 0 95 iras pwan or il n nr Panel 2 WATT 12 ON Model 58012 19 n 1 19 n Battery BP7 12 O Total d TET Table 3 Bill of Materials Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 26 7 CONCLUSION 7 1 Future Work In the future the project could be extended to control the temperature inside the hive Also an alarm could be added to the system to notify the owner in case of any sudden changes in the hive conditions Also the log data could be stored in some sort of storage device for the user to view it at a later point of time 7 2 More Compliance Considerations All the standards relevant to the project were followed and conformed to 7 3 Ethical Considerations During the course of working on this project the IEEE Code of Ethics was followed with strict accordance I ensured that neither mine nor the user s safety is at stake while working on the project There are no high voltage current sources that could hurt a person using our project So there are no safety measures to be taken while operating the project I kept the lab space clean and minimal I began the task after making sure that I have a good and attainable design that was thoroughly reviewed by my project advisor When stating the lists of cost estimates I was accurate and honest not concealing any potential costs that I know of I
15. BEE HIVE TEMPERATURE AND SOUND MONITOR A design project report presented to the Engineering division of the Graduate school of Cornell University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering ECE By Madhuri Kandepi mk2335 Project Advisor Dr Bruce Land Degree Date May 2015 Abstract Master of Electrical Engineering Program Cornell University Design Project Report Project title Bee Hive Temperature and Sound Monitor Author Madhuri Kandepi Abstract The goal of the project is to provide a solution for remote monitoring of a beehive to monitor the temperature and acoustics A transmitter module is installed at the beehive which measures the temperature and audio levels using temperature sensor and microphone and transmits the information through a radio A receiver module is installed inside the house or any target location which receives the input and displays the same on a graphic LCD The communication between the transmitter and the receiver happen using XBEE Pro modules Radio communication The hive data collection unit is solar powered and weather proof Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 2 Executive summary The project involves the design and implementation of a telemetry system to monitor the temperature and sound intensity in a Beehive The primary requirements for the system are that the hive data collection unit should be solar powered weather proof have tem
16. E Usage As I was using XBEEs for the first time there was a big learning curve to learn and understand the XBEE functionality and how to use them Bricked XBEEs During the testing of communication using XBEEs I suddenly found one of the XBEE radio non functional I initially thought that the XBEE failed and cannot be used anymore As I had a backup XBEE I proceeded with my tests with that After sometime it got the same problem and I had no clue on how to proceed with the project for some time Then after lot of googling I learnt about Bricked XBEEs and how to make them functional again Graphic LCD related Issues Initially I also faced difficulty connecting the graphic LCD I didn t have the correct documentation and there were different connections described in different web sites Finally I was able to get this connection done and since then there were no issues with the LCD connectivity But while displaying the graphs on the LCD I faced issues like graphs interfering with the text It required lot of manual calculations and add lot of code validations to ensure the software does not allow this overlap Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 22 6 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS 6 1 Requirements Match Tag Status Comments SYS 01 Met A transmitter module with a temperature amp sound sensor is designec SYS 02 Met A receiver module with a display device is designed SYS 03 Met A transmitter module with a temperature sensor is
17. a vd vue eI na veda nra cuu dos 11 4 2 1 1 Transmitter MCU ATmega 1284P ooo eee eeceeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeceeeeesaaeeeeaaeseeeeeseaeeeeaaeeneaaeeeeees 12 4 2 1 2 Temperature Sensor LM34DZ sess enne nnne nennen nennen nnne enne 12 4 2 1 3 Acoustics Measuring Circuitry essen nennen a 13 41 1 1 XBEB Pro Radio amp Adaptor neret pter teda de gae ek ae pr ia 14 4 2 2 le dugesicmm E 14 4 2 2 1 Receiver MCU ATMega 1284P esses enne 15 42 23 XIBEE Pro Radio 5 net petenti ite retinet ordre pe tica its 15 4 223 Graphic Bb 15 4 3 SOFTWARE srini e rE RR DR PERRERE a EE ena SEE ents UG RUBER NR 16 4 3 1 Beehive TrtatiStOlltet 2 reet ene EEEE EAEE EEE EE AREE 16 ASAD ADC Sampling spc rere o bester cdectasagebotasdtwaeeslsnasauvecstessavhassaslety EE EEE 16 A2 The Alsorithi oisinn M 17 4 3 2 Beehive RECCIVER neces eti EN E EEA TEO 18 43 2 1 The Algorithm eerte a eee EE E E a ETG 19 TEST METHODOLOGY amp DIFFICULTIES cccccccccccecesseneceeseeecesseeecssseeeeessseeeecesseaeessseaeess 20 Some of the key components build and test nnns 20 Below are some of the difficulties challenges faced during the course of the project 22 RESULTS AND OBSERV ATIGONS ceie eoru po ond eoa hPa eR ETEO sa e np ee a voee YR oa ceux de 23 6 1 Cost DIOR materials oo e ead r
