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1. W ARTICLE amp AD ORDER Welcome From The Chief Editor LinFX ad PCLinuxOS 64 Bit Blasts Off White Enki PrimaCloud small ad Donate ad Windows Migration Accessing Linux Partitions From Windows Windows Migration The Terminal An Introduction Nerd ad Reach Us On The Web ad Visit Us On IRC ad E Close Xfce Power User Tips Tricks amp Tweaks Working With Documents You can change how many lines you want to be displayed simply by changing the number For example if you enter 20 as n 20 only the first 20 lines are displayed Any text files less than the specified number of lines in length will simply be displayed in their entirety The output from the head command is then piped into a Zenity text dialog box with a width of 450 pixels a height of 400 pixels named Text Preview Select an icon for your new custom action Under the Appearance Conditions tab leave the File Pattern set to and insure that only Text Files has a checkmark in front of it Now whenever you right click on a text file and select Preview Text File from Thunar s context menu your text file is displayed similarly to the example above You can scroll through the contents and when you are finished just hit the Enter key or click your mouse on the Close button Print Office Files Besides text files another common item printed out are office files These are files commonly produc
2. most used commands Here are fifty of mine apropos cal cat cd chmod chown clear cp cut date df dmesg du exit file find free grep gZip head info kill less In locate lp Is man mkdir mount mv nano passwd ps pwd rm rmdir shutdown sort su tac tail tar top touch tr umount uname whatis whereis That s it not that many really These are not necessarily the most used commands in Linux but if you can use these then you should have no problems with the others Get used to using these few commands and you will feel a lot more comfortable using a terminal Nine of the commands we have already met but will repeat them for reference Getting Help When starting to use the terminal the one thing that you need is help These next commands will get you that help Most commands come with a user manual which can be accessed with the command man command name e g man Is MS help or command Navigate with the up down page up and page down keys Get out by pressing the q key If you need more information than you get in the manual then try the commands handbook which you get to see with the command info command name navigation is the same as for the man command When you don t know the name of a command try the apropos command with some relevant text apropos cdrom will list all commands it knows of that have cdrom in their description If you Know the name of a command but are
3. An additional 50 points is added for using all seven 7 of your tiles in a set to make your word You will not necessarily be able to use all seven 7 of the letters in your set to form a legal word In case you are having difficulty seeing the point value on the letter tiles here is list of how they are scored O points 2 blank tiles 1 point E A I O N R T L S U 2 points D G 3 points B C M P 4 points F H V W Y 5 points K 8 points J X 10 points Q Z Optionally a time limit of 60 minutes should apply to the game averaging to 12 minutes per letter tile set Have fun It s only a game Download Puzzle Solutions Here PCLinuxOS Puzzled Partitions Tux Scrappler LJILJWIQILIL amp I LJILJWIQILIL amp mmjmimumnmimia Double Word LJLJLILILILJ amp Triple Word LJILJLILILILE 225 points possible Average mark is 156 points PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page SO PCLinuxOS Puzzled Partitions PCLinuxOS Crossword Puzzle June 2013 Internet Applications ha al ea Pe C F 3 rr Li _ Ur im a a a a Si W L E i H E E Im BI a D a a i ae im Ce Shee aie oe of tt tt LU TE MBI ae wi ra Download Puzzle Solutions Here SF ee DP Se SP T N N e RP P BP RP RP RP RP P P e O O0 O NO O FF Wn P 22 23 Popular IRC Client Browser from the Mozilla Foundation Popular a
4. Story Line follow Tiny into a weird and humorous story drenched in peculiarity get back Grandpa s underpants by all means necessary Defeat Big your old arch enemy in the process Buckets full of Indie Music collect more than 15 songs from hardly known but genuine Indie bands Discover new songs from the underground and show off to your friends System requirements Core2duo Athlon X2 with at least 2 4 GHz GeForce 8800 series Radeon 2900 series or better Windows XP or higher 32 or 64 bit Software Playonlinux Wine and Steam About The Company Black Pants Game Studio is an independent game studio rooted in Kassel We are a team of three programmers two animators and one comic artist We are passionate about playing and developing games with new and innovative mechanics and a handcrafted and one of a kind look To manufacture Tiny amp Big we are using our own engine the Scape Engine which is in development since 2002 and constantly extended and improved And about the folks who put it all together Christian Niemand started programming in 2000 during his education as an industrial electronic He worked as a scientific and project director at the University of Kassel Christian is a passionate videogamer since childhood In addition to videogames he likes to play the Blues piano ping pong squash and other sports At Black Pants Game Studio he s responsible for engine programming and market
5. To bozzoh May 9 201 x z ma t w 3 ru nning IceWM PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 29 Sudoku Rules There is only one valid solution to each Sudoku puzzle The only way the puzzle can be considered solved correctly is when all 81 boxes contain numbers and the other Sudoku rules have been followed When you start a game of Sudoku some blocks will be pre filled for you You cannot change these numbers in the course of the game Each column must contain all of the numbers 1 through 9 and no two numbers in the same column of a Sudoku puzzle can be the same Each row must contain all of the numbers 1 through 9 and no two numbers in the same row of a Sudoku puzzle can be the same Each block must contain all of the numbers 1 through 9 and no two numbers in the same block of a Sudoku puzzle can be the same TUX SCRAPPLER RULES Follow the rules of Scrabble You can view them here You have seven 7 letter tiles with which to make as long of a word as you possibly can Words are based on the English language Non English language words are NOT allowed Red letters are scored double points Green letters are scored triple points Add up the score of all the letters that you used Unused letters are not scored For red or green letters apply the multiplier when tallying up your score Next apply any additional scoring multipliers such as double or triple word score
6. User Tips Tricks amp Tweaks article we ll look at ways to simplify working with various document files Printing Text Files Invariably at some point you ll want to print out a plain text file Normally you could just open it up ina simple text editor then print it out But with this Thunar Custom Action we can actually skip that step and print it right from Thunar itself Select Configure Custom Actions from the Thunar Edit menu On the first line provide a name for your new Thunar Custom Action entered Print Text File as its name On the second line enter a description Keeping it simple entered Print text file as its description On the third line enter the following command yad print add preview filename f _ type TEXT The type TEXT flag tells yad to print the specified file filename f as a text file If you used the type IMAGE flag you could easily set up a similar custom action to print out image files The add preview flag adds the Print Preview button to the Edit Action Basic Appearance Conditions Name Print Text File Description Print text file Command yad print flename f type TEXT n Cl Use Startup Notification Icon x The following command parameters will be substituted when launching the action Sf the path to the first selected file WF the paths to all selected files Sd directory cont
7. for evil code that might be dangerous for their privacy and remove it The companies behind the software would reach a larger audience and would more likely be able to provide paid support to a bigger user base The quality security and efficiency of the software and the user experience will only benefit from being free as in freedom The other way around things would be completely different If all currently free software would become proprietary every single aspect of it would become worse The developers would lose 90 of their colleagues and be forced to work the way the suits tell them The users would no longer be certain that the programs they are using are not abusive and will be forced to pay money for something they might not be able to afford The companies would only see a decline in quality of service and user count unless they are capable of pulling off an ongoing worldwide scam like Microsoft and Apple have succeeded in doing am sure you believe there are plenty of advantages to proprietary software But that does not change anything about the fact that it is always morally wrong Feel free to use it as you wish but please do not try to convince others to do the same Convincing people to harm themselves and others around them is a terrible thing to do You can call me paranoid as much as you want but simply refuse to believe that the CEOs of multi billion dollar companies will do no harm Only a fo
8. for my taste so Create a New Layer black In the new layer choose Filters gt Render gt Clouds gt Difference Clouds Then in the Layer dialog change the mode of this layer from Normal to Burn bottom right Mode Normal Dissolve Lock Lighten only gt Screen Dodge a Addition Darken only Muthiply Overlay Soft light D Hard light e Difference Subtract Grain extract PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 5 Now your stars look more varied Merge these three layers We want to add a little color to the stars so create a new black layer Click Filters gt Render gt Clouds gt Plasma Then change your layer mode to Dodge You should study your layer a bit before you proceed The top is going to be visible but not the bottom You can flip your layer using the Flip tool if you wish Make sure it is set on Vertical before you click on your layer to flip it Right click and Anchor layer if needed Now you can turn on your land layer and bring it to the front SS ee es GIMP Tutorial Create Your Own Alien World An alien world wouldn t be complete without some nearby planets Create a new layer but make it square and a little more than half the height of your project on each side My drawing is about 750 pixels so I m going to make this new layer a 400 pixel square Pick a red color and bucket fill it 3 Pattern fill M ted Aree Shifmk Now cho
9. from just below and to the right of the center of your planet hold and drag your mouse pointer up and left to just outside the planet next page top left PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 6 Bland Mode Morrneal T Gira ciiai Bi FG te Tronapaors fas z Shape Brena Asper More a Dehenng Cool huh Click Select gt None to I unselect everything j Now Im going to make another planeta EP little smaller than the as first made my new layer 300 x 300 filled it with an orange then using a brown clicked over it with a different brush I used one called Galaxy Since you have already made a sphere all you need to do is choose Filters gt Repeat Map Object All the settings are already there so just click OK Alpha to Selection as before then choose your blend tool and add your light Let s make one more planet I smaller than either of the other two Pe 150 x 150 in a new layer Instead of ees Painting it fe ee Click on GIMP Tutorial Create Your Own Alien World Filters gt Render gt Clouds gt Plasma Now click on Filters but go to Recently Used and choose Map Object then Alpha to Selection again and choose your blend tool and add your light I Lets make it a little more alien Choose your land layer click on Colors gt Brightness amp Contrast and set the color down and the contrast up to change the colors a bit When WS you are satisfied
10. it To sort it into the required order we use a command called naturally sort MS sort There are many options for sort to produce data sorted alphabetically numerically reversed by date etc This is is one of many Linux tools known as a filter Data is passed to a filter and the output is the altered data This is one of the basics of command line operation and part of the real power of Linux The usual way of using a filter is to separate the command producing the data from the filter with the vertical bar character known as a pipe The tr command while not used very often is designed to translate one set of characters into another One use might be to translate lower case to upper case The command is used as a filter and find the s option most useful This option squeezes out multiple repeats of a listed character and replaces them with a single instance of that character For example cat textfile tr s The cat command sends the file to the tr command which then removes all multiple spaces Use VW to remove extraneous tabs This doesn t actually alter the original file only the output from the command is affected as it passes through the filter Some commands produce so much output that it is difficult to find the information that you want You could pipe the output to a pager such as less MS more but you would still have to search through a lot of irrelevant stuff Linux has a command named PC
