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A USER`S MANUAL FdR

1. csssscssesssosssseseseseessesenessentnnnseessee PATERA A T 64 B 1 SYSTEM COMPARISON SPREADSHEET scccccssscsssccesssnsscecerecesessanaaaecesseceeeeeeesesceesoessaseess 64 B 2 DESCRIPTION OF WORKSHEETS scscsssscsssssessseceersestenssnnsseusecceescesessneeccecesessneesesseeesennes 64 Appendix C Economic Calculation Methodology e PROSS AEREA OG CT FOFALZCOST BASS ii ica 66 CLr TODALGAPITAE COST coc bla ai 66 Gil TORRELAND COSI alleno 67 C 1 3 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST uis s ccccccccsccccccccccececsesececevesccesecerancsesestesessesense 67 CLA TOTAL PROJECT COST fire nica 69 C2 ANNUAL COST BASIS aulin lil 69 Gli ANNUALCAPTALCOST us cit aie aaa 69 C22 ANNUAELAND COST inesse e i elia aac 69 C 2 3 ANNUAL OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST cscccccssescceeesseceeesscscssssecsssecessssuacs 70 C24 TOTAL PRO OT O OS aceptan a re Ea ava peu ote eed pae veter rca 70 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 1 THE TREATMENT REUSE CYCLE TERRA oM S asus diaeta etos 5 FIGURE 2 1 WAWTTAR INPUTS AND OUTPUTS cccccsscescccccsosonscsoesesdudesevicsonscseceretnteecceistlasuncaaveetae 7 FIGURE 3 1 OPENING WINDOW WITH PULLDOWN MENU cc cccesessssscesssesssercessstaessceecesstensennaeess 9 FIGURE 3 2 GRAPHIC OVERVIEW OF PROGRAM CALCULATIONS eveeeeete sensere estet nnn nana 10 FIGURE 3 3 COMMUNITY DATA OPENING WINDOW cccccccccssssecsescscsssseccersenaneneesccessesesesssenseseees 12 FIGURE 3
2. 1 20000 ae o 4 sa O w Qj 10000 ld o j a 0 _ mm N ra gt gt g g E S z 2 Stacked o a 2 S iL U Ber 6 6 6 x 2 o9 o9 Print Treatment Train ID s W Capital Cost W O M Cost W Total Cost o OM STOTT ARAN ARTE MIC OSS NEUE DER FIGURE 5 1 COST COMPARISON BAR GRAPH ra ETA 4 Project Life Costs of Feasible Treatment Trains h 100000 Li 2 80000 di iq 3 S 60000 3 40000 A g ig i EDO a 2 20000 sal o iI 8 o 1 E g E gt gt 1 FF 3 r a i 3 g PRE 4 amp amp x o o lt Print E Treatment Train ID s E M Capital Cost B O M Cost I Total Cost Ext T E RN em ea oS FIGURE 5 2 CosT COMPARISON STACKED BAR GRAPH 6 0 INTERPRETATION AND EDITING OF RESULTS 6 1 TRAIN DATA The Infeasible Solution file diagnoses why specific processes within trains did not meet the community and or the standards specified A full header showing community location flow population removal efficiency specified and standard is printed out in this file The first thing to check is the demographic and flow information in this header Often a data error is made in the community profile that results in treatment trains being infeasible due to these data errors In addition check to be sure that any resource limit that eliminates a process is reasonable for the community and that standards are not being met by an insignificant amount The Feasible Solution file will also give a heade
3. Skilled Operational Management Technician Professional Unskilled Labor types to support the operation and maintenance of the system is another critical constraint on the type of water and wastewater technology This factor combined with availability of O amp M equipment and material has accounted for the greatest proportion of failed and or poorly functioning water and wastewater systems Each of the labor types might have a unique cultural definition e Contractor refers to available private sector businesses who can construct to specification unit process requiring 1 concrete forming 2 pipe fitting and laying 3 electrical and 4 excavation terraforming In addition a contractor must have the skills to estimate job costs organize subcontractors follow plans and specifications prepare invoices etc e Laboratory refers to personnel who have been trained to perform routine performance and monitoring analytical tests and to fill out necessary monitoring reports Management refers to personnel necessary for both a level of technology and size of system Management positions are usually found in systems with 5 or more operation and maintenance personnel with more complex tasks and experience required with large systems and it could be an engineering position e Skilled construction usually refers to personnel who can operate simple equipment perform limited operational tasks and have construction level skills carpentry
4. cain 42 6 2 2 Specialized Operation and Maintenance Requirement eee 43 6 2 3 Solids Production glia er E E E Ve eee vetere ides eee an TNR ANY a hae 43 6 2 4 High Electrical Requirements esee ee eeeeneeenes Lana 43 7 0 Treatment Process Data E AEE AEAEE PEES DIGI TTICTISTITI LIL CILE LI LIDERILIITI 45 7 1 OVERVIEW OF PROCESS DATA Mc 45 72 CREATING NEW PROCESSES 52 ball Rana 46 4 3 PROCESS PROFILE eere Seti aa eerte otis dee t Cea tees aca ein ari 47 7 3 1 General Tab Questions 1 7 cai 47 7 3 2 Construction Tab Questions 8 10 once dai 48 7 3 3 Operation and Maintenance Tab Questions 17 37 52 7 3 4 Siting Tab Questions 38949 iidem dtr Eee tuii A RUMDAND Fei eod utens 57 7 3 5 Impact Tab Questions 46 93 o rit tutes peto nin dU teli te s eir 58 7 3 6 On Site Miscellaneous Tab Questions 56 67 essent 59 Appendix A Water Reuse 99999 vovere 9999990999909909 990994949222992A CRESCERE OTTITII TTI TT COL O LTL LELEZETELET II 61 A l OVERVIEW OF WATER REUSE PR E TE RARA TEA 61 A 2 SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS GOVERNING REUSE ccccccsssssesesescusercccceersssscessessssseseeterereues 62 A 3 INDIRECT REUSE cccccsccsccccscceesccsestceseecnonssececcsecsseescecsvcceeessesovsecscaesavsnaneeeeccersveceeeseetens 62 De De OA r DA c 63 A 5 ECONOMICS OF RE USE a a Ea o L paar eredes a eaa aas a aas aas assa aea isi 63 Appendix B Delphi Process
5. from this process to natural watercourse The minimum distance between a sanitation device receptacle treatment disposal reuse and a natural watercourse minimizes the potential for water borne disease transfer to humans drinking bathing cooking and or collecting food supplies impact Tab Questions 46 55 Is this process a potential source of ammonia or nitrate nitrogen in the percolate This question addresses a liquid stream from a wastewater treatment process which has the potential to contaminate a groundwater drinking water supply by the addition of ammonia nitrite and or nitrate Is this process a potential source of pathogenic organisms in shallow groundwater This question addresses a liquid stream from a wastewater treatment process which has the potential to contaminate a groundwater supply by the addition of human pathogens 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 7 3 6 56 57 58 Does this process produce the potential of nutrient loads e g phosphorus to freshwater receiving systems This question addresses the potential for eutrophication and or hyper eutrophication conditions to exist in freshwater surface waters receiving treated effluent Does this process produce the potential of nutrient loads e g nitrogen to marine or estuarine receiving systems This question addresses the potential for eutrophication and or hyper eutrophication conditions to exist in estuarine and nearsho
6. 1 5 to 3 0 are important in terms of the separation between wastewater infiltration trenches and groundwater levels Certain soil types clay loam can provide excellent receptacle structures that are more or less water tight with a minimum of infiltration 44 What is the characteristic percolation rate for the area seconds cm While the percolation rate rate at which clean water moves through the soil has limited value in establishing loading rates it is commonly used to establish areal requirements to dispose of treated effluent Most soils including highly porous soils will reach the same percolation resistance if loaded 3 continuously with partially treated effluent Intermittent loading with high quality effluent produces an m effluent that performs closer to the infiltration rate of clean water 45 46 47 48 49 50 3 52 Recommended Rates of Wastewater Application for Trench and Bed Bottom Areas Soil Texture Percolation Rate min in sec cm Gravel coarse sand lt lt 25 Coarse to medium sand 1 5 25 120 Fine sand loamy sand 6 15 121 360 Sandy loam loam i 16 30 i 361 720 Loam porous silt loam 31 60 721 1440 Silty clay loam clay loam 61 120 144 What is the minimum wet weather depth to the water table meters The minimum depth to the highest level of groundwater affords optimum protection of a groundwater resource utilized for drinking water What is the minimum horizontal dista
7. 27 SPD OCP eC 28 3 5 STANDARDS ali EEE EAEAN E P E EE E EA TE 31 3 6 COLLECTION SYSTEM DATA cccccccssssssccsssscsccsssccsccecsecsesseveccerseesesresssessceecqeecanecueeanenennes 33 4 0 Getting Resiults iiussens eese oue eode s oae e cea esee so eoe sva rel eae PP ene PhdR necessa POOP SSOP Oe aSASSSSSSESSSSSSS SEF ERES ORE b 425479 35 Zr CALCULATIONS nonae RIA aasuvaavedatedsckwsaueveqceceasteaeavecscuusederaedbentaczesee 35 4 2 TRACK PARAMETERS OPTION pills 35 4 3 INCLUDE EXCLUDE PROCESSES OPTION cccccsssscuceeeescecececcacscecnceeeeesreeseseeeeeenseneesenes 36 4 4 INCLUDE TRAINS OPTION sci cciiccevindsccacacceacovesdascdcvecaved ssestusedseccdectedeasateasdeccecesdscieceavess 36 4 5 SECO COMMANDS i cirie Sn eere e oclo eT END ao gd adve eo alti 37 5 0 Displaying Results c TEN ninani A ii 5 1 INFEASIBLE SOLUTION FILE 1 acces Sadesdccuescadestevhsedesecsigensteelancsiulietccccbnsedecseetestagesees 4e3 40 5 EEASIBEE SOLUTION FILE nn Rari 40 5 3 FEASIBLE SOLUTION GRAPHS ccccssssssssssccncsscuscessccncsssseceacnseeccccensersccsnsseenesesscenecssesensenes 40 6 0 Interpretation and Editing of Results ERUNT P 6 1 TRAIN DATA osi nia anelli irene 42 6 2 OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER c cccscoccssessecesssncececsccccecccecsessseususeessuescceeueeeossseceecoseesoess 42 6 2 I Land Requirement Sienificance
8. 4 TYPICAL COMMUNITY TAB WINDOW COMMUNITY RESOURCES 13 FIGURE 3 5 TRAIN DESCRIPTION INITIAL WINDOW c cccscsssesscessccsssssccsssecsrcececeenstecssseeensesassneees 28 FIGURE 3 6 TRAIN DESCRIPTION SECOND WINDOW ccccccccsssssccccrscscssseceecsesesnacecessccsssreesssssseces 31 FIGURE 3 7 EDITING STANDARDS 5e eiie se eaecae iere cavsenswadacusdiededdaedamancaysyoctavieaseeseieniecs ee 32 FIGURE 3 8 EDITING THE COLLECTION SYSTEM DATA cccssscssconsscsssscssvscsseessessceuessssnsserersesseneess 34 FIGURE 4 1 TRACK PARAMETERS WINDOW ccssssssccescesssscecsessccasseaseceeneaseneevessateeeseeenneteerers 35 FIGURE 4 2 INCLUDE EXCLUDE PROCESSES csccssssssscecessecessucesssrcscsesunsccesseucenenssseuseessesaesanseeeees 36 FIGURE 4 3 INCLUDE TRAIN 25 A see tr ttis ees d per tei cbe areis Rb Ms e eT rial 37 FIGURE 4 4 GO WASTEWATER TREATMENT WINDOW cccssccssscsscssscssssccessssseescsscsetssrevesceuaees 38 FIGURE 5 1 COST COMPARISON BAR GRAPH scssscsscsssssssessssccecssetesseccssssnnscseueesssassnesseeueccoees 41 FIGURE 5 2 COST COMPARISON STACKED BAR GRAPH cscsssccesesssscsseeseessnseeccesssensnsenccesaearens 41 FIGURE 7 1 PROCESS SELECTION SCREEN csccssssssssssssassccsescssnccsenecssccesenssceseseovsccsesscarsserscsssesees 46 FIGURE 7 2 PROCESS PROFILE GENERAL QUESTIONS SCREEN sevssrervesceresieniscenienionee 47 FIGURE 7 3 PROCESS PROFILE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SCREEN eene enti 49 LIS
9. A list of the impacts can be found at the end of the file A complete explanation of each impact can be viewed using the Display Impact Reference File option from the WAWTTAR main menu 6 2 OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER 6 2 1 Land Requirement Significance This criterion category refers to those wastewater treatment processes often referred to as natural treatment systems which utilize ponds wetlands fields soil mantle forested areas etc as the ecological substrate for treatment While these processes have many positive attributes their application might be limited in areas that are highly urbanized and that have difficult geological conditions competing agricultural activities and hydrological hazards Many 42 bi a of these types of systems have multiple benefits that can be used to justify the expense of purchasing land that might be highly valued Examples of multiple benefits associated with land intensive treatment processes are 1 open space green belt 2 park passive recreation 3 storage for irrigation and or intermittent discharges 4 habitat value i e wetlands freshwater supply wetland habitat etc 5 agronomic return on irrigated crop 6 horticultural watering 7 aquaculture units One of the most important considerations in the use of land intensive systems is that it establishes a footprint which subsequent facility planning activities can utilize without the need for ne
10. B equipment is on site and spare parts and tools are also on site Another interpretation might be that the Ee equipment is locally available either by sharing with organizations and or by hiring local contractors Another interpretation of available might be that there is a regional country level stock supply of equipment It is important to keep this interpretation in mind in the planning process 19 Please check click on the box those construction and O amp M materials that are available in the community Building Blocks Mixers l i Cement Motorized Pumps f Clay Motors Clay liner Plastic Pipe amp Fittings Cobble Stone Programmed Logic Controllers Corrugated Aluminum or Tin Rebar Reinforcing Steel _____ Fiber Reinforced Plastic Sand Gravel for Concrete Fiberglass _____ Small Barrels x Geotextile Liner _ ___Steel Fabricated Tanks i Hand Pumps Steel Pipes amp Fittings ____ Hand Tools f ___ Wire Electrical Supplies ____ Imported Processes _____ Wood Lumber The list of construction and O amp M materials represents the types of material commonly required for various technologies Again this is not an inclusive list of all the material necessary to operate and maintain systems only a principal component list of those found in a wide range of technology types The most critical items found on this list are those associated with h
11. Grnd Wir Rechrg D Z rnd Wir Rechrg RL 2 Livestk and Wldlf Watering Low Flow Augmentation Misc Non Pot Urban Reuse Z Nonbdy Cntct Water Activ 2 NonProcd Food Crop Irrig Z Once Thru Cooling Water Z Paper Manufacturing Z Petroleum Processing Z Primary Metals Processing 12 Primary Production Wiz Procd Food Crop Irri FIGURE 4 4 GO WASTEWATER TREATMENT WINDOW If a reuse option at the end of the treatment trains is desired select it by clicking the Reuse button then selecting a reuse process from the list box If reuse is not desired leave this entry blank The desired treatment or discharge standard for the community is selected in a similar fashion A no standard response is available if no treatment limits are required The choices for Removal Efficiency allow the user to chose calculations of treatment process performance based on the maximum efficiency the minimum efficiency or the mean efficiency By choosing one of three levels of treatment high low and mean the user can test the sensitivity of treatment efficiency against the various treatment alternatives The user can also specify the names of the Feasible and Infeasible solution files and Optimal Conc file by entering new names in the displayed text boxes the extensions are rtf for the Feasible and Infeasible Solution files and txt for optimum concentration The Optimal Conc file is the c
12. Management Technician Professional ___ Unskilled Labor types to support the operation and maintenance of the system is another critical constraint on the type of water and wastewater technology This factor combined with availability of O amp M equipment and material has accounted for the greatest proportion of failed and or poorly functioning water and wastewater systems Each of the labor types might have a unique cultural definition e Contractor refers to available private sector businesses who can construct to specification unit process requiring 1 concrete forming 2 pipe fitting and laying 3 electrical and 4 excavation terraforming In addition a contractor must have the skills to estimate job costs organize subcontractors follow plans and specifications prepare invoices etc e Laboratory refers to personnel who have been trained to perform routine performance and monitoring analytical tests and to fill out necessary monitoring reports e Management refers to personnel necessary for both a level of technology and size of system Management positions are usually found in systems with five or more operation and maintenance personnel with more complex tasks and experience required with large systems and it could be an engineering position Skilled construction usually refers to personnel who can operate simple equipment perform limited operational tasks and have construction level skills carpentry pl
13. Municipal Wastewater The spent water of a community consisting of water carried wastes from residences commercial buildings and industrial plants and surface or groundwater that enter the sewerage system e Advanced Waste Treatment Treatment systems that go beyond the conventional primary and secondary processes Advanced waste treatment systems may include biological processes the use of chemicals activated carbon filtration or separation by membranes e Indirect Reuse Indirect reuse of wastewater occurs when water already used one or more times for domestic or industrial purposes is discharged into fresh surface or underground waters and is used again in its diluted form e Direct Reuse The planned and deliberate use of treated wastewater for some beneficial purpose such as irrigation recreation industry prevention of saltwater intrusion by recharging of underground aquifers and potable reuse Potable reuse can be further divided into two categories as follows 61 VE mas eu au MESSE a ae ua Lx A 2 A 3 e Indirect Potable Reuse The planned addition of treated wastewater to a drinking water reservoir underground aquifer or other body of water designed for potable use that provides a significant dilution factor e Direct Potable Reuse The planned addition of treated wastewater to the headwork of a potable water treatment plant or directly into a potable water distribution system SPECIFIC CONS
14. Primary Rectangular jComminutor Dry Alum Primary Ferric Chloride Primary Flow Equalization Flow Metering Granular Activated Carbon Grit Chamber Grit Chamber settling Imhoff Tanks in Gravity Oil Removal IIn Liming NH3 air stripping n Neutralization n Solvent Extraction In Steam Stripping ow Lime Primary OS3 Community UASB Pond Anaerobic Preliminary Treatment JQ Chlorination gas creen Bar Hand Cleaned FIGURE 4 2 INCLUDE EXCLUDE PROCESSES 4 4 INCLUDE TRAINS OPTION By default all treatment trains are available for consideration for the target community In some cases however the user may wish to limit the evaluation to a select group of treatment trains Selecting the Include Trains option brings up a window that has all the trains on the left hand scrolling list box Figure 4 3 By highlighting their names and clicking Add gt these trains to be considered can be specified The selected trains will appear on the right hand side scrolling list box If all trains are to be included click on Add All gt If trains are to be removed from consideration click on the train in the right hand list then click on Remove 36 Select Tring to Consider TAnPond OxPond FSW w Nitechlor Bus ord P rm Pond SyasChi Bar Grt PC A5S CHlor AirDig SldgB d JOxPond FSW Chlor Commun SBR Chlor AnDigest SIdgBi Extended Air pkg integrated Pond Sys Chlor OxDitch Chlor OxPond FSW C
