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Object-Oriented Programming

1. characters in wild cards Instead you just give the first letters of the filename Un fortunately this means typing DIR C which not only gives you all the C files but also all the COM files and any other files whose extension begins with C The SK DOS tools also give me more help than I care for a carryover from Flex I think When you copy a file over an existing file SK DOS stops you with a File exists Delete message When you delete a file it asks you not once but twice if you re sure you know what you re doing More important the tools are not as mature as the OS Peters trying to provide as many tools as possible and they work but many are pretty short on features HUMBUG is no competition for DDT and I don t like its command syntax Neither the Cs nor the assembler support separate linking But that s because there s no linker I ve promised to write one as soon as I finish this article so I can t blame that one on anyone else Peter has developed a truly elegant system of I O control suitable for device independent control of a wide variety of devices but none of the stand ard I O drivers use the system While SK DOS fully supports the PC type CRT and keyboard it only does so by treating them in TTY fashion The standard SK DOS driver can t read all those neat cursor keypad or function keys This isn t a problem because the User s Group has a driver
2. 29 95 Fan sewi N ORIGINAL Box 69 00 ENGINEERING TEST DE VELOPMENT AT XT 3 SLOT MOTHERBOARD EXTENDER Fused Extender Card One 16 Bit Slot SPECIAL i DELTEC AC LINE CONDITIONER 400 WATT ideal for you PC or Any Equipment Eliminates AC Line Noise and TEAC FD 55B DISK DRIVE 5 1 4 Regulates to a Constant 120VAC IBM COMPATIBLE Two B Bit Slots Reli Eerroresonant Transformer 360K a Reliable Fe Gord est Points for All Bus Points Attractive Case with FONE ker 90 DAY WARRANTY Power Connector Outlets and Switch Circuit Brea Cables Included Not an Expansion Chassis 89 95 149 00 W also available 300W 2500W 5000 WE SHIP C O D 3500 Ryder Street HSC of Sacramento HSC of Santa Rosa Sant a CI ar a CA 95051 5549 Hemlock St 6819 Redwood Drive AMERICAN some nme Call cit 800 4 HALTED Kisi Lf eo Now scr 408 732 1573 TERMS Minimum order 10 Cafiomia Residents add 7 sales tax Prepaid orders sent freight C O D or call for charges Shipping wil be added to creda card and C O D orders 2 Handling charge on orders less ihan 25 Prepaid orders over 100 use money order or ceridied check Please no nol send cash Some dems riled to stock on hand Prices subject to change HSC of Santa Clara Reader Service Number 11 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 41 The Peripher
3. greater than or equal to Gen erally the type of objects you store in a SortedCollection will know how to com pare themselves to each other so there s little need to provide special com parison algorithms Since SortedCollections are main tained in sorted order they re hard on performance But you can easily change their behavior to sort only when asked for their entire contents Sets The last major group of Collections is the Set hierarchy Unlike most other Collections Sets and subclasses are ac cessed by a hash probe rather than by index and occupation of the Set by its component objects is sparse This is the classical space speed tradeoff adding objects can be much faster when lots of space is available Because access is by hash objects can t be duplicated and their order in the Set isn t maintained But access is much faster than if a search had to be per formed as in other Collections A Dictionary e g a database management system is a Set of Associa tions You can store any type of object in cluding multiple field objects or even other Dictionaries Dictionary is one of the most useful Collections and is a good one for beginners to subclass The system uses Dictionaries to as sociate message names with the code of a method to store global variables and to manage system resources Figure 4 shows a few of the features of Collec tions at work We begin by declaring three te
4. IBM PC XT Schematic ssesesssucseseasosoessnsceoscesseo 15 00 CP M KAYPRO SCHEMATICS Of course we still provide a complete schematic of the processor board In your CP M Kaypro It s logically laid out on a single 24 by 36 sheet and comes complete with an illustrated theory of operation that s keyed to the schematic You get detailed information available nowhere else For instance those of you with the 10 and newer 84 systems get a thorough run down of the processor board s video section complete with sample driver routines All packages contain serial and parallel port details and programming examples Also coverage of the processor clock I O and disk controller information that s not even available in Kaypro s own dealer ser vice manuall Kaypro Il amp IV pre 84 lt lt 23 orga ie ae ee Ge aS BO re 0 2 PH SSS 20 00 Kaypro 10 without modem 0 00 00 eee eee eee eee ee ee ne 20 00 Kaypro 2 4 and 10 84 series NOTE These packages cover only the main boards You re on your own when it comes to disk drives power supplies video cards etc Phone Orders 503 382 5060 or 1 800 888 8087 Mon Friday 9 am 5 pm PST Mail Orders P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 89 T ECHTIPS Techtips Revised 386 Fractal Code The way I coded the transform function for FR386 see Micro C issue 43 pg 22 is ineffi cient slightly incorrect and op
5. It was 2 a m Off the bus to check out the situa tion There was a crowd of about 15 men gathered around one of the rear wheels trying desperately to survey the situation with only the aid of a small cigarette lighter I climbed back into the bus and returned much to the amuse ment of the crowd with my Tekna Lite 2 waterproof flashlight Is he a tourist No I m not a tourist Hey you know Turkish Does that thing run on NiCads or what An hour and a half later the tire replaced and the brake drum cooled with several bottles of water I sat back in my seat My seatmate was just waking What happened Did the brakes lock Yeah Just after the tire blew out over an hour ago Oh He was immediately back in his snoring stupor Obviously he didn t have to come up with a column for a computer magazine 56 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Now where was I Let s see Com puter controlled Dorito production in developing nations With such an ex citing topic to think about sleep arrived in my frontal lobes or wherever it is that sleep arrives without much provocation I was awakened by the steward three hours later as the bus motored through the first glimmer of dawn just pulling into Izmit at the east edge of the Sea of Marmara Would you like some tea he asked as he not unpolitely shoved the glass under my nose It was the aroma that awoke me My m
6. You can also add on packages of ad ditional classes Classes are the voices of Smalltalk Smalltalk is both a programming lan guage and a programming environ ment consisting of at least an editor a debugger and an interface to a file sys tem Ask any Smalltalk programmer what s special about Smalltalk and he ll invariably mention how much fun it is Fundamental Talk Basically we program in Smalltalk by sending messages to objects which are instances of classes Some classes represent fundamental objects such as integers characters and reals or floating point numbers The names of classes are always capitalized So the corresponding classes for these basic types are Integer Character and Float Other classes represent more abstract objects For example Process and Stream There s also a rich set of classes of Collections for instance Array String and Dictionary Your Smalltalk system is effectively its classes from Cursor to Input Sensor to Compiler to View You send messages to instances of classes and things happen There s some confusion isn t there always about classes because there s no standard class library The same class may go by a different name in a different implementation And Smalltalk implementations may contain fewer than one hundred or as many as several hundred classes Later we ll go a little deeper into classes and clear up some of the m
7. May June My first flash when someone says robot is Heath s early do it yourself rug rat Several engineers in my group at Tektronix used one of these wire controlled kludges to clear the area of people from the manuals group It worked Robots are however much more than novelties Twenty years ago we knew that humanoid robots would soon be doing the manual labor for society Well I haven t seen a humanoid in Bend lately they ve probably all moved to the East Coast but that doesn t mean we don t have robotics If you re working on or with a computer that can see speak drill shape weld move get in touch Either you or the computer I m looking for theory and practice The Marines are looking for a few good humanoids Handicapped Systems July Aug Of course most systems are handicapped But I m referring to ways to make computers more available to the sensory im paired and to those who have trouble moving limbs I ve been thinking about this lately and I know that as voice synthesis gets better and cheaper it ll become standard in all systems just as graphics have replaced character dis plays That means I could have my X 16 read back my editorials Faster and less addicting than sleeping tablets I O Systems Sept Oct These are controllers monitors alarm systems atmospheric testers and so on The possible topics here include a look at controller processors I O features instead of M
8. Once the CPU is running you install and check the memory decode logic The ROM and static RAM go in next and at this point you have a computer The whole process is incredibly slick and I m kinda sorry I ordered my system assembled I really missed a lot of fun Incidentally there s a neat little aside to this story The literature on the PT68K 2 describes a real time clock but I found neither clock chip nor battery After the system was up and running I came across a command in SK DOS MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 43 called TIME I figured what the heck I almost fell out of my chair when the PT68K 2 calmly reported the correct date and time Not only was there a clock but it already knew the time It turns out that Frederic uses a single chip clock with a built in battery The clock has the same pinout as the 6116 static RAM chips and the clock chip con tains RAM too You just pull one of the 6116s and replace it with the clock The software spots the clock and you ve got time Even better when the clock chip is in place the 2K of RAM on that chip is bat tery backed up so HUMBUG uses that RAM to store system configuration info My Hardware Problem Now for my one hardware problem My copy of MicroEMACS would oc casionally go to lunch and at first I as sumed it was a software problem However it turned out that they d put a 12 5 MHz clock crystal in my 10 MHz system Fortunately they p
9. marizes the material which follows then you need to look at your organization I like to have a subhead every 15 to 30 lines on the screen That s not hard and fast sometimes it s 5 lines other times it s 40 but it averages out about every 20 lines 9 Details Check your facts When you re not absolutely sure about something go to the source We publish a lot of science fiction at least a lot more than we d like Double check source listings Does the copy you re including really compile Or did you do some last minute cleaning up without testing Did you include addresses of companies phone numbers prices number of pages if it s a book etc All those little details are important to the reader Are they correct 10 Finally don t panic You re not writing a book Usually 9K to 20K bytes of text is fine And it doesn t have to be perfect Editors like to feel useful Formats Articles should be submitted on disk or via Micro C s bul letin board 503 382 7643 300 1200 2400 24 hrs We can read most disk formats except Apple Rainbow NorthStar and Eagle CP M but please mark the format on the disk Your article will be easier to edit if you follow these guidelines 1 Use standard ASCII format 2 Use a single space between sentences 3 Leave a blank line between paragraphs 4 Don t indent paragraphs 5 Don t right justify your article 6 Don t use hyphens except when the
10. s signed by Andrew B Peed of AT amp T Bell Laboratories We haven t found Andrew yet Another clue A note at the end states it originated at the Micro Message Service RBBS 919 779 6674 However the SYSOP didn t know how he got it I d love to find the original author and get permission to Hauloff and Do this n Disk Technician I mentioned Disk Technician in my last hard drive article and then forgot to tell you where to find it It s available from Prime Solutions 1940 Garnet Ave San Diego CA 92109 619 274 5000 h oy Aoa SAR ERA Dave Thompson Larry Fogg and Gary Entsminger hold an impromptu SOG meeting Pricing Your Product Earlier today I was on the phone with a prospective adver tiser At the beginning of the conversation I mentioned that he would not do well in Micro C until he reduced his price Over 300 for a library with source While we were discussing his ad he mentioned he was get ting an impressive number of bingo inquiries circle the num ber from his ad in Computer Language They re interested but they re not purchasing I guessed He agreed He said he had called some of the prospects to see why they weren t ordering Only one person mentioned the price Everyone else said We re already in the project cycle Don t have a use for it yet It isn t quite what I was looking for He also said the people who were using it had said the real value of
11. 1514 Canna Court Mt View CA 94043 3 The more proximate the observa tion the more important the relationship 4 The more frequent the observation the more important the relationship 5 Most events in nature are con tinuous For example If an object is detected at one moment it is likely to remain present for an extended period The All Important Object Let s look at the concept of an object in more detail Suppose we show Rob our robot a coffee cup that s resting on a table We want Rob to learn to recognize coffee cups To make this task more in teresting assume that the cup casts a shadow If Rob is to learn what a coffee cup looks like he must learn where the cup ends and the table begins And he must recognize that the shadow isn t part of the table How do we recognize shadows cups and tables By learning their intrinsic qualities during many experiences of cup table shadow We see the cup in different locations and circumstances on the table We ob serve the stimuli that relate to the cup say the handle to be more frequently with the rest of the cup And we observe stimuli that more frequently relate to the table cup or no cup The shadow is real ly no different we observe it most fre quently with the cup Therefore the shadow eventually becomes part of the cup object With this in mind let s define an ob ject An object occurs when certain pat terns of stimuli repeat them
12. AMEN ERE te ET Pies hil TIERS Eai i ty Us m3 fos p d tum ten ATA EET Laadi i CEFE uk Rg he ip aad ts ay i TWEascacer MT fa al cc ee oe BR ge OT ga Abd Lady go of Ero ek OE ba s eeu e sh P aLL TRN T EEE eae EREDETE S050 ye st ITL LILI been 202 anaes dans LE 40 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 PE T othe ar Aes a BE none ai ee i y the right mode standard or Epson com patible and has no effect on the other two printers Other Modes I chose the low resolution mode for two reasons First it s commonly avail able Most all of the mainstream printers support it And you want your programs to run on as many systems as possible Second for a simple screen dump we ve already matched the resolution of the Hercules screen There s no need to get into the higher resolution printer modes One of these modes deserves mention though The Panasonic and the Citizen sup port a 72 dots per inch dpi mode which gives you a one to one aspect ratio on the printer That doesn t mean the print out will more closely resemble the screen The standard density 60 dpi mode is a wee bit squashed 72 dpi would be flatter still It does mean that you can send a square to the printer with 100 dots per side and itll be a true square on paper We re Done These should be fairly useful and portable between printers functions As usual I haven t prettied up the code at all If you want to p
13. But like usual I got so bogged down thinking of the ultimate user in terface that I never finished it I did write the procedures to read format and write the disks though See Figure 1 The functions needed to access the disk at this low level are fairly easy to use thanks to the biosdisk function in biosh of the Turbo C library readtrack and writetrack just put the biosdisk function into a retry loop This is necessary because many BIOSes don t wait for the disk to become ready so they often return a Not Ready error on the first call I ve found that three retries usually ensure reliable error reporting formattrack is a bit more compli cated but not much First it must build a table of sector header information with each entry being four bytes track head sector sectorsize Second a verify operation is performed on each track after formatting before giving it a pass ing mark Note that all the constants for SECSIZE NUMSECS etc are for stand ard 360K diskettes If you want the program to be general you should make these constants into parameters which are passed as arguments to the functions Hey these are just examples What do you expect Since an entire disk would be much larger than the maximum limit of 64K for a single data item in anything but HUGE memory model I decided to represent a disk as an array of NUMTRACKS pointers to one track worth of information This data struc t
14. In this sense neither C nor Ada are truly object oriented A Smalltalk message like print String can be sent to any object regard less of class and the object will respond by identifying itself with a String of some sort Modems talk to each other this way And if you unintentionally reach a 10 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Figure 1 Smalltalk Run time Error Notifier Workspace Hello world next undo copy cut paste do it inspect it cancel file out Message not understood next String Object gt gt doesNotUnderstand UndefinedObject gt gt Dolt Compiler gt gt evaluate i seving ifFall workspaceControllertroseed debug derController gt gt dolt PopUpMenu gt gt startUp correct F s actionReceiver modem when you re trying to reach a fellow human being the modem will let you know that it doesn t understand by hanging up In Smalltalk when an object can t reply to a message it hangs up sending itself the doesNotUnderstand message which we can intercept for error recovery For example sending the message next to the string Hello world brings up a notifier window See Figure 1 Inheritance How does an object know about messages like printString and doesNot Understand Through inheritance a key element of any object oriented lan guage The Smalltalk interpreter directly supports hierarchical inheritance Like everything else in Smalltalk cl
15. Messages amp Methods An object is capable of responding to messages that are sent to it by other ob jects by itself or by the system For ex ample you can print an object by send ing it a print message The code in Figure 2 illustrates some message sends ee Figure 1 Objects in the Project Manager Application Network a generic network of nodes with a start and end Node a generic node capable of connecting itself Project a network that knows the critical path method Activity Milestone a node with an earlyStart and lateFinish an activity that uses no time or resources Task an activity that has time resources and cost PERTTask Resource a Task where the time is estimated by PERT used by a task has a name and cost Pro jWindow a window that can display a network diagram GanttWindow a window that can display a Gantt chart Figure 2 Examples of Message Sends print A all objects know how to print draw rect hDC draw a rect in the display cost calcCost P whatever P is get its cost reSize aWindow wp lp the system tells us to resize Figure 3 A Sample Method Definition This method defines the calcCost message for the Task class Self refers to the task that receives the message Time resources and cost are instance variables defined for the Tasks The cost is the fixedCost plus the variable cost of each resource used by the task If the cost change
16. WRITE 2 INC ChaxCount L ELSE END CASE ELSE IF EOF fl THEN ee WRITELN 2 CharCount 128 INC NumRecs END END IF NOT gt If character is printable write it te output file and increment character count o Los LITE f2 Ch INC CharCount IF character is 01 to 08 indicating a new record write a double quote to file for cee field IF CharCount 0 THEN WRITE 2 END INC CharCount character is anything else ignore it and bump and reads byte 00 If byte 00 is not OFFH marking an erased record the program then writes the first double quotation mark to enclose the first field reads and writes each printable ASCII character until it comes to a null the end of field marker It then inserts quote comma quote to separate the fields and reads the next byte If an empty field indicated by a null byte is en countered the are inserted in the output If the program finds the end of record marker OFFH it puts in the closing quote adds a carriage return and then moves to the next sector and starts the process all over When all the sectors have been read and processed PF2ASCII reports the job finished and closes both input and output files See Figure 3 for the main WHILE loop in PF2ASCII COM it s written in Turbo Modula 2 Using PF2ASCII PF2ASCII works with any Perfect Filer database and has distinct ad vantages over P
17. When loading a file there was a slight delay while program checks OK flashed on the screen but other than that everything worked just fine The main problem is that I do a lot of program development and before I can run a newer version of a program I must authorize it This is a pain After a few hours I de installed Vaccine For me maybe the system worked too well This isn t meant to be a review only some comments on what is actually a fairly good program especially good for bulletin board SYSOPs I imagine Clark A Calkins C C Software 1907 Alvarado Ave Walnut Creek CA 94596 Editor s note Tadas Osmolskis held a SYSOP session at SOG The primary topic was viruses and Trojans and I understand no one from the group had yet seen such a beasty We haven t There appears to be some paranoia among the general population however We just had a customer return a group of Micro C disks because he found some remnants of erased files and some sector errors He was absolutely certain we were trying to infect his system especially when he noticed that files had been changed Hey we ve come a long way from the early days of public domain but this is crazy As for the sector errors we ve always been ready to replace or refund A Pat On The Back I ve been reading your magazine off and on for a couple of years and have finally been moved by David Thompson s eloquent plea in Micro C 43
18. closing quote adds a carriage return and then moves to the next sector and starts the process all over When all the sectors have been read and processed PF2ASCII reports the job finished and closes both input and output files See Figure 3 for the main WHILE loop in PF2ASCII COM it s written in Turbo Modula 2 Using PF2ASCII PF2ASCII works with any Perfect Filer database and has distinct ad vantages over Perfect Filer s internal method of extraction using the Generate List Report option With the latter the output must be formatted for each database The number of fields you can extract is limited to 19 even though a Perfect Filer record may have up to 70 fields PF2ASCII isn t limited The input file is always named DATABASE and is on the Perfect Filer data disk If you do not enter input and output names on the command line then PF2ASCII prompts you for them The output works with WordStar 4 0 s merge print which saves you the misery of preparing data files Because the output is in ASCII form data can be exported to MS DOS programs which accept the comma delimited format Why Modula 2 Although I used Turbo Modula 2 to write PF2ASCII such a short program could as easily have been coded in BASIC C or Pascal I happened to have Modula 2 on hand and wanted more experience programming with it MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 85 COLUMN By Joseph I Mortensen 4214 Chelsea Ct Midl
19. endWho MAXINT Who endWho EndWhat writeln end whereinput begin WhereInput end program KK I ll be covering the black art of sorting I changed a few identifiers in the WhatAml program so they would not give away the function of the program Follow the code carefully and take notes if necessary There is a very subtle hint in the above paragraph Next time I ll reveal the true nature of this program Coming Up Even with the 1 MB on my PC Tech X16B or the 64 KB in my Kaypro 4 83 I still run out memory This often hap pens when trying to run mini problems on a micro Much of the information we store and retrieve in computer applica tions is redundant Let me repeat that A method for mapping all of the redundant information into the same storage space could reduce memory re quirements significantly This space savings doesn t come without a price however The addition al algorithms and data structures re quire computational time and memory space The savings comes when the space saved exceeds the overhead for the data structures The algorithm run ning time can often be offset by the reduced amount of data to be main tained We could also devise a virtual storage system and swap some of the information to and from disk but disk storage can also be limited I have yet to write that great virtual storage system Instead I will try reducing the amount of data to be stored A g
20. it creates ate binding of message passing lets all users of an object benefit from modifications a new Association object that stores the first Symbol argument together with the second String argument These key value pairs are very useful for symboli cally representing data Although we re using a Symbol as the key and a String as the value in this example any object can become as sociated with any other object All objects are equipped to answer common messages in addition to print String and doesNotUnderstand One particularly valuable one is inspect which forces an object to open a win dow on its private state This is so use ful during debugging that the standard Smalltalk debugger includes an Inspec tor for the object whose method is being debugged Executing PhoneNumbers inspect will pop up an Inspector that allows you to add remove and modify entries in your database So Smalltalk at PhoneNumbers put Dictionary new inspect creates a simple database manager complete with user interface Not bad for a line of code An Environment Of Reusable Parts The key to Smalltalk productivity is that components are reusable The Class Inspector is a good ex ample Programming often requires ex amining or modifying an object s private state and this is the task of In spector Without modification it s also a debugger So you might counter my Speedo Quick
21. of 120 nsec 64K chips that wouldn t even boot at 8 MHz 0 wait states but would come up albeit crash after a short run due to parity errors at 12 MHz 1 wait state Incidentally those who are thinking of building a fast AT clone might be better off buying a cheap XT clone board with 256K of slow 150 nsec RAM and adding an Intel Inboard 386 PC It comes with 1 Meg of 32 bit memory and costs less than what you would pay for the 80386 and the memory chips by themselves It runs applications an average of three times faster than an AT even with its 8 bit I O setup Tricks like hard disk caching and remapping ROM and EGA BIOS into 32 bit memory help It s almost as fast as a real 386 board but costs a lot less money Hector Santos 2616 Berkeley Ave Los Angeles CA 90026 Editor s note Gary was optimistic but his optimism isn t always unrewarded I was conservative because I like to know my machine will work I suspect something in your system s RAS CAS buffering or RAM select logic is a bit slow That would make the system more demanding I haven t heard anything bad about the Japanese RAM parts C Vs ASM Imbalance I wish to hastily object to Tim Berens parting request Micro C issue 42 p 6 Please print a more 78 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 balanced view of issues such as these in the future In the first place Eric Isaacson can not be wrong He s from Indiana In diana people i
22. terpretations ideas We can speculate that the winning idea eventually fatigues and therefore allows the second one to win Eventually that one fatigues and the first idea wins again and so on Since the first idea is still partially fatigued from the first time it will fatigue more quickly this time The flip rate eventually settles at about two times per second which is directly related to our neural fatigue rates Fatigue is neural tissue s form of a do loop it provides a foolproof way of trying many alternative ideas before repeating the original one It implements a tissue level checkoff list that automati cally moves from one idea to another Given a multi level hierarchy with feedback at different levels we can see that a search through combinations of ideas can be very complex and would never exactly repeat itself It s likely that the subconscious mind uses some of these mechanisms it would help ex plain why it takes a long time for some answers to pop into our mind Fatigue adds a self adjusting quality to the system and causes it to perform better in a complex world It also keeps the system from getting stuck in infinite feedback loops Since slowly changing stimuli tend to fatigue the associated paths rapidly changing stimuli will have a competitive advantage therefore fatigue created a bias towards changing stimuli We can call this tissue level curiosity the tissue actually gets bore
23. 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 60 00 00 a carriage return The finished data file consists of all the records from the Perfect Filer DATABASE An Easier Way I finally found an easy way to extract data from Perfect Filer It s a utility program called PF2ASCILCOM You can find it on the Micro C RBBS or the Issue 44 disk for 6 from Micro C It gets the names of input and output files either from the command line or from prompts after the program is running It opens the Per fect Filer DATABASE and creates the output file It then reads sector 0 to determine how many sectors the input file contains Next it ad vances to the first data sector at offset 80H Miu 5 PF2ASCII COM Main WHILE Loop GotoxY 0 10 GlearToEOL SecNum SecNum 1L Increment sector number Serom SecNum 1261 Go to beginning of each sector o Report progress WRITE Reading Converting Sector Number SecNum a CharCount 0 CharCount lt 128 po Read each byte in sector zom THEN ReadByte f1 Ch 7 If OFFH is first byte in sector skip to next sector otherwise put CR at end of record bump record counter and go te next sector F CharCount gt G THEN WRITELN 2 INC NomRecs _ END arcount t 128 f er is NULL then check next charac ter Then back up file pointer one byte to _ make sure no characters are skipped TE character is 01 to 08 indicat
24. 115 Softw Sony 1 44 MB 3 50 145 PC Mouse w paint u 119 aS Floppy drives come with mounts C 7 Logitech mouse 89 Borland Turbo C ases 79 Logitech hirez bus mouse 125 Borland Turbo Pascal 69 Citizen Painters Kraft IBM Apple Joystick 6 25 Borland Turbo Basic 69 Disk holder 100 w keylock 15 Borland Quattro 189 180 D 180 cps 9 pin 189 Microsoft Works 149 MSP 40 260 cps 9 pin 339 Dr T Microsoft Windows v2 03 69 MSP 45 wide carriage 545 5175 as ech Microsoft DOS 3 21 69 Tribute 124 200 cps 24 pin 545 Se ew ee ies Microsoft DOS 3 30 u 99 Tribute 224 wide carriage 689 Microsoft DOS 4 0 135 Open Monday Saturday Norton Utilities Advanced 89 10 AM to 7 PM Phone 408 996 2373 Norton Commander 45 Premiere 35 daisy wheel 499 Alps Allegro 24 pin wu 389 All systems carry a full 1 year warranty original system configuration only Prices are subject to change without notice a All orders are shipped UPS FOB San Jose unless otherwise specified at time of order California residents add 7 sales tax All registered trademarks are recognized Dream 88 Dream 286 and Dream 386 are trademarks of DreamTech Computers Reader Service Number 16 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 87 If you re working on a numeric
25. 117 San Diego California 92111 ERAC CO Sse BABY AT XT TURBO Motherboard 6 amp 10 Meg Motherboard Zero Wait State 5 amp 8 MHz Switchable 8 Expansion Slots 8088 V20 Optional 80286 Processor Optional Co processor Math Co Processor Option 8 Expansion Slots 640K RAM On Board ERSO or Bison Bios Phoenix Bios 640K RAM 200 Watt Power Supply 150 Watt Power Supply Hercules Compat Video Bd Hercules Compat Video Bd Parallel Board Parallel Board 2 Serial Ports Active 2 Serial Ports Active Game Port Game Port Clock Calendar Clock Calendar AA Cells 6aH 12V Pack AA Cells 6aH 6 50 tees T amp 10 Meg Zero Wait State 8 Expansion Slots 640K RAM On Board Math Co processor Option Phoenix Bios 200 Watt Power Supply Hercules Compat Video Bd Parallel Port 2 Serial Ports Active Game Port Clock Calendar Sub C Cells 1 5aH 1 50 12V Pack Sub C Double D Cell 2 5V 4aH unused 8 00 Hard Disk amp Floppy Controller 20M Hard Drive 1 2M 5 Floppy Drive 360K 5 Floppy Drive 5061 Keyboard Case with Turbo amp Reset Hard Drive Light and Keyboard Disable Switch Amber Graphics Monitor 1581 EGA ADD 449 40M HD ADD 150 6 amp 12 MHz ADD 73 Hard Disk amp Floppy Controller 20M Hard Drive 1 2M 514 Floppy Drive 360K 514 Floppy Drive 5061 Keyboard Mini AT Case with Turbo amp Reset Hard Drive Light and Keyboard Disable Switch Amber Graphi
26. 4 0 or EEMS memory the Year why by popular vote specific files to be board or a 386 PC DESQview lets them at Comdex Fall for two years copied backed up or deleted all without break through the DOS 640K barrier and ina row DESQview was having to leave the program they re in multitask For instance they can start 1 2 3 voted Best PC Environment Best of all DESQview accomplishes all calculating and tell Paradox to print mailing in PC Tech Journal s Systems this with a substantial speed advantage over labels while they re writing a report in Word Builder Contest any alternative environment Perfect or laying out a newsletter in Ventura DESQview lets you sell it all now DESQVIEW SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS IBM Personal Computer and 100 compatibles with 8086 8088 80286 or 80386 processors with monochrome or color display IBM Personal System 2 Memory 640K recommended for DESQview itself 0 145K Expanded Memory Optional expanded memory boards compatible with the Intel AboveBoard enhanced expanded memory boards compatible with the AST RAMpage EMS 4 0 expanded memory boards Disk two diskette drives or one diskette drive and a hard diskeGraphics Card Optional Hercules IBM Color Graphics CGA IBM Enhanced Graphics EGA IBM Personal System 2 Advanced Graphics VGA Mouse Optional Mouse Systems Microsoft and compatibles Modem for Auto Dialer Optional Hayes or compatible Operating System PC DOS 2 0 4 0 MS DOS 2 0 4 0 S
27. 99 00 O Modula 2 Toolkit DOS 169 00 O Modula 2 Development 249 00 l System DOS includes Compiler and Toolkit O Modula OS 2 349 00 l O Modula 2 VAX VMS version 2 500 00 Shipping amp Handling per item 6 50 CA residents add applicable I sales tax Total O Check money order included O Visa O MasterCard l Exp Date l i Card Number Cardholder Name Authorized Signature Ship to Name I Address Zp Phme Offer valid in U S Only Dealer inquiries welcome Educational prices available CL988 Send to IB LOGITECH Logitech Inc l Attn Coupon Redemption Program 6505 Kaiser Drive Fremont CA 94555 In Europe contact LOGITECH SA in Switzerland Tel 41 0 21 869 96 56 In the United Kingdom contact LOGITECH UK Tel 44 0 525 22 22 11 derived from you usually add data ele ments when a class is inherited You cannot simply treat it as a base class ob ject since the wrong size would be passed around Pointers to objects are all the same size so they can be passed around anonymously The C syntax of fetching member ele ments given a structure struc ture data_element and given a structure pointer structure_pointer gt data_ele ment extends to member functions ob ject function and object_pointer gt func tion It sometimes helps if you remem ber that an object is just a structure In Figure 1 you can see examples of the use of virtual functions in the MOVE
28. Bunky This is Micro C and you re the target of our next expos was drifting along pretty much undirected when someone popped up with a question to the fellow sitting next to me How d you get into computers Well that led to some pretty interest ing stories and it sure brought memories for me My first computer was a stock KIM 1 I bought it from an engineer at Tektronix and along with the board and power supply he gave me a stack of newsletters called the KIM 1 User Notes I was impressed Page after page of object code listings that I could key in on the hex keypad Wow I remember pecking at that keyboard for hours to turn that tiny computer into a digital clock It worked and it was accurate to within five minutes a day I wrote my own programs spending hours scribbling out 6502 object code then entering and testing it About six years ago I loaned the KIM to an aspir ing young computer student Unfor tunately he and my beloved KIM have disappeared apparently forever SIGH How did I feel about micros then That KIM was unadulterated magic though through the hex keypad and 7 segment display I only got a glimpse of what was to come Now we have real assemblers interpreters compilers text editors graphics displays real control of real events real information process ing How have my feelings changed Wow It s hard to avoid getting lost To evening discussion at SOG VII 48 MICRO C
29. C C An Object Oriented C Source Level Debugger For Turbo C 96 pages ISSUE 41 5 88 Artificial Intelligence 3 D Graphics Neural Networks Logic Of Programming Languages Applying Information Theory 96 pages ISSUE 42 6 88 Maintaining PCs Keeping Your Hard Drives Running Troubleshooting PCs XT Theory of Operation Simulating A Bus Ray Tracing 96 pages ISSUE 43 9 87 Building Databases Build a C Database Selecting a dBase Ill Compatible Compiler Working with Paradox Designing Custom PC Cards Accessing dBase III Plus Records from Turbo Pascal 96 pages oo 1 800 888 8087 PO Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 United States Issues 1 34 Issues 35 current Canada amp Mexico All issues Foreign air mail All Issues 3 00 each ppd 3 95 each ppd 5 00 each ppd 7 00 each ppd ADVERTISERS INDEX Issue 44 Oregon Software Service 11 72 Acquired Intelligence Peripheral 107 American Cosmotron 22 Andsor Research Quarterdeck Austin Codeworks c Scientific Software Solutions Cascade Electronics 88 Koala Computers Sofsolutions CC Software SlicerControl Computer 12 Logitech Inc Star K Software Systems Complete Logic Systems Computerized Processing Unltd 31 17 Manx Software Systems United Products CompuView Inside Front Cover 103 Max Software 42 McTek Systems V Communications Dair Computers Micro Cornucopia Digital Research 37 Microprocess
30. Dec 1988 grab screens and then edit them insert ing prompts for users timed sequences etc This allows you to create some very effective demos and tutorials The simulation utilities are effective ly keystroke recorders To use them you run your program and use it In stant Replay records your keystrokes in a macro which you then play back as a demo or tutorial As with the screen capture utility you can edit the keystroke macro insert prompts and change the timing of sequences This is an excellent easy to use reasonably priced 149 95 program with many possibilities For more infor mation about Instant Replay contact Nostradamus 3191 South Valley St Suite 252 Salt Lake City UT 84109 801 487 9662 For a demonstration tutorial of Tiny Einstein created with Instant Replay contact Acquired Intelligence P O Box 2091 Davis CA 95617 916 753 4704 Relaxing at SOG For some time now Alison my wife and I have been looking for a good statistics package She s a graduate stu dent at UC Davis raised on mainframes and tough to convince that a PC can manipulate the reams of data she accumulates each year Although it s still not clear that we ve found the perfect replacement for the mainframe we do think we ve found an excellent alternative Statgraphics from STSC Statgraphics is written in APL and will perform just about any statistical function you can think of e A
31. E gt for next error lt ESC gt for menu Until now if you wanted the best Undo the best compiler sup port regular expressions and column blocks you chose BRIEF If you wanted unlimited keystroke macros the best configurability off the cuff command language macros and blazing speed you chose VEDIT PLUS Now the Choice is Easy The all new VEDIT PLUS 3 0 gives you the best Undo of any editor the best compiler support unequaled windows true regular expressions and extensive new features We re lead ing the way with easy to use pull down menus context sensitive help a pop up ASCII table new printing options and much more Incredibly VEDIT PLUS 3 0 is now twice as fast as be fore and at only 60K in size it loads fast Completely Configurable Change a few keys or redefine the entire keyboard VEDIT PLUS adjusts to your editing style in minutes You can even create new editing functions using simple keystroke macros or fine tune existing ones VEDIT PLUS is so configurable that it easily emulates other editors and word processors WordStar and Word Perfect emulation included Quickly access editing functions with a single key or through the pull down menus Try before You Buy We challenge you to experience the dazzling performance and exceptional features that make VEDIT PLUS the best choice Our evaluation disk includes the complete editor Learn VEDIT PLUS using our extensive training macro that gives i
32. From Out Of The East Somewhere If you wondered what Laine goes through to write a column while camping caving busing con sulting eating and sleeping hey it s a hard life then read on If you d rather skip to the code for this issue just skip to the end The very end And if Laine calls and tells me the column is on the bus I ll believe him Next time o you think it looks easy to write a magazine column do you You just sit down in front of the screen and the ideas flow swiftly out your fingertips and onto a disk which you exchange for large stacks of money Piece of cake Anybody could do it Good way to earn a few extra bucks Doesn t take much time at all That sounds like fun Laine but I m sorry to say that I m already planning to go caving in Kastamonu province next week If you can t find enough people to go floating you re wel come to come along with us I was on the phone with my friend Oral Trying once again to get up the necessary five for a boat trip I was running into snags If you like we can take the boat along There s one river that might be big enough and it s an awesome canyon We could take off from the cave camp for a day or two and try floating it The camp s going to be quite large so we ll have no trouble finding people Four days later I was trucking into the sun rise in a Nissan crew cab with Sami Oral s brother in law and the owner of the Niss
33. I solved this problem on my system by using the MS DOS SUBST command as in SUBST C E Some header files don t get copied and one of the debugging libraries ends up in the wrong directory There were also a few typos and formatting glitches in the manual Zortech is already working on the problems According to Joe MclIsaacs at Zortech rather than making users wait for the next release they are printing up corrected manuals and new diskettes IS much more than just C with classes it is a wide ranging enhancement of the standard C programming language and sending them free of charge to all registered owners Now if everyone else would be that responsive Object Oriented Microsoft C Microsoft was represented at SOG by Greg Lobdell Product Manager of Microsoft s Languages Group He con firmed the rumor that Microsoft is look ing into adding object oriented facilities to C and BASIC object oriented BASIC They re currently examining both C and Objective C Hopefully they ll pick C it would help define a standard I would hate to see C end up a muddle mess with each vendor coming out with a different set of object oriented extensions MMC AD Programmer s Toolbox This isn t a group of C language functions to be linked with your programs it s a complete set of utility programs which can make the life of a C programmer easier There are actually two toolboxes in th
34. If I had known before that sub scribing would encourage irrespon sibility funny articles and all that lot I would have signed up a long time ago I m not really an anarchist but that s just because I m not organized enough I d like to compliment all of your editors and contributors Micro C is one of the few magazines that I ever read from cover to cover every word in cluding the ads In particular Bruce Eckel s Delving Into The Black Arts I built the board in slightly more than an hour but the time passed quickly David Thompson s Keeping Your Hard Drives Running and all of Larry Fogg s PC support chip articles were absolutely first rate Of course every thing else is too but these articles stick in my memory probably because read each of them several times refresh cycles In reference to the new format looks good The content doesn t seem to have suffered for the change As for the advertisements and Ron Schroeder s comments in 43 things could be a lot worse I offer as evidence Borland s recent TurboMan series in the front of BYTE The ads in Micro C are not what I call the flashy 5th Avenue type but rather tend towards a subdued black on white Keep up the good work Nathan Engle 6465 Piping Rock Lane 30 Indianapolis IN 46254 Editor s note Thanks for the kind words Nathan And just to show how responsive we are to reader input check out page 13 for
35. Is this a credible claim As a disinterested observer I would have to say that it isn t Others have already noted that PKWare would severely degrade the performance of its utilities were Katz to borrow code from the sluggish ARC program When I ran some simple benchmarks comparing ARC and PKARC January February 1988 ARC was left in the dust It wasn t even a contest I think SEA should spend more time tweaking its computer code and less time fussing with the civil code THE SLY40 XT e The SLY40 XT is a 4 14 by 9 4 Card Featuring the Full Functionality PC XT Mother Board e NEC s 8MHZ V40 e One Megabyte of Zero Wait State RAM e 64 ROM Space e ideal for Tough Industrial Applications 64 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Master Card Visa Check Money Order C O D ANNOUNCING THE DISKLESS WORK STATION e A PC XT Compatible Network Node e Enclosure Dimensions are just 10 by 10 by 3 1 2 e No Cooling Fans are Required so the PC and XT Are Trademarks of International Business Machines 612 724 2710 SLICER Reader Service Number 19 Slicer Computers Inc 3450 Snelling Ave So Minneapolis MN 55406 FAX 612 724 0878 Unit is Perfectly Quiet e Adds Security to the Company s Computer System e Dealer amp Distributor Inquiries are Welcome White Water Rafting SOG Style A Very Special Trip There s been a rumor floating around that comput
36. J Pinson Addison Wesley 1988 I recommend it over Bjarne Stroustrup s The C Programming Language which originally defined the language It s good to read both but the Weiner amp Pinson book is more clearly written and has better descriptions of the theories behind object oriented programming C is much more than just C with classes it is a wide ranging enhance ment of the standard C programming language C is a poor language for multi programmer projects involving multiple code modules C rectifies this not only through classes and ob jects but also by giving the module writer contro over external access to his or her functions and data types This is known as abstraction and it s a com mon component of other recently developed languages like Modula 2 The Zortech package includes every thing There s an editor linker librarian object module disassembler and make along with a reasonably good sized library with of course graphics functions The only item miss ing is a debugger Although Zortech C is compatible with Microsoft s CodeView you can only look at global variables and source code local variables cannot be accessed by name This isn t Zortech s fault Microsoft hasn t released the formats of the special object records used for track ing local variables I ve found several minor bugs The installation program will only install on a hard disk if it is drive C
