New RAMMS Version 1.6
Contents
1. Colorbar properties may still be opened via the menu Edit gt Colorbar Properties 2 Edit the input file 2 1 Draw new polygon shapefiles To draw a new polygon shapefile use the Draw New Polygon Shapefile button or the menu Input gt Polygon Shapefile gt Draw New Polygon Shapefile The menu Input gt Polygon Shapefile offers as well an option to load an existing polygon shapefile This functionality is useful to draw noflux features like dams or houses additional MuXi areas or the outline of the event 2 2 Delete points of a polygon when drawing When drawing a release area a forest area AVALANCHE only a polygon shapefile or a calculation domain it is possible to delete the last created point By pressing the mouse wheel middle mouse button always the last created point is deleted Example Delete the last three points by pressing the mouse wheel three times Fig 1 1 Draw the release area in this case counterclockwise 2 delete the last created point by pressing the mouse wheel and 3 continue drawing the release area 2 3 Change color of polygon shapefiles Change the color of imported or drawn shapefiles in the Additional Preferences Open the Additional Preferences window with the button I in the vertical toolbar or via the menu Helo gt Advanced gt Additional Preferences gt Edit The SHAPEFILE COLOR variable holds values from 0 to 255 standard value2. 100 ARROW THICK 2 SHAPEFILE_COLOR 50 0 255 END Fig 2 Change the color of the shapefile in the Additional Preferences The numbers correspond to the currently selected color table and range from O lower limit to 255 upper limit Regarding the standard color table Rainbow no 34 colors range from violet 0 to red 255 0 50 100 150 200 259 Fig 3 Shapefile color numbers considering the standard color table Rainbow The color table may be changed as well in the Additional Preferences via the variable COLORTABLENR Color table numbers and names are listed at the end of the additional preferences and may be viewed via the menu Help gt Advanced gt ColorTables gt View Available ColorTables 2 4 Convert polygon shapefile to calculation domain Convert a shapefile that has been created for example in GIS into a calculation domain with the menu GIS gt Convert Polygon Shapefile gt to RAMMS Domain Shapefile An Open File dialog pops up Choose the polygon shapefile that should be converted into a calculation domain and name it accordingly RAMMS converts the polygon shapefile into a calculation domain file saves the file with the given name in the project folder and loads the calculation domain into the project 2 5 Import line shapefiles Import line shapefiles with the import Polygon Shapefile button EJ via the menu Input gt Polygon Shapefile gt Load Exi
3. e ARROW_COLOR black red green yellow etc e ARROW_HEADSIZE e ARROW_LENGTHSCALE e ARROW_THICK Use ARROW_FACTOR if you want to reduce the number of arrows ARROW_FACTOR 1 displays every single arrow ARROW_FACTOR 2 only every second arrow etc default value is 1 0 Use ARROW_MINVALUE to define the minimum velocity value of the velocity arrows default value is 0 1 m s 10 4 4 Summary of moving mass The menu Results gt Summary of Moving Mass opens the summary of moving mass Two windows pop up a table with flow volume m maximal momentum m s flow momentum m s and percent of moving mass per time step s as well as a plot with the two graphs moving momentum and flow volume over time MOVING MASS The stopping criteria in RAMMS is based on the momentum In classical mechanics momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object p mv For every DUMP STEP we sum the momenta of all grid cells and compare it with the maximum momentum sum If this percentage is lower than a user defined threshold value see below the program is aborted and the avalanche is regarded as stopped Threshold values between 1 10 are reasonable but this is only a suggestion and must be validated by the individual user himself Time s Flow Volume m3 Max Momentum m2 s Flow Momentum m2 s Percent 75864 8 75864 8 100 000 112790 112790 123489 123489 129412 128893 129412 118301 129412 10144