15. Temperature deg C Fluoride mg l Nitrate mg l 31 Provide information on the quality of wastewater that is produced by the community The principle constituent normally considered in domestic wastewater include 1 CBOD 2 settleable solids 3 suspended solids 4 pH 5 oil and grease 6 fecal total coliform Inl onyaAES UL 2 ite PESO Wel ee es y The other constituents are critical for advance secondary tertiary reuse and industrial treatment systems Second tier constituents could be 1 nitrogen forms 2 phosphorus forms 3 metals 4 oocysts 5 COD Under many conditions of reuse other constituents must be considered The full list of constituents considered by WAWTTAR is presented in Table 3 2 The list of wastewater constituents is designed to be inclusive of all types of biological material inorganic constituents and organic constituents found in domestic and industrial waste Since industrial waste can be either a minor contribution or a sole contribution to a wastewater treatment system this list must be inclusive of all possible constituents The program was designed to perform pre feasibility analysis for most of the major industrial waste types Typical domestic effluent composition is found below These values can vary by a factor of 2 to 3 on either side of the stated value These values are based on 360 liter c d of indoor water use Composition of Domestic Sewage Can be 50 to 150 of these va
16. direct recovery of water from a sewage or industrial effluent and safeguards appropriate to the situation should be imposed There is a need for appropriate safeguards for the unintentional reuse of wastewater occurs widely because of the use of river water for agriculture recreation and industrial supply 62 A 4 A S DIRECT REUSE Treated wastewater may be deliberately used in a planned way for a variety of purposes If the planning of wastewater treatment facilities can incorporate potential reusc options in the facility planning process both environmental and economic benefits may be realized ECONOMICS OF REUSE Pricing of water and all of the costs that go into the acquisition purification power and pumping transmission and distribution and support services is vastly complicated Subsidies and variable bookkeeping practices add to the difficulty of finding the true cost of water The following is a checklist for determining if wastewater reuse is potentially practical Q existing or future fresh water supply is limited Q existing or future fresh water supply is relatively expensive Q the area presently includes or will include individual entities who use high volumes of water Q municipal wastewater of relatively high quality is presently discharged for disposal Q for improved wastewater effluent are impending or are anticipated Water short areas of the world may not have a choice they will have to reuse wastewater WAWTTAR emph
17. factor in calculating the project cost This is commonly referred to as the life cycle period for a process For example if a process has a 10 year economic life and the project period is 20 years then the process would need to be built twice once in the first year and once in year 11 of the project If the economic life is greater than the project life then only one unit is considered in the calculation Processes are assumed to have no salvage value at the end of the project 16 Please give the breakdown of construction costs by percentage distribution in the categories below Category Percent Concrete i Earthwork Labor Manufactured Equip Pipes Valves Instrumentation Steel Structures The EPA study that provided the majority of cost data distributed the total construction cost over seven categories The total cost included the design cost the construction management cost and a contingency subtotal of the above listed items was about 35 to 40 of the construction cost In some cases these percentages might vary and could be adjusted 7 3 3 Operation and Maintenance Tab Questions 17 37 17 Enter information relating land requirements ha for this process to hydraulic loading m day or storage capacity for storage processes Capacity Land Area Point m day hectare 1 2 3 4 5 6 Z 8 9 10 If more than one land requirement curve is defined in Question 18 and 19 the one producing the highest land area will be
18. for on site sanitation projects i 36 What is the name or abbreviation for the local currency 10 char max The name of the currency unit is placed here 37 38 39 40 41 What is the US dollar exchange rate for the local currency i e U S 1 00 how many units of local currency The exchange rate for the US dollar is important in converting the unit cost of processes data was collected in US dollars to local currency The program accounts for inflation but does not account for currency de evaluation policies What is the annual interest rate or public works discount rate percent per year that should be used in evaluating costs of water and wastewater treatment facilities The annual interest rate should be the value commonly used in funding public works projects by central banks and or by bilateral and multilateral development organizations In some cases these are highly discounted rates What is the anticipated annual rate of inflation percent per year The most conservative answer to this question would be the predicted inflation rate based upon past data In most cases this is not a constant and its actual value is highly dependent on local and global economic conditions and national political and socio economic conditions Construction cost indices Please give an estimate for the ratio of the following construction cost categories in the community to the cost in the U S Item Concrete Earthwor
19. in the initial project year IY p is TC hi total capital cost of treatment process k in the initial project year C 1 2 TOTAL LAND COST The land use requirements for each treatment process in hectares are drawn from the x y plots of land use vs flow BOD loading or solids loading The land requirements are then multiplied by the land value in 1992 US dollars per hectare stored in the community file to obtain the total land cost per treatment process in 1992 dollars TLCS ee YLR 0 6 where l TLC Gs total land cost for treatment process k in 1992 dollars LC 1992 land cost per hectare LR land requirement for process k in hectares The land cost is then inflated to the initial project year using the inflation rate for the given community TLCS rcg ki p ar i992 6 where TLC SIY _ total cost of land for treatment process k in the initial project year TLC 192 total land cost for treatment process k 1992 dollars The total land use and land cost for a treatment train are the sum of the land use and land cost for all treatment processes HOC ewm 7 Vk where TLC total land cost for the treatment train in the initial project year TLC ji IY Z total land cost for treatment process k in the initial project year C 1 3 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST Annual O amp M costs are drawn directly from curves of annual O amp M cost vs flow loading in each process file The annual O amp M cost o
20. journals research activities observation discussions with operators It is suggested that users not familiar with treatment process spend time with the resources listed above familiarizing themselves with the processes and associated applications constraints and requirements The development of a wide range of alternative treatment trains is at the heart of the WAWTTAR program There are large numbers of uniquely different treatment trains possible by combining the various unit processes found in the process database The number and types of alternatives developed is a decision the user must make early in the facility planning process The wider the variety and the greater the number of treatment train alternatives the greater the probability that a sustainable solution will be found This initial step in the facility planning process is referred to as the prefeasibility step Allowing infrastructure planners to consider the community s capabilities along with wider range of technological processes maximizes the utility of the decision process in terms of the investment contributions by all concerned parties The power of the WAWTTAR decision support system is the ability to compare the appropriateness of standard treatment trains to indigenous and innovative treatment trains In most cases the number of alternatives used in the facility planning process is too small and not inclusive of potentially useful treatment trains The diagnostic nature
21. mass loading would be calculated If the problem s wastewater flow is coming from a newly constructed collection system and is co mingled H with an existing collected system then the flows and mass loadings are combined The file whose a name is specified here would normally be generated as the Optimal Conc File specified on the Go dialog by WAWTTAR itself from a previous run of the program The file must reside in the directory named results under the WAWTTAR home directory 33 Is a central wastewater collection system in existence for the community Yes No This refers to the condition where an existing collection system exists and the problem is to select a wastewater treatment system only 3 3 6 Financial Tab Questions 34 42 34 What year is the project scheduled to begin first year in the planning horizon The program calculates the cost of the project for a given project period including updating costs to reflect inflation from the base year at which process costs were computed 1992 and starting year of E the project UE 35 How many years are to be included in the planning horizon length of the proposed project This represents the end of the project economic calculation not the end of the utility of the project In most cases the economic life period used to recoup capital investments is less than the useful life of the project In most cases this is a 20 or 30 year period but may be 10 to 15 years
22. plumbing electrical etc e Skilled maintenance refers to personnel who have been trained and also have experience in 1 pipe fitting and mechanical processes 2 electric motor and controls 3 welding 4 concrete forming and placement 5 electronic instrumentation etc e Skilled operators refer to a trained and experienced operator for medium to high technology treatment systems The skilled operator can be a transitional personnel familiar with industrial processes such as refineries food processing irrigation pumping distribution systems etc or have similar skills e Technician usually refers to a person with specialized training to operate maintain technical processes or support equipment e g computer systems process control etc e Unskilled labor usually refers to personnel who can perform repetitive tasks requiring hand tools with little to no training and a maximum of supervision 09900000000000000000000000600009000000000009 12 Enter information relating construction costs 1992 US for this process to hydraulic loading m day or storage capacity for storage processes Capacity Cost Point m day 1000 1992 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Be sure to report cost in 1992 US Costs will be brought up to the first year of the project using inflation rate data provided in the community profile If more than one cost curve is defined in Question 13 and 14 the one producing the highest cost will be used Cost
23. processes should not be used without backup primary energy generating capacity 44 7 0 TREATMENT PROCESS DATA The main purpose of the Process data table in WAWTTAR is to provide information on the capabilities physical and cultural limitations costs resource requirements and possible environmental impacts of water and wastewater treatment and reuse processes The significance of the physical capabilities and limitations of a given treatment process should be obvious to anyone with a background in water or wastewater treatment as should the significance of costs and resource requirements where a resource is any kind of human or material requirement of a process Cultural limitations and environmental impacts are also of prime importance but are often not given sufficient attention Cultural limitations are significant for the reasons discussed previously a treatment technology that is in conflict with cultural norms of a given location is of little use Environmental impacts are important since water and wastewater treatment systems have byproducts and influence local conditions It is important to avoid substituting one set of environmental problems for another such as a wastewater treatment process that negatively impacts groundwater or drilled wells due to byproducts and hydrological conditions Alternatively some processes such as constructed wetlands can have beneficial environmental impacts and scenarios exist where such poss
24. resources labor materials management and technology 6 Private investors and manufacturers are interested in developing and marketing sustainable technologies water wastewater and reclamation in specific areas with their unique and characteristic profiles Where is the need the greatest 7 A regulatory and or water reclamation agency is interested in identifying the potential BMPs Best Management Practice Which technologies currently available can meet new or different water quality standards and water reclamation standards This would include estimating the cost for example of meeting new standards 8 A research and development group either private or governmental is interested in investing in the research and development for a needed technology in water treatment wastewater treatment and or water reuse Where are the treatment gaps with existing processes 9 An organization agency or profession is interested in sensitizing their human resources to the issues of sustainable solutions in the water sanitation wastewater and or reuse sector 1 3 THE ON SITE PERI URBAN CHALLENGE Removing and safely disposing of excreta and wastewater is a critical environmental health need for most cities in much of the world Improper disposal and inadequate drainage of sewage and wastewater leads to pools of polluted water which convey diseases including diarrhea dysentery intestinal parasites and provide breeding grounds fo
25. site wet temporary storage On site wet collection On site wet treatment On site wet disposal Solids handling Storage Select a Process Type Water Supply Water supply Water supply Water supply Water supply Solids handling Storage groundwater surface water surface and groundwater wastewater 31 uild a Train ain Nam Screen Bar Hand Cleaned i Grit Chamber Clarifier Primary Circular JAS Conventional w SecClarif hlorination gas wastewater 3 igestion Aerobic i j 3 V Drying Beds x FIGURE 3 6 TRAIN DESCRIPTION SECOND WINDOW 3 5 STANDARDS The user must choose a standard to be applied to the treatment train s selected no standard is an available option The Standards data table found under the Edit pulldown menu as Standards can be viewed and modified as necessary WAWTTAR uses the standard you specify to evaluate the feasibility of each treatment train you constructed or chose Treatment standards can be created and edited by clicking the Standards option generating a screen much like the other ones described earlier Figure 3 7 Editing standards require four pieces of information the name of the standard description application the standard type wastewater or water and constituent limits the same list found in the community file and the process file The constituent list allows the entry of au upper limit usual sit
26. the O amp M costs for the entire treatment train over the planning period Capital O amp M and land costs are all assumed uniform over the planning period therefore the total costs are simply the annual costs multiplied by the length of the planning period TPC n AnC OM Anl 19 where TPC total project cost in the initial project year i i AnC annual cost of the treatment train in the initial project year OM O amp M cost for the treatment train in the initial project year AnL annual land cost for the treatment train in the initial project year n length of the planning period in years NCC y
27. year is calculated as in equations 4 through 7 The total land cost in the initial project year is amortized by the CRF to obtain an annual cost Anl LC CRF i n 17 where 70 SIY i lt AnL annual land cost for treatment process k in the initial project year LC total land cost for treatment process k in the initial project year The annual cost of the treatment train is the sum of the annual costs of all treatment processes D AnL F Any 18 wk where IY M TC AnL annual land cost for the treatment train in the initial project year IY a 3 26 AnL annual land cost for treatment process k in the initial project year C 2 3 ANNUAL OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST Annual O amp M costs are drawn directly from curves of annual O amp M cost vs flow loading in each 3 process file The annual O amp M cost of each treatment process is multiplied by the percentage A contribution of each O amp M cost category and the local cost index corresponding to each category 5 to yield the adjusted annual O amp M cost per category in 1992 US dollars as in equation 8 The adjusted O amp M cost for each treatment process in 1992 US dollars is found via equation 9 The annual O amp M cost for each treatment process in the initial project year is then found via equation 10 C 2 4 TOTAL PROJECT COST _ 4 The total project cost given by WAWTTAR is the sum of the capital costs the land costs and
28. IDERATIONS GOVERNING REUSE The reuse of treated effluents is most applicable where large volumes of water are used and the wastes are not highly contaminated The location and type of the treatment plant and the possible transport of the renovated water are important considerations A wastewater reclamation plant need not always be located at the same place as the wastewater disposal point nor should the renovation process be dependent upon treating the total flow Treatment processes work most efficiently and economically when dealing with a steady flow of wastewater rather than with the irregular flow normally experienced from urban sources This condition can be obtained by withdrawing only a part of the urban wastewater As wastewater treated or untreated has been reused in agriculture for a long time many countries have developed standards for this purpose An important question is whether the reuse will result in multiple recycle Multiple recycle produces a buildup of refractory materials especially inorganic ions and may require the use of demineralization or other specialized processes In plant reuse of industrial water where actual consumption is small may lead to a high degree of recycle However reuse of municipal wastewater except for domestic reuse probably would not lead to multiple recycle Another consideration in reuse is the character of the wastewater entering the treatment plant especially with respect to industrial poll
29. PLC process controllers Pneumatic controls The items in the list refer to the type of control system in the treatment process It is assumed that many plants will have all of these types of control equipment 26 Types of energy required for operation and maintenance of this process electricity intermittent gasoline diesel intermittent natural gas intermittent electricity reliable gasoline diesel reliable natural gas reliable 27 Enter information relating operation and maintenance costs 1992 US for this process to hydraulic loading m day or storage capacity for storage processes Capacity Point d 0 hub Oo NE Ba GNA Cost 1000 1992 US Be sure to report cost in 1992 US Costs will be brought up to the first year of the project using inflation rate data provided in the community profile If more than one cost curve is defined in Question 28 and 29 the one producing the highest cost will be used Costs are adjusted to the local community using the cost factors reported in Question 40 and 41 in the Community profile i A uw SE 8 p 28 Enter information relating operation and maintenance costs 1992 US for this process to organic loading metric tons BOD day Capacity Cost Point tons BOD day 1000 1992 US I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Be sure to report cost in 1992 US Costs will be brought up to the first year of the project using inflation