37. PC can t speak CP M UniDOS by Micro Solutions Run CP M programs on your PC Of course UniDOS is a memory resident program that can use the NEC V20 CPU chip to actually RUN your favorite 8080 programs Use UniDOS with UniForm PC and automatically switch to CP M mode as you log on your CP M diskette Switch to emulation mode to run Z80 code programs or for systems without a V20 UniDOS directly converts video and keyboard emulation for Kaypro Xerox 820 Morrow Osborne VT100 and eight other displays All standard CP M system calls are supported Note The NEC V20 CPU is a fast low power CMOS replacement for the 8088 CPU chip that includes a full 8080 instruction set as well as the standard 8088 set Systems using an 8086 may substitute a V30 chip UniDOS by MicroSolutions UniDOS w UniForm and V20 8 chip 135 00 UniDOS Z80 Coprocessor Board by MicroSolutions This 8 Mhz Z80H half card will run your Z80 and 8080 code programs at LIGHTNING speed on your PC or AT Functions just like the UniDOS program except NO V20 or emulation mode is required to run your programs Now includes UniForm PC UniDOS Z80 Coprocessor Card 169 95 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 57 called into my mind an image of a dead albatross tied around my neck It was 8 20 a m Just over six hours since the tire blew up on Bolu pass I grabbed a towel and headed for the shower but was stopped by the telephone ringing Hi Laine This is Ayfer What
38. Reader Service Number 118 68 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 which had invested in an Oregon hard drive manufacturing startup They came over from Medford if I remember correctly to ask me if they should pony up another 2 000 000 or lose the 5 000 000 they d al ready invested They proudly showed me a sample of the 10 meg drive designed by their Bay Area guru I asked them if they could sell the drive for 200 a copy and make a profit figuring warranty customer support etc From the shock on their faces I knew the answer I recommended they save their 2 000 000 Later I heard they d put up the money but the company folded shortly thereafter The Seagate 225 had killed them Background It seems like almost every time a new column is started there is the obligatory discussion of the writer s background To that end I have in cluded the following thumbnail sketch I have worked in the high tech in dustry as a software engineer for over fifteen years During most of that time I have consulted on the side as a way to pay for my expensive high tech toys My clients have ranged from no tech to super tech I ve spent the last two years complet ing my Masters in Management at a local college During that time I spent a year working as a sales manager for a small computer VAR and am currently employed as a business manager for a small no tech consulting company My time is currently split between consulting on P
39. SORTS AUTO EXECUTE TIME DELAY NESTED RECURSIVE SIZE LIMITED BY AVAILABLE MEMORY MORE FUNCTIONS VIEW MANIPULATE BUFFERS THROUGH MENU OR KEYSTROKE INTELLIGENT DIAGRAM BOX DRAW ADJUSTABLE SCROLL VALUE TRANSPOSE LINES CHARACTERS WORDS MOVE TO POSITION STACK VISUAL TAB CREATION COLUMNARVENTIRE LINE TABS TIME AND DATE STAMP RESTORE TYPED OVER CHARACTERS CHANGE DIRECTORY BRACKE T BRACE PARENTHESIS MATCHING ENTER GRAPHICS CHARACTERS EX CUTE DOS COMMANDS POPUP ASCII TABLE USER DEFINED MENUS POPUP PRINT BUFFER WITH PAGE NUMBERS AD JUSTABLE SPACING AND MARGINS INTER ACTIVE TUTORIAL ALL DOCUMENTATION ON LINE WRITTEN IN C AND ASSEMBLER EXTERNAL UTILITIES INTELLIGENT CHANGE DIRECTORY COMMAND POPUP DIRECTORY FACILITY STRING TRANS LATOR HARDWARE REQUIRE MENTS DOS PC AT PS 2 386 CGA MDA EGA HERCULES WYSE 700 AMDEK 1280 RUNS IN ALL VIDEO MODES NO FLAGS NO DRIVERS 256K FOR LITERA TURE A COMPLETE LIST OF FUNCTIONS AND A DEMO DISK CALL 201 450 4545 VERSION 1 0 PRICE 265 00 iE el THE AMERICAN COSMOTRON 80 HOLMES ST PO BOX 128 BELLEVILLE NJ 07109 Reader Service Number 107 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 49 C ING CLEARLY By Scott Robert Ladd P O Box 61425 Denver CO 80206 303 322 7294 Feeling SOGgy Scott was planning a C debugger review this issue However Borland s debugger isn t out yet so he s been reduced
40. Sat 10 4 MINIMUM ORDER 15 00 TERMS VISA MasterCard Certified Checks Money Order NO COD Visa and MasterCard add3 Personal checks must clear BEFORE we ship Include shipping charges California residents add 6 2 Sales Tax For more information please call CPU amp SUPPORT CHIPS ZOO PSO een oenina a iei 2 00 Z80A SIO aa a pa na aa 5 00 BOBS 25 cian Raia A e 6 50 6089 3 2 c2 csi eae ee G ES 6 50 D8284 oranan Sit bands Soot b 2 50 SIP DRAM 256 12 0004 7 00 416410 anre ed ety eee aes 2 50 4164 12 re eee ae me 2 10 TTI ia teen vee erecta ts 6 00 WG a ectua E A i eev sae 7 00 OBAS cetera se Rit exe aie 5 00 VC3524 Switching Regulators 5 00 1458 Dual Op AMP 10 LM2877P 4W Stereo Amp Dual 2 50 MB81464 15 l a 2 75 PN a E E E 3 00 A E PAE E E E 3 25 A T ET E ae aan este anes 3 50 DI GIAO demi eae yay meas eee 9 00 TANGO pian niu caesarean PAS 120 Sencha he hws Os ALSI tae dak bon e ORS VOLONIG Siesta tic autres wade Reader Service Number 93 NEW 24V INTERNAL BATTERY S 7 5 SWITCHERS 5V 9 5A 12V 3 8A 12V 8A SVIA 12V 2A 12V 4A 5V 6A 12V 2A 12V 1A 00 a 5V 6A 24V 1 4A 12V 6A Ce Pe ee sosrtesreossssonnrnrr e Cr Ce TEST EQUIPMENT OSCILLOSCOPES TEK 7403N 7A18N 7B50A 60 MHz 650 ANALYZERS TEK 491 10MHz 40GHz Nicolet 500A 1Hz0 100KHz Biomation 805 Waveform Rerdr 259 00 Biomation 8100 2 Channel Waveform Recorder HP
41. Trilogy is modular language very similar to Modula 2 ENVIRONMENT A complete programming envi ronment you get editor library linker loader error handling automatic make and contextual help Plus you get modules for math string handling file manipu lation windows COMPLETE LOGIC SYSTEMS 604 986 3234 741 Blueridge Ave North Vancouver BC Canada V7R 2J5 A TRUE COMPILER Trilogy is an interactive compiler which produces native code for the 8086 8087 LOGICAL PURITY Trilogy was designed from scratch as a simple language with a completely logical foundation Trilogy s speed results from its design not from added commands Prolog s assert cut var and retract are not logical parts of that language They were added to improve performance DATABASE SUPPORT Trilogy supports varia ble size records records with arbitrary values lists re cursive trees plus record insertion deletion and modif ication Anywhere in the file Files are relations and can be queried from within the language PRICE Only 99 95 postpaid U S funds Plus 5 00 shipping amp handling Or 12 00 shipping amp handling outside North America Check money order or VISA accepted on gt Reader Service Number 71 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 29 Trick 3 Winners Tire If you look at Necker s cube for 30 seconds see Figure 4 it appears to flip back and forth between two opposing in
42. Xerox 820 51 drive cable Xerox internal video cable w brightness control Xerox 820 power supply Power connector specify board or cable Xerox parallel printer interface cable Dual Half Height 5 Disk Drives DSDD in cabinet with standard Xerox cable Complete parts and repair services available EMERALD MICROWARE P O Box 1726 Beaverton OR 97075 225 503 641 0347 30 day money back guarantee on all products MasterCard Reader Service Number 10 IBM PC CP M NorthStar Macintosh Apple Il MS DOS and PS 2 Don t let incompatible diskette Formats get you down read them all with your PC UniForm PC by MicroSolutions How often have you wished you could use your CP M diskettes on your PC Now you can access your CP M disks and programs on your MS DOS computer just as you would a standard MS DOS diskette Once the UniForm driver is installed you can use standard DOS commands and programs right on your original diskette without modifying or copying your files UniForm PC allows you to read write format and copy diskettes from over 275 CP M and MS DOS computers on your PC XT or AT With UniForm PC and the Compaticard you can use 51 4 high density 96TPI dual format 312 720k 1 44 meg PS 2 and even 8 drives UniForm PC by MicroSolutions Uniform for Kaypro and other machines CompatiCard by MicroSolutions Meet the CompatiCard THE universal disk drive controller card This
43. a bridge between the DOS environment and CodeView MagicCV is easy to use If you are a Code View user you already know how to use MagicCV too Just type MCV instead of CV everything else is automatic ue MagicCV protected mode Soft ICE uses 80386 CALL TODAY Using Soft ICE with Code protected mode features such as paging I O 603 888 2386 View gives you the features privilege level and break point registers to provide real time hardware level break points or FAX 603 888 2465 necessary for professional level systems debugging 30 day money back guarantee Maci agicCV and Soft ICE can 6 Soft ICE is a product any MS DOS Visa Master Card and AmEx accepted sna EN T Code developer serious enough to own a View to provide the most 386 machine should have gt E powerful debugging Dr Dobb s Journal May 1988 P O BOX 7607 NASHUA NH 03060 7607 platform you will find Reader Service Number 110 anywhere Both require 80386 AT compatible or IBM PS 2 Model 80 MagicCV requires at least 384K of extended memory CodeView is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation 2 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 THE MI CRO TECHNICAL JOURNAL ICRO CORNUCOPIA FEATURES Jan Steinman and Barbara Yates A Taste of Smalltalk Smalltalk is the grandaddy of the g object oriented languages and this is FE a very in depth look at this very innovative language Zack Urlocker Actor An Object
44. a programming project and have it an nounced to the world Of course it is in C Hello World h SOG I had high hopes for this Ac You see after spending a year with more article ideas than I could shake a stick at I d come up with a blank Nothing At least nothing I could beat into a useful piece But cer tainly SOG would change that What better place to harvest a few topics for the coming year Unfortunately while vastly stimulat ing and amusing SOG left me feeling brain dead Still no ideas No problem though Unca Dave came to the rescue Necessity Is The Mother Lately Dave s been dragging his be hind in a little lower than usual It s those late night early morning bouts with The Program Has something to do with airplanes I suppose that s why it crashes so much So I was more than happy to help out when he said he needed a way to dump a Hercules graphics screen to printer Now I m normally a staunch ad vocate of the quick and dirty school of programming But for Dave I decided to compromise my morals this time and just be quick I had three printers to play with Gemini 10X Citizen 120 D and Panasonic KX P1595 Parallel printers of the clone world live in something ap proaching harmony Escape sequences used for programming show an amazing amount of compatibility Armed with that knowledge I developed the code on my trusty 10 X fully expecting it to run with all three
45. a busman s holiday That way I can use the computer and software of my choice to do the things I want to do In that sense I probably have a lot in common with the hot rodder or the radio amateur Many of you are also hard core hobbyists or you wouldn t be reading Micro C 42 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 The Ideal Hobby Computer I wanted performance That means a modern fast 16 or 32 bit CPU Lots of programmers prefer the 68000 architec ture Its instruction set is simple and ra tional a logical successor to the Z80 I wanted lots of fast RAM serial and parallel ports floppy and hard drives clocks memory mapped video And naturally the hardware should be hackable which means an expansion bus Too bad I couldn t use the IBM bus with all the incredibly cheap I O It must be cheap and perhaps build able in modules What about the software Nothing fancy here the operating system OS and tools should be simple enough for one human to understand and customize in one lifetime The software too must be cheap Above all the hardware and software should be rational There s no point invit ing frustration by having to deal with ir rational designs That leaves out most of the more popular computers Now since this is a hobby computer better put a debug monitor in ROM And there should be some consideration for reliability and testing built in The PT68K 2 There are a number of re
46. an alternate hay field It was rougher and shorter than it appeared from the air The members of the group who watched me come in figured Id just missed the runway They might have been right This morning we took off from Grants Pass and flew about 60 miles into the mountains to a small untended airstrip near the logging community of Prospect The strip was an uphill downhill swath in the woods with some very sturdy looking firs at each end The town an easy half mile walk from the strip sported a single small diner As we nonchalantly wandered in the front door the waitress grabbed her apron both menus and an nounced that their grill was only so by so However she came up with 20 lumberjack sized breakfasts in less than an hour One plane a Piper had magneto trouble at Prospect right mag quit This is serious If both right and left quit the engine quits So he let his passenger ride in another plane while he flew to Medford I followed him in the Stinson in case of further trouble Ah well back to the present Having a laptop along has been great it needs a lit screen so I can write in the tent at night without fussing with a candle burned my fingers twice But the computer s better than paper and I can recharge the little beastie while I m flying Looking around I m surprised The Montague airport is gamey as airports go tin hangars white peeling buildings grass so dead it crackles underfoot Really feels l
47. and Tektronix were test sites for early versions of the system Xerox was developing they each were expected to develop a full implementation of a written specifica tion of the interpreter Tektronix has been developing its own implementation of the system since then extending it from a version that Xerox PARC released in 1983 They have a very extensive class library col lection of tools and reusable com ponents Tektronix Smalltalk is only available on Tektronix workstations A Little Smalltalk is a version of Smalltalk that runs under UNIX on line oriented conventional terminals The interpreter is written in C It s available for distribution cost on 9 track tape in tar format This Smalltalk doesn t support graphics no windows no mouse but it s an inexpensive way to learn object oriented programming For more info Smalltalk Distribution Department of Computer Science Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 Periodicals BYTE magazine August 1981 issue Entire issue devoted to Smalltalk 80 A collection of articles that provide an in teresting and authoritative introduction to Smalltalk HOOPLA Hooray for Object Oriented Programming Languages is published quarterly by Object Oriented Program ming for Smalltalk Application Developers Association OOPSTAD Annual individual membership in the US is 25 HOOPLA P O Box 1565 Everett WA 98206 1565 USA electronic bulletin bo
48. are you doing this after noon Oh just resting I lied After my shower I went to Redhouse Press to discover everyone else out on vacation Fatih was there though and I asked him if he had any ideas of what I could write about How about the things we ve been doing to get the transfer between our machines and the typesetter working properly I don t think so The readers would never understand why it took so much time to do something seemingly so easy They don t care about the trials and tribulations of having an alphabet with extra characters not in the ASCII or ANSI standards It just doesn t apply to them Arriving home at 9 30 p m I saw the huge pile of clothes on the bedroom floor and decided to give up for the mo ment Maybe if I rested for half an hour I d think of something The bed seemed abnormally comfortable not surprising since I d spent two of the last three nights on the bus My next moment of awareness was at 2 45 a m I stumbled to the bathroom and pried my contacts out of my eyes cursing at my stupidity in once again falling asleep without removing them I resolved to come up with a real mind bending topic first thing in the morning and crawled back to bed The next morning I borrowed Murad s car and drove up to Sami s mom s house to pick up the boat Then out to the bus station to get the boat glue newly arrived on the overnight bus from Tarsus Things were start
49. character s binary value Each set bit fires a pin with the most significant bit con trolling the top pin For example 11110000b activates the top four pins Once print_line has printed the con tents of buffer going backwards remem ber we want to start printing with the bottom of each video column it ends with a line feed Up until now the printer was just filling its buffer not printing The linefeed triggers the actual printing I added the print_blank function in order to center the printer output It simply prints some number of blank characters with no linefeed The next graphics line starts filling the buffer where the blanks end and blanks and graphics print as a single line One line done it remains to do the rest Since each ine actually contains eight video columns and the Herc has 720 columns that means we have a total of 720 8 or 90 lines to print dump_screen does em So We re Done Right Pretty straightforward stuff I put it all together and it worked Sort of Once in a while a line feed missed the boat The following line printed off the right mar gin Nasty business After much cursing and wailing reached the conclusion that one of the graphics characters was not printing So the line feed at the end of that graphics line was seen as the last graphics charac ter No more line feed and two graphics lines would fill the buffer before we MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 39 pr
50. classes Network and Node to provide generic network connection capabilities You can create a new net work connect some nodes to it discon nect nodes and so on This may not be very exciting but it lets us factor out part of the application test it and then forget about it Since 20 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Figure 4 The Connect Method Public protocol connect N1 N2 Private implementation e g N1 gt N2 Connect self gt aNode by updating self s outputs and aNode s inputs Also aNode should know it s network and the position should be set Def connect self aNode addInputs aNode self addOutputs self aNode setNetwork aNode network setPosn aNode self To connect node nl gt n2 nl s outputs must contain n2 Def addOutputs self aNode add outputs aNode To connect nl gt n2 n2 s inputs must contain nl Def addInputs self aNode add inputs aNode there s nothing inherently network or node like in the system already these classes descend directly from class Ob ject Rather than keep track of the connec tions in the network the nodes them selves maintain a set of input nodes and output nodes as instance variables inputs and outputs The network then just maintains the start and end nodes The network is actually implemented as a doubly linked list but this is private information and is enca
51. commands WITHOUT eating up precious program space Get such features as automatic disk relogging simple drive user selection using either a colon or semi colon 31 user areas drive search path multiple program command line archive bit maintanence and transparent time date stamping all in the same space as CP M 2 2 Installs from a convenient customization menu no software assembly required Bootable disks available with CBIOS for Kaypro Xerox 8 or 5 1 or 2 amp BBI QP M Operating System bootable specify system 64 95 QP M without CBIOS installs on any Z80 system 49 95 Networks QP M Network File System by MICROCode Consulting QP M Network File System is an efficient local area network allowing up to seven CP M computers to share peripherals and data resources e Transparent operation at speeds up to 11 000 bytes second in syncronous mode e Speeds of up to 1 920 bytes second in asyncronous mode e Local remote disk drive and printer support Remote peripheral support for modems and real time clocks All stations need not be on the network even though connected e Local drive access protection and control e Simple menu oriented configuration utility e Extended DOS calls are provided for addition of custom net work utilities Works with interrupt driven Z80 systems such as Xerox 820 Kaypro KayPLUS amp Advent ROMs Eagle and other computers running QP M or CP M 2 2 QP M Network File
52. crew that put on the SOG You all did just fantastic I ll be back for the next one Al Spike the Ball Szymanski 8991 Edcliff Ct SE Aumsville OR 97325 9549 Editor s note Comments noted The staff was a bit reticent about playing volleyball after seeing you on the opposite side of the net We re going to be taking Karate ball lessons this winter so look out next year We already get complaints because there are two talks at a time three would be about as popular as poison oak at a nudist camp You re right about Debee and Christy and Debee s seeing eye dog Every SOG has its surprise and they were the surprise this year A delightful surprise See the editorial for more on these two Allyn Franklin is a problem I m not sure whether it s the subject drive repair or the person Probably both I remember giving Allyn the last afternoon spot last year that way he could go an extra hour if necessary I think he finished up the follow ing day Everyone was still there We may have to give him the final spot in the show so he can just wrap around to the next year As for getting the gals into the Micro C forum good idea In fact they insisted we Larry Gary Bruce and I couldn t have speaker T Shirts because four of us were sharing the stage If they were participating too I think we d see a major rule change they wouldn t miss a chance to get T Shirts Continued on page 78 8280 Clairemont Mesa Blvd Suite
53. for the PC and have given up on all of the others in favor of yours I ve gotten to the point where I download C code from a DEC VAX VMS system just to be able to compile it with the picky flag set at 9 It finds lots of things VMS totally ignores JS Oak Ridge TN Our Guarantee Try the Eco C88 compiler for 99 95 Use it for 30 days and if you are not completely satisfied simply return it for a full refund We are confident that once you ve tried Eco C88 you ll never use anything else Call or write today ECOSOFT Reader Service Number 9 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 11 Smalltalk at PhoneNumbers put Dictionary new by highlighting the text and choosing do it from the menu This is Smalltalk for create a new global variable named PhoneNumbers and place a newly created Dictionary object in it Now you can begin adding objects to your new Dictionary To retrieve an object from the Phone Numbers Dictionary print it using the following statement PhoneNumbers at Joe What s Going On Here We re creating objects by sending messages to other objects The names Joe and Fred are actually objects of class Symbol similar to String whose instances are unique in the system Once you ve created Joe any men tion of Joe is a reference to the exist ing Symbol Joe When you send the message at put to the new Dictionary object Phone Numbers with two arguments
54. from direct exposure to an 0 coming iaser beam Only those persons qualified to handie such potentials should do so TECHNA KIT D C Motor Controller eControi 2 D C motors with a computer or other logic source For motors rated 6 24 VDC eControl forward reverse run cw ccw stop sUp to 6 Amp starting surge 4 Amp cont Dynamic breaking copable eWill also run most 4 lead stepper motors 29 95 USMD C Contro standard 6 lead stepper motors with a computer or other logic source For motors rated 7 12 0 VDC Optical isolation Control forward reverse step rate stop sindustry standard 22 din edge card connector COMPUTER AUTOMATE Use your computer to provide automation 8 separate driver ports per card 8 TIL Cmos inputs e user defined sense switch 6 24 VDC 4 Amps driver max current PHONE 206 682 5025 FAX 206 682 5593 M F 9 6 SAT 9 5 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 91 Integrand s new Chassis System is not another IBM mechanical and electrical clone An entirely fresh packaging design approach has been taken using modular construction At present over 40 optional stock modules allow you to customize our standard chassis to nearly any requirement Integrand offers high quality advanced design hardware along with applications and technical support all at prices competitive with imports Why settle for less Rack amp Desk PC AT Chassis Rack amp Desk Models Accepts
55. is justly the most famous of them Computer users speak of LIST as though excellent or wonderful were part of its name It s on everyone s short list of indispen sable tools But LIST raises the simple act of screening a file to a high art that most of its users don t appreciate I thought it was high time to do more than praise LIST in passing Let s list as it were some of its virtues How Do I List Thee First of all LIST will list a file of course You can scroll right and left in a wide file as well as the usual up and down A toggle can turn off the high bit on the extended ASCII set if you are viewing a WordStar document file Tabs can be expanded Hexadecimal codes for the ASCII characters can be displayed LIST can even manage a binary file like COM Buerg describes the text processing features of LIST as filtering One of his most impres sive filtering feats is the elimination of ex traneous garbage like control codes often found in the session capture files of com munications programs But Buerg goes one better by giving LIST the power to clean up messy files That is not only can you read a file without the interference of noise characters and happy faces you can write to disk a copy that matches the tidy ver sion you ve seen on screen Shareware authors are getting better or ganized and more sophisticated these days but in the past I found LIST indispensable for read ing
56. its several fields to the comma delimited format used for data files by WordStar MBASIC dBASEII and many other programs After conversion the sample Perfect Filer record in Figure 2 would look like this broken into more than one line to fit magazine margins Marguerite Bremer Mrs Marg 636 Helicon 285 Minor Func tion CA 92506 619 5558341 x 1 1 84 Every field is enclosed with double quotes fields are separated by commas empty fields are represented by and the record ends with Figure 1 Perfect Filer Sector 0 Hex Dump Address 0000006 000010 Sector zero serves as a file header It s filled with 00H except for the first few bytes Bytes 00 and 01 show the number of sectors in the file in the usual low byte high byte order This ex ample has 007FH so the file has 127 sectors of 128 bytes each Bytes 04 and 05 contain the number of sectors in use including sector 0 in this case 0058H or 88 Sectors 1 and onward store the data In un used erased sectors byte 00 is OFFH In active records byte 00 indicates how many sectors the record uses Since Perfect Filer allows up to 1024 bytes 8 x 128 bytes sector per record byte 00 can range from 01 to 08 The following example has 01 at byte 00 Each field in a record ends with a null 00H 84 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A OB OC OD OR OF 78 00 02 0D 58 00 00 00 00
57. knows how big or how many it can automatically place ob jects on the stack If size or number can t be known until run time you have to figure it out in the program and allocate 36 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Figure 4 The shapelist Class Copyright 1988 Bruce Eckel Permission required to distribute source file shapelst hpp Two classes to manage a list of cadshapes A shapelist contains a list of what else shapelist elements which simply hold a cadshape and a link to the next element The usual linked list stuff you can insert step through eta ifndef SHAPELST_HPP define SHAPELST HPP finclude cadshape hpp tell the compiler the class exists class shapelist Glass shapelist element cadshape shp shapelist element next public allow shapelist access to the private elements of this class friend shapelist shapelist element cadshape s shapelist element hd shp s next hd i class shapelist shapelist element head current public shapelist current head new shapelist element feadshape 0 shapelist element 0 end of list marked by null pointers void insert cadshape s shapelist element p new shapelist element s head head p void reset current head cadshape next void remove cadshape 8s hunt through the list and find the nearest element
58. member functions are defined This file is compiled into an ob ject module not to be confused with ob jects which are instances of a class ugh what a syntactic mess C programming at the top level consists of simply including all the header files for the classes you want to use declaring instances of those classes objects just like you would declare in tegers or floating point numbers calling member functions for the objects and linking in the object modules I ve il lustrated this in Figure 1 The main routine simply manipulates objects A Classy Lingo The main feature which makes C Figure 1 Main MicroCad Code Copyright 1988 Bruce Eckel Permission required to distribute source file microcad cpp The main driver program for the CAD system This includes all the other types I ve defined declares some instances and makes them dance around finclude include lt stdio h gt lt stdlib h gt include lt conio h gt include lt msmouse h gt flash graphics declarations include lt fig h gt ALL items starting with fg are from the flash graphics library finclude lt string h gt include msmenu hpp Figure finclude circle hpp Figure include square hpp Figure include Line hpp Figure include shapeist pp Figure 11 associate unique integers with the following enum CIRCLE SQUARE LINE MOVE DELETE EXIT struct men
59. money And without custid Ernane Loe moea A tor bisuvien 2 Sanh 5 d rf TBM ee throwing out their favorite software 166 Sarah ae r keia QEMM 50 60 and the IBM Memory Ci ows a eOe Ei customers PCs and it quickly finds i ero ee as es ae their programs and lists them on Experts are voting for menus So they can just pointtothe amp o Eiman DESQview And over a program using keyboard or mouse One picture is worth a thousand promises million users too to start it up DESQview knows where If all of this sounds like promises that program lives And what command Multitasking beyond 640K you ve been hearing for future systems then loads it a as DESQvews When your customers want to use you can understand why so many VARs and For those who APL with its strengths nine several programs together they don thave system integrators have chosen DESQview have trouble task communications and multi to leave their current program Just open And why PC Magazine gave remembering DOS rei Y auskand ey the next program View programs in DESQview its Editor s Choice commands itadds jheaprsmuiboxesand shared windows or full screen Open more Award for The Best Alternative to menus to DOS It programs programmersare programs than they have memory for 05 2 why readers of InfoWorld evenletsthemsort eto design Pri ieska And multitask them In 640K Or if they twice voted DESQview Product of files and mark those of 08 2 owna special EMS
60. object for calling a function in the base class everything works fine except you can only call the base class function this way A virtual function on the other hand allows you to call the proper function for an inherited class via a pointer of the base class type The MicroCad program has a virtual function called draw in the cadshape base class Cadshape is inherited into circle square and line each of which has a different way of drawing itself What we want to do is manipulate a list of shapes and thus not have to worry about how to draw them erase them etc Virtual functions allow this they call the correct draw function at run time regardless of whether the shape is a circle square line or some new type of shape you ve just added Virtual Function Operation Normal C member function calls are resolved by the compiler which knows the specific member function at compile time and simply makes a call to the absolute address of that function In this case the size of the object is simply the size of the structure to hold all the data elements you ve defined It however you declare any member function s to be virtual an extra pointer is secretly added to the structure by the compiler to see this try taking the sizeof an object with and without virtual func tions The pointer is the address of a table of function pointers all the ad dresses of the virtual functions When we use virtual functions th
61. of ad jacent neural processes It s therefore pos sible that neurons may be selectively seeking other neurons with high levels of firing activity with which to form con nections synapses Uninvolved neural processes can be allowed to forget by remaining uncon nected being routed around overwrit ten and in certain cases atrophying Biological systems have developed other tricks as well to selectively filter only the most frequent of stimuli Trick 1 Crowding By simply crowding the tissue we can create a competition for synapses Less frequent stimuli will be reinforced less often and tend to become over powered See Figure 3 Crowding gives neural tissue a simple automatic mechanism to reduce the complexity of real world data it reduces the data to the most important frequent events and responds only to these The next level can repeat the process using the output of the previous level thereby automatically creating or derly hierarchies Trick 2 Inhibitory Synapses Studies have shown that the connec tions synapses between neurons are in hibitory as well as stimulating by nature When neural activity of inhibitory neurons reaches one of the places where two neurons touch the pre synaptic neuron inhibits activity in the post synaptic neuron Since one neuron may contact as many as 10 000 other neurons we can see that many neurons may be silenced or at least partly silenced This phenom
62. of code Code reusability combined with copy cut paste editing means that an experienced Smalltalk programmer generally spends less time typing than a C programmer Make it work then make it fast is something we all need to repeat to our selves from time to time Smalltalk makes it work like no other and when it comes time to make it fast there is help All popular versions of Smalltalk include some means for access to as sembly code and Tektronix and Digitalk Smalltalk include full access to all system calls If you decide to buy a Smalltalk im plementation and work for someone with deep pockets consider getting a Smalltalk 80 variant ParcPlace Smalltalk 80 is available on many plat forms but at a kilobuck a pop it s probably not a personal purchase If your employer has really deep pockets buy a Tektronix bitmap workstation Smalltalk s included And the Tektronix hardware and Unix port have been designed for Smalltalk so it s better integrated If you re running on a PC clone or a Mac II then Smalltalk V is your best bet It s inexpensive well supported and the Mac II and 80286 versions are very fast The environment while dif fering considerably from Smalltalk 80 shares a large group of Smalltalk 80 classes The version that runs on vanilla 8088 PCs is cheap but lacks the speed and object space necessary for large ap plications Vendors Digitalk Inc has sold more copies of
63. of reaching the marketplace Speeding Up AT Floats Sandy uses Autocad to do our schematics It s a good pack age but larger drawings like the XT schematic get pretty slow Five minute redraw on an 8 MHz 80186 with an 8 MHz 8087 So we put together a 12 MHz 80286 AT clone with an 8 MHz 80287 math chip and a super fast hard drive Boy did that puppy scream four minute redraw Now hold on a minute What s happening This system costs twice as much as the other one It s got to be faster than this About a week later Scott Baker called to tell me about his little adaptor board If you have an 8 MHz 80287 this ll make it run 8 MHz Big deal I ve got a 12 MHz AT Sure the 287 s running slower than the 286 but it s no doubt already running faster than the 8 MHz that it s rated Intel has had trouble making fast 287s so ATs have traditionally run their coprocessors sig nificantly slower Tli send you some benchmark programs Run them you ll Around the Bend be surprised He did I was My 250 80287 was loafing along at 6 2 MHz At this rate it might as well have been a really cheap 6 MHz 80287 No wonder Sandy s plots were slow Okay I popped out the lag gardly 80287 plugged in Scott s tiny adaptor board it generates a 24 MHz clock which the 80287 divides by three and plugged in the math chip Wow Only 3 1 2 minutes Oh well At least that 287 is finally pulling its weight I m
64. of the records database Trouble In plain FIG Forth the statement PAD 20 EXPECT lt CR gt Sgt Pepper lt CR gt causes PAD to accept characters until the lt CR gt When PAD 20 TYPE is used to display the string only the characters up to lt CR gt are displayed However in the KForth derived from the extensions the PAD 20 TYPE only displays EFORTH Further ex amination of memory in the area reveals the same string no matter what is written to PAD by means of the EX PECT word The string actually extends from HERE 63 to HERE 99 and consistently overwrites that part of PAD The string is a group of five num bers followed by the word EFORTH and a series of dashes So I did some sleuthing After loading SCN 2 which has some screen clearing words a new LOAD etc PAD works okay But TYPE caused the screen to clear and the cursor to home Loading the editor SCN 61 97 caused TYPE to display characters after the lt CR gt in the string even if they were garbage up to the number re quested SCNs 12 17 showed no change After SCN 18 the ERR OOPS words characters after the lt CR gt were represented by an underline However after the Magic Incantation SCN 7 and the PATCHes to QUIT FORGET and ERROR the command PAD 20 TYPE returned the aberrant string In one at tempt the string didn t appear until I saved the new Forth after BYE I m not familiar enough w
65. sends a recalcl message forward to all of its outputs who send it to their outputs and so on Like today s popular spreadsheets the project manager uses a minimal recalc al gorithm so that only parts of the project that actually change are recalculated The recalcl message is only passed on if the earlyStart or time changes other wise the outputs don t need to be recal culated Figure 6 shows the critical path recal culation algorithm Windows Objects Of course it d be nice to have pulldown menus and graphic displays of the results Since Actor is a Microsoft Windows development environment these are easy Microsoft Windows is already some what object oriented When the user clicks on the mouse or presses a key MS Windows will send a message to the ap propriate window Because of the object oriented approach programming Microsoft Windows is much easier in Actor than in a procedural language like C Actor has predefined classes for win dows dialog boxes scroll bars etc You ll define a new window class called ProjWindow which inherits the 22 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Figure 5 The Class Tree Diagram Windows Network Resource Object Ea a tee Figure 6 The Critical Path Recalculation Algorithm Network class methods Recalculate the entire network Invalidate all nodes so that a full recalc will be forced Then do both the forward and backwards recalc passes The forw
66. setting up my tent and meeting a few of the other campers members of the Bosphorus Univer sity Cave Explorers Society I tried to think of things to write about Still no luck Maybe after lunch While we were four wheeling down the high mountain roads swimming in rock studded canyons not enough water to boat and of course photographing the many varieties of unique looking mushrooms in a newly discovered cave I was constantly well sometimes trying to think of topics to write about before my upcoming deadline Well I hate to let this out but it s pretty damn difficult to come up with article ideas for a computer magazine while frying bread over a gasoline backpacking stove in the mid dle of a beautiful green meadow over 50 miles from the nearest paved highway Maybe I should see if there are any openings at Outside Magazine I asked some of the others for ideas How about Caving as Recreational Therapy for Computer Scientists I know You can write about a computer controlled camp dinner menu creation system Of course it would ignore all requests to put sujuk a disgusting spiced sausage on the menu Show how to write a program to take all the measurements we make and generate an accurate map of the cave automatically Wait a minute Let s get back to this idea of sausage elimination No luck there We had the sujuk and we had to eat dinner But I didn t have the necessary equip
67. system it s loafing The Solution Speed up your AT s 80287 s clock rate to it s maximum frequency with a co processor daughter board 8 or 10 Mhz versions available for 29 95 80287 not included Simple installation Sierra Circuit Design 18185 West Union Road Portland Oregon 97229 503 645 0734 THE DISK ACCELERATOR EASY To Install Cache up to 3 MEGS of EXTENDED and or ANDED 4 Buffers up to 26 DEVICE driven drives WA Via Comes with 2 FREE utilities HNIINH CHOKE ORDER NOW 800 25 FLASH 19 95 SOFTWARE MASTERS 6352 North Guilford Ave Indianapolis In 46220 317 253 8088 To receive discount price DEMAND ITI 5 00 shp hnd in USA amp CANADA 15 00 overseas uses MS DOS disks e K OS ONE manual 10 e HT68K SBC w K OS ONE 395 C co e Screen Editor Toolkit 50 MPILER e HT FORTH MICRO COMPUTER CONTROL bree Go welelier 6 Spee sheets P O Box 275 Hopewell NJ 08525 USA HAWTHORNE TECHNOLOGY Telex 9102404881 MICRO UQ 1411 S E 31st Ave Portland OR 97214 609 466 1751 503 232 7332 TURBO C DEBUGGER ONELINERS NO ASSEMBLY REQUIRED for IBM PCs and S Ba Trouble Shoot Your Programs De opp Or Command ne ag a rou og instantly alphabetically lists both the current From Your Source Code a full screen window n eee Locale Global Automatically translates Wordstar and Word 5 Vear Cade perfect 4 2 files including summary boxes to Set Breakpoi
68. 1600A Logic Analyzer HP1600A 1607A Logic Anlyzr 1000 00 DBASE BOOK OF BUSINESS APPLICATIONS by Michael J Clifford Reg 19 95 nowonLy 3 00 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 7 A Taste Of Smalltalk Object Oriented Programming From The 8 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Bottom Up One of the things that surprised me as I read through this and the other object oriented articles in this issue was the similarities among languages The ideas of objects classes and messages are definitely key It s where things are bound fancy term for when space is allocated that seems to change from interpreter Smalltalk to com piler C Check out all these pieces I think you ll really get a sense of these unique languages Research Center in California began developing a new programming lan guage Smalltalk Several versions later in 1981 they released Smalltalk 80 In August 81 BYTE devoted an en tire issue to Smalltalk 80 introducing the micro computer world to object oriented programming There are now several versions of Smalltalk we list them and other sour ces at the end of this article the early 70s the Xerox Palo Alto What s In A Smalltalk When you buy a Smalltalk you get TT By Jan Steinman and Barbara Yates 1 A virtual image file which con tains the source code for a group of core classes 2 A starter set of programming tools 3 An interpreter
69. 3cf 28000 1 outp Ox3ct save screen 0 1 2 3 0 void get screen char filename 13 set t set set set reset gt read plane save plane read piane save plane tead piane save piane read plane save plane read plane OWWNHNH FOO char far sernptr FILE f shar far 0xa0000000 sernptr foper outp 0x3c4 2 fread scrnptr 28000 outp 0x34 2 fread scrnptr 28000 outp Ox3c4 2 fread scrnptr 28000 outp O0x3c4 2 fread scrnptr 28000 outp Ox3c4 2 fclose get screen rak filename rb if f NULL return 0x305 1 Ox3 5 1 Ox3cS 1 f Ox3c5 Ox3c5 outp outp outp outp Qutp open file for binary read 7 if error 1 2 af set up ptr to EGA mem opening file return ef fo xf f ef set to write get set to write get set to write get set to write get restore latch plane plane plane plane plane plane plane 3 piane f register Jx 7 Micro Ads A Micro Ad is the inexpensive way to reach over 22 000 technical folks like yourself To place a Micro Ad just print out your message make it short and sweet and mail it to Micro C We ll typeset your ad no charge and run it in the next available issue You can also send camera ready copy Rates 99
70. 640 X 350 with 16 colors the file produced is 115 200 bytes save_screen and get_screen can also be adapted to work with other EGA modes To save a 640 X 200 16 color EGA screen the 28000 parameter of all fwrite and fread func tions should be changed to 16000 This produces a 64K screen file For a 320 X 200 16 color screen use 8000 This results in a 32K file These functions should compile under both QuickC and Turbo C Use either the large or compact memory models because of the use of far pointers These routines were adapted from a good book on graphics High Perfor mance Interactive Graphics Modeling Rendering and Animating For IBM PCs and Compatibles by Lee Adams All the programs in the book are written in BASIC yet I ve found it an invaluable source of information on reflections shading and other similar topics Steven Byrnes 10510 Emnora Houston TX 77043 Figure 3 Quick EGA Screen Save Restore a dhar far scrnptr FILE f sernptr fopen filename wbh void save screen char filename 13 char far OxaQ000000 set up tr to EGA mem open file for binary write outp Ox3ce 4 fwrite scrnoptr outp Ox3ce 4 fwrite sernptr outp 0x3ce 4 fwrite sernptr outp Ox3ce 4 fwrite sernptr outp O0x3ce 4 fclose f outp Ox3cf 28000 1 outp Ox3cf 28000 1 outp Ox3cf 28000 1 outp 0x
71. 74 NOT ON SCHEMATIC N C 3 7 9 12 CND 5 6 8 18 1 U43 PIN 21 S RD zeg 2 5 a 29 11 13 14 15 2 cH gt 4 u25 L514 FORMERLY UNUSED jis a Vee NOT INSTALLED FORMERLY UNUSED U53 NOT ON SCHEMATIC 1 6 9 13 U53 14 PIN 8 MHz EMPTY 14 Veco U78 LS157 A SELECTED FORMERLY UNUSED MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 81 Unbelievable SOURCER SOURCER creates detailed commented source code and listings from memory and executable files Built in data analyzer and simulator resolves data across multiple segments and provides detailed comments on interrupts and subfunctions I O ports and much more Determines necessary assembler directives for reassem bly Complete support for 8088 through 80286 V20 V30 8087 and 80287 instruction sets We welcome comparisons with any other product because no product comes close to the ease of use and output clarity of SOURCER On my list of programs that I simply won t do without Robert Hummel Senior Technical Editor PC Magazine E SEE HOW PROGRAMS WORK E EASILY MODIFY PROGRAMS SAMPLE resetprn Ist ResetPRN v1 01 Sourcer Listing 19 Apr 88 4 05 pm Page 1 OUTPUT PAGE 60 132 Fully i RESETPRN automatic Created 15 Apr 88 Version 1 01 Program header data_le 0040 0008 378h segment para public Assembler assume cs
72. ARE INCLUDED ON A 5 INCH PC XT DISKETTE FULL DOCUMENTA TION AND SCHEMATICS ARE ALSO INCLUDED NEW NEW IC TESTER 149 00 SIMILAR TO BELOW EPROM PROGRAMMER PLUGS IN TO YOUR PC OR XT TESTS ALMOST ALL 14 16 AND 20 PIN 74XX SERIES INCLUDES STANDARD POWER S AND LS DEVICES ALSO TESTS CD4000 SERIES CMOS SOFTWARE INCLUDED CAN EVEN DETERMINE PART NUMBERS OF MOST UNMARKED AND HOUSE NUMBERED DEVICES WITH SIMPLE MOD THIS UNIT CAN ALSO TEST 6 4K AND 256K DRAMS WITH MANUAL AND SOFTWARE 149 PERFECT FOR SCHOOLS PC XT EPROM PROGRAMMER 169 LATEST DESIGN PROGRAMS UP TO 4 DEVICES AT ONE TIME x FEATURES EASY TO USE MENU DRIVEN SOFTWARE THAT RUNS UNDER PC OR MS DOS USES AN INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR SUPER FAST 8X EPROM BURNING THIS PLUG IN BOARD ATTACHES TO AN EXTERNAL MINI CHASSIS CONTAINING 4 TEXTOOL Z I F SOCKETS NO PERSONALITY MODULES REQUIRED AUTOMATIC VPP SELECTION 12 5V 21V OR 25V EPROM DATA CAN ALSO BE LOADED FROM OR SAVED TO A DISKETTE PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE SUPPORTS 2716 2732 2732A 2764 2764A 27128 27128A 27256 27256A 27512 AND 27512A ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BURNED IN WITH MANUAL 169 WITH JUST RECEIVED SAME AS ABOVE PROGRAMMER BUT PROGRAMS 8 UNITS AT ONE Digital Research Computers P O BOX 381450 e DUNCANVILLE TX 75138 214 225 2309 TERMS Add 3 00 postage We pay balance Orders under 15 add 75 handling No C O D We accept Visa and MasterCard Te