18. alue and transmits the same Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 12 Vs 5V TO 20V LM34 Vout 10 0 mV F Figure 2 LM34DZ Beehive Temperature Requirement As honey bees are social insects a honeybee colony can survive when the temperature of the external environment is between 4 and 118 F However they show the best performance at the temperatures between 70 and 95 F When the temperature falls below 57 F the honeybee starts not leaving the hive and forming a ball winter cluster When the temperature falls below 43 F the hive has the appearance of an exact ball It is known that each bee can produce a heat of 0 1 calorie per minute at 50 F Also depending on various activities going on inside a beehive the temperature varies widely For example when the temperature drops to 57 F the bees begin to form a tight cluster Within this cluster the brood consisting of eggs larvae and pupae is kept warm about 93 F with heat generated by the bees However most of the times the beehive temperature will be in the range of 60 F to 100 F 4 2 1 3 Acoustics Measuring Circuitry In a beehive the typical frequency range of the sound will be between 180Hz and 260Hz So the acoustic measuring circuitry i e the sound sensor built should be able to operate in this band of frequency The circuitry is shown in the Schematic diagram above The audio amplifier circuit accepts a microphone
19. audio input signal The signal is fed into LM358 op amp A 2nd order low pass filter with a cutoff frequency at 500Hz and a high pass filter with a cutoff frequency at 50Hz are built using the op amp The filtered signal is then fed to the ADC through a 330Q resistor Since the ADC cannot read negative voltages a bias voltage of 2 5V is chosen so that it sits between OV and Vcc To achieve this bias the input from the microphone is DC biased to 2 5V with two 100kQ resistors and a 68nF capacitor The resulting biased signal is then amplified through a non inverting amplifier circuit with high pass cutoff frequency at 50Hz The high pass cutoff frequency was chosen such that the DC bias voltage would not be amplified by the non inverting amplifier This is also the reason for choosing the specific value for the capacitor at the biasing stage since the high pass cutoff frequency of the level shifter should match with that of the amplifier circuit The mic in circuit runs the input from the microphone through the biasing circuit This signal is then passed through a non inverting amplifier with a 2MQ resistor on the negative feedback loop This value was chosen after experimentally determining the maximum voltage swing of Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 13 the mic in signal to be around 20mV peak to peak Thus to be able to detect sounds of reasonable strength and distance away from the microphone the above resistor value is chosen
20. ce and knowledge and many insightful discussions and suggestions He is my primary resource for getting my questions answered and was instrumental in helping me finish this project This journey would not have been possible without the support of my family Thank you for encouraging me in all of my pursuits and inspiring me to follow my dreams I am especially grateful to my mother who supported me emotionally and financially I would also like to specially thank my Uncle for helping me through the entire project I always knew that you believed in me and wanted the best for me Without your support I wouldn t have been able to finish the project on time I would like to thank my cousin Vamsi for helping me with the layouts Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 28 9 REFERENCES 1 http www ti com lit ds symlink 1m34 pdf 2 http people ece cornell edu land courses ece4760 AtmelStuff megal284full pdf 3 http tutorial cytron com my 201 1 07 30 xbeexbee pro wireless communicate with microcontroller 4 http ftp 1 digi com support documentation 90001003_a pdf 5 http www instructables com id XBee adapter 6 http www vishay com docs 37329 37329 pdf 7 http people ece cornell edu land courses ece4760 FinalProjects f2014 hl529 vh84 mk2335 vh84 hl529 mk2335 vh84 hl529 mk2335 index html 8 http people ece cornell edu land courses ece4760 FinalProjects s2006 ajk28 ajk28 Images s chematic bmp
21. data communication network PAN that includes one or more End Devices and optionally a Coordinator A Full function device FFD that provides network synchronization by Coordinator polling nodes NonBeacon w Coordinator networks only When in the same network as a Coordinator RF modules that rely on a Coordinator for synchronization and can be put into states of sleep for End Device low power applications The establishment of membership between End Devices and a Coordinator Association is only applicable in NonBeacon Association w Coordinator networks Table 5 XBEE Radio Network Configurations Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 31 Appendix C X CTU Software au X CTU ES About PC Settings Range Test Terminal Modem Configuration Com Port Setup Select Com Port Baud 9600 Flow Control NONE x Data Bits 8 x Parity NONE x Stop Bits 1 X Test Query Host Setup User Com Ports Network Interface API Reponse Timeout Enable API Timeout 1000 r AT command Setup ASCII Hex Command Character CC 2B Guard Time Before BT 1000 Modem Flash Update No baud change Fig 9 X CTU PC Settings Tab PC Settings Allows a user to select the desired COM port and configure that port to fit the radio settings Range Test Allows a user to perform a range test between two radios Terminal Allows access to the computers COM port with a terminal emulati