30. T OF TABLES TABLE 3 1 PROCESS TYPES WATER WASTEWATER AND ON SITE 30 TABLE 3 2 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS cssscsssccoosssssceensececevscsseccecsnsaseneeeeeee Me MET 33 Tt er eee Se A LIRA LA 1 0 INTRODUCTION 1 1 PURPOSE OF THE WAWTTAR PROGRAM 1 1 1 Critical Factors The WAWTTAR program was designed to assist financiers engineers planners and decision makers in improving their strategies for sustainable water and sanitation coverage while minimizing impacts on water resources Figure 1 1 The history to date in these areas is laden with failures of infrastructure investments Fatal flaws in past activities by non government organizations NGO bi lateral multilateral and local governments fall into several categories The most common failure mode is system failure due to lack of ability capability to ensure ongoing operation and maintenance Many factors lead to these conditions The most critical factor is the inappropriateness of the technology This most often is seen in examples where donors are exploiting their national business interests by tying aid to a particular technology Willingness to pay for capital and Operation and Maintenance O amp M cost is another essential factor in these fatal flaws The inappropriateness and lack of willingness to pay are not necessarily mutually exclusive factors Although dispersed populations are among the group which is in great need actions to alleviate t
31. What is the population of the community in 1 000s of people in the base year The population of the community represents one of the three important factors in determining the design flow The other two factors are the indoor water use and the rate of growth of the population for a specific design period The population given should be the base year target population for the project Sometimes the target population is less than the population in the demographic unit For example a project might be proposed to supply sanitation coverage for a fraction of the population in demographic unit What is the annual population growth rate in percent for the community The population growth rate should be conservative at best and could include potential immigration factors associated with the delivery of water and sanitation services If governmental policies are such that the magnet effect should not be considered then use of the model at two different growth rates to predict unserviced population for the project period A population growth rate of 1 per year results in about a 22 increase in population in 20 years while a 3 growth rate results in an 80 increase in population in 20 years 10 What is the base year gross population density of the community in persons per square km The habitation density is used to estimate the construction costs for wastewater sewerage systems and to select appropriate on site treatment processes This unit cost for c
32. X PRI mio P9 Version 4 0 for MS Windows WV Ru Um chew A Decision Support Model for Prefeasibility Analysis of WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPROPRIATE FOR REUSE Library IRC Internationa Water and Sanitation Centre Developed and Programmed by Fax 481 70 88 899 64 Brad A Finney P Ph D and Robert A Gearheart Ph D Professors of Engineering Assisted by James Howell M S Sophie Lagac M S Mercy Lawson Doe M S Tapley Jordan M S Gregory Cross M S Environmental Resources Engineering Humboldt State University Arcata CA 95521 For the Environmental Health Project Which is operated by Camp Dresser amp McKee International Inc and Associates and sponsored by The U S Agency for International Development July 1998 RE gus l A TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents isS din ii List of FIQUreS vrrrssorsoranscsreseosecenzon IIIA ariani asaasssQupgase ITISIIIITITILIZOLI iv List of Tables SOO F 88S 088 I aaa a 4505055 094290984600900099008900000094909909909009029099494 920249929 SVSSASSSSesSSsSHSSSSSSSessSSSSS EEEE E E E EEE EE E EE E E IV 1 0 Introduction CELL III II 984535459049 94999599 9000949909 0a 44acsanacacac ccc con CITTTITITLIA LL OLII LILLA LITI 1 1 1 PURPOSE OF THE WAWTTAR PROGRAM ccrererireneerescorene ezine see zeazesienezao zine recinzioni l TSE Pe E411 1E1113 A E dev
33. an be displayed include BMP JPG PCX and FIF Due to the outrageous licensing fees and restrictions imposed by UNISYS GIF and TIFF files are not supported Graphics files must be placed in the graphics directory under the WAWTTAR home directory Select a graphics file name from the list on the left and click the Add button to associate it with the process Graphics files can be unassociated from the process by selecting the file name in the right list box and clicking on the Delete button A graphics file can be displayed after it is selected by clicking the Display button Descriptive captions can be viewed and entered in the caption text box 5 Identify files containing line drawings of this process 5 max See the discussion for question 4 above 6 Identify files containing text information for this process 2 max WAWTTAR can serve as a simple encyclopedia of water and wastewater treatment technologies To that end photos drawings and text files can be associated with a process Text file formats that can be displayed include TXT and RTF Text files must be placed in the textinfo directory under the WAWTTAR home directory Select a text file name from the list on the left and click the Add gt button to associate it with the process Text files can be unassociated from the process by selecting the file name in the right list box and clicking on the Delete button A text file can be displayed after it is selected by cl
34. and maintenance of this process ____ Acids neutralization _ __ Coagulant aids Sodium bicarbonate ____ Activated carbon Copper sulfate Sodium carbonate ____ Aluminum sulfate Ferrie chloride Sodium chloride LL Ammonia Ferrous ferric sulfate Sodium fluoride _ _ Bromide e Hydrogen peroxide Sodium hydroxide Calcium carbonate lodine Sodium hypochlorite Calcium chloride ___ Lime dolomite Sodium metabisulfate ____ Calcium hypochlorite Oxygen Sodium nitrate _ __ Carbon dioxide Ozone Sodium nitrite ____ Carbon source _ Polyelectrolytes Solvents Chlorine dioxide Potassium permanganate Steam Chlorine gas Soda ash Sulfur dioxide These chemicals represent the cumulative list of chemicals that are required in the water and wastewater treatment processes included in this program No process requires all of the chemicals and many processes do not require any chemicals Availability of chemical supplies can be interpreted several ways The most restrictive definition would be to indicate only those chemicals which are immediately available at the local or regional level This means a local supplier has the chemicals in their inventory at all times For example liquid bleach might always be available commercially white gaseous chlorine might not always be available If the chemical needs to be imported only for this use then it should not be listed as a
35. annual O amp M cost for the treatment train in the initial project year OM IY annual O amp M cost for treatment process k in the initial project year The O amp M cost for each succeeding year in the planning period is calculated by inflating the previous year s O amp M cost by the inflation rate OM Y ou yer SEES 12 where OM CY O amp M cost the treatment train in the current year of the planning period OM P O amp M cost of the treatment train in the previous year of the planning period This calculation results in a series of annual costs starting with the initial O amp M cost and ending with the O amp M cost in the last year of the planning period This series is summed to obtain the total O amp M cost Toms y oM Y 13 Izi where TOM total O amp M cost of the treatment train over the planning period OM P CY Z annual O amp M cost in year of the planning period 1 year of the planning period n last year of the planning period 68 3 i C 1 4 TOTAL PROJECT COST The total project cost is the sum of the total capital costs the total land costs and the total O amp M costs for the entire treatment train IPC TO TLC Tom 14 where TPCT total project cost in the initial year of the planning period TC EY total capital cost for the train in the initial year of the planning period TLC total land cost for the treatment train in the initial year of the planning
36. asizes the need for appropriate technologies consonant with local socio economic conditions Some of the factors which severely handicap projects to provide safe drinking water and efficient sewage disposal are e shortage of resources including trained personnel and finances e lack of governmental support within the developing countries e inadequate institutional structures insufficient organization and administration e lack of local interest and acceptance of the project capital and O amp M cost recovery Planning for adequate water supply and sanitation must be considered an integral part of the development process and overall national plans should be formulated and implemented Each country should make use of its own water resources agency to collect pertinent data and to plan with a regional approach rather than a case by case approach Efforts should be made to innovate and test treatment technologies that are appropriate for their setting Strong ties should be established between water agencies and universities Planning tools should be made available to assist governments in the implementation of water supply and sewage schemes Frequently proper sewage treatment and excreta disposal have been given such a low priority that pollution control has been postponed until the problem was too great for a solution using available community resources A national plan and greater governmental involvement will help to alleviate this problem Na
37. ay Preferences Help FIGURE 3 1 OPENING WINDOW WITH PULLDOWN MENU 3 2 EDIT FILES When beginning work on a new problem the Edit menu is the one to begin with It leads to all of the editable data tables that are used to describe the problem under consideration and the criteria for the solution Upon selecting Edit you will be given a choice between five different data tables Collection System Data Community Data Process Data Standards and Train Descriptions FIGURE 3 2 GRAPHIC OVERVIEW OF PROGRAM CALCULATIONS Water supply wastewater treatment trains on site process requirements 4 The Community Profile Needs Capabilities Resources infeasible alternatives Inadequate local geophysical hydrologicat setting Inadequate construction or O amp M resources Inadequate personnel resources Remaining trains and process Feasible trains and process The Appropriate Solution Filter Reuse process requirements Public health standards Disposal standards Plants animals Infeasible alternatives Violation of reuse technology needs Failure to meet public health standards Failure to meet ecological standards Prefeasibility Assessment Feasible alternatives User cost Least total cost Least O amp M cost Least capital cost Adaptability Performance data Minimum impact Selecting any of these five data tables presents a dialog box with the same set of possible actions acc
38. collection and treatment system Some processes lend themselves more easily to incorporation into a collected wet wastewater system For example septic tanks could be used in STEP centralized collection and treatment systems Does this process require defecating in a squatting position Does this process require darkness at the receptacle Processes that require darkness at the receptacle can also provide habitat for vectors and vermin Darkened structures usually cooler than surrounding areas can harbor snakes spiders etc which deter the use of facility by children and adults Is this process easily adapted to unisex use Is this process easily used by children less than 4 years old Does this process require a daily addition of a carbon source e g wood chips paper green waste etc Please check each of the anal cleansing materials that can be accommodated by this process bulky degradable non bulky non degradable bulky non degradable non bulky degradable water The type of cleaning materials relates to a series of constraints and sizing issues as the treatment trains are developed and sorted through the community profile For example water cleansing requires an aqueous receptacle collection and treatment component Non bulky non degradable rocks cleansing material requires a complete different set of conditions 66 Please check each of these types of waste handling by users required by this process n urin
39. dices and inflation rate The last tab is the On site tab which contains eleven questions numbered 43 through 53 The On site condition specifications are factors in evaluating on site treatment as opposed to centralized treatment After answering all applicable questions save the input data and return to the Choose a Community dialog by pressing the Done button To return to the Choose a Community dialog without saving the input data press the Cancel button From the Choose a Community dialog data can be entered for another community or the user can return to the main menu by pressing the Exit button 3 3 2 General Tab Questions 1 7 1 What is the name you wish to use to identify this community or problem 40 char max The name given the community should be specific enough to be able to both locate the site on local maps and to communicate to the users the approach being taken in the process In some cases this might be a village a town a city or an informal peri urban area 2 What is the name of the neighborhood 20 char max The name of the neighborhood should be specific enough to be able to relate to the community user group If several neighborhoods are involved they should also be listed If the problem involves a large city that would include a large list of neighborhoods then this section need not be filled in For some on site treatment cases if the community has distinctly differing con
40. ditions and cultural values the problem must be divided into these sub components The program does not allow wide variations in geophysical and or cultural differences to be placed into a single community profile a limitation 14 3 3 3 In what state or province is the community located 20 char max This information should be specific enough to identify the formal macro governmental unit responsible for water and wastewater to the local community and to the national government In what country is the community located 20 char max Country or autonomous political area What is the planning group or department 20 char max The local planning group should be the closest governmental unit to the community that is involved in the planning the financing and the designing of water and sanitation services What is the name of the responsible Agency Ministry or institutional stakeholders 60 char max This refers to the highest governmental unit s within the country that plans approves finances and or designs water and sanitation services including water reuse Specify the base year for the demographic data land value and water use data The population should represent the best estimate for the community The year entered here represents the year in which demographic and water use data are available These data will be brought up to date using growth rate data supplied below Demographic Tab Questions 8 16
41. e and underground waters in the world have been taken for granted until recent years Severe contamination of many surface supplies has occurred Increasing instances of groundwater contamination are being found Thus our relatively fixed volume of water may become less and less usable Adequate pollution control measures must be taken and conservation and reclamation of resources must become the rule Water has always been used and reused by humans In the natural water cycle evaporation and precipitation is one form of reuse The return of wastewater to the streams and lakes of the country is common The unplanned reuse of wastewater is not new The planned reuse of wastewater for beneficial purposes has been done in some areas for many years but it is here that we need to concentrate our efforts for far greater use of our wastewater The quality and quantity of wastewater produced by a community depends upon such factors as the source of supply population density industrial practices and even the attitudes of the local population The quality of the environment can be improved by reducing pollution at the source providing adequate treatment of the wastewater and by recycling and reusing wastewater Public support and some change in social behavior will be required in most instances Since there are many different types of wastewater reuse and the term reuse has different meanings to different people the following definitions are offered e
42. e process 40 char max 2 Please enter a description of the process 200 char max 3 Please select the process type Wastewater Primary Wastewater Secondary Wastewater Tertiary Wastewater Disinfection Reuse Areal distribution Reuse Known volumetric use rate On site dry Receptacle On site dry Structure On site dry Temporary storage On site dry Collection On site dry Treatment On site dry Disposal On site wet Receptacle On site wet Structure On site wet Temporary storage On site wet Collection On site wet Treatment On site wet Disposal Water supply Groundwater Water supply Surface water Water supply surface and groundwater Water supply and wastewater Solids handling Storage 47 fi Bete ee xS I These correspond to the categories available in the Train Description first Build a Train edit window see above Section 3 4 2 Failure to check a category or checking an incorrect one could be a source input error so care should be taken when entering a new process to insure that the correct category is listed 4 Identify files containing photographs of this process 5 max WAWTTAR can serve as a simple encyclopedia of water and wastewater treatment technologies To that end photos drawings and text files can be associated with a process Graphics file formats that c
43. e treated sludge nightsoil treated and composted sludge In many cultures a community is dominated by negative values associated with the handling of various levels of treatment of human feces and or urine The levels run from composted waste human urine treated sludge and raw human waste night soil The answer to these questions insures that a treatment train does not violate the community s predominant cultural beliefs 67 Please check each of the street widths that can be accommodated by this process 0 6 m foot paths _ __0 8m 2 75 m carts gt 2 75 m automobiles Some transport and collection processes require a cart or vehicle This question insures that a process does not require street access widths in excess of the communities street widths 60 APPENDIX A WATER REUSE A 1 OVERVIEW OF WATER REUSE Water reuse is a common occurrence Water shortages and the recent recognition in much of the world of the need to conserve water has focused attention upon the value of intentional reuse Planners recognize the need for a hierarchy of water use in the community Not all water need be of the same quality and the wastewater of a community should be considered a resource Wastewater should be seen as a source of usable water and a source of valuable nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus As a resource it has value that has been enhanced by its collection and treatment Abundant supplies of clean surfac