73. C based projects and in dependent management consulting for the Center for Entrepreneurial Ventures CEV in Portland Oregon The CEV is a small publicly funded training program for individuals who are either currently running a high growth busi ness or are looking for nonfinancial help in starting a new company Around the Bend planes ahead of me Hoping the one behind me hadn t gotten lost He had We buzzed three airports all prearranged No one noticed I spotted a hawk maybe 20 feet above me He wheeled sharply left and disappeared So much for yesterday now I have to deal with a damp surprisingly noisy dawn My air mattress is sagging I wouldn t have noticed if that duster pilot had stayed in bed But he didn t So I notice And now I a hard core night person am writing in a tent before sunrise in a strange and lumpy place Boy my fingers get stiff in this cold air Wait a moment while I tuck them into the sleeping bag There that s better The door of my mountain tent is open it gives me just enough light to see the Kaypro 2000 screen Really lets in the cold though Very still outside the air hasn t awakened yet My fellow travelers I don t know There are all types ex cept for a couple they re pretty much retired Most have lots of time for piddling with airplanes a few have money Some of the craft are owned by as many as 13 people and I can im agine 13 people standing in
74. Collection or what s in it Enumeration methods include do which simply executes the Block for each object in the Collection collect which does the same but saves the result of each execution in a new Collec tion of the same class as the original in ject into which can accumulate a run ning value obtained from executing the Block and select and reject which return a Collection of the same class as the original that contains only those ob jects for which the Block returned true or false respectively We won t cover all the Collection subclasses but instead stick to the high points Traditional Arrays If you re more comfortable with the traditional languages one class in this group will be familiar Array Arrays have a fixed size and their component objects are accessed by an Integer as in other languages beginning with the index 1 It would be easy to implement an Array subclass VariableOriginArray which would allow arbitrary Integers for the starting and ending index or WrappingArray which would map il legal indices to legal array positions 14 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Array subclasses include ByteArray and String whose elements are eight bit quantities ByteArrays are useful for in terfacing to hardware or accessing bi nary data files Strings are Arrays of Characters and contain all the methods needed for manipulating text including comparing substring testing searching and repl
75. DELETE mouse cross cursor mouse wait left pressed amp x amp y mouse translate coords amp amp y cadshape rm list nearest x y rm gt erase list remove rm free the memory created w new delete rm mouse default cursor break case EXIT quitt break default break fg_term back to text mode reef MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 33 66Give me one good reason to give up C How about 43 Modula 2 saves more time and money than any other programming environment 1 High level language 2 Readable maintainable code 3 Ideal for team programming 4 Supports multi tasking 5 Emerging international standard 6 Pascal or C programmers learn it in hours 7 Language for modern engineering 8 Consistency checks across modules 9 User control over exported imported objects 10 Traps most programming errors 11 Fewer bugs in final code 12 Easy low level access The LOGITECH Modula 2 programming environment goes far beyond the language 13 Faster project throughput 14 Corporations rely on it 15 Adds a rich set of tools to the language 16 Best debuggers for any language 17 Configurable easy to use text editor 18 Integrated environment 19 Powerful windowing interface 20 Compiles twice as fast as MS C 21 Code as fast as the best C compilers 22 Mature and reliable 23 Extended library 24 Standard object format 25 C libraries can be
76. For Your 83 Kaypro PC DOS For Non Clones 104 pages ISSUE 31 8 86 RAM Resident PC Speedup Practical Programming In Modula 2 Unblinking The PC s Blinkin Cursor Game Theory In PROLOG and C 104 pages ISSUE 32 10 86 Public Domain 32000 Hardware And Software Writing A Printer Driver for MS DOS Recover A Directory By Reading amp Writing Disk Sectors 96 pages ISSUE 33 12 86 SOLD OUT ISSUE 34 2 87 SOLD OUT ISSUE 35 4 87 SOLD OUT ISSUE 36 6 87 Mouse Control Build A Midi Interface For Your PC Designing A Database Part 2 Interrupts On The PC Hacker s View of MS DOS Vs 3 X Digital To Analog Conversion A Designer s View 96 pages ISSUE 37 9 87 Desktop Publishing On A PC Build Your Own Hi Res Graphics Scanner For 6 Part 1 Designing A Database Part 3 Controlling AC Power From Your PC Expanded Memory On The PC XT AT Uninterruptable Power Supply For RAM Disks 96 pages ISSUE 38 11 87 Parallel Processing Laser Printers Typesetters And Page Definition Languages Magic In The Real World Build A Graphics Scanner For 6 Part 2 Writing A Resident Program Extractor In C 96 pages To Order pa rs Phone Mail ISSUE 89 1 88 PC Graphics Drawing The Mandelbrot And Julia Sets Desktop Graphics Designing A PC Work station Board Around the TMS 34010 96 pages ISSUE 40 3 88 The Great C Issue 11 C Compilers Writing A Simple Parser In
77. G After SOG I called Grassroots and talked to Christy After meeting Debee I was really excited about the role computers could play in the lives of the country s handicapped Christy a professional counselor painted another picture Eighty five percent of the blind are unemployed on welfare They get discounts on everything special privileges and they re used to having people do everything for them They re the receivers Getting something for nothing We set these people up with computers and they wind up in the closet I think she means the computers Every once in a while we make a good mistake and someone takes it and runs with it just like Debee did There s a cerebral palsy guy who s really blossomed he lives on it wrote his first letter to his folks after getting his sys tem For two years another fellow just formatted disks then he blossomed SOG was really exciting for Debee After a couple days she decided she really fit in Had lunch with Walter Bright author of Zortech s C they had a great discussion and she came away feeling very good about herself She felt professional an Continued from page 72 equal not just a poor little blind girl But again Debee is one of a handful of blind people in the U S who are really trying to contribute Debee s demonstrations of her system were a real hit at SOG We ve got her scheduled for a formal presentation of computing for the visu
78. IBM employees I m sure they ll let me know Continued from page 74 Final Comments An important part of SOG is the feedback we get from at tendees But attendees aren t necessarily representative of the rest of you So it would be great if you d take a minute and fill out the survey card we ve bound into this issue There s a stack of three cards probably near page 64 The bottom one is the survey In conjunction with the survey I m also interested in your life story With respect to computers anyway Check out the short article in this issue on Bits From Your Past Also be sure to see the SOG article by Barbara Hall She wrote the piece for Oregon Computer News It was so much bet ter than anything we could do we asked her if we could reprint it She said yes Finally don t read Laine s column right after this one I don t want to change our cover from The Micro Technical Journal to The Travelog For International Computer Freaks David Thompson Flighty Editor YOU WANT THE SOURCE WELL NOW YOU CAN HAVE IT The MASTERFUL DISASSEMBLER MD86 will create MASM compatible source code from program files EXE or COM And the files are labeled and commented so they become USEABLE MD86 is an interactive disassembler with an easy to use word processor like interface this is crucial for the REAL programs you want to disassemble With its built in help screens you won t have to const
79. IPs AtoD DtoA converting temperature pressure humidity stress position to voltage or current Polling remote sensors Plus there s the software end of this How about the problems of developing and testing programs Building em bedded systems The PC is a good development system how about using it as a hardware platform too UNIX Nov Dec I m looking for some UNIX pieces to run before the Nov Dec 1989 issue but I d like a real blow out UNIX issue iit ate Around the Bend for Christmas With the popularity of 386 systems and the problems OS 2 is having UNIX might just take off We ll shell shock em So If you re heavily into any of these areas have other sugges tions for articles or whatever call Larry Cary or me at 503 382 8048 or write P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 or leave a message for the SYSOP on the Micro C RBBS 503 382 7643 300 1200 2400 SOG VII We had quite a group of women at SOG VII Two of the stars were Deborah Norling and Christy Quinn of Grassroots Computing Grassroots Computing puts together hardware and software systems for the handicapped Though Debee is blind she was an active participant in everything from white water rafting and barbeque to doing two impromptu presenta tions During two 11 p m sessions she demonstrated how she writes software and reads publications using only her laptop and a voice synthesizer Debee Norling and Christy Quinn at SO
80. Micro C forum was also ex ceptional I think that it should become a standard topic I overheard one com ment about the forum however and that was Why aren t the gals up there too Speaking of the gals thank you Laura for all that you did to bring about the SOG I hope to see you next year Another thank you to Debee and Duchess I hope I got that right for showing us that a handicap is really in the eye of the beholder The rest of the speakers were up to standard SOG ex cellence and a hearty thank you to each and every one I d like to offer up a couple of topics for the next SOG to consider Bruce Eckel should do an RS232C lecture Someone should do a bit on Viruses and Vaccines perhaps the fellow who wrote Vaccine A talk by a SYSOP on dealing with Trojan Horse routines and other nasty uploaded bombs Some talks on systems other than the MS DOS group How about another talk by someone from an outfit that makes computers that make a real difference in people s lives such as ZYGO from last year One last suggestion since over half of the topics had standing room only even before the lecture began maybe having three speakers at the same time might help I understand that there real ly aren t any larger facilities available so dividing the listeners up a bit more might give some more room Of course the down side is that the speakers love to see a packed room Thanks to all of the staffers and
81. NOVA e nested ANOVA e multiple regression non linear regression e principal component analysis e Kolmogorov Smirnov tests e Kruskal Wallis analysis by ranks e Friedman two way analysis by ranks e time series analysis e etc as well as many math functions e numerical differentiation e fast Fourier transforms e solutions of simultaneous equa tions e prime number generation e integer factorization e etc Statgraphics is fast we can compute ANOVAs for 1 000 or so datapoints in a few seconds on our Rabbit AT menu driven and includes excellent graphics utilities to allow you to produce manuscript quality lines and pix Editor s note A Rabbit AT is a hare faster than other ATs except when doing turtle graphics You can plot histograms barcharts pies scatterplots and multiple x y z plots You can scale graphs include confidence limits change the color and size of text and even decide on which side of the axes you want your major and minor ticks In addition to having access to numerous statistical and graphical func tions you can also export and import dBASE DIF LOTUS and TEXT files In fact although Statgraphics includes a reasonably good database manager we choose to maintain our data with Paradox and Tiny Einstein and then ex port it to Statgraphics when we need to analyze something statistically So far this is the best statistical pack age we ve found and I highly recom mend
82. No 44 November December 1988 3 95 THE MICRO TECHNICAL JOURNAL gt Cts a Objects are the latest buzz word For a long time there was only Smalltalk now there s a whole troup of players including Actor Objective C and C So we start out this issue with a four piece trilogy on objects complete with theory examples and projects Space is no object page 8 An intense look at messages objects classes late binding and all the other fancy terms that have grown up around this fascinating field An inexpensive build it yourself 68000 system A great way to learn both hardware and software from the ground up Plus Hercules Graphics Printer Dump 38 Sharing At SOG 46 ff i f ah or i A e gad egy IAI hw ge LYERA eh he AY ERIE 0 74470 19388 3 O Edit File Goto Help 5 Print Search Undo Window Config while TRUE 7 proce ASCII Table DOS Shell Run DOS Program any length key sequence til match or error jegetseq keybuf i Macro Execution Toggle Color Keystroke Macros 7 Check for delimit s Add Macro if keybuf delimi Display Macros if G irst keypress Check if displayable char if keybuf gt 7 amp amp keybuf lt x 7F printf 4c xkeybuf xcodbuf keybuf xcodbif fe 88 xcodbuf KFF return TRUE High byte 88 for chars Edit source file then press lt CTRL
83. ORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 er a ee a a aI CRE ee EN KITCHEE KITCHEE Kooo j a pe ee Y DOS ROSTA N OER ia ae Fiai Ad SISE z KAY SY NY we LOSS in the business the financial the politi cal and personalities part of this in dustry and forget about the computers We re no longer glimpsing the power we ve got it We ve got the tools We ve got the hardware Go back five years Who would have imagined desktop publishing or Turbo C or CodeView But I haven t answered the question I m still fascinated by micros Still ex cited It still feels like magic when I hit the switch and hear the hard drive spool up If anything I m even more ex cited than I was eight years ago Now It s Your Turn Not only did SOGers discover that they were a varied bunch but they so enjoyed sharing their variedness my word that they recommended I do a varied article I d assumed my articles were quite varied enough already By David Thompson Staff After reading through the following questions I m sure you ll be as inter ested as I am to see everyone else s answers Well they re just as interested in seeing yours So grab a cup of tea take keyboard in hand and muse long enough to get the memories flowing It doesn t have to be wondrous prose just jot down a page or two or three as you would in a letter to a friend If you d like to be anonymous say So I ll co
84. Oriented Language Actor is the new language on this block It gives you a Smalltalk style environment but it runs under windows so even windows become simple objects Zack shows you how to build a project manager 18 Doug Gaffin and Arthur Gaffin Thinking Objectively OK you science fiction freaks here s your article The rest of you aren t going to believe it Doug and Arthur figured it was too much trouble to turn a computer into an expert 26 so they just taught it how to learn all by itself using objects Surprise Bruce Eckel Building MicroCAD Bruce takes on C with a vengence Here he uses objects to build a tiny CAD program Another great Eckel project 32 Larry Fogg Hercules Graphics Printer Dump Larry thought this cinchy little project dumping graphics from screen to printer would take an afternoon He was right If you don t count the two weeks he spent making it work 38 Jack W Crenshaw Ph D The Peripheral Technology PT68K 2 Looking for yet another PC How about one with the heart of a 68000 and the soul of a hacker This inexpensive kit is a great excuse to warm up the soldering iron and fire up the assembler 42 Barbara M Hall Sharing at SOG When I saw this in Oregon Computer News I knew I had to reprint it Barbara really catches the flavor of SOG 46 NOVEMBER DECEMBER 1988 ISSUE NO 44 COLUMNS C ing Clearly Scott was going to take a
85. PC XT AT Motherboards and Passive Backplanes Doesn t Look Like IBM Rugged Modular Construction Excellent Air Flow amp Cooling Optional Card Cage Fan Designed to meet FCC 204 Watt Supply UL Recognized 145W amp 85W also available Reasonably Priced Call or write for descriptive brochure and prices 8620 Roosevelt Ave Visalia CA 93291 209 651 1203 TELEX 5106012830 INTEGRAND UD EZLINK 62926572 We accept BankAmericard VISA and MasterCard IBM PC XT AT trademarks of International Business Machines Drives and computer boards not included Reader Service Number 22 92 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 tion EGA screen quickly Mandelbrot sets for example there is a relatively simple way to do it The computer can only see one bit plane at a time So to save or restore a screen you need to modify the EGA s latching registers to access each of the bit planes The video controller can then map the four planes one at a time into the PC s 64K video window Thus you can create a screen save restore with a simple fwrite or fread to or from screen memory I set the latching registers for each plane with two outp statements and be cause the resulting routines are short they re really fast On an 8 MHz XT clone the save_screen function takes five seconds for an entire screen get_screen takes a mere four seconds to do the restore See Figure 3 for both functions For the high res EGA mode
86. PERVISOR t OW Cost INSURANCE POLICY PROVIDES SURGE SPIKE PROTECTION FOR YOUR COMPUTER ALL INCOMING POWER IS MONITORED amp CONDITIONED BEFORE ALLOWING IT TO POSSIBLY TRASH YOUR COMPUTER OR OTHER SUCH VUNERABLE amp EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT 5 OUTLETS EACH WITH A LIGHTED SWITCH 1 MASTER ON OFF SWITCH SYTLISH CABINET PROVIDES FULL SHEILDING papas apeas RATED 15 AMP 125 VAC 1875 WATTS DIM 12 5 x 2 5 x 14 Regular price 69 95 Your price 49 95 united products corporation DISTRIBUTORS OF ELECTRONICS SINCE 1968 1123 VALLEY STREET SEATTLE WA 98109 4425 Reader Service Number 101 5 25 HARD DISK CONTROLLER CARD FOR ANY MODERN 5 25 HARD DRIVE 89 95 W CABLE COMPUTER A B SWITCH BOXES CN36 A B Parallel Centronix 24 95 each DB25 A B Serial RS 232 24 95 each STEPPER MOTORS Copal SP 57 1 4 Shaft 7 5 deg step 36 Ohm 12VDC 6 95 3 16 Shaft 35 oz torque 2 1A WITH BRASS GEAR 20 TEETH 1 2 DIAMETER 9 95 LASERS 5 MW Laser Tube 89 95 Power Supply Kit 1 15VAC 69 95 Power supply wired 12VDC 119 95 i i f i 1 MW Laser Tube 1 19 95 l Power Supply 12VDC 99 95 Y These lasers are brand new i and guaranteed to have a cosmetic defect or not meet manufactures full specifications All are tested in our lab to insure your S satisfaction L s WARNING Voltages present ona used by losers can be lethal Permanent eye damage could result
87. PTS program accesses the disk with ROM BIOS INT 13h calls the same as our readtrack and writetrack procedures What I needed was something to reroute disk calls at the ROM BIOS level It was really pretty easy I just wrote a TSR in assembly language which captures all INT 13h calls and changes the drive number according to a routing table This has been working nearly daily for over six months now I should say that although in this case SWAPDISK is better than ASSIGN there are still many uses for ASSIGN ASSIGN works great for programs that access the disk only at the DOS level It is especially nice since it lets you send requests to a winchester drive which SWAPDISK cannot do SWAPDISK only works with floppy disks What A Bunch Of Bull Can you believe this I go through all that mental torture for over two weeks just to end up with a couple of silly little programming examples The only thing that would be even more in 60 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Figure 1 Example C code for reading and writing tracks include lt bios h gt define DISKREAD 2 define DISKWRITE 3 define DISKVERIFY 4 define DISKFORMAT 5 define NUMSECS 3 define NUMBYTES 512 define SECSIZE 2 define NUMTRACKS 40 define NUMBEADS 2 7 0 128 18256 2 512 31024 typedef char PRACKBUFFER NUMSECS NUMBYTES typedef TRACKBUFFER RUFPTR BUFPTR data NUMTRACKS NUMHEADS array of pointers to TRACKBUFFER int re
88. Stream and its subclasses are invaluable for sequential access to a Collection Streams While all Collections understand enumeration behavior sometimes it s useful to be able to interrupt skip for ward or backward or terminate the enumeration of a Collection Streams maintain a position in their Collection and are useful for modeling sequential things like files or terminals Stream itself is an abstract class and only provides instance creation It tests to see if you re at the end of the Collec tion does basic enumeration and provides accessing methods for its sub classes ReadStream gives you access to a Collection The next message for in stance returns the next object in the Collection and the next message takes an Integer argument and returns the specified number of sequential ob jects in the Collection WriteStream adds write access using the selectors nextPut and nextPutAll ReadWriteStream and FileStream un derstand both reading and writing mes sages one on a Collection and the other on a file Boolean is an abstract superclass with tne subclasses True and False These objects understand boolean logic They are the objects that conditional branching and looping messages are sent to UndefinedObject has a single in stance known as nil nil is used to ini tialize objects If you get an error notifier that mentions UndefinedObject chances are you forgot to initialize a
89. System Hard Disks Need more speed and storage on your system Improve the productivity of your Z80 computer with a hard disk HDS Host Board This daughter board provides a convenient interface for connect ing a Western Digital WD1002 05 hard disk controller to your computer e Plugs into the Z80 socket no other wiring required e 40 pin interface for a WD1002 05 or HDO controller board e Switch selectable O port addressing e Comes as bare board or assembled amp tested e Kaypro 84 host board also available Winchester Connection by MICROCode Consulting The most simple and comprehensive hard disk software package available for CP M e Designed for use with the WD1002 05 controller board e Works with one or two hard disks 5 to 64 meg e Menu installed no software to assemble e Complete hardware tests and error handling e Automatic swap for warm boots from hard drive e Software drivers install above or below CP M e Allows custom partition sizes and mixed drive types Independent block and directory sizes on each partition Includes manual format test park and swap utilities Winchester Connection Software only HDS Board with Winchester Connection Software HDS Bare Board with software HDS Board WD1002 05 and software Call or write for other pricing options WD1002 05 HARD DISK CONTROLLER BOARD by Western Digital e Standard ST506 drive interface e Same size as standard 5 drive e 40 pin interface
90. TVI 920 KT 7 HAZ 1500 ADDS 60 QUME 101 and Datapoint 8200 Supports IBM PC XT and Parallel ASCII Keyboards Supports standard 15 75 kHz Horiz Composite or Split Video 50 60 Hz 7 25 X 80 Format with Non Scrolling User Row Jump or Smooth Scroli RS 232 at 16 Baud Rates from 50 to es 19 200 7 9 95 On Board Printer Port Wide and Thin Line Graphics FULL KIT Normal and Reverse Screen Attributes w 100 Page Manual Cumulative Character Attributes De Inten ADD 40 FOR A amp T Reverse Underline and Blank OPTIONAL EPROM FOR 10 Programmable Function Keys and Answerback message POCA BRED ets T 5 X 8 Character Matrix or 7 X 9 for IBM Monitors Mini Size 6 5 X 5 inches Low Power 5VDC 7A 12VDC 20mA Digital Research Computers P O BOX 381450 e DUNCANVILLE TX 75138 214 225 2309 Call or write for a free catalog on Z 80 or 6809 Single Board Computers SS 50 Boards and other S 100 products TERMS Add 3 00 postage We pay balance Orders under 15 add 75 handling No C O D We accept Visa and MasterCard Texas Res add 6 1 4 Tax Foreign orders except Canada add 20 P amp H Orders over 50 add 85 for insurance SOURCE DISKETTE PC XT FORMAT 5v4 IN 15 Reader Service Number 32 dp_MAX dBase III Tools in Turbo Pascal 4 0 Complete Support for dBase Ill files DBF NDX DBT file amp record Access Fully Compatible dBase Ill B Tree ISAM Library of 100 functions in TP4 Unit All
91. Windows Mark III Library from Ne erdowell Software lets me do that in C INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH You have three options in today s world lead follow or get out of the way You ve already taken a leadership position in hardware with the latest 286 or 386 system Now you can use that triple digit architecture to blast ahead of the pack with the most powerful new Object Oriented Programming Oops software on the market Smalltalk V286 Smalltalk V the original OoPs tool for the PC gave scientists engineers program mers and educators a brand new way to solve problems And soon they were developing exciting new applications in everything from economics to medicine to space Now Smalltalk V286 gives you true work station performance with industrial strength capabilities like push button debugging multi processing portability 12 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 OOPS under DOS between DOS OS 2 and Presentation Manager operating environments integrated color graphics a rich class library and access to 16 MB of protected mode memory even The new Smalltalk V286 which is even easier to learn and use than Smalltalk V retails for just 199 95 Or you can buy Smalltalk V back guarantee still the world s best selling oops for only 99 95 And both come with our 60 day money Check out the new Smalltalk V 286 at your dealer If he doesn t have it order toll free 1 800 922 8255 Or writ
92. YOUR OWN CLONE V2 1 FREE BOOKLET 90 day warranty 30 day money back subject to restrictions Free Instructions with Each System TE Ho Biz VISA i MICROCORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 1 All the speed and power of a hardware assisted debugger at a software price Hardware level break points REAL TIME break points on memory locations memory ranges execution I O ports hardware and software interrupts More powerful break points than ANY software only debugger on the market Soft ICE gives you the power of an in circuit emulator on your desk Break out of hung programs With a keystroke no external switch necessary Even with interrupts disabled Breaks the 640K barrier Soft ICE uses ZERO bytes of memory in the first 1MB of address space This is especially useful for those subtle bugs that change when the starting address of your code changes With Soft ICE your code executes at the same address whether the debugger is loaded or not Works with your favorite debugger Soft ICE can be used as a stand alone debugger or it can add its powerful break points to the software debugger you already use You can continue to use your favorite debugger until you require Soft ICE Simply pop up the Soft ICE window to set powerful real time break points When a break point is reached your debugger will be activated Solve tough systems problems too Soft ICE is ideal for debugging TSRs interrupt handlers self bootin
93. You can equip a laboratory with all the test equipment needed to debug a wayward computer It s apparent that Frederic and Peter remember those days too One of the beauties of their design is the progressive way you put the kit together The whole idea of the static RAM and a ROM debugger is that you don t need much to start testing But they ve taken By Jack W Crenshaw Ph D 1220 E Idlewild Ave Tampa FL 33604 testing to a much lower level Peters most elaborate piece of test equipment is an LED borrowed temporarily from the front panel I won t detail the whole process here but I ll give you the general idea Since the LED is used for testing it goes _ in first Then it s used to test the processor sup port circuits such as the system clock The idea is to get the CPU running as soon as possible so it can take over the test ing I figured that you d have to have some pret ty elaborate software in ROM to handle the tests Not always Peter uses a trick that requires no software at all He just straps the data lines to ground so the processor sees a constant 0000 After the CPU executes 0000 it incre ments the program counter to of course fetch the 0000 from the next address Thus all the address lines get toggled By checking the address lines with the LED you can verify that the CPU is working The address lines become square waves which you can use to test the rest of the circuit
94. a circle drawing straws to see who gets the plane for this tour Most are pretty simple 65 horse Continental or Franklin whatever was around 40 or 50 years ago Tiny wood or metal prop A wooden or tubular frame covered with cotton and varnish lots of varnish No radio Few instruments Con ventional landing gear with tiny tail wheels Some don t even have compasses We each received a map showing the week s route Now I understand why it s a highway map Shucks the crop duster is back Landing on the taxi way he sidles up to his giant chemical vat and refills A chemical smell slowly envelopes my tent With a second roar he s off again Coughing has almost completely drowned out the snor ing The snoring s coming from the Jack tent I had expected better from pilots but there was a smoking and drinking never go anywhere without their Jack crowd Smoking is deadly especially above 10 000 feet They can t breath My hands are getting really cold think I ll just shut down Continued from page 4 Sunday 4 44 p m Roseburg I d assumed we were flying low because of the clouds and because we were tiptoeing through the Portland Control Zone But the weather has cleared a bit Portland is well behind us and we re still hugging the deck Close enough to read high way signs close enough to race nose to nose with unsuspect ing cars close enough to watch kids play squareball on small town streets I m on edge tr
95. ac ing converting abbreviation encoding and displaying Although there are many methods in String strings are by their nature ubiq uitous and the power of Smalltalk is quickly and easily put to use by the beginner by adding useful behavior to Strings rdered Collections absolve the programmer of all responsibility for bounds checking By increasing the size of an array etc it can accept more objects Is There Order The Collection subclass Ordered Collection significantly alters the way a C Pascal or Fortran programmer must think OrderedCollections absolve the programmer of all responsibility for bounds checking by increasing the size of an array etc so it can accept more objects This is a difficult thing for hybrid object oriented languages like C Modula 2 or Ada to accomplish since they typically don t have garbage collection Added behavior includes methods for adding removing and accessing ob jects at the beginning or end of the Col lection or before or after a particular item in the Collection We have all had the experience of writing and rewriting functions to do these sorts of things in C or Pascal OrderedCollection has an extremely useful subclass called SortedCollection which maintains a collating sequence in its component objects even through ad ditions and removals Any comparison algorithm can be supplied to the Sorted Collection Or you can use default algo rithm
96. adtrack int drive int track int head BUFPTR data int ct success 6 for ct 0 et lt 3 amp amp 1success success biosdisk DISKREAD drive head track 1 NUMSECS data 0 return Success writetrack int drive int track int head BUFPTR data int ct success 0 for ct 0 ct lt 3 amp amp success success biosdisk DISKWRITE drive head track 1 NUMSECS data 0 return success formattrack int drive int track int head int tptr tptr MUST HAVE sizeof int 2 sizeof char int ct as well as low order byte being at lower address int success 0 static char formatinfo NUMSECS 4 0 0 1 SECSIZE 0 0 2 SECSIZE 0 0 3 SECSIZE 0 0 4 SECSIZE 0 0 5 SECSIZE 0 0 6 SECSIZE 0 0 7 SECSIZE 0 0 8 SECSIZE 0 0 9 SECSIZE tptr int formatinfo for ct 0 ct lt NUMSECS tptr track head lt lt 8 tptr 2 for ct 0 ct lt 3 amp amp success success biosdisk DISKFORMAT drive head track 0 NUMSECS formatinfo 0 success success amp amp biosdisk DISKVERIFY drive head track 1 NUMSECS 0 0 return success credible is if they actually print it Editor s note Sorry Laine If Larry can t get away with travelogs neither can you Be forewarned that at this very moment I m at the Bend Trailways station wa
97. age send overhead With the proper use of early binding in critical areas you can improve perfor mance by 25 to 30 The Project Manager Classes Once you re sure the generic Network and Node classes are working properly you can define the Project Activity and other classes listed in Figure 2 The Project class will descend directly from the Network class and include ad ditional functionality related to the ap plication For example you need to be able to recalculate the critical path of the project The Activity class is a formal class that will group behavior common be tween its descendants Milestone and Task You won t ever create Activities themselves except for testing instead they ll always be either a Milestone or a Task Alternatively you could have had Task descend from Milestone but you d ICTIONARY A Dictionary is a collection of data pairs much like an English language dictionary is a collection of term defi nition pairs The term entry is the key and the definition entry is the value of the pair or association A Dictionary functions like a single key database This is how you create an object of class Dictionary with room for two key value pairs Workerl new Dictionary 2 Next fill the dictionary with strings as keys like Name and Age and the corresponding values the string Sam Jones and the integer 22 You are fr
98. age your contacts with the important people in your life Call today for more information or send a 10 refundable deposit to receive a copy of the ACT video demo tape Your deposit will be refunded whether you purchase ACT or not when the video is returned in good condition RON ANGERT S MICRO uae SOLUTIONS WE SHIP WORLDWIDE C O D Dealers Supported Drawer B Riner VA 24149 1 800 323 4829 703 382 6624 Call 24 hours 7 days a week Reader Service Number 24 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 15 BitBlt manipulates Forms and is how graphics get displayed Don t use BitBlt as a model for your own classes it s better used as an example of how Smalltalk code can be non object oriented User Interface Classes The most important user interface class is ParagraphEditor on Smalltalk 80 systems and TextEditor on Smalltalk V systems It handles text editing and entry for the whole system SelectionInListController ListSelec tor on Smalltalk V provides a simple way to choose an item out of a list Un like pop up or pull down menus these lists are scrollable You ll see these throughout the system as subviews or windows within other windows The Inspector class mentioned ear lier is one of the most versatile per formers in the user interface group It allows you to examine and modify the private state of an object It combines a SelectionInListView to allow selecting a variable
99. al Technology PT68K 2 A Hacker s 68000 System Usually I look a bit askance at articles that are this effusive I have yet to meet a prince who doesn t have a few remaining warts However Jack s enthusiasm for this board reminds me of my early feelings toward the Big Board And as you ll see he s very aware of the warts the PT68K 2 from Peripheral Technol ogy and it s the computer I ve been searching for for years It s cheap powerful fast and fun to use It s the perfect hobbyist s system Perhaps more important it s here and it s real For the skim readers among you the PT68K 2 is a new personal computer tar geted to the hobbyist and built around Motorola s 68000 The essential details are given in the Figure 1 As you can see it s a serious com puter with the performance of a hot AT clone But statistics alone don t explain why I m so excited The reason requires a little history e got a new toy and I love it It s A Little History I m a computer professional For more years than I care to think about I ve been getting paid to work with computers Sometimes it s fun sometimes it s not When I m at work I write software the way my bosses want me to in the lan guages they want me to to solve the problems they want solved I don t have much to say about the operating systems or the tools so I m forced to be a closet hobbyist When I m at home I take
100. al ap plication I suggest you get in touch with Tom if he hasn t solved your problem he s probably at least en countered and mulled over it Bruce Eckel discussing latest C Instant Replay amp Tiny Einstein As many of you know I ve been marketing an expert development sys tem since early May One of the first problems I en countered and am still wrestling with is how to circulate information about Tiny to prospective buyers The usual method at least judging from the news releases and propaganda we receive at Micro C is to mail a page or two of hype Although this is reasonably cost ef fective it lacks the excitement of the program itself You ve probably noticed that we Micro C never in contrast to most other micro computer publica tions publish news releases In fact I rarely get even a twinge of excitement from a news release Enter Instant Replay a relatively new programming idea from Nostradamus in Salt Lake City that looks like it ll save me a bunch of time and has already begun to solve my ex citement problem Instant Replay is a demo producer that s out of sight You can use it three ways 1 to produce a prototype of a non existent program 2 to capture screens from either an existing program or to create screens for a potential program 3 to simulate the actual execution of an existing program The screen capture utilities let you 88 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov
101. ally impaired at SOG VIII By the way we re scheduling SOG VIII for July 13 16 Mark your calen dars If you want to get in touch with Debee or Christy they re available at Deborah Norling amp Christy Quinn Grassroots Computing PO Box 460 Berkeley CA 94701 415 644 1855 Compuserv ID 72236 2655 Missing Author A couple of months ago we received a really interesting description of the language Tenne C It s a substandard lan guage replete with expletives For instance the loop and con ditional constructs include Hauloff and Do Fer til loop Whol longasyerattit Yehbut nowait 68000 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER e 4 RS 232 SERIAL PORTS e REAL TIME CLOCK e 12 1024K DRAM FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER BASIC KIT 8 MHZ BOARD MICROPROCESSOR HUMBUG MONITOR BASIC IN ROM 4K SRAM 2 SERIAL PORTS 200 PERIPHERAL TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES ACCESSORIES TO BUILD COMPLETE SYSTEMS PACKAGE DEAL COMPLETE KIT WITH 10 MHZ MICROPROCESSOR SK DOS OPERATING SYSTEM 512K DRAM 575 SYSTEM BOARD 12MHZ ASSEMBLED TESTED 1MEG RAM 6 PC XT PERIPHERAL PORTS SK DOS 899 COMPLETE INFORMATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUES PERIPHERAL TECHNOLOGY 1480 TERRELL MILL ROAD SUITE 870 MARIETTA GA 30067 404 984 0742 COD MASTER CARD VISA CHECK SK DOS IS A TRADEMARK OF STAR K SOFTWARE SYSTEMS CORP Reader Service Number 103 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 73 Around the Bend It s great Culture Corner material and it
102. an and Ceasar Sami s mother s golden retriever I was leaving a lot of work behind in the city but hey it s Kurban Bayram a Muslim Holiday The whole country is on vacation Why not me too While Ceasar wiped his wet nose against the back of my neck for the twentieth time I quiet ly filed away a list of Things To Do After Vacation Let s see I need to put Turkish on that Wyse monitor for Onur I need to unsolder the character generator chip from my Zenith I need to go to Ankara and show my Toshiba to that guy who s interested in buying it I need to contact Infinite about Turkish fonts for Post 54 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Script printers I need to write a column for Micro C Oh God Not another one In Search Of A Topic What can I write about I ve now been suc cessful in publishing just about every piece of code I ve ever written At least the interesting pieces And some of the boring pieces And even some that I stole from somewhere else SShhhh What am I going to write about With Ceasar nudging my back competing for window space to flap his tongue in the breeze much like his namesake and like most politicians of today as well I tried to bring up a mental picture of everything I hadn t al ready written about Blank I ll have to try again tomorrow We arrived in the base camp deep in the luscious green forests of the Western Black Sea Coast the next morning and after
103. and MI 48640 Perfect Filer Utility Extracting Data The Easy Way If nothing else the Perfect software series was controversial Those who liked it swore by it Everyone else avoided it like the plague For all its idiosyncrasies at least it was free with the Kaypro and people like Joe were soon writing patches and utilities to cover some shortcomings Here s one xtracting data from Perfect Filer the database which came with early Kaypros is a painful tedious process which nobody should have to do even once See my article in the July 1988 issue of PROFILES It was an attempt to get Perfect Filer to generate a comma delimited file for use with WordStar 4 0 s MergePrint feature that finally forced me to act When I examined my Perfect Filer database using SuperZap I found the information in Figure 1 An empty field is indicated by a null as at ODOCH in the example OFFH marks the end of a record unless the record fills an entire sector in which case it ends with null Any unused portion of a sector is filled with OFFH See Figure 2 Having discovered how Perfect Filer stores data I could proceed to write a program to convert each record and its several fields to the comma delimited format used for data files by WordStar MBASIC dBASEII and many other programs After conversion the sample Perfect Filer record in Figure 2 would look like this broken into more than one line to fit magazine margins Marguerite Bre
104. and DELETE cases Inline I ve used a fair amount of inline code in the examples this helps reduce the space required to print the program in the magazine Inline code is placed in the compiler s symbol table however except when a function contains flow control in this case the compiler secretly makes it a non inline function If the compiler runs out of memory try changing inline functions to ordinary e g static functions Inline code has its advantages allow ing you to 1 access private members of a class and 2 perform a repetitive group of statements with a more mean ingful function name both without the overhead of a function call But you should be aware that an in line function is distinctly different from a normal function definition No code is generated when the in line function is defined the code is inserted directly whenever you call the function Parameters aren t pushed and there s no assembly language call which saves time But the code is duplicated every place the inline function is called That means your program can take up a lot more space if you write big inlines and call them a lot Dynamic Memory Allocation Ordinarily the size of an object and the number of objects needed are known at compile time Sometimes however you don t know how big something is i e a matrix or how many of something you need ie shapes in a cad system until run time When the compiler
105. antly refer to the manual either although there are valuable discus _ sions on the ins and outs of disassembling which you won t want to miss 3 Thr Cade astera MD86 is a professionally supported product and yet costs no more than shareware And of course it s not copy protected VERSION 2 NOW AVAILABLE MD86 V2 is ONLY 67 50 1 50 s amp h tax C C Software 1907 Alvarado Ave Walnut Creek CA 94596 415 939 8153 Reader Service Number119 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 75 _UNITS amp MODULES Michael S Hunt 845 E Wyeth Pocatello ID 83201 208 233 7539 With John Jones leaving the fold I had a chance to expand the Pascal Column Not that John didn t stretch things a bit with his looks at Modula and his 6 scanner Fortunately at SOG Mike volunteered to do an algorithm column and this is it By the way I understand the Army is famous for this kind of volunteering Mike has a B S in Mathematics Computer Science and he s currently a graduate student in mathematics and a teaching assistant at Idaho State University his column started at SOG Dave was looking for a topic for a new column and he mentioned it at the Micro C forum I suggested an algorithms column I didn t realize it then but I had walked into a trap Dave said in an hypnotic voice Would you be interested in writing the column I don t remember much afte
106. ape which holds any number of other shapes al lowing the user to create new composite shapes Storage and retrieval of these shape libraries e A method to translate a shape outline into some independent graphics representation which can be sent through filters to generate output for PostScript Epson etc e The mouse menu should be created as a simple graphics block and painted onto the screen in stead of drawing it character by character as I ve done here This would be much faster Building MicroCad The Micro C RBBS contains the com plete MicroCad program all the code shown here several other listings and a makefile Once you have Zortech C installed simply un archive the code in its own directory and type make Next Time In the next issue I ll be looking at real CAD systems for designing and laying out printed circuit boards Editor s Note Bruce often refers to ar ticles in previous issues You can get a book of all his hardware articles Computer Inter facing with Pascal amp C plus a disk includ ing the source code and numerous other ex amples by sending a check for 30 plus 8 1 Washington State sales tax to Eisys 1009 N 36th Street Seattle WA 98103 Bruce is also putting together a library of public domain C source code The disks are available directly from Bruce at the above address CITIZEN MATE 12 286 SYSTEM 80286 With 12 5 MHz Clock Speed has on the Mother Boar
107. aphics card and amber or green monitor Keyboard switchable turbo 8 mhz with lock LED Reset amp Turboswitch 10mhz with lock LED Reset amp Turboswitch For 30MB Miniscribe add 15 00 80386 KIT Includes 1MB RAM 1 360K floppy drive 1 1 2 MB FD 1 40MB HD DTK bios switchable keyboard monochrome monitor monographics Serial parallel ports case power supply game port clock calendar Main board made in U S A 8 20 mhz 80286 AT KIT Includes 640K RAM 1 2 MB FD 1 360K floppy drive and 40 MB Miniscribe 3650 HD 6 10mhz serial parallel and game ports clock calendar AT style keyboard cabinet power supply mono graphics card amber or green monitor keyboard switchable turbo 40 MB HD MFM 60 MB HD RLL Reader Service Number 2 Micro s COMPUTERS P O Box 1221 Bend Oregon 97709 503 388 1194 Hours Monday Friday 9 00 5 30 with controller SOFTWARE MS DOS 3 21 w GW Basic 49 00 Flight Simulator 3 0 39 95 ACCESSORIES Generic Analog Joystick Gravis Analog Joystick V20 8mhz 1200 Baud Internal 2400 Baud Internal EPROM Programmer 4 gang Memory Chips MICE Logitech 2 Button serial Logitech 3 Button serial or bus Logitech HiRez bus With mouse purchase only call for prices First Publisher Generic CAD 3 0 0 0 50 00 Paintshow Prices are subject to change without notice Shipping CHARGES will be added BUILDING
108. aque I ve writ ten two new versions of the function one is in 16 bit 80x86 code see Figure 1 and the other is in 386 code see Figure 2 The 386 version il lustrates use of the bsr instruction transform has very little effect on the speed of the fractal program but I don t want the old version of the function to stand as an example of bad coding I m reminded of a familiar col lege experience turning in an exam and realizing a split second later exactly what I did wrong How embarrassing Figure 1 80x86 transform Function cseg public transform transform pop di pop cx jiter pop bx sub sp 4 emp cx bx ja do loop jmp di do loop mov ax bx sub cx bx loopit inc ax shr ox 1 nz loopit gmp di Figure 2 80386 transform Function cseg public transf386_ transf386_ switchpt ee required by DeSmet for short return So far FR386 has run on 16 and 20 MHz Compags with both Herc and EGA VGA graphics and on 16 and 20 MHz PS 2 80s standard VGA and IBM s super duper Hi res VGA I did note one problem If a computer has a Herc board but you haven t run the program to enable graphics the is_herc func tion returns a nonzero value and FR386 starts writing to the screen in character mode Harlan Stockman 5308 Noreen Dr NE Albuquerque NM 87111 EGA Screen Save Restore If you want to save or restore a high resolu return address short return init color cx with swit
