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4 Calculation of concentrations in drinking water

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1. Figure 5 7 The substance form of SWASH The sorption section Alterra report 2020 35 If the Detailed sorption option is selected then the user has to enter separate K or Kom values for soil suspended solids and sediment The user can choose the sorption isotherm using the value for the Freundlich exponent If this exponent is set to 1 then a linear sorption isotherm is used If the exponent is not equal to 1 the sorption is described with the Freundlich equation The reference concentration is introduced into the Freundlich equation to obtain a Freundlich coefficient independent of the value of the exponent The value of the reference concentration should be within the range of concentrations in the measurements on which the Freundlich sorption coefficient is based In most studies the value of this concentration is set to be 1 0 10 kg m 1 0 mg dm The uptake and wash off section of the Substance form is shown in Figure 5 8 In this section the user has to specify the factor for the uptake of the substance by the plant roots in the soil and the factor for the wash off of the substance from the plant leaves The coefficient for the uptake by plant roots is also described as the transpiration stream concentration factor F For non ionic pesticides this factor can be estimated from the octanol water partitioning coefficient as described by Briggs et al 1982 For these pesticides this factor will always be between
2. 0 035648 0 097886 0 020828 0 043036 0 011634 0 007459 0 057006 0 027731 0 008669 0 005776 0 029561 0 028332 0 028433 0 027067 0 001393 0 027931 0 027950 0 002160 0 007531 f market Alterra report 2020 f add dil 63 DROPLET does not take into account the pesticide sorption during its travel from the FOCUS D3 ditch to the abstraction point For compounds with high sorption capacities in DROPLET defined as compounds with K values above 10000 L kg this assumption is too conservative and it results in unrealistically high concentra tions at the abstraction points Therefore calculated concentrations are preceded by the lt smaller than sign in the OUTPUT section Fig 6 6 and it is suggested to divide the calculated PEC_Tierl concentrations by a factor of 5 see Appendix 9 This is shown in the example of Figure 6 6 kxxk OUTPUT Kom value of the sub DE PUNT ANDIJK NIEUWEGEIN HEEL A DAM RIJNKANAAL BRAKEL PETRUSPLAAT TWENTEKANAAL SCHEELHOEK BOMMELERWAARD For this project t does not result in r The Tierl calculatio entered by spray dri For the current subs this artefact result appendix of the DROP we suggest to divide Ha A OA A A OBO HO Kk Kak RA A OH He OH OA HB A Figure 6 6 The OUTPUT part of the summary calculated PEC Tierl stance is higher than 10000 L kg PEC Tierl pg L SU 9 TONTON 0 147 lt 0 OTO lt 0 139 lt 0 090
3. Help amp Close Figure 5 26 The Application scheme form Figure 5 27 shows the Spray drift events form A new event can be added with the button of the navigator or an existing event can be copied In the lower half of the screen the event has to be further defined The date chat dsa the dosage app od and the drift deposition m d sa or the drift percentage needs to be entered The option field of the drift deposition and the drift percentage are connected Changing a value in one box automatically changes the other For the drinking water tool the drift percentages according to the Dutch drift deposition table have to be used 4e 17 for fruit crops tall fruit without leaves 796 for fruit crops tall fruit with leaves 1 for field crops including small fruit and 1 for bush and hedge shrubbery Appendix 4 The user has to enter the value for the drift percentage manually in the option field in contrast to a FOCUS Step 3 scenario where the complete Application scheme form and Spray drift events form is automatically filled in because applications are defined in SWASH When the application scheme is a copy of a defined application scheme by SWASH FOCUS Step 3 run the date fields are empty TOXSWA receives the application dates from the header of the MACRO m2t file The TOXSWA model checks that the input specified in the TOXSWA GUI with respect to number of applications and dosage corresponds to those mentioned in the h
4. Cancel Back Figure 7 6 DROPLET project name and description In the screen depicted in Figure 7 6 the user has to specify a unigue name for the drinking water project and the description of the drinking water project The characters space gt 4 cannot be used After clicking Finish the runs are generated and the project is stored in the database at CN or D Droplet Data DROPLET mdb The user is directed to the Overview of DROPLET projects screen Fig 7 7 70 Alterra report 2020 7 3 2 The View Projects Screen In the main screen the user can click on View Projects to go to the screen with an overview of the created DROPLET projects Fig 7 7 In the upper part the user can scroll through the list of available DROPLET projects A DROPLET project can be copied with the Copy project button In the middle left part of the screen the details of the selected DROPLET project are depicted and in the middle right part of the screen some details of the original SWASH project are indicated In the lower part of the screen six buttons are available Edit substance Edit Refinements Edit PEC peak Create and View input files Create input files and calculate and View results which will be discussed in the following sections Overview of DROPLET projects x 17 12 2008 15 27 45 16 12 2008 253 33 17 12 2008 15 22 18 test van testl 17 12 2008 15 08 54 17 12 2008 15 11 02 asdf 17 12 2008 15 22 42 17 12 2
5. Figure 7 20 The main screen of the DROPLET interface with the Information tab displayed In the second tab of the main screen Information Fig 7 20 the user is informed about certain aspects of the DROPLET No actions are executed here i e no changes take place in the database no input is prepared and no projects are created etcetera The Information page of the main screen of DROPLET contains four buttons Behind the button Maps intake areas maps of abstraction points for drinking water preparation in The Netherlands and their intake areas are shown Behind the button Surface areas of intake areas a table is available with the default surface areas of the ten intake areas With the button Crop groupings the available crops in the FOCUS D3 scenario can be viewed and the surface areas of crops within intake areas After clicking on the button Map D3 Scenario the extent of the FOCUS D3 scenario in Europe is shown Detailed information about the pages behind these buttons can be found in the following paragraphs With the help function the user can download the DROPLET User s Manual send an email to the user support and find links to the SWASH and FOCUS websites Here the user can also find the version number of the DROPLET tool 7 4 1 Maps intake areas After clicking on Maps intake areas in Figure 7 21 a map appears with the nine abstraction points in The Netherlands for the production of d
6. The allowed range is 10 to 9999 99 end if if CP 6 It 0 0 or CP 6 gt 0 25e6 then write f8 1 a CP 6 is not a valid value for field Saturated vapour pressure write a The allowed range is 0 0 to 0 25e6 write u_output f8 1 a CP 6 is not a valid value for field Saturated vapour pressure write u_output a The allowed range is 0 0 to 0 25e6 end if if CP 7 It 273 15 or CP 7 gt 313 15 then write f8 1 a CP 7 is not a valid value for field Temperature write a The allowed range is 273 15 to 313 15 writelu output f8 1 a CP 7 is not a valid value for field Temperature write u_output a The allowed range is 273 15 to 313 15 end if if CP 8 It 0 0 or CP 8 gt 10000000 then write f12 1 a CP 8 is not a valid value for field Kom write a The allowed range is O to 10000000 write u_output f12 1 a CP 8 is not a valid value for field Kom write u_output a The allowed range is O to 10000000 end if if CP O It 0 0 or CP 9 gt 1000000 then write f12 1 a CP 9 is not a valid value for field Activation energy write a The allowed range is O to 10000000 write u_output f12 1 a CP 9 is not a valid value for field Activation energy write u_output a The allowed range is O to 1000000 end if if CP 1 It 0 1 or CP 1 gt 100
7. page contains three buttons With the button Wizard the user can generate new drinking water projects With the button View Project the drinking water projects created with the wizard can be run and the results can be viewed More details can be found in the corresponding section of this chapter With the Exit button the user can end the Drinking water tool session Alterra report 2020 67 7 3 1 The wizard Wizard Select SWASH project 1 4 Select a SWASH project Droplet test2 ae iv SWASH project Name Droplet_test2 Description Droplet test2 created 5 11 2008 modified 15 11 2008 Path D SwashProjects Droplet_test2 Substance Dummy compound D_sw Cree vet ee Figure 7 3 The starting screen of the wizard After clicking on the button wizard in the main screen the starting screen of the wizard is displayed Fig 7 3 The user can select a SWASH project from the drop down menu by clicking on the arrow The drop down menu contains the SWASH projects of the current SWASH database stored under C or DASWASHDataNSWASH db mdb The drop down menu contains only FOCUS SWASH D3 projects After selection of the SWASH project click on the Next button Then the screen of Figure 7 4 is depicted 68 Alterra report 2020 Wizard View applications 2 4 SWASH project Name Droplet test3 Description Droplet test3 created 5 11 2008 modified 5 11 2008 FOCUS D3
8. geopearl crop code integer gedeclareerd als real allocate testCCP ncrops_FOCUS_SW 3 allocate testDate_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 ncrops_FOCUS_SW allocate testGP_Crop ncrops_FOCUS_SW allocate testFOCUS_D3_Crop ncrops_FOCUS_SW allocate testCropUsed ncrops_FOCUS_SW do i 1 ncrops_FOCUS_SW read u_input testCCP i 1 testDate_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 i testCCP i ii ii 2 3 amp testGP_Crop i testFOCUS_D3_Crop i testCropUsed i if testCropUsed i eq YES or testCropUsed i eg yes or testCropUsed i eg Yes or amp testCropUsed i eq NO or testCropUsed i eq no or testCropUsed i eq No then else print The input is not correct Please check the input file CropPEC inp print spaces are not allowed in the name of the FOCUS SW D3 crop stop end if end do allocate CCP ncrops GAP NL 3 allocate Date_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 ncrops_GAP_NL allocate FOCUS_D3_Crop ncrops_GAP_NL allocate CropUsed ncrops_GAP_NL do i 1 ncrops_FOCUS_SW if testCropUsed i eg YES or testCropUsed i eq yes or testCropUsed i eq Yes then CCP j 1 testCCP i 1 Date_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 j testDate_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 i CCP j 2 testCCP i 2 CCP j 3 testCCP i 3 FOCUS_D3_Crop j testFOCUS_D3_Crop i CropUsed j testCropUsed i j j 1 end if end do allocate f_use_int 10 ncrops_GAP_NL allocate fmarket 10 ncrops_GAP_NL doi 1 8 read u_input buffer end do 128 Alterra report