44. er how well designed from a physical and technological standpoint B Community Lane FIGURE 3 3 COMMUNITY DATA OPENING WINDOW 12 e000000000000000000000000060000000000000000 Once a new community is named or an existing community file is selected the Edit Community button is selected Figure 3 3 This button opens a window which has six tabs arranged in the upper left hand corner The six tabs have a total of 53 questions in the following categories 1 General 2 Demographics 3 Resources 4 Hydro Met 5 Finances and 6 On site When the window opens the General tab questions 1 through 7 are displayed When selecting the first question for example Community name a 40 character input slot opens in the answer section of the window on the right side All of the questions in the General category require typing in input data Some questions in the other categories require checking a box and or typing in numbers Once a question has been answered with new data a green checkmark will appear on the left side of the question The green checkmark serves as an indication that this question has been answered After responding to all of the questions in the General category select the Demographics tab This group of nine questions question 8 through 16 requires a good understanding of the community and how it works Each community demographics question requires typing in a response After answering the De
45. essed via buttons The first button is entitled Edit The Edit button opens the indicated table allowing the user to review the database for each of the categories and or to add new data if the data record is not locked If a new record is to be created and is named new information can be placed in the data file All existing processes in the Process Collection System and Standards data tables are locked read only preventing the data from being changed New data updated or corrected data can easily be added by copying the record process collection system or standard giving the copied item a new name and then changing the data associated with the copied data The second button to the right side of the selection window is entitled New This allows one to create a new record as mentioned above be sure to give the file a unique name The third button is the Copy button and allows the user to quickly add or change data to an existing record with a new name The fourth button is the Delete button that allows the user to delete a record A warning window comes up to verify the delete action The fifth button is a Print button which allows the user to print the information associated with the selected item the print mode is strictly informational not presentation quality After the database has been accessed the Done button is selected which automatically saves any changes made Select Cancel to move back to the previous window master menu wi
46. f choice displayed on the right along with the Add gt Delete Reset and Done buttons Figure 4 1 These buttons will allow you to choose and alter the parameters you wish to have displayed When this is complete return to the WAWTTAR menu i Select Water Quality Constituents to Display aluminum Rai 4 JCBOD J arsenic EE E i coliform fecal asbestos I 3 2 Hnitrogen ammonia solids suspended chiorides chromium 4COD coliform fecal hardness total helminths ova hydrogen sulfide FIGURE 4 1 TRACK PARAMETERS WINDOW 35 wd M n p 4 3 INCLUDE EXCLUDE PROCESSES OPTION Selecting the Include Exclude Processes option will bring up the Specify Processes to Include or Exclude window Figure 4 2 The user can specify which processes in the database may be included in a feasible treatment train must be included in a feasible train and must not be included in a feasible train The May Include All Processes button will allow every treatment process in the database to be included Unless otherwise specified all treatment processes can be included This feature is used to compare only those trains sharing certain characteristics for example using a specific primary process wastewater treatment but different secondary treatment processes This is particularly useful when there are many trains to compare Clarifier Primary Circular Jarifier
47. f each treatment process is multiplied by the percentage contribution of each O amp M cost category and the local cost index corresponding to each category to yield the adjusted annual O amp M cost per category in 1992 US dollars AOM T OM X x o gt 8 where AOM ie 23 adjusted annual O amp M cost of process k in cost category j 1992 dollars OM 92 2 annual O amp M cost of treatment process k 1992 dollars P X jk fraction of the annual O amp M cost of treatment process k in cost category j 67 Y j local O amp M cost index corresponding to category j The annual adjusted O amp M cost of a treatment process in 1992 dollars is the sum of the annual adjusted costs of each cost category 40M Y 40M 50 9 Vj where AOM T 2 adjusted annual O amp M cost for treatment process k 1992 dollars AOM Yi gt adjusted annual O amp M cost of treatment process k for cost category j The annual O amp M cost of a treatment process in the initial project year is found by inflating the 1992 annual O amp M cost by the inflation rate OM 40m ii pfe 10 where OM i IY 2 annual O amp M cost for treatment process k in the initial project year AOM annual adjusted O amp M cost for treatment process k 1992 dollars The annual O amp M cost in the initial project year for the treatment train is the sum of the annual O amp M costs for all treatment processes oM gt oMEY 11 Vk i where OM
48. for the ratio in the community of the following O amp M cost categories to the cost in the U S Item Ratio Chemicals Energy Labor Materials I The O amp M cost indices are based upon work done in the United States showing the percentage of dollar effort attributed to the four categories for various water and wastewater technologies In the U S study the total cost engineering and construction was distributed amongst the four categories and normalized to represent 100 percent of the cost Each community problem must estimate the relative difference between the US cost and the local cost in whole number units For example if labor cost is ISO EP 45 50 in the community of interest compared to the US labor cost then 0 5 is placed next to labor in the item column If the manufacturing equipment is 5 times more costly in the community of interest then 5 is placed next to manufacturing equipment in the item column Data for this question can be obtained from national statistical records multilateral funding organizations Engineering News Record cost comparisons etc These indices can be adjusted to calibrate the economic component of the model Since the output is used to compare alternatives a good first guess still gives a relatively good comparison If the user would like to converge on the estimated actual costs then calibration is necessary by adjusting the indices to local cost by comparing WAWTTAR output with as build syste
49. he situation could be made more effective if they were concentrated on groups such as nucleated units or small to medium size communities There is a need to differentiate between that which is nucleated and that which is not as concepts of community differ particularly among professions such as engineers ecologists sociologists health workers or economists It is proposed here that a nucleated settlement begins at or above that population concentration level where there exists a physical water system and an associated managerial system In general the management system in a nucleated settlement will no longer be a volunteer operation and this breakpoint occurs at a population of about 300 or more At a higher population level of about 3 000 persons piped water becomes cheaper than unpiped water Piped water requires a distribution system and a higher level of technology than does a system of unpiped water Population density is a significant factor in determining the cost of a piped water system and a wastewater collection system 1 1 2 WAWTTAR Objectives This program focuses on the concept that when equipment or technology is supplied it should be only after a means of supply for repair parts and operational and maintenance resources are known to be available This includes having trained and equipped operators to insure that the environmental and monetary investments are protected Many existing facilities are in bad conditions due to poor
50. hior Septic Abs Tr Loam Septic AbsTr Sandy TF PC UV SludgeLag Comp FIGURE 4 3 INCLUDE TRAIN 4 5 GO COMMANDS The Go commands instruct the program to perform calculations either for water supply or wastewater treatment problems There are two Go commands Go Water Supply and Go Wastewater Treatment The Go Wastewater Treatment which brings up the Setup Treatment Option Calculations screen is shown in Figure 4 4 The user must choose a community by selecting the Community button that displays all the community names Choose a community by highlighting the community The name of the community should appear opposite the Community button If the community does not have a collection system Community profile Question 33 click on the Collection Sys button and then select a collection system from the available choices The without collection choice is available if you do not want to include the cost of a collection system in this analysis If the community already has a collection system leave this entry blank The small button to the right of the response box can be used to clear the input 37 Setup Treatment Option Calculations 3 4 Cooling Heat Exchanger Cooling Tower Overland Flow Gravity 4 Z Body Contct Water Activ Z Boiler Feed Water Z Chemical Processing Z Coldwater Fisheries Z Constructed Wetlands Z Food Processing Z Forest Preserve Irrig Z
51. ible benefits should be taken into account in a positive sense Nearly 200 water and wastewater treatment processes are provided in the WAWTTAR database All of the data associated with each process is available for review by the user In addition while the list includes a wide range of processes user can easily add new processes to take into account factors such as local conditions and new technologies The general approach to accessing either viewing or changing the process data is the same as with the other data tables as described in Chapter 4 Reviewing or adding processes can be accomplished by clicking on Process Data under the Edit menu 7 4 OVERVIEW OF PROCESS DATA To access the data associated with a particular process select the process on the left hand side of the alphabetically sorted list box Figure 7 1 Once the process has been highlighted select the Edit Process button A window appears that has six tabs in the upper left corner Each of the tabs has a set of questions that define the process characteristics The tabs are General Construction O M Operation and Maintenance Siting Impacts and On Site Miscellaneous The questions associated with some of these tabs are shown in Figures 7 2 and 7 3 Clicking on a question number opens the response window for that question Some responses require typing in descriptions or words some responses require clicking on boxes required not required and some responses require numbe
52. icantly reduced or eliminated via the use of WAWTTAR by persons with some background in water and wastewater treatment issues 2 1 HARDWARE SOFTWARE WAWTTAR 4 0 requires an IBM PC compatible computer running Microsoft Windows 95 or later 32 MB of RAM and a minimum graphics resolution of 800x600 with 256 colors are required to run the program Depending on your current computer configuration between 30 and 40 megabytes of disk space is required to install WAWTTAR 2 2 INSTALLATION In addition to the install program the WAWTTAR CD ROM includes this users manual in the file WAWTTAR Users Manual pdf This file can be viewed using the free Adobe Acrobat reader The latest version this program is available from the Adobe WWW site at www adobe com For your convenience the Windows 95 and Windows NT version of this program is located on the WAWTTAR CD ROM and can be installed by double clicking on the file acroread exe i 1 2 5 OVERVIEW OF WAWTTAR OPERATION In the basic operation of WAWTTAR basic problem parameters such as performance standards material costs raw water or wastewater quality community needs and capabilities and planning horizon are entered by the user into easily editable data fields see Figure 2 1 The user can then construct several possible treatment trains from a supplied comprehensive list of available treatment processes WAWTTAR first screens these options by the needs capabilities and resources of the c
53. icking the Display button 7 Please indicate the monthly reuse rate Month Reuse Rate mm or 103m3 January February March April May June July August September October November December The reuse rate units are mm for areal application processes and 105m for volumetric reuse processes 7 3 2 Construction Tab Questions 8 16 8 Please check click on the box those equipment items that are required for construction of this process heavy equipment light equipment manual equipment This question addresses the minimal equipment requirement The issue is whether the process can be constructed with manual labor only light equipment and or heavy equipment It is assumed that less sophisticated and natural systems have some minimal manual equipment requirement as compared to more complex and sophisticated systems requiring light to heavy construction equipment In most cases these relate the need and or type of contractor needed to construct the plant 49 Sitrsite Misc f f Siting General Canstruction c ANS SIS TT building blocks TT dayliner T cobble storie da igeted aluminum or tin fiber reinforced plastic fiberglass ET geotextite liners hand pumps hand togis i mot T plastic pipes end fittings Progtarnmed Logic Controllers reber reintarcing steel s FIGURE 7 3 PROCESS PROFILE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SCREEN 9 Please check click on the bo
54. igher technology types Simpler technologics generally require simpler materials to construct operate and maintain Again available can be interpreted many ways see question 18 20 Please check click on the box those energy resources that are available in the community ____ electricity intermittent electricity reliable gasoline diesel intermittent gasoline diesel reliable natural gas intermittent natural gas reliable The energy resources available to operate the water and or wastewater treatment system refer to the primary source of energy This question relates to both the dependability and availability of the energy source This assumes that gasoline and diesel generators for example also require fuel supply fuel transport and local fuel storage which is more dependable than an electric grid Quite often electrical energy is available but is only available at certain times This question needs to be answered in the most pessimistic climate the planner can imagine since power failure is a critical factor in the failure of many water and wastewater systems A process called backup power is available when building treatment trains to minimize system failure due to power outages 21 Please check click on the box those types of labor that are available in the community Contractor __ Skilled Construction Driver Skilled Maintenance Laboratory _____ Skilled Operational
55. ils require special construction techniques to maintain sidewall structural integrity Subsurface geological formation 1 5 to 2 0m deep is important in terms of the separation between wastewater infiltration trenches and groundwater levels Certain soil types clay loam can provide excellent receptacle structures which are more or less water tight with a minimum of infiltration Please enter the minimum soil percolation rate sec cm for proper functioning of this process ___ This question addresses the processes use of percolation infiltration for the movement of liquid into the soil A low value here would suggest the processes would not be appropriate for this setting due to surface pooling a high value might also be inappropriate due to the rapid movement of leachate into potential groundwater drinking water supplies Please enter the minimum allowable wet weather depth to the water table m that this process can accommodate The minimum depth to the highest level of groundwater affords optimum protection of a groundwater resource utilized for drinking water What is the minimum horizontal separation distance m from this process to groundwater source The minimum distance between a sanitation device receptacle treatment disposal reuse and a groundwater source minimizes the potential for water borne disease transfer to humans drinking bathing cooking and or collecting food supplies What is the minimum horizontal separation distance m
56. k Labor Manufactured equipment Pipes valves fittings Steel Structures D amp T S HU The construction cost indices are based upon work done in the United States showing the percentage of dollar effort attributed to the seven categories for various water and wastewater technologies In the U S study the total cost engineering and construction was distributed amongst the seven categories and normalized to represent 100 percent of the total cost Each community problem must estimate the relative difference between the US cost and the local cost in whole number units For example if labor cost is 50 in the community of interest compared to the US then 0 5 is placed next to labor If chemical cost is 2 5 times more in the community of interest then 2 5 is placed next to chemical in the item column Data for this information can be obtained from national statistical records multilateral funding organizations Engineering News Record ENR cost comparisons etc These indices can be adjusted to calibrate the economic component of the model Since the output is used to compare alternatives a good first guess still gives a good comparison among alternatives If the user would like to converge on the estimated actual construction costs then calibration is necessary by adjusting the indices usually the estimated cost at this stage of planning is 50 30 percent of as built cost O amp M cost indices Please give an estimate
57. l select that type Build a Train Screen Bar Hand Cleaned Grit Chamber Clarifier Primary Circular Clarifier Primary Rectangular Camminutor Dry Alum Primary Ferric Chloride Primary Flow Equalization JAS Conventional w SecClarit Chlorination gas wastewater Digestion Aerobic Flow Metering Granular Activated Carbon Grit Chamber Imhoff Tanks in Gravity Oil Removal In Liming INH3 air stripping In Neutralization In Solvent Extraction In Steam Stripping Low Lime Primary OS3 Community UASB Pond Anaerobic Preliminary Treatment Q Chlorination gas creen Bar Hand Cleaned creen Bar Mechanical FIGURE 3 5 TRAIN DESCRIPTION INITIAL WINDOW If wastewater is selected for example six categories of processes show up under Select a Process Type to the left of the Train Type selection This list is designed to assist the user in selecting process in the general order of occurrence in the treatment train When wastewater primary is selected for example a list of primary treatment processes appears in the left hand part of the window Some processes are found in more than one Train Type Listed below are the process categories found in each of the three train types 28 To build a train a process 1s selected by clicking on the desired process name under the Select a Process scrolling window and adding the process to the list of train processes by clicking on the Add gt b