4. 2014 16 48 VdlS_mit_Wald_small_calc_domain out gz 18 02 2014 08 37 W Typ Dateiordner Dateiordner gz Archive gz Archive gz Archive d Test_Komma_DHM i Test_neg_Koord_DHM d Test_NoData_DHM d VdiS_mit_Wald di doc a logfiles VdlS_mit_Wald_2014217_b J VdiS_ohne_Wald E Dateiname VdIS_mit_Wald_small_calc_domain out gz VdIS_mit_Wald_Not v out gz 3 Abbrechen Fig 10 Selection of simulation output files for which the ASCII files should be generated After the simulation output files of a folder have been selected RAMMS asks if the selection shall be continued in other folders Output Files Fig 11 Press Yes if you want to continue the selection of simulation output files for the generation of the ASCII files 9 4 3 Velocity arrows Display velocity arrows with the Show Velocity Arrow button ne or the menu Show gt Show Velocity Arrow The arrows show the direction in x and y direction and the velocity intensity length of the arrow no absolute velocity values are displayed of the flow in a cell The arrows change in size and lengths when zooming into the visualization Visualization is best with high zoom levels Velocity arrows are only displayed in 2D view Fig 12 Velocity arrows show velocity direction and intensity zoom level 800 Color head size thickness and length can be changed in the Additional Preferences with the keywords
5. 4 1 Automatic export of ASCII files after a simulation When RAMMS finishes a simulation and automatically opens the results for visualization four ASCII files are exported e lt project_name gt _MaxHeight asc Maximal flow height e lt project_name gt _MaxVelocity asc Maximal flow velocity e lt project_name gt _MaxPressure asc Maximal flow pressure e lt project_name gt _Deposition asc Deposition at the last dump step The four ASCII files are exported to the project folder which may be opened via the menu Project gt Open Project Folder Windows Explorer 4 2 Generation of ASCII files from multiple output files To export the above listed ASCII files maximal flow height maximal flow velocity maximal flow pressure and deposition for one or more simulations select the menu Track gt New gt Export ASCII Files From Multi Simulations Batch Choose the simulation output files for which the ASCII files should be generated multiple selections are possible Choose Output Files multiple possible G Ji RAMMS TESTING_2014 Outputs VdIS_mit_Wald p VdiS_mit_ Wald durchsuchen Organisieren v Neuer Ordner iaz Outputs Name Datum J DBF_VdIS_Testprojekt O DE A Tea Ji doc 17 02 2014 10 27 Ji test _ J logfiles 17 02 2014 10 27 J Test_Converted_XYZ_Grid d Test_dam_DEM di Test_elevation_dam VdIS_mit_Wald out gz 7 02 2014 12 21 9 Vals_mit_Wald_NoFlux_dam out gz 17 02
6. causes the avalanche or debris flow to stop earlier depending on the value of C This formula has been established using chute experiments with flowing snow Platzer et al 2007 and real scale experiments with debris flows in Illgraben VS Snow has different cohesive properties depending on snow temperature Wet snow avalanches have higher cohesion values dry snow avalanches have lower cohesion values Cohesion can help reduce spurious numerical diffusion in runout zones providing a clearer delineation of the deposition zone Cohesion values unit Pascal may be entered in the Mu Xi tab of the Run Simulation window Recommended values may be found in the following table Tab 1 Recommended values of cohesion dry 0 100 Pa AVALANCHE wet 100 300 Pa DEBRIS FLOW 0 2000 Pa Mu xi Friction Parameters Choose Mu XiMode Constant Variable Constant Values Pl rose 2200 hu 0 60 Cohesion Pa 0 0 Variable MuXi File M30 C Define Additio nal Muxi Areas et Additional Mumi Polygon xi msz Mut I x 2000 0 20 2nd Additional Muxi Polygon al mws Mu i x 2000 0 20 C Run in background RUN SIMULATION Fig 9 Run Simulation window with value field for cohesion Pa See hitp www sciencedirect com science article pii S0165232X07000808 and http onlinelibrary wiley com doi 10 1029 2006GL028670 abstract for more details 4 Visualization and analysis of the results
7. 7 129412 92016 7 129412 85066 9 129412 75652 4 129412 66667 1 129412 60742 1 129412 58804 7 129412 58087 9 129412 56957 1 129412 55688 6 129412 53631 1 129412 51148 1 129412 48048 0 129412 421926 129412 37207 6 Moving Momentum Moving Percent 100 Time s Flow Volume 126620 00 12661 0 00 1 26600 00 126590 00 Flow Volume m3 126580 00 0 100 Time s A Ge a A H 213 510 Fig 14 Graphs with moving momentum and flow volume over time 11 4 5 Time plots and line profile plots The design of time plot and line profile plot windows changed Title simulation name and legend name of the plotted result are created automatically for the graph EE RAMMS Time Plot Col eE Simulation Dorfberg_1 6 05 0 5 Flow height 0 4 E ag oO J c 8 02 T 0 1 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Time s Ld z a or W 237 511 Fig 15 Time plot window With the buttons at the left bottom of the window it s possible to print save and edit the graph Print the graph with the Print button Save the graph in different formats with the Save as button I l l 2 Open the the properties window of the plot with the Properties button and modify the property values if desired The Reset axis range button oe resets the axis range according to the currently displayed result values af F Edit the graph with the options offer