11. menu means hold down the control key and then press the letter following it to perform the associated operation Control g will get you some basic help lf you want a hard copy of a file and you have a printer installed then Ip MS print myfile will print it out It s that simple Most Windows users are familiar with the commercial file compression programs Winzip or pkzip The Linux command line equivalent is gzip gzip myfile compresses a file with the default options and the default file extension gz gzip d myfile gz decompresses a file with the default options gzip also accepts a number between 1 and 9 as an option 1 for faster compression 9 for more aggressive compression tar is a command from the past but it is still very useful The letters tar are an acronym for tape archive When files were traditionally written to magnetic tape for backup collections of files were bundled into an archive for later retrieval This is still useful today although the files are more usually tarred and compressed then the tarball is transferred to another file system or over the internet The default file extension to aid humans is tar The tar command can now automatically compress files using several compression techniques This is usually denoted by a file extension of tar gz or similar tar cf file1 file2 creates a tarball of files file1 file2 tar czf docs tar gz Documents creates a zipped fil
12. of proprietary software you do not own it even though you paid for it Therefore the vendor will always remain in charge of everything you can or can t do SET a Ill PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 37 When an update removes certain functionality you may rely upon there is no way for you to stop it You will never be sure that your computer keeps working the way you expect it to because proprietary software vendors are not interested in you whatsoever Proprietary software is able to control the programs you run and the files you use Proprietary software vendors are able to disallow you to run certain pieces of software such as Apple does with their application stores Also they can keep you from playing videos and music for instance because of the DRM technology built into the cores of the Microsoft Windows Apple Mac OS and Apple iOS operating systems You are denied the right to use your computers laptops tablets and phones for whatever cause you see fit Proprietary software is able to lock you into closed standards When you rely on a proprietary program chances are it also uses proprietary file formats These files are generally impossible to use with other free programs unless developers reverse engineer them which might take years Because of that relying on proprietary file formats means you will be completely dependent on the vendor and the direction they choose to t
13. on a journey of freedom You can say goodbye to the infamous blue screen of death that plagues Windows users Back when was a Windows user could barely go two days without seeing Windows crash and display that I amp blue screen In exchange you can say hello to a higher level of stability and more security than any Windows user could ever hope to experience Some Linux users go years without rebooting their computer and their computers remain running with the same level of stability and reliability as the day they were first booted When was a Windows user if didn t reboot Windows every day would be guaranteed of a visit from that infamous blue screen of death a k a the BSOD Linux gives you a flexibility and freedom to configure and use your computer the way you want You re not restricted to using and configuring your computer the way some corporate entity that s only concerned about profits dictates that you should use or configure your computer Without a doubt the computer skills you developed while using Windows using a mouse and keyboard opening and saving files etc will transfer easily and readily to your Linux skill set But its also important to keep in mind that while there are similarities Windows is not Linux and Linux is not Windows They are different from one another which is a good thing If you wanted things to be the same you d still be using Windows Linux users ferve
14. read PCLinuxOS Magazine because it is a beautiful production full of great articles To be perfectly honest am quite proud of Carla s comment about the magazine that has been under my stewardship for the past four years I m especially proud since it came from Carla So thanks Carla for noticing our work on The PCLinuxOS Magazine Texstar continues at the packaging helm while Neal recuperates from his recent hospitalization Now back at home suspect it won t be long before Neal is helping Texstar with the packaging chores and helping to keep everything tuned up and running well Meanwhile Texstar has been working on updating the toolchain xorg Intel graphic drivers the kernel and adding the Steam for Linux gaming client to the testing section of the PCLinuxOS repos To top it all off Texstar has been having fun in the PCLinuxOS forum with more regularity In other news Daniel a k a Leiche has stepped away from creating the LXDE ISO So the search is on for someone else to maintain the LXDE releases Fans of LXDE should have little to fear since a new LXDE version was recently released Someone among the community is certain to pick up the LXDE torch Like music to the ears of all e17 fans Texstar has also compiled and released the newest version of the Enlightenment e17 desktop which can be installed via Synaptic by searching for and installing the desktop Agust has even reappeared to update his
15. sample png sample png PNG image data 982 x 409 amp bit color RGBA non interlaced Linux_user localhost lH a linux_uwser bash The find command is one of those commands that is at the same time immensely powerful indispensable and annoyingly complex to new command line users Its syntax is slightly different from most Linux commands but its use can be simplified to provide a more useful basic utility The syntax of the command looks like this PCLinuxOS Magazine Hastings O Page 13 find where to look options file criteria to look for what to match Where to look is the directory in which to start the search Options include things like maxdepth 1 to restrict the search to the top level directory specified File criteria to look for This can be the name of the file type of file e g directory modification time size permissions or almost anything else that describes a file You may also specify multiple criteria to fine tune the search What to match This can be the filename or a part of it including wild cards such as also regular expressions for those that understand such things It can be the time since modification or access and it can be a minimum or maximum file size To search your home directory and directories immediately below but no further for files that end in Jpg you can issue the command find maxdepth 2 name jpg To also find files with the JPG extension use
16. the paths to all selected files Sd directory containing the file that is passed in f D directories containing the files that are passed in oF Sn the first selected filename without path S N the selected filenames without paths a OK Cancel Remember that the number part of the libreofficexx command must match the version of LibreOffice that you are running Same as in our last Thunar Custom Action The invisible flag tells LibreOffice to not open the GUI to perform the specified action The convert to command tells it what format to convert to pdf and the f is the file to perform the conversion to Select an icon for your new custom action used one of the Adobe PDF icons that wasn t already in use on my system Then enter the following for the File Pattern field doc docx odt odp pps ppt xls xlsx ods pptx txt Place a checkmark in front of both the Text files and Other files for file types Now whenever you right click on any of the file formats above you ll be able to choose Convert To PDF from Thunar s right click context menu The resulting PDF will be written to the same directory as your original file Convert To OpenDocument Text Format Besides converting to PDF files you can also convert from any other document format that LibreOffice can read into a native LibreOffice OpenDocument format all without having to open the document in Lib
17. this It is ruthless quick and permanent A little trick that often use is to replace rm rf with Is R to list out which files would be deleted If that is what intended then issue the rm rf death warrant The R option tells the Is command to recurse down through any sub directories to show everything that would be deleted make sure that you use upper case Ras lowercase r will only reverse the listing To look at the contents of a file we have the cat MS type command short for concatenate which just means to join together Try cat etc fstab This will display the contents of the file that tells the system where to mount your file systems You can also use the cat command to create a simple file without having to open an editor by using the redirection method which we previously discussed cat gt newrfile This is telling the cat command to redirect its output to the file newfile which it will create if necessary As we haven t passed to the cat command any file as an argument for it to process it looks for input from stdin the keyboard and it will just sit there waiting for somebody to start typing Type whatever you need and press return whenever you want to start a new line When you have finished typing hold down the control key and press d This sends the shell an invisible character Known as an end of file character or EOF The file is then written and closed You can create a new empty file with the touch c
18. to teaching basic Linux concepts to users new to Linux Linux org a user supported community website whose mission is to promote Linux through education The content of this website is designed to be interacted with by the Linux Community Windows Migration Resources amp Summary Books O Reilly Publishing publishes all kinds of computer manuals books and educational materials including those covering topics of interest to Linux users Want to learn the command line Want to learn how to program Want to learn bash scripting Want to learn more about Linux networking All of these topics and more are covered in O Reilly s offerings User Groups Perhaps one of the most overlooked resources are local Linux User Groups They usually meet regularly in space that s donated by either schools libraries or computer shops You can perform an Internet search for user groups in your area or you can ask around at your local computer shops for contact information You ll have the chance to meet with other Linux users from your area usually without a preference for any one particular distro As you become more proficient you can give presentations about different aspects of your favorite Linux distro which will hopefully be PCLinuxOS Summary Congratulate yourself on making the switch from the costly proprietary world of Windows to the free open world of Linux You ve taken a huge step in breaking the chain
19. total 224 drwxz 20 li ux_ us er Linus_user 4096 Woy 13 46 of drwxr xr x 5 root root 4006 Moy 11 13 f 1 Line user linus user 24 Jan 18 2010 bash legout 1 linux user linux user 191 Jan 18 2818 bas h profile 1l linux user linux user 458 Oct 27 r drwxr xr x 3 linux user linux usar 4606 How 11 14 comfig drwx 3 lanux_user linux_user 4646 Hov 11 14 dbos drwxr xr x 2 linux_user linux_user 4696 Oct 27 67 68 Desktop 26 Mov 11 14 dimre drwa 2 li uw user Linux_user 4096 Mov 17 05 39 Documents arwa 2 li ux_ us er Linus_user 4036 Jan 19 2010 Downloads arwm 4 linux user linus_user 4006 Mow 11 14 geanty Ofwm J li nux user Linus user 4606 Moy 11 14 gnap r 1 linux user linux user lo Mov 4 11 14 gtk bookmarks f P 1 Linux user linus usar 252 Jum 24 9811 gtkrc 2 0 rw 1 linux_user Linux user r F _ Emus aser bash B That is only part of the output but think that we need an explanation here as this is entirely different from Windows The first letter on each line describes the type of file d means a directory and means an ordinary file There are others too such as for links to other files which are similar in nature to shortcuts in Windows The next nine actually three sets of three characters are permissions This is fundamental to the Linux file system and often a source of confusion to new users who can t understand why they are refused acces