58. lues Constituent Solids total Volatile Fixed Suspended total Volatile Fixed Dissolved total Volatile Fixed BOD 5 day 20 C Oxygen consumed Dissolved oxygen Nitrogen total Organic Free ammonia Nitrites NO Nitrates NO Estimated wastewater production Average 500 350 150 300 250 30 200 100 100 200 0 20 320 liters capita day The followings table can be used to estimate the mineral addition to indoor water use This can be a critical factor in water reuse RE RBRARABRRARAAAZEREEEEEEEAE EEE ey yy 23 dp eae Um aes Sos EOE a Range of Mineral Pickup in Domestic Sewage Mineral constituent Normal range i of property parts per million Dissolved solids 100 300 Boron B 0 1 0 4 Percent Sodium l 5 15 Sodium Na i f 40 70 Potassium K 7 15 Magnesium CaCO 15 40 Calcium CaCO 15 40 Total Nitrogen N 20 40 Phosphate PO 20 40 Sulfate S04 i 15 30 Chioride CI 20 50 Total Alkalinity CaCO 100 150 In percent 32 If the wastewater treatment system receives a point source input other than the collection system please provide the name of the point source loading file 30 characters max The point source loading file allows the user to co mingle wastewater treated or untreated with the new problem s wastewater flow For example if an industrial facility s effluent was to be added to the problem s wastewater flow then the new combined flows and
59. m cost in the community country of interest fem 42 What is the base year value of land in 1000 U S dollars per hectare where treatment facilities would be built brr ipse Land value can be an important determinant in the cost and location of a wastewater treatment reuse facility This should only be used if in fact land will be purchased for the treatment plant In most cases the value of the land should reflect the fair market value of the land not the speculative value of the land If the land is being supplied by the government then no cost should be attached to the land If the land is in extremely short supply and other uses for the land are needed then the opportunity cost of the land could be used 3 3 7 On Site Tab Questions 43 53 E 43 Which of the following is the predominant surface soil ground type to a depth of 2 meters gravel coarse sand coarse to medium sand fine sand to loamy sand sandy loam loan loam porous silt loam La silty clay loam clay loam rocky boulder bedrock The predominant soil depth question addresses several criteria for selecting on site treatment systems Since the majority of on site receptacles require excavation the workability of soil to down to 1 5 meters is critical Predominantly rocky soils are ideal for excavations Predominantly sandy soils require special construction techniques to maintain sidewall structural integrity Subsurface geological formations
60. meceous Earth Porous aeration material Wood Garnet Media supplies refer to process support media that is lost saturated consumed eroded and or corroded in use Often only sufficient media supplies are available at the time of after many years of use Substitution of media is most often the solution to this problem In some cases this is an appropriate solution in other cases it is not appropriate 24 Please check click on the box those types of laboratory equipment that are available in the community ___ Non Electrical Lab Equipment Simple Electrical Lab Equipment Process Control Testing Sophisticated Lab Equipment Laboratory equipment refers to the availability of the equipment spare parts and technical manuals for O amp M e Non electrical equipment refers to color comparators refractometers thermometers Imhoff Cones methylene blue DO testing etc e Process control equipment refers to digital or analog sensors integrated into control system to allow for remote operations based upon process condition This would include pH system DO system chlorine dechlorination systems remote equipment operators etc e Simple electronic laboratory equipment refers to incubators vacuum pumps drying ovens probe meter instruments simple spectrophotometers and volumetric testing equipment Sophisticated laboratory equipment refers to GC AA fluometers mercury analyzer complex dual beam spectrophoto
61. meters computers coupled with analytical equipment output incubators etc 25 Please check click on the box those types of process control equipment that are available in the community Analog meter controls PLC process controllers Mechanical controls l ____ Pneumatic controls PLC status indicators This list refers to the type of control system in the treatment system It is assumed that many plants will have all of these types of control equipment The answer should be directed at the communities capability to support these types of systems by direct hire of technicians contractor direct technical assistance parts and repair tools rather than available for purchase at the time of construction 26 Is there a state central government agency or institution that would provide institutional supervision for operation and maintenance of distribution collection and treatment facilities This question deals with the existing or potential long term sustainability of a project as it relates to management and technical support for operation and maintenance of a system This is a specific type of organization that supports water and wastewater treatment systems by 1 standardization of equipment and parts 2 operator training 3 technical assistance for operation and maintenance 4 laboratory assistance and training etc A yes answer to this question indicates strong institutional support for the system If an institu
62. mographics questions select the Resources tab There are 10 Resource questions numbered 17 through 26 FIGURE 3 4 TYPICAL COMMUNITY TAB WINDOW COMMUNITY RESOURCES 13 The questions in the Resources Section of the community data attempt to characterize the support the community can supply to the development and the maintenance of the treatment technologies being considered Figure 3 4 These questions require the user to indicate the availability of that particular resource in the community The default condition for these questions assumes that all of the resources are available To indicate that a resource is not available the user clicks on the box which removes the checkmark In case of doubt it is recommended that the user start by assuming a resource is NOT available If this causes a particular treatment train to be deemed unfeasible by the program this will be detailed in the Infeasible Solutions File Section 5 1 and the user can decide whether making the resource available is justified After answering all of the Resource questions the user should click on the Hydro Met tab that contains seven questions numbered 27 through 33 These questions pertain to the hydrological and meteorological conditions of the proposed treatment site There are nine questions numbered 34 through 42 in the Financial tab category The Financial questions relate to applicable currency cost in
63. munity participation can significantly reduce the cost of the project by minimizing the need for expensive and technologically complex construction equipment This is especially true with on site treatment systems and alternative wastewater collection systems 18 Please check click on the box those O amp M equipment types that are available in the community Electric motors Portable generators Electronic test equipment _ __ Portable water pumps Hand tools Water sampler Hoist Welding equipment Laboratory instruments The list of O amp M equipment types is designed to represent the general types of equipment necessary to operate and maintain various technical classifications of water and wastewater treatment systems The list was not meant to be inclusive of all equipment requirements Studies performed in the mid 1970 s indicated that this equipment list comprised the principal components related to the supportable water and wastewater treatment technologies Many examples exist where items on this list can be replaced with other items in a community or are not necessarily needed Not available has many meanings in this regard It might be available but no one locally knows show or wants to use it It might mean it is locally available by importing via complicated shipping and customs processes Available can be interpreted several ways by the user The strictest interpretation is that the
64. n chemically treated solids which have significant degradable organic material remaining etc For example an oxidation pond treatment train oxidation pond the only process would have no impacts in this category On the other hand a high rate activated sludge chemically treated and dewatered by a belt press would have a higher impact score in this category 6 2 4 High Electrical Requirements This impact category is to identify processes which are energy intensive There are few examples where no electricity is needed to either collect treat and or dispose of water wastewater and or solids Some processes are energy intensive and therefore require a 43 000000060000c0000000000000000000000000000000 dependable high quantity of electrical energy In most cases this can best be estimated by determining the backup power requirements for energy demanding processes These processes are those that have to function all the time to achieve treatment A good example is activated sludge Air blowers or oxygen generators need to be available all the time to insure that oxygen is available to the organism and that mixing can occur Energy intensive systems can also require significant maintenance associated with pumps aeration devices etc This category is designed to alert the planner to those systems that require an uninterrupted electrical supply In those communities where electrical energy is intermittent and unpredictable energy intensive
65. n will bring up the Collection Systems data window Figure 3 8 The questions are few and straightforward The name description photo files drawing files text files references and the construction cost curve based on dollars versus population density are asked for A plot of the cost curve can be displayed and printed When the collection system is described return via the Done button lower right hand corner to the WAWTTAR main menu 33 Collection System Condominial Sewnis dem du dact sludge empty jpg Activated Sludge 1 fif Activated Sludge 2 fif Activated Sludge 3 fif Adsorption trench pcex ESSI ee aerator bank jpg aerator types pcx aerators shaft propeller fif aerators swing arm jpg anaerobic digester ercete j anaerobic digestor pcx FIGURE 3 8 EDITING THE COLLECTION SYSTEM DATA 4 0 GETTING RESULTS 4 1 CALCULATIONS Select the Calculate option of the main menu There will be five choices Include Exclude Processes Include Trains Track Parameters Go Water Supply and Go Wastewater Treatment Select the Track Parameters option first 4 2 TRACK PARAMETERS OPTION WAWTTAR will display the discharge concentration of up to ten water quality parameters of your choice from a comprehensive list The Select Water Quality Parameters to Display window is set up similar to previous windows with the list of water quality parameters on the left and the parameters o
66. nce in meters between the boundaries of the proposed treatment and disposal sites and a potable water well The minimum distance between a sanitation device receptacle treatment disposal reuse and a natural potable water source minimizes the potential for water borne disease transfer to humans drinking bathing cooking and or collecting food supplies What is the minimum horizontal distance in meters between the boundaries of the proposed treatment and disposal sites and a natural watercourse e g stream lake estuary etc The minimum distance between a sanitation device receptacle treatment disposal reuse and a natural watercourse minimizes the potential for water borne disease transfer to humans drinking bathing cooking and or collecting food supplies Do the majority of community members live in multistory buildings This question relates to on site technology options available for multi story buildings There are limited technologies available for sanitation for multi story buildings In the community is squatting the most predominant position for defecating This question only pertains to on site decentralized treatment alternatives The alternative treatment trains for on site treatment systems require a different approach than treatment trains developed for centralized collection treatment systems An on site treatment train begins with the initial point of deposition of human waste In this community are there cultu
67. ns insures that a treatment train does not violate the community s predominant cultural beliefs 53 Which of the following street widths best describes the accessibility to 90 of the dwellings of the community lt 0 8 m foot paths 0 8 m 2 75 m carts gt 2 75 m automobiles This ensures that any treatment train containing a vehicle transport system matches the conditions in the community l 3 4 TRAIN DESCRIPTIONS 3 4 1 Introduction Developing a collection of processes to met a particular standard guideline and or reuse goal is referred to as building treatment trains The developers of the WAWTTAR program assumed that the program users would have at the very least an acquaintance with water and wastewater treatment processes At best the user should be familiar with conventional and non conventional treatment processes This familiarity should include process performance ability equipment description operation and maintenance requirements human resource requirements effective combinations of processes and area requirements The program does not automatically build treatment trains The user must select processes and arrange them in logical order in terms of the flow of the water wastewater and or solids There are no default treatment trains in the database The program developers feel strongly that the user should develop the trains from a variety of information sources i e textbooks past experiences technical
68. nsity of the population the scale and nature of the production base climate topography water resources and the type and distribution of flora and fauna in and around the town What appears as a particularly pressing problem in one town may represent minor problems in other towns in that same country while other nations may have an entirely different set of problems For the smaller towns there is more of an ad hoc approach to sanitation resulting in inadequate coverage and the use of inappropriate methods Conventional treatment approaches are costly and are difficult to sustain in small towns USAID recognized this problem in the mid 70 s and produced a manual Appropriate Methods of Treating Water and Wastewater in Developing Countries The manual considered not only technical considerations but also economic and institutional issues in choosing appropriate methods However the state of the art has advanced in recent years and different economic and social conditions apply in many countries suggesting the need for reevaluating the current situation There are also advances in non technical approaches emphasizing pollution prevention through economic and policy means that need to be considered There is a range of potential methods for treating wastewater Each method has a unique set of technical economic and institutional conditions which must be evaluated The analysis and decision process would be aided by an iterative appr
69. o i A AE EEES ENE E E EET 1 1 1 2 WAWTTAR Objectives s m 1 1 2 RANGE OF APPLICATION s osrsrrresrerisioresreneoneceeczenionicentosconzeceszonienzenecneazeczenesosneizio ne nionio 2 1 3 THE ON SITE PERI URBAN CHALLENGE cccscsvsssssssresesssssvsnsseenssaeassasenuensresersssscsnaeasaces 3 2 0 Introduction to the Program Vessdnn e AEE EP roia PIREO PD 6 2 1 HARDWARE SOFTWARE cccccsssssecsecececvscssccssevesetenseeesstsessnteseenseeess iano Z27 INSTALLATION TL 6 2 3 OVERVIEW OF WAWTTAR OPERATION ccsccscsesscsvsssssssssessssascsrccseeesseeseeeesseereenensescessaees 7 2 4 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROGRAM 41 esca ox estera ocaeaiaa 8 3 0 Getting Started easc otnte 9924942490949 900090099000000090000009000000909090 9 90 0u 6046960000900 4n64000000680000000000000000 999 2 ORO 9h bP 9 499 9 3 I OPEN THE PROGRAM sus ad ves Rat lai gt EDILEEES E EE 9 3 3 COMMUNITY DATA ccccccccscscssscsersceseverscesacecasscssvssceneesttsssees TEC 11 SRL rinane PE 11 3 2 2 General Tab ORestiOBS di leale 14 3 3 3 Demographic Tab Questions 8 16 iat iaia 15 3 3 4 Resource Tab Questions 17 20 aria 16 3 3 5 Hydro Met Fab Questions 27 33 20 3 3 6 Financial Tab Questions 0142 iaia 23 3 3 7 On Site Tab Questions 49 99 25 34 TRAN DESCRIPTIONS ale AENA AENEAN 27 3 4 4 niroduchioti La E EEEE EEEE T ead E T E AEE
70. o the frost line in meters This question determines the applicability of some treatment processes in extremely cold climates 30 Provide information on results of tests on the quality of raw water intended for use as a potable water supply for the community The information provided in this question is only used for problems related to water supply The list includes both primary and secondary drinking water contaminants In most cases a community will not have a full description of all these constituents In general all of the non critical constituents should be set to zero or left blank The critical constituents for surface drinking water are shown in the list below Within this group only a few constituents are commonly used in standards and in reporting treatment efficiencies It is important in certain situations to include constituents not found in the short list especially when dealing with long term chronic exposures to organics and metals The bold items are the most common constituents listed in standard or goals The full list is presented in Table 3 2 Constituent Units Measurement Solids coarse Kg m S S mg l TDS mg l Turbidity NTU Coliform total 3 100 ml Coliform fecal 100 ml Enteric viruses PFU L Salmonella 100 ml Shigella 100 ml Cyst 100 ml Helminths ova 100 ml pH pH Color TCU THM ug l THM precursors ug l Alkalinity P mg Hardness total mg l Iron mg l Manganese mg l Taste amp odor FTN OTN
71. oach of comparing the various possibilities There is currently no computer software designed for this purpose The development of this software and the input of current technical and economic data improves the selection process and potentially expands sanitation coverage water reuse and sustainable water and wastewater treatment systems to many areas in developed and developing countries WAWTTAR and its attendant database is an attempt to provide this capability FIGURE 1 1 THE TREATMENT REUSE CYCLE Water Source e Surface Groundwater Water Transport System Reuse Sewage e Land application l Water Treatment e Forage crops ee ki Treatment Train e Aquaculture Mpp y Train Compost Solids 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM This manual is intended to supply basic information about the operation of WAWTTAR It provides an overview of the information display and editing conventions that have been adopted as well as the functions performed by each of the program s commands and dialogs It is assumed that the users of WAWTTAR will have some background in water and wastewater treatment and planning It is also assumed that users will be familiar with the MS Windows operating system and have basic keyboard and mouse skills This manual is not intended to be a tutorial in either water or wastewater treatment or the MS Windows system WAWTTAR s main use is as a tool for persons with s
72. odors outside the sanitation device This question addresses the potential for odors outside a sanitation device On Site Miscellaneous Tab Questions 56 67 Does this process require a government agency or institution to provide institutional supervision for operation and maintenance This question addresses the long term sustainability and expansion of an on site treatment and collection system This could be the most critical factor in terms of both the safe use and health education component the maintenance and operation of a community on site system and the expansion in coverage of on site systems for a community Can this process be used in multi story buildings This question relates to the on site technology options available for multi story buildings There are limited technologies available for sanitation for multi story buildings What is the maximum population density persons km that this process can accommodate Some on site treatment systems are relatively land intensive and are inappropriate in high density urban areas 59 M I 4 1 i x HELL REE 59 60 l 62 63 64 65 Is this process easily adapted upgraded into a waterborne collection and treatment system This question deals with potential use of an on site process in an upgraded waterborne collection and treatment system In most communities investment in on site sanitation is the first step in a community wastewater