9. u input file CropArea inp status old action read read u_input 15x a project name 126 Alterra report 2020 doi 1 19 read u_input a buffer end do MtH 15dec09 geformateerd inlezen r 21 CropArea inp vervangen door ongeformateerd inlezen r 21 read u_input a 10f8 0 buffer long CA 27 ii ii 1 10 read u input dummy dummy dummy dummy dummy dummy dummy CA 27 ii ii 1 10 read u input buffer doi 1 26 read u_input k buffer k buffer CAfi ii ii 1 10 end do close u_input CropPEC inp open unit u input file CropPEC inp status old action read readfu input buffer read u input ta a buffer date input 2 doi 1 16 read u input buffer end do read u input ncrops GAP NL readlu input ncrops FOCUS SW check if two or more the same geopearl crops exist in CropPec inp l if so then ncrops GAP NL is not equal to ncrops FOCUS SW if ncrops GAP NL ne ncrops FOCUS SW then error2 true end if read u_input number_appl allocate buffer_extralong number_appl doi 1 2 read u_input buffer end do do ii 1 number_appl read u_input a buffer_extralongiii end do Alterra report 2020 127 doi 1 5 read u_input buffer end do CCP i 1 PEC waarde real CCP i 2 PEC Code 1 spray drift 2 drainage integer gedeclareerd als real CCP i 3 CODE ID
10. 100 000 and 500 000 L kg The sorption to the suspended solids is instantaneous thus decreasing immediately the initial concentration For increasing Ko values the sum of the dissolved and sorbed concentration first decreases from 0 664 to 0 184 ug L but next increases to 0 229 ug L Contrary to the sorption to suspended solids sorption to sediment decreased for increasing K values The sediment concentrations averaged over top 5 cm not shown in Table 8 3 are 1 972 0 198 0 154 and 0 120 ug L for the increasing K values The reason is that the concentration dissolved in the water column decreases instantaneously by sorption onto the suspended solids and the first sediment segment used in the numerical solution of the sediment conservation equation which is only 0 08 mm thick Sorption to the rest of the 5 cm sediment is preceded by diffusion into the sediment which is a relatively slow process With increasing K values the diffusion process is even more slowed down because its driving force the concentration dissolved in the water column has been stronger instantaneously decreased The concentrations for the drift depositions of 5 and 15 3 276 and 9 828 ug L dissolved show that concentrations increase linearly with spray drift depositions The same holds for the application rate as shown by the concentrations of 1 319 and 0 0655 ug L dissolved for the 2 and 0 1 kg ha applications rates The concentrations for 1 and 10 applicat
11. 110 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 3 Crop groupings Overview of the representative crop grouping for the Ctgb crops for which registration can be applied The mentioned crop groupings GeoPEARL FOCUS Surface water scenario D3 crop groupings are needed in the proposed Tier calculation method The D3 FOCUS surface water scenarios contain only a limited number of crop groupings so all crops mentioned in the GAP sheets must be categorized into these FOCUS surface water crops groupings in order to be able to calculate concentrations for the crops mentioned in the GAP sheets Furthermore the crops of the GAP sheets must be categorized into the geoPEARL crop groupings to be able to calculate their relative crop areas with the geographical information on crop areas presented in Appendix 3 Alterra report 2020 111 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 Volgorde van gewassen 1 Akkerbouwgewassen 1 1 Aardappelen 1 1 1 Pootaardappelen Potatoes potatoes 1 1 2 Consumptieaardappelen idem 1 1 3 Fabrieksaardappelen idem 1 1 4 Overige aardappelen idem 1 2 Bieten Il Suikerbieten Sugar beets Sugar beets 1 2 2 Voederbieten Idem idem 1 2 3 Overige bieten Idem idem 1 3 Granen 1 3 1 Wintertarwe cereals cereals winter 1 3 2 Zomertarwe idem cereals spring 1 3 3 Wintergerst idem cereals winter 1 3 4 Zomergerst idem cereals spring 13 5 Winterrogge idem cereals winter 1 3 6 Zom
12. In particular it is important to select the application data for the relevant run Each application scheme has a unique ID the runlD and the application scheme with the same runlD as that for the corresponding run as defined in SWASH should be taken After running MACRO the user has to process the output using the FOCUS_MACRO shell to create the m2t file containing the input of the drainage and pesticide fluxes for TOXSWA The sequence of steps to specify and execute a drainage scenario for MACRO is also shown briefly in Figure 5 3 Start MACRO shell Specify crop s and location s Select substance already defined in SWASH Select Application scheme already defined in SWASH Execute MACRO Run Create m2t output file for TOXSWA Exit MACRO shell Figure 5 3 Scheme for executing a run with MACRO for a drainage scenario The last part of execution of a run for FOCUS Surface Water scenario is to run TOXSWA The TOXSWA shell can be started after clicking of the TOXSWA button on the Main screen of SWASH The steps to be followed are shown in Figure 5 4 The drain water fluxes and pesticide loadings are read from the m2t file Once the TOXSWA runs in the project have been completed the user has the target data on the exposure concentra tions Notice that for DROPLET the selected project needs to be copied first in order to become a false Alterra report 2020 29 SWASH project in which the Dutch drift deposition can be entered In
13. Peak concentrations PECrocus m n349sm IN USA dissolved and dissolved sorbed to 15 mg L suspended solids at 495 m in the ditch The run descriptions have been explained into more detail above Run description Concentration ug L at 495 m Dissolved Dissolved sorbed sorbed only Default 0 655 0 664 0 009 Kom 50 000 L kg 0 205 0 219 0 014 Kom 100 000 L kg 0 163 0 184 0 021 Kom 500 000 L kg 0 137 0 229 0 092 Drift deposition 5 3 276 3 320 Drift deposition 15 9 828 9 961 Appin rate 2 kg ha 1 310 1 328 Appin rate 0 1 kg ha 0 0655 0 0664 Number of applications 1 0 642 0 651 Number of applications 10 0 894 0 906 Loaded reach 10 m 0 0649 0 0657 Loaded reach 200 m 1 177 1 193 DTso water DT so sed 500 d 0 655 0 664 DTso water DT50 sed 100 d 0 652 0 661 Suspended solids 30 mg L 0 648 0 666 Suspended solids 5 mg L 0 660 0 663 For the default run the concentration PECrocus nu p3 aosm iS 0 655 pg L dissolved and 0 664 ug L dissolved sorbed to 15 mg L suspended solids This means that the PEC Tierl is around 0 009 ug L or lower so clearly below the 0 1 ug L drinking water standard The highest values for the PECrocus nup3assm In the ditch are found in case of 5 or 15 spray drift deposition around 3 3 and 9 9 ug L So the PEC Tierl values will be around 0 05 or 0 14 ug L or lower These results indicate that for compounds with high sorption capacities concentrations at abstraction points may
14. approximate the 0 1 ug L standard if i they are applied on crops covering large areas within the intake area such as cereals maize or sugarbeets or a combination of crops and ii spray drift deposition on the edge of field ditch is higher than 10 154 Alterra report 2020 Conclusion For compounds with K values above 10 000 L kg the PEC_Tierl concentrations calculated according to Adriaanse et al 2008 are at least a factor of 5 higher than concentrations one may expect to find at the surface water abstraction points Moreover generally speaking compounds with K values above 10 000 L kg are not expected to reach the Dutch surface water abstraction points for drinking water production in concentrations above the required 0 1 ug L standard An exception may be compounds being used on crops grown extensively within the intake area and with high spray drift deposition numbers or compounds being used on more than one crop grouping thus covering large areas within the intake area Alterra report 2020 155 156 Alterra report 2020
15. are the edge of field ditches and next level of watercourses and not the larger watercourses near the abstraction points Adriaanse et al 2008 24 Alterra report 2020 The degradation rate constant of the pesticide in surface water depends on the temperature and can be derived from the Arrhenius equation E KT k T ex T T 6 DOD TT 6 R universal gas constant J K mol T temperature K Tret reference temperature K E molar Arrhenius activation energy J mol The first order degradation rate constant can be calculated according to k Te In 2 DegT50 7 DegT50 half life transformation time in water d The remaining pesticide fraction in the surface water as a result of dissipation can be calculated as follows kiss t J dissipation E 8 faissipation factor accounting for the dissipation of the pesticide in the surface water by degradation and volatilization t residence time of the pesticide in the water between application and arrival at the abstraction point d According to Liss and Slater 1974 in Beltman et al 1996 User manual TOXSWA 1 1 the mass transfer coefficient of the pesticide in the liquid phase and gas phase can be estimated as follows JM kro u 9 S subs tan ce M 1 0 ke keno P 10 gm JM subs tan ce K coz transport coefficient of CO in the liquid phase md M molecular weight of substance x Ke H20 transport coefficient of H O in the vapour phase The d
16. following The runlD this a unique number as MACRO output can be used by TOXSWA for different water body types an additional character is used to distinguish between the TOXSWA runs p for Ponds d for Ditch and s for Alterra report 2020 43 Streams For the DROPLET tool only the ditch is relevant The last three characters can be _pa m1 or m and these characters specify whether the fate of the parent compound is simulated in the run or metabolite 1 or metabolite 2 For DROPLET only parent compounds are considered The crop The number of the crop within the season the first or the second crop in the season The scenario The water body type The number of applications Yes No selected for report by default set to Yes If set to Yes then the characteristics of the run are exported to the pesticide database of MACRO The user can select or unselect all runs for the report by clicking on the checkbox at the top right corner of the Runs section of the Overview form For a specific selection you can sort any column to get the right projects Overview of composed projects Substance Code Created Droplet test3 Droplet test3 5 11 2008 5 11 2008 D SwashProjects Draplet_test3 E Droplet_test4 Droplet_test4 A 5 11 2008 5 11 2008 D SwashProjects Droplet_test4 Droplet test5 Droplet test5 5 11 2008 5 11 2008 D SwashProjects Droplet test5 E Droplet_test6 Droplet_te