20. version of this command will prompt you for confirmation before sending the file to oblivion but this is not always the case To make a new directory you need to have write permission for the directory where you want to place it and you use the command mkdir directory name MS md or mkdir You can command remove an empty directory with the rmdir directory name MS deltree PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 12 To remove a directory and all the files that it contains you will need to use the rm command with the option r If there are many files in the directory then the prompting can become quite tedious but you can turn it off with the f force option Important Be very very careful with this It is ruthless quick and permanent A little trick use is to replace rm rf with Is R to list out which files would be deleted If that is what I intended then issue the rm rf death warrant The R option recurses down through any sub directories make sure that you use uppercase R as lower case r will only reverse the listing You can create a new empty file with the command touch file name Often you need to refer to a file that is buried deep in a sub directory and an easy way to do that as in Windows is to create a shortcut to it In Linux there are two types of shortcut and they are known as links There are hard links and soft or symbolic links For now we will concentrate only on soft links The command to
21. with your work save If you ea are sue you are finished you can merge all your layers by choosing Image gt Flatten Image As a final feature in our project lets put one Supernova in our picture Click Filters gt Light amp Shadow gt Supernova WM Preview _ The crosshairs show where it will be on your picture and you can make it as bright and as big or small as you want by changing the color radius and number of spokes left the defaults Center of Nova x s lo 4 Y 128 px gt A Show position If you don t want to mess with the photographs you can just make the sky and the planets which is fun too Experiment with different settings amp colors and see what you get PCLinuxOS was Page 7 Windows Migration The Terminal Basic Operations by Peter Kelly critter Windows command line vs Linux command line In recent years the tools available to Windows users have improved considerably and many commands previously found only in Unix Linux systems have found their way onto the MS command line Many of the commands have similar options to those available under Linux but there are differences For those users that are familiar with the MS command line will show the MS command with the Linux command where appropriate like this Is MS dir Actually under PCLinuxOS the command dir is iS an acceptable alternative to Is but
22. your eraser using a hard brush and erase the sky Be careful next to any similar colored mountain you want to use In mine the mountain in the background is too hazy for me so if erase part of it Im not going to worry because I m going to clone another mountain into that spot PCLinuxOS Magazine Click Select gt None to remove your selection That turns off all the moving dotted lines With the clone tool we ll use the same technique we used for taking the road sign out of a photo except this time we will pick a piece of the existing mountain using a soft brush hold lt CTRL gt and brush across it Then go to the place you want a mountain and paint there If it doesn t turn out the way you want it the first time you can always undo part of it lt CTRL gt Z and try again Save your work if you are Satisfied Remember saving as a Gimp xcf file deletes your undo history so only save it when you are happy with what you have done ry j i m m E n m BERR ERE BEBE n n n ai s n E R E E E n Z E E E K KE E K K K KE KE K KE K K Ee ef BaER ER EEEEEERBEBEEE EEE s G G K G KE K KE E E K KE K K KE K KE E E E E E Ss 1 Now we can make the water layer visible again by clicking the eye icon on that layer Move it to the top too What want to do is stack these layers so it looks like there is a cove or lake with hills around it SO we re goin
23. HHAHEVSORWDROPBOX TT SAXKDDOHYITIBWIJIRRABMSCAVIAHUI S BHGSSHFSXNPBODOQKAROROKKVXZNHMAZ KCKEEYFRBEROVPPEWVRVIAZLUSTPJSAMG KOMPOZER Q K J C Y E BLUEGRIFFON NETSURF FILEZILLA PSEAMONKEYVWSSNQEEHOXOGH PS YCUJAE THUNDERBIRD EVOLUTION CLAWSMAIL POSTLER JOMVUHXPYZWONTPXZLEPISJIVRAEREK EX KJ L OKPYBBZTYLVLOTWCYSHEURTSEYCR ACKTNDWCRSUPEKIMYNODJIANIXKNYULP PSGSSWRKWGNSVMTSRKKMUIMORHCGPU FSXAAEDJIJYXSSOZWITIAVOYAPGVTORHARA SEGANFUCAKJ K HSH ILOGOHNS J DYEYOMA X TT XGIJSAHTLCKAELLXKXNODSJINALIFWBUT ABOINQLRUSPKOQIXOJSSTIXFODCWOPCVOD HE F J H F L O LINPHONE NETSCAPE DROPBOX WUALA CHECKGMAIL SPIDEROAK KTORRENT MEGA NETAPPLET GSSHFS YMYCNOPEDWTBODUGORFLFEFOQFEFTWH MERSNMLZWKBVDABLUEGRIFFONN LI MKJVCGOQOBNIRPEVJVIUODRIBREDNUHTMOQG ZWFTQOMIWBOBZBIWPREPACS TENIN YD VPZINALWFPAOQOEMOQOQONWIJIUSQUJSIIJSITHYMJIJ WK V W S M V L C Q APN j919H SUONNIOS zznd peojuMOGg Page 32 PCLinuxOS Magazine PCLinuxOS i ahs 4 geal F 7 Wanu y s FO h a a se Sevilla 18 C sdleada Radically Simple de 7 m a gt 4 af 7 F a A EN mem PChiruxOs F nt Orden Available in the following desktops 1 18 dom inga KDE LXDE Xfce 05 mayo 2013 Openbox Gnome mh j U l Pe U Radagast The domingo 05 mayo 2013 wsh ORGS O Enlightenment e17 Posted by Aleph May 5 2013 running LXDE PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 33 Game Zone T
24. LinuxOS Magazine O Page 16 grep the name is actually an acronym but that s irrelevant here that we can use to solve this little problem The grep MS find command is designed to search inside a file for text that matches a pattern grep Once upon a time Documents would search all of the files in your Documents directory for the given phrase If we pass the output of a command to grep then it will search that output for the expression ps ax grep firefox will make it a lot easier to find the process id of the unresponsive firefox The v option inverts the match and displays lines that do not match A lot of Linux commands produce columns of information separated by spaces tabs commas or colons Most of this data you will not be interested in so wouldn t be nice if you could cut out and display only the relevant data Well you can with the cut command which sees the data as strings or fields of characters split by a separating character or delimiter tab by default The output from the df command with no options would look something like this Filesystem Size Used Avail Use Mounted on dev sdal 26G 8 4G 16G 35 dev sda5 352G 149G 186G 45 home dev sdb6 391G 247G 124G 67 share none 7 8G 124M 7 7G 2 tmp dev sdd1 3 7G 613M 3 1G 17 mnt usb These fields appear to be delimited with a tab character which is the default for the cut command If we want only the Filesystem and Mounted colum
25. Magazine Page 36 Refuse To Be Bullied Say NO To Proprietary Software by Kevin Keijzer Shared via Google There are many valid reasons to reject proprietary software Its potential risks are highly underestimated by many and in today s day and age of computer technology they pose a stronger threat than ever Proprietary software shows no respect for the users freedom Users are not allowed to know what the software is doing on their own computers nor are they able to modify it if they have the need to All proprietary software users can do is hope for the best Proprietary software is not secure You ll be left to the mercy of companies like Microsoft Apple and Adobe to have your interests at heart of which you cannot be certain Chances are that if fixing something will not generate enough income for them it will not be done even though it may pose a threat to your security Proprietary software can not be trusted As there is no way for you or anyone else to know what it is doing on your system there is no way for you to be sure that it does not collect your personal data record audio through your microphone record video through your webcam or monitor your keystrokes and log your passwords All you can do is hope or assume that the vendor has not implemented anything like this but you can never be certain of it Proprietary software keeps you from owning your possessions After you have bought a piece
26. O The PC S magazine Volume 77 June 2013 WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY Windows Migration The Terminal Basic Operations Gimp Tutorial Create Your Own Alien World Windows Migration Xfce Power User The Terminal Some Common Commands Tips Tricks amp Tweaks Working With Documents Windows Migration Resources amp Summary PCLinuxOS Recipe Corner Chicken Quesadillas World Environment Day June 5 Game Zone Tiny amp Big And more inside 4 11 12 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 33 34 36 37 Welcome From The Chief Editor Gimp Tutorial Create Your Own Alien World Windows Migration The Terminal Basic Operations Screenshot Showcase Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands Screenshot Showcase Windows Migration Resources amp Summary Screenshot Showcase ms_meme s Nook The Penguin Story PCLinuxOS Recipe Corner Chicken Quesadillas World Environment Day June 5 Xfce Power User Tips Tricks amp Tweaks Working With Documents Screenshot Showcase PCLinuxOS Puzzled Partitions Screenshot Showcase Game Zone Tiny amp Big Screenshot Showcase Refuse To Be Bullied Say NO To Proprietary Software More Screenshot Showcase Table Of Contents OS magazine The PCLinuxOS name logo and colors are the trademark of Texstar The PCLinuxOS Magazine is a monthly online publication containing PCLinuxOS related materials It is published primarily for members of the PCLinuxO
27. S community The magazine staff is comprised of volunteers from the PCLinuxOS community Visit us online at http Awww pclosmag com This release was made possible by the following volunteers Chief Editor Paul Arnote parnote Assistant Editor Meemaw Artwork ms_meme Meemaw Paul Arnote Magazine Layout Paul Arnote Meemaw ms_meme HTML Layout YouCanToo Staff ms_meme Patrick Horneker Meemaw Mark Szorady Darrel Johnston Andrew Huff Gary L Ratliff Sr Pete Kelly Daniel Meif Wilhelm Antonis Komis AndrzejL daiashi YouCanToo Contributors Kevin Keijzer The PCLinuxOS Magazine is released under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial Share Alike 3 0 Unported license Some rights are reserved Copyright 2013 See PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 2 Over at Linux com Carla Schroder gave a shining review of the latest release of PCLinuxOS Now Carla isn t Known as someone who hands out praise easily or quickly She s typically one tough cookie with her reviews She tells you in no uncertain terms what she thinks She also isn t known for sugar coating her opinion either AS some of you who read reviews of Linux distros they can sometimes seem trivial and trite or they can be particularly nasty and scathing Towards the end of her review Carla sings the praise of The PCLinuxOS Magazine That s right The very magazine you are reading Carla says Every Linux user should
28. aining the file that is passed in tef S D directories containing the files that are passed in F en the first selected filename without path SNM the selected filenames without paths Cancel af OK General Page Setup Job Image Quality Advanced Printer Location status D Print to File j amp Cups PDF amp Fax Fax ML 2525W 10 0 0 19 amp Samsung ML 2525W amp Samsung ML 2525W 2 10 0 0 19 Ready to print Range Copies All Pages Copies H E D Pages L Reverse a Print Preview L Cancel i S Print m Print dialog box If you choose to omit this flag only the Print and Cancel buttons will be displayed Working With Documents Next select an icon for your new custom action Under the Appearance Conditions tab leave the File Pattern set to and place a checkmark in front of Text files Now when you right click on a plain text file you can select Print Text File from Thunar s right click context menu When you do you ll see the familiar Print dialog box allowing you to select which printer to use Preview Text Files Many times you don t necessarily want to print a text file You just want to browse its contents Since subscribe to the K I S S principle have a practice of keeping phone number lists and address lists in simple plain text files Lots of them It s a method that I ve used for years a
29. and Pascal Soon after that he switched to the object oriented languages C and Java and started to work with game engines like JME and Irrlicht In 2002 he started studying computer science at the University of Kassel where he met the other co founders of Black Pants Studio Game Zone Tiny amp Big Some Gameplay Screenshots At Black Pants he is responsible for the game s physics audio A I and gameplay logic mail sys a tinyandbig com ES SU By continuously working on the Scape Engine since 2002 Johannes Spohr started to pursue his enthusiasm for graphics programming professionally He spent much of his early efforts competing in the PC demo scene and has more than 15 years of experience developing real time graphics engines under his belt He is Black Pants core engine lead build engineer C warlock and bearer of the Company Mustache f TOBIASIBICGERI Tobias is an independent animation filmmaker He studied animation at the school of fine arts in Kassel During his stay in Kassel he did several animation m shorts which were shown at filmfestivals all over the T gt world At Black Pants works on the 3D content and I i builds the levels web www bilgeri eu mail tobi a tinyandbig com We are further accompanied by the following tremendous persons who are cool Alexander Draude Concept Artist amp Textures Vincent Zurwesten Music Spy F