73. of the program Infeasible Solutions file see Section 5 1 allows the user to identify the specific resources or conditions which would not support a particular process within a treatment train This aspect of program is as valuable as the program s ability to select those trains and processes that can be supported in a community 27 BRE ud s El 4 A gg BE pee IA 3 4 2 Operation Under the Main Menu Edit pulldown menu the last item in the list is Train Descriptions Selecting Trains Descriptions opens a window that can be used to build and edit treatment trains Select New Train if a new train is to be developed Enter a short descriptive name for the train in the text box that opens at the bottom of the dialog box This name will appear in the scrolling window under select a train to edit Once the name is placed in the text box the Edit Train button activates The next step is to select this Edit Train button The Build a Train window opens Figure 3 5 The first thing to enter is the Train ID code name or number in the upper right hand corner This should be a unique alphanumeric of 5 to 10 characters which will label the alternative in the graphic output of the program if the alternative is feasible The next thing to select is the Train Type water supply wastewater treatment and wastewater on site immediately below the Train ID input slot Clicking on the circle in front of the appropriate solution wil
74. ollective systems is based upon the density and the total number of people In cases where the communities served have distinctly different densities the problem must be separated into those different communities and the results combined on a spreadsheet Certain on site alternatives are not feasible for example under conditions of high density 11 12 13 14 13 16 3 3 4 17 Typical Population Densities Landuse j Persons km Residential single family dwelling large lots 0 5 1 0 ha 1270 3700 Single family dwelling small lots 3700 8700 Multiple family dwelling small lots 8700 25000 Multiple story multiple families 25000 250000 Commercial 3700 7500 Industrial 1250 3700 What is the average number of persons living in a single dwelling in the community __ The number of persons living in a single dwelling is used to 1 normalize cost data to service units dwellings and 2 size decentralized on site treatment system units What is the estimated annual growth rate in percent in community land area The estimated annual growth rate in community land area is used to calculate the collection cost for a given project period In many cases the land area growth is zero This becomes an important issue in sprawl type development where sanitation services are being considered What is the base year per capita water use rate per day liter day person The per capita water use
75. ome technical background to screen and research possible water and wastewater treatment options The program has been designed to incorporate wastewater reuse as an equal criterion in the selection of feasible solutions It also assists in addressing a community s public health water resource and ecological condition WAWTTAR does not exclude conventional options and is of equal usefulness in the screening and research of such options as well WAWTTAR is a decision support tool intended to assist planners in selecting suitable water and wastewater treatment options appropriate to the material and manpower resources available to particular countries at particular times It is hoped that WAWTTAR will assist planners in improving sanitation coverage in rural and developing areas The performance and cost of a large number of possible systems can be estimated with WAWTTAR for any location and condition for which basic information on the problem to be solved is available WAWTTAR should therefore alleviate the problem of overlooking good processes for water and wastewater treatment and help screen out treatment technologies which are inappropriate for given locales and situations The selection of inappropriate technologies often results in facilities that perform poorly and fall into disrepair due to a lack of basic resources such as spare parts operations and maintenance personnel and technical expertise Hopefully design errors of this kind can be signif
76. ommunity in question and discards those options that are infeasible see Figure 3 1 WAWTTAR then calculates the performance construction costs and operations and maintenance costs of the remaining possible treatment systems based on simple mathematical models of each of the treatment processes The results of the initial screening and of the calculations are sent to either a Feasible Solutions File or an Infeasible Solutions File based on whether or not community needs resource limitations and performance requirements are met Infeasible treatment systems can be analyzed for deficiencies caused by data entry errors or improper assumptions concerning the community resources that are available to commit to this project These deficiencies can then be corrected and the cost and performance of the corrected system can be calculated again Feasible options can be compared based on performance and annualized costs In this way WAWTTAR can assist in analyzing far more options more accurately and completely than can be done with more conventional rule of thumb techniques FIGURE 2 1 WAWTTAR INPUTS AND OUTPUTS 2 4 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROGRAM WAWTTAR is not a dynamic program and does not directly analyze the response of a given system to variable influent conditions WAWTTAR does not build the treatment trains to be evaluated The building of treatment trains must be done by a user familiar with these processes and their general capabilities Sensitivit
77. on addresses the processes ability to handle wide variations in the influent concentration of a particular constituent A good example would be the low adaptability of UV disinfection to wide variations of turbidity level Siting Tab Questions 38 45 Enter the maximum allowable monthly precipitation mm for proper functioning of this process Please enter the minimum allowable ground surface temperature C for proper functioning of this process This question relates to the potential for the use of composting systems 57 E 40 4 42 43 44 45 7 3 5 46 47 Please enter the maximum allowable depth to frostline m for proper functioning of this process This question relates to the potential for any water carriage component of a system or burial treatment process as it relates to freezing conditions Check all soil types at depths from 0 to 2 meters for which this process can be constructed and function properly gravel coarse sand coarse to medium sand fine sand to loamy sand sandy loam loan loam porous silt loam silty clay loam clay loam rocky boulder bedrock The predominant soil depth question addresses several criteria for selecting on site treatment systems Since the majority of on site receptacles require excavation the workability of soil to down to 1 5 meters is critical Predominantly rocky soils are ideal for excavations However predominantly sandy so
78. oncentration of each water quality constituent for the highest ranking treatment train These files will appear in the results directory in the WAWTTAR home directory The three choices for Sort Key upper right hand corner specify whether the feasible treatment trains to be sorted by minimum capital cost minimum O amp M cost or minimum total cost This 38 question allows the user to sort the alternatives based upon these cost factors For example a community member might be interested in the least cost appropriate solution for their community A donor agency might be interested in knowing the capital cost sort A government agency public entity might be interested in the total cost up from capital cost and user cost in practicing the infrastructure investments Finally the user can select whether the costs should be computed as annualized costs or total project costs The equations used in these cost calculations are given in Appendix C When these criteria are selected press the Go button WAWTTAR will perform the specified calculations for each of the treatment trains you have constructed A message to the effect that calculations are in progress will appear When the calculations are complete the WAWTTAR main window will be displayed 39 5 0 DISPLAYING RESULTS After WAWTTAR is finished with the calculations the program output is written to the two output files specified on the Go menu These files are
79. ons In our example we use five suspended solids CBOD NBOD phosphates as phosphorus and nitrates as nitrogen e For each criterion including the ones already entered the designer picks a weight and the spreadsheet calculates the total point value All treatment trains evaluated will be automatically ranked from zero to 10 for each criterion by the spreadsheet this will then be multiplied by the weight picked by the designer for this criterion The maximum point value is given by the sum of all criterion weights multiplied by 10 maximum rating for a given criterion In our example the criteria add up to 2 00 yielding a maximum point value of 20 In addition the Parameters sheet also asks some financial data the base inflation rate the number of periods a year in our example it is quarterly the year of reference and the land cost in 1992 dollars The second sheet is called Basic Data and allows the designer enter the information on each treatment train to be used in the selection process e Space has been reserved for 30 systems e For each system the user enters a name or identification number and the values obtained for each criterion form the WAWTTAR output feasible trains The third sheet Comparison performs the ranking calculations for each system using the information supplied by the designer in the first two sheets These systems will now receive a score from zero to the maximum point value 0 to 20 in o
80. pdown list in which all of the processes selected in the previous window are available At this point the user should identify the first process in the new treatment train by clicking on the process name Next move to the second position in the list click on the arrow again to bring the dropdown list and select the second process Continue until you have all of the processes you want in the correct order Repeat for the processes receiving solids in the right hand column This is the train configuration stored under the ID you have given it If you fail to do this step you will not have processes under the indicated name You can repeat this procedure for as many treatment trains as you want to evaluate Since the purpose of WAWTTAR is to act as a screening tool for options the user is encouraged to generate as many different potential trains as possible in the early stages 29 SIDERNO E I Di eat ei nali fighi auf des 30 TABLE 3 1 PROCESS TYPES WATER WASTEWATER AND ON SITE Select a Process Type Wastewater Treatment Wastewater primary Wastewater secondary Wastewater tertiary Wastewater disinfection Wastewater disposal Solids handling Storage Select a Process Type Wastewater On Site On site dry receptacle On site dry structure On site dry temporary storage On site dry collection On site dry treatment On site dry disposal On site wet receptacle On site wet structure On
81. pended Growth Chemical Oxidation Chemical Reduction Chlorination qas wastewater Clarification Seconda Clarifier Primary Circular Clarifier Primary Rectangular Comminutor Complete Mix Suspended Gro Cooling Heat Exchanger Cooling Tower Digester Biogas Digestion 2 Stage Anaerobic FIGURE 7 1 PROCESS SELECTION SCREEN 7 2 CREATING NEW PROCESSES The user has the option of constructing new processes at any time Processes supplied with the WAWTTAR program cannot be modified but they can be copied and those copies can be freely modified While entering data for a new treatment process is easy gathering the necessary data requires a detailed understanding of the process The easiest way to create a new process is to select an existing one it resembles and click on the Copy Process button A green input box will open at the bottom of the screen asking for a name for the new process After entering the name click on Edit Process at the top After each question has been answered a green check mark will appear to the left of the question The Cancel button returns to the master menu The Close button saves the new data A listing of all data associated with the selected treatment process can be printed by clicking the Print button 46 7 3 PROCESS PROFILE 7 3 1 General Tab Questions 1 7 creen Bar Hand Cleaned FIGURE 7 2 PROCESS PROFILE GENERAL QUESTIONS SCREEN 1 What is the name of th
82. period TOM total O amp M cost for the treatment train over the planning period C ANNUAL COST BASIS If the annual cost basis has been selected WAWTTAR calculates annual capital costs annual land costs and annual O amp M costs according to the following methodology C 2 1 ANNUAL CAPITAL COST The total cost of a treatment process k in the initial project year is calculated as in equations 1 through 3 The total cost in the initial project year is amortized by the capital recovery factor CRF appropriate for the interest rate and planning period specified in the community file AnC TC3 cRF n 15 where AnC R annual capital cost of treatment process k in the initial project year p p TC total capital cost of treatment process k in the initial project year CRF i n capital recovery factor for interest rate i and planning period n in years A special case arises if the planning period is longer than the economic life of a process stored in the process file In this case the cost of the treatment process is amortized over the economic life The annual cost of the treatment train is the sum of the annual costs of all treatment processes Anc F Anc 16 Vk where AnC annual cost of the treatment train in the initial project year AnC dd annual cost of treatment process k in the initial project year C 2 2 ANNUAL LAND COST The total cost of land for a given treatment process in the initial project
83. pochlorite n Oxygen Sodium nitrate ____ Carbon dioxide Ozone Sodium nitrite _____ Carbon source Polyelectrolytes Solvents _____ Chlorine dioxide Potassium permanganate Steam _ Chlorine gas Soda ash Sulfur dioxide These chemicals represent the cumulative list of chemicals that are required in the water and wastewater treatment processes included in this program None of the processes requires all of the chemicals and many processes do not require any chemicals Availability of chemical supplies can be interpreted several ways The most restrictive definition would be to indicate only those chemicals that are immediately available at the local or regional level This means a local supplier has the chemicals in their inventory at all times For example liquid bleach might always be available commercially white gaseous chlorine might not always be available If the chemical needs to be imported only for this use then it should not be listed as available There are many examples in a variety of socio economic cultural settings where systems have failed due to unavailability of a critical chemical A good example would be lack of gaseous chlorine for a community water supply system 19 23 Please check click on the box those types of media supplies that are available in the community Activated Carbon Gravel Resins ____ Anthracite _____ Membranes Rock Aquatic macrophytes ___ Plastic Sand ____ Diato
84. r mosquitoes which spread filariasis malaria and other diseases The reuse of untreated wastewater in areas of water shortage is a common irrigation practice fraught with health dangers for both farmers and consumers of farm products Cholera remains a constant threat In consideration of the critical shortage of clean water supplies protection from pollution must be given to surface and groundwater sources Water reuse must be practiced where possible to extend these supplies Efficient treatment is needed to return the wastewater to a condition that is acceptable for useful purposes thus expanding the water resource base In the cities of many developing nations access to adequate sanitation is available for most residents in large urban centers although this varies considerably between countries Large cities typically have several sanitation systems in use with many residents in the affluent and commercial sections connected to sewers and others to individual septic tanks Many others especially in peri urban zones are without acceptable sanitation facilities Wastewater treatment facilities and approaches generally follow conventional designs although the extent of treatment may vary considerably Outside of the large cities there are hundreds of urban centers in developing nations with less than 10 000 people Each community will have its own particular set of environmental problems which are influenced by such factors as the size and de
85. r with the location flow population removal efficiency and standard used Each train is then listed with its processes The construction cost O amp M cost and areal requirement are given The unit cost per capita and dwelling is listed after each treatment train If parameters are being tracked their values are listed Do not be concerned with significant figures on the concentrations of the water quality parameters as the computer predicts removal rates with more precision than can be measured The treatment train adaptability indices are also given Each process has been rated from 1 low to 4 high on its ability to 1 be upgraded 2 handle varying flows and 3 handle changes in influent constituent The train index is the average of the index for each process in the train The closer the treatment index is to 4 0 the more flexible the train and the closer to 1 0 the index is the less flexible the train This can be used as a secondary criterion in choosing treatment alternatives or could be used to eliminate an otherwise appropriate solution if flexibility is important At the end of the file all feasible trains are summarized for easy comparison with the train construction cost O amp M cost and total cost The lowest cost O amp M construction or total alternative is summarized Impact reference number s are also shown if appropriate after each feasible treatment train This applies only to on site processes
86. ral religious factors that require males and females to use different structures for defecating In many cultures sanitation facilities may be gender specific Male and female community members may be prohibited from using the same sanitation facility If the answer to this question is yes two sanitation facilities are required for each dwelling Please check click on the box those types of anal cleansing materials used in the community bulky degradable ____ non bulky non degradable bulky non degradable non bulky degradable water The type of cleaning materials relates to a series of constraints and sizing issues as the treatment trains are developed and sorted through the community profile For example water cleansing requires an aqueous receptacle collection and treatment component Non bulky non degradable rocks cleansing material requires a complete different set of conditions for the feasible alternatives Please check click on the box those types of waste handling categories for which cultural religious barriers exist in the community urine treated sludge nightsoil 220 e cm o _ ___treated and composted sludge In many cultures a community is dominated by negative values associated with the handling of various levels of treatment of human feces and or urme The levels run from composted waste human urine treated sludge and raw human waste night soil The answer to these questio