17. 2020 read u_input a buffer read u_input Add_dil i i 1 10 read u_input buffer read u_input buffer do ii 1 ncrops_GAP_NL read u_input k buffer fmarketti ii i 1 10 end do close u_input CompoundProperties inp open unit u_input file CompoundProperties inp status old action read doi 1 15 read u_input a buffer end do read u_input compound name CPiii ii 1 9 close u_input END OF INPUT call f disswaterdepth fdiss tdiss CP T doi 1 10 loop for 10 abstraction areas dok 1 ncrops GAP NL loop for number of crops on which pesticide is used if k eg 1 sum 0 0 call f_user_intensity CA CCP k i fmarket i k f_use_int i k sum sum CCP k 1 f use intti k end do PECabstr sum ftiming fdiss Add_dil i if i le 9 then PEC Tierlti PECabstr else PEC Tierl i PECabstr fdiss Voor Bommelerwaard geldt fdiss 1 end if end do BEGINNING OF OUTPUT Summary out contains PEC_Tierl values per abstraction point and main input data write file_name a Summary out write output file open unit u_output file file name action write Alterra report 2020 129 gt gt Header write u_output a write u_output a a project name project name write u_output a a Calculated PEC abstraction in Tier for amp compound_name ted write u_output a i2 2 a i2 2 a i4 4 a i
18. 3 Stomatal resistance s m RSURF 50 150 200 a Y roots in top 25 of root depth RPIN shallow 75 medium 67 deep 60 gt transpiration adaptability factor BETA low 0 5 medium 0 2 high 0 1 critical tension for transpiration reduction WATEN is calculated from the known soil properties together with the of available water exhausted before reduction in transpiration occurs low 50 medium 65 high 80 Alterra report 2020 91 Table C 2 Crop specific MACRO parameters for all drainage scenarios annual crops Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Crop crop grouping Input parameter Cereals winter Cereals spring Oilseed rape Oilseed rape Sugar beets Potatoes Field beans Veg root Veg leafy Veg bulb winter spring Maximum leaf area index LAIMAX 6 4 5 4 5 4 4 3 3 3 Green leaf area index at harvest LAIHARV 2 2 2 2 5 2 3 3 3 3 aRoot distribution Deep Deep Deep Deep Medium Shallow Medium Shallow Shallow Shallow Max Crop height m HMAX 0 8 0 8 0 7 0 7 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 3 0 3 0 3 bDrought tolerance High Medium High High Medium Low Low Low Low Low Leaf development factor growth CFORM 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 5 1 5 1 5 Leaf development factor senescence 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 DFORM Leaf area index on specified day LAIMIN 1 0 0 01 1 0 0 01 0 01 0 01 1 0 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 Crop height on specified day m ZHMIN 0 2 0 01 0 2 0 01 0 01 0 01
19. Brakel Andel Afgedamde Maas 4 Heel Heel Lateraalkanaal 5 De Punt De Punt Drentsche Aa 6 Nieuwegein Nieuwegein Jutphaas Lekkanaal 7 Amsterdam Rijnkanaal Nieuwersluis Amsterdam Rijnkanaal 8 Inlaat Andijk Prinses Juliana IJsselmeer Lake 9 Twentekanaal Elsbeekweg Twentekanaal Alterra report 2020 13 The abstraction point in the Twentekanaal has stopped its water intake since August 2003 Recently March 2008 drinking water company Vitens decided to stop the intake of surface water for the production of drinking water definitively However the assessment methodology developed in this report still includes the Twentekanaal abstraction point namece VOW RIMA RIM vpogatnche acreengons Tapog mare Dern Nederarc Innamepunten oppervlaktewater uits AAA voor menselijke consumptie EE someter Legenda Referentie RIZA20050196 Ji be nr infitralie terugatening grondwater AWS RIZA IHG 23 06 2005 inname oppervlaktewater miitrate 3 Geetpstrocengedieden o Oeverfitraat inname opperviaktewater nouste inname opperviaktewater reserve NEDERLAND F Infitratie terugwinning opene watir noure COE grondwater Infitrase terugwinning stecelik gebied Ang provinciegrens kwel C3 meeistroomgenied Figure 2 1 The nine drinking water abstraction points from surface water in the Netherlands In each of the nine abstraction points the 0 1 ug L standard is regularly exceeded since many years If too high concentrations a
20. D3 will be imported in the DROPLET database Cancel lt Back IE Figure 7 5 The Enter Peak screen of the wizard Alterra report 2020 69 In the screen of Figure 7 5 the user has to fill in the PECrocus nuo3 in pg L the date of the peak dd mon yyyy e g 12 apr 1992 and select the main entry route for the peak concentration drift or drainage This information can be obtained from the TOXSWA summary file or from the report in the TOXSWA GUI If the PECrocus n p3 occurs at the same day and time as the pesticide application it is caused by spray drift Otherwise it is caused by drainage Check that PECrocys nup3 has been calculated with the correct compound properties Values currently stored in the SWASH database which might be different from the ones you used in an earlier stage to calculate PECrocus o3 Will be imported in the DROPLET database If two or more FOCUS FOCUS D3 crops are connected to the same GeoPEARL crop grouping e g in Figure 7 5 both field beans and legumes are connected to the GeoPEARL crop grouping legumes only the FOCUS D3 crop with the highest PECrocus jpg Will be used for the calculation of the PEC re at the abstraction point After clicking Next the last screen of the Wizard is shown Fig 7 6 Wizard Finish DROPLET project info 4 4 SWASH project Name Droplet_test2 Description Droplet test2 created 5 11 2008 modified 5 11 2008 DROPLET project Name Description
21. In Tier Il monitoring data are evaluated The assessment of a compound moves to the monitoring data evaluation tier if the concentration in one of the nine abstraction points calculated in the first tier including possible refinements has a value in the interval 0 1 Y 0 1 ug L The factor Y represents a safety factor The responsible Dutch ministries has decided that the factor Y equals 5 so if the PEC_Tierl in an abstraction point is smaller than 0 5 ug L the compound remains registered but within five years monitoring has to clarify how the standard can be met in the future For new substances not passing Tier I the working group developed guidance for Post Registration Monitoring PRM In principle the registrant should procure data for all nine abstraction points Monitoring frequency is attuned to the mean hydrological residence time in the Dutch part of the intake area discharging to the abstraction point which is in the order of magnitude of a few days to a couple of weeks Monitoring should take place once to twice a week during the application period and the next two weeks plus once a month up to one year after application or every two weeks in the three monthly period during which leaching is expected The minimal frequency is 13 times a year Exceeding the standard once up to no more than 0 15 ug L was judged to be acceptable In case of PRM monitoring data of the entire registration period must be available generally five
22. _ contributing _ area hrm REL 3 Alterra report 2020 21 ared op RCA 3 area grw _ abstraction RCA relative cropped area for a specific crop arearop crop area on which the pesticide is potentially used within the drinking water abstraction area ha YEA gw abstraction total catchment area of abstraction point ha fee market share of the pesticide PEE E T EEA fraction of the area contributing to the main entry route The Relative Cropped Areas are determined with the aid of the GeoPEARL 1 1 1 crop groupings Kruijne et al 2004 with an additional subdivision for tree nurseries and fruit culture in large and small trees see the input file CropArea Fig 6 3 because of their large difference in spray drift deposition The intake areas of the nine abstraction points are based upon data of CBS http statline CBS nl and KIWA used for the EDG M study Van der Linden et al 2006 The crop grouping Appendix 4 of the Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides Ctgb is according to the crop list in the Handbook for the Registration of Pesticides version 1 0 This crop grouping is also used in GAP sheets For the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations PECs in the FOCUS D3 ditch PECrocusp3 nw a crop has to be categorized into a FOCUS D3 crop grouping The D3 FOCUS surface water scenario contains only a limited number of crop groupings namely winter and spring cereals wi
23. a branch of the Meuse with a very low flow The Bommelerwaard polder discharges its surplus water in this branch and thus treatment of crops in the Bommelerwaard heavily influences the water quality at Brakel The Bommelerwaard polder has an intensive agriculture partly in glasshouses and in the past pesticides have been identified in surface waters in this polder Kruijne 2002 Therefore the abstraction point at Brakel needs an additional evaluation that is specific for the water draining out of the Bommelerwaard The highest value may be selected to assess the risks for the drinking water production in Brakel in a conservative way The concentrations of Tier were aimed to be conservative estimations for the concentrations at the abstraction points in order to protect the abstraction points sufficiently The working group assessed the conservativeness of the individual components of the Tier calculation method to be neutral or neutral to conservative and so their combination resulted in a conservative estimate of the overall Tier concentrations The Tier calculation method was tested by comparing calculated concentrations with measured ones To do so the Working Group defined positive and negative test cases Positive cases were defined as substance abstraction point combinations in which use of the substance in the Dutch part of the intake area leads to the exceedance of the drinking water standard at the abstraction point For negative ca
24. a set characters cannot be separated by space or tab in front of the 10 numbers specifying the number of ha per abstraction point If you want to change the figures or names of ID GP_name CBScrp or GP name do use tabs or spaces to separate the character sets but do not use tabs of spaces within the character set Droplet reads information of 26 lines only So if you want to add a new line do realize that only the information on lines 19 44 is read by the model Step 7 Save the file Step 8 You can upload the new CropArea file in the Droplet User Interface screen Overview of Droplet project button Edit Refinements tab CropAcreage Alterra report 2020 147 148 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 9 Do compounds with K values above 10 000 L kg reach the drinking water abstraction points Introduction Adriaanse et al 2008 developed a method to estimate pesticide concentrations at the nine Dutch locations where surface water is used for drinking water production The calculation method is based upon Good Agricultural Practice compounds are applied on agricultural fields from where they may partly drift or leach into adjacent small surface waters Next they travel towards the abstraction points During this journey the edge of field concentrations lower due to degradation and volatilization as well as by dilution with non contaminated water from elsewhere within the intake area for more de