30. ar to LinuxQuestions org the LinuxForum com forum is more broadly focused on Linux in general There is a section of the forum that caters to specific Linux distros IRC Internet Relay Chat Internet Relay Chat has been around well forever IRC was a thriving place over 25 years ago when first discovered it Just a quick search of IRC channels for linux specific topics listed over 1100 channels all on the FreeNode IRC network As a PCLinuxOS user there are also specific IRC channels for your use First there is the PCLinuxOS channel which is for general chit chat about PCLinuxOS and other topics of interest If you have a support question head on over to PCLinuxOS Support If you want to chit chat with the staff of The PCLinuxOS magazine drop into the pclosmag channel and introduce yourself Don t be shy Feel free to ask your question If you don t get an answer right away just hang out for a while Chances are good especially in the specific Support channel that someone will stumble upon your question and offer to help Even though there may be lots of people listed in the channel they may be away from their computers However they will attempt to answer your question once they discover your request for help provided you are still around Windows Migration Resources amp Summary Magazines eae The v2 magazine For PCLinuxOS users the first place to look for PCLinuxOS specific informatio
31. c command allows us to see the latest output from the command first System administration To control ownership of a file we have the chown command which allows us to change both user and group ownership of a file The R option allows you to recurse down into directories changing the ownership of all files therein chown user group file chown user file chown group file You may specify just the user both user and group separated by a colon or just the group which must then be preceded by a colon PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 14 An ordinary user can change the group ownership of a file to any group of which they are a member but root or super user privileges are required to change user or global group ownership Some distributions use the sudo command to grant temporary root powers For security reasons PCLinuxOS does not This distribution uses the su command switch user The su command defaults to switching to the root user unless another user name is specified You can switch to assume the identity of any user whose password you know which is why you should keep your password secret su guest would prompt for the password of the user guest and then allow you to do what you will with guest s files and directories including deleting them For this reason su should be used with caution As user root you have the power to do anything with any or all files on the system There are a couple of options to
32. command line operation and part of the real power of Linux The usual way of using a filter is to separate the command producing the data from the filter with the vertical bar character known as a pipe Like this Advertisement The PCLinuxOS Magazine Created with Scribus 1 4 1 Windows Migration The Terminal a linux_user bash Konsole x lt x File Edit View Bookmarks Settings Help linux_user localhost ls sort Desktop Documents Downloads dvdrip data memo Movies Music Pictures Projects samp le png Temp Lates tmp Videos linux_user localhost B A ars 3 linux_user bash x That should give you a start in command line use under Linux In the next article we shall look at some more of the most commonly used Linux commands seraa SAD Basic Operations FREE SOF T WARE FOUN DAT I Reach Us On The Web PCLinuxOS Magazine Mailing List PCLinuxOS Magazine Web Site PCLinuxOS Magazine Forums ESAO a Posted by nymira May 16 2013 running KDE PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 11 Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands by Peter Kelly critter The commands To start you off on your journey of discovery into the world of the Linux command line describe below some of the most common commands that use There are so many commands available in the Linux toolbox that every user will have their own set of
33. create them is In or In s for a soft link MS assign In s home linux_user Documents linvoices November Acme_inc txt acme 11 will create a shortcut named acme_11 which will point to the buried file making it easier to load into a text editor for example This is very useful for editing things like system scripts without having to remember where they are Changing the permissions of a file requires the use of the chmod change mode command MS attrib This command accepts several ways of specifying the new permissions and this can at first be quite confusing To keep it simple use the following method Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands There are three groups of permissions owner group and everybody else There are also three types of permission read write and execute Read 4 Write 2 and execute 1 Add them up for each group of permissions like this owner read write 4 2 6 group read 4 everybody else no access 0 chmod 640 myfile done Information There are many ways to get information from the system and these next commands will give you most of what you need Is MS dir as we have seen will list the contents of a directory pwd MS chdir print working directory This confirms where you are with the file system date MS date or time This command typed on its own will print out the current date and time This command can also be used to set the syst
34. d l ll root 1 7 s 6 6 6 8 06 08 khelper 12 root 1 B B 5 D 0 0 0 00 08 kdewtmets 13 rot 1 26 H a s B H Q H OD bD atng ld root 1 p 5 D D D 0B 12 sync supers 15 root L B B p s D D 0 06 66 b 1 deTault t p E Firefox is running in process 13111 until the kill command is issued which terminates the application Another command that allows you to work with processes is top MS mem Here Firefox has the process id 13928 To terminate the process press k and you will be prompted PID to kill enter 13928 and you will then be prompted kill PID 13928 with signal 15 Type y to end the process The top command can be quite complex at times but there is an alternative which is much more user friendly It is called htop and is not installed by default but is available for installation from the repositories using the package manager Synaptic would recommend installing htop PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 15 Unlike Windows Linux does not use drive letters like c Each partition is mounted at a particular place within the file system and the files on the device are then accessed from that place Usually all of this is handled seamlessly by the text file etc fstab and you don t need to bother about it If you insert a usb drive then this is unlikely to be listed in fstab Modern systems usualy detect this and automatically mount or offer to mount the device The command line all
35. docx files at least until someone hacked the format Meanwhile Microsoft users might have some difficulty opening LibreOffice or OpenOffice files Fortunately there s an easy solution just convert the file to a PDF file which nearly everyone on any modern operating system can read With this Thunar Custom Action it s easier than 1 2 3 The added benefit of distributing your document as a PDF is that it s not easily altered by the average Joe computer user Thus your document is typically viewed in the manner and formatting that you intended and you don t have to worry that your document will be altered The PDF format has gained a status that is pretty much universally accepted despite its Adobe roots Create your new custom action Give it a name and a description respectively on the first and second lines named mine Convert To PDF and provided Convert the selected file to PDF as the description On the third line enter the following as the command libreoffice3 6 invisible convert to pdf f Xfce Power User Tips Tricks amp Tweaks Working With Documents Edit Action Basic Appearance Conditions Convert To PDF Convert the selected file to PDF Name Description Command lipreoffice3 6 invisible convert to peil l Use Startup Notification Cha The following command parameters will be substituted when launching the action Sf the path to the first selected file SF
36. e of all the files in your Documents directory tar tf docs tar gz lists the files in the archive tar xzf docs tar gz extracts the files from the archive PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 17 There are so many options to this command that you really do need to either read the documentation or restrict your usage to these simple examples which will probably be all that you ever need Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands Want To Help Would you like to help with the PCLinuxOS Magazine Opportunities abound So get involved You can write articles help edit articles serve as a technical advisor to insure articles are correct create artwork or help with the magazine s layout Join us on our LINUX FORUM ey 22 Q 506655 LinuxQuestions org Posed A A bat May 1 6 2013 running KDE PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 18 by Paul Arnote parnote Now that you ve taken the plunge and switched from a costly limiting proprietary operating system to the free and open Linux operating system you ve earned the right to give yourself a huge pat on the back You ve taken the first steps in unleashing the full capabilities of your computer You ve liberated yourself from costly operating system upgrades and even costlier software packages You ve freed yourself from the scourge of viruses malware spyware and crapware that infests Windows You ve embarked
37. e permission for your scripts and for any files you own that are well executable Everyone else you would want to deny Well perhaps not everybody Some things are meant to be shared and this is where groups come in When a user account is created that user is given a group of their own and is added to various other groups as decided by the system administrator or the distribution development team To be able to use the printer you need to be a member of the Ip Windows Migration The Terminal Basic Operations group You can see which groups you belong to with the command groups So a file with the nine letters set as rw r would mean that the fille may be read and written to but not executed by the owner of the file a member of the group to which the file belongs may only read the file but everybody else has no access whatsoever except of course the omnipotent root who sees all linux user bash Konsole File Edit View Bookmarks Settings Help linux_user localhost ls q total 76 drwxr xr x drwx drwx drwxr xr x W TF T drwx drwx drwx dirwx rwx fw r r drwxr xr x 4096 Mar 16 4096 Mar 16 4096 Jan 19 4096 Mar 16 67 Jan 18 4096 Jan 19 4096 Jan 19 4096 Jan 19 4096 Mar 17 25125 Nov 17 4096 Nov 4 4096 Mar 16 4096 Nov 4 Linux user linux user linux user Linux user Linux user Linux _user Linux user linux
38. ed by office suite software and includes word processing files spreadsheets database reports and any other type of common office files Of course you could always open the file in LibreOffice but that s no longer necessary with this Thunar Custom Action Why wait for LibreOffice to load if all you want to do is print out a document All that is necessary is that LibreOffice must be able to open and render the file format Create a new Thunar Custom Action and provide a name and description for it entered Print Office File for the name and Directly print files recognized by LibreOffice as the description Enter the following command on the Command line libreoffice3 6 invisible p f Edit Action Basic Appearance Conditions Name Print Office File Description Directly print files recognized by LibreOfice libreoffice3 6 invisible p f E Use Startup Notification Command Icon gah The following command parameters will be substituted when launching the action Saf the path to the first selected file SF the paths to all selected files Sed directory containing the file that is passed in ef S D directories containing the files that are passed in oF Som the first selected filename without path SN the selected filenames without paths Q Cancel af OK First the libreofficeXX command must match the version of LibreOffice that you have installed On this
39. ederico Martin 3D Animation Julian Vavrovsky 3D Modelling Philipp Beau Programming Alexander Gerb Programming Alexander Jahl Programming PCLinuxOS Magazine O En g a F oriavinc ms RETTER THAN LIFE LASER SIMULATION ON NY REALITY BOY PREPARES ME PERFECTLY FOR ANY REAL LIFE k OBSTACLES TO Cone ili isad SSE KZ Getting It To Run This game was installed using Playonlinux which is available through Synaptic After you have Playonlinux installed click on the game tab to find steam It should install Wine version 1 5 25 _ After Wine is finished and Steam is updated search for the game in the store and download the demo It ee Quant ave al e C ELT fi IO LD Game Zone Tiny amp Big ran very well on my end with 2 6 dual core amd and nVidia 9600 with 4 gigs of ram know it is available for Linux However since Steam isn t 100 on PCLinuxOS chose this route am going to keep an eye on this company It seems they know what they are doing in the area of just good fun game play If anyone has ever played Borderlands it looks similar with a different game engine Have fun Qa ay P HOWE oS Pe Bae P ged ihe Agere Q Mee Pal G eee Q eee ee Pi Ee Edt Wa PurGack Che Fit Pia Fie r Ary fa HES Hii E i E Pun New Par KHP i MPJ 173 ges AAG 5E kat Siere 101 F 1 Drarks 8 Posted by RobNJ May 15 2013 running e17 PCLinuxOS
