Microcontroller managed module for automatic
Contents
1. 5V LIGHT sv GND 12V DC INSIDE a A A e TEMPERATURE A i 100 K eal I i 3200 A IGNITION z 54 i it LORT 7 5V DC At ser LOCK ep po a Hi e RAINFALL K 1 t pt R121 Sia T RFA Ne if 7A 2 T a 5204 LEFT SIDE e214 a ls r iy a RIGHT SIDE MOTIONS 1 E a MOTIONS K T P72 2 Ni D A R101 mL jer 5V C203 ape R UP amp m rT t LJ t C UP NE rg pwr vee L a Fi us maor LEFT WIN or J oie 190n mi RIGHT WIN DOWN Le Fo t CH Te DOWN RI T OSE it i c213 T R21 POSITION 55 pia Ppr i POSITION He fe o Dans R114 T _ A 2 R216 LEFTMID w tS RIGHT MID POSITION _ ee i 4 ePOSITION R117 T 7 lt T nan R217 LEFTDOWN i _ oe O RIGHT DOWN POSITION _ H a POSITION J 1 i i A ca cat gt ja I mi w ICa lg 10k K e212 IC2N10 t910 masao as R191 Da N PRENES ie d H 4 p k R291 a0 K Sut morse f d a fejre east Pt Log OUTPOT e S E E T 1 c OUTPOT L WIN UP oe K BH SH a R WIN UP Lat Kj i mp2 f Tt t i a I Bt ii H Jmg2921 Sal gt m 35 OUTPOT e uee am L Gimn e OUTPOT L WIN DOWN R WIN DOWN2. Figure 4 Electric scheme The module is assembled using DIP Dual In line Package electronic components primarily due to the ease of making testing and changing the hardware which is quite important since it is a prototype that will spend most of the time in simulation instead of operating into the real world Figure 5 shows the final implementation of printed circuit board Necessity of placing sensors around vehicle interior is already presented but it is good to emphasize it again because it directly disables implementation of this module as one physical unit which triggers other aggravating effects for easy installation and minimum costs tso Modul za autossa podizanje I spustanje stakala na autosobilu Vt Figure 5 Final implementation V TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Module has been tested under real operating conditions in few vehicles on outside temperatures in range of 21 C to 27 C Mid position sensors were set on few different levels Also temperatures inside vehicles while fully opened closed windows were measured for better comparison Measured temperatures are presented by Figure 6 The samples were collected during longer period of time Comparing measured inside temperatures it is concluded that slightly opened windows up to 5 cm do not get satisfying results To achieve quality ventilation it was necessary to lower windows at least 10 to 15 centimeters Of course more opened windows and fi
3. because measuring of the vehicle interior temperature enables this method of automatic ventilation The sensor is located inside the vehicle protected from direct sunlight in order to measure the actual temperature of the vehicle interior not the ostensible temperature which is slightly higher due to the direct expose to the sun rays The sensor consists of temperature sensitive resistor NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient as a main part of sensor s electronic circuit with other necessary electronic components In accordance with temperature change sensor gives different output value The control unit processes it and thus receives information about the actual temperature inside the vehicle e Precipitation sensor 9 is very important because it makes the automatic ventilation reliable If precipitation occurs during the ventilation process sensor detects the new circumstances and sends a signal to the control unit which orders to close the windows immediately The sensor is situated on the windshield inside the vehicle above the rear view mirror in order to detect the falling drops of water on the glass LED Light Emitting Diode or IR Infra Red diode is used as a transmitter that emits light at a certain angle onto the windshield The light of the expected intensity reflects to the photodiode which is used as a receiver If droplets appear onto the windshield the light reflects differently which causes a change in the recei
4. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON Information and Communication Technology MIPRO 26 30 May 2014 Microcontroller managed module for automatic ventilation of vehicle interior Boris Raic and Aleksander Radovan Polytechnic of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica Velika Gorica Croatia boris raic gmail com aleksander radovan vvg hr Abstract In order to mitigate overheated interior of a vehicle parked in the hot summer sun and thereby to make the entering into the vehicle more comfortable microcontroller managed module for automatic ventilation of vehicle interior is made The module is implemented using a microcontroller as a central logical unit and a series of sensors which provide sufficient data to ensure functional but also efficient reliable and safe ventilation The ventilation process is performed by opening vehicle windows slightly which enables air to circulate Microcontroller controls the position of the windows autonomously and independently of the driver s presence following predefined algorithm that uses sensors data obtained from the _ vehicle s surroundings Besides temperature the most important factors to ensure quality implementation of ventilation are detected movements around the vehicle the presence of precipitation and other This paper shows the components their purpose and capabilities advantages and disadvantages as well as potential implementations and upgrades The t