25. and positive solution of the differential equations for mass conservation at all concentration levels The TOXSWA program verifies whether the selected time step is sufficiently small to fulfil the positivity conditions i e to result in a positive solution of the mass conservation equations for the sediment implying a positive concentration If deltwb is too large the program stops with an error message on screen and repeated in the err file the user should decrease the time step for the sediment The time step can be halved until it fulfils the requirements of a positive solution of the mass conservation equations for the sediment 8 3 2 Definition of water layer and sediment The definition of the water layer and the sediment concerns the dimensions and the composition of the water and the sediment layers xalt the length of the water body The length of the water body xdi is in general equal to the length of the adjacent field because the pesticide inputs at the field on a certain crop need to be simulated For the FOCUS D3 ditch xaft equals 100 m nxnodit number of segments n water body For watercourses in general the segments are distributed uniformly over the total length of the water body Hence the number of segments mxnod f is the length of the water body xd f divided by the segment length sedi See the item esedit below for guidance on the segment length with its restrictions When the segments are not distributed unifor
26. as default value see Bowman and Sands 1985 range was 17 to 156 kJ mol kdomssdit slope sorption isotherm based at organic matter content of suspended solids distribution coefficient kdomwbl slope sorption isotherm based at organic matter content of sediment material K_om wb distribution coefficient Alterra report 2020 99 The sorption coefficient for soil sediment or suspended solids based on the organic matter content A can be derived from the sorption coefficient based on the organic carbon content A by dividing the A by a factor 1 724 or 1 97 see explanation under raomwb mass ratio organic matter of dry sediment materialin Section 8 3 2 When no sorption coefficient is available for suspended solids or sediment organic matter the sorption coefficient based on soil organic matter studies can be used A compilation of 243 4 values has been reported by Linders ef a 1994 katw diffusion coefficient pesticide in water The diffusion coefficient in water D kdfim may be estimated from the molecular structure of the pesticide using the Hayduk and Laudy method described by Lyman et a 1982 The value of D for molecules with a molecular mass of about 200 at 20 C in water is approximately 43 mm d Jury et al 1983 Usually the output of TOXSWA is not sensitive to the diffusion coefficient so estimation for the specific substance is not crucial The value of the diffusion coefficient is temperature depende
27. concentrations at 95 and 495 m in the ditch as a function of K value Both concentrations decrease with increasing Kom values but the concentrations at the end of the ditch at 495 m decrease faster than those at 95 m This is because more sorption to sediment can take place while the pesticide mass flows towards the end of the ditch The last column presents the ratio of concentrations at 95 and 495 m This ratio increases with increasing K values and it is above approximately a factor of 5 from Kon values of 10 000 L kg and higher As explained in more detail for Table8 3 the concentrations dissolved plus sorbed to 15 mg L suspended solids first decrease with increasing K values but later increase again So there is a minimum concentration at 95 m for a K of approximately 1000 to 10 000 L kg and at 495 m for a Km Of approximately 100 000 L kg Table 8 3 summarizes the peak PECrocus nup3 Values at 495 m in the ditch For the default run the concentration at the abstraction point is 0 655 ug L dissolved and 0 664 ug L dissolved plus sorbed at 15 mg L suspended solids The concentrations dissolved lower when the K value becomes greater as shown by the next three runs with K values of 50 000 100 000 and 500 000 L kg Sorption to the suspended 152 Alterra report 2020 solids increases for increasing K values The concentration sorbed to the suspended solids is 0 009 0 014 0 021 and 0 092 ug L for K values of 10 000 50 000
28. de Kool R Kruijne R C M Merkelbach G R de Snoo R A N Vijftigschild M G Vijver and A J van der Wal 2006 Evaluatie duurzame gewasbescherming 2006 milieu Abstract in English included RIVM Bilthoven Rapport 607016001 Walker A 1974 A simulation model for prediction of herbicide persistence J Environ Qual 3 pp 396 401 Wauchope R D R G Nash L R Ahuja K W Rojas G H Willis L L McDowell T B Moorman and Q L Ma 1997 RZWQM Technical Documentation Chapter 6 Pesticide Dissipation Processes Alterra report 2020 105 106 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 1 List of abbreviations Abbreviation PEC DAR CBS FOCUS SWASH MACRO TOXSWA GAP PRM RCA RIVM Ctgb Meaning Predicted Environmental Concentration Draft Assessments Report Central Bureau of Statistics the Netherlands Forum for the coordination of pesticide fate models and their use Surface Water Scenario Help interface around FOCUS scenarios Macropore flow model model to calculate drainage contribution TOXic Substances in WAter calculation model for PECs Good Agricultural Practice Post Registration Monitoring Relative Cropped Area National Institute for Public Health and the environment the Netherlands Board for the Autorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides the Netherlands Alterra report 2020 107 108 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 2 File specifying the default Relative Cropped Area RCA The crop grouping
29. dilution e g by considerable water flows entering the intake area or by lakes via which water travels to the abstraction point feorrrocusscen The calculated PEC for the FOCUS D3 ditch scenario PECrocus oa is corrected for implicit choices concerning water and pesticide contributing areas made in the FOCUS ditch scenario feorrocusscen The implicit choices are that the ditch neighbours a 1 ha treated field and is fed by 2 ha non treated fields located immediately upstream of the ditch Spray drift deposition enters from the neighbouring field only free nele The term PECrocus muo3 feonfocusseen IS Multiplied by the use intensity factor fuse intensity and summed up for all crops on which the considered pesticide is used The use intensity consists of an estimation of the relative cropped area the market share and a drift or drainage factor The relative cropped area RCA factor i e the ratio of the area of the crop considered and the total abstraction area The acreage of the different crops is according to the CBS database The market share factor reflects that the pesticide will not be used on the total area of a crop The fraction of area which can contribute to the most relevant entry route The value of this factor depends on whether drainage or spray drift is the main entry route The use intensity factor and the relative crop area factor are defined as follows use _ intensity J market relevant
30. for Dummy compound D_sw compound market share and additional dilution fac Project name 1 test Created at 1 18 12 2008 11 10 48 Version DROPLET GUI 0 95 This file contains crop amp PEC data and the market share for the substance used in the DROPLET project and it contains additional dilution factors for abstraction points PEC FOCUS NL D3 Global maximum concentration ug L for step 3 FOCUS D3 run TOXSWA output PEC_code Code indicating main contributer to global maximum concentration SPRAY DRIFT 1 DF fmarket market share of the pesticide DEFAULT 0 4 codeID GeoPEARL code for crop groupings values must correspond with codes in CropArea inp fi 1 gt gt GeoPEARL crops groupings may not be used more than once in a simulation lt lt GP crop name of GeoPEARL crop grouping D3 FOCUS crop name of the crop grouping in the FOCUS SW D3 scenario that corresponds with used GeoPE total number of crops with different GeoPEARL crop grouping codeIDs total number of crops in FOCUS SW D3 project total number of applications for all FOCUS SW D3 crops e NNN FF OF OF OF Rd 4 4 FOCUS D3 crop Number of applications application rate kg ha application date Grass_alfalfa 1 000 30 Jan 1992 Field_beans 1 000 20 Apr 1992 FOCUS SW DE PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 date peak PEC code codeID CP crop FOCUS SW D3 crop us ug L dd mm yyyy 6 213 30 Jan 1992 015 grass Grass alfalfa 5 160 20 apr 1992 a 024 l
31. form of dd mon yyy e g Ol apr 1992 DROPLET Wizard 4 4 and Overview of DROPLET projects copy project It is not allowed to use the following characters in the name of the DROPLET project lt space gt gt lt Xx invalid characters lt space gt lt gt Refinements Additional dilution factor Other refinements The values of the Additional dilution factor and of the Market Share must be O or 1 or a value in between x value must be in range 0 1 140 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 7 Example TOXSWA input file txw file TOXSWA input file for TOXSWA model version TOXSWA 2 1 2 F2 made by TOXSWA GUI version TOXSWA GUI 2 5 File name C SwashProjects Droplet_test2 toxswa 0001 3d_pa txw Contents Input for TOXSWA 2 1 2 F2 simulation Creation 06 Nov 2008 14 19 Characteristics of run Run id 00013d pa Substance Dummy compound D_sw Crop Potatoes Water body type focus_ditch Application method ground spray Application rate of first application 1 0000 kg ha Number of applications I Remarks Section 1 Run characteristics prname Droplet_test2 Name of project max 25 pos locname D3 Meteo station Vredep Name of location max 35 pos runcom FOCUS Run Comments for run max 35 pos op_hyd 0 Hydrology simulation control option met Vredepeel met rodr c swashprojects droplet_test macro potatoes macro00013_
32. i ge 10000 0 and PEC_Tier1 i It 100000 0 then write u_output a a a f9 3 catchment i lt PEC_Tier1 i else if PEC_Tier1 i ge 10000 0 and PEC_Tier1 i It 1000000 0 then write u output a a a f10 3 catchment i lt PEC_Tier1 i end if end do write u_output a write u output a For this project the current Tierl calculation method write u_output a does not result in realistic PEC Tier1 values write u_output a Therefore they have been replaced by lt calculated value pg L write u_output a The Tierl calculation method does not account for sorption of mass write u_output a entered by spray drift deposition write u_output a For the current substance with a KOM greater than 10000 L kg write u output a this artefact results in unrealistically high values of the write u_output a calculated PEC Tierl Based upon calculations reported in an write u_output a appendix of the DROPLET user manual Van Leerdam et al 2010 write u output a we suggest to divide the calculated values by a factor of 5 a write u_output a end if close u_output end program subroutine f_diss waterdepth fdiss tdiss CP T implicit none real CP 9 kexlig kdegr kdiss fdiss kvol waterdepth tdiss real csol Molm Psat R Tref_v mCO2 kexCO2 Psat