40. em date and time but this is done so much better by the PCLinuxOS control center When you need to refer to a calendar in a hurry just type cal and you will get a nicely formatted calendar for the current month cal 3 adds the previous and next months cal y gives a full year and cal 1066 will give historians a calendar for the year of the battle of Linux keeps a database of most of its system files To find the location of a system file use the locate file name command A file that often needs to be edited is called fstab and is usually found in the etc directory When you can t remember where it is use locate fstab and it will tell you You may sometimes be asked what kernel the Operating system that you are logged into is using and what is the architecture of the machine 32bit 64bit etc uname a gives all of that the a means all other options restrict the output To discover how much memory you have and how much is being used use this command free MS mem use the m and g options to display the results in MB and GB respectively Linux doesn t use filename extensions to identify the type of data a file contains sure they are often used but that is mostly for user convenience The file command will tell you what type of data is in a file linux_user bash File Edit View Bookmarks Settings Help linux_user localhost file bashre bashrc ASCII text linux_user localhost file
41. erted the selected file to a PDF file except that we now have selected the OpenDocument odt file as the format that we want to convert to Choose an icon for your new custom action Under the Appearance Conditions tab enter doc docx as the File Pattern to match and place a checkmark in front of Other files Now whenever you select Convert To OpenDocument Text Format from your Thunar s right click context menu your selected file will be converted to an OpenDocument odt file Just to be sure would recommend opening the new odt file to make sure that the conversion went well Also don t forget that you can also make separate Thunar Custom Actions to convert from Excel spreadsheet formats xls and xlsx to the OpenDocument ods spreadsheet format Since don t deal with spreadsheets all that much didn t make the effort However do know that there are some users out there that use spreadsheets a lot and this variation on the Thunar Custom Action would be useful for them Summary As you can see there are quite a few ways to deal with document files without ever having to really open the files Whether it s just a plain text file or if its a complex word processing file you can easily work with and manipulate the files right from Thunar quickly and effectively Xfce Power User Tips Tricks amp Tweaks Working With Documents PChliruxOs Connect w y Please Donate
42. esults Some commands have an overwhelming list of options and modifiers more than any sane person could possibly remember but you can use only what you want or need To find out what is available type the command name followed by help or h This usually produces a brief summary of the options available for the command By now you may be wondering what commands are available Type a single letter any letter and press the tab key you may be prompted to type y or n then this will list all of the available commands that begin with that letter To demonstrate the use of commands will use only the simple command Is and its options modifiers and arguments This command will not change or remove any files so you can safely experiment with it Permissions and groups Before we can go any further with this introduction there are some things that need to be explained as they are different in Linux from the way that you are used to working in Windows Although it is possible to use permissions and groups under modern versions of MS Windows using access control lists most Windows users are blissfully unaware of their existence or of the use of MS commands such as CACLS Linux on the other hand makes strenuous use of them Fortunately they are not difficult to understand Look again at the output from the command Is al a Hriux user b sh Fila Edit View Bookmarks Settings Hep Linux _userg localhast l l
43. ever popular themes for the Enlightenment desktop to the newest latest e17 version Until next month bid you peace happiness serenity and prosperity Welcome From The Chief Editor Disclaimer All the contents of The PCLinuxOS Magazine are only for general information and or use Such contents do not constitute advice and should not be relied upon in making or refraining from making any decision Any specific advice or replies to queries in any part of the magazine is are the person opinion of such experts consultants persons and are not subscribed to by The PCLinuxOS Magazine The information in The PCLinuxOS Magazine is provided on an AS IS basis and all warranties expressed or implied of any kind regarding any matter pertaining to any information advice or replies are disclaimed and excluded The PCLinuxOS Magazine and its associates shall not be liable at any time for damages including but not limited to without limitation damages of any kind arising in contract rot or otherwise from the use of or inability to use the magazine or any of its contents or from any action taken or refrained from being taken as a result of using the magazine or any such contents or for any failure of performance error omission interruption deletion defect delay in operation or transmission computer virus communications line failure theft or destruction or unauthorized access to alteration of or use of information contai
44. from that directory Add the option s to get only a summary If you try it with the root directory du then you will get a lot of errors as with the find command If you press the escape key whilst booting you will see a lot of information scrolling past as the kernel sets things up This output continues after boot up as the kernel starts and stops things or has anything to say that it considers important This information can be useful when things are not working as they should perhaps a usb drive is not being recognized The dmesg command will print out this information but it prints out far more than you need and you will probably only be interested in the last few lines Here we can use another filter command to control the output tail will by default show only the last 10 lines of the file tail n 20 will give you twenty lines To use the filter we need to use the pipe character again dmesg tail n 15 Similarly tf you want see only part of the beginning of a file use the command head dmesg head n 20 To display the contents of a file from beginning to end we have the cat command which we have already met and just as tail is complemented with head the cat command has its own counterpart tac which displays the lines of text in the file in reverse order last line first Why on earth would you want to do that Well many Linux commands produce log files documenting their experiences and output Using the ta
45. fy a warning message then a default message Is issued the shutdown r now Reboot immediately computer shutdown h 18 30 The system will be halted at 6 30pm for routine maintenance shutdown c Abort a scheduled shutdown Every time that you execute a command or run an application the kernel will start a separate process for that command Often that command will generate many sub processes Occasionally a process may nang or go into an infinite loop refusing to respond to your efforts to terminate it Here we need to know how the system refers to that process so we have to find its process id For this we have the command a bash konsole File Edit View Bookmarks Settings Help linux user localhost ps u USER PID CPU SHEM Wor RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND 581 7669 6 6 6 1 S166 1732 pts 2 Sst 12 03 8 66 bin bash 501 13111 4 5 7 6 570588 79156 pts l Sl 12 44 0 81 firefox 501 13206 6 6 6 6 4604 936 pts 1 R 12 45 8 68 ps u 501 19717 9 6 1 S166 1764 pts 5s 85 32 8 68 bin bmsh linus_user localhost 8 kill 13111 linux _user localhost ps u USER PID CPU AHEM Wai RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND 501 7809 8 68 1 5168 1732 pts Set 12 03 8 86 bin bash 501 13279 6 6 6 0 4664 936 pts l Re 12 45 6 80 ps u 501 19717 9 0 6 1 5166 1764 pts 55 85 32 8 68 binm bash 1 Terminated firefox linux _user lacalhoast F bash a a File Edit View Bookmarks Settings Help top 12 54 23 up 1 da
46. g the starry sky and then the planets The first thing did was find a couple of photographs one of mountains and one of the seashore Opening Gimp you need to click File gt Open as Layers and navigate to the folder where you saved your photographs Choose them by clicking the first and then pressing the lt CTRL gt key while you click on the other Remember multiple select uses lt CTRL gt or lt Shift gt depending on how many you are selecting moved one layer so you could see them both center top but you don t have to do that maaa aasan aasan ges F Picha kos mn I m first going to add an alpha channel to each layer so we can make part of each transparent Right click on each layer and choose Add Alpha Channel Now will put the mountain layer on top and turn off the water layer by clicking the eye to the left of it in the layers tab just want to use the mountains so I m going to choose the select by color tool and click on the ae HEE ey is pte oe 4 ey JP z 7 22 ts OS See all the dots inside the sky don t want that Sometimes the selection doesn t include all the area you would like it to A way to remedy that is to set the threshold up a bit and click again Threshold is in the Select by Color tool options at bottom left Keep doing that until your sky is outlined and all the other dots if there are any are outside it Now choose
47. g to erase the sky and part of the water To be able to see what we are doing in relation to the bottom mountain layer set the Opacity on this layer to about 50 Using a hard brush start erasing the top layer until you like the way it looks When you get part of your water erased and want to see what you are doing you can set the opacity GIMP Tutorial Create Your Own Alien World back up and finish your erasing You can also move your layers around on the page to get the effect you want as well moved the water layer down to show more mountains EEEE E _ G Ri EEEE HN E E E E S E u E S S E _ EERE N_ _ E E E E EEee eee Oe Ue R i a E E _ EN E a See If you are happy with your work up to now right click on the top layer and choose Merge Down then save your work Let s do the sky now First make the mountain water layer invisible for now Then in the Layers dialog click on Create New Layer Choose Fill with Foreground Color since we haven t changed anything your foreground color should be black On this layer click Filters gt Noise gt HSV Noise In the configuration box that pops up move the Value slider all the way to the right then click OK top right We want a little variety so click on Filters gt Light amp Shadow gt Sparkle Leave the settings as they are and click OK center right However this is a little too sparkly
48. goes into a cow s food to make a hamburger The resulting greenhouse gas emissions from the cows themselves and throughout the food supply chain all end up in vain when we waste food In fact the global food production occupies 25 of all habitable land and is responsible for 70 of fresh water consumption 80 of deforestation and 30 of greenhouse gas emissions It is the largest single driver of biodiversity loss and land use change Making informed decision therefore means for example that you purposefully select foods that have less of an environmental impact such as organic foods that do not use chemicals in the production process Choosing to buy locally can also mean that foods are not flown halfway across the world and therefore limit emissions So think before you eat and help save our environment Find out more information at http www unep org wed Want to keep up on the latest that s going on with PCLinuxOS Follow PCLinuxOS on Twitter http twitter com iluvpclinuxos PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 25 Xfce Power User Tips Tricks amp Tweaks by Paul Arnote parnote At some point everyone using a computer has had to deal with documents of one kind or another Most of us have exchanged word processing files or spreadsheets Most of us have either downloaded viewed or created PDF files All of us have dealt with plain text files of one kind or another With this month s Xfce Power
49. if you re booting up with Linux You ll have a real breakthrough How your mouse is waiting just to feel that special touch All your files and folders will like it very much thank the penguins for the story they recite And I will always boot up Linux twill be my delight MP3 OGG PCLINUXOS Magazine O Page 23 PCLinuxOS Recipe Corner Chicken Quesadillas Ingredients 1 2 Ib Chicken chopped very small 1 3 c Sour cream can be lowfat 1 3 c Salsa 1 c Shredded cheese any type prefer cheddar 12 Small soft tortillas 1 2 tsp Garlic salt Pepper to taste 1 tsp Chili powder 1 tsp Paprika 1 2 tsp Cumin Cooking Instructions 1 Saute chicken with seasonings 2 In medium bowl combine chicken sour cream salsa and cheese 3 Heat frying pan to medium 4 Sandwich the mixture between two tortillas at a 5 Heat each quesadilla in the pan and flip when the time Place enough mixture so there is about an inch bottom Is lightly browned Serve with salsa and sour between the mixture and the edge of the tortilla cream to dip Enjoy PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 24 United Nations Environment Programme Press Release The theme for this year s World Environment Day celebrations is Think Eat Save Think Eat Save is an anti food waste and food loss Campaign that encourages you to reduce your foodprint According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization FAO every year 1 3 billi