22. designed SYS 04 Met A transmitter module with a sound sensor is designed SYS 05 Met A transmitter XBEE radio is interfaced with the transmitter MCU SYS 06 Met The data was classified in to low normal high ranges SYS 07 Met The system designed is well within the budget SYS 08 Met The system is placed in weather proof box SYS 09 Met All the necessary optimizations are done SYS 10 Met Tested SYS 11 Met Tested SYS 12 Met Tested SYS 13 Met Tested Temperature and sound are read once every 100ms and averaged BHT 01 Met once every 100 samples BHT 02 Met All the necessary optimizations are done BHT 03 Met A transmitter XBEE radio is interfaced with the transmitter MCU BHT 04 Met A transmitter XBEE radio is interfaced with the transmitter MCU BHT 05 Met The transmitter is solar powered BHR 01 Met A receiver XBEE radio is interfaced with the receiver MCU BHR 02 Met Data received is displayed in a user understandable format BHR 03 Met Data received is displayed in a user understandable format BHR 04 Met Temperature is displayed in F BHR 05 Met A history of 1 33 hours data is displayed graphically BHR 06 Met Sound intensity information is displayed in dB Decibels BHR 07 Met A history of 128 samples data is displayed Table 4 Requirements Match Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 23 6 2 Results at a glance The final results of the project were extremely satisfying Majority of the expectations
23. e the received beehive acoustics information BHR 04 The BHR shall display the received temperature in F BHR 05 The BHR shall graphically display the hourly temperature history BHR 06 The BHR shall display the received sound intensity information in dB Decibels BHR 07 The BHR shall graphically display the hourly sound level history Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 8 3 RANGE OF SOLUTIONS The core requirement can be achieved by using multiple options including wired and Wi Fi based communication But the following solution had been chosen for its simplicity reliability and cost effectiveness The chosen solution at a high level includes two major components Beehive transmitter and Receiver Transmitter is responsible for reading hive conditions and transmitting necessary data Receiver is responsible for receiving the transmitted data and display the analysis XBee Pro radios are responsible for the communication between these 2 components Radio communication is easy to build reliable and cost effective The solution also uses various hardware components including microcontrollers temperature sensor acoustics measurement circuitry a solar panel a 12V 7 AH battery a graphical LCD to display the information and a bunch of other components like resistors and capacitors This section these majors components of the system are introduced 3 1 Microcontroller Atmel AVR microcontroller ATmega 1284p is chos
24. en for this project because I am relatively familiar with it It has been used in ECE4760 Microcontroller class which I had taken during fall semester and general technical support is available from Dr Land or various websites It is a good fit for the project as it has 8 built in ADC Analog to Digital Conversion channels Built in USART Interrupts amp Timers Sufficient Program and Data memory Various Sleep Modes Suitable frequency etc and is low in cost 3 2 Temperature Sensor For measuring the temperature LM34DZ sensor was used because it is calibrated directly in degrees Fahrenheit linear 10 0 mV F scale factor suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer level trimming operates from 5 to 30 volts low self heating 0 18 F in still air etc 3 3 Sound Sensor For measuring the sound inside the beehive an electret microphone and LM358 op amp are used along with a bunch of other resistors and capacitors The circuitry is explained in detail in the hardware section of the report Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 9 3 4 XBEE Pro Radio For the communication between Transmitter and Receiver XBE Pro Radios are used This is because it has the radios have an outdoor RF Line of Sight Range Int 5000 ft 1500 m serial Data Rate 1200 bps 1 Mbps fast 250 kbps RF data rate to the end node 2 4 GHz for worldwide deployment sleep modes supported for extended battery life 3 5 Graphic LCD For displayin
25. erms of voltage can be 5 1023 4 88 mV If the ADC reading is 10 it means the input voltage is 48 8mV With a sensitivity of 10mv F this accounts to 4 8 F temperature of the surrounding So for a particular ADC value we will just have to divide by 2 04 10 4 88 to get the temperature The temperature value thus obtained is processed into a packet and transmitted This is explained in the USART section Acoustics Reading The modified audio signal from audio analog circuit was fed into the ADC port A 3 and the DC bias into A 1 respectively The digital DC bias output read from A 1 is subtracted from the digital audio output at A 3 so that the actual audio signal value is obtained Then this value is converted into decibels using the below formula Sound 20 log A 3 A 1 The sound value thus obtained is processed into a packet and transmitted This is explained in the USART section The Transmission The ADC reading happens every 100 milliseconds and ADC transmits the data every minute This frequency can easily be configured in the code Before transmitting the data the measured readings temperature and sound are converted and concatenated A protocol has been developed for managing the radio communication between the two MCUs A pipe symbol is used to separate these 2 readings To indicate the start of a transmission a special character is appended to the start of the string and to indicate the termination of a transmission