33. in FOCUS SW D3 project 2 total number of applications for all FOCUS SW D3 crops FOCUS D3 crop Number of applications application rate kg ha application date Sugar_beets 1 1 000 10 Apr 1992 Potatoes 1 1 000 4 May 1992 nnn nnn D3 GeoPEARL crops l FOCUS SW D3 crops PEC FOCUS NL D3 date peak PEC code codelD GP crop FOCUS SW D3 crop used in calculation ug L dd mm yyyy El 7 119 10 apr 1992 1 004 sugar beets Sugar beets YES 7 270 04 may 1992 1 001 potatoes Potatoes YES In case two or more FOCUS SW D3 crop are connected to the same GeoPEARL crop grouping only the FOCUS SW D3 crop with the highest PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 will be used for the calculation of the PEC_Tier I at the abstraction points In case of NO the PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 of this FOCUS SW D3 crop is lower than the PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 of the crop connected to the same GeoPEARL crop grouping and therefore there this FOCUS SW D3 crop will NOT be used for the calculation of the PEC Tier I at the abstraction points ID abstraction point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6b Name abstraction point KIWA DE PUNT ANDIJK N GEIN HEEL A DAM BRAKEL PETRUS TWENTE SCHEELH BOMMELERW Additional pesticide dilution factor 1 00 0 17 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 fmarket per GP_crop and abstraction point 004 sugar beets 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 001 potatoe
34. in the European Union FOCUS SWASH Dutch FOCUS D3 scenario Spray Drift percentages MACRO FOCUS D3 ditch NLdrift scenario TOXSWA Output file used as input for DROPLET Figure 3 2 Operational structure of FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios to prepare for a DROPLET run Instead of the FOCUS spray drift calculator the Dutch drift deposition table is used The output of TOXSWA PECrocus moa IS the input for the calculation of the PEC yep with the DROPLET tool 20 Alterra report 2020 4 Calculation of concentrations in drinking water abstraction points PEC Tierl The equation to calculate the pesticide concentration in the surface water at the abstraction points PEC reads crops PEC ier gt PECrocus_m p3 boos Ie ed heen T dissipation Jadid timon 1 all PEC rie PEC in surface water at location where it is abstracted for drinking water preparation ug L PECrocus N p3 global maximum PEC edge of field for the FOCUS D3 scenario based upon Dutch drift deposition data ug L tcorrrocusscen correction factor for implicit choices concerning contributing areas made in FOCUS D3 scenario leenen factor considering the use of the pesticide fing factor considering the difference in timing of application within the area of use faissipation factor considering the dissipation from the edge offield watercourse to the abstraction point fadd dilution factor considering additional
35. l unit m unit m unit l unit m l unit m l unit unit m unit g m3 l unit unit g m 2 unit g m 3 Alterra report 2020 coair zwb zebb 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 10000 0 nznowb 14 lesewb 0 00100 bdwb 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 800 0 0 00100 0 00100 0 00100 0 00200 0 00200 0 00200 0 00500 0 00500 0 01000 0 01000 0 01000 0 02000 0 03000 unit kg m43 Idis 0 0150 castwb 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 por 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 l unit g m43 l unit m unit m l unit unit m tor 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 l unit m l unit g m 3 raomwb 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 0 090 Alterra report 2020 143 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 aseif 0 colot 0 op_vafl 1 op_hd 0 delthy 600 wdh 0 500 Op_powc 1 lerc 1000 botslrc 0 0001 wibotrc 1 0 sislrc 1 0E 05 Qbaserc 0 210 arrc 2 crestbodyrc 0 40 wicrestrc 0 5 kManim 25 0 alphaen 1 2 Qbasewc 0 210 arupwc 2 leplot 100 leerwc 20 Section 3 Hydrology of water bodies l unit m 3 m 2 d unit g m 3 unit l uni
36. lt 0 092 lt 0 103 lt 0 102 lt 0 250 he current Tierl calculation method ealistic PEC Tierl values Therefore they have been replaced by lt calculated value pg L n method does not account for sorption of mass Ft deposition tance with a KOM greater than 10000 L kg s in unrealistically high values of the Based upon calculations reported in an LET user manual Van Leerdam et al 2010 the calculated values by a factor of 5 file when the Kom gt 10000 L kg 64 Alterra report 2020 7 User s guide for the DROPLET Graphical User Interface 7 1 Installation The DROPLET software package can be downloaded from the website www pesticidemodels eu The installation procedure results in the installation of DROPLET_1 0 Double click on setup exe file Click Next in the DROPLET InstallShield Wizard and select the installation directory The user is free to choose where to install the program e g on D DROPLET The default directory is C program Files Alterra DROPLET Click Next and Install and finally click Finish A shortcut DROPLET 1 0 is automatically created on the desktop DROPLET has been tested on Windows XP and Vista DROPLET is likely to run on other Windows systems however this has not yet been tested To install DROPLET it is necessary to have administrator rights To use DROPLET it is necessary to have read write access on the directory where DROPLET is installed No preinstalled software is required DROPLET
37. only show information These properties are not used in the calculation If the SWASH database contains detailed information about the sorption of a substance this is also shown in the DROPLET GUI Otherwise only general sorption is shown In the Transformation tab Fig 7 12 the half life time and the activation energy can be changed With the button Reset to SWASH values the user can restore the properties to the actual values in the SWASH database Alterra report 2020 71 Edit Substance Sorption Uptake and Wash Off Transformation Code D_sw Name eopy Dummy compound Molar mass g mol 300 0 J Parent Saturated vapour pressure Pal 1E 7 measured at C 20 0 Molar enthalpy of vaporisation Jmol 35000 0 Solubility in water ma L 1 measured at C 20 0 Molar enthalpy of dissolution J mol 27000 0 EX Copy substance G Reset to SWASH values X Cancel A Save amp Close Figure 7 8 The Edit Substance screen general Edit Substance General _ Freundlich Equilibrium Sorption on Soil Suspended Solids and Sediment Coefficient for sorption L kg on C Detailed General Soil Susp Solids Sediment General 5 80 Koc 10 00 Freundlich exponent 1 00 Ref concentration in liquid phase a m3 il G Reset to SWASH values X Cancel A Save amp Close Figure7 9 The Edit Substance screen general sorption 72 Alterra report 2020 E
38. or the Meuse The starting point for the evaluation of concentrations in drinking water abstraction points is the FOCUS D3 ditch scenario This is a 1 m wide ditch with 30 cm water in a drained sandy soil It is one of the so called FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios used in the registration procedure of active ingredients according to EU Directive 91 414 FOCUS 2001 and http viso ei jrc it focus In the Dutch drinking water evaluation procedure the FOCUS D3 ditch is used to calculate edge of field concentrations All input is according to FOCUS except the drift deposition which follows the Dutch Drift Table of the Ctgb www ctgb nl So a user first enters the compound properties and its application pattern into SWASH next MACRO is run for the FOCUS D3 ditch and finally TOXSWA is run with drainage fluxes from MACRO and drift deposition from the Dutch Drift Table The obtained edge of field peak concentrations form input for DROPLET The edge of field concentra tions are diluted on their way towards the abstraction points due to factors accounting for e g i the ratio of the crop area and the entire intake area ii market share reflecting that the compound is not used on the entire crop area iii the difference in timing of applications and iv degradation and volatilization on the way from the edge of field watercourse to the abstraction points Crops have been categorized in various crop groupings for the DROPLET calculations namely i th
39. point due to a difference in timing of application Alterra report 2020 23 Abstraction point Figure 4 1 Mustration of Tier calculation procedure demonstrating that edge of field concentration peaks do not arrive at the same moment in the abstraction point A dilution factor of 2 from the edge offield concentration to the abstraction point is used liming 0 5 faissipation During the travel time from use area to the abstraction point the pesticide concentration lowers due to degradation and volatilisation The dissipation rate constant is the sum of the volatilisation rate constant of the pesticide from surface water and the degradation rate constant of the pesticide in surface water kis Ka k 4 kais dissipation rate constant of the pesticide in surface water d Kj volatilisation rate constant of the pesticide from surface water d k degradation rate constant of the pesticide in surface water d 1 1 O kr Adriaanse et al 1997 k Kak A 5 k transport coefficient of the compound in the liquid phase md transport coefficient of the compound in the gas phase md Ky Henry coefficient O width of water surface of the FOCUS D3 ditch m A cross sectional area of flow m For rectangular cross sections O A equals 1 d the water depth We consider the most relevant water depth Le the water depth of the watercourses where the pesticide has the longest hydraulic residence times These
40. project Open the copied project by clicking on OK For the calculation of the spray drift on surface water the Dutch drift deposition table is used Ctgb HTB 0 2 www ctgb nl see also Appendix 4 and not the spray drift calculator in SWASH The application scheme has to be adjusted It can be accessed by pressing the button A behind the pick list of the option field Application scheme Fig 5 25 52 Alterra report 2020 EJ TOXSWA project FOCUS Test 1 File Edit Scenario View Runs Graphs Help Eh Projects View Inputfile Calculation 2 Help amp Close RuD Selected Focustun Name S O ja Cereals spring D1 focus ditch Not available Wren Cereals spring D1 focus stream Not available E Graphs Cereals spring D3 focus ditch Not available Cereals spring D4 focus pond Not available All files for graphical E 00009s_pa Cereals spring D4 focus stream Not available output selected Cereals spring D5 focus pond Not available 00010Os pa Cereals spring D5 focus stream Not available Cereals spring R4 focus stream 7 y alm gt Edit Run Scenario Simulation Control Output Control Run Status l Name ee eals spring FF cus strean B Comments Scenario Pesticide and scenario dependent Location R4 Meteo station Roujar Bl Substance Test compound 1 Water body rean Y Application scheme Cereals spring Initial conditions for pesticide Figure 5 25 Project screen of FOCUS