50. ile bmp ASCII text PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 9 A graphical image file would produce output like this file usr share icons pclinuxos png usr sharelicons pclinuxos png PNG image data 32 x 32 8 bit color RGBA non interlacedfile That leaves arguments to be _ de mystified Arguments are the information that you pass to the command The default argument for the Is command is the current working directory which is what it will list out if you pass no other arguments to the command You may pass more than one argument to the command Is I Pictures Documents This command will list first the contents of your Pictures directory there s that squiggle again and then the contents of your Documents directory Remember the squiggly character or tilde is used as a shorthand way of saying my home directory In practice you will use very few of the options available with the Is command unless you start writing shell scripts or spend a lot of time on the command line but if you understand the basic usage demonstrated here then you can apply this to almost all of the Linux command line tools Now it is time that we looked further than the simple Is command and considered some of the other commands that are available File Handling As an ordinary user you have permissions to enter and list the contents of most directories but not to change or delete anything except for those sub directories in your home direct
51. ing For any inquiries he s the one to contact mail chris a tinyandbig com STAHH Sebastian Stamm is currently living and studying in Kassel working as an animator illustrator and VJ His works have been published by RotopolPress Pandemia and Crepes Comics Over the last years PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 34 he worked on several animated shorts and commercial projects for clients like VW Studio FilmBilder Theater Bielefeld Eon Bayern and Bilger Film He enjoys comics good canned meat old videogame consoles punk rock and ray guns At Black Pants he creates the characters and story and contributes his visual style to the game web www the stamm com mail the stamm a tinyandbig com FUE ALE Florian Grolig is an animation filmmaker and latterly game designer from Kassel In 2010 he finished his studies at the School of Arts and Design Kassel with the animated short MS Found In A Bottle During his studies he realised some short films did experimental life video with 20 seconds harmony and worked amongst others for Studio Filmbilder Phil Mulloy and BMW Mini At Black Pants he is reposible for level and gamedesign and works on the 3D content web www panopticum eu mail flo a tinyandbig com SEBA STIANESCHULZ Sebastian Schulz started developing small programs on his first brand new C64 in the early 90s Later first small unfinished games followed on his first PC using Visual Basic
52. iny amp Big by daiashi Features Unique Hand drawn Look all hand crafted textures primo Hatch Shading and dynamic Sound Words put you right into a graphic novel Creative Jump n Slice Gameplay use grappling rope rocket science and laser surgery to slice the whole world overcoming all obstacles in your very own way Enjoy unlimited slicing freedom and unique A sandbox gameplay Better than Life Physics experience believable i s physics in a completely destructible immersive About The Game The Story Tiny amp Big is set in a land where common physics apply but everything else looks different You are Tiny a technophile guy with a ray cutter a gripping device and a fine attitude towards the world But now your nemesis Big stole the only heritage your grandpa left you a nice pair of white fine rib underpants He s surely up to no good why else would he take them to that forsaken desert where no one goes So load up that self made raygun and rope device snitched from the local hardware store and take your annoying and jabbering backpack to accompany you It s always been of good use to your gramps Besides the robot taxi to the desert is waiting Run jump drag shove and laser your way through the ultimately ancient scenery and gain back those underpants environment that has been built to be cleaved into beautiful multi core simulated pieces of art Character driven
53. lternative web browser Official GNOME web browser Mac OS browser Gtk lightweight browser Popular FTP and SSH client Open source version of browser from Google Popular Mozilla based email client One of the popular early browsers Official browser of Xfce Text based Linux Unix browser Browser suite based on Mozilla Gtk BitTorrent software Popular browser from Google Mozilla based WYSIWYG HTML editor Web kit Qt based alternative browser Popular instant messaging client KDE official browser Popular GNOME email client Minimalistic web browser particularly intended for older or slower computers and embedded systems Popular VoIP software One of the most popular cloud storage services PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 31 PCLinuxOS Puzzled Partitions PCLinuxOS Internet Apps Word Search FIREFOX CHROME CHROMIUM OPERA SEAMONKEY XCHAT PIDGIN SKYPE J YCLAWSMAILRNEKIAKPCESVNCRMEANW JGRCVHTECUQOOSBOUVUADHWUDOVDY TIA Y YTELPPATENGTVQKTORRENTCILBBWVI TWJILONLIGEQYYNZHIWOPYEBSLBMEBS TRANSMISSION DILLO OQOTEHGXVOTQOQEALTCQWCSYLXKTT ASTAPOBIPNKGWMLMRRUXIFBODND ALMGCSHBFMACEENODPOABROEMZIJAJSJITCBM K M W P F R EPIPHANY LYNX Z URU I CXN S Z LUASY AM VZaQHWLBNWYVO ICV FMOZOFAGTIIIYNAHPIPEKCTIEATIOFY YE IIZBPUTHEU K EATCWRCERL I SAFARI DELUGE BITTORRENT MIDORI EGZLIODDUFNT2ZNOQOQONBMBRMTWVRYYPKF D CXVDLVPGCSP UBPFS TXAHTMTPLPL T N Y KONQUEROR REKONQ OxFREZHOFT
54. n would be this very magazine The PCLinuxOS Magazine On the magazine s website are every back issue of the magazine ever produced plus every special edition and it s all free of charge Here is a list of other magazines aimed at Linux users and free software k FREE SOFTWARE MAGAZINE Free Software Magazine aimed at covering Linux and the free software movement An online ezine magazine Full Circle Full Circle Magazine despite targeting Ubuntu users you can also find some good general interest Linux articles within its pages Download as a PDF Linux Format the best selling Linux magazine in the UK you ll find all sorts of useful information within its pages This magazine is available for a cost with a subscription Even if you don t subscribe there is some content that s available for free Also keep your eyes open for free complimentary issues and special editions Linux Gazette Although no longer published on a consistent basis the last issue on the web site is January 2013 new content is being added periodically even if irregularly Linux Gazette was Started in 1995 You are likely to find some valuable information by browsing through the magazine s archived issues JOURNAL Linux Journal the oldest magazine devoted specifically to Linux it was started in 1994 In 2011 the magazine ceased production of a print version and now publishes a monthly magazine available in digi
55. nd one that has always worked exceptionally well for me If just want to look up someones address or telephone number or just take a look at the contents of any other plain text file don t necessarily even have to open it up in a text editor This Thunar Custom Action allows me to preview the first part of a text file in a dialog box on my screen quickly and easily In configuring the Thunar Custom Action provide a name and description entered Preview Text File for the name and Preview the selected text file for the description On the third line enter the following command head n 100 f zenity text info width 450 height 400 title Text Preview PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 26 Edit Action Basic Appearance Conditions Name Preview Text File Description Preview the selected text file head n 100 f zenity text info wid E Use Startup Notification Command The following command parameters will be substituted when launching the action Saf the path to the first selected file SF the paths to all selected files Sod directory containing the file that is passed in of S D directories containing the files that are passed in oF Son the first selected filename without path SN the selected filenames without paths Q Cancel af OK The command uses the head command to display the first 100 n 100 lines of the specified file f Text Preview oa
56. ned on the magazine No representations warranties or guarantees whatsoever are made as to the accuracy adequacy reliability completeness suitability or applicability of the information to a particular situation All trademarks are the property of their respective owners Certain links on the magazine lead to resources located on servers maintained by third parties over whom The PCLinuxOS Magazine has no control or connection business or otherwise These sites are external to The PCLinuxOS Magazine and by visiting these you are doing so of your own accord and assume all responsibility and liability for such action Material Submitted by Users A majority of sections in the magazine contain materials submitted by users The PCLinuxOS Magazine accepts no responsibility for the content accuracy conformity to applicable laws of such material Entire Agreement These terms constitute the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes and replaces all prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements written or oral regarding such subject matter PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 3 GIMP Tutorial Create Your Own Alien World by Meemaw was sent a cool tutorial the other day It s got several useful manipulation methods in it and I m going to share it When you are finished you ll have something similar to this This a three part process editing the land creatin
57. not all distributions support this How the commands work Commands entered on the command line in Linux such as Is tend to have short names to reduce and to speed up typing They are normally designed to perform a very basic function but usually will accept many options that enhance the basic function and permit the user to control often to a very high degree the effect that the function has upon the data passed to it and or the output that is produced To better understand the command line we need to Know how Linux commands operate Although Linux commands are plentiful and diverse in their operation the basic operation is mostly the same A command does one thing and one thing only The command Is lists cd MS cd changes directories sort MS sort sorts and the rpm command redhat package manager controls the system used by PCLinuxOS to handle software installation removal and upgrade Each command accepts zero or more options that control the output from the command and the way in which the command operates upon the data that it is required to process There are sometimes modifiers to these options which fine tune the action of the command and then finally there are the arguments or data that is supplied to the function for processing Don t be alarmed if all of this sounds too complex The basic command will usually suffice everything after that is usually optional but available if you want tailor made r
58. ns then we can ask cut for fields 1 and 6 using the f option to specify the fields Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands ps cut f 1 6 Unfortunately this will not work in this case as the delimiter is not a tab as we thought but the output has been prettied up by padding with empty spaces We can use the tr s command to squeeze out the extra spaces and then use the f option with cut to set the delimiter df tr s cut d f 1 6 Filesystem Mounted dev sdal dev sda5 home dev sdb6 share none tmp dev sddl mnt usb Miscellaneous commands Sometimes the terminal screen can get cluttered and distract from the job at hand Issue the clear command and you can start over with a blank page MS cls No list of terminal commands would be complete without a text editor Text files are so central to the operation of Linux that there are hundreds of commands to manipulate them This text has to be created and often edited There are many text editors available in Linux including the extremely powerful but dauntingly unfriendly vi PCLinuxOS comes with a very nice simple command line text editor called nano MS edib If not already installed in your version then it is worth opening Synaptic and adding it to the system Type nano filename and if the file exists it will be loaded If not then a blank file will be opened ready to save when you have added some content At the bottom of the screen is a