109. ard baud 1 206 252 9048 300 1200 Journal of Object Oriented Program ming JOOP is published bimonthly U S annual individual subscription is 49 JOOP P O Box 968 Fort Washington PA 19034 1 800 345 8112 SCOOP is a newsletter published by Digitalk Inc for their Smalltalk V cus tomers who ve sent in their signed war ranty card It contains new product and upgrade information bug fixes programming tips and other news The Smalltalk 80 Newsletter is published by ParcPlace Systems PPS Xerox Corporation It focuses on new PPS products and services and applica tions written in this vendor s Smalltalk 80 ParcPlace Systems 2400 Geng Road Palo Alto CA 94303 1 415 859 1000 in CA 1 800 822 7880 theActiveView is a quarterly newslet ter available free of charge to Tektronix Smalltalk customers It focuses on fea tures of Tektronix implementation of Smalltalk 80 programming tips column applicable to Smalltalks from all ven dors updates on documentation and training classes offered by Tektronix Send a postcard with your name com pany name address and phone number to Software Productivity Technologies Tektronix Inc P O Box 500 M S 50 470 Beaverton OR 97077 ATTN theActiveView mc Reader Service Number 112 Books Budd Timothy A Little Smalltalk Reading MA Addison Wesley 1987 Goldberg Adele and Robson David Smalltalk 80 The Language and Its Im plementation Read
110. ard pass must be completed before doing the backwards pass Def recalc self invalidate start new Set 10 clear all nodes cost 0 recalc cost recalcl start true true force entire recalc recalc2 self backwards pass Do the backwards pass only starting from the end node The end node is always critical Def recalc2 self recalc2 end end critical true Activity class methods Recalculate the network from this node onwards This requires forcing a forward recalcl and a backwards recalc2 from the end of the net Def recalc self recalcl self true nil force forward recalcl recalc2 network do backwards recalc2 Recalculate an activity s earlyStart If the user has set an earlyStart use it instead of recalculating Send a message to the node s outputs to recalculate only if a forced recalc is required or if earlyStart changes formula ES max ES i time i for all inputs i arguments timeChanged force a recalcl if the time has changed costRequired force a calcCost self if true Def recalcl self timeChanged costRequired oldEarlyStart if costRequired calcCost self endif oldEarlyStart earlyStart temporary if userEarlyStart user over ride earlyStart userEarlyStart continued on page 24 It s Our Objective To Keep You Orientes Get the latest insights and OBI emer to frarmm
111. asn t al lowed to drive downtown and drop me off at the bus company s office near my house Instead we pulled off at an over pass to transfer to a smaller shuttle bus for our final trip into the city As the cargo hold was opened noticed that my computer was no longer sitting on top of its six inch foam pillow What have you done I asked the steward I said that my com puter had to always be on the pillow It s very delicate Its okay I just moved it half an hour ago at the last stop If damage was done it was already done I was too tired to explain to him that the little black bag I was so con cerned about cost more than his wages for an entire year and that it didn t matter if it was off the pillow for five hours or five minutes it only took one good bump in the road to clobber the winchester drive I tossed my things into the service bus and headed home for a shower Hmmm Maybe I could write about the bad things that can happen when you re working overseas The miscon ceptions The disorganization The equipment ruined by ignorance The frustrating delays and feelings of falling off the edge of the earth as soon as you take off from JFK International The people who don t trust com puters and insist on entering all the numbers in the spreadsheet in alpha mode and adding them up by hand The executives who don t take you seriously because you wear T shirts and blue jeans to the
112. asonably priced 68000 based computers The Mus tang 08 and 020 from Data Comp the OT series from Frank Hogg Labs and the Marion Systems MS68K come to mind Closer to home Micro C has supported efforts to build a 68K based public domain system and has run several ar ticles on Joe Bartel s Tiny Giant from Hawthorne Technology However my list of needs describes the PT68K 2 Frederic Brown of Peripheral Technology must have been reading my mind when he designed this board Like it or not the PC phenomenon has given us cheap hardware The prices of such things as keyboards enclosures and power supplies represent incredible bargains of price performance That s one thing that s kept me away from the other 68000 systems Even though their mainboard may be cheap the price for the whole system power supply ter minal etc is pretty steep The PT68K 2 is designed around the PC right down to the cable connectors Plus it s got a PC bus which accepts any PC compatible I O boards The standard OS is SK DOS from Peter Stark of Star K Software Systems For a one man and relatively new OS SK DOS is surprisingly mature and quite bulletproof That s because it s a clone of Flex a popular 6809 OS and Peter has been working with Flex for many years To a Flex user SK DOS will seem like an old friend To the rest of us Peter also supplies HUMBUG the ROM monitor and utility software It s my understanding tha
113. asses are objects You create a new class by sending a class creation mes sage to some other class Your class be comes a subclass of that other class in heriting all its behavior At the root of the class hierarchy is the class Object which understands the messages common to all objects such as printString and doesNotUnderstand And Where Do Objects Come From Most real world objects have fairly long lifetimes With the exception of radioactive Polonium 214 which has a half life of 164 microseconds or choco late ice cream which in our house has a full life about as long real objects tend to stick around Not so with Smalltalk objects They may be created hundreds or thousands of times each second When they re no longer needed they become garbage Fortunately a garbage collec tor knows when garbage is garbage and reclaims the memory In a world of routine object creation and destruction garbage collection is sorely needed So you the programmer create ob jects deliberately And the Smalltalk sys tem creates objects behind your back as it answers messages While the usual activity of Smalltalk programming is defining and refining the behavior of a class of objects the usual activity of executing Smalltalk code is creating objects and sending them messages It s not unusual for a large Smalltalk application to generate hundreds of thousands of objects For example you might do a print it o
114. at DBASIC ex periment In two words it flopped DBASIC worked very well Even the reviewer who least liked it rated it above all the other BASICs for speed and for being bug free So it was an ar tistic success but a marketing disaster I sold 70 copies at 40 each during its first four months on the market and there was no evidence of growth at the end of those four months What hap pened A lot of things Continued from page 6 Giving a lot of copies to user groups backfired DBASIC became known as the free BASIC I m still getting letters asking for free copies I was charging 40 for single copies but giving 10 copy sets free to user groups to get the software out Unfortunately single users were claiming to be user groups The other free BASIC the one that comes with the ST was awful But most ST types don t program very often so that s the one they use Free BASIC competing with another free BASIC is a very tough way to make a living When the ST first came out a lot of techies were buying it just the right market for DBASIC While I was busy turning DBASIC into a commercial product those sales stopped and a new buyer came along the drooling rock shooter Rock shooters don t write programs DBASIC had a command line inter face just like MS DOS and the older CP M and Apple II machines ST folk like the Macintosh folk are dedicated mouse icon freaks and refuse to use a command line interfa
115. aveling through narrow valleys Rounded hills which look insignificant from 10 000 feet now rise far above me After the rude wake up this morning was eventful Low scud hid the hills as we crawled out of tents and bags so we aborted our planned hop to Florence Florence is on the Oregon coast which means ducking through twisty little valleys to reach the ocean Then you face the coastal fogs Instead we headed south following as long as we could the broad Willamette valley A few minutes after takeoff I New PC MS DOS CP M 86 ROM Superior performance a powerful new array of features and utilities and pang Tet is unmatched make the new Aztec C86 the first choice of serious software developers Aztec C86 p 199 optimized C with near far huge small and large memory Inline assembler Inline 8087 80287 ANSI support Fast Float 32 bit optimization options e Manx Aztec 8086 80x86 macro assembler Aztec overlay linker eal model source level debugger object librarian 3 x file sharing amp locking comprehensive libraries of UNIX DOS Screen Graphics and special run time routines Aztec C86 d includes all of Aztec C86 p Unix utilities make diff grep vi editor 6 memory models Profiler Aztec C86 c e includes all of Aztec C86 d gt Source for library routines e ROM Support CP M 86 support One year of updates Third Party Software A large array of support software
116. ble e CONTPONEL ee 129 Archive Tape Backup 150W power supply 49 40MB XT keyboard 42 3MB EMS Gk Clock Card wean S19 DESKTOP 386 20 MHz Desk Top Call 286 20 MHz Desk Top Call Reader Service Number 42 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 59 Loop in the magazine I m sending in the readdisk and writedisk functions to Micro C though and they will put them on the bulletin board or something Have fun with them SWAPDISK And what about that SWAPDISK program I talked about Well it s pretty simple too No sense in wasting paper on a listing Just look for it on the bul letin board or on the Issue 44 disk I should tell you why I thought it necessary to write SWAPDISK though Redhouse Press is using a program PTS sold by Compugraphic which can transfer word processing files to a dis kette readable by a Compugraphic typesetter PTS is pretty cheesy but it works One of its problems is that the Compugraphic Diskette i e the one that is in Compugraphic format can only be drive A or drive B All of the Redhouse machines have 3 5 inch flop pies in A and B Compugraphic machines use 5 inch disk drives so I wanted to put a 5 inch in as C PTS in the spirit of true User Hostile software will not allow that I first tried using the ASSIGN program that comes with MS DOS Un fortunately ASSIGN works at the DOS level while Compugraphic s
117. brary C functions for RS 232 based communication systems 160 WKS Library Version 2 0 C program interface to Lotus 1 2 3 dBase Supercale 4 Quatro amp Clipper 155 OS 88 U sax like operating system many tools cross development from MS DOS ae 150 ME Version 2 0 programmer s editor with C like macro language by Magma Software Version 1 31 still 875 140 Turbo G Graphics Library all popular adapters hidden linet removal bie Ga cities x eg i cap ts A he an 135 CBTree B tree ISAM driver multiple variable length keys 115 Minix Operating System U x like operating system includes manual 105 PC AIP CMU MIT TCP IP implementation for PCs 100 B Tree Library amp ISAM Driver file system utilities by Softfocus 100 The Profiler program execution profile tool Bae 100 Entelekon C Function Library screen graphics keyboard string printer etc 100 Entelekon Power Windows menus overlays messages alarms file handling etc 100 TurboGeometry library of routines for computational geometry 90 QC88 C compiler ASM output small model no longs floats or bit fields 80 function library 90 Wendin Operating System Construction Kit or PCNX PCVMS O S Shells 80 C Windows Toolkit pop up pull down spreadsheet CGA EGA Hercules 80 JATE Asyne Terminal Emulator includes file transfer and menu subsystem 80 MultiDOS Plus DOS based multitasking intertask messaging semaphores 80 WKS Library Versio
118. ce The biggest problem is that the ST in the U S is a toy computer DBASIC was intended to be a useful BASIC That s why it had double precision floating point and transcendentals There were lots of reasons why DBASIC failed all of them were my fault I did not correctly identify a market before blindly charging ahead A market is a group of folks who are able and willing to buy a product or service For instance I can t stand the typical ST magazines And yet the magazines which support a computer tell you a lot about those who own it Early in December I filed for dissolu tion of DTACK Grounded Inc and packed my bags I left New Mexico at the end of the year and am now in Silicon Valley DTACK did not go bankrupt all the bills were paid But it was obvious that the company could not survive even with just one employee I still get about one check a week for DBASIC I send the checks back I don t have a business license or manuals most of them are in Santa Fe s municipal land fill Hal W Hardenbergh 1111 W El Camino Real Ste 109 406 Sunnyvale CA 94087 Editor s note Hal I m curious about the rock shooter Don t send one we have enough extra stuff around the office Beware Vaccine While at the West Coast Computer Faire I picked up a copy of Vaccine to protect my system from viruses The program examines the files on your hard disk all executables and important data files It keeps a ca
119. cellent Most of the folks have come out of those sessions realizing their dreams would be a waste of time and money Others have come out with an even stronger belief that they ll make it because they have a better feeling for what they ll be facing and what they ll need to cope The SBDC will also give you an oppor C_talk tunity to help others I ve donated many hours talking to local folks who dreamed of starting their own publications or market ing their own computer products In the case of one publication the person had no idea where to get articles what printing cost or where to find subscribers We re ALL looking for subscribers One computer product was a very expensive very limited very unfinished schematic capture program which would eventually run on a no longer manufactured or supported com puter Three years ago I met with a group The Practical Union of C and Smalltalk Add a new dimension to your C compiler From C Ease of application delivery portability Performance speed and efficiency of C Familiarity of C use all your existing C code Boost Your Productivity From Smalltalk Data abstraction data hiding encapsulation Full object inheritance Polymorphism message sending with dynamic binding C_talk s practical approach to object oriented program ming in C allows you to realize substantial productivity gains using these tools W C_talk s Browser a p
120. chpt ex now iter switchpt jshort return color in ax db 67h 8bh 44h 24h 02h mov ax word ptr esp 2 iter db 67h 8bh 4ch 24h 04h mov cx word ptr esp 4 switchpt emp ax ox ja do bsr ret Sub ax CX db Ofh Obdh OcOh add ax cx inc ax ret 90 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 bsr ax ax continued on page 92 20 MEG HARD DRIVES SEAGATE Model ST 225 Full 6 Mo Warranty iess face plate 219 95 Western Digital Controller For Model ST 225 Drive 69 95 w cabie Yes These are for IBM compatible machines SHUGART 465 QUAD DENSITY 720 K 96 TPI 1 2 HEIGHT BLACK FACE PLATE NEW BUT HAVE COSMETIC BLEMISHES SOLD AS IS TOSHIBA 5 1 4 FLOPPY DRIVES DSDD 360 K 1 2 HEIGHT BLACK FACE PLATE 49 95 90 DAY WARRANTY TOSHIBA 3 5 DISK DRIVES 720K Byte Double sided Mounting kit 5 25 DISK DRIVE CABINETS BM compatible Power amp Data cable adapter Model FDD 4210GOK FULL 90 DAY WARRANTY with power supply For 1 full height or 2 half height CAB 25V5 99 95 each 300 BAUD SMART MODEM DIRECT CONNECT LOW COST SERIAL MODEM 7x 10x 11 2 CABLES CONNECTORS SEX CHANGERS XT STANDARD PARALLEL CO DB 25M TO CN36M AC POWER CORD 10 004 COMPUTER STANDARD MOLDED RUGS 10 001 RS232 MODEM ADAPTER DB 25 M F PINS 2 amp 3 REVERSED 20 001 SEX CHANGER DB 25 F TO F 20 005 SEX CHANGER DB 25 MTOM 20 006 COMPUTER POWER SU
121. cillating Mirrors IBM TI TLES One Beam Splitter Visi On Graph Two Optical Lenses Visi On Cale VisiSchedule APPLE TITLES One Optical Detector Visi On W Applications M FlashCalc Mini Gear Reduction Moto ST ee Desktopyp MAISI VisiCalc All Controlling Electronics anata Vig CUT VisiFil P Flan VisiLink Assorted Switches Fan he AND tae Flashes VisiDe M MOD siSpell aShCalc IsIDex THESE UNITS ARE OE ee oy V Vi EE REQUIRE A COMPUTER CONTROLLER see for VisiWord veel aera Voce for VisiCalc NOT AVAILABLE FROM HSC Me a VisiFila Yared THEY CANNOT BE MANUALLY CONTROLLED O 9 00 VisiCorp Closeouts Priced from Mouse and Basic r 6 95 to 12 95 equired for Some programs Mitsumi UVEX AW51P UHF VHF VARACTOR TUNER 31 2 x2 x 1 2 Pinout on Case ron 17 95 COMPUTER CHASSIS with POWER SUPPLY These attractive system chassis were manufactured by Televideo for the TS806 20 Computer System They are brand new and include the following features Heavy Duty Plastic Case 17 x 17 x 8 O D Hinged Drive Mounting Assembly for 2 Floppy Drives and 1 Internal Hard Drive 45 12 12 Power Supply IEC Receptacle Power Switch a HALF HEIGHT EXTE DRIVE ENCLOSURE i Attractive Low Profile Case 19 x15 x3 O D Fits nicely directi y unde f Standard IBM Colors rs Bezel fits One 5 1 4 and One 3 1 2 Drive Qnty
122. closure power supply AT style keyboard CRT and two floppies Prices have since gone up I pirated a 20MB hard disk from my Kaypro To anyone who has ever assembled a PC clone putting the PT68K Z together is old hat Even if you ve never assembled another system putting the PT68K together is a piece of cake Everything just bolts into place and the cables snap together In an hour you have a system Firing It Up I fired it up with just the CRT control ler and CRT to verify that I had a prompt Next I added the keyboard so I could run HUMBUG Everything looked fine so I hooked up the floppy drives just ran a cable from the motherboard to the drives and booted SK DOS Simple Adding the hard drive was just as easy I just typed HDFORMAT followed the menu prompts and bingo it ran per fectly A PT68K 2 Motherboard It s been that way on everything I ve tried It s so boring nothing to work on It s bulletproof For the record I also ordered an AT clone from a very reputable company at the same time around Christmas as the PT68K 2 The PT68K 2 arrived within ten days and was running in two more It took me three months to get the AT together and running plus additional time and phone calls to get it set up Design For Testability Though I bought mine assembled and tested rather than in kit form I really ap preciate diagnostics My old Altair taught me that a multi meter isn t enough
123. cs Monitor 1531 EGA ADD 449 40M HD ADD 150 Hard Disk and Floppy Controller 20M 5 Hard Drive AT Style Keyboard Standard Slide Case Amber Graphics Monitor 999 EGA ADD 429 _ 40M HD ADD 150 5 amp 10 MHz ADD 21 2 ea 360K 51 Floppy Drive ROBOTICS 12V DC Gear Motor 1x3 30RPM 7 50 5V DC Gear Motor with Tach 1x2 7 50 Joystick 4 switches 1 knob 5 00 Z80 Controller with 8 Bit A D 15 00 Brushless 12VDC 3 Fan 7 50 Capacitor 47farad 10V 1 x1 4 00 Solar Cells 5V 5A 8 x1 6 2 50 High Voltage Power Supply Input 15 30V DC Output 100V 400V 16KV 6 50 ELGAR UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES 200 Watt MODEL SPR201 129 400 Watt MODEL SPR401 149 THESE SUPPLIES MAY HAVE SOME MINOR COSMETIC DAMAGE BUT ARE ELECTRICALLY SOUND SQUAREWAVE OUTPUT RUN ON INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL 24VDC BATTERY WHEN LINE GOES DOWN TYPICAL TRANSFER TIME 12MS Battery Supplied Not Guaranteed KAYPRO EQUIPMENT 9 Green Monitor Keyboard c cee eee eee PRO 8 Mod to your board Host Interface Board KAYPRO IC S 81 189 Video Pal 81 194 RAM Pal 81 Series Character Gen ROMs 81 Series Monitor ROMS POWER SUPPLIES 0 8VDC 100A Metered 249 00 Volt amp Current Regulated 5V 1A 5V 2A 12V 1A 12V 2A 24V 05A 00 9 90 HOURS Mon Fri 9 6
124. ction ANDSOR ANDSOR RESEARCH INC 390 Bay Street Suite 2000 Toronto Ontario MSH 2Y2 416 245 8073 To order call toll free U S and Canada 1 800 628 2828 Ext 535 295 60 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE Visa MasterCard AmEx Check Price includes shipping in the U S and Canada Please add 20 for shipping by air to other countries If you return the software 15 will be deducted from the refund to cover shipping and handling System requirements any IBM PC or PS 2 or fully compatible 320K RAM one drive or hard disk monochrome or color 1988 Andsor Research inc Andsor is a registered trademark and The Andsor Collection s a trademark of Andsor Research Inc IBM is a registered trademark and IBM PC PS 2 are trademarks of IBM Corporation MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 63 Figure 1 Text of Read bat echo off cls if x 1 x goto heip echo Preparing to display Volume 1 information echo Use the PgDn PgUp and cursor keys to scroll echo through the information echo Press for assistance echo Press Esc or F10 when you re through pkxarc c library library 1 list s goto end help echo The proper way to use the READ command is echo READ where is a three digit number echo from 001 through 099 rand page number He uses keywords to tag each item and make it easy to search for information with the DOS FIND filter Since the index is an ASCII file you can use an
125. d It would be very useful for you to go there None of us know what Mexican food is supposed to taste like They just put something on the plate and if it s hot we figure it must be right They really need an expert s opinion Still no ideas for an article I hoped I d come up with something while working in Ankara It was the normal scene in Ankara Laine did you ever find the IC I need for my power supply We need some help making those new 30 meg drives work right We re converting these programs from Turbo Pascal 3 0 to 4 0 and we can t figure out what to do with this in line assembly code that does an indirect call to ConOutPtr I just imported these printers from France for next to nothing but they don t have a Turkish character ROM Do you suppose In two days I managed to put the Turkish character set on a Wyse high resolution monochrome card and a no name Japanese printer teach a tech nician who doesn t speak English how to install and format Miniscribe 8438 drives with OMTI 3527 RLL SCSI bus controllers fast reliable and cute send a FAX to PC Tech asking what hap pened to the 20 5380 SCSI chips we asked for inquire once again into the disposition of my reimbursement for bus and airplane tickets from last January and even get a down payment for the sale of my Toshiba T1100 Still no article ideas Oh I didn t quit thinking about it I asked ever
126. d ONE Meg RAM with 1 Wait State Video Controller Supports EEGA EGA CGA MGA Hercules and Plantronics Color Plus Controller Provides Support for Two Hard Drives and Two Floppy Drives 5 25 and 3 5 Capability Mouse Parallel and Two Serial Ports 1 2 Meg Floppy Installed 32k Hard Drive Cache Installed 101 Enhanced Keyboard MS DOS 3 3 With GWBASIC small Footprint Standard 1MB Expandable to 4MB Novelle Compatible Nation Wide Service KK KKK KK KR AK KKK KK KKK KEKKEEKS 669 00 XT CLONE SYSTEMS PLEASE CALL FOR CURRENT PRICE HARD DRIVES FOR XT AND AT ST 225 KIT FOR XT 20 MEG 259 00 ST 238 KIT FOR XT RLL 30 MEG 279 00 ST 251 FOR AT 40 MEG 359 00 MONITORS Color Monitor RGB CGA 255 00 Color Monitor RGB EGA 355 00 Monochrome TTL Green 95 00 Monochrome TTL Amber 105 00 EGA Color Video Card 129 00 CITIZEN PRINTERS MODEL 120D 120 CPS 9 179 00 MODEL 180D 180 CPS 9 199 00 MODEL MSP 15E 160 CPS 15 359 00 MODEL MSP 40 240 CPS 9 319 00 MODEL MSP 45 240 CPS 15 439 00 MODEL MSP 50 300 CPS 9 419 00 MODEL MSP 55 300 CPS 15 499 00 CASCADE ELECTRONICS INC ROUTE 1 BOX 8 RANDOLPH MN 55065 507 645 7997 Please ADD Shipping on all Orders COD Add 3 00 Credit Cards ADD 5 MN Add 6 Sales Tax Subject to change Reader Service Number 15 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 37 Hercules Graphics Printer Dump There sure isn t much privacy at Micro C Where else could someone assign
127. d 3 03 bios escently backlit 80 column by 25 line high resolution our one year parts amp labor guaran 640k amp turbo indicator LCD The screen 640x400 super twisted LCD with adjustable intensity and tee and sells for an amazing is a fantastically readable electrolumin screen angle The screen size is 9 5 x6 It s as readable complete price 1 79 9 f Cd 3 MB On Board AT Our McTek 286A is the most integrated AT compatible to date It utilizes the highly regarded Chips amp Technology chip set and includes memory upgradable on board to 3 megabytes No more worries about speed compatibility with expanded memory cards The 8 10 MHz wait state McTek 286A runs at 11 5 Norton SI and an effective 13 2MHz on the Landmark test Serial parallel amp game ports are all standard on board With Award 3 01 bios 640k 200W power supply Samsung amber monitor with Hercules compatible controller locking case AT stvle kevboard 1 2MB drive 20MB Seagate Assembled amp fully tested with a full one year warranty Get in on the most advanced AT compatible 7 3 9 9 I on the market at the lowest price evet offered of only 386 20 MHz W IMB 2899 XT Turbos amp Supers 640k 4 77 8MHz and 4 77 10 switchable XT turboboards two 360k floppy disk drives with controller one parallel one serial and one game port AT style keyboard clock FCC approved slide case eight slots Hercules compatible graphics card amber monitor w base
128. d flawlessly from day one Not one error through numerous power up downs If your board already in cludes these changes or if the addition of these components doesn t solve your problem you might also try pulling pin 3 WR high through a 10K Ohm resistor If you re interested in the rest of what I ve doped out I hope my drawings are sufficient ly clear I haven t had time to really study all P self educated in electronics and a pro might argue the wisdom of some of my choices But my clock has performed flawlessly from day one of what I ve drawn but on the surface it ap pears that Kaypro may have had an 8 MHz upgrade in mind for this board If so rll definitely try for it after I ve addressed the bus loading problem of the 84s Van S Vangor Bethlehem Tool 346C Retreat Rd Island Falls ME 04747 Floundering Forth Back in 1984 I got a copy of FIG Forth for the Kaypro II from Micro Cornucopia that had the extensions added by Bob Bumala and Kevin Appert Recently I ve been trying once Figure 1 Updates to MicroC Schematic for Universal Board Final Version NOTES U76 NOT ON SCHEMATIC N S NOT SUPPLIED N C NO CONNECTION U76 16 PIN SPARE 1 7 9 15 X NO LONGER CONNECTED IN THE NEW CIRCUIT EMPTY Ret Se R1 amp R13 NOT ON PCB R53 N S 1QBK cno E C87 N S ELECTROLYTIC 1 uF U22 IS 74L5 8 NOT A 3 9K RESISTOR PAK 12 U
129. d with old information and responds better to dynamic situa tions Trick 4 The Axon The real world provides an abun dance of data in fact so much data that the same exact set of stimuli or scene is never observed experienced more than once We know that similar scenes are observed repeatedly but the data in these similar scenes usually does not have many pixels of information that are the same How then are these scenes similar Let s consider a stimulus as a number which represents a point in a special highly multi dimensioned space called for lack of a better term white space This white space needs to be vast enough to represent a rich repertoire of stimuli but not so vast that incoming stimuli can 30 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Figure 4 Necker s Cube NECKER S CUBE is an optical illusion that illustrates your neural tissue in action When looked at for 30 seconds the image will appear to flip back and forth between two different recognitions Figure 5 Two out of Three Rule DENDRITES The neuron acts as a digital reduction device A simplified model could be a device that fires an action potential through the axon whenever at least 2 out of the 3 possible dendrites are active Figure 6 Conflicting Images lt gt The drawing above should at first look like a DUCK The drawing can also look like a RABBIT Note that after the high level idea
130. des reference engine Memory requirements maximum 65k Can run in resident or pass through memory mode Can be popped up any time inside any program Automatically looks up a keyword read from the screen Full or half screen display All available Norton language guides will run under the Norton reference engine e Also included is a compiler and linker allowing the creation of your own reference guides Additional Features e Tables keyboard return codes line drawing characters color codes error codes ASCII chart and much more The Clipper and Quicksilver guides also include commands and switches for the compile link cycle a table of reserved words and complete reference to the extend system ORDER DBASE ON LIN E and get the above language guides a reference engine a reference guide compiler linker and manual 30 Day Money Back Guarantee Satisfaction Guaranteed To order call or write SofSolutions 440 Quentin Dr San Antonio TX 78201 512 735 0746 Trademarks Norton Guides Peter Norton Computing dBASE Ashton Tate Clipper Nantucket dBXL Quicksilver Wordtech Systems FoxBASE Fox Software Reader Service Number 108 28 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 The events that are learned by this piece of tissue are objects The organism takes the world for what it is and extracts information from it to build its model An infant in its first days of visual ex periences can
131. desserts Let me tell you about the desserts Stuffed ourselves for two solid stolid hours Tonight s feast was a real improvement over last night when our fare resembled untanned leather The locals called it pizza Am carrying about 60 pounds for a couple who are traveling in an ancient two place Interstate I guess the name comes from the type of road they follow They can t haul anything more than themselves Themselves being significant Boy do sixty additional pounds fill up the back seat I wonder what s happening to my weight and balance but the old bird doesn t seem to notice I burned about 6 gallons during the half hour 50 mile flight from Roseburg to here Grants Pass Grants Pass is drier than anything we ve seen so far and it s very hilly much like Northern California More afternoon winds glad we arrived early Continued from page 70 Tuesday Evening Montague Calif It s blowing like a banshee here wind sock as straight as starched slacks Gusting to 30 really shaking the plane despite the ropes A local said there s a chance of an afternoon thunderstorm if the wind dies down Haven t seen a windier place than this People bend down and hunch their shoulders even when they re inside Air was quite rough coming in so it was a real relief to get the Stinson on the ground For a lark I landed on the hay field they said was their alternate runway Guess that makes them a real airport having
132. ding the very active user s group If you are not the adventurous sort you don t have to get SK DOS with the PT68K 2 OS9 is also available For the record I have heard more than one per son say that OS9 is the best OS ever writ ten for micros bar none Some say it s the best OS period But it s 500 the BASIC compiler is another 500 To me that kind of money runs counter to the whole spirit of the system Finally The system is fast powerful modular and cheap The hardware and the SK DOS SK DOS SK DOS 30 MHz 512K RAM 2 serial 10 MHz 1Meg RAM 4 serial 12 MHz iMag RAM 4 serial software are solid The software tools are not as powerful and or friendly as say Turbo Pascal but they are adequate Cer tainly adequate for creating more and better tools If the public domain underground ever gets hold of this computer there s no telling where it will end MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 45 Sharing At SOG This is the kind of SOG piece that I can t write It s not a disinterested look I don t think it s possible to attend SOG and remain disinterested but Barbara definitely has her own perspective This is also a reprint It first ran in Oregon Computer News Many thanks to its editor for per mission to run this piece pproximately 400 computer techies and myself gathered in Bend Oregon to attend SOG the Semi Official Get together that each year celebrate
133. distinct classes you clearly separate the user interface issues from the recalculating of the critical path handled by the project and its activities This makes it easy to have different types of windows display projects in different ways ProjWindow can display a network diagram of the activities while a Gantt Window will display a time line graph known as a Gantt chart In both cases the windows will send messages to the Continued from page 22 else earlyStart 0 do inputs using input project to select particular activities edit them recalculate the critical path and so on Conclusion Object oriented programming en courages the creation of abstract data ob jects with a well defined public protocol and a private implementation The result is a program that s easier to develop and maintain The project manager is a good demonstration of object oriented prin ciples put into action And with its graphics fast recalculation file load and save capabilities it s downright useful find largest ES earlyStart max earlyStart getEarlyStart input getTime input endif Recalculate outputs if earlyStart changed OR if time changed Don t force it to beyond the next level if timeChanged or earlyStart lt gt oldEarlyStart do outputs using output recalci output nil costRequired p endif Recalculate an activity s lateFinish then it
134. do just as easily with C Bruce s MicroCad is a good example It lets you create and manipulate graphics objects This is the fourth in this issues trilogy of object oriented articles program MicroCad I d like to describe object oriented program ming Three key features make a lan guage object oriented 1 abstract data typing data encap sulation or data hiding 2 type derivation or inheritance 3 commonality polymorphism or in C virtual functions The first feature says you can create your own data types with internal data and external operations For example you can create a complex number a type which contains a real and an imagi nary part The C compiler will know how to deal with this new type s real and imagi nary parts which are effectively hidden just as it knows how to handle the hid den exponent mantissa and sign parts of a floating point number Your new complex type looks virtual ly no different to the compiler than a built in type like double The second feature inheritance says you can derive a new data type from an old one called base instead of build ing new types from scratch every time The new data type is an old one with some additions and or modifications The parts of the old data type that work you leave alone Just change what you need to Feature three says you can control a derived data type through its base This is very powerful but tak
135. e address of the virtual function table is bound to the object AT RUN TIME Calls to member functions are resolved by de referencing the virtual function table also at run time although proper function call syntax is still enforced by the com piler This way you can manipulate pointers to a polymorphic base class the correct member functions are always called To use virtual functions you must pass pointers rather than the objects themselves You cannot say that an object of a derived class is actually a base class object but you can say that a derived class pointer is a base class pointer This is because a derived object is usually larger than the base class it was MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 35 Announcing Modula OS 2 The operating system finally catches up with the language 30 Support for dual mode operations 31 Dynamic link libraries 32 For standard extended version of OS 2 33 Multiple threads 34 Virtually unlimited program size 35 Makes mixing languages easy 36 Most powerful editor under OS 2 37 Background compilation while editing 38 Run time checks 39 Stack checks even in threads 40 OS 2 uses Modula 2 parameter passing mechanism 41 Upgrade available for Modula 2 DOS users 42 Direct Hotline and free Bulletin Board support for all Modula 2 products 43 It s affordable Call toll free 800 231 7717 In California 800 552 8885 Please send me O Modula 2 Compiler Pack DOS
136. e space The output axon however is bi nary digital fire or no fire Note that the neuron is functioning as a data REDUCTION device By making decisions the data is simplified and reduced by the action of the neuron This process keeps the white space of the data at any point in the neural tissue within operation bounds See Figure 5 Trick 5 Feedback Some optical illusions show that the same picture stimuli can provide alter nate interpretations See Figure 6 Some important points are listed below e Some illusions display alternate interpretations where only one can be visualized at a time in other words they compete e Many of the supporting low level features are interpreted in concert with the overall interpretation e When the overall interpretation changes these low level features change also What is the usefulness of this mechanism By the context of the overall inter pretation lower level features can be more easily recognized espe cially if the stimuli is difficult to interpret e If lower level features were al lowed to resolve totally on their own they would seldom con clude a useful high level recogni tion Fatigue ordinarily a very useful mechanism would make matters difficult the low level recogni tions would flip back and forth with little contribution to deter mining a valid high level recogni tion See Figure 7 The subject of feedback extends far bey
137. e Number 70 aaa Please add 5 05 shipping to your order UPS Ground VERY HIGH RESOLUTION The PC Tech COLOR and MONOCHROME video processor boards employ the TMS 34010 high performance graphics co processor to insure the best possible video performance at reasonable prices Color 34010 Video Processor e Featured on the cover of Micro Cornucopia e From 800 x 512 through 1024 x 800 resolution depending on monitor and configuration e 8 Bits per pixel for 256 simultaneous colors e Hardware support for CGA MDA emulation e PC XT and AT compatible The PC Tech Color 34010 video processor is a superior 34010 native code and DGIS development tool We support up to 4 megabytes of program non display 34010 RAM as well as up to 768K bytes of display RAM Compare our architecture and prices to any other intelligent graphics board Then choose the PC Tech Color 34010 Video Processor for your development engine and your production requirements as well Color 34010 Video Processor 1 350 00 Price includes 512K display RAM 1024K program RAM and utility software Monitor not included Also available DGIS 34010 C compiler assembler 34010 fractal software additional display and program memory and various monitor options PC Tech Monochrome 34010 Video Processor and Monitor e 736 x 1024 resolution other options available e 2 bits per pixel for 4 hardware gray shades e Hardware support for CGA MDA Hercule
138. e are many very capable in dividuals out there who are volunteer ing their time through the SBA program Small Business Development Centers The SBDC network is usually at tached to the state college system In Oregon they fall under the community colleges in other states they might be attached to four year institutions SBDCs are normally staffed by instruc tors and or people with specialized business experience The big advantage to the SBDC net work like the SBA is that you can nor mally find someone to talk with without shelling out money Yes they try to sign you up for their classes and try to sell you their publications but everything is reasonably priced A few hours spent with a SBDC counselor can save you many days of frustration and more im portant a lot of money As a side note Dave amp Micro C are graduates of the Central Oregon Com munity College SBDC If you want an un biased opinion call Dave Editor s note The SBDC in Bend is great When Micro C was in its rapid growth phase 5 years ago I was totally overwhelmed It turned out that the college was just setting up the SBDC here when I MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 67 called them I was one of their first cases Fortunately I called soon enough Many of the small businesses they have contact with are already in their death throes The only thing left for those is last rites The SBDC s classes on starting small businesses are ex
139. e coverage that s enlightening re Gases i liable and functional Subscribe today H Address THE JOURNAL OF i i a i H o OBJECT ORIENTED De tie B B PROGRAMMING i Mail to JOOP 310 Madison Avenue Suite 503 New York NY 10017 or F i send for a sample copy 1 88 H J 8 i a Dens wesnnesenseesen sees sseseseeesessseeseeseseeresseecesees MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 23 os ey Finally Affordable Intelligence TINY EINSTEIN The Expert System Shell e Create your own expert systems in minutes e With pulldown menus and windows Context sensitive online help e Free example expert systems Tutorial Interactive full screen text editor DOS access from shell Turbo Fast execution Cluster Trace Explain e For Diagnosing Simulating Predicting Planning Classifying Training and Monitoring systems Only 49 95 Plus 5 S H Reader Service Number 72 Designed amp implemented by Gary Entsminger amp Larry Fogg ACQUIRED INTELLIGENCE P O BOX 2091 DAVIS CA 95617 916 753 4704 24 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 default behavior needed in Windows applications Note that ProjWindow and Project are unrelated in the class tree ProjWindow does not descend from Project since it s not project like Rather a ProjWindow simply contains a project object as an instance variable By having two
140. e definite ly not books for a beginner They are hard reading even for a business school graduate If you are considering starting your own business but haven t made the move yet check out three workbooks Venture Feasibility Workbook by Robert Ronstadt Your Business Plan and Your Marketing Plan by the Oregon SBDC Network Both the Venture Feasibility Workbook and Your Business Plan are designed to help you develop a solid business plan Your Marketing Plan was written to aug ment and expand the marketing section of Your Business Plan If you have written business plans in the past you will probably want to pur chase a copy of Venture Feasibility Workbook first It takes a unique ap proach to the traditional business plan However whichever workbook you begin with keep in mind one thing If you cannot answer the questions in these books you are not ready to start your company A good book on the financial aspects of starting and growing a business is Entrepreneurial Finance by Robert Ronstadt This book has a heavy tie in with the software package Ronstadt s Financials discussed later in this column but is also a very good stan dalone tool Entrepreneurial Finance has the best discussion I ve seen of the financial problems facing a new busi ness Ronstadt does a very good job of explaining this very necessary and im portant part of new business planning I have sent a list of books for posting to the Micr
141. e package volumes I and II Volume I contains 12 utilities volume II has 11 more There are several general utilities like CAT which copies files from stand ard input to standard output However it s the advanced utilities that really make the package worthwhile CLint Volume II does a syntactic check of a C source file Lint utilities come from the UNIX world and provide better syntax checking than compilers normally do For example the following code fragment is in error int il i2 printf d s c i1 i2 Most C compilers will not notice that there are two bugs in the above code First the third parameter should be a string second there should be a fourth char CLint catches these errors CPrint Volume I is a C beautifier meaning that it takes an existing C source file and rewrites it in a regular format This can be very handy in an environment where several program mers are writing code using different ways of lining up brackets and state ments CPrint can convert all of the files to one format making maintenance easier CXref Volume II generates a com prehensive cross reference report of the contents of a C source file It s much more sophisticated than the cross reference generators that come with compilers CXref will even report math ematical operators and C keywords If you re working with a large source file a utility like this is very useful PMon Volume I is a TSR which m
142. e to Digitalk Inc And let us put you ahead of the power curve Reader Service Number 111 9841 Airport Blvd Los Angeles CA 90045 Smalltalk V286 Perhaps but does it let you easily modify and extend the library so that already existing applications can use the changes Probably not unless your C is late binding Late binding of message passing lets all users of an object benefit from modifications To get an idea of how powerful this is I ll briefly describe the abilities of the major classes in Smalltalk Magnitude s Classes Numeric classes are all subclasses of Magnitude Magnitude does very little it s really an abstraction for all classes of objects that know how to compare themselves with each other Abstract su perclasses like Magnitude are common in Smalltalk Below Magnitude in the hierarchy are the classes that deal with quantities like Date Time Character and Num ber Date and Time contain methods for printing and comparing dates and times as well as special methods for ob taining partial information such as day of the week The class methods Date today and Time now return a new object repre senting the date or time a message was sent Class Character contains methods for converting a character to or from ASCII or for determining if it s an al phanumeric vowel or whatever This class has been successfully modified to support Oriental character sets with more t
143. e when source is una i pO A Paradigm Systems Designed r vailable find and disarm viruses or just gm gt y a as P 2 AN Vo oe snO Op 49 95 TriD Os PO Box 152 Milford MAOIST ew o 4004 SW Barbur Portland OR 97201 907 North 6th St Lake City MN 55041 612 345 4555 VISA MC AMEX COD 800 237 9111 Reader Service Number 54 Reader Service Number 117 Reader Service Number 113 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 93 Micro Cornucopia Back Issues Is There A Gap In Your Info Fill in your Back Issues of Micro C today ISSUE 1 8 81 Power Supply RAM Protection Video Wiggle 1 2 PFM PRN 16 pages ISSUE 2 10 81 Parallel Print Driver Drive Motor Control Shugart Jumpers Program Storage Above PFM 1 2 PFM PRN 16 pages ISSUE 3 12 81 4 MHz Mods Configuring Modem 7 Safer Formatter Reverse Video Cursor FORTHwords Begins 16 pages ISSUE 4 2 82 Keyboard Translation More 4 MHz Mods Modems Lync and S10s Undoing CP M ERASE Keyboard Encoder 20 pages ISSUE 5 4 82 Word Processing Two Great Spells Two Text Editors Double Density Review Scribble A Formatter 20 pages ISSUE 6 6 82 BBI EPROM Programmer Customize Your Chars Double Density Update Terminal In FORTH 24 pages ISSUE 7 8 82 6 Reviews Of C Adding 6K Of RAM Viewing 50 Hz On Your Own Begins 24 pages ISSUE 8 10 82 SOLD OUT ISSUE 9 12 82 BBIi EPROM Program Relocating Your CP M Serial Prin
144. ed windows multiple windows per file Execute DOS commands and other programs Flexible cut and paste with 36 scratch pad buffers Block operations by line character or column Search with pattern matching or regular expressions Configuration determine your own keyboard layout create your own editing functions support any screen size e Select window colors support 43 line EGA 50 line VGA EASY TO USE Modern pull down menu system Pop up ASCII table Context sensitive on line help is user changeable Multi level Undo 100 to 1000 levels Undo keystroke by keystroke or line by line On line integer calculator also algebraic expressions Keystroke macros speed editing menu function hot keys FOR PROGRAMMERS e Automatic Indent Undent for C PL I PASCAL e Match check nested parentheses e g and for C e Flexible macro runs popular compilers and automatically moves cursor to each error in your program Easily changed to support new compilers and assemblers FOR WRITERS e Word wrap paragraph formatting and justification e Convert to from Wordstar and mainframe files e Flexible printing fully adjustable margins and Tab stops MACRO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE o if then else looping testing string compare branching user prompts keyboard input 24 bit algebraic expressions e Flexible windowing forms entry select size color etc e Simplifies complex text processing fo