41. saved in the database pest focus mdb is not automatically transferable to the new version and the format of this database has also changed significantly Therefore you will have to manually re enter the substance properties into the database for MACRO in FOCUS v4 4 2 This can be done interactively either in MACRO in FOCUS v4 4 2 or in the SWASH program If you open the MACRO in FOCUS databases using ACCESS do not attempt to update them to the latest version of ACCESS as the SWASH connection to MACRO in FOCUS will then not work If during installation you get a message saying that you have newer versions of system files already on your PC keep these Do not overwrite them with the older versions contained in the installation package for MACRO in FOCUS Running the system For surface water scenarios application patterns and doses can only be defined in SWASH Substance properties can also be defined in SWASH as well as in MACRO in FOCUS There is communication between SWASH and MACRO in FOCUS such that substance property information is updated in the database when it is modified in either of the tools MACRO in FOCUS can be started either from SWASH or as a stand alone program by clicking twice on the icon on your desktop create the icon by drawing out macro_focus exe to your desktop From the start up screen in MACRO in FOCUS you can either define a scenario to run or view the results of earlier simulations with Plot 5 2 4 Insta
42. source reads the default CropArea file as an unformatted file From line 45 onwards the information is not needed by DROPLET so DROPLET does not read the file from line 45 onwards The method for modifying the default CropArea input file for Droplet is described step by step Step 1 Copy the default CropArea file Default CropArea from the location C Program Files Alterra Droplet Data CropArea standard path if chosen an other path during installation go to Data CropArea Step 2 Paste the file in the folder C Program Files Alterra Droplet Projects Step 3 Rename Default CropArea Step 4 Open the CropArea file in a text editor program for instance Notepad Step 5 You can modify the numbers given on line 17 Do not modify the text Intake area of abstraction point Ihal Make sure that you use tabs or spaces between the numbers Make sure that there are exactly 10 numbers on line 21 one number for each abstraction point Make sure that there are 16 comment lines above line 17 Step 6 You can modify the numbers ha per abstraction point given on lines 19 44 Do not modify the text Intake area of abstraction point hal Make sure that you use tabs or spaces between the numbers Make sure that there are exactly 10 numbers on line 21 one number for each abstraction point Make sure that line 18 is a comment line Make sure that you have 4 separate charactersets within
43. the Dutch drift tables at 495 m ug L correction factor for implicit choices concerning contributing areas made in FOCUS D3 scenario factor considering the use of the pesticide factor considering the difference in timing of application within the area of use factor considering the dissipation from the edge of field watercourse to the abstraction point factor considering additional dilution e g by considerable water flows entering the intake area or by lakes via which water travels to the abstraction point The use intensity factor was defined Adriaanse et al 2008 f use _ int ensity E RCA f market relevant _ contributing _ area eq 2 in which area RCA ared 4 _ abstraction with RCA Arearop Arean abstraction friet freien conina Furthermore fcorfocusscen ming market Treievant corwibutiig Area relative cropped area for a specific crop crop area on which the pesticide is potentially used within the drinking water intake area ha total intake area of abstraction point ha market share of the pesticide fraction of the area contributing to the main entry route 1 or 3 for peak concentrations caused by spray drift and drainage respectively 0 5 0 4 0 5 or 1 for maximum concentrations caused by spray drift and drainage respectively The RCA is the ratio of the crop area e g potatoes or legumes and the total surface area of the intake area of an abstraction p
44. the message pesticide properties read from database Next click on OK Select from the Menu bar at the top of the screen Define and select Application Now the form presented in Fig 5 22 will be shown Select the runiD for the run to be executed this runlD is the same as the runlD of the corresponding run in SWASH Next click on the button Run The PAT will give the message Solution found Then click on OK and repeat this twice The MACRO run is now fully defined click on OK Defining applications surface water scenarios 1_sw on Cereals spring at D4 Application A Mun Click to select a database entry Run ID 3 Test project 1 for FOCUS Application timing calculator PAT Application method TEH Number of applications per crop fi Ground spray Bt Air blast mi Granular E First possible day of application f 02 Last possible day of application fl 32 Minimum interval days between fl reste a applications Aerial Tr Bun 8 Note the dose given here is the actual applied amount Interception is calculated internally in MACROinFOCUS for surface water scenarios Figure 5 22 Application form of MACRO in FOCUS 50 Alterra report 2020 Select in the Menu bar Execute and select current run The MACRO run will now start After completion of the simulation run the m2t output file has to be created This file contains
45. tue SWASH projects all FOCUS assumptions cannot be changed by the user It should be noted that the highest areic deposition resulting from spray drift at any time occurs for a single application For multiple applications the areic deposition rate per event is smaller Ganzelmeier et al 1995 Therefore it is recommended to do always an exposure assessment with TOXSWA for a single application with the highest application rate More detailed information on the TOXSWA model and guidance how to use FOCUS _TOXSWA is given in the User s manual of FOCUS TOXSWA 2 2 1 Beltman et al 2006 Support for SWASH can be requested by sending an email to swash pesticidemodels eu Start TOXSWA shell Select project specified in SWASH Select runs and edit output options for TOXSWA Execute TOXSWA runs View FOCUS report for each run Figure 5 4 Scheme for executing a run with TOXSWA scenario 5 2 3 Installation and getting stared with MACRO in FOCUS MACRO in FOCUS is a program selected to run the EU FOCUS pesticide exposure assessment scenarios for surface waters using the simulation model MACRO It can be downloaded from http viso ei jrc it focus sw index html The surface water scenarios can only be run in connection with the SWASH program Surface WAter Scenarios Help which is used for defining the scenario simulations to be performed especially with respect to application patterns and doses The MACRO surface water scenarios have t
46. vapour pressure P 1 0 10 Pa at 20 C and solubility S 6 0 mg L at 20 C This compound has worst case properties in this context because it has no degradation and volatilization Suspended solids concentration is 15 mg L with 5 organic carbon i e 8 6 organic matter All other input according to the FOCUS D3 ditch scenario The other plausible situations comprised Kor values of 50 000 100 000 and 500 000 L kg instead of 10 000 L kg Spray drift deposition of 5 and 15 instead of 1 Application rates of 2 and 0 1 kg ha instead of 1 kg ha 1 and 10 applications with a one week interval instead of 5 applications 10 and 200 m spray drift and drainage entries instead of 100 m D759 water DT 50 sea Of 500 and 100 d instead of 1000 d Suspended solids concentrations of 30 and 5 mg L instead of 15 mg L Results Table 8 2 PECrocus mp3 UE L dissolved fraction as a function of Kom value at 95 and 495 m in the D3 ditch Concentration dissolved sorbed to 15 mg L suspended solids in brackets Kom L kg PECroous nL os ug L PECosm PECao5m 95 m 495 m 0 4024 402 4 1724 172 4 2 3 100 76 02 76 03 32 55 32 56 23 500 3 37 3 37 0 730 0 730 4 6 1000 3 28 3 28 0 677 0 678 4 8 10 000 3 24 3 28 0 655 0 664 4 9 50 000 3 09 3 30 0 205 0 219 15 1 100 000 291 3 31 0 163 0 184 17 9 500 000 1 98 3 32 0 137 0 229 14 5 Table 8 2 presents the calculated
47. write u_output 2a GeoPEARL crop FOCUS D3 crop Date PEC FOCUS NL D3 Main 130 Alterra report 2020 11 amp writelu output 2a PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 amp ug L entry route write u_output 2a ___ amp do i 1 ncrops_GAP_NL if CCP i 2 eq 2 then write u_output a a a a f12 3 a crop_name int CCP i 3 FOCUS_D3_Crop i Date_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 i amp CCP i 1 drainage else if CCP i 2 eq 1 then write u_output a a a a f12 3 a crop_name int CCP i 3 FOCUS_D3_Crop i Date_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 i amp CCP i 1 spray drift else write u_output a a a a crop_name int CCP i 3 FOCUS_D3_Crop i amp error PEC_code in CropPEC inp must be 1 spray drift or 2 drainage end if end do write u_output 2a 4 write u_output a write u_output 2a In case two or more FOCUS SW D3 crops are connected to the same GeoPEARL crop amp grouping only the FOCUS SW D3 crop writelu output 2a with the highest PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 will be used for the calculation of the PEC_Tier amp at the abstraction points writelu output a writelu output a DATA FOR CALCULATION OF PEC TIERI writelu output a writelu output 2a PEC Tierl SUM all crops PEC FOCUS NL D3 f_corrFOCUSscen amp f use int f timing f_dissipation f add dil writelu
48. years The 90 ile is calculated for the entire period as well as for each individual year If the 90 ile over the five year period exceeds 0 1 ug L the registration is at stake If the 90 ile for an individual year exceeds the 0 1 pg L standard a problem analysis should show whether agricultural use according to GAP is the main cause and whether it is possible to adjust the GAP 18 Alterra report 2020 3 Calculation of edge of field concentration PEGrocus nL p3 The surface water and sediment calculations developed by FOCUS include three progressively refined tiers of evaluation ranging from initial spreadsheet based evaluations of potential aquatic concentrations to more detailed mechanistic calculations of drift runoff erosion and field drainage loaded into a series of small water bodies FOCUS 2002 For the current drinking water tool we are only interested in the results of the tier 3 evaluation Tier 3 calculations are performed using an overall calculation shell called SWASH Surface WAter Scenarios Help manual http www swash pesticidemodels eu pdf UserManualSWASH21 pdf which controls models simulating runoff and erosion PRZM leaching to field drains MACRO spray drift calculation internally in SWASH and finally aquatic fate in the receiving water bodies ditches ponds and streams TOXSWA The simulations provide detailed assessments of potential aquatic concentrations in a range of water body types in ten separate geograph