59. ntly believe that the Linux way of doing things is better Because Linux and Windows are different there will be a learning curve while you learn those differences along with the different ways of doing things under Linux To help you out I ve compiled a list of reference resources to assist you along the Windows Migration Resources amp Summary way This list however is not an exhaustive list There are many many more resources available to you than could ever possibly list here If you don t find what you re looking for in the list below don t hesitate to perform an internet search Chances are high that you ll find a solution Forums for any PCLinuxOS user the first place to go for help and guidance really should be the PCLinuxOS forum There you can talk with and pick the brains of others who are also using PCLinuxOS th if Freedom Choices Beautiful PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 19 PCLinuxOS Don t worry those who frequent the forum are generally a friendly and helpful bunch Just be sure to acclimate yourself to the forum rules by reading the sticky posts in each section LinuxQuestions org the LinuxQuestions org forum is a very friendly place where you can talk with Linux users from virtually every and any Linux distro While this forum is more focused on Linux in general there are also sections of the forum that cater to specific Linux distros LinuxForum com simil
60. ol would feel that way Visit Us On IRC e Launch your favorite IRC Chat Client software xchat pidgin kopete etc e Go to freenode net Type join pclosmag without the quotes QUESTIONS T has primacioud PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 38 el rad cally sine It s easier than E nc2 It s elemental It s light years ahead It s a wise choice It s Radically Simple S Support PCLinuxOS Get Your Official PCLinuxOS Merchandise Today PCLINUXOS PCLinuxos av Netherlands PCLinuxOS Czechoslovakia PCLiruxOS sila jednoduchosti a i wien Polskie Centrum Poland PCLi ACO AN p wed FINLAND IxOS PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 39 More Screenshot Showcase Polnimo KDE Fiteni MO Tur Mon Tue Wad ssaa Above Posted by agmg May 2 2013 running KDE Below Posted by Yankee May 14 2013 running LXDE Har Bo SA z PCLinuxOS Magazine
61. ommand touch file name This is useful where you are using a command that doesn t automatically create a file when needed You can create an empty container ready to accept the output from the command PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 10 Often you need to refer to a file that is buried deep in a sub directory and an easy way to do that is as in Windows to create a short cut to it although the manner in which Windows and Linux accomplish this are entirely incompatible In Linux there are two types of short cut and they are known as links There are hard links and soft or symbolic links For now we will concentrate only on soft links The command to create them is In or In s for a soft link In S lhome linux_user Documents invoices November Acme_inc txt acme 11 will create a shortcut named acme_ 11 which will point to the buried file making it easier to load into a text editor for example This is very useful for editing things like system scripts without having to remember where they are When you receive some output from a command it invariably is not in the order that you would like it To sort it into the required order we use a command called naturally sort There are many options for sort to produce data sorted alphabetically numerically reversed by date etc The sort command is one of many Linux tools Known as a filter Data is passed to a filter and the output is the altered data This is one of the basics of
62. on tonnes of food is wasted This is equivalent to the same amount produced in the whole of sub Saharan Africa At the same time 1 in every 7 people in the world go to bed hungry and more than 20 000 children under the age of 5 die daily from hunger Given this enormous imbalance in lifestyles and the resultant devastating effects on the environment this year s theme Think Eat Save encourages you to become more aware of the environmental impact of the food choices you make and empowers you to make informed decisions While the planet is struggling to provide us with enough resources to sustain its 7 billion people growing to 9 billion by 2050 FAO estimates that a third of global food production is either wasted or lost Food waste is an enormous drain on natural resources and a contributor to negative environmental impacts This year s campaign rallies you to take action from your home and then witness the power of collective decisions you and others have made to reduce food waste save money minimise the environmental impact of food production and force food production processes to become more efficient World Environment Day June 5 THINK EAT SAVE WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY 5 JUNE If food is wasted it means that all the resources and inputs used in the production of all the food are also lost For example it takes about 1 000 litres of water to produce 1 litre of milk and about 16 000 litres
63. ory To change to another directory use the command cd directory name Windows Migration The Terminal Basic Operations For example cd etc would put you in the etc directory cd on its own will take you back to your home directory To change to your Documents directory you could type cd homellinux user Documents or use the shorthand cd Documents Remember the squiggle To rename a file we use the mv MS move command mv old file name new file name The new file name may optionally include the address of a directory to which we have write permissions Deleting a file or files is accomplished with the rm MS del or delete command rm file name Be careful of this one as there is no undelete command The PCLinuxOS version of this command will prompt you for confirmation before sending the file to oblivion but this is not always the case To make a new directory you need to have write permission for the directory where you want to place it and you use the command mkdir MS md or mkdir mkdir directory name You can remove an empty directory with the command rmdir MS rd or rmdir rmdir directory name To remove a directory and all the files that it contains you will need to use the rm command with the option r MS deltree If there are many files in the directory then the prompting can become quite tedious but you can turn it off with the f force option Important Be very very careful with
64. ose the paintbrush Change it to another brush style like acrylic I chose acrylicO2 Choose a brown color increase the size of your brush to 150 or 200 and paint inside your layer Don t cover all the red though Now we are going to make it into a sphere Click on Filters gt Map gt Map Object We ll change some of these settings Main Window Uncheck Show wireframe and check Show preview live General Tab Choose Map to Sphere and check Transparent Background Light Tab Change from Point Light to Directional Light This removes that small light reflection as our light source will be farther away Materials Tab Change Ambient to 0 20 and Specular to 0 00 This darkens our sphere a bit Orientation Tab Change the Position Slider for Z to 0 90000 This makes our sphere larger Click OK Using the Move tool you can move it anywhere you want it and move the layer down under the land layer so it looks farther away Before we finish with this layer we want to add some light to one side of it to give our picture the feeling of a light source With your planet layer selected right click in the layer tab and choose Alpha to Selection This chooses only the planet Select the Blend tool then choose as your gradient FG to Transparent with the foreground white and the transparent on the left Also choose a radial gradient because we want the white around the edge of the planet and change the offset to 85 Starting
65. ows you to have more control over this with two commands named mount and umount no that is not a typo The command is umount not unmount told you Linux users were lazy typists To use the command you need to know how the kernel refers to the device This is usually with a device name like dev sdal1 which is the first partition 1 on the first hard drive a if you insert a usb thumb drive and then issue the command dmesg tail n 20 then you will see some output like this added the underlining usb 5 2 1 ep 0x81 rounding interval to 32768 microframes ep desc says 0 microframes usb 5 2 1 ep 0x2 rounding interval to 32768 microframes ep desc says 0 microframes Initializing USB Mass Storage driver scsi8 usb storage 5 2 1 1 0 usbcore registered new interface driver usb storage USB Mass Storage support registered usbcore registered new interface driver uas scsi 8 0 0 0 Direct Access Kingston DataTraveler G3 PMAP PQ 0 ANSI 0 CCS sd 8 0 0 0 type 0 sd 8 0 0 0 logical blocks Attached scsi generic sg4 sdd 7653312 512 byte 3 91 GB 3 64 GiB sd 8 0 0 0 sdd Write Protect is off sd 8 0 0 0 sdd Mode Sense 23 00 00 00 Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands sd 8 0 0 0 present sd 8 0 0 0 sdd cache write through sd 8 0 0 0 sdd No Caching mode page present sd 8 0 0 0 sdd cache write through sdd No Caching mode page Assuming drive Assuming dri
66. particular computer I ve not updated to LibreOffice 4 x yet preferring to remain with LibreOffice 3 6 Once do update to the most current version of LibreOffice will need to change my custom action commands to reflect the appropriate version of LibreOffice that is installed on my computer due to the naming conventions used for the LibreOffice files The invisible flag tells libreoffice3 6 to start without displaying the typical user interface or startup splash screens The p flag tells libreoffice3 6 that we merely want to print the designated file f on the system s default printer so be sure your default printer is set appropriately Now choose an icon for your new custom action Under the Appearance Conditions tab place the PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 27 following into the File Pattern field and place a checkmark in front of Other files doc docx odt odp pps ppt xls xlsx ods pptx pdf When you right click on one of the above file formats you will be able to choose Print Office File from Thunar s right click context menu and send that file directly to your default printer without ever having to open LibreOffice Convert File To PDF If you ve ever needed to share a document with others the difficulty becomes whether or not the receiving party has the appropriate file viewer For a long time no one but Microsoft Office users could open or view
67. ptions are available for the Is command with the command Is help Some of the options may be meaningless to you and you can just ignore them If you don t understand them then you probably don t need them A useful one for the Is command is h which gives the size of a file in human readable form so that a file of 2048558360 bytes displays as 2 0G _ If you type Is IS then you are issuing the command ls and passing the options and S which tells the command to generate a long listing which is Sorted by file size But what if you want to have the listing sorted by some other criteria such as filename extension as you might in a folder full of picture files with various omp jog and png extensions In this case you might use the option sort and then add the modifier extension like this Is I sort extension The sort option allows the following modifier words none extension size time and version In the time honoured tradition of Linux Unix users being lazy typists this can be abbreviated to the first letter of the modifier like this Is I sort e Note that Linux does not use filename extensions to determine the file type as Windows does but extensions are often used to aid human users quickly recognize a file type However this can be misleading as a text file named mytext bmp is still a text file To determine correctly the type of a file under Linux you should use the file command myfile bmp myf
68. reOffice For this Thunar Custom Action lIl use the example of converting from doc and docx files to odt files but you can easily create separate Thunar Custom Actions for converting from xls and xlsx files to ods files and so on gt Edit Action Basic Appearance Conditions Convert To OpenDocument Text Format Convert the selected file to an ODT file Name Description Command office3 6 invisible convert to odt f Ls Use Startup Notification Ss The following command parameters will be substituted when launching the action Sof the path to the first selected file F the paths to all selected files Sd directory containing the file that is passed in of D directories containing the files that are passed in oF Son the first selected filename without path S N the selected filenames without paths wok Cancel Create your new Thunar Custom Action and provide a name and description on the first two lines respectively gave mine the name of Convert To OpenDocument Text Format and Convert the PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 28 selected file to an ODT file as the description On the third line enter the following command libreoffice3 6 invisible convert to odt f Remember to use the same number in the libreofficeXX command as the version of LibreOffice you have installed Notice that the command is almost exactly like the previous command where we conv