87. range of removal efficiencies high mean and low is listed for those parameters in which data can be obtained An attempt was made to obtain the highest quality data available for the key water wastewater and or reuse constituents In all cases there is not a complete set of removal efficiency for all constituents As new removal data is developed the process can be copied and the new data can be added The full list of water quality constituents is provided in Table 3 2 What is the level of adaptability of the process to upgrading Low Medium _ High This c question deals with the ability y of the process to be upgraded in its capacity to process constituents by not significantly increasing the footprint and or infrastructure within the processes This does not necessarily apply to simple modularization of the processes An example would be replacing the sand in a rapid sand filter with a dual media What is the level of adaptability of the process to variable flow Low ____ Medium High This question deals with the processes ability to handle wide fluctuations in flow This is most important when dealing with communities that have high inflow and infiltration in their sewage system An oxidation pond has high adaptability to flow variation compared to complex mixed activated sludge that has low adaptability to flow variation What is the level of adaptability of the process to change in influent Low Medium __ High This q questi
88. rate data provided in the community profile If more than onc cost curve is defined in Question 27 and 29 the one producing the highest cost will be used Costs are adjusted to the local community using the cost factors reported in Question 40 and 41 in the Community profile 29 Enter information relating operation and maintenance costs 1992 US for this process to solids loading metric tons dry solids day Capacity Cost Point tons BOD day 1000 1992 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Be sure to report cost in 1992 US Costs will be brought up to the first year of the project using inflation rate data provided in the community profile If more than one cost curve is defined in Question 27 and 28 the one producing the highest cost will be used Costs are adjusted to the local community using the cost factors reported in Question 40 and 41 in the Community profile 30 Please give the breakdown of operation and maintenance costs by percentage distribution in the categories below Categorv Percent Concrete Earthwork Labor Manufactured Equip Pipes Valves Instrumentation Steel Structures 31 What is the solids production rate kg m dry weight for this process l peer This question estimates the amount of dry solids produced by a process This is not a weight produced dynamically based upon the influent constituent level and subject to chemical dosage and removal efficiency This is an average number and is only useful a
89. re marine coastal waters receiving treated effluent Does this process produce the potential for waterborne diseases in receiving surface waters This question addresses a liquid stream from a wastewater treatment process that has the potential to contaminate surface receiving water by the addition of human pathogens Does this process produce the potential for pathogenic water or fomite borne diseases from flies cockroaches or rodents i The question addresses the potential source of human pathogens via vectors such as flies rats cockroaches resulting from this process Does this process produce the potential for mosquito vector borne diseases This question addresses the potential for creating mosquito habitat standing water Does this process require a significant and ongoing user and health education component for its successful implementation This question addresses the need for community participation and health education as an element in the successful implementation of a water supply sanitation project The considerations for this component should include time and budget for all phases of a project planning design construction management and operation and maintenance WAWTTAR does not cost the education component Does this process produce the potential for odors within the sanitation device This question addresses the potential for odors from within a sanitation device Does this process produce the potential for
90. requently overlooked The location and responsible institutions for instance have a major impact on what technology is feasible to use A complex ll vi E i 1 E od ta i di cio MERC MA ERE and highly technological treatment system may be a good option in terms of strict influent physical characteristics and treatment requirements but will likely fail in remote areas or where there is little in the way of government support or training opportunities The availability and cost of resources can dramatically affect the feasibility of treatment and reuse options in every project stage from construction to everyday operations and maintenance Resources in this case include the type and reliability of power supply manpower from simple unskilled labor to technical and professional personnel treatment chemical availability and any other type of human or physical capital that might be necessary Finally cultural factors of the community in question are of high importance but are infrequently recognized Cultural attitudes and norms regarding defecation waste handling gender relations preferred dwellings and family structure can affect everything from raw waste quality to what kinds of technology are permissible Failure to adequately characterize and account for these factors in planning and design can result in the selection of inappropriate technology and ultimately in the failure of any treatment system no matt
91. ric testing equipment e Sophisticated laboratory equipment refers to GC AA fluometers mercury analyzer complex dual beam spectrophotometers computers coupled with analytical equipment output incubators etc 24 Material Required for Operation and Maintenance Building Blocks Cement Clay Clay liner Cobble Stone Fiber Reinforced Plastic Fiberglass Geotextile Liner Hand Pumps Hand Tools Imported Processes Corrugated Aluminum or Tin 55 Mixers Motorized Pumps Motors Plastic Pipe amp Fittings Programmed Logic Controllers Rebar Reinforcing Steel Sand Gravel for Concrete Small Barrels Steel Fabricated Tanks Steel Pipes amp Fittings Wire Electrical Supplies Wood Lumber The list of O amp M construction material list represents the type of material commonly found with various technology types This is not an inclusive list of all the materials necessary to operate and maintain systems only a principle component list of those found to exist in a wide range of technology types The most critical items found on this list are those associated with higher technology types Simpler technologies generally require simpler construction materials to operate and maintain 25 Process control equipment required for operation and maintenance of this process Analog meter controls Mechanical controls _ ___ PLC status indicators
92. rs A list of the 67 process data questions along with a discussion of each question is in Section 7 3 Each process can have up to three generic construction cost O amp M cost and land requirement curves based on hydraulic loading organic loading and solids loading If more than one cost curve is defined the one that produces the highest cost or highest land area is used The majority of the cost and landuse data came from U S EPA references All costs were brought forward to a common base year of 1992 based on an ENR Engineering News Record index of 4985 Costs are brought up to the first year of the project based on inflation rate data provided in the community profile Most of the cost curves are average costs in the United States for a wide 45 variety of geographical and economic settings These cost curves can be indigenized by adjusting based on component cost factors for the community of interest using data provided in Question 40 and 41 in the Community profile For construction costs the relevant component cost categories are labor earthwork manufactured equipment structures concrete steel and appurtenanices pipes valves and instruments For O amp M cost the relevant categories are labor chemicals materials and energy Choose a Process f vr Lu n Process to Edi E New Proces Absorption Trench Sandy Soil 2 4 Air Stripping Carbon Regeneration Carbon Fluidized Bed Reac iCarbon Sus
93. s are adjusted to the local community using the cost factors reported in Question 40 and 41 in the Community profile 13 Enter information relating construction costs 1992 US for this process to organic loading metric tons BOD day Capacity Cost Point tons BOD day 1000 1992 US 1 i AA 2 3 4 n M 6 7 8 9 10 Be sure to report cost in 1992 US Costs will be brought up to the first year of the project using inflation rate data provided in the community profile If more than one cost curve is defined in Question 12 and 14 the one producing the highest cost will be used Costs are adjusted to the local community using the cost factors reported in Question 40 and 41 in the Community profile 14 Enter information relating construction costs 1992 US for this process to solids loading metric tons dry solids day Capacity Cost Point tons BOD day 1000 1992 US 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 51 E nia el are mM inde i Be sure to report cost in 1992 US Costs will be brought up to the first year of the project using inflation rate data provided in the community profile If more than one cost curve is defined in Question 12 and 13 the one producing the highest cost will be used Costs are adjusted to the local community using the cost factors reported in Question 40 and 41 in the Community profile 15 What is the economic life span years of this process The economic life of a process is an important
94. selection of technology inappropriate design insufficient maintenance including preventive maintenance lack of spare parts and a lack of trained personnel Locally obtainable materials should be utilized whenever possible and maintenance of equipment should be manageable by local people Involvement of the target population from the beginning of a water supply and wastewater treatment project is important Sometimes much persuasion and education are necessary to get people to use safe water and to realize the value of treated wastewater Local decision makers need to understand the basic principles of the various processes and support the ideas introduced People must learn to view water treatment and reuse as a cycle for managing scarce resources see Figure 1 1 Ways to help bring this about includes handbooks in simple language for laymen pilot demonstration plants short courses and experimental plants connected with plants in operation The WAWTTAR program is a decision support platform developed to assist planners select suitable water and wastewater treatment processes appropriate to the material and manpower resource capabilities of particular countries at particular times The technique should eliminate the problem of overlooking good processes for water and wastewater treatment and minimize system failures due to inappropriate treatment technologies 1 2 RANGE OF APPLICATION The WAWTTAR program is a decision support sy
95. should be based upon current indoor and outdoor water uses at the home The assumption is that both of these needs will be met with a distributed water supply service If excessive irrigation and animal watering exists in the community and the present existing source can continue to meet this need then only indoor water use value should be used The WHO minimal water need is 80 liters capita day Collected wastewater systems add significantly to this basic need quantity Water use can vary from 250 to 600 1 c day in developed countries What is the estimated expected annual rate of change per capita water use percent per year The change in water use should reflect the change in socio economic conditions causing water use to change due to the supply demand for water In the case of water conservation the water use can go down to some minimal rate and in the case of a new system in a water starved community the water use can go up to some maximum value In many cases in more developed countries the water usage is decreasing due to water conservation requirements A good target for a water conserved system is 185 to 200 l c day What is the base year per capita wastewater production liters day person ________ _ The estimated per capita wastewater flow rate should be based upon the water use rate In developed countries the indoor water use is usually 70 8096 of the total water use This number can be considerably different if exces
96. sive horticultural and home agricultural irrigation is done if it is used in air conditioning and if swimming pools exist in a large portion of the population It is best to build a simple indoor water use model to estimate this number using local plumbing guidelines cultural factors bathing and praying technology limitations etc What is the estimated expected annual rate of change in per capita wastewater production percent vear The estimated annual change in wastewater flow rate is a function of the socio economic changes increasing rate and or water conservation policies In some cases both of these factors exist This represents a net change in indoor water use See question 15 Resource Tab Questions 17 26 Please check click on the box those construction equipment types that are available in the community heavy equipment light equipment Manual equipment 16 SSSHHHSHSHSSHHSHSSSHHOSHSHOSOOHHOSSHSHOSHOOOHCEOEOCES 17 This question assists the planner especially working in remote inaccessible and or politically detached sites to determine the basic minimum level of construction equipment available In the vast majority of projects all of these types of equipment are available Heavy equipment is differentiated from light equipment in that heavy equipment would require a skilled operator and would normally be brought into small communities for a specific task in the construction process In some cases com
97. stem designed to assist in the evaluation of infrastructure investments in the areas of water treatment wastewater treatment and water reclamation The target audiences for the program include engineers planners public works directors environmental specialists public sector development specialists public health officials and managers of water and wastewater treatment systems The program is designed to assist decision makers dealing with the following types of issues 1 Given a community with its characteristic socio economic conditions and geographical characteristics what is the least cost total construction and or operation and maintenance system to meet the community needs 2 Given a specified potential technological system s water wastewater and or reclamation by a potential donor or govemment agency what are the implementation risks to long term sustainability 3 Given a community with an existing wastewater treatment facility what are the combinations of technologies available to meet a water reuse standard or guideline 4 Given a high density peri urban community that is fast growing what are the least cost socially and environmentally sustainable wastewater collection and or wastewater treatment options 5 Given a set amount of financial investment in infrastructure water wastewater sanitation and reclamation which treatment technologies allow for maximum coverage while reducing the risk of system failure
98. stored in the corresponding process file in 1992 US dollars The cost of each treatment process is multiplied by the percentage contribution of each cost category and the local cost index corresponding to each category to yield the adjusted capital cost per category in 1992 US dollars 92 92 where 40 adjusted cost of treatment process k in cost category j 1992 dollars TC 2 total cost of treatment process k 1992 dollars P Ox fraction of the total cost of treatment process k in cost category j Y local cost index corresponding to category j The total adjusted cost of a treatment process in 1992 dollats is the sum of the adjusted costs of each cost category AC AC 2 Vj where AC total adjusted cost of a treatment process k 1992 dollars 2 ACK adjusted cost of a treatment process k in cost category The total cost of a treatment process in the base year is calculated by inflating the 1992 total cost via the inflation rate Tos ACP y p r 1992 3 where SIY e TC total cost of treatment process k in the initia year of the project AC 92 total adjusted cost of treatment process k r inflation rate IY initial year of the project The total capital cost of a treatment train is the sum of the total capital costs of all treatment processes in the train pO sis EH 4 vk 66 tov ni where IY m TC total capital cost of a treatment train
99. t the planning level 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 32 33 34 35 36 37 7 3 4 38 39 What is the percent moisture of solids This information is used to calculate a bulk density of the solids material based upon its water content The percent moisture of solids vary depending upon the processes the relative humidity and the type and length of storage For each water quality constituent including flow rate provide the minimum and maximum value allowable in the water entering the process for it to function properly This question places influent upper and lower limits on constituent concentrations entering a process A train is infeasible if these limits are violated for a process in the train Only enter data for those constituents for which upper or lower bounds are known These limits enforce to some extent the integrity of the ordering of processes in the treatment train since placing a process out of order frequently produces a constituent influent value exceeding a design limit The full list of constituents is available in Table 3 2 For each water quality constituent provide the mean minimum and maximum percent treatment removal efficiency that can be expected of this process This question identifies the effectiveness of the process in removing water borne constituents The data in this section comes from textbooks reports literature values vendor material and personal communication A
100. the Feasible Solution File and the Infeasible Solution File The Display menu can be used to view these files along with other output files Opening the Display menu will give you several options The user can select the Infeasible Solution File Feasible Solution File the Feasible Solution Graph command the Impact Reference File Bibliographic Reference File WAWTTAR Image Gallery or Raster Image File 5 1 INFEASIBLE SOLUTION FILE A description of any treatment train that does not meet the criteria established by the user will be sent to the Infeasible Solution File The design or performance criteria not met will be listed for each process in the train responsible for making the train infeasible Frequently infeasible trains can yield more insight into the current problem and design process than feasible trains so the uscr is encouraged to examine edit and re calculate the performance of infeasible trains A good train may be found infeasible by the inclusion of a given process that is incompatible with influent quality and may be rendered feasible with a relatively minor alteration 5 2 FEASIBLE SOLUTION FILE Detailed descriptions of any feasible treatment trains will be written to the Feasible Solution File Per process breakdowns of capital cost O amp M cost land requirements and land cost as well as total cost for the train total per capita cost amp total cost per dwelling for each treatment train will be provided Adaptabilit