26. g the data at the receiver end graphical LCD KS0108 128X64 is used This is because it allows full graphical control compared to a regular 16x2 LCD Also it suits the project requirement of showing the data graphically at the receiver It is the most commonly used graphical LCD and has good online support for header files and user manuals on how to use it It also has a low power white LED back light to help the user view the screen clearly 3 6 Solar Panel The Solar panel used in the project is a 2 Watt 12V battery maintainer panel As the battery being used in the project is a 12V battery it serves the purpose It can easily be connected and disconnected to the battery No direct sunlight is needed and the panel works even in cloudy conditions It is overcharge and discharge protected Also it is lightweight and compact in design It provides a voltage between 16 and 23 Volts DC in full sun 3 7 Battery The battery used in the project is a 12V 7AH battery It is sealed and maintenance free The battery has a long service life under normal operating conditions it works five to six years in standby applications or between 200 and 1000 charge discharge cycles depending upon depth of discharge It is resistant to shock vibration chemicals and heat It is compact It operates over a temperature range of 76 F to 140 F All these features make it very suitable for the project Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 10 4 DESIGN
27. hive Transmitter Circuit The Transmitter circuit mainly consists of Transmitter MCU Temperature sensor Acoustics measuring circuitry Transmitter radio Once built and tested I built a PCB for the transmitter using EAGLE software Then I ordered the printing of PCB online at Advanced Circuits 4pcb com by uploading necessary gerber files Refer to Appendix E for detailed information on PCB Transmitter board details 4 2 1 1 Transmitter MCU ATmega 1284P The transmitter MCU is responsible for reading the information from the sensors operating on the information read transform the same to user understandable information and transmitting it through USART to Transmitter XBEE radio This MCU has a temperature sensor electret microphone operational amplifier and a XBEE Radio Transmitter Radio interfaced to it The MCU uses specific algorithm to transmit the information This is explained in detail in the software section below 4 2 1 2 Temperature Sensor LM34DZ The temperature sensor should be capable of measuring a wide range of temperatures In the project LM34DZ is used to measure the temperature in the beehive It is calibrated directly in F and measures from 50 to 300 F Below is the diagram of LM34DZ It has 3 pins Ground Power supply and Vout The Vout pin is connected to ADC channel 7 The temperature sensor reads the temperature and passes it on to the MCU A7 MCU translates the value to corresponding Fahrenheit v
28. honey or as a raw material for an impressive number of medicinal cosmetic pastry produces etc In apiculture one of the major problems is to monitor honeybee colonies for their health population and other biological activities Beside honeybee diseases one of the most common problems in apiculture is colony losses because of unusual alteration in environmental conditions such as temperature humidity etc In the previous 20th century when information technologies were not widely available measurements of the bee colony temperature were done manually using thermocouples and later special temperature loggers or iButtons With the rapid development of IT it has become possible to develop whole sensor networks for temperature measurements This project aims to monitor the hive conditions temperature and sound and gives the opportunity for beekeepers to monitor their own bee colonies in real time at a low cost With the help of a display device which will be installed in their house the bee keepers could know what is going on in the bee hive from the comfort of their home One of the main goals of this project is simplicity The system should be reliable easy to understand easy to use low cost solar powered and the results should be accurate The system designed meets all of these requirements A user manual is provided in Appendix to show how to get a graphical interpretation of collected data Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor
29. m eereecenre Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 36