8. New RAMMS Version 1 6 Content E 0 E eee eee eer Sen nee eee ee EA T ene ee eee 2 LI WSS Pel FIN G cocer edocs gonncetnaseeuasetcray occu sasanessewdecd ane sodeacdeepicieeseicepdsaweeatnation 2 1 2 Additional Preferences cccccccccssccccsecccceesecceuececsueeesseueeeseueeessaeeessauseeseueessaeseessags 2 2 GIR TNS MOU MG ee E i iubisiuisalnataiuaneiapuamateaiiaetsuatiaad 2 2 1 Draw new polygon shapefiles ccccccccssscccsecccescecseseeceucecsuseseueesseseessesessgeessaeeesees 2 2 2 Delete points of a polygon when drawing cccsccccsseeceeeeeceeeeceeeeeeeeeseeesseeessneeesaees 2 2 3 Change color of polygon shapefiles ccccccccssseeceeeeeceesecceeeeceeeesseeeesseaeeeseeeeeess 3 2 4 Convert polygon shapefile to Calculation COMAIN ccccceeeceeesseeeeeeseeeeeeesaeeeeeeaeees 3 295 Import MING SMA DCC S wise cetteorideonidaerycreciebanngsatxfadsuniuthenerdscaatycumnyeueeetsanciadegeuntlaoetlecnia 4 2 6 File tree remove visualization button ccceeeeceeseeceececeeeeceeseeceeeeseusessueesseeesees 4 Se CUA SCO cessere AEA EOAR OaE EENS SEEREN 5 3 1 Improved n merical SCHEME ccccccsseccceeececsencecceuceeceuseecsaeecseeeessueeessegeessageeeeas 5 3 2 Curvature effect IMPIEMENtE sasssa Ee AE EE Ea RENEA EEEN 6 3 3 Obstactle NoFlux feature implemented cccccccsseeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeaaees 6 34 Cohesion IIMDICIMCINCO missis e aea d 7 4 Visu
9. alization and analysis of the results cccccccccseeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseaeeeseeeeesseeeessees 9 4 1 Automatic export of ASCII files after a simulation ssssssennnnssensseennrrreessrrnrrrrrrrese 9 4 2 Generation of ASCII files from multiple output files 0 0 eee ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeees 9 4 3 Velocity ALLOWS eee cecccceececeeeeceeeeeneeeeceeeceeeeeseueeseeeesseetsaseeseueessaeessgeessaeeeseeessneeeaes 10 4 4 Summary of moving MASS ccccccsssececcesseeecceeseeecesuseeecceaseescsuaseessseageessseseessseaas 11 4 5 Time plots and line profile plots ccccceccccesceceeeeceeeeceeeseeeeceucessueesegeeseeeeesseeesees 12 5 RAMMS VIQWEL ccccccccsesseeecccecceceeeeesseeceeeeeceeessseseeeeeeeeseaaeeesseeeeeessseeaaaeeeeeeeeeseaaaasesss 13 O REICO CS S eea E E sa dageutaneeg 13 1 General 1 1 Restart RAMMS Restart RAMMS with the menu Track gt Restart RAMMS Note Don t use this function after a RAMMS update when asked to restart RAMMS After an update close RAMMS via Track gt Exit CirltQ or the general window close button and start RAMMS again 1 2 Additional Preferences Open the additional preferences with the button tooltip Additional Preferences The button is located in the vertical toolbar and has formerly been used to open the colorbar properties It s also possible to open them with Helo gt Advanced gt Additional Preferences gt Edit
10. ed by the Edit button J Add text forms or a legend to the graph with the Insert button In addition to the result values gray the line profile plot displays the terrain elevation along the line profile green curve and the result values added to the terrain red curve 12 Simulation Manali_1 6 05 M on M O E i a E a 15 a z 60 80 100 120 Proj Distance m 629 510 Fig 16 Line profile plot window 5 RAMMS Viewer New RAMMS Viewer available now Did your RAMMS license expire Do you need to look at some old RAMMS results This is now possible with the new RAMMS Viewer Download the Viewer from our website htto ramms slf ch ramms index php option com _ content amp view article amp id 53 amp ltemid 70 You are able to look at results export images GIF animations ASCII files and shapefiles You are not able to run new simulations Please order a new license if you need to do new simulations for a project 6 References Fischer J T Kowalski J and Pudasaini S P 2012 Topographic curvature effects in applied avalanche modeling Cold Regions Science and Technology 74 75 21 30 Platzer K Bartelt P and Kern M 2007 Measurements of dense snow avalanche basal shear to normal stress ratios S N Geophysical Research Letters 34 7 Platzer K Bartelt P Jaedicke C 2007 Basal shear and normal stresses of dry and wet snow avalanches afte