5. e additional electronic components that slow down and reduce these rapid and large changes to obtain stable and reliable signal which can then be sent to the control unit for processing 12 Position sensors contribute to the quality work of module These are the lower and upper end as well as mid position sensors They are located in the vehicle doors that is the end positions of windows movement range They signal an entirely opened or entirely closed position of the window The mid position sensor signals when window reaches position where should be placed in the automatic ventilation mode Position sensors provide a reliable windows setting in the desired position This benefits to all aspects of the module quality provides the reliability and security because the windows will always reach an end position whenever it is necessary improves efficiency because windows will stop immediately when they reach a target position preventing unnecessary overload of the electric motors and needles consumption of limited electrical energy as well as potential danger of blowing electric motors or module is prevented and the vehicle is protected from potential conflagration Moreover a very important input information is obtained direct feedback that informs the microcontroller on the execution of the given commands All this greatly improves the quality of the ventilation process Position sensor functionality is achieved using conventiona
6. ened windows Car 5 compact white 1 5 cm opened windows Car 1 station wagon metalic blue 15 25 cm opened windows Car 2 subcompact metalic purple 15 25 cm opened windows O Sa o 374 2 32 4 7 5 7 s o 2 ess A 222ttee 22eee 27 4 aw an piii m piee sss e sethsasessssaetornm f passsttisseanss Car 3 compact red 15 25 cm opened windows Car 4 compact metalic green 15 25 cm opened windows Car 5 compact white 15 25 cm opened windows eeeeees Car 1 station wagon metalic blue opened windows 41 cm eeeeeee Car 2 subcompact metalic purple opened windows 41 cm s s s Car 3 compact red opened windows 41 cm eeeeeee Car 4 compact metalic green opened windows 41 cm N w 4 H n az Samples seeeces Car 5 compact white opened windows 41 cm Figure 6 Measured temperatures Except module proved to be safe reliable and efficient satisfactory results of the ventilation function were achieved Without the module and with closed windows or slightly lowered windows temperature inside of the vehicle parked in the sun on light spring temperatures of 25 C can reach over 50 C In summer inside temperature rises even more drastically While lowering windows for at least 10 to 15 centimeters to enable quality ventilation process inside temperature becomes much bearable Consider
7. est results give insight into utilization options of this module and its usefulness Key words automatic ventilation of vehicle interior microcontroller sensors temperature controlling position of vehicle windows I INTRODUCTION Closed area without air circulation and directly exposed to sunlight heats up much faster and reaches significantly higher temperatures than the open space where air circulates freely so called greenhouse effect That is exactly what happens in a vehicle parked in the hot summer sun which later represents a problem when entering such overheated vehicle The basic idea of this project is to prevent or at least mitigate overheating of the vehicle interior in order to facilitate entering into the vehicle The problem can be solved by leaving the vehicle windows partially opened so air can circulate which reduces the heating of the vehicle interior However as the ventilation process takes place in a parked vehicle without human presence and the vehicle is exposed to external influences such as precipitation or potential burglary it is unreliable and unsafe Consequently it is Polytechnic of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica V Gorica Croatia necessary to automate the ventilation process According to 12 the complete automatic ventilation process is managed by microcontroller default algorithm considering input signals read using various sensors T
8. he temperature sensor measures the temperature inside the vehicle If it exceeds predefined level of comfortable temperature microcontroller automatically lowers the power windows to enable air circulation which alleviates aforementioned greenhouse effect The automatic ventilation process must be reliable and not affect the safety of the vehicle For this reason additional sensors are used whose task is to annul dangers appeared with this ventilation method Before all these are precipitation sensor that makes the ventilation process reliable and motion sensors that make it safe There are also other sensors whose implementation gives additional quality but these are the most important of them Together with temperature sensor they meet the minimum requirements to perform automatic function of ventilation without endangering the vehicle Following chapters show components and technologies used operation modes advantages and disadvantages capabilities and potential upgrades of the module as well as ability of integration with existing automatic systems within the vehicle Results of testing the module in real conditions are presented and analyzed Il COMPONENTS AND MODULE ARCHITECTURE According to 12 the module s task is to control the ventilation process autonomously in order to facilitate vehicle utilization i e providing conditions to make the entering into the vehicle parked in the sun more comfortable In orde