145. ee to mix data types Workerl Name Sam Jones Workerl Age 22 Like a database an Actor dictionary grows when you add to it more entries than you originally specified Below the dictionary grows from 2 to 4 as you add two more entries or pairs Workerl Department Engineering Workerl Reviews 85 73 98 94 100 Mixing data types allows great flexibility You can even incorporate the above dictionary Worker1 as a value in an entry of another dictionary as in Employees below Employees new Dictionary 10 Employees Sam Workerl Access the data in a dictionary by specifying the appropriate keys The following statement returns the array 85 73 98 100 AWorkersReview Employees Sam Reviews You can also retrieve data from dictionaries by enumerating over the dictionary and extracting particular entries Here is how to create a separate database of employees working in the Engineering department Engineers extract Employees using employee employee Department Engineering Another feature allows you to create a new database incorporating only a subset of the original s data You do it by enumerating over a dictionary and collecting particular data about every entry MailingList collect Employees using employee employee Address Dictionary objects are available in Actor as ready made units of functionality They can be modified or special ized
146. een dump it wasn t quite what I had in mind Editor s note does make fractals look better Finally in desperation I called Panasonic s technical help line I do a fair amount of technical sup port over the phone so it s always fun to be on the other end After three days of busy signals I finally got a real live Panasonic technoperson I described my problem and he asked if I d set the mode DIP switches correctly sent my newly debugged program home with Dave It ran perfectly on his Citizen hauled it back to try on Cary s Panasonic and watched it auger into the antistatic rug in flames Great I waited three days for some clown to tell me nothing Of course I checked the DIP settings But I was nice anyway And just to humor him I rechecked the DIP switches You guessed it he was right Never ever doubt the word of your tech support person They always tell the truth and they re never wrong Editor s cautionary note check for the red S on the cape before assuming anything You can do it from your phone booth The Panasonic reads its DIPs on power up but you can reprogram the mode at any time Hence the first line of prn_setup It bumps the Panasonic into 1 Pee eee eee Be ASRS a ae Se Eh E BF Se tae OR eT he ES T ir pi hay E me st el gs a aa X jal a oa an i emanan SRy RREA n eo es be Ed 2508 25 a k tg ning SURE go Ee ae Lbs IEE ET EE PRE Goren I Ja Ml
147. end your old label and new address MICRO CORNUCOPIA P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 CUSTOMER SERVICE For orders and subscription problems call 503 382 8048 9 a m to 5 p m Pacific time Monday Friday TECHNICAL HELP call 503 382 8048 9 a m to noon Pacific time Monday Friday RBBS 24 hrs 300 1200 2400 baud 8Bits No Parity 1 Stop Bit 503 382 7643 Copyright 1988 by Micro Cornucopia Inc All rights reserved ISSN 0747 587X 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 By David J Thompson Sunday 5 a m Newburg I awoke with a start the tent around me and the earth beneath me were shaking The roar of a giant pis ton engine was overwhelming and getting louder Just as I was certain I would be hacked to shreds the noise dropped in pitch and receded rapidly The tent and I were left shaking Wide awake I unzipped the door and tentatively peeked through It was a cool grey pre dawn with clouds draped heavily over the tops of the wooded hills I could see the spray plane disappearing through a divide in the trees wings almost brushing branches its unmuffled 450 horses still echoing Finally it s quiet There are a few quiet coughs from other tents I m not the only one awake Ah the life of a flying vagabond This is it antique airplanes driven by mostly an tique pilots We re sleeping under our wings as we barnstorm Oregon stopping at everything from infor mal grass strips to c
148. endp La seg_a ends ormat grrr rr rte cree esc c ene cce csc n ccs ence rrssnccecnscorensecen stack_seg b stack_seg_ b segment para stack 6593 0000 OOCOLFF db 192 dup OFFh stack_seg_b ends end start Source code output and inline cross reference can also be selected BIOS SOURCE for PS 2 AT XT PC and Clones The BIOS Pre Processor with SOURCER provides the first means to obtain accurate legal source listings for any BIOS Identifies entry points with full expla nations Resolves PS 2 s multiple jumps for improved clarity Provides highly descriptive labels such as video_mode and much more Fully automatic CHANGE AND ADD FEATURES CLARIFY INTERFACES SOURCER 99 95 BIOS Pre Processor 49 95 SOURCER w BIOS Pre Processor 139 95 USA Shipping amp Handling 3 Outside USA 15 CA Residents add local sales tax 6 6 5 or 7 requires SOURCER All our products come with a 30 day money back satisfaction guarantee Not copy protected To order or receive additional information just call 1 800 662 VCOM 1 800 662 8266 V COMMUNICATIONS 3031 Tisch Way Suite 905 Dept M3 San Jose CA 95128 408 296 4224 PS 2 AT XT and PC are trademarks of IBM Corp Reader Service Number 62 82 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 more to get a handle on the language by working through the code in Steve Burnap s book on Forth All was going well until I tried to use the PAD and TYPE words in the development
149. enon can implement crowding even when there are more than enough synapses It also causes active ideas in that tissue to choose addresses synapses that are as unique as possible for use as memory Animal tissue therefore has implemented a clever fault tolerant ad dressing scheme that works even if some of the tissue is damaged Figure 3 Crowding Now that we understand why we need these inhibitory synapses we can select whichever techniques work It s important to note that we don t need to use the massively parallel approach once we understand what problem these tis sue features are solving CROWDING is useful for learning and recognizing only the more important patterns of stimuli Note that the pathwidth set of possible values of the input stimulus is greater than that of the response thereby forcing a net reduction of the incoming data A Powerful Procedural Database and Declarative Language Order From SPEED Where Prolog must backtrack Trilogy can often solve the problem logically Trilogy takes advan tage of logic constraints they constrain the search to possible solutions which either eliminate backtracking or reduce millions of backtracks to a very few SYNTAX Trilogy uses an intuitive Pascal like pro gram structure INTEGRATION Trilogy is complete It s the only language you need for writing Pascal style routines database handlers and Prolog style programs MODULARITY
150. er Thanks to those of you who made it another fun and energized event This year s SOG was perhaps our most relaxed ever it looks like the Intel and Motorola fanatics are going to get along after all with four days of blue sky and sunny weather We were especially pleased to have 11 new and stimulating speakers as well as a dozen old favorites Special thanks to Louis Baker Scott Ladd Andy Bakkers Paul Lamar Joe Bartel Greg Lobdell Ken Berry Tom Ochs Earl Brabandt Mike Sequiera Bill Davidson Reese Shepard Dan Doerr Willy Steiger Tom Domagala Paul Voda Bruce Eckel Michael Vore Chuck Forsberg Jim Warren Allyn Franklin Bill Weinman Earl Hinrichs Although I don t have room here to discuss all the talks I d like to at least mention three of my favorites Mike Sequiera s Chaos 101 was a particular ly illuminating introduction to chaos theory Mike a mathematics instructor at Central Oregon Community College in Bend took a standing room only crowd of programmers and engineers into the depths where order and complexity give way to utter chaos Mike used movie cameras videos gadgets slides equations photographs and stimulating conversation to open up the world of fractals 86 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 and dimensional bizarrity to even the most uninitiated Mike s talk certainly stimulated some pretty strange conversations around greater Bend Paul Voda author of the new programming langua
151. er card s Western Digital WA 2 hard floppy 12 amber Samsung monitor tilt swivel 7 e controller card Hercules compatible monographics card ie Professional enhanced 101 key keyboard AT style keyboard Case UL and FCC approved reset switch AT case UL and FCC approved power and turbo LEDs keyboard lock Complete 1495 Complete 2295 The Drein 88 30 MB XT Compatible XT 10 MHz Turbo motherboard 256 K of on board RAM 1 5 25 360K Fujitsu floppy drive 30 Mb Seagate ST 238 Hard drive Floppy controller card controls 2 Hard disk controller card 12 amber Samsung monitor tilt swivel Hercules compatible mono graphics card AT style keyboard S REN Novell Networks IBM PS 2 Systems Apple MacIntosh SE Hard Drives XT slide case UL and FCC approved Seagate 20 MB w controller 269 Seagate 30 MB w controller 299 195 Seagate 40 MB w controller 345 Micropolis 71MB Hard Disk 600 Tape Backup Units 1200 Baud internal 75 Complete Seagate 80 MB ST 4096 650 2400 Baud internal 145 Everex internal cassette 595 1200 Baud external w cable 99 Floppy Drives Everex internal cartridge 689 2400 Baud external w cable 235 Fujitsu 360K 5 25 L 79 Both are 60 MByte units PC FAX card amp software 389 Fujitsu 1 2 MB 5 25 L 99 Mececcorias Complete PC voice mail card 349 ony 720K 3 50
152. er technical journals have sold out to advertisers Let me say allegorically right here and now and for well into the future it s not true For instance this is the special SOG white water raft trip we set up just for adver tisers Note the whip note the buckets of water note the eyes Are they having fun yet MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 65 YOUR OWN By Gary L Scott Decision Technology P O Box 5040 Aloha OR 97006 503 642 4196 A Change In The Guard Okay I talk to you I plead with you It does no good You think you can just go off and start your own business Be a big shot You re no doubt the same person who leaps out of planes without checking to see if the pool s been filled and jumps off high dives without a parachute Boy will Gary straighten you out have taken over responsibilities for this column from Dave and the gang at Micro C This should give Dave extra time to write those looo oong editorials he is so famous for As with every changing of the guard I plan to make some changes to the format of this column My plan is to divide the column into two parts a description of an existing business and the discussion of a topic that will be help ful to the readers starting or running a busi ness Taking over the column was easy Keeping the ideas flowing is not so easy I would like nothing better than to write about Micro C readers your successes and your not so succes ses If yo
153. erations you perform on it object oriented languages connect data and functionality into modules known as objects Each object has a set of attributes data and operations Objects can be things found in traditional languages such as arrays strings numbers charac ters files etc Actor includes a rich set of predefined objects such as stacks queues sets dictionaries windows dialog boxes etc Object oriented Design When designing an application in a procedural language such as C or Pascal you d probably begin by designing the data structures and then determining the functions you need In object oriented languages the data and functionality are combined in objects so you don t con sider programs in terms of routines that manipulate passive data Instead you think of a collection of active objects that operate on themselves So you need to determine which ob jects will make up the system and the easiest way to do this is to develop a logical model of the system you re trying to create In cases where there is no clear logical model you can determine the objects based on the user interface For example the objects you d use for a spreadsheet would include the spreadsheet window and the cells The Project Manager An approach you can take in the project manager is to set up a project ob ject which is a network of nodes Each node is an activity either a task or a milestone Tasks are activities whic
154. erfect Filer s internal method of extraction using the Generate List Report option With the latter the output must be formatted for each database The number of fields you can extract is limited to 19 even though a Perfect Filer record may have up to 70 fields PF2ASCII isn t limited The input file is always named DATABASE and is on the Perfect Filer data disk If you do not enter input and output names on the command line then PF2ASCII prompts you for them The output works with WordStar 4 0 s merge print which saves you the misery of preparing data files Because the output is in ASCII form data can be exported to MS DOS programs which accept the comma delimited format Why Modula 2 Although I used Turbo Modula 2 to write PF2ASCII such a short program could as easily have been coded in BASIC C or Pascal I happened to have Modula 2 on hand and wanted more experience programming with it MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 85 CO P By Gary Entsminger 1912 Haussler Dr Davis CA 95616 TIDBITS 1 0 0 BOG soc VII Instant Replay Tiny Einstein amp Statgraphics SOG VII highlights a demo producer and statistics Gary pretends he s the Micro C reviewer I don t dare say too much lest I become a statistic myself ell it happened again July came and along with it 300 or so of you made the annual pilgrimage to Bend for our seventh annual semi official micro technical get togeth
155. es some getting used to since there s no equivalent in conventional programming languages Bees I introduce my tiny graphics 32 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 I ll go into this more later Each of these user defined or derived data types is a class the key fea ture which makes C more than just a better C I d like to illustrate these features by building a miniature CAD program MicroCad which lets you draw manipulate and delete shapes We ll create a generic base type called CADSHAPE and from it derive CIRCLE SQUARE and LINE Each derived type will know how to do some things such as draw and delete itself So you can create a list of CADSHAPEs and then step through the list telling each type or shape to draw itself Zortech C Before I go into the details of Micro Cad I want to briefly mention the C system I m using for this example Zortech currently markets my C of choice It s a 99 native code compiler written by Walter Bright who created Datalight C I became involved with this project back in the beta test stage wrote the in troductory C chapters in the manual and now am a technical support consult ant In other words I m taking money from them so my opinions are tainted The Zortech C package includes a C compiler an integrated editing en vironment a librarian a nice make facility along with mouse graphics and standard C libraries You invoke the co
156. ethod definition for calcCost for the Task class Actor source code looks a lot like Pas cal or C Most programmers find this makes it easy to learn The method definition begins with the Def keyword followed by the name of the method the receiver always referred to as self any arguments and after a vertical bar any local variables The do message is defined for all col lection classes and lets us loop through the resources array referring to each ele ment of the array in turn If later you decide that the resources should be handled as a lookup table or a set calc Cost will still work correctly since all of these collections understand a do mes sage Actor is an interactive environment You write methods with an editor called a browser compile them and test them as easy as one two three Classes Of Objects Every object belongs to a class A class MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 19 is like a data type in procedural lan guages but much more powerful Clas ses define the data that make up objects and the messages that objects under stand For example a stack class actually called OrderedCollection includes in stance variables firstElement and last Element and responds to messages such as push and pop Instance variables are attributes of an object and are like fields in a record structure in C or Pascal You can create new classes and define methods using the browser Rather than access the priva
157. ets Two holes punched for binders Case approximately 45 pounds Send self addressed stamped envelope for free sample SUPERIOR XT STYLE KEYBOARD for the TOUCH TYPIST 25 Replacement XT style keyboard with LED in Num Lock and Cap Lock keys Manufactured by CHERRY Complete with coil cord and plug ready to slip into your case Our service department uses these when possible instead of repairing the old one as most people appreciate the nice feel of these made in USA CHERRY keyboards 2 Ib MONOCHROME DISPLAY ADAPTER with PARALLEL PORT 35 Japanese mfg board This is the MDA that can be plugged in with a CGA Color Graphics Adapter at the same time 2 Ib 384K EXPANSION WITH IO and RAM 139 Parallel serial game clock calendar and 384K of memory installed and tested 139 3 Ib NO SCREWDRIVER REQUIRED PARALLEL PRINTER CABLE 10 16 20 Not the cheap ones but the DB25 with the knurled fastener 6 foot 10 one Ib 10 foot 16 two Ib 15 foot 20 3 Ib The COMPLETE DBase SYSTEM for the SMALL BUSINESS 4 DBase command code and operational instructions are contained in this excellent 335 page 8 x 11 book DBase APPLICATIONS in BUSINESS 2 Ib SURGE SUPPRESSOR 6 OUTLET POWER STRIP with EMI RFI FILTER 15 Full 3 line protection in normal and common modes Noise filter helps protect against noise interference Push to reset circuit breaker protects against overloads 6 foot 14 3 SJT power cord On Off switch Conti
158. example demonstrates several of the virtues of OOP object oriented programming such as encapsulation and inheritance and programming in the Microsoft Win dows environment using my favorite lan guage Actor The application was easier to develop and understand using an object oriented approach I spent about two and a half man weeks conceptualizing and programming or about two thirds of the time I would have spent using C even though I have more experience with C In particular I was able to reuse more code than I would have in C and build ing the user interface was easier The project manager is similar to com mercially available products such as SuperProject or MacProject but on a smaller scale It allows you to define a project as a group of related tasks and then compute the critical path of the project its total cost and so on The critical path is the sequence of ac tivities that must be completed in a scheduled time to meet a project dead line Some activities done in parallel may not be on the critical path and thus have additional slack time 18 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Editor s note a standalone version of Zack s application that runs under Microsoft Windows including complete source code is available for downloading from the Micro Cornucopia RBBS on the issue 44 disk or directly from the author What Is OOP Unlike traditional languages where data is separate from the op
159. first pass at Borland s C debugger There s no C debugger So Scott s updating his C list and talking about SOG 54 86 World Laine s disk again showed up at the last possible moment complete with camel prints But our boy is OK asleep on a Turkish bus bound for somewhere 62 ShareWare 65 Culture Corner 66 on Your Own 76 Units and Measures 90 Tech Tips CP M CORNER 80 CPM Notes 84 Kaypro FUTURE TENSE 86 Tidbits 96 Last Page Cover illustration by Rob Sanford MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 3 THE MICRO TECHNICAL JOURNAL MICRO CORNUCOPIA Editor and Publisher David J Thompson Associate Editors Gary Entsminger Cary Gatton Technical Department Larry Fogg Director of Advertising amp Distribution Jackie Ringsage Accounting Sandy Thompson Order Department Tammy Westfall Graphic Design Carol Steffy MICRO CORNUCOPIA ISSN 0747 587X is published bi monthly for 18 per year by Micro Cornucopia Inc 155 NW Hawthorne Bend OR 97701 Second class postage paid at Bend OR and additional mailing offices POSTMASTER Send address changes to MICRO CORNUCOPIA PO Box 223 Bend OR 97709 SUBSCRIPTION RATES 1 yr 6 issues 18 00 2 yr 12 issues 34 00 3 yr 18 issues 48 00 1 yr Canada amp Mexico 26 00 1 yr Other foreign surface 36 00 1 yr Foreign airmail 50 00 Make all orders payable in U S funds on a U S bank please CHANGE OF ADDRESS Please s
160. for 1 time 267 for three times 474 for 6 times a best buy at only 79 per insertion Full payment must accompany ad Each ad space is 2 1 4 inches by 1 3 4 inches OPT TECH SORT MERGE Extremely fast Sort Merge Select utility R AM D I S K Run as an MS DOS command or CALL as a subroutine Supports most lan S 100 guages and filetypes including Btrieve 2 Meg Port I O and dBase Unlimited filesizes multiple W d keys and much more MS DOS 149 New arrantee XENIX 249 775 702 588 3737 Sae Opt Tech Data Processing 439 Peck Slip or call P O Box 678 Zephyr Cove NV 89448 NY NY 10272 718 622 0654 Reader Service Number 64 Reader Service Number 52 68000 SOFTWARE 8051 e K OS ONE operating system Z8 Super8 Want to Throw Out your U P S Log Book Now You Can Here s what EASY SHIP can do for you Automatic U P S Shipping to all of U S amp Canada Fast Easy Multiple Shipments with All Options U P S Approved Shipping Labels amp C O D tags Access to your ASCII Customer Data File U P S Approved Reports and Manifest Summary Approved Nationally by United Parcel Service NO MORE MANUAL LOGGING And more For all IBM PC AT OS 2 Systems Only 365 3 S H Stat Supply Company 20214 Brondesbury Katy TX 77450 800 666 4567 or 713 492 1931 ACCELERATE YOUR AT s MATH Most ATs and clones run their 80287 math co processors at 4 to 6 Mhz So if you have an 8 or 10 Mhz 80287 in your
161. for any application However as programmers you are never involved in a dictionary s physical implemen tation or memory management Technical Specifications e Runs with Microsoft Windows 1 x 2 0 and 386 AI support frames symbols dictionaries lists Pure single inheritance object oriented language symbolic programming functional arguments incrementally compiled Parsing and lexical analysis YACC compatible e Dynamic linking to C Pascal Assembler or Fortran e String manipulation substring concat append libraries Pass data in C structures insert remove search e Pascal and C like syntax e 643 page manual includes tutorial and reference e Programming tools Browser Inspector Debugger e No license fees Generates stand alone applications File Editor e Fastest interactive OOL available e Full access to MS Windows systems calls multi i tasking and DDE Prices e Fast device independent graphics lines shapes icons cursors bitmaps metafiles Turtle graphics Actor 495 Academic 99 Academic site license sample control language using YACC 99 Manuals for site license 35 New Language 150 classes 1500 functions fully extensible Extension I 99 Shipping 5 US 25 Int l e Window styles tiled overlapping popup child edit Tech Support Level 1 20 phone calls 100 Level 2 dialogs Controls list boxes scroll bars buttons Developer s package 250 check boxes Training Cour
162. from a list of all variables of the object with a ParagraphEditor used to view or modify the selected variable s contents Its subclass Dictionary Inspector allows selection of the in spected object by key FileList lets you examine files and directories and typically includes a list of files or directories and a window for editing a selected file The important aspect of having the source code to all the classes that make up the environment is that you can cus tomize it even the user interface to suit yourself Don t like the way a menu is set up or want more items on it Change it Want to change the way the window panes look Do it Want to make the in terface to the file system work different ly Go ahead Decision Points For Potential Users Primarily Smalltalk is a language and environment for rapid program development In other words it s ideal for hackers Some studies show that Smalltalk programmers are about five times more productive than Pascal or C programmers and up to 25 times more productive than folks working in as sembly On the flip side Smalltalk applica tions aren t easy to separate from the environment and this makes delivering applications difficult The Smalltalk en vironment is large and has a partially deserved reputation for being slow 16 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Smalltalk is also attacked for being wordy but usually by those who think you need to write a lot
163. fully assembled and tested one year parts and labor warranty XT Turbo Superturbo 72 4 77 8MHz 4 77 10 MHz TT Complete Complete McTek Systems Inc 1411 San Pablo Avenue Berkeley CA 94702 415 525 5129 Me TOX EEr Cu Mza Samsung amber Samsung EGA color Samsung RGB color NEC Multisync Sony Multiscan HGC compat mon Color graphic card 49 EGA Paradise 480 VGA Paradise Genoa Super V 299 Everex int 300 1200 79 Y MOUSE Everex 2400 external 195 Everex 2400 internal 179 Logimouse C7 uu 69 Teac 1 2MB Toshiba 3 Teac 3 1 4MB Floppy controller 20MB Hard Disk 30MB Hard Disk Kit 640k TurboMothrbrd 85 McTek286 20MH2z 559 Kingtech CRT Portable Kits 10MHz TurboMothrbrd 89 Baby McTek 286B AT XT AT power supply case Multi I O w disk contrir 59 8 10 O Wite eecececcen 269 keyboard monitor 640k RAM card 39 McTek 286A O wait3MB00 ttn 380 410 2MB Expansion ca 4 ports on board 379 Eprom burner 4 socket 139 Multi 1 O Card veces 55 LCD Portable we RS232 2 port card 4 serial port card Game O card Locking slide case 59 AC power center 200W power supply 65 AC power strips 384k Multifunction Enhanced keyboard 59 Diskette file DOX oa FCC app slide XT case 29 WD HD floppy Printer or serial ca
164. g programs DOS loadable device drivers non DOS operating systems and debugging within DOS amp BIOS Soft ICE is also great for firmware development because Soft ICE s break points work in ROM How Soft ICE Works Soft ICE uses the power of the 80386 to MagicCV surround your program in a virtual machine Soft ICE Buy Both and Save 86 with Soft ICE This gives you complete control of the DOS environment while Soft ICE runs safely in RUN CODEVIEW IN ONLY 8K Code View is a great integrated debugger but it uses over 200K of conventional memory MagicCV uses advanced features of the 80386 microprocessor to load CodeView and symbols in extended memory This allows MagicCV to run CodeView using less than 8K of conventional memory on your 80386 PC Don t let 640K be your limit If you are closing in on the 640K limit and would like the power of Code View MagicCV is for you Don t let the debugger hide the bug Even if you re not closing in on the 640K limit running CodeView with MagicCV makes your debugging environment much closer to the end user s program environment You can use CodeView to locate subtle bugs that only occur when there is plenty of free memory or those difficult bugs that only occur when your program is running with a couple of TSRs loaded How MagicCV works MagicCV uses the 80386 to create a separate virtual machine for CodeView MagicCV uses between 4K amp 8K of conventional memory as
165. ge Trilogy was another sure fire hit His discussion of programming languages in general and his and others attempts at creat ing a logical programming language showed us the logical limitations of all our favorite lan guages Paul Voda explaining his new logical language Trilogy in my opinion still has a ways to go before it s ideal but even in its current state deserves serious attention from programmers needing a more logical environment for development I ll be talking more about Trilogy in future issues of Micro C And Tom Ochs creator of the equation sol ver Solve It and president of Structured Scientific Software really opened our eyes to the very subtle problems involved in develop ing numerical applications Tom a contributor to Micro C and another mathematician led us deep into the world of round off errors approximations and real attempts to deal with chaotic behavior in solv ing engineering problems Things it seems are not always as they seem A seemly comment Special Christmas Dreams The Dream 386 Quality 80386 based motherboard 1 Megabyte 80 ns on board RAM 2 Parallel ports and 2 serial ports 640 x 480 on board EGA VGA card The Dream 286 40 MB AT Compatible 6 10 MHz 0 wait state motherboard 640 K of on board RAM 1 5 25 TEAC 1 2M floppy drive tn Sprenger nc NE 40 Mb Seagate ST 251 hard drive C 1 2 Megabyte 5 25 floppy drive Hard floppy disk controll
166. gram f 150 Protein Sequences 5 415 sequences 1 302 966 residuals with similarity search program 60 Dictionary Words 234 932 words in alphabetical order no definitions 60 U S Cities names amp longitude latitude of 32 000 U S cities and 6 000 state boundary points 35 The World Digitized 100 000 longitude latitude of world country boundaries a 30 KST Fonts 13 200 characters in 139 mixed fonts specify TEX or bitmap format 30 USNO Floppy Almanac high precision moon sun oes amp star eo 20 NBS Hershey Fonts 1 377 stroke characters in 14 fonts 15 U S Map 15 701 points of state boundaries te ea Mag oak ols Gite Tae Ge di Pie at Me RP e A 15 The Austin Code Works Voice 512 258 0785 11100 Leafwood Lane acwlinfo uunet uu net Austin Teras 78750 3409 USA BBS 512 258 8831 FAX 512 258 1342 Free surface shipping on prepaid orders For delivery in Texas add 7 MasterCard VISA Reader Service Number 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 61 SHARE WARE Anthony Barcellos P O Box 2249 Davis CA 95617 2249 916 756 4866 Help For The Listless Here s a TYPE program that s become a LIST DUMP filter and more After the review of LIST Tony tells you where to get an index of Micro C he MS DOS TYPE command has one gear forward Since TYPE won t scroll backward the quest for lost text has in spired several deluxe DOS utilities Ver non Buerg s LIST program
167. h con sume time and resources Milestones are used to mark the completion of tasks For example developing software is a task that will take time and money Or you might have a milestone to indicate that the specs are written for a product and that it s time to begin programming and writing the user manual The mile stone itself doesn t take any time or have any cost it just marks the completion of a phase in the project Since our application will run under Microsoft Windows you also need to create a project window object that can draw a diagram of the network handle menu commands and so on If possible you want to preserve the functional divisions in the logical model For example the project object shouldn t be concerned with details of how the total cost of a task is calculated let the task worry about it The only thing the project needs to know is how to update the total if the cost of a task changes Good object oriented design en courages the creation of abstract data ob jects that clearly define public protocol and hide implementation details Al though this approach isn t required by Actor I strongly encourage it since it can minimize maintenance headaches The object oriented design approach requires more work up front but generally pays off in the long run by providing better encapsulation than the traditional procedural approach Figure 1 lists some of the objects TH use for the project manager
168. h work space is needed In my case I did it by trial and error putting stuff on the disk until it didn t work anymore then backing off a bit See Figure 1 While most people think of LIST as shareware Vernon Buerg goes his own way preferring to describe the sug gested 15 contribution as a gift rather than as a registration fee It s a gift worth giving Vernon D Buerg 456 Lakeshire Drive Daly City CA 94015 415 994 2944 24 hr BBS Extended Indexing In discussing the Letus A B C index of articles from computer magazines July August 1988 I alluded to the ab sence of Micro Cornucopia from the list of indexed magazines I m happy to report that help is available from a dif ferent source Thomas Brundage of The Logical Connexion has prepared a com puterized index for Micro C Mr Brundage s index is fairly freeform con taining the requisite information on issue author article description and The DBMS for TOUGH Programmers You are an experienced application developer A specialist You have worked hard to get here And you are looking for a DBMS that will maximize your expertise You know that all the popular DBMSs are designed for the masses anyone can use them You know that there are no miracles a DBMS easy enough for anyone to use cannot also be the right one for you Meet The Andsor Collection the only DBMS that does not waste your talents Many find it difficult Because it was de
169. half card will let you run up to 16 disk drives 4 per Compati Card on your PC or XT including standard 360K 96 TPI high density 1 2 meg dual speed 8 single or double sided SD or DD and dual format 3 drives 720k 1 44 PS 2 The combi nations are almost unlimited Comes with its own MS DOS driver and format program for high density and 31 2 diskettes Use it with UniForm PC for maximum versitility 8 adaptor and addi tional cabling available CompatiCard Board 169 95 CompatiCard with UniFORM PC x x Special x x 225 00 CompatiCard with UniFORM PC amp high density or 32 drive x x Special x x 350 00 MatchPoint PC by MicroSolutions The MatchPoint PC board for the PC XT AT works with your standard controller card to let you read and write to NorthStar hard sector and Apple II diskettes on your PC INCLUDES a copy of the UniForm PC program as well as utilities to format disks copy delete and view files on Apple DOS PRODOS and Apple CP M diskettes MatchPoint PC Board 169 95 MatchMaker by MicroSolutions Now you can copy your Macintosh diskettes right on your PC XT AT with the MatchMaker Just plug your external Macintosh drive into the MatchMaker board and experience EASY access to your 312 Mac diskettes Includes programs to read write initialize and delete files on your single or double sided Mac diskettes MatchMaker Board 139 95 MatchMaker w External Mac Drive 325 00 Frustrated because your
170. han 256 characters Class Association mentioned earlier might seem out of place as a subclass of Magnitude But associations connect or associate a symbolic name with an ob ject And such symbolic names need order So two Associations need to know how to compare themselves Think of Associations as entries in the index of a book where keywords serve as references to page numbers Numbers Class Number is an abstract super class for objects which know about arithmetic You would never create an instance of Number since it s an abstract class but through inheritance Number provides the arithmetic ability you would associate with a number Number has subclasses that do most of the work Float provides floating point capability and Fraction represents a ratio between two Numbers Fractions may seem quaintly archaic They are until you have to deal with non integer quantities that don t lend themselves to floating point For example using Fractions you can add one penny to the sum of the National Debt Attempting to do the same using floating point math would result in no change which is convenient to politicians but hardly accurate In particular Fraction provides a good su perclass for creating a fixed point class The Number subclass Integer is another abstract class which serves as a superclass for LargePositivelnteger LargeNegativelnteger and Small Integer For most purposes it s safe to treat a
171. hanks for an experience I will not forget Claire Lewis 8335 Camino Sur Cucamonga CA 91730 Editor s note You re very welcome Claire Hope to see you here next year Big Al Speaks I think that I ll remember SOG VII as the missing SOG There were so many things missing this time that I feel it s appropriate The sense of excitement that I ve felt and heard others speak of was miss ing It seemed to be a very nondescript gathering Missing was the under standing of what SOG meant I over heard a number of attendees ask and wonder what it stood for Semi Official Get Together Absent was the staff vs readers vol 6 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Letters leyball game We all played but the majority of the staff didn t An SRO hall was waiting for the missing speaker from Intel Missing was the extra rank of vendor tables in the large hall Sorely absent were the two plus hours Allyn Franklin needs and deserves for his drive discussion Another area of shortfall was the dearth of simple beginner oriented topics If it were my first ever SOG I might think twice about returning since the topics were of such an expert level One last missing was the absent moderator for the software forum It really needed a non speaker to keep the show and the flow going On the plus side the Bar B Q and the lunches were pulled off exceptionally well another tip of the hat to the COCC staffers The
172. hirts from former get togethers Much as early designers of hardware and software pulled up a chair leaned back and explored problems and pos sibilities this year s group also shared People whose names are synonymous with the computer industry like George Morrow and Jim Warren come back and touch roots at SOG The Sessions Two days of intensive sessions began Friday morning at 8 a m Software programmers were immersed in com pilers tools operating systems and debugging techniques Software de signers listened and questioned as the logic of the new modular language Tril ogy was introduced A designer ex If that s a 334 then this must bea plained the processes and problems en countered in developing the Tele operat ing systems PC and drive diagnostics provided solutions to hardware problems Haw thorne Technology presented its 68000 based single board computer and operat ing system Hardware designers ex amined the pitfalls of obtaining FCC ap proval for their boards and computer systems We were all treated to some magnificent color 3 dimensional fractals ae and the mathematical process that produced them Industry leaders PC Tech Microsoft Logitech Intel Zortech and new com panies who could become familiar names provided this year s speakers SOGers usually had to choose between two lec tures scheduled in the same slot Talks such as Neural Control and Parallel Program
173. hout the parts for the clock modem and SASI So I decided to install the missing parts and document any differences be tween my board and the Micro C schematic Enclosed are my efforts to date See Figure 1 I believe I ve covered most if not all of the dif ferences I only wish someone could check my work since circuit tracing is very tedious I m assuming that you have access to a Micro C schematic If not pin 23 PWR ON of the clock chip was originally tied high directly On my board pin 23 ties high through an uniden tified resistor R53 An unmarked capacitor C87 goes from pin 23 to ground This capacitor is obviously an electrolytic Based on a reading of the MM58167A data sheets past experience and superstition I set tled on a 100K resistor and a 1 0 uF dipped tan talum Also I m using a small button type lithium cell For CR6 I m using a 1N270 germanium diode in order to minimize voltage drop Never heard of a 1001 And I substituted a 6 8 uF dipped tantalum capacitor for C54 The schematic says it should be 0 1 uF But I like the idea of a moderate sized tantalum to achieve some degree of orderly voltage decay while still providing good bypass qualities Besides my board calls for an electrolytic at that location I m self educated in electronics and a pro might argue the wisdom of some of my choices 80 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Kaypro Clock Fix But my clock has performe
174. ic The logic of a particular algorithm can be contained in a procedure or unit but all the routines that are specific to a data type are passed in the parameter list This works particularly well for the swap and comparison routines in a sort algorithm You can build a very flexible sort package by creating a set of swap and comparison routines for each data type you use Then code several sort al gorithms and design them to import the swap and comparison routines through the parameter list Finally you use some selection criteria in an IF or CASE state ment to call the correct sort package Contrary to popular myth Quicksort is not the best sort for all data sets So n algorithm is nothing more than a mind game if you don t have a real problem A good algorithm will often take advantage of peculiarities in a problem to find a solution Figure 1 WhatAml Program WhatAml input output procedure Who var prev integer procedure PrevWhat var integer eee procedure What var temp integer lt begin what if n gt prev then begin if temp i n n i prev prev temp PrevWhat end if end what begin who if not eoln input then begin if readin What Who n What write mri end if o end who o procedure WhereInput var endWho integer procedure EndWhat begin end endwhat begin whereinput
175. ice the unary one s compliment operator We need to invert the image since on video pixels show up light but on printer elements are dark Printing the screen sideways on paper has two advantages The image fits and specify first parallel printer service 0 byte out printer interrupt prn o t 27 prn out 109 prn out 0 standard mode Pan reset printer carriage return set 8 72 LE void get_line int line num unsigned char buffer 348 oe iint col for col 0 col lt 348 col buffer col peekb 0xb000 Qx2000 col 4 90 col 4 line num get video byte get line void setup gr tine int width t prn out 27 prn out 75 prn out width amp 256 prn_out width 256 setup gr line set 60 dpi these 2 lines set graphics 5 chars to be sent eee the coding is simpler So get_line reads eight columns of the screen to create eight lines on the printer The terminol ogy gets a little strange here since video rows are printer columns Think of turn ing your monitor over on its right side Now it s easy to see that we should start printing with the bottom row of the first column on the screen Editor s note But don t leave your monitor on its side that would make the printed image come out upside down Printing Graphics It s time to fire off the line of graph
176. icros i revious versions s availabe from P ane vay 25 00 Call for Authorization To Order Contact SENGSUFT 2210 SIXTH ST BERKELEY CA 94710 415 644 9366 Reader Service Number 39 72 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Continued from page 71 John Jones If you have a copy of Micro C Issue 1 you know that John Jones wrote a short piece on his disk formatter for the Big Board complete with listing He showed up again in 2 and well has been very regular since After seven years he s called it quits Thanks John I ve appreciated your help a lot A whole lot Looking Ahead You were all great when we asked for database informa tion So we re asking for more ideas Here are the tentative themes for the next year Computer Aided Design Jan Feb Bruce Eckel Sam Azer and a whole group of assistants are working on comparative reviews of CAD packages but I d like someone to come up with a complete tale of joy and woe as he did a complete project using CAD for everything from schematic capture to film for the PC board A blow by blow account similar to my ongoing saga with desktop publishing Tools Mar Apr Okay so you don t qualify as a robot You know what tools are We re talking libraries debuggers logic simulators program generators You know tools If you write tools or if you use or test them extensively or know what tool creators should be working on then shout Robotics
177. ics setup_gr_line programs the printer to ac cept a number of graphic characters equal to the parameter width We can only give the printer a byte at a time Continued from previous page void print blank int width inti set p gr line width for is0 i lt width i gt o Pen out 0 print blank o ini print blank 60 setup gr line 348 for i 347 i gt 0 i prn out buffer i rn_out 10 print_line void dump screen n o Omi char line buf 348 prn_setup for i 0 1 lt 90 i get line i line buf print line line buf dump screen eee arallel printers of the clone world live in something approach ing harmony Interest ingly escape sequences used for programming are Surprisingly similar print blanks and hold print head position void print line unsigned char buffer 348 7 print line in buffer backwards line feed holds a column of video bytes ready the printer print each of the 90 video columns By Larry Fogg Micro C Staff which means it ll take two parameters to program more than 256 characters That explains the modulo and integer division in setup_gr line Think of these two parameters as a two digit base 256 num ber Once we re done programming and we start sending the actual graphics data each of the 8 bit characters fires the eight pins in a combination determined by the
178. ide You differentiate among sounds al though they occur simultaneously have overlapping frequencies and are input through only two analog channels your ears In your mind different sounds represent different objects The ability to recognize objects is es sential for high level intelligence and must precede to some degree any high level association of meaning If a squirrel for example repeatedly sees a cat and learns that the cat is dangerous it first recognizes the cat as a separate object in the real world Then it associates the object cat with danger The recognition step is essential Without it the squirrel would have no quick way of associating danger danger would be entwined with an in finite number of real world stimuli The learning of objects is fundamental to in telligent organisms And it s of equal im portance in the design of intelligent machines Despite this we don t have a 26 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 good understanding of the idea of object For the past three years we ve been building systems that use conventional and electronic technology to explore in depth the idea of the object The results are encouraging We believe that a better under standing of what the object is will remove a longstanding roadblock in the transition from fixed design methods e g expert systems to the development of truly automatic learning technologies In this article we ll
179. idney Thompson 181 Greenbriar Ct Conyers GA 30208 SK DOS Users Group 404 922 3097 Eves Voice 914 241 3307 RBBS PCBoard Motorola MC68000 8 MHz standard 10 12 5 ox 16 MHz optional RAM 512 1024K dynamic 0 wait state 4K static battery backup ROM 32 128K EPROM Serial Parallel Four RS 232 ports Two 8 bit ports one Centronics compatible Time Real time clock calendar battery backup Expansion Floppies capability Hard Disk Console 6 IBM PC XT compatible I O slots Built in floppy controller four drive Uses PC compatible Winchester controller Serial terminal OR PC compatible keyboard mono or color monitor Plug compatible with PC power supplies SK DOS free with kit or 6S 9 Software Other S W Available Debugger in ROM Assembler editor file mgt tools disk formatter supplied User s Group provides Small editors modem program and many other utilities Software from vendors includes K amp R C RBASIC amp other compilers EMACS amp other editors disassemblers Partial Kit without dynamic RAM floppy controller DUART or clock Full Kit Assembled ready working on a new version which will have faster disk writes a hierarchical file structure and typeahead Right now SK DOS is like CP M before the public domain guys got hold of it It s badly in need of a cadre of users to write software for it There are already a few inclu
180. ike a ghost town But the people who work here and the flying buffs who FULL COMPILER not a preprocessor Complete software development system m Selectable AT amp T C ANSI C K amp R C m Based on proven Oregon Software technology Generates extremely fast compact code Comprehensive error checking m Backed by responsive support engineers m Strongly typed language DATA ABSTRACTION FACILITY classes m Operator overloading m Information hiding sharing m Constructors destructors VES want top performance atan affordable price To order or for more information call 1 800 874 8501 6915 SW MACADAM s 200 PORTLAND OR 97219 OREGON SOFTWARE Professional Products for Software Development Reader Service Number 85 NAG offers the highest quality advanced e availa le for PC technigians The course i i complete repairs faster and reduce costs e Discover better diagnostics parts sources and new v trouble m nooti p tools and test units J nd vendor update servic e Used by STE T Ro KW ional ber go St Louis Dallas Seattle and other major cities Call wibo obligation to get a course outline and da Computer Hardware Training Reader Service Number 59 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 71 Around the Bend hang out here go out of their way to be friendly Plus there s a shower a real hot wet free work up a warm lather shower Haven t gotten in line yet b