69. s that have held your and your computer s capabilities down There is so much more in this world than just Windows We your fellow Linux users think that there is something much better than Windows and we think that we have found that with Linux It is our hope here at The PCLinuxOS Magazine that we have provided at least some assistance in making your transition to Linux easier and a lot more enjoyable Good luck i Eic i ire Support PCLinuxOS Get Your Official v PCLinuxOS Merchandise Today Liruxos PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 21 NN Setup Error Microsoft Windows has encountered an unrecoverable error Please reboot and install PC Linux Looking for an old article Can t find what you want Try the PCLinuxOS Magazine s searchable index The PCLiruxOS magazine Does your computer run slow Are you tired of all the Blue Screens of Death computer crashes Are viruses adware malware amp spyware slowing you down Get your PC back to good health TODAY CRUX ee Download your copy today FREE The PCLinuxOS E Created with Scribus 1 4 1 CLirux S Marcazine Posted by AGust May I 2013 running e17 PCLinuxOS Magazine Page 22 ms_meme s Nook The Penguin Story There is a story the penguins know Is true That when you re booting up with Linux The net belongs to you An OS story that s told by a gnu That
70. s to a file Let s get this out of the way now Permissions In the introduction said that Linux was a multi user system and that each user was given his own home PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 8 directory This would not be a very convenient situation for you if other users could see edit or delete your files But sometimes you will want to share some files with other people but not with everybody and this is where permissions and groups help Didn t mention groups Sorry but I m afraid that you have to also learn about those but there is nothing that is difficult Every file or directory is given a set of permissions when created that allow users to read write or execute them Read and write are pretty obvious Execute when applied to an ordinary file allows the system to run programs and scripts For a directory it means that you may make changes to it or list the contents If a permission is granted then ar w or x appears at the appropriate position If a hyphen is present then that permission has not been granted Why three sets of permissions These are the permissions for The owner usually the person who created the file or directory the first set of three characters Members of the group to which the file belongs the second set of three characters Everybody else the final set of three characters Groups Obviously you would want read and write permission for your own files and execut
71. su that you should be aware of With no options su grants you the powers of root but leaves you where you were in the file system The command su I gives you a login shell It is just as if you had logged in as root and the squiggle after the prompt now means the directory root not your own home directory To relinquish the powers of root and return to being a mere mortal type control d or the command exit MS exit The command su c command will prompt you for the root password execute the command as root and then return you your normal user status To change your password use the passwd command It will prompt you for the current password the new password and then confirmation of the new password If these last two match then Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands the password will be changed With root permissions you may also specify a username for whom you want to change the password or suspend to prevent the user logging in In order to correctly power off or reboot a system from the command line root has the command shutdown MS reboot On a multi user system you would want to warn users and give them time to save their work before performing such an operation and this is what this command does The r option tells the command to reboot the sysyem and the h command tells it to halt the system There is a mandatory time option which for a single user system may be now If you don t speci
72. tal download formats similar to how The PCLinuxOS Magazine publishes It s available by subscription for 29 95 U S dollars per month However don t let the paid subscription status deter you There is a considerable amount of free or complimentary content available on their website LINUR Linux Magazine an online only magazine by subscription there is a considerable amount of content that is available for free PCLinuxOS Magazine O Page 20 Those are the major magazines that target users of Linux There are others but they are either very narrow in their appeal or they have ceased publication Websites Linux com this is THE authoratitive voice of Linux since this is the home page of The Linux Foundation Phoronix this website specializes in hardware and software reviews as well as an excellent source of Linux news Tuxmachines a good source for Linux news run by Susan Linton Distrowatch a site that reviews Linux distros and ranks them by popularity LWN net an excellent news site for all things related to Linux Going Linux a website specializing in information that s useful for computer users transitioning from Windows to Linux Of particular interest may be their resource page IBM developerWorks IBM is one of the many companies that is a regular contributor to Linux In fact they are one of the largest companies that contribute to Linux This particular page is dedicated
73. the case insensitive search predicate iname in place of name find Documents mtime 0 will list all files that have been modified in the last 24 hours find size 1000M shows all files on the system larger than LOOOMB 1GB a minus sign would show all files under 1000MB that s a lot of files If you try and execute this without root privileges you will generate a lot of permission denied type error messages as the command attempts to enter directories to which you have no access granted You can get around this by using a technique discussed in the second of the articles called redirection Windows Migration The Terminal Some Common Commands We send all error messages to a black hole called Idev null find size 100M 2 gt dev null You ll want to keep an eye on your disk drives because when they start to get full you will have problems The simple df MS net share not really but the closest could find command will show you your disk free space me Tinux_user bash File Edit View Bookmarks Settings Help linux_user localhost df Filesystem Size Used Avail Uses Mounted on fdev sdal 7 26 5 16 1 8G 75 linux user localhost linux user bash To discover just how that space is being used issue the following disk usage command du with no arguments It will show what is being used by the files and directories in the current directory Use du Documents to get results
74. unsure what it does try whatis command name to get a short description Should you need to know where a command and all of its its associated files are stored then whereis command name_ will get you that information File Handling AS an ordinary user you have permissions to enter and list the contents of most directories but not to change or delete anything except for those sub directories in your home directory To change to another directory use the command cd directory name MS cd for example cd etc would put you in the etc directory cd on its own will take you back to your home directory To change to your Documents directory you could type cd homel linux_user Documents or use the shorthand cd Documents Remember the squiggle To make a copy of a file use the cp MS copy command cp filename destination the destination may include the directories describing the path to the copy of the file but those directories must already exist and you must have write permission for at least the final directory in the path To copy directories recursively use cp R MS xcopy To rename a file we use the mv old file name new file name command MS rename or move The new file name may optionally include the address of a directory to which we have write permissions To delete a file we use this command rm file name MS del or erase Be careful of this one as there is no undelete command The PCLinuxOS
75. urn Proprietary software has been pushed to become the standard Due to extensive lobbying primarily by Microsoft many corporations have been led to believe that endorsing proprietary software is the right thing to do Nearly everyone has grown up using proprietary software exclusively without knowing they even had other options Proprietary software has not become widespread by choice but by force Proprietary software prevents mankind from developing Because you are unable to study the software running on your computer you are not allowed to gain knowledge about it It is in proprietary software vendors interest that people know as little as possible about software and Refuse To Be Bullied Say NO To Proprietary Software computers in general This decreases the chance of more people developing or even installing free software and it will keep the ecosystem of valuable professionals and certified partners up and running abusing people s ignorance in order to make more money from them Proprietary software makes the world a worse place If all existing proprietary software would be open sourced nobody would suffer in any way from it In fact it would only be better for everyone The developers would be able to get help from all around the world and get suggestions they might otherwise never have received The users would have a product that is maintained by more people and can be sure that at least someone will look
76. user linux user Linux user Linux user linux user Linux user 03 45 Desktop 11 26 Documents Linux user linux_user linux_user linux user linux_user linux_user Linux user linux_user Downloads 5 dvdrip data 2010 memo 2010 Movies 2010 Music 2010 Pictures 07 48 Projects 12 41 sample png 11 14 Templates 11 24 tmp 11 14 Videos Pol Po Pel Pd jp Ps3 Pd Ps3J Pd project team Linux user Linux user Linux wser Linux user Pl 1 l l linux_user bash In the above listing the directory Projects belongs to the group project team and the group permissions have been set to allow members of that group to enter the directory read the contents of the directory and to write files to the directory However unless the files in the directory have read write permissions for this group the group members will not be able to read or modify them The Projects directory has no permissions set in the last three positions so users who do not belong to the group can t even look inside the directory After the nine letters is a number which need not concern us right now This is followed by the name of the owner of the file and then by the group of users who have access to the file After this we get the file s size timestamp and the name of the file Advertisement r ra on EN gt KI promecioud i k Options modifiers and arguments You can find out what o
77. ve sdd sddl sd 8 0 0 0 sdd No Caching mode page present sd 8 0 0 0 sdd Assuming drive cache write through sd 8 0 0 0 sdd Attached SCSI removable disk Line 8 underlined shows that the system has found my thumb drive a Kingston Data Traveller Now look at line 17 also underlined This tells me that the kernel has named this device dev sdd and there is one partition on it named dev sddi This is the information that need need to mount this device somewhere so that can access it and the system has a special place for removable devices mnt If mount it there then have nowhere to mount further devices so need to create a directory inside or under this directory To do this need root privileges su enter the root password mkdir mnt usb1 and then command finally the mount mount dev sdd1 mnt usb1 read this as mount this device in this place Is Imntlusb1 would list the contents of the thumb drive to the screen The Linux system writes data asynchronously This means that the data is not written immediately to the device and so it is very important the device is correctly removed or data loss may occur This is done with the umount command which synchronizes data writes before unmounting the device Umount dev sdd1 The device may now be safely removed Controlling command output When you receive some output from a command it invariably is not in the order that you want
78. y 14 20 ps MS tasklist There are many options to this command but ps u will list processes owned by you If that doesn t show the process then ps ax usually will but the output will be quite lengthy Look for the number under the PID column To terminate the process we use the command kill PID Sometimes a process will resist this attempt and then we have to use the much stronger kill 9 PID Look at the following example 4 users load averaga 0 25 0 16 0 11 Tasks 140 total 1 running 139 sleeping D stopped B zombie Cpulsi 17 6 us 27 4 5y 8 6 n1 B0 0 id 6 6 B Shi 8 8 s71 6 6est Fen 10337372K taetal GLIS80k used LAF ISSR Tree b1I1L6Bk butters Swap BS9440K total LO416k used B49024k free M1228 cached PID USER A HI RES EM 1328 linux ws ddim 75m m 4 4 7 5 6 63 24 firefox 4511 root 3 Sim Sim Lan s 11 5 2 1 35 68 i LS Linux _ irs l B Som Om llm l rE E dB 22 22 Gen LOB Linux us 1 B 361m 484m Hm s 1 B 43 8 19 13 plasma desktop 1118 root 1 B 57z8 1008 J64 5 D 0 1 82 14 hald addon inpu 18878 root l b H a b B H H 6 62 41 EuQorkar ll8 21938 Linux ira 1 BO Sm 24m Lim 4 0 03 54 ks napshat L root L B Bilt 484 4 8 5 B 8 8 o 62 1 7 init root 1 s 6 6 8 8 08 01 kthreadd 3 root 1 D n 5 D D a D 81 28 ksoftirgd b root RT b B 3 bs B be HGH BB migrations T root AT B 85 0 6 8 6 80 08 migrations 1 G root l B 0 5 D D DD 93 ksoTftirqg

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