30. n Once the radios are configured then they are connected to the MCU using headers The connections between the radio and the USART of the MCU are shown in the above table Once the radios are configured and the hardware is set up as explained above one can transmit and receive data using the radios A XBEE Pro radio could be configured in different configuration depending on the network topology Various network topologies are explained in detail in the Appendix section of this report 4 2 2 Beehive Receiver Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 14 Beehive receiver circuit is responsible for receiving the transmitted values from the transmitter using XBEE analyze the received values and display them on an LCD The schematic diagram of the receiver circuit is shown below Fig 5 Schematic Diagram of Beehive Receiver Circuit The AO CO etc pins represent the port pins on the MCU Once built and tested I built a PCB for the receiver using EAGLE software Refer to Appendix E for detailed information on PCB Receiver board details 4 2 2 1 Receiver MCU ATMega 1284P The Receiver MCU is responsible for the reception of the data and data display This MCU has an XBEE Radio Receiver Radio and a graphic LCD interfaced to it 4 2 2 2 XBEE Pro Radio An XBEE Pro radio is installed at the Receiver which receives the temperature and sound information transmitted by the transmitter through XigBee protocol 4 2 2 3 Graphic LCD
31. oject has gone well and smoothly Work was equally split between the two semesters The system designed was able to achieve satisfactory results The final deliverable is fairly compact and solid The cost of the project is also well within the limits Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 3 Contents 1 2 5 6 lineo E E E A A E EE N T A E 6 Design problem amp System Requirements essere enne eaii ieai 7 2 1 Desien Problem 2 diee on eii neri ba i Ote E RE Re be OUR Hoe e Pese cda fees 7 2 2 System level Requiremennts esses ener enne ne nete street tnter tnter 7 2 2 1 Bee Hive Temperature and Sound Monitoring System BHTSM eese 7 2 2 2 Beehive Transmitter T 7 2 2 3 BGG Ve RECEIVER 8 RANGE OF SOLUTIONS ee opor roe reete on eurer eer A poete o tuba ern a ee Paw oaa ndi 9 3 1 hi Etecrennmllg n 9 32 Temperat re NISI UM 9 3 3 Sound Sens ERE ERST RN 9 34 XBEE Pro CICER 10 3 5 Graphite E D E E 10 3 6 Solir Panel oecon an A E E OE A EE EER 10 3 7 pura p tc cot veks vs a A A E i ecaresteamee oceans 10 DESIGN EN 11 4 1 PL DDLtmM M NEER 11 4 2 I ENDE CERTE 11 4 2 1 Beehive Trans Mitte oneri ia n eicee eta ettet aevi een Pe ea teta avete Pe
32. on program This tab also allows the ability to access the radios firmware using AT commands Modem Configuration Allows the ability to program the radios firmware settings via a graphical user interface This tab also allows users the ability to change firmware versions Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 32 Appendix D Schematics Ta MC Pin A vcc SWEEP_IN Fig 11 Beehive Receiver Schematics Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 33 Appendix E Layouts Find below the transmitter and receiver layouts built using EAGLE software Though there are multiple software options available for PCB layout designing chose EAGLE as it has plenty of features that make it very easy to build PCB designs Layout Auto Routing is one of such features that is very helpful in the design Fig 12 Beehive Transmitter Layouts Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 34 Fig 13 Beehive Receiver Layout Once built using EAGLE software I have placed the order on Advanced Circuits 4pcb com 4pcb com has multiple options to get the quote and place the order It also has a special discount option for the students You need to upload corresponding gerber files for placing the order The boards costed a total of 90 for both PCBs including shipping Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 35 Here are the received PCBs Transmitter POOF OEE OOH OL OORT OL OR OE HE sni Tri
33. perature probes and microphones compatible with hive conditions cost to be less than 500 and ease of use The system design consists of a temperature sensor to detect the temperature in a hive a microphone and necessary circuitry to measure the sound inside the beehive two Microcontroller units each at the source Beehive and destination Beehive owner s house two XBEE Pro radios for the wireless data transfer between the source and destination a graphic LCD to display the data received from the hive a solar panel and a 12V 7AH battery to make the hive data collection unit solar powered In order to achieve the objective of the project necessary hardware and software components are designed To measure the temperature in the hive a temperature sensor which is calibrated directly in F is used An electret microphone and an op amp are used to measure the sound Each microcontroller unit handles its own dedicated task The microcontroller unit at the source handles data acquisition and transmission of the acquired data through a RF radio The microcontroller unit at the destination handles data reception and display of the data A graphic LCD is used to display the data Log of the beehive data is also displayed on the LCD in order to facilitate the user to know and compare the data at different time instants i e to facilitate the user to know about both the absolute as well as relative data The planning and implementation of the pr