101. thout saving the last set of changes to the database 3 3 COMMUNITY DATA 3 3 1 Introduction The community profile questions are listed in Section 3 3 2 through 3 3 7 A short explanation description data source etc is found after each question Each section of questions is organized under the various tabs found on the Community Data Window see Figure 3 3 This data should be gathered in collaborative manner with local planners and engineers There will always be concerns about the information requirements found in this profile It is important to understand how and when the data in the community profile is used in the decision support program Some of the data needs to be as exact as possible while in other cases rough data estimates are sufficient The questions fall roughly into several categories General location Demographic Resources HydroMet hydro meteorological Financial and On Site The importance of the questions concerning population water demand or wastewater production planning horizon influent characteristics effluent standards and geological and hydrological conditions should be known to anyone with a background in water and wastewater treatment Their discussion is beyond the scope of this manual Any standard text on water and wastewater treatment will have detailed information for those who need or desire further elaboration on the importance of this information Other categories are just as important but f
102. tion exists but is not effective then the answer should be no or an assessment should be made to determine the level of support to insure effectiveness 3 3 5 Hydro Met Tab Questions 27 33 27 Please provide the average monthly precipitation and evaporation rates in mm month in the community The monthly hydrological data for the site is critical for the calculation of reuse rates of the programs If no irrigation reuse is being proposed this information is not necessary If irrigation is being proposed this information is used to determine the area required to dispose of the wastewater and to determine the size of the storage volume necessary to store wastewater during those months irrigation is not possible If local precipitation and evapotranspiration data is not available data from the closest similar climatological zone can be used Quite often knowing only the annual millimeters of the dominant wet and dry seasons is enough to be useful in this calculation Simple approximations can be made by dividing the annual rainfall into seasons and by using local irrigation requirements for ET losses Evaporation Precipitation Month mm month mm month January February March April May June July August September October November December 21 28 What is the average annual minimum ground surface temperature in degrees C This question relates to the potential for the use of composting systems 29 What is the average depth t
103. tional planning efforts should serve as the framework for technology selection institutional development and financing cost recovery 63 S X i B 1 B 2 APPENDIX B DELPHI PROCESS SYSTEM COMPARISON SPREADSHEET One of WAWTTAR s main uses lies in helping the user go through a true design process examining as many options as possible rather than narrowing down on one favored technology from the start We have included a spreadsheet example showing how the information supplied by WAWTTAR can be used in a Delphi selection process The spreadsheet Delphil xls is located in the directory support in the WAWTTAR home directory as a Microsoft Excel 5 0 file DESCRIPTION OF WORKSHEETS The workbook file contains four sheets two data entry sheets and two calculation sheets Data to be entered by the designer are in shaded light blue cells other cells perform automatic calculations and generally do not need to be changed by the user The first sheet entitled Parameters lets the designer pick selection criteria and enter basic information e Six selection criteria are already entered construction cost in thousands of US O amp M cost in thousands of US land requirements in acres and the three dimensional adaptability indices adaptability to changes in influent quality adaptability to varying hydraulic head and adaptability to upgrades e Space has been reserved for up to seven water quality constituent concentrati
104. uation and a lower limit dissolved oxygen for example E 1 32 FIGURE 3 7 EDITING STANDARDS Not all of the constituents need a value Again this list is all inclusive and constituents that are not of interest can be left blank In most cases only limits for the most common constituents need to be defined Remember that this program was designed to allow evaluation of industrial waste streams entering municipal wastewater systems In those cases and in the case of industrial waste treatment the non traditional constituents are significant The full list of constituents for which standards can be defined is listed in Table 3 2 TABLE 3 2 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Ce mee Ne ee Alkalinity mgl Nitrate mgl i en oe No 100 mL Nitrogen organic g Boon mgl Nitrogen total mgL mmu lag ON pes Chiorides mgL pH o o X pH cn _ gr o 7o E TAD No 100 mL Detergents mgL Solids suspended mg L Solids total dry weight kg m Fluoride mgh Strontium pCVL LGrit kgm Sufae mgl Hardness mi Said ppt Hydrogen lide agi Temeamum cl legni i ut E Manganese mgl TOC g L E T yg Vos a Zine a 3 6 COLLECTION SYSTEM DATA The Edit Collection System Data window is laid out like the previous windows Select a collection system and the Edit butto
105. umbing electrical etc e Skilled maintenance refers to personnel who have been trained and also have experience in 1 pipe fitting and mechanical processes 2 electric motor and controls 3 welding 4 concrete forming and placement 5 electronic instrumentation etc e Skilled operator refers to a trained and experienced operator for medium to high technology treatment systems The skilled operator can be a transitional personnel familiar with industrial processes such as refineries food processing irrigation pumping distribution systems etc or have similar skills e Technician usually refers to a person with specialized training to operate maintain technical processes or support equipment e g computer systems process control etc e Unskilled labor usually refers to personnel who can perform repetitive tasks requiring hand tools with little to no training and a maximum of supervision 18 22 Please check click on the box those types of chemicals that are available in the community _ Acids neutralization Coagulant aids Sodium bicarbonate ____ Activated carbon Copper sulfate ___ Sodium carbonate o Aluminum sulfate _ Ferric chloride Sodium chloride LV Ammonia _____ Ferrous ferric sulfate Sodium fluoride __ Bromide Hydrogen peroxide Sodium hydroxide n Calcium carbonate Todine Sodium hypochlorite Calcium chloride ___ Lime dolomite Sodium metabisulfate Calcium hy
106. ur example The highest score is the preferred alternative according to the designer s selection criteria and weight 64 ue It is important to remember that this is an indicative score not a final optimization result Slight changes in the weighing criteria could change the scores dramatically as could slightly differences in the WAWTTAR community data causing different WAWTTAR output results However when there are many alternatives to compare this scoring method allows the designer to narrow the options to the top five or six The Comparison sheet will not sort the alternatives by rank but this can easily done by the user by copying the value not the formulas into another sheet and performing a Sort operation The fourth and last sheet Current Cost brings WAWTTAR s 1992 costs to current value for the year of reference 1999 in our example Un APPENDIX C ECONOMIC CALCULATION METHODOLOGY WAWTTAR allows the user to specify whether costs are computed on an annual or total project basis The following section presents the economic calculation methodology used by WAWTTAR for both the total cost basis and annual cost basis C i TOTAL COST BASIS If the total cost basis has been selected WAWTTAR calculates capital O amp M and land costs according to the following methodology C 1 1 TOTAL CAPITAL COST The total capital cost of each treatment process is drawn from the capital cost vs flow loading curves
107. used 18 Enter information relating land requirements ha for this process to organic loading metric tons BOD day Capacity Land Area Point tons BOD day hectare 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 If more than one land requirement curve is defined in Question 17 and 19 the one producing the highest land area will be used i 19 Enter information relating land requirements ha for this process to solids loading metric tons dry solids day Capacity Land Area Point tons dry solids day hectare 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 If more than one land requirement curve is defined in Question 17 and 18 the one producing the highest land area will be used 20 Equipment items that are required for operation and maintenance of this process Electric motors ____ Portable generators ___ Electronic test equipment Portable water pumps Hand tools Water sampler Hoist Welding equipment Laboratory instruments The list of O amp M equipment types is designed to represent the general types of equipment necessary to operate and maintain various technical classifications of water and wastewater treatment systems The list was not meant to be inclusive of all equipment requirements Studies performed in the 1970 s indicated that this equipment list comprised the principal components related to the supportable water and wastewater treatment technologies 53 21 Chemicals that are required for operation
108. utants Care must be used to exclude materials that would be detrimental to the reuse application This is especially true for domestic reuse but also applies to less sophisticated reuse applications These materials may not be those usually considered toxic For example waters having heavy metal contamination or high total dissolved solids should be considered unacceptable Each reuse options has its own unique water quality requirement Another point that must be considered is distribution of the renovated water A multiplicity of piping systems each one containing different quality renovated water may not be practical If the consumers are widely distributed however one piping system in addition to the existing municipal water system is almost certain to be the most that will be economically realistic INDIRECT REUSE As treatment of wastewater improves future effluents will be less damaging to receiving water quality In the treatment of polluted rivers the methods employed at present are based upon those developed over the years for the treatment of relatively unpolluted river water It appears that sufficient note may not have been taken of the increasing proportion of wastes in many rivers It appears therefore that the public health aspects of the production of potable water from polluted rivers should be reviewed When rivers contain a high proportion of effluent the production of water from them should be regarded as analogous to the
109. utton The process now appears on the right side under the Processes in Train window If a process needs to be removed from train the process name is selected under the Processes in Train column and the Delete button is selected Once the user becomes familiar with the procedure processes can be found quickly by selecting the first letter of the process name The scrolling window on the left will move to that particular area in the list The full list can be viewed by either moving the down arrow on the list or by moving the scroll bar on the left side of the window After all the potential processes for a particular train have been selected and added to the Processes in the Train list by the Add button on the Build a Train window the user moves the next window by clicking the mouse on the Next gt button found at the bottom nght of the screen The next windows gives the user an opportunity to place the processes of interest for this particular train in their correct flow sequence and to identify the solids receiving processes This second Build a train window shows the processes selected on the left side of a two column table Figure 3 6 This window allows the user to place the processes in their train sequence in the direction of liquid or solids movement To begin placing the processes in order click the arrow on the top entry on the left side of the window entitled Process Clicking on the arrow opens a dro
110. vailable There are many examples in a variety of socio economic cultural settings where systems have failed due to unavailability of a critical chemical A good example would be lack of gaseous chlorine for a community water supply system 22 Types of media that are required for operation and maintenance of this process Activated Carbon Gravel Resins Anthracite Membranes Rock Aquatic macrophytes Plastic Sand ____ Diatomeceous Earth Porous aeration material Wood Garnet Media refers to process support media that is lost saturated consumed eroded and or corroded in use 23 Laboratory supplies that are required for operation and maintenance of this process Non Electrical Lab Equipment Simple Electrical Lab Equipment Process Control Testing Sophisticated Lab Equipment Laboratory equipment refers to the equipment spare parts and technical manuals required for O amp M e Non electrical equipment refers to color comparators refractometers thermometers Imhoff Cones methylene blue DO testing etc e Process control equipment refers to digital or analog sensors integrated into control system to allow for remote operations based upon process condition This includes pH system DO system chlorine dechlorination systems remote equipment operators etc e Simple electronic laboratory equipment refers to incubators vacuum pumps drying ovens probe meter instruments simple spectrophotometers volumet
111. w space This constitutes a positive impact in a perspective of long term planning of infrastructure i e 30 70 year horizon For example the large footprint of an oxidation pond can later be used to build a more compact system e g activated sludge system to handle demand growth 6 2 2 Specialized Operation and Maintenance Requirement Some water and wastewater treatment processes require highly specialized technicians to both operate and or maintain certain wastewater treatment processes Good examples would be automatic chlorine analyzers which pace the amount of dechlorination chemicals SO for example Another example would be SBR Sequencing Batch Reactors which have program logic control systems that are adjusted by company representatives This criterion is to alert the planner who might casually indicate in the Community Data that the community has this capability that these types of systems are highly dependent on specialized technicians supplied by service contracts or by vendors 6 2 3 Solids Production While solids removal treatment storage and disposal is an integral part of a water or wastewater treatment system some processes require significantly more attention than others This criterion category is to alert the planner to the fact that time and money issues must be considered in handling the solids Criterion for inclusion in this category are the production of solids with potential pathogens solids which have bee
112. x those materials that are required for construction of this process Building Blocks Mixers Cement Motorized Pumps Clay o Motors Clay liner Plastic Pipe amp Fittings _____ Cobble Stone _____ Programmed Logic Controllers ____Corrugated Aluminum or Tin ___Rebar Reinforcing Steel Fiber Reinforced Plastic ___Sand Gravel for Concrete Fiberglass _ Small Barrels _____ Geatextile Liner Steel Fabricated Tanks Hand Pumps Steel Pipes amp Fittings Hand Tools _____ Wire Electrical Supplies ____ Imported Processes Wood Lumber This question addresses the minimal materials required for constructing the process This list is not meant to be all inclusive but to be representative of the general types of construction equipment i required for different types of processes i 10 Please check click on the box those types of energy that are required for construction of this process electricity intermittent electricity reliable gasoline diesel intermittent gasoline diesel reliable This question applies to the primary prime source of energy necessary to operate the processes Does the process require one of the general types of energy listed 11 Please check click on the box those types of labor that are required for construction of this process ___ Contractor _ Skilled Construction Driver Skilled Maintenance Laboratory
113. y Indices ranging from 1 4 rating the adaptability of each train to upgrading varying hydraulic loading and changes in influent quality are reported Solids Production is detailed on a process by process basis Final Effluent Quality for the tracked constituents is reported Finally Potential Social and Environmental Impacts are reported as code numbers which are explained at the end of the file The treatment trains are ranked by the chosen cost factor and listed with construction O amp M and total costs after the individual treatment train breakdowns A list of the annualized costs project costs land requirements and social and environmental impacts for the optimal train follows The impact code numbers and associated impacts arc listed Like the Infeasible File the Feasible File is exportable to a text editor and can be printed using the toolbar at the top of the screen 5 3 FEASIBLE SOLUTION GRAPHS The Feasible Solution Graph command yields two types of three dimensional graphs showing construction O amp M and total cost for each feasible treatment train Figures 5 1 and 5 2 The trains are identified by their ID numbers This graph can be printed with the Print button on the right 40 ORAL Sis SNM a AR a Ea SIR a UR uie AO pal xe M REC Ln oe 41 inf x Project Life Costs of Feasible Treatment Trains 50000 a 2 40000 FH amp 30000 o5 D
114. y to varying influent values must be explored by multiple trials of treatment systems with different influent quality WAWTTAR is primarily intended for use on real world water and wastewater treatment and reuse problems although it can be used for theoretical or academic problems as well While efforts have been made to provide accurate cost and performance data the user should validate the reasonableness of all construction cost operational cost and performance data for all processes relative to the problem setting The user is encouraged to add new processes to the database and exchange this new data with other users and the WAWTTAR developers 3 0 GETTING STARTED 3 1 OPEN THE PROGRAM If WAWTTAR is properly installed a new Start Menu group titled WAWTTAR will appear To launch the program simply select the WAWTTAR program from the WAWTTAR group in the Start Menu The program opens with two graphics the title screen and the screen illustrated in Figure 2 1 After viewing each of these screens you can move to the next screen by clicking the mouse anywhere on the image After the two graphics images have been displayed the program displays the main menu a window entitled WAWTTAR with several pull down menus Figure 3 2 WAWTTAR operates exclusively through these pull down menus and their associated windows and dialog boxes The graphic interface makes using WAWTTAR straightforward and intuitive WAWTTAR File Edit Calculate Displ

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