49. 0 0 or CP 2 It 273 15 or CP 2 gt 313 15 or CP 3 It 1 0e 6 amp or CP 3 gt 2 0e6 or CP 4 It 273 15 or CP 4 gt 313 15 or CP 5 It 10 or CP 5 gt 9999 99 amp or CP 6 It 0 0 or CP 6 gt 0 25e6 or CP 7 It 273 15 or CP 7 gt 313 15 amp or CP 8 It 0 0 or CP 8 gt 10000000 or CP 9 It 0 0 or CP 9 gt 1000000 then close u_output stop end if end subroutine range check F Add dil ncrops GAP NL fmarket catchment crop name u output implicit none 136 Alterra report 2020 real Add dil 10 fmarket 10 26 integer u output i ii ncrops GAP NL character len 17 catchment 10 crop name 26 doi 1 10 if Add_dil i It 0 0 or Add dilli gt 1 0 then write fb 2 a 2a Add dilli is not a valid value for field Additional Dilution Factor amp for abstraction point catchment i write a The allowed range is 0 0 to 1 0 write u_output a f5 2 3a Add dilli is not a valid value for field Additional Dilution Factor amp for abstraction point catchment i write u_output a The allowed range is 0 0 to 1 0 end if do ii 1 ncrops_GAP_NL if fmarket i ii It 0 0 or fmarket i ii gt 1 0 then write f5 2 a 2a 2a fmarket i ii is not a valid value for field Market Share amp for abstraction point catchment i in combination with GeoPearl crop crop_nameiii write a The allowe
50. 0 0 and 1 0 For ionic pesticides no reliable estimation methods are available and the factor may be greater than 1 0 Shone and Wood 1974 reported a value of 3 for the anion of 2 4 D Substances Test compound 1 sw Test compound 2 sw Test compound 3 sw Test compound 4 sw Test compound 5 sw Test compound 6 sw General Sorption Uptake and Wash Off Transformation Factor for the uptake by plant roots in soil 0 50 Wash Off factor from crop 14mm 0 05 MACRO 14cm 0 50 PRZM Figure 5 8 The substance form of SWASH The uptake and wash off section 36 Alterra report 2020 The user has to enter different values for the foliar wash off factor to be used in PRZM or MACRO The default value is 0 05 mm for MACRO The default value is appropriate for moderately to highly soluble pesticides If the solubility is lower than about 8000 mg L then the value for the wash off coefficient should be recalculated using the empirical equation of Wauchope et al 1997 as explained in FOCUS 2001 The transformation section of the Substance form is shown in Figure 5 9 In this section the user has to specify the half lives of the substance in all the compartments considered i e the water layer of the water body the soil system the sediment system in the water body and the crop on the field next to the water body For the first three compartments the temperature at which the half life has been obtained must be s
51. 0 090 Petrusplaat lt 0 092 Twentekanaal lt 0 103 Scheelhoek 0 102 Bommelerwaard subarea of Brakel lt 0 250 For this project the current Tieri calculation method does not result in realistic PEC Tierl values Therefore they have been replaced by lt calculated value pg L The Tier calculation method does not account for sorption of mass entered by spray drift deposition For the current substance with a KOM greater than 10000 Likg this artefact results in unrealistically high values of the calculated PEC Tierl Based upon calculations reported in an appendix of the DROPLET user manual Van Leerdam et al 2010 we suggest to divide the calculated values by a factor of 5 Show report IM Close Figure 7 19 The Summary results screen for a substance with Ko gt 10000 L kg The button View results in the project overview Fig 7 7 is grey inactive until the button Create input file and calculate is used The View results button can be used to show Figure 7 18 or 7 19 at once Alterra report 2020 79 7 4 The Main screen Information DROPLET Drinking water from surface waters File Help Actions 1 Maps of abstraction points in the Maps intake areas Netherlands and their intake areas Surface areas of intake areas Surface areas of intake areas Crop groupings used in FOCUS and Crop groupings GeoPEARL and crop acreages Map D3 scenario Map of FOCUS D3 surface water scenario
52. 0 1 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 Root depth on specified day m 0 2 0 01 0 2 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 1 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 ROOTINIT Max Interception capacity mm CANCAP 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Ratio evaporation of intercepted water to 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 transpiration ZALP Radiation attenuation factor ATTEN 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 Min stomatal resistance s m1 RSMIN 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 a Y roots in top 25 of root depth RPIN shallow 75 medium 67 deep 60 gt transpiration adaptability factor BETA low 0 5 medium 0 2 high 0 1 critical tension for transpiration reduction WATEN is calculated from the known soil properties together with the of extractable micropore water exhausted before reduction in transpiration occurs low 50 medium 65 high 80 e except scenario D6 2 bulb vegetable crop LAIMIN 0 5 ZHMIN 0 1 ROOTINIT 0 1 d ZDATEMIN see Tables C3 to C8 e autumn sown spring sown 92 Alterra report 2020 Table C 2 continued Crop specific MACRO parameters for all drainage scenarios annual crops Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Crop crop grouping Input parameter Legumes Veg fruiting Maize Vines Pome stone fruit Sunflowers Cotton Maximum leaf area index LAIMAX 4 3 5 5 4 4 5 Green leaf area index at harvest LAIHARV 2 3 2 0 01 0 01 1 3 aRoot distribution Medium Shallow Medium Deep Deep Deep Medium Max Crop h
53. 0 225 3 608 0 328 1410 15 1637 92 370 1370 0 1384 1 1704 1798 4 2836 0 3165 3269 23 3628 11 746 787 16 1049 34 2600 2711 1 8140 437 494 505 0 643 6 9201 20512 220 37109 258 04909 116846 4421 178942 6517 597 1782 0 3802 15 187 1322 1 2103 39 5173 5377 3 6027 30 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 638 786 1 1992 22 78464 86410 1700 96776 1157 2118 2303 0 2657 16 3854 4390 1 5818 4 2230 2334 1 2346 2 668 707 0 2053 8 268670 293631 6437 411932 8848 4776 5110 121 7068 349 273446 298741 6558 419000 9197 4870 5067 27 6464 Ng 3095 3216 1 8784 445 The content of the Names input file Fig 6 4 is fixed The same file is used in every DROPLET project It contains the names of the nine abstraction points plus the Bommelerwaard and the names of the 26 GeoPEARL crops It is read by the DROPLET_CalcPEC executable and relevant parts are written in the summary output file 60 Alterra report 2020 Figure 6 4 The Names input file Alterra report 2020 61 6 2 5 The Summary output file The summary output file Fig 6 5 consists of three parts In the part Main input data the relevant pesticide properties for DROPLET are summarized relevant information from SWASH is repeated and the PECrocus nips and the main entry route are shown In the part Data for calculation of PEC all factors needed to calculate the PEC are listed The Output part contains the main result a list of the PECre per abstraction point project name test
54. 008 15 22 42 v gt 2 Copy project vi Selected DROPLET project Name test2 SWASH project Description test2 Name Droplet_test2 Description Droplet_test2 created 16 12 2008 9 46 04 modified 17 12 2008 Path D USERDATA Drinkwater DROPLET095 projects test2 created 5 11 2008 modified 5 11 2008 Substance Dummy compound D_sw Path D SwashProjects Droplet_test2 Substance Dummy compound D_sw Edit substance Edit Refinements Edit PEC peak Create amp 8 input files Create input amp Calculate we results Figure 7 7 Overview of DROPLET projects 7 3 2 1 The Edit substance screens After clicking on the button Edit substance in the starting screen of View Projects Fig 7 7 the screen of Figure 7 8 is depicted The substance of the corresponding SWASH projects is shown with its properties This substance can be copied and partly modified After clicking on the Copy button the following warning appears Warning If you change properties of this compound and next continue your calculations you will obtain inconsistent results You will obtain a PEC based upon different compound properties as your PECrocus p3 DO you want to continue After clicking on the yes button only the properties that influence the outcome of the DROPLET calculation white fields can be modified in the four tabs The Sorption tab Fig 7 9 and 7 10 and the Uptake and Wash off tab Fig 7 11
55. 2 Calculated PEC abstraction in Tier I for Dummy compound D sw summary file generated on 15 12 2008 at 14 58 executable name DROPLET CalcPEC model version 1 1 model date 15 December 2008 compiler name visual_fortran v6 6 0 Working directory D USERDATA Drinkwater DROPLETO95 PEC dee MAIN INPUT DATA Relevant physical chemical properties for DROPLET tool of substance Dummy compound D sw Molar mass 300 0 g mol DT50 w 10 0 days at 293 0 K Psat 10E 06 Pa at 293 0 K Solub 10E 01 g L at 293 0 K E arrh 54E 05 J mol FOCUS D3 crop Number of applications application rate kg ha application date WE ite Sedes dek es da reken oT a ee ON aa ne ee REET _Sugar beets 1 1 000 10 Apr 1992 Potatoes 1 1 000 4 May 1992 a Sa E Ea IE Sr WEN SEA ORE AAN I eT he NE RS Ne ENEN GeoPEARL crop FOCUS D3 crop Date PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 Main PEC FOCUS NL D3 ug L entry route en EN A PR ee sugar beets Sugar beets 10 apr 1992 T119 spray drift potatoes Potatoes 04 may 1992 7 270 spray drift In case two or more FOCUS SW D3 crops are connected to the same GeoPEARL crop grouping only the FOCUS SW D3 crop with the highest PEC FOCUS NL D3 will be used for the calculation of the PEC Tier I at the abstraction points DATA FOR CALCULATION OF PEC TIERI PEC Tierl SUM all crops PEC FOCUS NL D3 f corrFOCUSscen f use int f timing f
56. 2 2 a i2 2 summary file generated on values 3 values 2 values 1 at values 5 values 6 te write u_output a write u_output a a executable name executable name write u_output a a model version model version write u_output a a model date model date writelu output a a compiler name compiler name write u output writelu output a a a Working directory WorkDir a writelu output a a u_ a a ti Mrt tx MEA 5 MAIN INPUT DATA a rx write u output write u output compound name writelu output a f5 1 a Molar mass CP 5 g mol writelu output a f8 1 a f5 1 a DT50 w CP 1 days at En K writelu output a e7 2e2 a f5 1 a Psat CP 6 Pa at CP 7 writelu output Ya e7 2e2 a f5 1 a Solub CP 3 g L at CP Ig write u output a e7 2e2 a f5 1 a E_arrh CP 9 J mol write u output a write u_output a Ik Call range_check CP u_output write u_output 2a FOCUS D3 crop Number of applications C R application rate kg ha application date write u_output 2a 14 do ii 1 number_appl write u_output a a buffer_extralong ii end do write u_output 2a lk write u_output a write u_output a
57. 30 Bladmosterd amsoi Boerenkool incl maaiboerenkool Choisum Losbladige Chinese kool paksoi Comatsuna Raapstelen incl rucola Chinese broccoli Krulsla Snijsla Pluksla Eikebladsla Lollo rossa Kropsla incl rode kropsla IJs berg sla Bindsla Kropandijvie Krulandijvie Witloftrekteelt Roodlof Radicchio Rosso Maaiandijvie Groenlof Spinazie Nieuw Zeelandse spinazie Snijbiet Tuinmelde Tuinkers Postelein incl winterpostelein Veldsla Zuring Overige bladgroenten 4 2 Peulvruchten 421 4 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 4 4 2 5 4 2 6 4 2 7 4 2 8 4 2 9 4 2 10 4 2 11 4 2 12 4 2 13 4 2 14 4 2 15 Stamslaboon sperzieboon Stamsnijboon Boterboon wasboon Flageolet Stokslaboon sperzieboon Stoksnijboon Spekboon Pronkboon Asperge erwt Peul stam en rijs Doperwt conservenerwt Kapucijner blauwschokker Suikererwt Kouseband Tuinboon leaf vegetable idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem legumes idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem vegetables leafy idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem field beans idem idem idem idem id