9. ing the fact that this ventilation process is a passive method of cooling overheated interior it accomplishes very good results VI CONCLUSION It can be summarized that this module although only a prototype is completely functional device that performs its function safely reliably and efficiently Possibility of application is not limited only to the vehicle ventilation The module is extremely expandable in both ways it is upgradeable for new tasks as well as compatible for integration into some existing systems Nearly every component can be used for several other functions which can be achieved only by software upgrade Upgrading hardware opens even greater possibility to upgrade the software and there are countless capabilities Despite all the positive sides of this module the question remains whether it can find its application in the market Since the module is impracticable as a physical unit because of peripheral unit it is necessary to adapt it to any individual vehicle Thus its individual installation is not cost effective It could find its purpose and economic efficiency if it would be serially mounted in same type of vehicle ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to Polytechnic of Zagreb and University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica for financial support REFERENCES 1 Leo Budin Microcomputers and microcontrollers Element 2004 2 Slobodan Ribari Element 1999 3 Antun Sar evi Electronic c
10. l buttons and switches When reaching the mid or end position the window carrier press the button switch that closes the electronic circuit which confirms successfully executed operation to microcontroller According to 12 various components and methods were considered for this purpose such are photo and infra red diodes or instead of using additional components this function is programmable via microcontroller in the form of time circuit However classic buttons and switches are the simplest most reliable and most resistant components that are to be applied for this purpose 26 30 May 2014 B Control unit Control or central logical unit is the brain of the module By default algorithm and collected input signals module independently controls power windows in automatic mode the automatic ventilation inside the vehicle In manual mode when a person is present in the vehicle module just relays human commands onto the windows For this purpose is used AVR ATmega32 microcontroller Since the microcontroller is available as one component this is seemingly a very simple logical unit However it is a highly complex integrated circuit that contains thousands of electronic components inside 8 All in all this microcontroller is too powerful for this module However as it has an affordable price and considering the additional module upgrades and extensions it would be imprudent to limit its potential immediately at s
11. nally completely opened windows gives the best results but 15 to 25 centimeters is optimal regarding inside temperature drop energy consummation and safety concerns Presented results should be taken into consideration as informative since measurements were not taken in exactly the same weather conditions for each individual vehicle so there are visible disrupting effects It can be remarked that many different factors besides obvious direct sunlight outside temperature and windows position directly affect ventilation process weather conditions have significant influence on the ventilation process e g wind noticeably accelerates and enhances ventilation Further size of the vehicle even vehicle body color and vehicle orientation relative to the sun makes noticeable difference 1622 2627 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON Information and Communication Technology MIPRO 57 26 30 May 2014 Outside temperature Car 1 station wagon metalic blue closed windows 0 cm Car 2 subcompact metalic purple closed windows 0 cm Car 3 compact red closed windows 0 cm Car 4 compact metalic green closed windows 0 cm 47 4 Car 5 compact white closed windows 0 cm Car 1 station wagon metalic blue 1 5 cm opened windows Car 2 subcompact metalic purple 1 5 cm opened windows Car 3 compact red 1 5 cm opened windows Car 4 compact metalic green 1 5 cm op
12. ned galvanic circuit separation relays are used to prevent overheating of the driver component achieving a sufficient power for quality work of electric motors and prevent the flow of large currents within the module which is not advisable because of the strong magnetic fields that are generated by large currents and their negative effects on sensitive electronic components 1622 2627 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON Information and Communication Technology MIPRO D Other units Peripheral unit control unit and switching unit compose a logical unit that is oriented to the specific module s role automatic ventilation inside the vehicle In addition to them the module includes other components that perform a particular role voltage converter and stabilizer integrated connector and a set of components that allow the microcontroller to be programmed directly within the module IHI ALGORITHM AND MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING It is mentioned that a microcontroller decides what to do and operates independently The microcontroller basically just follows the algorithm behavior predefined program of what to do in a certain situation Simplified flowchart shows the microcontroller s algorithm of behavior Figure 3 Method of operation can easily be noticed by the flowchart At the beginning initialization of microcontroller and auxiliary variables is performed After completion of the initialization program starts checking paramete