181. ing developments in Smalltalk C Objective C Eiffel LISP ely eana ye an Object Oriented Classes es ect a nd Si m u l a k Database System i je site en Innovative and applicable tracks and evaluates the latest advances in this methodology JUNE JULY 1988 VOL 1 NO 2 Featuring Incisive peer reviewed articles on e problem solving techniques PSD e reusable OOP components ais e latest languages K A IN y e applications in artificial intelligence e software maintenance e program testing Sh SR a Info packed articles written by the best known researchers and premier software developers Here s a sampling Using Objects to Package User Interface Functionality a Order toll free 7 days a week Designing Reusable Classes Uea l 800 345 8112 for Object Oriented Languages Direna a i Encapsulation Reusability and Extensibility in i P CA o a ee Object Oriented Programming Languages i MID CIE V8 adn ANEP Serice i H Check enclosed 0 Bill Me O i l i 8 H Get unbiased product reviews and up to the Charge my VISA LI Mastercard L i minute product news And personal interviews 8 H 5 8 with the world s top programmers card Exp Date i Written for software developers programmers i i engineers and computer scientists Get original re Signature search that s definitive authoritative and applica i Your Name i ble Get objectiv
182. ing MA Addison Wesley 1983 Goldberg Adele Smalltalk 80 The In teractive Programming Environment Reading MA Addison Wesley 1984 Pinson Lewis J and Wiener Richard S An Introduction to Object Oriented Programming and Smalltalk Reading MA Addison Wesley 1988 A two billion power Mandelbrot Julia microscope Fast Aim and frame quick draft animate recolor retouch multiple palettes save and retrieve cloud chamber help and more Includes seven ready made pictures for immediate gratification MANDELBROT EXPLORER 2 6 30 Peter Garrison 1613 Altivo Way Los Angeles CA 90026 213 665 1397 16 color VGA EGA to 800x600 Specify VGA or EGA 1 2Mb Overseas orders please add 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 17 Actor An Object Oriented Language Taming Microsoft Windows I ll try real hard to avoid the puns this time and simply set the stage Actor is an object oriented language written to run under windows When I first heard about Actor I as sumed it was a simple windows creator I was wrong very wrong So I leave it to you to decide if Actor means curtains for the more classical performers Ithough object oriented program A has existed for years on ex pensive dedicated computers it s only recently reached PC users In this article I ll introduce you to ob ject oriented programming via a useful real world example a critical path project manager This
183. ing ability is dir a list s Instead of going to the screen as usual the output of the directory com mand is channeled to LIST There you find yourself able to scroll up and down through the directory listing of drive A That s one good way to improve a DOS command Following Buerg s guidelines I created a batch file that uses Phil Katz s PKXARC in conjunction with LIST to read text buried in an archive file For the Sacramento PC software library I created a disk called Volume 0 which contains descriptions of the programs available in the library To save space I had to condense the text files into an archive To help the people who try to use Volume 0 many of them inexperienced computer users I arranged to spare them the intricacies of archives by means of LIST s S fea ture My solution is a batch file called READ BAT A command like read 079 goes hunting in the LIBRARY ARC file for the text of LIBRARY 079 The C option of PKXARC extracts the file to the console screen instead of to a disk file The screen output is intercepted by piping it to LIST with the S feature enabled The user can then scroll around and read to his heart s content When he leaves LIST the archive is intact and no additional space has been used by the extracted file You do need some work space for PKXARC and LIST to do their thing The batch file won t work on a disk with 0 bytes free I don t know just how muc
184. ing start of new record or OFFH indicating end of record add final comma and CR and go to next sector If it s a printable character put to aparate fields Increment character count f NULL is last character in file add final suble quote and CR bump record counter and end processing IF NOT EOF 1 THEN ReadByte 1 Ch 0 SetPos f1 NextPos 1 11L CASE Ch OF 01G 10C BOR WRITELN 2 CharCount 128 oe INC NumRecs lt NULL 0 0 gt WRITE f2 INC CharCount ELSE END gt CASE RY ELSE IF EOF 1 THEN WRITELN 2 c ChaxCount 128 INC NumRecs END END IF NOT _ If character is printable write it to output file ane and increment character count TE 2 Ch INC CharCount i YE character is 01 to 08 indicating a new pecord write a double quote to file for first field n IF Charconat O THEN WRITE ate xF END and reads byte 00 If byte 00 is not OFFH marking an erased record the program then writes the first double quotation mark to enclose the first field reads and writes each printable ASCII character until it comes to a null the end of field marker It then inserts quote comma quote to separate the fields and reads the next byte If an empty field indicated by a null byte is en countered the are inserted in the output If the program finds the end of record marker OFFH it puts in the
185. ing to pull together I should be able to leave tomorrow I said without much con fidence Oh yeah I forgot I ve got to do my taxes I got a three month extension since I ve been working overseas but my three months will come due while I m somewhere in the middle of a rapid on the Coruh River in Northeastern Turkey I added that to my list and real ized that maybe for the first time ever I would have to call Cary and tell her that I just couldn t write a column I waited until 2 30 a m that s 4 30 p m in Oregon and called Micro C 58 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Hey Cary I just can t make it If you don t see anything by Wednesday that means I couldn t come up with anything Oh that s fine Well just put another article in place of yours She almost sounded pleased Then I talked to Larry Yeah I tried to get out of writing a column once too but Dave convinced me otherwise You re lucky to be so far away It s a bit tougher to be convinced from such a long distance Yea My conscience is free I don t have to write a column now I can go down and get a bus ticket for Saturday Just leave tomorrow Just like that Sorry but all our buses to Trabzon are full until Tuesday Okay I can live with that Maybe I ll write that column after all But it has to have substance I can take a look through my source disks and see if there s anything worthy Le
186. inted a line I printed a line of each character and lo and behold it was Z lah What gives The printer doesn t care what byte it receives No one s doing any filtering Or are they Time to look at prn_out It just sends a byte to the printer In its first semi suc cessful incarnation it looked like this define PRN_OUT X putc X stdprn putc just didn t like Z I don t know what happened C is a stream oriented language and Z can be used to sub stitute for garbled characters in a trans mission But it shouldn t have reduced the total number of graphics characters sent Whatever the reason putc would not reliably send Z to the printer Using the printer interrupt and Turbo C s handy register variables for prn_out solved the problem By the way if it hadn t been for the fractal I used testing the screen dump code I probably never would have found this bug With something as wild as a plot of the Mandelbrot set you re almost guaranteed to print each of the 256 pos sible graphics characters And some of you thought fractals were useless Shame We re Really Done Right Wrong I sent my newly debugged program home with Dave It ran perfect ly on his Citizen I hauled it back to try on Cary s Panasonic and watched it auger into the antistatic rug in flames It wouldn t let me control the size of the linefeeds And while line feeding too far creates an interesting zebra like scr
187. ion P O Box 428 Paso Robles CA 93447 805 239 4620 Zortech C v1 0 Zortech Inc 366 Massachusetts Avenue Arlington MA 02174 617 646 6703 Programmer s Toolkit Volumes I and II MMC AD Systems Box 360845 Milpitas CA 95035 408 263 0781 Connections The Traveling Salesman is Microsoft Corp 16011 Northeast 36th Way P O Box 9097017 Redmond WA 98073 9717 206 882 8080 800 426 9400 Aztec C Manx Software Systems One Industrial Way Eatontown NJ 07724 800 221 0440 Jensen amp Partners International JPI 1101 San Antonio Rd Suite 301 Mountain View CA 94043 415 967 3200 Explore Neural Net Technology 87 95 derived from 1048Kx9 85 ns 550 00 1048Kx1 100ns 38 50 256Kx1 60ns_ 14 50 x 256Kx1 80 NnS 256Kx1 100 ns x 256Kx1 100 ns 256Kx1 120 ns 41256 256Kx1 150 ns 41264 64kKx4 120 ns EPROM 27C1000 128kxs 200 ns 27C512 64Kx8 200 ns 27256 32Kx8 250 ns 27128 16Kx8 250 ns STATIC RAM 43256L 10 32Kx8 100 ns 6264P 12 8kx8 120 ns OPEN 61 2 DAYS 7 30 am 10 pm SHIP VIA FED EX ON SAT SAT DELIVERY MasterCard VISA or UPS CASH COD INCLUDED ON Factory New Prime Parts uPoo EENEN MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED INC Seu Ea e Sars 918 267 4061 Fr P 1 10 25 4 Ib No minimum order Piease note that prices are subject to change Shipping amp insurance extra amp up to 1 for packing materials Orders received by 9 PM CST can usually be delivered the next morning via Federal E
188. is available for Aztec C86 Essential Graphics C Essentials e Utility Library Greenleaf Com Greenleaf General Halo Panel PC lint PforCe Pre C Windows for C Windows for Data C terp db_Vista Phact Plink86Plus C tree C Prime PC MS DOS Macintosh Apple Il TRS 80 CP M These C development systems are unbeatable for the price They are earlier versions of Aztec that originally sold for as much as 500 Each en includes C compiler assembler linker librarian UNIX routines and more Special discounts are available for use as course material C Prime a a a a ae a A a v SR GS a Le a bd FAAP Manx Software Systems One Industrial Way Eatontown NJ 07724 Aztec ROM Systems 6502 65C02 8080 2780 8086 80x86 680x0 An IBM or Macintosh is not only a less expensive way to develop ROM code it s better Targets include the 6502 65C02 8080 Z80 8086 80x86 and 680x0 Aztec C has an excellent reputation for producing compact high performance code Our systems for under 1 000 outperform systems priced at over 10 000 Initial Host Plus Target 750 Additional Targets ROM Support Package 500 Vax Sun PDP 11 ROM HOSTS Call for information on Vax PDP 11 Sun and other host environments Cross Development Most Aztec C systems are available as cross development systems Hosts include PC MS DOS Macintosh CP M Vax PDP 11 Sun and others Call for inf
189. it for serious statistical use At 895 it isn t cheap but includes excel lent support the tech folks take your number and call you back and seems fair priced considering the quality and breadth of the program For more info STSC Inc 2115 East Jefferson St Rockville MD 20852 XT SCHEMATIC 5 38 pF 14 31818 MHz GND 20 28 SND sf 26 ee 519 2 1 AD Cee 5 READY INT AD9 30 ADI 29 Pre ae AD11 CLK88 AD12 8 4 77 MHz 17 At last you can plumb the mysteries of your computer with this single sheet schematic of the IBM XT s main board A wealth of information for both True Blue and clone owners Need to know just how a non maskable interrupt occurs and how to mask if Is your keyboard dead or do you just want to know how fo disable it A trip through our schematic will answer your questions Although clones use slightly altered board layouts and different chip location names they re close enough to the original for tsis schematic to be very useful As an example you have a dead clone Lil sucker won t even beep A look at the schematic shows the location of paral lel port A You know that the power on self test loads a checkpoint number into port A before each test So now all you have to do is read port A with a logic probe to see how far the system went before it puked We ll include a list of these checkpoint numbers and some other pertinent trouble shooting In formation with the schematic
190. ith Forth to know why the PAD memory and TYPE word are corrupted by the addi tions which otherwise I find most use ful I hope your resident Forth guru might shed some light on this problem Walter J Rottenkolber P O Box 936 Visalia CA 93279 Editor s note Sorry our resident Forth guru wandered off years ago to live in a Wisconsin chicken coop No I don t under stand Forthers either But there must be someone out there cooped up no doubt who can send us an answer Forthwith Want to write for Micro C Short Guide For Micro C Authors 1 Read Micro C You d be surprised how many people think we d love to print their reviews of Apple II games or their handy cheat sheet for WordStar 4 0 Fortunately we re a technical journal so we re looking for people who are poking about along the front lines If you re doing something that hasn t been done before or something very technical and very intense holler 2 Communicate Articles that show up as a surprise generally don t get run and if they do run it s with significant revision When David or Gary works with you he can help you tailor the piece for Micro C or can point you to another more appropriate publication A majority of these unsurprising articles get printed 3 Be active The verb to be is overused and underpublished Anytime you see is or are or isn t or aren t you re seeing pa
191. iting for the next bus to Istanbul See ya NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW C CODE FOR THE PC source code of course MS DOS File Compatibility Package create read amp write MS DOS file systems on non MS DOS compen 500 Bluestreak Plus Communications two ports programmer s interface terminal emulation A 400 Turbo Programmer database application generator source for library only specify Turbo C or Microsoft 370 PforC or PforCe COM database windows file user interface DOS amp CR bes 345 CQL Query System SQL retrievals plus windows 325 GraphiC 4 1 high resolution DISSPLA style scientific plots i in color amp hardcopy 325 Barcode Generator specify Code 39 alphanumeric Interleaved 2 of 5 numeric or UPC 300 Vmem C virtual memory manager least recently used pager dynamic expansion of swap file 250 PC Curses Aspen Software System V compatible extensive documentation gilts a 250 Greenleaf Data Windows windows menus data entry interactive form design 220 Vitamin C MacWindows 0 2 Greenleaf Communications Library interrupt mode modem control XON XOFF 175 TurboTEX TRIP certified HP PS dot drivers CM fonts La TEX 170 Essential resident C TSRity C programs DOS shared libraries 165 Greenleaf Functions 296 useful C tunctions all DOS services 160 Essential C Utility Library 400 useful C functions 160 Essential Communications Li
192. its version of Smalltalk called Smalltalk V than any other Smalltalk on the market It runs on a number of platforms and has been pared down especially for PCs The version we bought came with 99 classes It has very clearly written nicely formatted documentation some people would pay for the manual alone what we paid for the package since you can t buy the manual without the software Smalltalk V requires an IBM PC PC XT PC AT or compatible and PC DOS or MS DOS costs 99 95 Smalltalk V286 operates with the DOS operating system on AT class com puters and requires a minimum of 1 1 5 MB of memory costs 199 95 Digitalk s Macintosh Smalltalk V runs on the Mac II the Mac SE and the Mac Plus it will be available in the Fall costs 199 95 There are applications kits available for color communications and other goodies they cost 49 95 each For more info Digitalk Inc 9841 Airport Boulevard Los Angeles CA 90045 1 800 922 8255 1 213 645 1082 ParcPlace Systems sells Smalltalk 80 for a number of platforms manufac tured by Sun Apollo Hewlett Packard and others plus Apple Macintosh II Plus and SE workstations See publica tions section for their address to write for specific information Prices are over 1 000 Tektronix was one of four companies that contributed to the development of Smalltalk 80 in the late 70s and early 80s Apple Digital Equipment Corpora tion Hewlett Packard
193. l have access to all of cadshape s public parts otherwise only square could use them In the cpp code files you ll see member function names with the class name followed by the scope resolu tion operator This tells the compiler that it isn t an ordinary function it s a mem ber function for the class Generally each class contains a con structor a function with the same name as the class and a destructor the class name with a tilde The constructor is automatically called by the compiler to perform initialization when an object is declared and the destructor is automati cally called to clean things up when the object goes out of scope Virtually Anything There are two reasons to use in heritance The most obvious is that you don t want to reinvent the wheel you just want to use most of the features in a class that someone else has already writ ten and tested This is the reusable code concept The second reason for inheritance is to implement polymorphism which is why I ve used it here Figure 3 shows a decla ration for the cadshape class a base class for all the shapes used in the MicroCad program Notice that almost all the functions are defined using the virtual keyword Any function can be defined in a base class and redefined in an inherited class An object of an inherited class can be treated as an object of the base class if you use a pointer to an inherited class
194. l next issue Meanwhile let s dig out the old jackknife and open a few boxes WATCOM C Version 6 5 I really like the people at WATCOM they re friendly helpful and fun to talk to They also 50 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 put out an excellent compiler which they ve just upgraded Version 6 5 of WATCOM C has a number of improvements and additions mostly to keep up with their competitors For instance every C compiler released these days includes a graphics library WAT COM C 6 5 is no exception The new graphics functions are similar in form and operation to Microsoft s However the WATCOM library does support the Hercules monochrome card Microsoft supports monochrome graphics but only if you use a special TSR WATCOM has added a compile and link control program which is standard with most other compilers Interrupt Service Routines ISRs can now be created by using the qualifier INTERRUPT in a function definition A new memory model Tiny has been added which allows the creation of COM programs A dozen or so miscellaneous functions based on requests from WATCOM C users now disable enable interrupts parse file names and rotate integers Editor s note Be great for reversing all the numbers on a mailing label I haven t had a chance to run it through the benchmark suite yet but WATCOM claims to have improved both compile speed and code generation and they ve included more inli
195. ll these the same with the under standing that larger integers take more memory and execution time Most modern systems allow Small Integers between oO and 2 al though some older versions of Smalltalk limit Smallintegers to the range of soe to2 Numeric Conversions One of the nicer things about Smalltalk is the way conversions be tween the numeric classes are handled With the help of the large integer clas ses Smalltalk supports infinite precision and conversions always at tempt to maintain the greatest possible accuracy For this reason executing the simple expression 1 3 returns the Fraction 1 3 which is usually not what you want Also if you don t need infinite precision you ll get better performance by converting intermediate results to Float Smalltalk is popular in numerical and business computing despite its only partially deserved reputation for being slow Collection s Classes The next major group of classes are Collection and its subclasses All Collec tion subclasses represent objects made up of groups of other objects Their be havior includes methods for detecting the inclusion or count of a particular ob ject adding removing converting Col lections and enumerating Enumeration is very handy Instead of writing clumsy hard to maintain do while or for loops you simply say ex ecute this block of code for each object in the Collection It doesn t matter which
196. m porary variables point increment and collection and assigning to them a new Point object the SmallInteger 20 and a new Array object containing four Strings Next we ask the Array to convert it self to a SortedCollection using the default collating sequence The resulting SortedCollection is sent the enumeration message do with the Block of code within the square brackets as an argu ment The Block is repeated for each object in collection and each time it s repeated the Block variable word UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SOURCE Figure 4 A Few Features of Collections at Work Workspace point increment collection point S s undo increment 20 copy collection Array cut with fum paste with foe do it with fie with fee collection asSortedCollection inspect it accept cancel do file out word word displayat point point point increment MICRO SOLUTIONS protects your equipment and your data from power outages and brownouts Our power systems provide the fastest switching speed in the in dustry 2 ms 1 takes on the value of the next object in collection So each object in collection is displayed on the screen at the location point and point is incremented by increment Miscellaneous Classes Before we move up to the classes that do windows and graphics we need to mention a few housekeeping classes
197. ment to do the development work my new machine doesn t run on batteries Besides you don t need a computer program to eliminate sujuk from the menu So I gave up for awhile Hung my sleeping bag out to dry in the morning Dug the Landrover out of a clay bank in the afternoon Dashed across the moun tain tops clinging perilously to the roll bar on the back of the Nissan Sat around the campfire scrounging taste tests from the evening meal as it was being cooked Refused to wash my hair until just two days before the end of camp Still In Search Of A Topic Back in Istanbul I was in true form What s up Laine Oh I ve got this stupid magazine article to write and I can t think of any thing If you sit down for a few hours something will come Yeah maybe But I ve got to go to Ankara and sell my old computer tomorrow Maybe I ll think of some thing while I m there Off on the night bus to Ankara My seatmate was a student in dentistry at Hacitepe University in Ankara We talked about how rich the dentists get in the U S and how Turkish dentists aren t compensated nearly enough for their ef forts No MC article ideas there but at least he told me about a new Mexican restaurant just opened by a friend of his in Ankara the first Mexican restaurant in Turkey We parted in the morning with an exchange of phone numbers and a promise to get together and eat Mexican foo
198. mer Mrs Marg 636 Helicon 285 Minor Func fon CA 92506 619 5558341 x ge ee phy ls OF Every field is enclosed with double quotes fields are separated by commas empty fields are represented by and the record ends with Figure 1 Perfect Filer Sector 0 Hex Dump 000000 000010 Sector zero serves as a file header It s filled with 00H except for the first few bytes Bytes 00 and 01 show the number of sectors in the file in the usual low byte high byte order This ex ample has 007FH so the file has 127 sectors of 128 bytes each Bytes 04 and 05 contain the number of sectors in use including sector 0 in this case 0058H or 88 Sectors 1 and onward store the data In un used erased sectors byte 00 is OFFH In active records byte 00 indicates how many sectors the record uses Since Perfect Filer allows up to 1024 bytes 8 x 128 bytes sector per record byte 00 can range from 01 to 08 The following example has 01 at byte 00 Each field in a record ends with a null 00H 84 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 7F 00 062 0D 58 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 90 60 00 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 60 DO 00 00 00 a carriage return The finished data file consists of all the records from the Perfect Filer DATABASE An Easier Way I finally found an easy way to extract data from Perfect Filer It s a utility program called PF2ASCII COM You can find it on the Micro C RBBS or the I
199. ming with Transputers Ray Tracing on the 34010 and Numeric Applications vied for atten tion Even with such esoteric titles speakers often found themselves face to face with an audience which seemed to know as much as they did and was not always of the same opinion There were lively debates and some of the talks developed into full blown forums In contrast to the technical and often specifically focused nature of many of the speakers topics the organizing commit tee thoughtfully included a couple of business know how topics Even techni cal designers need to know the pitfalls of publishing their books or energizing their employees Relaxed Sharing This relaxed group feeling of sharing was an important part of the two day seminar Lunch was not really break time but an opportunity to keep the dis cussion going or greet old friends from a previous year I heard remember when we talked about as SOGers updated colleagues on their current progress The discussions really take on the air of intensity as small groups gather after the structured day sessions end to talk long into the night over coffee or beer They explore solutions kick ideas about and renew creative energies It s not all talk members of one small group emerged at 4 a m with computers they each had built History The Semi Official Get together is Oregon grown and bred Seven years ago 60 people some from as far away a
200. mpile and link the stories and run the results That way we ll all have a better understanding of this crazy phenomenon that brought us together Questions 1 What s your life story Don t panic just the good stuff Why and how did you get into computers How large a part are they of your working home and or social life 2 What are you doing now 3 demerits for I m reading this form What do you plan to be doing in 1 year 5 years 3 Describe your first system What kind was it How and why did you get it How did you feel about it Where is it now 4 How have your feelings about this field changed over the last X years Why Boy did this question keep a lot of people up all night at SOG This is a fun one 5 Given complete freedom to choose your work and where you d do it leave out the with whom what would it be and where would you do it This doesn t have to be computer related 6 If you were to receive a large box containing a technical item what would you hope was in the box Why This one s wide open 7 What question would you ask the en tire Micro C audience How would you answer it EDITING SYSTEM Solidity Speed and Power ED is an object oriented open architecture system for editing programs and manuscripts and manipulating data files Flexibility extensibility and programmability are realized by providing access to the objects which ED itself ma
201. mpiler with ZTC filename and it figures out from the file extension whether to use C C or the assembler MicroCad requires Zortech C be cause I m using their mouse and graphics libraries Those of you who are graphics and mouse pros bear with me I ve never messed with these things before so I may do things which seem appallingly stupid But C actually saves me here since all the low level stuff is encapsulated you can fix my flubs without changing the structure of the program OO amp C Before getting into the core of the code I want to say a few things about object oriented programming in general and C in particular A pure way to think about object oriented programming or OO is that it consists of simply sending messages to objects This is the Smalltalk view you tell an object what to do and it knows or figures out how In C the objects are structures and the messages are member functions You declare each C class user defined type in its own header file with an extension of hpp A class declara tion consists of data elements and decla rations of so called member functions which can be invoked on instances ob jects of the class Small functions may be declared in line in the header file more about that later Unless all the member functions are declared in line a class usually has a file of code with an extension of cpp where all the
202. mpler cases but we d have trouble deliberately designing in the By Doug Gaffin amp Arthur Gaffin complexity of a high level intelligent sys tem A modified form of mammalian in telligence may actually be the best ap proach If we design and build the framework the rest of the system can be self learned The Forces Of Weak Association Within real world experiences there are relationships between events that provide hooks for learning We call these relationships the forces of weak associa tion The term weak is used because these relationships are useful only in a statisti Figure 1 Simple Learning cal sense they don t provide im mediate absolute associations These ob servations are simple and very impor tant They give intelligent animals the ability to gradually develop a correct and complex model not a copy of nature The forces of weak association are 1 If a stimulus is similar to another stimulus not necessarily occurring at the same time then the associated events in nature are likely to be related 2 If two or more stimuli are repeatedly encountered proximate with each other in terms of time and or space the events are likely to be related LEARNING cS gt NO RESPONSE LEARNING RESPONSE FOR CUBE RECOGNITION RECOGNITION RESPONSE FOR CUBE NO O gt E response Corvallis OR 97331 Dept of Zoology Neuro Dynamics Oregon State U
203. n 1 03 C program interface to Lotus 1 2 3 program amp files 80 TE Editor Developer s Kit full screen editor undo command multiple rare ae 75 Professional C Windows lean amp mean window and keyboard handler 70 Ip flexible printer driver most popular printers supported 65 Quincy interactive C interpreter ee eee ae ee 60 EZ_ASM assembly language macros bridging Cand MASM 60 P Tree parse tree management 60 MicroFirm Toolkit 28 Unixesque utilities for MS DOS 50 XT BIOS Kit roll your own BIOS with this complete set of basic input output functions for XT 50 HELP pop up help system builder 2 2 50 Multi User BBS chat mail menus sysop displays uses Galacticomm modem card 50 Make macros all languages built in rules 2 50 Vector to Raster Conversion stroke letters amp Tektronix 4010 codes to o bitmaps 50 Coder s Prolog inference engine for use with C programs 45 Virtual Memory System least recently used swapping F 40 C Notes pop up help for C programmers add your own notes 40 Biggerstatt s System Tools multi tasking window manager BD 40 PC XINU Comer s XINU operating system for PC 35 CLIPS rule based expert system generator Version 4 1 35 Tiny Curses Berkeley curses package BS Sahl MARE and 35 TELE Kemel or TELE Windows Ken Berry s multi tasking kernel amp window packa ge 30 SP spelling checker with dictionary and maintenance tool
204. n the statement newString Hello world See Figure 2 This sends the String Hello the con catenation message with the String argument world It replies in the best of Smalltalk worlds with the brand new String object Hello world which is stored in the temporary variable new String Then the workspace window closes and the new String object is collected as garbage The One Line Database Let s create some more useful ob jects See Figure 3 Execute Figure 2 Create a New Object by Sending a New Message Workspace workspace I newsString I newString newsString Hello world newsString Hello world newsStrin giiitalfommozelacete print it cancel file out before Figure 3 The One line Database in Action Workspace Dictionary again Smalltalk at PhoneNumbers copy put Dictionary new cut PhoneNumbers paste at Joe do it put 503 555 1234 Print r PhoneNumbers mep cept at Fred cancel put 503 555 0987 PhoneNumbers inspect Dictionary Dictionary 503 555 0987 inspect references copy key Uke Mirae again remove N again Enter expression to Copy then accept or CR a paste Hill do it ce PriNt it accept ancel Eco C88 C Compiler with Cmore Debugger I m very impressed with the com piler editor and debugger I ve tried quite a few different compilers
205. ndup I made some general suggestions Below I ll list the eight compilers I think are worth con sidering along with my reasoning Zortech C For under a hundred dollars you re not only getting one of the best optimizing C compilers around but you can also move on to object oriented C when you re ready Zortech s support is very good and the compiler produces small fast programs Microsoft C If you ve got the bucks around 270 of them from a mail order house this is a good all around choice The big C compiler produces fast programs albeit a bit large and has every tool imaginable The package also includes QuickC The documentation is very good Microsoft QuickC If you need Microsoft compatibility or are just CONVERTER Curve Smoothing Interpolations Log Lin SemiLog SOFTWARE TIME 299 ALL SALES SUBJECT TO THE TERMS OF OUR 90 DAY LIMITED WARRANTY FREE COPY UPON REQUEST TEXT TO SPEECH BOARD PC XT COMPATIBLE MAKE YOUR COMPUTER TALK A VERY POWERFUL AND AMAZING SPEECH CARD USES THE NEW GENERAL INSTRUMENTS SPO256 AL2 SPEECH CHIP AND THE CTS256A AL2 TEXT TO SPEECH THIS BOARD USES ONE SLOT ON THE MOTHERBOARD AND REQUIRES A COM SERIAL PORT BOARD MAY ALSO BE USED INA STAND ALONE ENVIRONMENT WITH ALMOST ANY COMPUTER THAT HAS A RS232 SERIAL PORT FEATURES ON BOARD AUDIO AMP OR MAY BE USED WITH EXTERNAL AMPS DEMONSTRATION SOFTWARE AND A LIBRARY BUILDING PROGRAM
206. ne functions Overall WATCOM C continues to be a good value and a competitor in technical quality to Microsoft C Ware Desmet C Version 3 1 Just when many people thought that Desmet C was in its twilight years they come out with a new version Desmet 3 1 has a larger library and at least some compatibility with the emerg ing lordy how long has that thing been emerging ANSI standard For instance it now has function prototypes I can t really hold it against a C compiler developer who doesn t support the entire ANSI standard yet since there s always the chance that the standard could change again before it s finalized As with WATCOM C I haven t had a chance yet to benchmark Desmet C 3 1 but it s on my list Zortech C I ve felt kind of bare talking about this package without having seen it Well it s finally here The first true C compiler for PCs arrived a week or so before I left for SOG The manual is light years ahead of the old Datalight Optimum C manual the compiler was written by the same fellow who wrote Datalight Zortech has put some effort into the manual and it shows For instance there are ex amples on how to use every library function They even include a C tutorial While itll give you a start it won t teach you the fine points of object oriented programming I recommend the book An Introduc tion to Object Oriented Programming and C by Richard S Weiner and Lewis
207. ne place with its append feature This is a wonderfully sophisticated piece of work and Buerg can take just pride in the slick tool he has created My appreciation is mag nified by my experience in trying to clean the file with the naked carriage returns by my own klutzy programming efforts LIST did away with all the drudgery once I realized its capabilities Read Your Friendly Manual LIST s power user features are no secret Buerg dutifully sets out the program s many functions in the manual His collection of exotic applications includes file sharing under DOS 3 x shelling to DOS and screen saving Screen saving No Buerg isn t talking about the monitor blanking utilities that turn off your screen to save the phosphors He means LIST s peculiar practice of remembering the screen display at the moment it was invoked If you exit LIST with the Alt X com mand rather than with Esc or F10 LIST restores the screen to its exact ap pearance before LIST was used Amus ingly this option leaves no sign of LIST s activity even the DOS prompt is restored to its original state Listing To Port One advanced application isn t tuck ed away with the exotic stuff Rather the nifty S option is heralded right on page 1 LIST uses it with redirection and piping If invoked with the S op tion LIST can grab text that has been redirected or piped to a file or the screen Buerg s simple example of LIST s pip
208. nging You Over the next few issues I d like your help in exploring and quantifying complexity For reasons I ll save until next time I m not convinced that algo rithmic length is complexity s key quan tifier What do you think You might begin by sending me your definition of ran domness If you can quantify it via an algorithm or program Meantime check out Pagels fascinat ing book The Dreams Of Reason from Simon amp Schuster and send me your quantifiable dreams reasonable or otherwise INTRODUCTORY PRICE 99 95 Regular price 149 95 WALTER BRIGHT Programmer 6 This is a revolutionary product which reflects the fact that Walter Bright is one of the world s best programmers II Andy Redfern Personal Computer World Ro 66 find it amazing that Walter 77 gt continues to find ways to improve his A gt already excellent product 99 LO y Scott Robert Ladd Micro Cornucopia Ky My C Cis great d C is better Performance benchmarks Sieve Rsieve Integer Float Float Pointer Rpointer Loop Optimize 0 49 0 60 Benchmarks were run on an 80286 based IBM compatible at 6Mhz with no 8087 The float benchmark was re run without optimization A Zortech C Turbo C 1 5 Quick C 1 0 Zortech C is the first native code C compiler for MS DOS compatible machines This E means you don t need to spend a lot of m
209. nipulates All aspects of ED s appearance and operation can be controlled by the programmer ED a restricted or enhanced form of ED or any of ED s objects can be embedded in the programmer s applications with no royal ties Objects such as dynamic arrays windows data entry windows macros menus browsers popup directories and regular expressions are manipulated through normal C function calls Functions for creating manuscripts are part of ED s design Stream blocks word wrap tabs intelligent paragraph formatting block justification and pagination behave correctly and execute instantly Finally ED can be used to create sophisticated sorts and filters Macros search and replace column blocks and block sorts allow records to be sorted and selectively removed and fields to be added rearranged and removed ED NUMBER OF BUFFERS LIMITED MACROS MENU DRIVEN VIEW FILES KEYBOARD CONFIGURATION ONLY BY AVAILABLE RAM NUMBER OF WINDOWS LIMITED ONLY BY SCREEN SIZE POPUP DIRECTORY FACILITY COPY RENAME DELETE BROWSE FILE STATUS EDIT EXECUTE SORT SEARCH AND REPLACE FOR WARD BACKWARD CASE SENSITIVE IN SESITIVE FULLY PARENTHESIZED REGULAR EXPRESSIONS INCREMEN TAL GLOBAL REPLACE ACROSS ALL BUF FERS BLOCK COMMANDS COLUMN LINE STREAM BLOCKS SAVE CUT DELETE BLANK SEARCH FOR FORMAT JUSTIFY LEFT RIGHT CENTER UPPER LOWER CASE REMOVE OVERLAY REACTIVATE TAB DRAG
210. nstructions in one window while you experiment in another See for yourself why no other macro language comes close Call for your free evaluation copy today See why VEDIT PLUS has been the 1 choice of programmers writers and engineers since 1980 Supports the IBM PC XT AT and PS 2 including DESQview Microsoft Windows PC MOS 386 Concurrent DOS and most networks Also available for MS DOS CP M 86 and FlexOS Yes We support windows on CRT terminals 185 VEDIT and CompuView are registered trademarks of CompuView Products inc BRIEF is a trademark of UnderWare Inc PC MOS 386 is a trademark of The Software Link Inc CP M 86 and FlexOS are trademarks of Digital Research MS DOS OS 2 and XENIX are trademarks of Microsoft DESQview is a trademark of Quarterdeck Office Systems Also available for TI Professional Tandy 2000 DEC Rainbow WYSE 700 Amdek 1280 and Others Free evaluation disk is fully functional and can even edit small files 1955 Pauline Blvd Ann Arbor MI 48103 313 996 1299 Telex 701821 e Fax 313 996 1308 PROGRAMMABLE EDITOR NEW VERSION 3 0 Best Multi Level Undo Regular Expressions Pop Up ASCII Table Pull Down Menus Compiler Support Column Blocks FREE EVALUATION COPY Call 1 800 45 VEDIT Fully Network Compatible Call for XENIX and OS 2 versions 30 Day Money back guarantee Features of VEDIT PLUS 3 0 Simultaneously edit up to 37 files of unlimited size Variable siz
211. nts text Execution History program source word processor etc files ONLY 35 a ae Support from inside a running application inted Manual ONLY GNM Endeavors inc DARKEL SOFTWORKS 15 1910 Fieldwood Drive Chatsworth Califomia 818 341 9079 with source code 50 Call today for a FREE technical bulletin Reader Service Number 34 Reader Service Number 100 directory and the 1st line of all ASCII text files in Window Style Interface Single Step amp Trace Indispensable for quickly identifying data Northbrook IL 60062 16 M ega bytes EMS and or snO Op World s Best Disassembler Extended Memory Turns any program to assembler source eWorks on 8 or 16 bit bus comments each line of code 8086 to Get Inside Your Program Today i 80386 processors and coprocessors DOS Analyze and improve your n nse Tubo C e16 bit transfer on AT bus pe program function by function inside Turbo Pascal aSingle board desien XT and AT calls ports EMS functions topview calls steed aac imon COE ce Oc Base 9 T52 eincludes RAM disk and Compatible and gets all supported and unsupported a win miatea fone Menot Fortan Each 1 j ilei mi accuracy Get inside your hes extensive diagnostics codes Batch or interactive Built in code program yn urpocadeiod OR voas Visa Mastercard Accepted sensitive help Best way to Learn Assem i 800 5375043 eQuantity OEM discounts 3 ee rae bler modify softwar
212. nuous surge protection for your valuable electronic equipment UL listed 3 Ib TERMS Cashiers check immediate shipment All others must clear No COD Prices FOB Torrance CA Call us and give your ZIP code and we will quote freight charges California residents add 61 2 sales tax Add 2 handling to orders under 25 KOALA COMPUTERS INC 4306 Torrance Boulevard Torrance California 90503 Offices only CALL 213 316 5866 9 to 6 PST M SAT XT trademark IBM DOS Microsoft DBase Ashton Tate Reader Service Number 88 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 25 Thinking Objectively A Biological Approach To Designing Neural Networks Computers are dumb Right They only do what you tell them Right Even expert systems boil down to a list of rules and that s about as fancy as computers can get Right Wrong You knew I d say that If Doug and Arthur are correct we ll just teach computers how to learn and then turn them loose In no time at all they ll be the experts All by themselves Mankind can go back to manual labor ur minds have the as yet CD mctinesnsimoltabl ability to make sense out of noise We can distinguish individual and often subtle meaning out of a cacophony of sounds Imagine a symphony You not only hear the orchestra as a whole but also distinguish many of the individual in struments You can even hear people whispering in the audience or the siren of an emergency vehicle outs
213. nvented the television Philo T Farnsworth the hand held calculator Bowmar Brain MX 10 and the home video game Magnavox Odys sey Eric s A86 assembler is so fantastic that it makes higher level languages ob solete just as Jack Purdum s Eco C88 compiler is so outstanding that nobody would ever think of using assembly In the second place how many people read Micro C because it gives them a balanced view Peter Norton describes C as an industrial strength language not safe for households with children I like to think of Micro C as the industrial strength magazine For a balanced view there s always Mother Earth News Micro C readers prefer the touched and sullied output of unbalanced_minds I sure would have liked to take an afternoon off and drive up to SOG How many miles north of South Bend are you Incidentally it s a 90 mile round trip to buy Micro C on the newsstand so I ve been meaning to send for a subscription But I forgot to include the check before I sealed the en velope Maybe next month Steven Thomas 6010 Southeast Willow Rd Warren IN 46792 Editor s note We ve sent a couple of bicycle delivery kids to the south part of Bend to give you a genuine Micro C en velope for your check None have succeeded I suspect you re either confused do you live in Peoria maybe or your town was mis named DBASIC Post Mortem I thought you might like to know what happened to the gre
214. o C bulletin board If you are interested in reading more on starting a business get a copy of this bibliography and a library card You could start a small business for less than all these books will cost Information needed to order the workbooks is as follows Venture Feasibility Workbook by Robert Ronstadt Lord Publishing 508 651 9955 19 95 Your Business Plan amp Your Marketing Plan by the Oregon SBDC Network Portland Community College Small Business Development Center 503 273 2828 10 each Software There are a number of programs on the market that claim to help you write your business plan or run your busi ness After looking at a number of them my feeling is that most of them are not worth the money There is one notable exception If you are planning on starting a business in a big way you might want to consider purchasing a copy of Ronstadt s Financials Though it costs 500 it s the best package that I ve seen for developing financial scenarios Small Business Administration The SBA has a program that uses retired executives to consult with busi nesses The few times that I have been exposed to this program have led me to the opinion that most of these folks come from large businesses and do not have much relevant information to impart to the small businessman Even though my exposure to this program has been less than terrific this is still a resource to be considered Ther
215. of rabbit is thought of all of the low level features are immediately converted to those of a rabbit not readdress previously learned points The neuron is ingeniously designed to provide an operational solution to this problem A neuron consists of the follow ing computational components e input processes dendrite s e decision mechanism soma e output processes axon s e inter neuron connections synapses The neuron provides a very rich set of computational ingredients e COMPLEX INPUT system in puts through the dendrites which provide a wide pathwidth of data e SUMMATION of the inputs as received by the central neuron body the soma e DIGITAL DECISION system in the soma which acts somewhat like an analog to digital converter it acts as a democratic element which fires only if enough inputs votes are present DIGITAL OUTPUT system which fires and sends out an action potential through the axon e COMMUNICATION system in which the axon contacts many other dendrite processes of other neurons e MEMORY that is contained in the connection strengths of the synap ses the inter neuron contacts e LEARNING which is the process by which the connection strengths and the locations of the synapses are formed e RECOGNITION when the system is excited by inputs and fires a digital output The neuron can receive many com binations of possible stimulus inputs which represent a fairly large whit
216. office in a country where even farmers sometimes wear ties and suit coats in the field Because you carry a Caribou Mountaineering backpack instead of a briefcase and be cause you are under 45 No that would be too negative I complain about nega tive people too much to be one At least to publicly be one In Search Of A Topic Part IV At home I hit the button on my answering machine and got the mes sage from Lois and Elaine calling from Van in Southeastern Turkey We re still planning on meeting you in Trab zon at 4 p m on the 10th Onok and his friend are coming too We decided that we should meet at the Tourism Infor mation Office instead of the City Hall though Great I ve got three days to unpack pack and get on the bus for an 18 hour ride out to Trabzon The boat is at Sami s mother s house and it needs repairing I need to seal the seams of my tent wash all my clothes and duf fles take inventory call Tarsus and have them send up the boat adhesive from Jack s refrigerator And I still have to think of a topic for the Micro C column The seagulls screaming from the top of the mosque across the street Performance and versatility For your CP M or MS DOS computer P M QP M by MICROCode Consulting Fed up with the message BDOS error R O With QP M you ll never lose another file because you changed a diskette QP M offers full CP M 2 2 compatibility with outstanding performance and more