34. r MCU through USART Then the transmitter XBEE was connected to PC using X CTU software for testing Then the input is passed from the X CTU software from transmitter terminal and successfully checked for the display of the same on the graphic LCD This also partly completes the integrated system testing for the receiver part Once both these units are found to be functioning I performed a complete system integration test using both receiver and transmitter circuits independently functioning Till this point only 16X2 character LCD is used for its simplicity GraphicLCD Once the integrated system is functioning correctly I replaced the 16X2 LCD with the graphic LCD and wrote the software necessary for the graphic LCD Initial target was to just ensure proper display of the temperature values It was bit challenging to interface graphic LCD as it s more complicated than character LCD and I was using it for the first time Once this was found working as expected I built the necessary software to display graphs and to enhance the visualization of the data being displayed on the LCD Microphone amp Audio Information Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 21 Testing the transmission and display of audio information was relatively easy as most of the system was ready by then Lot of the software from the initially built system is reused Below are some of the difficulties challenges faced during the course of the project XBE
35. readings are rightly converted into corresponding ADC values After interfacing and developing the necessary code I tested the Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 20 circuit extensively by inputting various temperature values and observing the outputs To simulate different temperatures I used room heaters and windows mostly The circuit was not hard to build but getting the LCD connections properly without any loose contacts was a bit time consuming task But once the LCD got working the output was easy to check and found to be consistent XBEEs Testing the XBEE was the trickiest part Since testing both the radios at the same time was a bit difficult in order to analyze and narrow down where exactly the problem is I performed staged testing of receiver radio and transmitter radio XBEE Transmitter After configuring one of the XBEEs for transmission and connecting it to the Transmitter MCU through USART the other XBEE receiver was then connected to PC using X CTU software for testing Then the transmitter is tested with various temperatures and the corresponding results were observed on the X CTU s receiver terminal This also partly completes the integrated system testing for the transmitter part The next step is to ensure that the receiver MCU is receiving the information correctly and the same is displayed on the graphic LCD XBEE Transmitter The other XBEE is configured for reception and connected to the Receive
36. shows temperature information for last 80 minutes This is represented in 8 sets for every 10 minutes and each set denotes the minimum average and maximum temperature recorded for Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 18 the period This period and the number of representations on the screen can be configured easily in the program When toggled to show sound information the sound history for last 128 records received from the transmitter is displayed on the screen 4 3 2 1 The Algorithm Reading the received values As defined in the developed protocol the receiver starts the reception as soon as a character is encountered in the received buffer Until then any other data transmitted will be ignored The data is then read until a character is received The string is built using the characters received between these 2 special characters This string now contains both sound and temperature values Using the split function strtok the sound and temperature values are extracted from this string Temperature Values If the ShowTemp flag is set to true the received temperature value is displayed on the LCD with corresponding high low indicator This value is then passed to a local function for graphical analysis Along with the 10 minutes average the minimum and maximum temperature values are also recorded and displayed on the screen graphically Sound Values If the ShowTemp flag is set to true the received sound value is
37. ve Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 24 The temperature transmission is consistent and the values are displayed and refreshed every 10 seconds History of temperature information average peak and low temperatures is displayed as a graph at the bottom of the screen The history is indicated by 8 towers each containing low average and peak for the given time slot and scrolled whenever a new record is added For simulating high temperature I have used a room heater and noticed the peaks and lows displayed correctly on the screen Fig 8 Temperature Values accumulated over different time instants Sound Display The sound information is displayed with the decibel value and a history for past 128 receptions received every 10 seconds is displayed as a scrolling graph at the bottom of the screen Simulated different sound levels and noticed the peaks and lows consistently recorded and displayed on the screen Beehive Temperature and Sound Monitor Page 25 Sound 1 9db LOL ASSL REAPS PAREKH ADR Fig 9 Sound Values accumulated over different time instants Overall the results are consistent and both the modules are found to be stable 6 3 Cost bill of materials An important challenge was to keep the costs as minimal as possible the target was to keep the cost under 500 This has been met The bill of materials is given below NCU MMMEGAPMPPUND 8g a Temperature Sensor LM34DZNOPB ND 252 1 232 BEE Dio 6
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