11. hould not flow through e g dams or houses The flow will be deflected Draw the required objects with the Draw New Polygon Shapefile function and add the obstacles noflux features in the Params tab Obstacle Dam File of the Run Simulation window amp RAMMS Run Simulation Mu Xi Release Stop _ Simulation Parameters Grd Resolution mj 5 0 End Time s 300 Dump Step sg 5 Density kg m3 300 0 Numerical Parameters Numerical Scheme SecondOrder H Cutoff mi 0 000001 Obstacle Dam File Jam rel E Run in background Cancel RUN SIMULATION Fig 7 Add obstacles and noflux features e g dams in the Params tab Fig 8 The event is deflected by the noflux obstacles violet polygons 3 4 Cohesion implemented It is well known that flowing snow and muddy debris are cohesive materials In the first versions of RAMMS the frictional properties of the flowing material were governed by a simple but robust Voellmy type flow law without cohesion 2 s N AE RAMMS has several possibilities to select the u and values see sections 4 2 and 4 5 in user manual In the new version the basic Voellmy equation has been modified to include cohension S uN 1 wC l wCexp Nj ee where C is the cohesion of the flowing material Unlike a standard Mohr Coulomb type relation this formula ensures that S gt 0 when both N 0 and U 0 It increases the shear stress and therefore
12. r a slope deviation Cold Reg Sci Technol 49 11 25 13
13. s Grd Resolution mj 5 0 End Time s 300 Dump Step g 3 Density kg m3 300 0 Numerical Parameters Numerical Scheme SecondOrder H Cutoff m 0 000001 bstacle Dam File E Run in background Cancel RUN SIMULATION Fig 6 The Params tab of the Run Simulation window holds the H Cutoff value standard value 0 000001 m 3 2 Curvature effect implemented In the new version the normal force N now includes centrifugal forces arising from the terrain curvature We use the method proposed by Fischer et al 2012 which was specifically developed for RAMMS The centrifugal acceleration f is both a function of the avalanche velocity and terrain curvature The acceleration is calculated according to f K where u is the vector u u v consisting of the avalanche velocity in the x and y directions The matrix K describes the track curvature in all directions including the track twist The centrifugal force is then F phf which is added to the normal force N Typically this increases the friction causing the avalanche to slow down in tortuous and twisted flow paths It can change the location of the deposition once the flow leaves the gully Curvature may be activated deactivated via the menu Help gt Advanced gt Curvature See hitp www sciencedirect com science article pii S0165232X1 20001 83 3 3 Obstactle NoFlux feature implemented Draw areas where the event s
14. sting Polygon Shapefile or via the menu GIS gt Import Polygon Shapefile Fig 4 Small blue dots indicate the points of the imported line shapefile 2 6 File tree remove visualization button At the right side of the file tree two buttons can be found The Refresh Tree button e updates the tree view The Remove Visualization button removes the currently displayed visualization Select the desired entry in the tree view to reactivate the visualization Choose visualization Release Rel_Area_rep shp Mu Shapetile Fig 5 File tree with the two buttons Refresh Tree and Remove Visualization 3 Running a simulation 3 1 Improved numerical scheme In all RAMMS versions up to now an ENO Essentially Non Oscillatory scheme was used to numerically solve the governing differential equations Christen et al 2010 However the numerical solution was implemented on strictly orthogonal grids This improves computational speed but introduces numerical instabilities especially in steep terrain The new version of RAMMS uses the same second order ENO scheme but now on general quadrilateral grid This new scheme improves numerical stability but slows the computational soeed somewhat The introduction of this stable ENO scheme allows us to use lower H_cutoff values minimizing mass loss during calculations The standard value of H_cutoff is 0 000001 m Ep RAMMS Run Simulation Simulation Parameter
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