217. oftware Most PC DOS and MS DOS application Pepa Porat reo eee ae ve Publisher AutoCAD Intel Above Board 1 03 2 1 GEM 1 1 3 0 IBM TopView 1 1 Media a Y f AST RAMpage Advantage Hercules M DESQview 2 0 is available on either 5 1 4 or 3 1 2 150 Pico Blvd Santa Monica CA 90405 See He aaan poi sA ToView floppy diskette 213 392 9851 Fax 213 399 3802 Reader Service Number 109 a are property of their respective holders M OS 2 PS 2 1 2 3 Paradox Word Perfect MICROCORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 5 SOG Thanks Although this is rather late for a thank you letter J want you to know that as a computer nerd idiot tag a long or whatever appropriate noun would apply I really enjoyed SOG VII First there was the beautiful drive up from Southern California including Burney Falls Mt Shasta and Crater Lake Then the happy surprise of dis covering the beauties of Bend And finally gaining an appreciation for the wonderful job your crew did in organiz ing that remarkable get together The Central Oregon Community Col lege provided a beautiful setting for the sessions even to including an exhibit to grace the art gallery I was over whelmed by Debee s demonstration surely her story should be published Such an inspiration her accomplish ments are This is the second letter that I ve ever attempted on Pat s computer It s a halt ing timid effort but IIl keep trying Many t
218. om DRI There are no less than 60 DOS calls organized as A line software inter rupts These include calls to input and output text strings or decimal and hex numbers That s on top of the 17 ROM calls And you get an INCLUDE file of system equates to make assembly easier Although I didn t know 68K mnemonics when I started I had no trouble recoding some of my CP M library routines I found however that many of my prized subroutines weren t needed with SK DOS their functions were available as system calls Two Versions Of C For 10 Peripheral Technology will send you a sampling of the SK DOS User s Group library including a Small C compiler three editors an nroff clone and many other goodies Also Sidney Thompson president of the User s Group and Bud Pass are just finishing a full K amp R version of C I have a beta test copy Sidney also sent me the copy of MicroEMACS developed using the new C Finally I m starting to see software from other sources I know of at least two more editors two disassemblers and a host of other goodies Let s Be Real I wouldn t be completely honest with you if I didn t tell you that there are some things I don t like For those of you who have experience with Flex SK DOS will seem like old home week For the rest of us it s strange Instead of drives A and B they are 0 and 1 The command processor doesn t understand the familiar and
219. omplexity Complexity as you might expect is an illusive concept and like anything new suffers and benefits from its newness What Is Complexity In our ordinary language complexity refers to a state or condi tion consisting of many interacting com ponents The interaction of the com ponents is complicated in other words we probably can t easily distinguish all the interactions at once Although this kind of general description is accurate it s hardly scientific and in fact isn t very useful So Pagels suggests a more quantitative less qualitative definition Complexity is a quantitative 96 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Reasonable Dreams measure that we can assign to a physi cal system or a computation that lies midway between the measure of simple order and complete chaos A diamond he goes on to say has neatly arranged atoms and is therefore ordered A rose consists of randomness and order in the arrangement of its parts so it s complex The movement of gas molecules is chaotic Randomness Since we re looking for a quantitative measure of complexity perhaps the simplest first approach we can take is to examine numbers in general What is it about a number for ex ample that makes it random or not random The number 010101010101 for example seems ordered And at least it seems we can predict the next digit 0 or 1 depending on
220. ond the purposes discussed here it s likely to be involved in nearly all neural processes in one form or another The mechanism discussed here is fairly simple and easy to implement In fact we have implemented it in Turbo Pascal The complete source code and user friendly EXE is available on the Micro C RBBS and from the authors Summary Electronic technology is moving for ward at an extremely rapid rate provid ing unprecedented computational power for the money We now have more tools than ever for building neural network based systems As expected the level of public and private interest in neural in telligence is increasing dramatically With our new understanding of automatic learning we are now ready to remove major roadblocks to our progress By designing in the ability to learn complex objects within complex hierarchies we delegate most of the learning to the system thereby making our job much easier Figure 7 Conflicting Images suggest Feedback CROWDING SPACIALLY DEFINED CROWDING ON HIGHER LEVEL PRE FEEDBACK WTH HIGH LEVEL FEEDBACK REAL WORLD STIMULI B S mips ae RETINA OF HIGH LEVEL RESPONSE CONFLICTING IMAGES suggest FEEDBACK The set of black dots shows two different images of circular patterns but both can not be seen at the same time The model shown above suggests one possible configuration of recognizers neural tissue that promotes similar conflicting
221. oney on a C compiler In fact Zortech C YES eve eeeene eee ee eee comes with a C compiler a C compiler a linker a librarian a fully integrated editing Rush me environment context sensitive help and the fastest graphics library you ve ever seen C Zortech C aS EA iy 99 95 e e e e With Zortech C you can mix and match code in C C and assembler and link c Library Source x earns them all together with a single command E 49 95 A anaes Zortech C comes with a complete C and C library including C Intro to OOP and C ieee compatibility with the ANSI C draft Unique to Zortech C is support y 4 27 95 ZORTECH for mice fast screen writes re entrant floating point and speaker C The C j aes Language support 29 95 Now you can move your Microsoft and Turbo C code over to E VISA MC COD CHECK ACCEPTED Zortech C we ve included compatible library functions Name sissies dealt ines a Sets namin Seaham lua eniai Also we have made Zortech C compatible with Add Microsoft s Codeview debugger L es Enter the world of Object Oriented Programming E sea PE EA AENEA EE AETR EE PRONG isis oe Dalasi oops win Zorteah GEF D VARM eE Exp date Sure C is great but C is better NOW AVAILABLE E To ZORTECH INC 366 Massachusetts Ave Arlington MA 02174 Tel 617 646 6703 Fax 617 643 7969 4 Byte esi a L CALL THE ORDER HOTLINE 1 800 848 8408 ippi PSG d L Reader cervic
222. onitors a program s execution There are other profilers on the market both in the public domain and commercial ly PMon produces a list of system calls and a timing table The timing table tells the user how much time was spent ex ecuting each function or line of source This is an invaluable tool for optimiza tion You can run PMon to see which functions or statements are using the most time Then you can optimize them or rewrite them in assembler to im prove your programs performance The CritPath utility in Volume II can provide further reports by analyzing the PMon data I really like this package The documentation is well written and the programs work as described Each tool MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 51 box sells for 79 95 or you can get both for 130 Choosing A C Compiler During my talk at SOG a number of people asked about choosing benchmarks This seems to be a hot topic Everyone seems to want to know which compiler is best Out on the electronic mail circuit at SOG and in user s groups programmers who want to work with C want to know what they should buy Choosing a compiler isn t easy by the time of the next C compiler round up scheduled for the March April 1989 issue there will be at least 15 C com pilers on the market At least a half dozen of these will make it into the good to excellent category with the rest scrambling to catch up Whenever I get asked the fa
223. ontroller Game Port XT Multi Function 1 ser par clk game 2 floppy Parallel Supports LPT 1 2 or3 Dual Serial Port Card 1 installed switchable Com 1 2 3 or 4 Kit for 2nd Port XT 640K RAM K installed XT 2 MB Intel EMS K installed 99 00 XT AT Multi 1 O Serial Par Game Kit for Second Serial AT 2 MB Intel EMS K installed 139 00 DTK 4 MB 32 bit memory card XT AT Multi Drive Controller Supports 1 44 720K 1 2 360K drives on XT or AT MOTHERBOARDS XT Turbo 4 77 8 mhz XT Turbo 4 77 10mhz AT 6 10 mhz Choice of Award Phoenix or DTK Bios AT 6 12 mhz Choice of Award Phoenix or DTK Bios Baby AT 6 12 mhz AMI Bios 80286 6 16 mhz DTK Bios 80386 8 16 mhz DTK Bios 80386 8 20 mhz DTK Bios For XT AT memory FLOPPY DISK DRIVES Toshiba 360K Toshiba 1 2 MB Toshiba 3 4 Drive Kit 720K Toshiba 31 2 Drive 1 44mb Color Options Includes video card amp monitor CGA EGA Color CGA EGA VGA Color ASSEMBLY AND TESTING AT 80386 Systems XT KIT W 2 Floppy Drives Includes 640K RAM Serial parallel and game ports clock calendar AT Style keyboard cabinet power supply mono graphics card and amber or green monitor Keyboard switchable turbo 8 mhz with lock LED Reset amp Turboswitch 10mhz with lock LED Reset amp Turboswitch XT KIT W 20MB Hard Drive Includes 640K RAM Serial parallel and game ports clock calendar AT Style keyboard cabinet power supply mono gr
224. ood example of redundant data is a spelling dictionary Many words have the same prefixes and or the same roots Mapping all the redundant se quences would create a tangled maze of paths So I ll tackle the problem with linked lists and trees The problem is given a list of words how do we store them on disk or in memory so we can use them as a dic tionary That also leads to other questions like How do we check words in a text file How do we add words to or delete words from the dictionary Think about it I ll take a look at this problem and tell you what WhatAmI does in the next exciting episode of Units amp Modules MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 77 Letters RAM Speed Debate I read with interest Gary Entsminger s comments in the Tidbits column Micro C issue 42 regarding RAM chip speeds Gary must have an uncanny way of choosing chips that fall on the very good end of the spectrum Dave must also be quite good at it judg ing from his editorial comments I m not as lucky My experience is that with 1 wait state systems you need 150 nsec at 8 MHz 120 nsec at 10 MHz and 100 nsec at 12 MHz It appears that the number of wait states is at least as critical as the system speed For instance I have four banks of 120 nsec 256K chips NECs mind you that run at 10 MHz 1 wait state but not at 8 MHz 0 wait states theoretically they should I ve also had a couple of banks
225. ormation and pricing CP M 8080 Z80 ROM C compiler 8080 Z80 assembler linker librarian UNIX libraries and specialized utilities Aztec C Il c CP M amp ROM 349 Aztec C ll d CPM 199 How To Become A User To become an Aztec C user call 800 221 0440 From NJ or intemational locations call 201 542 2121 Telex 4995812 or FAX 201 542 8386 C O D VISA Master Card American Express wire domestic and international and terms are available One and two day delivery available for all domestic and most international destinations Aztec Systems bought directly from Manx have a 30 day satisfaction uarantee Most oa are upgradable By paying the difference in price plus 10 Site licenses OEM educational and multiple copy discounts are available To order or for information call today In NJ or international ceait 201 542 2121 TELEX 4995812 Reader Service Number 17 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 69 THE NEW 65 9028 VT ANSI VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD FROM LINGER ENTERPRISES x A second generation low cost high performance mini sized single board for making your own RS232 Video Terminal This highly versatile board can be used as a stand alone video terminal or without a keyboard as a video console VT100 VT52 Compatible FEATURES MICRO SIZE Uses the new CRT9128 Video Con troller driven by a 6502A CPU On Screen Non Volatile Configuration 10 Terminal Modes ANSI H19 ADM 5 WYSE 50
226. ors Unltd Whitewater Group Digitalk 24 microSOLUTIONS Dreamtech 02 Microsphere Xenosoft Ecosoft 59 National Advancement Zortech Inc Inside Back Cover Emerald Microware Corp Erac Company Contact Advertiser Directly UZ OHTA os BEE BS SS FESR AG OSE Cows Qe sess Electronic Circuit CAD Systems State of the Art Object Oriented Graphics CAD Plus Secrets of Compiler Optimization And Interrupt Service Routines In C MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 95 THE LAST PAGE Gary s off on another tangent This one s as simple or as complex as you want to make it n his new book The Dreams of Reason physicist Heinz Pagels calls the computer the instrument of complexity Computers allow physicists chemists biologists economists social scientists and others to explore and sometimes solve com plex problems they couldn t tackle before Computers because of their capacity to manage enormous amounts of information are showing us new aspects of social reality The power of the computer for research lies in its capacity to computationally model and simulate complex systems We ve already begun to explore several of these major avenues of com plexity in Micro C Fractals etc in is sues 39 and 43 Chaos Butterflies amp The BGI issue 42 and I m pleased with Pagels attempt to define this new science of c
227. ost pleasant awakening in months Not counting last Saturday morning waking up in the dewy 6 a m mist next to a dormant campfire doing my best to not wake anyone else as I started the fire for morning tea Yeah Morning tea What if I wrote about the pos sibilities of tea packaging machines that automatically tested radiation levels of tea a big question down here just south of Chernobyl and automatically put the bad tea into a special hopper for delivery to the Nuclear Energy Com mission Or maybe the effects of high tea consumption on the writing energy of witless young computer journalists Nah Nothing has substance yet If that OS 2 kit would just show up And the other Meg of RAM But then one of the guys at the caving camp works for Lotus in Boston and he told me that even 2 megs isn t enough to do anything useful with OS 2 So like I said if that other 3 megs of RAM would show up Jeez I can t even get a manual for Turbo Pascal 4 0 What am I doing talk ing about an OS 2 Developer s Kit I should be trying for the easy stuff first Sometimes it s not easy being a freewheeling computer samaritan Maybe I should try writing again about getting jobs overseas That might prompt me to go do some work myself so I would have enough money to buy this stuff with cash instead of trying to beg it under the auspices of doing magazine reviews The bus arrived in Istanbul during the morning rush hour so it w
228. ounty airparks The county air parks feature such luxuries as paved runways and chemical johns Yesterday the first day of the week long flyaround I was part of a formation flying at 1 000 feet watching cars watching people carefully watching the three Stinson amp tent at Newburg tour s first overnight stop Continued on page 69 New Version 2 2 Compare with DOS 4 0 runs faster and communications support It s coming An era of more powerful PCs Easier 1997 blisher or designing a building in AutoCAD to use PCs With graphics and character based programs working side by side Talking to each other Multitasking Windowing Menuing DESQview even allows them to transfer text n and fields of information between Mousing Letting your customers get their work Fulfil the 386 promise done easier and faster k Er a BEN Sell it all now i Aldus Pagemaker uattro mes a contro program w en DESQview is the operating envi O EO S DESQv icu used in conjunction with Quarterdeck s ronment that gives DOS the capabil Satoa e ooo burton Uindous a Memory n ities of OS 2 And it lets your ss ee QEMM 386 giving faster customers with their trusty 8088 8086 W Be e multitasking as well as virtual 80286 or 80886 PCs leap to the o a Iia me Support DESOvi productivity of the next generation RBASE For DOS Scissors IBM be 72 Model 50 60 ae For not much
229. our first ever inside four color ad Epsilon Info Two years ago a friend bought a used Data General One laptop an early IBM PC compatible Some software came with it including an EMACS type of editor called Epsilon It s similar to Perfect Writer but loads a file into RAM without using a swap file The help file is somewhat incom plete and there is no information about the origin of Epsilon I don t even know if it s a public domain or commercial program Have any Micro C devotees heard of Epsilon Can anyone tell me more about it Deborah Rose 4444 Yale Station New Haven CT 06520 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 79 I m writing in response to Dr Yates letter in Micro C issue 41 I assume Dr Yates that your Kaypro 10 motherboard is similar to my Kaypro 1 motherboard Even if not what follows may be of use Kaypro seems to have gone out of their way to make their model designations thoroughly confusing I bought a Kaypro 1 in December of last year from a liquidator The production tag indicates that the machine was produced in November 1986 and I suspect that Kaypro made a final run to clear out its parts inventory What s im portant is that this is probably the final version of their universal board It incorporates certain changes upgrades which don t appear on the Micro C schematic and are not documented in any articles As you probably know the Kaypro 1 is real ly a 4 84 wit
230. owerful Smalltalk like browser for building software objects add newObjet P Add an Object to the roctiver set If the object i already in the st then do nothing id newObjech The id of the object to insert into the sc int bool id p empty if elf gt eount selt gt size nds I expand if full ewObjed is newObject already in receiver 1 no then find first empty slot p tid hself gt data for liz i lt Why C_talk C__talk has been proven successful in delivering several large scale systems in demanding realtime environments It s concise easy to learn and use It is programming in C not a new language while adhering to the Smalltalk paradigm C__talk is the practical and affordable union C__talk is designed to operate with MSDOS on IBM or compatible computers At least 512K of memory a hard disk and mouse are recommended An automatic Make utility for building applications W A Preprocessor for converting objects into C source code A set of Foundation Classes to use as basic building blocks 149 5 Order today Call or write CNS Inc Software Products Dept 7090 Shady Oak Rd Eden Prairie MN 55344 Tel 612 944 0170 Fax 612 944 0923 Add for shipping 5 US 25 Int 30 day money back guarantee providing and advancing object oriented methodology C__talk is a trademark of CNS CNS is a registered trademark of CNS Inc
231. ows 250 files amp indexes open at once LRU file caching round robin file manager 00 dBASE III ap MAX Turbo Pascal 4 0 cO Max Software Consultants Inc 4101 Greenmount Avenue Baltimore MD 21218 300 323 5996 149 Reader Service Number 103 70 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Around the Bend noticed my generator wasn t working After kicking myself for not paying more attention during run up I shut off running lights strobe radio everything that used electricity the spark plugs have their own power and grabbed the map The largest nearby airport was Salem I waited until it showed up off my right wing and turned on the radio Salem Tower Stinson 8077K five miles east with an electri cal problem Is there a mechanic on the field 77K wait one 77K Roger on the mechanic Active runway is 31 you re cleared to land The mechanic found a tripped circuit breaker and I was on my way again Hey I help people with their computer Continued from page 69 Flying in Formation with another Stinson problems all the time and I didn t suspect a silly circuit breaker Cost me 10 too Ah well it s vacation The Cottage Grove Experimental Aircraft Association was holding its summer barbeque so by pure coincidence we 22 planes dropped in for lunch Made very quick work of their hamburgers It was in Cottage Grove we learned that Florence had been waiting for us The
232. present some of the fundamental concepts involved with object recognition and some general ap proaches to implementation Who Teaches Many traditional neural networks can learn to recognize stimuli but these networks must be told what they re learning We do this by telling the net work to learn when the desired stimuli are present In other words we teach the network We decide what the network will learn by placing chosen stimuli objects in nonconflicting scenes and directing the network to respond when it recog nizes a particular set of stimuli Is this how animals learn We don t think so Although you might argue that animals learn about danger from their parents or from their genes it seems more likely that the world itself contains the clues needed by animals to group information So far neural nets have not tried to automatical ly extract this information Seen It Before See It Again Most of us make the erroneous as sumption that neural tissue takes in data puts it somewhere remembers where to retrieve it and reproduces the data intact Conventional computers operate this way but neural tissue doesn t It neither stores input data nor needs to How can tissue remember recognize objects if it hasn t stored data Good question When remembered stimuli appear at the input of neural tis sue the tissue responds that is it deter mines whether it knows has ex perienced the stim
233. printers It almost worked out that way 38 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Printer Setup Want to print characters No problem You throw text to the printer like meat to a dog The printer chews away for a while and out come the characters on paper The dog s output is slightly dif ferent although it does resemble some of the printer output I ve generated Graphics output doesn t present much more of a challenge First off we need to initialize the printer prn_setup see Figure 1 sends out an ESC This sets the printer to most of its power on defaults The car riage return sets up the print head for the first line of output Otherwise printing could easily start in the middle of a line The last line of prn_setup sets line feeds to 8 72 These printers have nine void prn out unsigned char X DX 0 xi E 0 geninterrupt 0x17 prn out void prn setup pra out 27 prn out pra out 13 prn out 27 prn_out A pran out 8 prn setup pins in the print head It makes sense to use just eight pins since the printer can only accept a byte at a time Each pin prints a 1 72 dot so 8 pins means 8 72 Grabbing A Screen The next job involves reading video memory I m not going to rehash the confusion of video addressing on the Herc card Take a look at A Hercules Primer in Micro C issue 39 for the details of how get_line works Not
234. psulated with connect and disconnect methods You can implement the connect method see Figure 4 as addOutputs and addInputs messages since both the nodes must know about the connection that is made These two steps could easily have been done in the connect method but by having each node manage its own in stance variables you can deal with net works made up of other networks The setPosn method is another ex ample of private protocol I use this method to update the onscreen position of the node and I wrote the disconnect method in a similar fashion Interactive Tools Once you ve defined the network and node classes you can create a network and examine it to make sure it s as you expect Actor encourages an interactive programming style and has a rich set of tools to make it easy to test and debug code one piece at a time If any runtime errors show up a source code debugger will pop up automatically You can fix the code on the fly and resume execution Any time you want to examine an ob ject you can call up an inspector and see the values of the instance variables You can also inspect the instance variables of an object from within another inspector and trace through an entire network easi ly Actor also has a code profiler that you can use to determine which methods will give you the most optimization You can then selectively use early binding tech niques to speed up critical code by eliminating the mess
235. r unsigned long xx xr gt x center xr x center x center xr ternary if then else unsigned long yy yr gt y center yr y center y center yr xx XX yy A yy deita x squared delta y squared return xx yy J endif CADSHAPE HPP xer 34 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 more than just a better C is the class Defining a class means making a new data type which the compiler treats as if it were a built in type enforcing the proper syntax rules Each class contains hidden informa tion usually data but may include func tions which are only available to mem ber functions of the class and public in formation usually member functions but may include data This separation between public and private elements is called data hiding and is controlled by the public keyword The public member functions define the interface to the class Figure 2 is a small declaration for one of the shapes manipulated by the CAD system In it you can see some private data a structure from the Zortech flash graphics package and some public member functions Classes may be inherited from other classes simply by mentioning the name of the base class In Figure 2 class square public cadshape means square is inherited from cadshape so it automatically contains all of cadshape s data structure and member functions The public keyword means that the end user wil
236. r that After my head cleared I found myself sitting in the dark staring at the computer screen Some where over my shoulder there lurked a dead line So what can I say about algorithms An al gorithm is a finite sequence of instructions each hopefully clear in meaning that can be executed with a finite amount of effort in a finite amount of time Algorithms run naturally through the code we write Almost every article in Micro C has an algorithm Even On Your Own and Around The Bend give us an ap proach or methodology for solving a problem Units amp Modules And what do units and modules have to do with algorithms Units and modules are abstract machines The internal workings of the machines or units can be hidden from the user The user is only concerned with what each function or procedure does not how it s done A unit or module attempts to be a collection of functions procedures and data types that do something A well designed unit should con tain a well designed algorithm That way we create libraries of reusable abstract tools This column will deal primarily with algo 76 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 The Fun Has Just Begun rithms their design and usage The module or unit concept provides an excellent vehicle for their presentation Directions Most of my computer experience is from academia not the real world Academics spend a great deal of time studying and improving al gorithms Bu
237. recognitions Small combinations of dots form sub sections arcs of the circles but due to high level feedback the arcs are interpreted according to the context of the high level idea one circle or the other dBASE Ili 20 TIMES FASTER What a difference No more watiting for output while could have been processing other data It tI PES V Kovacs Penn Services dBASE III Enhancment utility I m using it in every new system I write Super for creating test data from large files It s fast easy to use and follows dBASE syntax FAST Up to 20 times faster than dBASE W H Whitney In one case report generation on a 60 000 McGraw Hill Inc record file was reduced from 18 hours to 2 hours DELETE FLEXIBLE COPY Call from a program file or DOS prompt ED aan Run on a stand alone PC or a network EASY dBASE li tax No need to ete LTRIM UPPER TRIM SUBSTR COMPATIBLE Recognizes and creates dBASE III files Transfer DBF data to DAT files for use with other languages Basic Pascal etc Introductory Offer 9 9 0 0 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CALL 215 536 5858 W Computerized Processing Uniimited Offer ends 12 31 88 Country Square Shopping Center Quakertown Pa 18951 MANY MORE Reader Service Number 105 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 31 Building MicroCad Design With C Okay objectively C might be inter esting but what can you do with it that you can t
238. rmatting conversions e Extensive 400 page manual with hundreds of examples Reader Service Number 7 CompuView QUALITY PRODUCTS AT COMPETITIVE PRICES CASES amp POWER SUPPLY 150 Watt Power Supply XT 200 Watt Power Supply AT XT Slide Case XT Slide with Lock amp LED STD AT or 80386 w Lock amp LED Tower AT or 80386 w Lock LED and Power Supply MONITORS EGA CGA Auto Switch 31 dot 395 00 VGA EGA CGA Multi Syne 31 495 00 CGA Color Amber 12 TTL Green 12 TTL VGA Analog Mitsubishi 28 dot VIDEO CARDS Color Graphics Parallel Mono Graphics Parallel 49 00 KEYBOARDS 5339 Professional XT AT w 12 function key 5060 Keyboard AT Style KB101 Keytronic Focus 101 Key Tactile Switchable control caps lock Dust cover Chosen 1 Find by Micro C Staff 101 Key Click Style AIll keyboards switchable to XT or AT HARD DRIVES amp CONTROLLERS l AT 40 MB Miniscribe 3650 61 ms 3 75 00 AT 40 MB Miniscribe 3053 25 ms 489 00 AT 71 MB Miniscribe 6085 28 ms 695 00 AT MFM Hard Drive amp floppy controller WD 130 00 AT RLL HD amp FD controller 189 00 XT20 MB Miniscribe 8425 65 ms 279 00 with controller 340 00 XT30 MB Miniscribe 8438 65 ms 299 00 Tower Case Pictured KIT OPTIONS MS DOS 3 21 w GW Basic MS DOS 3 31 w GW Basic 5339 Keyboard Sub EGA CGA VGA 640x480 129 00 VGA Analog STB Extra EXPANSION CARDS Clock Card Dual Floppy Disk C
239. ro 10 or 84 series Hard Disk host board Kaypro four drive floppy decoder board Complete parts and repair services available Xerox 820 PLUS2 ROM and X120 Double Density Board by MICROCode Consulting and Emerald Microware About had it with single density diskettes on your Xerox 820 1 Get unsurpassed versatility with our X120 Board and PLUS2 ROM package Run up to four floppy disk drives at once e Mix 8 and 5 at the same time e Software compatible with Kaypro and Xerox 820 e Built in drivers for most serial and parallel printers Get mini monitor functions and auto boot capability e 19 built in disk formats including Xerox and Kaypro e Includes custom disk format definition program Banked ROM BIOS for more space in your TPA e Composite video adaptor on X120 board e Runs 48 TP diskettes on 96 TPI drives Supports real time clock from Z80 CTC e Works on the Xerox 820 1 and Big Board Both ROM and X120 board are required for operation PLUS2 ROM Set and X120 Board A amp T 114 95 PLUS2 ROM Set and X120 Bare Board PLUS2 ROM Set only 120 Bare Board only x x Special x x x 2 boards for 25 5 for 50 Other kits parts and packages available Parts and accessories for the Xerox 820 Xerox 820 2 CPU Board new Xerox 820 2 Floppy Controller board new Xerox 820 2 CPU board w Floppy Controller Xerox 820 1 CPU board new Xerox 820 complete high profile keyboard Xerox 820 bare high profile keyboard new
240. roblems The two types are slow growth and rapid growth Any businessman worth his salt will tell you what he wants and fears the most is fast growth At first glance it may seem that fast growth is what you should strive for But is it Everyone knows who Apple Computer and Compaq are but how many people remember Osborne computer Victor PC Digital Re search The Pet Rock or any of the other many examples of businesses that took off like a rocket only to crash Remember when Digital Research was on the top of the heap and Microsoft was a strug gling company What differentiates these com panies is that Apple Compaq and Microsoft were able to make the mid course corrections necessary to continue their growth How can you keep this from hap pening to your enterprise Specialized education is often the answer There are a number of alternatives for dealing with growth and that s what this column is about Books Probably the best of the non techni cal books on starting and growing a business is Growing a Business by Paul Hawkins This was a companion book for a PBS series on starting a business If you can find video tapes of the series get them they are well worth watching If your background steers you toward more technical tomes the best two books are by Michael Porter Com petitive Advantage and Competitive Strategy Porter does a very good job of describing the inner workings of the business machine but these ar
241. rotect your program from brain damaged users who won t turn on the printer you ll just have to do it yourself Let s see what else would be fun Six teen color EGA dumps Four color printers aren t uncommon If we grouped four slightly overlapping dots together to represent each EGA pixel Wouldn t be that hard to do Maybe TIl look into it Or perhaps I ll just go on vacation Yeah that s the ticket AT ET PPEN EEE ABE LPLDLIEETET EEEE PE ELL TEREFE EERE TETT SEREF UFT I LL sT m h Ei a ga gil NEW CLOSEOUT Great for the pe imenter RS 232 BREAKOUT BOX Switchable Lines LED Indicators Patch Terminals amp Jumpers gt Compact Size J7 RECEIVER e j SA A m Superhet 450 MHz _ rystal Controlled Receiver Modul a Alpha Numeric LED ean U Splay ASCII Encoded ANSI RCA CDP 1802 Based eae Peizoelectric Bee r Uni Vibrating oL Silent Alert 9 9 Untested As Is ii for oe ser Disc Player ice These units were removed from pated for upgrades They runon 100VA A supplied 120VAC adapter While Y should be working some may have problems so we must sell them on an As Is basis 4 2 mW He Ne Laser Tube Laser Power Supply 9 Front Surface Mirrors E aia 1 2 Voice Coil Actuated Pioneer La Os
242. s 30 Clisp Lisp interpreter with extensive internals documentation 30 Translate Rules to C YACC like function generator for rule based systems 30 6 Pack of Editors six public domain editors for use study amp hacking 6 6 6 6 a a 30 Crunch Pack 14 file compression amp expansion programs 30 Pascal Compiler amp Interpreter P codes standard Bal 25 ICON string and list processing language Version 7 25 FLEX fast lexical analyzer g generator new improved LEX 25 LEX lexical analyzer generator an oldie but a goodie 25 Bison amp PREP YACC workalike parser generator amp attribute grammar preprocessor 25 AutoTrace program tracer and memory trasher catcher 25 Data Handling Utilities in C data entry validation amp display specify T Turbo C or Microsoft 25 Arrays for C macro package to ease handling of arrays 25 C Compiler Torture Test checks aC compiler against K amp R 20 Benchmark Package C compiler PC hardware and Unix system 20 TN3270 remote login to IBM VM CMS as a 3270 terminal on a 3274 i controller 20 A68 68000 cross assembler 20 List Pac C functions for lists stacks and queues 20 XLT Macro Processor general pu pe text t translator 20 C reativity Eliza based notetaker 2 0 15 Data WordCruncher text retrieval amp document analysis program 275 DNA Sequences GenBank 52 0 including fast similarity search pro
243. s Australia and Holland gathered together in Portland for a single day of talk There was no formal agenda they shared ideas potluck and good will From these modest beginnings SOG was born By Barbara M Hall ProLogic Inc 9900 S W Wilshire Ste 120 Portland OR 97225 The next year Micro Cornucopia s editor Dave Thompson moved to Bend Oregon and so did the Semi Official Get together This second annual celebration was attended by 125 Micro C enthusiasts who squeezed into Dave s home magazine space SOG was grow ing rapidly and even the Fish Hatchery building in Shevlin Park proved almost too small for the 250 who attended SOG II Since those early days SOG has found a home at Central Oregon Community College The attendees number from 400 to 450 which is just about the right size for the College facilities Jim Warren The Semi Official Get together provides an opportunity for innovators to touch base with others who are in the same league to work and to play together It s a network for people from all over The glitz of the formal computer magazines and commerciality that has invaded the big computer shows have not touched this homespun world SOG is truly a unique sharing experience MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 47 Bits From Your Past You thought you could hide behind your mailbox You thought you could just sit back and chuckle over other people s misad ventures Wrong
244. s send a message to the network to update its cost Def calcCost self oldCost oldCost cost cost fixedCost store our old cost as a temp starting value for the cost do resources loop through the resources using res res is the loop variable cost cost getFixedCost res getTime self getVariableCost res if cost lt gt oldCost then updateCost network cost oldCost endif cost veturn the new cost By Zack Urlocker The Whitewater Group 906 University Place Evanston Illinois 60201 312 491 2370 Message sends are similar to function calls in procedural languages with some important differences 1 The first parameter is the receiver of the message the other parameters are arguments 2 The message makes no assump tions about the type of the receiver or the arguments they re simply objects This provides a great deal of flexibility since you can have different objects respond to the same message in their own way This is known as polymor phism or literally many behaviors For example you might have a calc Cost message that can be sent to either a project or a task and using calcCost s al gorithm will calculate the cost of the project or task The implementation of a message for a class of object is called a method and it corresponds to a function definition in a procedural language Figure 3 shows a sample m
245. s amazing If you re doing a math intensive project on a PC without a math coprocessor WATCOM is an especially good choice Book Of The Month The Society of Mind by Marvin Minsky 9 95 Simon amp Schuster 1986 Marvin Minsky is one of the founders of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol ogy and one of the best minds to ever think about thinking This book consists of a series of one page essays each building on the pre vious ones which attempt to lead the reader into a better understanding of how we think And why we think It s the most fascinating book I ve read in years Anyone who is interested in Al or who just wants to understand people a bit better should read this book Drop Me A Line either on the Micro C RBBS or at the P O Box listed at the beginning of the article or by phone If you use FidoNET you can send NetMail to Scott Ladd on node 1 104 47 I want to hear what interests you ICs DYNAMIC RAM SIMM PROMPT DELIVERY SAME DAY SHIPPING USUALLY QUANTITY ONE PRICES SHOWN for AUG 23 1988 OUTSIDE OKLAHOMA NO SALES TAX Should there be more coding examples More or less industry news Is there a product you d like to hear about rll C you later Major Products Discussed WATCOM C v6 5 WATCOM Products Inc 415 Phillip Street Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3X2 519 886 3700 C Ware Desmet C88 v3 1 C Ware Corporat
246. s emulation e PC XT and AT compatible e Full page 66 line text editing with many popular editors e Excellent windows 2 0 application development system The graphics and bit manipulation capabilities of the TMS 34010 make the PC Tech Monochrome 34010 Video Processor 66 line full page text and graphics display faster than many 25 line systems The video processor is available separately or with the high resolution white phosphor monitor shown above Monochrome 34010 Video Sub System 7 495 00 Price includes Monochrome Video Processor and monitor pictured above Also available DGIS TI 34010 C compiler TI assembler Monochrome 34010 Video Processor also available separately Designed Sold and Serviced By Re O 904 N 6th St Lake City MN 55041 612 345 4555 Tt 612 345 5514 FAX Reader Service Number 3 PC XT AT DGIS Hercules and Windows 2 0 are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies
247. s slack and determine if its critical De If the user has set a lateFinish use it instead of recalculating LateFinish recalc goes backwards from a node to its inputs Always propogate recalc2 since a change to the time of a node will not change lateFinish but it can change slack and critical which are only known on the backwards pass formula LF min LF i time i for all outputs i recalc2 self if userLateFinish lateFinish userLateFinish else lateFinish do outputs using output lateFinish min lateFinish getLateFinish output getTime output user override MAXINT find smallest LF endif calcSlack self calcCritical self Continue sending the recalc2 message do inputs using input recalc2 input p KOALA COMPUTER INC 213 316 5866 9 to 6 PST M Sat 30 Day Money Back Guarantee Software sales are final except replacement of defective media Merchandise must be undamaged for full refund VGA ATI VIP card and VGA Professional Color Monitor 648 Analog 13 anti reflective non interlaced flicker free 31 dot pitch monitor with an ATI improved VIP video card 800x560 drivers for ACAD Windows GEM and Ventura Publisher included VGA EGA CGA MDA HGA selectable Up to 256 colors on screen at one time with VIP card 37 Ib 11 2 x 14 Greenbar Paper with Carbon Paper 45 Ib 15 2 part 1500 sets 4 part 700 s
248. s the publication of Micro Cornucopia Micro Cornucopia is a bi monthly com puter magazine for the dedicated com puter enthusiast It s interesting to read Don and Marilyn Thompson check stock at Microsphere s SOG table but also very technical It informally showcases new languages and operating environments hardware design such as graphics processors and coprocessors and mathematical solutions Leading edge work and experiences are shared with others who may be battling the 46 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 same problems Micro C as the magazine is fondly referred to is all about sharing SOG begins with an optional white water raft trip on the Deschutes river This is the perfect ice breaker It s very difficult to be stodgy as a dribble of cold water slides down your back especially when aimed by an overzealous bailer This year our sixsome was given the option of taking a series of rapids Heading for lunch without the raft Five of us accepted and were dropped off on the river bank As we walked back to the appropriate water entry point we had time to contemplate our folly It was a very long walk too long to gracefully retrace our steps Be sides those red blooded males weren t going to let a skinny female be the first and only taker of this exquisite dare The raft trip sets the tempo and the informal mood continues We discarded suits and ties in favor of grungies Many wear SOG T s
249. seg_a ds seg_a ss stack_seg_b directives resetprn proc far 658E 0000 start 658E 0000 EB 23 jmp short loc_1 658E 0002 52 65 73 65 74 50 db ResetPRN v1 01 00h 658E 0008 52 4E 20 76 31 2E 658E 000E 30 31 00 Determines 658 0011 0040 dw 40h 658 0013 0D 0A 52 65 73 65 db ODh OAh Reset Printer ae 658E 0019 74 20 50 72 69 6E n e 658 001F 74 65 72 3F 20 24 a yp 658E 0025 658E 0025 0E cs 658E 0026 IF pop ds Detailed 658E 0027 BA 0013 mov dx offset data_3 658 0013 00h 658E 002A B4 09 mov ah 9 comments 658E 002C CO 21 21h DOS Services ahefunction 09h display char string at ds dx 658E 002E B4 01 mov ah 658E 0030 CD 2i 21h DOS Services ah function Olh get keybd char al with echo 658E 0032 3C 79 cmp al 79h 7 ty 658E 0034 75 16 loc_3 Jump if not equal 6586 0036 8E 1E 0011 mov ds data 2 1 658 0011 40h r 658E 003A 88 16 0008 mov dx ds data_le 0040 0008 378h Simulator 658E 003E 83 C2 02 dx 658E 0041 BO 08 mov al 8 follows 658E 0043 EE dx al port 37Ah printer 2 control al 8 initialize printer segment 658E 0044 B9 8000 mov cx 8000h 658E 0047 loctoop_2 changes 658E 0047 E2 FE loop loc loop_2 Loop if cx gt 0 658E 0049 80 OC mov al 0Ch 658E 0048 EE out dx al port 37Ah printer 2 control al OCh init amp strobe off 658E 004C loc_3 658E 004C B4 4C mov ah 4Ch po 658E 004 CO 2 int 2in DOS Services ah function 4Ch Easy to terminate with al return code resetprn
250. selves in a manner that s similar in terms of time and or space with a frequency of repeti tion that is on the average relatively high Or more simply An object occurs when two or more stimuli are observed repeatedly together The real world is ordered we order it MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 27 through a multitude of associations Ob jects represent the embodiment of this order forming the basis of fundamen tal associations Objects Yield Hierarchies of Knowledge Suppose we have a piece of neural tis sue and we program it give it the ability to learn and recognize frequent Figure 2 Hierarchies combinations of stimuli We also program it to respond uniquely to each of these learned patterns of stimuli This is a high frequency filter emerging responses correspond only with frequently occurring events at the input Infrequent events aren t remem bered and therefore aren t passed to the output as responses HIGH LEVEL RESPONSE DBASE for Norton Guides INTRO PRICE 69 00 and feature for CLIPPER Summer 87 dBASE III Plus dBASE IV DBASE ON LINE is a pop up DBASE language reference system which includes over 2 million bytes of complete reference with clear concise descriptions and detailed examples to every command function QUICKSILVER Diamond Release dBXL Diamond Release FoxBASE DBASE ON LINE is powered by the Norton Gui
251. ses 201 Intro to Actor and OOP 2 e Data structures stacks arrays queues lists days 395 202 Actor Developer s Workshop 3 days dictionaries sets sorting hashing intervals 795 203 Both 201 and 202 1 week 995 Reader Service Number 116 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 21 then inherit inappropriate behavior cer tainly not good Similarly you could define a class called PERTTask that descends from Task that uses the Project Evaluation and Review Technique PERT for estimating time The only methods you d have to write would be those related to calculat ing time everything else would be in herited By using inheritance you reduce the amount of code you need to write and the amount of testing Once a method is written for the Activity class you know it will work for any descendant classes Figure 5 shows a class tree of the classes in the application Note that all classes descend from the Object class The Recale Algorithm The user can set automatic recalcula tion to recalculate the critical path any time a change is made or alternatively he or she can turn off automatic recal culation make several changes and then recalculate the entire network The critical path recalc algorithm must make two passes a forward pass recalcl used to compute the earlyStart times of activities a backward pass recalc2 com putes the lateFinish time and the slack When an activity s time changes it
252. signed for experts It uses an unusual concept A combination of built in operations and procedural lan guage An environment where the application logic and data are integrated into one unified structure It baffles novices but is incredibly powerful in the hands of experts If you can tame this power a rich reward awaits you fully customized applications with one tenth the effort You deserve it Because you have worked hard for this expertise I An interactive environment where you can build and modify an application even while it is running O Programs one tenth their size in other systems O Windows screens help menus with practically no code at all 3 A new way of relating files can simplify applications by creating relations that are impossible in other systems O Variable code that changes at run time lets you perform more than one operation in the same program section If you are an average programmer use the popular DBMSs they have sold millions and you need this comfort But if you think you are a tough programmer accept this challenge Write or call for our brochure and FREE demo disk It contains two executable real life applications also showing design and programming details There are comments and help but no reference manual Study the applications Then if you can understand more than half congratulate yourself you are ready to step up to the one DBMS that rewards expertise _ She tndsor Colle
253. sor DynaDisk For The BBII Serial Printer On BBI Sans S10 Cheap amp Dirty Talker For Kaypro Extended 8 Single Density 72 pages ISSUE 21 12 84 Analog To Digital Interface Installing Turbo Pascal Low Intensity BBI Video Turbo Pascal The Early Days 80 pages ISSUE 22 2 85 Xerox 820 1 To A Kaypro 8 Sound Generator For the STD Bus Reviews Of 256K RAM Expansion In the Public Domain Begins 88 pages ISSUE 23 4 85 Automatic Disk Relogging Interrupt Drive Serial Printer Low Cost EPROM Eraser Smart Video Controller Review MicroSphere RAM Disk Future Tense Begins 86 pages ISSUE 24 6 85 C ing Into Turbo Pascal 8 Drives On The Kaypro 48 Lines On ABBI 68000 Versus 80x86 Soldering The First Steps 88 pages ISSUE 25 8 85 Why Wrote A Debugger The 32 Bit Super Chips Programming The 32032 Modula il RS 232C The Interface 104 pages ISSUE 26 10 85 Inside ZCPR3 Two Megabytes On DSI 32 SOG IV The Future Of Computing Graphics In Turbo Pascal 104 pages ISSUE 27 12 85 SOLD OUT ISSUE 28 2 86 Pascal Runoff Winners Rescuing Lost Text From Memory Introduction To Modula 2 First Look At Amiga Inside The PC 104 pages ISSUE 29 4 86 Speeding Up Your XT Importing Systems From Taiwan Prototyping In C C Interpreters Reviewed Benchmarking The PCs 104 pages ISSUE 80 6 86 PROLOG On The PC Expert Systems Logic Programming Building Your Own Logic Analyzer 256K RAM