13. omponents and analog circuits Technical school of Ruder Bo kovi 1996 4 Aleksandar Szabo Impulse and digital electronics part 1 Technical school of Ruder Bo kovi 2000 5 Aleksandar Szabo Industrial electronics Technical school of Ruder Bo kovi 1996 6 Stanko Paunovi Digital electronics part 1 kolska knjiga 2005 7 Hans Biirklin The whole electronics Main catalog 92 datasheet 1991 8 Atmel Corp AVR ATmega32 L datasheet 2011 www atmel com images doc2503 pdf 9 Guangzhou Besyo auto parts Co Ltd BY R606N brochure http www besyoautoparts com Products_hb asp id 1704 10 Velleman nv PIR416 user manual 2011 http www velleman eu downloads 3 pir4 16a705 pdf 11 SOAN Electronic Technology Co Ltd KG001 12 user manual http www savebase com infobase downloads Kris_products KGO 01 12 V pdf 12 Boris Rai Module for automatic raising and lowering car windows unpublished Advanced microprocessor architectures 1622 2627
14. pe it satisfies all requirements for working in real conditions and can be implemented in any vehicle Considering different characteristics of individual microcontroller pins and the various possible upgrades important criterion was to place and connect components in a logical and calculated order with respect to all present and possible hardware or software upgrades so it is important to be careful while designing and connecting all electronic circuits inputs outputs and electronic components in general Integration of certain electronic components protects module against different sort of nuisances that exist or could appear in real circumstances Electronic circuit was developed parallel with the program code to achieve even better congruence between individual components and operations Besides all the attention that was given in the hardware development a lot of attention was committed to the software segments that improve quality work of module and protect system against contingent situations Aesthetic appearance of the assembly was also taken into consideration Result is a complete product that is ready for real use Of course the software can still significantly improve in order to obtain a more intelligent and efficient module but it is efficient enough functional reliable and safe to use 1622 2627 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON Information and Communication Technology MIPRO 26 30 May 2014
15. r to meet all the criteria of quality ventilation the module has to collect enough data from the vehicle s immediate environment and based on that data it has to decide whether it is necessary to lower the windows and thus start the ventilation process Accordingly the module can be divided to three logical units peripheral unit collects data control unit manages module operations and switching unit adjusts signals Figure 1 shows logic diagram of module The switching unit exclusively receives commands which makes it the output unit The control unit or microcontroller receives processes and sends signals which makes it the central logical unit while peripheral 1622 2627 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON Information and Communication Technology MIPRO SWITCHING TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION SENSOR MOTION SENSORS LIGHT SENSOR PERIPHERAL UNIT Figure 1 Logic diagram unit exclusively collects data and sends it to control unit which makes it the input unit A Peripheral unit Since the peripheral unit is also the input unit it is presented first for better insight into module operations and modes By having to collect many different types of data the peripheral unit is complex enough as it is The necessity of placing different sensors in separate locations in order to achieve data collection makes it even more complex e The temperature sensor is the most important sensor of this module
16. rs and thus sets the state of the output First it determines whether the vehicle is parked or in use This is determined by checking whether the key is in the ignition lock which is not a one hundred percent confirmation but it is considered satisfactory Depending on the result manual or automatic mode is switched on In manual mode while a person uses the vehicle microcontroller only transmits input state to output and thereby has only a minor role in the protection of electric motors from overload When the automatic mode is on other preconditions are checked in order of priority whether it is night is there precipitation and are there suspicious objects near the vehicle If the answer to any of these queries is confirmative it means the ventilation process is not necessary or it could endanger the vehicle and will not even start until the appropriate conditions If all conditions are satisfied only then microcontroller checks if the vehicle interior is overheated and if it 1s opens the windows for ventilation If at any time during the ventilation process disturbing factors appear the windows close thus suspending the ventilation process until the required conditions are met again Left and right window can be opened and closed separately in automatic mode This also provides the efficiency For example if in the middle of the ventilation suspicious movements are detected on the right side of the vehicle only the right window
17. safe but it opens up the possibility of even better ventilation That is now when there is a control system and protection from external impact the windows can be further lowered to increase air circulation and more air circulation means more quality ventilation These critical input units are the most important for stable ventilation process Other input units which contribute to efficiency and vehicle safety are e The light sensor used for economic reasons Given that the interior can be heated more than the environment only when the vehicle is exposed to direct sunlight which does not exist at night whole ventilation process at night does not make sense and it is automatically suspended until morning It results in a more efficient and economical usage of the module Sensor is placed inside the vehicle protected from direct LED photodiode Figure 2 Precipitation sensor 1622 2627 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON Information and Communication Technology MIPRO sunlight in order to reduce sudden changes in light intensity readings caused by disruptive factors such as clouds The sensor itself is actually a photo resistor that has a characteristic of resistance change depending on the intensity of light in the area where it is located Photo resistor used here has an extremely fast response to changes in light intensity Resistance changes are large even for the least change of the brightness Therefore it is necessary to us
18. tart by implementing a microcontroller with fewer features The control unit could be implemented even without microcontroller by using some other logic electronic components however the module would not be programmable nor upgradeable or be adaptable to individual vehicles and customer requirements C Switching unit Switching unit is also used as the output unit and is responsible for the stable transmission of the output control signals from the microcontroller and to adjust them for window s electric motors It consists of several components that are responsible for the conversion of weak control signals from the microcontroller to the strong electric signals that directly drive the electric motors These are various transistor amplifiers and relays which in addition to amplifying the weak control signals from the microcontroller also galvanically isolate logic module s electronic circuit from a strong motor s electric circuit There are various options of transfer and adjustment of control signals from the microcontroller to the electric motors In this case a driver L293NE is used It turns logic signal from the microcontroller into much stronger electric signal that can directly power the electric motor Considering that in real circumstances current reaches 1 A it turns out that this driver component overheats and does not deliver enough power for electric motor to move windows quality enough Therefore besides the aforementio
19. ving electronic circuit connected to the microcontroller That is 26 30 May 2014 recognized as the presence of precipitation and windows close Figure 2 shows precipitation sensor e Motion sensors are very important for the vehicle s safety while the ventilation process takes place If there are movements detected within the vehicle s surroundings it is classified as a potential danger and the system closes the windows Commercial motion sensors on the principle of infrared technology Velleman PIR416 10 are used for purpose of this module The infrared motion sensor works on a similar principle as the precipitation sensor by detecting the infrared radiation reflected from a moving object within the sensor s range Infrared sensors have the disadvantage of not receiving signal effectively through the glass so they should be mounted outside the vehicle which is aesthetically undesirable For this reason microwave motion sensor s can be used such is 11 which will surely detect all motions within the vehicle s surroundings from inside the vehicle The basic function of automatic ventilation inside the vehicle is achieved using temperature sensor Ventilation inside the vehicle is achieved by method of slightly lowering windows for a few centimeters which makes it functional discreet enough but relatively reliable and safe By adding the precipitation and motion sensors the ventilation process becomes reliable and
20. will close which still allows partial ventilation through left window only which is better than none IV FINAL IMPLEMENTATION The module is designed and developed for the installation into a one older car without automatic air conditioner and with already existing basic electric mechanism for lowering and raising the windows The 26 30 May 2014 Vehicle in use _ MANUAL MODE Daylight J CLOSE W os OPEN W Ms Inside temp gt 28 C Figure 3 Flowchart diagram No AUTOMATIC MODE car has two power windows which can be managed That is why this module prototype manages only two sets of input and output signals for connecting two independent windows Figure 4 shows the electric scheme of a module prototype Control unit switching unit other units and some of the peripheral units temperature and light sensors can be perceived Since the rest of the sensors cannot be integrated into the module s main electronic circuit connectors for their signals are located inside the module However what is not mentioned so far are a lot of buttons switches and LEDs that can be seen alongside input and output connectors With buttons switches and LEDs this prototype module becomes the simulator as well inside the module are simulators of all input and output signals that make this prototype even more convenient for the further development and testing Although this is just a module prototy
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