254. ssive verbs Example The parser is able to scan characters as they are input Replace with The parser scans keyboard characters 4 Keep it meaty People read Micro C for information 5 Keep it light I know I said Keep it meaty You re writing from experience so let readers in on the frustration and the fun We call ourselves The Micro Technical Jour nal but just between you and me we re really just technical people talking to our peers about exciting discoveries 6 Use the first and second person First person is I such as the first line of 5 above Second person is you You can be implied Keep it meaty implies the second person because I m really saying You keep it meaty And don t forget it 7 Short and Sweet Avoid long twisted windy gargantuan sentences that run on and on tied together by commas ands and buts with lots of ideas similar to but not limited to sentences such as this In other words keep it simple Keep your paragraphs simple too A paragraph should contain a single simple idea We like short paragraphs like this one 8 Use subheads Subheads are very very handy They notify the reader of major shifts in subject they re great for later reference and they aid skimming Subheads also help you organize your writing For instance if you need to repeat the same subhead or you can t come up with a single subhead that sum
255. ssue 44 disk for 6 from Micro C It gets the names of input and output files either from the command line or from prompts after the program is running It opens the Per fect Filer DATABASE and creates the output file It then reads sector 0 to determine how many sectors the input file contains Next it ad vances to the first data sector at offset 80H imer Mrs a 1636 Helicon 28 15 Minor Functio n CA 92506 619 5558341 x 1 OO igure 3 Frasci coM Main WHILE Loop o WHILE SecNum lt LONG Numsecs Do Keep going through whole file 9 GotoXY 0 10 hoart k Increment sector number Go to beginning of each sector coe Report progress sa Converting Sector Hee Secum 0 ee E WHILE CharCount lt 12 bo ae Read each byte in sector n sector otherwise pot CR at end of record counter and go to next 8 IF CharCount gt 0 THEN WRITELN 2 CharCount r 128 make sure no characters are skipped If character is 01 to 08 indicating new record or OFFH indicating end add final comma and CR and go to nex it s a printable character put s separate Fields Increment character c If NULL is last character in file s double quote and CR bump record ne end processing IF NOT EOF f1 THEN ReadByte fl Ch SetPos 1 NextPos 1 ibys CASE Ch oF Sie ae 01C 10C EOR WRITELN 2 CharCount 128 INC QlumRecs NULL 7
256. t s see Return Of In Search Of A Topic A program to set the serial port to 38400 baud No I got that out of BYTE A rewritten boot sector that handles any format of boot disk That would have been useful back when I wrote it in the DOS 2 11 days but it s pretty worthless now what with DOS 3 3 and all that Besides it s long How about a program to lengthen the timeout on INT 17h printer status to avoid printer not ready errors on slow printers Nah It doesn t really show anything new Okay then how about the low level procedures for that disk copy program I was going to write for Tony and never finished Well maybe What if I also threw in the SWAPDISK program that can make the B drive appear to be A or vice versa Well maybe I guess it s better than nothing Alright then I m ready Where s my coffee cup I need some drugs in my system if I m going to do this Let s get the CD player hooked up and some good Indian tabla music going do this up right Disks Okay so the topic is Low level disk functions on PC compatibles Has this been covered before Probably As usual I won t bother telling you about the details you can learn from The Pink Shirt Book I ll just give you some code fragments that you can use in your own programs Reading And Writing Tracks Awhile back I was going to write a disk copy program that didn t bother rereading the disk after making the first copy
257. t Driver Big Board Fixes Bringing Up WordStar Cheap RAM Disk 32 pages ISSUE 10 2 83 SOLD OUT ISSUE 11 4 83 SOLD OUT ISSUE 12 6 83 256K for BBI Bringing Up BBII dBase ll Look at WordStar Double Sided Drives for BBI Packet Radio 5 MHz for Kaypro 40 pages ISSUE 13 8 83 CP M Disk Directory More 256K for BBI Mini Front Panel Cheap Fast Modem Nevada COBOL Review BBI Printer Interface Kaypro Reverse Video Mod 44 pages ISSUE 14 10 83 BBII Installation The Perfect Terminal Interface To Electronic Typewriter BBI Video Size Video Jitter Fix Slicer Column Begins Kaypro Color Graphics Review 48 pages ISSUE 15 12 83 Screen Dump Listing Fixing Serial Ports Playing Adventure SBASIC Column Begins Upgrading Kaypro Il To 4 Upgrading Kaypro 4 To 8 48 pages ISSUE 16 2 84 Xerox 820 Column Restarts BBI Double Density BBI 5 8 Interface Fix Kaypro ZCPR Patch Adding Joystick To Color Graphics Recovering Text From Memory 52 pages ISSUE 17 4 84 Voice Synthesizer 820 RAM Disk Kaypro Morse Code Interface 68000 Based System Review Inside CP M 86 56 pages ISSUE 18 6 84 Kaypro EPROM Programmer VO Byte A Primer Kaypro Joystick Serial To Parallel Interface Business COBOL 60 pages ISSUE 19 8 84 Adding Winchester To BBII 6 MHz On The BBI Bulletin Boards Track Buffering On Slicer 4 MHz For The 820 1 64 pages ISSUE 20 10 84 HSC 68000 Co Proces
258. t an algorithm is nothing more than a mind game if you don t have a real problem A good algorithm will often take advantage of peculiarities in the problem in order to find a solution Though no two problems are alike many problems have similar characteristics Often you can manipulate a problem into a different form so that you can use familiar tools to solve the problem Radical and unorthodox thinking can provide you with a view of the problem you might not have normally seen With prac tice it gets easier to see similarities between the current problem and previous ones Each issue I ll throw out a programming problem In the following issue I ll present at least one solution The solution will be an algo rithm that I hope will be more elegant than brute force Left to run amuck and out of control I m planning to cover the following The Black Art of Sorting Stacks amp Queues Linked Lists Strings amp Character Manipulation Tree Structures Arrays amp Matrices Graphs amp Networks Search Strategies Set Operations Design amp Analysis of Algorithms Operations Research Numerical Analysis Mathematical Modeling I ll try not to rehash previous Micro C ar ticles but where appropriate I ll include references to other books and magazines All the code that I write will be available as a Turbo Pascal 4 0 unit and a Modula 2 module I will use Turbo Pascal 4 0 as the language for the column because it
259. t physically alter its visible world except for the direction and quality of view The initial flow of data is largely one way from the real world to the infant The most frequent of these patterns of stimuli will be learned first and these will consist of small relationships that repeat themselves frequently long edges corners basic shading patterns types of blobs etc The next level of learning will be in terms of these low level features Since the input stimuli of the next level are the responses from the first level the next level sees its real world through the fil ters of the first level A third level may be added in the same manner and so on With many levels very general and complex objects can be learned and recognized See Figure 2 Tricks Of Tissue How can we design a simple fast and self adjusting mechanism that automatically learns to sort out the most frequent stimuli Let s look at a piece of tissue at one level in the hierarchy How can it remember to recognize only stimuli that are frequently observed and there fore important Studies suggest that neural tissue employs temporary memory in the synapses points of connection between neurons These synapses are eventually converted to permanent memory if repeatedly reinforced Some studies also suggest that neural growth may be af fected by the level of activity the neuron Also the growth of some neurons seems to be affected by the activity
260. t the PT68K 2 is the result of a collaboration between Peter and Frederic and I think this shows in the integration of the package Putting It Together The PT68K 2 motherboard holds 1MB of RAM so no RAM board is needed or accepted the bus is only good for I O Also on the motherboard are the 4K static RAM four count em serial ports two parallel ports one of which is Centronics compatible and a floppy disk controller The minimum kit is 200 You don t get much of a computer for this no dynamic RAM and no floppy controller But it s a computer Add a terminal and power supply and you re running with HUMBUG in ROM and 4K of static RAM The ROM even includes a BASIC interpreter It s got to be one of the cheapest 68K systems around Add another 200 for 512K of Lk dynamic RAM and a flop py controller or get a com plete kit including 10 MHz CPU for 575 The same motherboard assembled and tested with 1MB of 10 MHz zero wait state RAM and SK DOS goes for 849 But the PT68K doesn t end with the motherboard The PC bus gives you easy expandability Instead of hooking up a terminal you can plug in a PC com patible video card 50 from Peripheral Technol ogy a monitor and a PC keyboard i Finally if you want a really serious system add a standard Winchester con troller card and hard disk I opted for the full house system which cost me a total of 1 422 including en
261. talog of the files along with CRC information Then before it allows a program to load it verifies that the program hasn t been changed When I installed Vaccine on my AT I ran into a few interesting problems It seems that Vaccine uses the DOS COPY and FORMAT programs to make a master disk which you can use to authorize new programs Well when I inserted 360K disks into the HD drive FORMAT and COPY failed but the Vac cine installation program continued to run without taking notice of the errors The result was that all programs on all disk drives were locked out J mean all programs The system was dead I had a prompt but I couldn t run any thing The step of copying the master authorization file to the hard disk from the temporary floppy failed The result was that no program was authorized to run I was in a panic I thought The ul timate virus got me Actually the cure was to reboot from floppy and erase the Vaccine TSR from the hard drive s AUTOEXEC BAT When I went back and reread the manual all it said was the floppies had to be compatible with the drive type What they meant was a high density disk had to be used with HD drives Correcting this step I reinstalled and this time it went smoothly All COM and EXE files were checked and authorized in addition to the master data tables As a further safeguard these files were set to read only making it that much harder for a virus to change things
262. te instance variables of a class directly using the dot notation e g stack firstElement you can encapsulate the data by using messages only That way you reduce the depend encies on the implementation For example if you need to get the time required for an activity x you should send a getTime x message rather than refer directly to the instance variable x time It doesn t matter if x is a Milestone a Task a PERTTask or even a Project as long as it knows how to respond to a get Time message This can make the critical path recalculation algorithm easier to write since you eliminate special cases for Milestones you just define its getTime method to return zero This results in sig nificant savings in code Inheritance What really makes classes powerful is the use of inheritance You can create descendant classes that build on the functionality already found in the sys tem For example the OrderedCollection class mentioned earlier descends from the Array class Similarly you can create descendants of classes like Window and Dialog to build the user interface to this application without having to know the more than 400 Microsoft Windows func tion calls Descendant classes automati cally include much of the generic win dowing behavior that users expect in a Windows application Inheritance lets us reuse code when something is a little different from an object that already exists For example I defined the
263. teful question Which compiler should I buy I offer guidelines rather than a specific recommendation First Microsoft and Borland aren t the only compiler writers in the world True they put out good products but there are also very good compilers from WATCOM Zortech Mark William s MIX and Manx Editor s note You might SCIENTIFIC GRAPHICS Presentation Quality Graphics For Printers and Plotters Screen Graphs for Fast Previews e 3 a Legends Placed Anywhere Built In Editor Auto Manual Scaling An Indespensible Tool For Technical Professionals GrapnStar System Requirements IBM PC XT AT or Compatible running DOS 2 0 or higher Printer Graphs require Epson EX FX JX RX HS Star Gemini Radix SD SG SR IBM Graphics or compatibility with one of the above Plotter graphs require HP GL compatibility FEN Scientific TA Software A Solutions Reader Service Number 60 52 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 PO Box 956 Dept M Valley Forge PA 19482 For Technical Information 215 269 0198 also be aware of JPI I understand its programmers departed from Borland with the C package they were writing when Bor land decided to purchase Wizard C What s your budget Are you just going to dabble in C programming or do you intend to produce professional programs Do your applications use floating point calculations Do you need fast programs or small ones In the C rou
264. the package was far more than the price And he added that they ve got a 700 page manual which costs them 50 a copy Put yourself in their shoes I countered From what you see in the flyer or the ad would you order the library for 74 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 Continued from page 73 325 Would you order it for 99 That s a no brainer Of course I d jump on it for 99 Which makes my point People always weigh price against the perceived value Forget about real value these folks don t have the product yet If the perceived value wins they buy it If not they don t The higher the ratio of perceived value to price the larger the audience So everyone he talked to told him the price was too high He just didn t realize it Finally There s a lot to be said for just getting copies out there It gets your product into people s hands so they can use it get to know it tell their friends about it purchase upgrades There s a down side to early volume If there are problems with the software or the manual then lots of copies could mean lots of irritated owners and lots of bad publicity At Micro C we don t make a cent off newsstands let me tell Jim Skinner arrives at SOG fly in you about newsstands but we re there Those copies are our version of inexpensive software packages They give us ex posure credibility new subscribers and new advertisers They re our way
265. the pre vious digit A number like 18976454329657345292467 however seems disordered What we d like to do is quantify the distinction between these and other numbers One approach we can take is to examine their computability In other words what kind of algorithm would generate the particular number Consider another example 7142857142 Although this number looks compli cated or random it s actually easy to generate It s simply 5 divided by 7 Or as an algorithm divide 5 by 7 and write the result Offhand I know of no algorithm generate the earlier number By Gary Entsminger 1912 Haussler Dr Davis CA 95616 18976454329657345292467 other than something like write 18976454329657345292467 Which ex plicitly specifies the number within the algorithm In other words the number isn t computable from other numbers Turing and others have used this non computability as a possible defini tion of randomness For computable numbers even if they re infinitely long it s possible to write a relatively short program that will calculate them For the non computable random numbers the only algorithm that will do the job already contains all the information in the number explicitly the algorithm is at least as long as the number From this we might then take a next logical step and compute a number s complexity from the length of its algo rithm Challe
266. the quirky documents that appeared on dis tribution disks I recall a particularly egregious case in which the author used bare carriage returns no 62 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 line feeds to create overprinting lines Provided that your printer wouldn t take of fense at the file a big proviso the printout would contain bold characters and underlining things not usually available from ASCII files Unfortunately this came at the price of a much larger file size so many lines occurred in dupli cate and limited printer compatibility With LIST I was able to create a filtered copy that was nearly a third smaller and print able on nearly any printer I merely followed Buerg s concise directions in LIST DOC the 16 page user s guide to LIST While displaying the troublesome file invoke junk filtering with Alt J a mnemonic command Press Alt M to mark the top of the file press End to jump to the bottom of the file press Alt B to mark the bottom and then hit Alt D to dump the data to disk LIST asks you what filename to use and either creates the file or appends the dumped data to the end of the previously existing file by that name You don t have to dump the entire file by the way Simply use Alt M and Alt B to mark the top and bottom of any portion you want You can hop through a file picking bits and pieces If you always use the same filename for the disk dump LIST will accumulate your data in o
267. to SOGging it and futzing with compilers Here are his latest recommendations on the compiler front quish squash squish squash sorry about the noise but my clothes are still a bit SOGgy Rule 4316 Don t wear blue jeans on a raft ride if you don t have a dry pair on the bus I enjoyed SOG VII immensely There were great people to talk to interesting programs to attend and plenty of white water to go around One of the most interesting experiences in my life was riding down a river in a rubber boat with a bunch of hackers we d yack a bit then paddle through some rapids and then pick up the conversation almost in mid sentence Wonderful This column is being written in very early August just a few weeks after returning from SOG VII which means you ll be reading it in early October I came home to find my fish in really murky water yuck and plenty of boxes on my front porch My neighbors like to speculate on what I do for a living I get several package deliveries a week I don t go to work And they hear me typing and cussing in the wee hours Where Are The Debuggers I was going to be talking about C debuggers and debugging technology this time around However the centerpiece of my discussion was to be a comparison of Microsoft s CodeView and Borland s new debugger Unfortunately the new Turbo C has been delayed Since lots of people are interested in the Borland debug ger I ll wait unti
268. to host computer e WD2797 floppy disk controller interface on board e Can control up to three hard drives e Direct replacement for Kaypro 10 controller WD1002 05 Controller Board Other Western Digital boards available 185 00 Prices subject to change without notice VISA and Mastercard accepted Include 5 00 shipping and handling 7 50 for COD UPS Blue or RED Label additional according to weight Please include your phone number with all correspondence Kaypro KayPLUS ROM Set by MICROCode Consulting Want more performance and flexibility from your Kaypro With the KayPLUS ROM set you can have the advantages of a Kaypro 4 or 10 even on your Kaypro 2 e Install up to four floppies and two hard drives e Boots from floppy or hard disk e Supports 96 TP and 31 2 disk drives e Can use any ST506 type hard drive 5 to 64 Meg e 32 character type ahead keyboard buffer e Automatic screen blanking not avail on 83 series e 12 disk formats built in unlimited configurable e Full automatic disk relogging with QP M e Internal real time clock support e No software assembly required Includes manual format configuration diagnostics sysgen diskette customization utility AND hard disk utilities Available for 83 and 84 series Kaypros KayPLUS ROM Set specify model KayPLUS ROM Set with QP M 125 00 Parts and accessories for the Kaypro Kaypro 2X Real time Clock parts kit Kaypro 2X Hard disk interface parts kit Kayp
269. to x y cadshape nearest unsigned x unsigned y je endif SHAPELST_HPP Ree space on the free store This is called dynamic memory allocation and is ac complished in plain C via library func tions mallocQ free and variations on those names In C dynamic memory allocation was too important to be left to a library function so it was incorporated into the core of the language via the keywords new and delete to free the space al located with new The new keyword is used in Figure 1 in cases CIRCLE SQUARE and LINE The delete keyword is used in case DELETE Linked Lists The MicroCad program Figure 1 just manages a linked list of cadshapes This linked list is yet another class called shapelist which manipulates cadshape holder objects called shapelist_elements see Figure 4 There are shapelist mem ber functions to insert a new shape remove a shape step through the list and hunt for the shape nearest a pair of coordinates Left As An Exercise I ve created the framework for the program Here are some features you might want to add e Create an object to hold coor dinates This instead of the x y pair I use can be passed between member functions to convert from mouse to flash graphics coor dinates and back e Stretchable objects with dashed lines to indicate size e Dashed outlines when an object is being moved e Create a super sh
270. u have a business that you have started and would like it featured in this column please contact me at the above address or via Micro C I would also welcome letters with questions or suggestions regarding the column I am particularly interested in talking to any of you who are selling high tech consulting ser vices even if you only do it part time I would like to do a column on consulting so I need to talk to as many of you as I can Also Micro C s next theme issues will deal with robotics CAD CAM and real time process control If you are currently working in any of these areas give me a call between 6 and 10 p m Pacific Time Death Of A Company In my experience the thing that kills more young companies than anything else is lack of education and I don t mean advanced degrees If we look at Figure 1 there are two lines plotted on the graph The first is growth of the owner and the second is growth of sales Com 66 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 The Future Of On Your Own panies normally grow and prosper as long as the growth of the owner stays ahead of the growth of the company When the company grows faster than the owner chaos is almost a certainty Growth It is a time warn clich that a business never stands still it is either growing or it is Figure 1 Company Owner Growth COMPANY E z 3 O shrinking There are two forms of growth and each has its own p
271. u_s my menu circle CIRCLE square SQUARE line LINE move MOVE delete DELETE exit EXIT ON 4 end marker main unsigned x y int quit 0 flag int result shapelist list if fg init all FG NULL fputs Unable to open graphics device n stderr exit 1 ereate an msmenu and attach our menu msmenu mouse my menu while quit look for right button press if msm_getstatus amp x amp y amp 2 get a menu selection result mouse get_ selection x y change from mouse to fg coords mouse translate_coords amp x amp y switch result case CIRCLE create an object on the free NNN a a a a By Bruce Eckel Eisys Consulting 1009 N 36th Street Seattle WA 98103 store via new and add it to the list list insert new circle x y break case SQUARE list insert new square x y break case LINE list insert new line x y break case MOVE mouse cross cursor mouse wait left pressed amp x amp y you can declare a variable at the point of use cadshape mv list nearest x y I think nearest needs work object pointers use arrows for de referencing members mv gt erase pick it up mouse wait left_released amp x amp y mouse translate coords amp x amp y mv gt move x y put it down mouse default cursor break case
272. ulus In other words if the tissue has ex perienced a stimulus or group of stimuli before it can experience it again See Figure 1 Animal Learning There are many animals some very complex that appear to learn little or nothing in their short lifetimes The highly stereotyped responses of many in sects fall into this category How do these animals acquire their useful behaviors When we realize that life in general is a learning system we realize that the design of these insects their genetic makeup was learned through repeated testing and gradual improvement The result is similar to a well tested expert system that s been given the necessary complexity to be successful But many animals like people seem to learn throughout their lifetimes They absorb knowledge of an extremely com plex real world and automatically adjust to deal with it It s known that we have over 10 000 000 000 000 neural synapses and only about 100 000 genes or developmental instructions to encode these connections It s obvious that these are far too few genes to supply enough information for the design of such high level order The genes nevertheless provide the neces sary framework to get learning under way although most of the complexity of life is acquired learned thereafter through experience As the designers of artificial intel ligence systems we might consider a similar approach A fixed design would work in many si
273. ure was defined in three steps to make it easier to understand First I made a typedef called TRACKBUFFER which is an array large enough to hold one track worth of data Then I made the typedef BUFPTR which is a pointer to one track of data Finally I declared the variable data which is an array of BUFPTR ie an array of pointers to a full track of data It would be possible to declare the same data structure with a single variable definition but then probably nobody short of Kernighan or Ritchie would un derstand it This way it s pretty obvious Reading And Writing Disks Most of you can now easily see what you need to copy an entire disk I see no reason for publishing Yet Another for McTek The McTek Rabbit 286 LCD Portable combines the fastest most reliable AT motherboard available with most visible full size LCD port able screen on the market Running at a switchable 8 or 10 MHz wait state it includes a 20MB hard disk 720KB 312 floppy drive parallel amp serial LCD Portable Including Hard Disk Only 19 lbs KP T 286 as a CRT You can also plug in a digita or analog color monitor or a digital or composite monochrome monitor Included also is an exter nal 514 floppy port for reading and converting to 342 disks 514 external drive w case 179 when purchased with LCD Portable The McTek Rabbit 286 LCD Port able comes fully assembled with rere aie ports Awar
274. used 26 Supports EGA 43 line mode 27 Automatic MAKE 28 Flexible overlays 29 Price performance leader Figure 2 Square Shape Declaration Copyright 1988 Bruce Eckel Permission required to distribute source ile square hpp ifndef SQUARE HPP define SQUARE HPP include lt fg h gt include cadshape hpp class square public cadshape fg box_t smali_ box public void draw square unsigned x unsigned y x_center x y center y draw void erase square erase di endif SQUARE BPP RR Figure 3 cadshape Declaration Copyright 1988 Bruce Eckel Permission required to distribute source file cadshape hpp A polymorphic base class for all shapes Almost all functions are virtual so they can be redefined in derived classes Then we can make a list of shapes and draw ach shape in the list without knowing exactly what it is ifndef CADSHAPE HPP define CADSHAPE HPP class cadshape protected unsigned x_center y center public wixtual functions must have SOME definition in the base class even iff it s just empty virtual cadshape virtual void draw virtual void erase void move unsigned new_x unsigned new y x_center new_x y_ center new_y draw call proper virtual function unsigned long range unsigned xr unsigned yr a measure of distance between a selected point and this object s cente
275. ut two crystals on tne motherboard so a single jumper change slowed me down to 8 and 6800 2 8 9 SOFTWARE SK DOS a powerful DOS for the 6809 75 or the including assem blers text formatters editors spell checkers languages etc all very reasonable HARDWARE A wide selection of single board computers and sys tems from 275 COMBINATIONS Package deals of fast and powerful computer plus DOS and more from 350 STaR K SOFTWARE SYSTEMS CORP BOX 209 MT KISCO NY 10549 914 241 0287 Reader Service Number 40 44 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 PT68K 2 MHz Ill go in and change the 12 5 to 10 MHz when I get around to it but for now I m doing fine at 8 The Software A computer without software is about as useful as a car without wheels What about the software SK DOS reminds me of CP M It s modular consisting of a BIOS command processor and file system There is essen tially no part or feature that can t be con figured modified or replaced anyone for ZCPR687 It s also small about 20K A hackable size Despite its size it supports custom device drivers pipes I O redirection BAT files a RAMdisk and TSRs Every thing except multitasking Peter is work ing on that You get 40 utilities including as sembler file manager the ubiquitous EDLIN and a BASIC interpreter SK DOS also provides more assembly language help than we ever got fr
276. ut will definitely dig out the soap and before the evening s over First shower in four days Don t know where I ll pitch the tent Most of the ground is gravelly and covered with stickerburrs But I don t want to spend the night folded up inside the plane and I don t want to get blown away Shucks was hoping to throw the sleeping bag under the wing just once We ve been joined by a home built sort of a flying wing thing with its tail out front and tiny 2 cycle motor in the back Maybe they just put the prop on backwards Goes 85 stalls at 50 sounds like a sewing machine The huge wing appears very hard to control in turbulence We re trapped if the weather gets nasty but that s the way it is with this kind of flying I guess I shouldn t worry about it I m on vacation It s fun sitting here writing for the joy of it Writing to get down the feelings To get down the thoughts I don t want to lose It s still fresh this touring around It s an adventure Oops last person s out of the shower guess I ll fold up this computer and grab my washcloth Tomorrow I ll break out of the pack climb to 10 000 feet and make the 2 hour dash to back to the office to see if every thing s OK As you probably noticed last issue Carol will soon tell me that last issue s editorial is too short This isn t anticipatory journalism this is weird READ WRITE FORMAT DUPLICATE Disks from over 300 other m
277. variable And so a message was sent to nil Blocks BlockContext or Context on some systems is simply a way of moving code around the system Conditional branching and looping enumeration error recovery and many other func tions are created from Blocks For ex ample SortedCollections contains a Block of code that compares two com ponent objects in the SortedCollection to determine their order Blocks are very useful but they can also waste a lot of memory and execu tion time Blocks can take arguments which change their state e g during enumeration The number of argu ments specified when the block is created and number sent during execu tion must be the same Graphics A whole group of classes represent graphic objects Point mentioned ear lier represents a position in an area Rectangle contains two Points marking opposite corners Form contains a bit map making up the graphic image EMI RFI filtering and surge spike protec tion all in one affordable unit 1 year war ranty on all units Available in a size to suit your needs 290 00 360 00 410 00 710 00 810 00 200 watts 350 watts 550 watts 800 watts 1000 watts Includes shipping to your door in the con tinental U S As specialists in overseas systems we can supply 220 volt units Call or write for details SOFTWARE SPECIAL See what qualifies as GREAT SOFTWARE ACT does for people what 1 2 3 does for numbers ACT helps you man
278. want to perform on that data In Smalltalk there s no program per se At least in the beginning think in terms of modifying the behavior of ex isting classes rather than creating new data structures and operations An object is a private persistent state that behaves in a particular manner through a publicly accessible interface The arrangement of the state of one object is unknown to other objects In other words you program by focusing on the way an object behaves or manipulates data Messages Determine Behavior The behavior of an object is deter mined by the messages an object can reply to You can simulate message passing in many languages but Smalltalk is the only popular language where message passing is the only means of communication among ob jects It s important to note that a message selector exists apart from an object So the particular object a message is sent to is very likely indeterminable at the time the method is written Editor s note For instance in C memory for an object has to be allocated at compile time whereas the size of a smalltalk object changes while the program is run ning This polymorphism is the biggest reason there are no Smalltalk compilers in common use and why those which do exist in research labs place restric tions on message passing It s also cited by backers of late binding languages like Smalltalk as the key that turns a language truly object oriented
279. which sup ports all these Disk I O on the hard disk is quite satisfactory but floppy writes are inter minable That s because the file I O is unbuffered and SK DOS does a verify after every 256 byte sector You can turn off the verify flag but you take a chance that a disk error will corrupt the direc tory SK DOS also has a flat file structure which means that when you do a DIR on the hard disk you get lots of files Now that s a problem particularly because of the lack of wild cards Fortunately a combination of four disk partitions and a copy of a UNIX like DIR program from the User s Group have made life at least bearable Finally although the PT68K 2 hardware is designed to be fully inter rupt driven SK DOS uses polled I O No typeahead Well that s okay I ve lived without typeahead for five years with my Kaypro but I was hoping However I like SK DOS The problems are teething pains rather than something fundamental I remember how slow the disk I O was on my Kaypro before I installed Micro C s ROM The main thing is the OS is basically sound and quite bulletproof a perfect ly capable base upon which to build None of the problems I ve mentioned are things that can t be fixed And help is on the way Peter is al Figure 1 PT68K 2 Vital Statistics Mfr Peripheral Technology Inc 1480 Terrell Mill Rd Suite 870 Marietta GA 30067 404 984 0742 User s Group S
280. will be most familiar to most of you I am only a beginner C programmer but I will attempt to translate as much of the code to C as I can The Turbo unit Modula 2 module and C code when I can manage will be available on the Micro C RBBS and the issue diskette Speak To Me If you have a problem in need of a better solution or if there s a topic you would like to see covered please write Otherwise I will blindly forge onward believing you find the topics I cover useful If you have a different or better solution to a problem send it in In addition to dealing with algo rithms this column is a forum for any hints tricks or tips you send in If you have a piece of code that works for you share it with the rest of us This Time Since this is the first article I have no previous material to build from But here s a program see Figure 1 to exer cise your mind This little brain teaser was obtained from David Wall at IFRICS July 1987 The question is what does this program do This is a good test of your code reading skills The program uses procedure passing in the parameter list and recursion to throw you off track Procedure passing is the second feature that attracted me to Modula 2 The first was the power it gave me over large programs 5000 lines The ability to pass procedures is an extremely powerful tool When used carefully you can write data handling routines that are not data type specif
281. with the String argu ment Blow resulting in the new String JoeBlow This new String is then sent as an ar gument of the keyword message with to the class Array which responds with a new Array object containing the String JoeBlow The unary selector first is then sent to the newly created Array return ing the first and only object in the Array which is the String JoeBlow This String is then sent as an argu ment to the on message to the class ReadStream ReadStream responds with a new ReadStream object which is as signed to the variable stream Creating Classes amp Behaviors When we create a class we programmers decide what kinds of data are needed to describe the instan ces of that class The private data of in stances is stored in instance variables All instances of a class can share data as well Shared data is stored in class variables The programmer decides the be havior of a class and chooses the selec MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 9 tor names of messages to send to the class or to instances of the class in order to start the behavior Methods are the procedures or func tions of Smalltalk which execute when a message is delivered In Smalltalk 80 methods are grouped into categories ac cording to their function Programs amp Objects In traditional structured languages you write programs by defining data structures and the operations you
282. wondering how fast the 287s run in 6 8 and 10 MHz clones Those spendy chips are probably taking lunch breaks in the middle of transcendentals You ll find the benchmark programs in the issue 44 ARC file on the RBBS so you can see how your system is doing You can get the 80287 speed up board for 29 95 from Sierra Circuit Design 18185 West Union Rd Portland OR 97229 503 645 0734 Jim Warren Exciting New IBM IBM is one of a very few computer companies that isn t knee deep in back orders In fact IBM s been so successful at keeping up with demand it s reportedly been able to shut down five assembly lines and lay off 900 employees However that success may not last long IBM has an nounced the model 35 It has a fancy new 80286 processor It s AT compatible And I m guessing that it ll have AT com patible card slots IBM is strongly denying that it s backing down on the micro channel Maybe they ve created this dramatic new product because their PS 2 systems aren t very PC compatible Maybe it s be cause micro channel cards are expensive Maybe it s because the micro channel performance issues are moot since IBM s machines aren t particularly fast But it s probably because no one s writing software that runs exclusively on the PS 2 I m sure they were hoping I took a lot of flack from some IBM employees for not being properly impressed with the PS 2 series Now I suppose they re ex
283. xas Res add 6 1 4 Tax Foreign orders except Canada add 20 P amp H Orders over 50 add 85 for insurance learning C this is a good choice because of its integrated environment and debugger Microsoft will be enhancing QuickC in the near future Borland Turbo C It s inexpensive under a hundred dollars compiles quickly and has a nice integrated com piler editor There will be a debugger coming real soon now Mark William s Let s C If you re doing UNIX programming and want the best in UNIX compatibility this is your choice And it s under 80 Manx Aztec C86 For ROM based ap plications Manx gets my vote Also Manx supports C compilers for every thing from CP M machines to the Macintosh making portability easier if you re working with several different micros MIX Power C What can you say against a working C compiler for 20 bucks It s a bit unstable to use for professional development but it s great for the hobbyist They ve ironed out most of the bugs and if nothing else you get a good C programming manual with a reasonable compiler thrown in WATCOM C This is a powerful package on par with Microsoft s C It optimizes well and has a slew of CALL FOR FREE CATALOG 6995 ASSEMBLED amp TESTED ASK ABOUT OUR NEW PAL PROGRAMMER Reader Service Number 32 utilities The library is good and the floating point performance i
284. xpress Standard Air 6 00 or guaranteed next day Priority One 10 25 the classic Hopfield Tank neural net model for solving the combinatorially explosive traveling salesman prob lem A previously undiscovered model parameter is identified A new speedup based on markers for city position pairs is introduced Recent research on bio logical systems contributes a new method for better convergence of the solution 1Mbit 41256 41256 41256 51258 41256 Connections is written in PL D an innovative sys tems language reviewed in July Computer Language You get a copy of PL D and PL D user manual with Connections so you have all you need to experiment with the program Self compiling source of PL D is also available for 75 00 additional 80287 8 80387 16 160 00 245 00 80387 20 e N c v N a Q lt ig o a D Q a u T F 2 x i st IBM PC XT Compaq Portable amp Plus hp Vectra 8087 2 DOS 2 0 or above 256K PC AT compatible or PS 2 5 25 or 3 25 inch diskette Add 5 00 shipping 12 50 outside North America and sales tax in California D ip HWS Coeputer mastek 3440 Kenneth Drive i Systens CARE Palo Alto CA 94303 415 494 7081 Reader Service Number 90 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 53 Reader Service Number 37 WORLD By Laine Stump Redhouse Press Merkez PK 142 34432 Sirkeci Istanbul Turkey Yet Another Travelog
285. y d had 150 people at the airport complete with the Florence High School Band A real band no one s ever met me with a band before We gathered in the Cottage Grove airport office to shave the news and kick ourselves for not send ing out scouts planes with radios to see if the coast was clear or clear enough The trip s been so exciting we d have risked life and limb to hear that band Gives you some idea As I enter this I m sitting next to the Stinson on hot gravel covered blacktop We re in Roseburg our overnight stop and Id better get off this computer and set up the tent The red sun isn t going to be red forever and nights here can be thunderstormy Monday 8 p m Grants Pass First day of work I ve missed in a long time Feels good to be away Almost forgot about the magazine Micro It s a lazy afternoon clear sunny warm north wind I m sit ting on my bedroll leaning against the shady side of the Stinson Gusts are strong enough to shake the old bird occasionally Someone said 20 knots Tried to catch a nap inside the plane but Around the Bend the sun heats things up too much when the doors are closed When they re open anything loose takes flight lessons Local flying aficionados put on a picnic for us at a physician s house It s obvious that planes make wonderful food fellows At least here We re talking roast ham and turkey uncountable salads and vegies beer wine pop and
286. y re part of a word or phrase If you let your word processor add hyphens automatically we have to remove them individually 7 Use spaces not tabs even in listings MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 83 KAYPRO COLUMN By Joseph I Mortensen 4214 Chelsea Ct Midland MI 48640 Perfect Filer Utility Extracting Data The Easy Way If nothing else the Perfect software series was controversial Those who liked it swore by it Everyone else avoided it like the plague For all its idiosyncrasies at least it was free with the Kaypro and people like Joe were soon writing patches and utilities to cover some shortcomings Here s one xtracting data from Perfect Filer the database which came with early Kaypros is a painful tedious process which nobody should have to do even once See my article in the July 1988 issue of PROFILES It was an attempt to get Perfect Filer to generate a comma delimited file for use with WordStar 4 0 s MergePrint feature that finally forced me to act When I examined my Perfect Filer database using SuperZap I found the information in Figure 1 An empty field is indicated by a null as at ODOCH in the example OFFH marks the end of a record unless the record fills an entire sector in which case it ends with null Any unused portion of a sector is filled with OFFH See Figure 2 Having discovered how Perfect Filer stores data I could proceed to write a program to convert each record and
287. y number of tools on it The Micro C index is available for 10 in either MS DOS or CP M format and goes all the way back to issue No 1 It fits on a single disk Brundage will update your disk for you provided you send him the original diskette together with sufficient return postage A short document file on the disk provides fur ther details and limitations Thomas Brundage The Logical Connexion 2523 Phipps Circle NE Salem OR 97305 Growing And Other Pains Perhaps the shareware industry is maturing The heavy duty computer publications like PC Magazine and PC World now feel constrained to include programs like PC Write and ProComm when they review software for word processing and communications PC World ran a long piece on shareware in its August 1988 issue At the same time shareware is wit nessing a legal wrangle that seems to be breaking new ground It s reported that Software Enhancement Associates is suing Phil Katz of PKWare for allegedly incorporating features from SEA s ARC in PKWare s PKARC and PKXARC This can hardly be argued on look and feel grounds even if that argu ment had any merit to speak of since both SEA s and PKWare s programs just operate from the DOS prompt What can you do complain that the com mand line uses the same letters for dif ferent options Instead it seems that SEA believes that PKWare is using proprietary por tions of ARC s code in PKARC and PKXARC
288. yone I met Ergun said Why don t you forecast what s going to happen in the industry in the next few years Are you kidding Only Jerry Pour MICRO CORNUCOPIA 44 Nov Dec 1988 55 nelle and John Dvorak are godlike enough to do that How about forecasting what you would like to happen in the next few years If I did that everyone would think I was just complaining again I guess you could always write about your caving trip Judging from that silly thing you wrote last year you d probably get away with it Back to the main menu In Search Of A Topic 3D Another night bus back to Istanbul I m really going to do it this time Ill come up with a humdinger all time showstopper of an article This one s going to knock their socks off Yeah That s it Their socks And their monogrammed slippers too They ll be wiping Jolt Cola off the floor with their bandanas after this article knocks them out of their seats Yeah Jolt Cola That s the ticket Jolt Cola The potholes on the Istanbul high way rocked me off into dreamland as I feebly attempted to squeeze an article idea out of my last two months I awoke with a start brought to my senses by the putrid smell of burning rubber and realized that the bus was stopped As the moustached man in the next seat snored on in oblivion the steward turned on the PA system Respected passengers One of our tires has blown out
289. ystery n Smalltalk there s no program per se At least in the beginning think in terms of modifying the behavior of existing classes rather than creating new data structures and operations Messages Messages are represented symboli cally by selectors Different types of message selectors correspond to the number of objects involved in the mes sage A unary message has one object the object receiving the message A binary message has two objects the receiver and one argument Keyword messages are sent to the receiver with one or more arguments Each part of a keyword selector ends with a colon For example when an ob ject can t reply to a message it sends it self the message doesNotUnderstand Precedence Smalltalk uses precedence rules to resolve ambiguities Tektronix Inc P O Box 500 Mail Sta 50 470 Beaverton OR 97077 e 1 expressions in parentheses e 2 unary messages e 3 binary messages e 4 keyword messages e 5 equal precedence messages are sent left to right e 6 variable assignment happens last The symbols or lt left arrow are assignment operators on different systems yt 1 So in the Smalltalk statement stream ReadStream on Array with Joe Blow first the parenthetical expression must be manipulated first Within it is a binary message So the concatenation selector is sent to the String Joe along

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