58. ALTERRA WAGENINGEN IEM Beneden Merwede F 3 NG p EN aF Nieuwe Merwede 5 Ealt 3 4 DROPLET to calculate concentrations at drinking water abstraction points Alterra Report 2020 ISSN 1566 7197 ALTERRA Gala WAGENINGEN IN DROPLET DROPLET to calculate concentrations at drinking water abstraction points This research project has been carried out within the Policy Supporting Research for Ministry of Agriculture Nature and Food Quality Theme BO 06 010 005 Risk assessment methodologies for registration of plant protection products Cluster BO 06 Plant Health DROPLET to calculate concentrations at drinking water abstraction points User manual for evaluation of agricultural use of plant protection products for drinking water production from surface waters in the Netherlands R C van Leerdam P I Adriaanse M M S ter Horst and J A te Roller Alterra report 2020 Alterra Wageningen UR Wageningen 2010 ALTERRA em WAGENINGEN Dig A Abstract R C van Leerdam Pl Adriaanse M M S ter Horst and J A te Roller 2010 DROPLET to calculate concentrations at drinking water abstraction points User manual for evaluation of agricultural use of plant protection products for drinking water production from surface waters in the Netherlands Wageningen Alterra Alterra Rapport 2020 78 blz 66 fig 16 tab 35 ref The user friendly shell DROPLET acronym for DRinkwater uit OPpervla
59. Crop g GeoPEARL Crop le Appls Appl rate Appl date a Cereals spring Cereals 5 1 0000 17 Mar 1992 1 0000 18 Mar 1992 1 0000 4 Apr 1992 1 0000 5 Apr 1992 1 0000 6 Apr 1992 Cereals winter Floriculture 1 0000 6 Nov 1992 Floriculture 1 0000 7 Nov 1992 Fallow Cereals 1 0000 14 Nov 1992 Green manuring 1 0000 22 Nov 1992 Cancel lt Back Next gt Figure 7 4 The View application screen of the wizard In Figure 7 4 information about the selected FOCUS D3 SWASH project is given Here the user can select the relevant GeoPEARL crop if the FOCUS D3 crop is connected to more than one GeoPEARL crop All possible connections between FOCUS D3 crop and GeoPEARL crops are listed in Table 4 1 These are based on the list in Appendix 3 After clicking on the Next button the screen of Figure 7 5 is depicted Wizard Enter Peak 3 4 SWASH project Name Droplet_test3 Description Droplet_test3 created 511 2008 modified 5 11 2008 FOCUS D3 Crop GeoPEARL Crop y PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 ug l Date peak Caused by kad Cereals spring Cereals Cereals winter Floriculture Field beans Legumes Grass alfalfa Grass Legumes Legumes Maize Maize Oil seed rape spring Leaf vegetables v Please check that PEC FOCUS_NL D3 has been calculated with the correct compound properties Note that values currently stored in the SWASH database which may be different From the ones you used to calculate PEC FOCUS_NL
60. D3 ditch and Dutch drift deposition The user can start the TOXSWA shell by clicking on the TOXSWA button on the main screen of SWASH An updated version of the User s Manual for FOCUS TOXSWA has been published Beltman et al 2006 In the following section only a short description on running FOCUS TOXSWA 2 2 1 is given The adjustment of the spray drift application is described in more detail here as this is a necessary preparation step for the drinking water tool DROPLET The TOXSWA GUI extracts all information from the same database as SWASH so there is no separate data exchange module needed like for MACRO Alterra report 2020 51 The following steps have to be done to run TOXSWA as a preparation for DROPLET Select the project containing the runs to be executed from the main screen of the TOXSWA GUI Fig 5 24 and copy this project In the column SWASH Project the text False appears The spray drift application can only be changed in a non SWASH project EJ TOXSWA Projects Select TOXSWA project Name Description Lastmodified SWASH project A E project 6 sw Example project 2 20 02 2003 9 32 32 True Example project non FOCUS 10 03 2003 13 53 45 True i project_H_sw Example project 1 19 11 2004 23 27 23 True D rocus_test1 Test project 1 for FOCUS 25 02 2005 22 54 47 lt m Open selected project Copy Name Description Figure 5 24 Project screen of FOCUS TOXSWA before copying the FOCUS Testi
61. Installation and getting started with TOXSWA Generating FOCUS step 3 run for D3 ditch and Dutch drift deposition 5 3 1 Preparing the project for the compound and its application pattern in SWASH 5 3 2 Running FOCUS MACRO for the D3 ditch scenario 5 3 3 Running FOCUS TOXSWA for the D3 ditch and Dutch drift deposition 6 User s guide for the command line version of DROPLET 6 1 6 2 Running the model Description of input and output files 6 2 1 The CompoundProperties input file 6 2 2 The CropPEC input file 6 2 3 The CropArea input file 6 2 4 The Names input file 6 2 5 The Summary output file 7 User s guide for the DROPLET Graphical User Interface 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 Installation Getting started The Main Screen Actions 7 3 1 The wizard 7 3 2 The View Projects Screen The Main screen Information 7 4 1 Maps intake areas 7 4 2 Surface area of intake areas 11 13 19 21 21 21 21 21 28 30 31 32 32 48 51 57 57 57 57 58 59 60 62 65 65 66 67 68 71 80 80 82 7 4 3 Crop groupings 7 4 4 Map D3 scenario Model parameterization 8 1 SWASH 8 2 MACRO 8 3 TOXSWA 8 3 1 Run characteristics 8 3 2 Definition of water layer and sediment 8 3 3 Hydrology of water bodies 8 3 4 Pesticide loadings 8 3 5 Substance properties 8 4 DROPLET References Appendix 1 List of abbreviations Appendix 2 File specifying the default Relative Cropped Area RCA Appendix 3 Crop groupings Appendix 4 Du
62. LET to calculate the PEC_Tier 1 in the nine abstraction points while Chapter 7 explains how to use the User Interface to calculate the PEC_Tier1 In Chapter 8 the model parametrization is discus sed The appendices present among others the relationships between the various crop groupings used in DROPLET calculations DROPLET s Fortran source code the Dutch Drift Table of the Ctgb and the underpinning of the factor 5 used to lower calculated PEC Tierl concentrations for compounds with K values above 10 000 L kg Alterra report 2020 11 12 Alterra report 2020 2 Overview of the assessment methodology for agricultural use of plant protection products for drinking water production from surface waters in the Dutch authorization procedure A working group developed an assessment methodology for drinking water production from surface waters in the Netherlands to be used in the registration procedure of pesticides Adriaanse et al 2008 The ministries of Spatial Planning Housing and the Environment and of Agriculture Nature and Food Quality needed an assessment methodology to elaborate the drinking water criterion according to the Uniform Principles of EU Directive 91 414 EEC concerning placing plant protection products on the market and that also fitted within the Water Framework Directive 2000 60 EC Similar to the evaluation of other registration criteria the methodology should consist of a tiered approach with predictive modeling in l
63. Main screen of MACRO in FOCUS To perform a run of the project the following steps have to be done Select from the Menu bar at the top of the MACRO main screen Define scenario and then select Surface Water Select the crop for the run to be executed using the pull down menu showing the crop list Select the drainage scenario for the run to be executed using the pull down menu showing the valid scenarios for the crop selected Select from the Menu bar at the top of the main screen Define and then select parent compound The substance form is now shown Fig 5 21 Alterra report 2020 49 Pesticide properties Search database Compound properties Enter name of compound and press return Diffusion coefficient m2 s 4 98E 10 Freundlich TE Koc em3 a 15 exponent I KIKI Scroll Key P Half life days 6 at temperature oC 20 Currently displayed mil ek 2 fi _sw Exponent for temperature response 0 079 Information Exponent for moisture response Test compound 1_sw E Pona Ui Crop uptake factor jos Washoff coefficient 1 mm 0 05 Canopy dissipation coefficient 1 days 6 93E 02 Select New Vapour pressure Pa f1 70E 02 Quit Delete at temperature oC 20 Figure 5 21 Substance form of MACRO in FOCUS Select the substance for the run to be executed and confirm this by clicking on the button Select MACRO will return
64. PEC After running a DROPLET project copies of the input files and output file are available on the PEC subdirectory The input files can be copied to a working directory Do not edit original files so they can serve as a back up The following input files are needed names inp CompoundProperties inp CropArea inp CropPEC inp The names of the input files can be changed but the extensions are fixed Assuming that the DROPLET executable has been installed in the directory D DROPLET PEC the model can be started by typing D DROPLET PEC DROPLET CalcPEC ina bat file e g called DROPLET bat If the batch file has been put in the working directory the model can be run by typing only DROPLET_Calc_PEC in the bat file Obviously simulations with MACRO and TOXSWA have to be performed before the DROPLET simulation can be carried out 6 2 Description of input and output files In this section the input files mentioned in Section 6 1 and the output file summary out are discussed 6 2 1 The CompoundProperties input file The input file CompoundProperties contains the compound properties that DROPLET needs to execute its program DROPLET_CalcPEC exe It is only a part of the properties imported in SWASH These are DT in water and its corresponding temperature the solubility of the substance and its corresponding temperature the molar mass of the substance the saturated vapour pressure and its corresponding temperature an
65. Pome stone fruit late Small fruit culture Overige fruitteelt Potatoes Potatoes Aardappelen Sugar beets Sugar beets Bieten Vegetables bulb Floriculture Bloemisterij Vegetables bulb Flower bulbs Bol Vegetables bulb Onions Uien Vegetables leafy Strawberries Aardbeien Vegetables leafy Asparagus Asperges Vegetables leafy Leaf vegetables Bladgroenten Vegetables leafy Floriculture Bloemisterij Vegetables leafy Cabbage Koolsoorten Vegetables root Leaf vegetables Bladgroenten Figure 7 25 List of available crops in the FOCUS D3 drainage scenario and the corresponding GeoPEARL crop grouping Behind the tab Crop acreage the default surface areas of the intake areas are depicted and the default surface areas of all GeoPEARL crops within an intake area Fig 7 26 Alterra report 2020 Information Crop groupings Correspondence between crop groupings ci Abstraction Points De Punt Andijk Nieuwegein Heel Amst Rijnkana Brakel Petrusplaat Twe GeoPEARL Crops potatoes 5511 354 16013 16638 63 5 33 1065 1136 asparagus 2018 2060 sugar beets 16708 17478 leaf vegetables 1207 1416 pints com purp 210 225 floriculture 1328 1410 flower bulbs 1370 1370 tall trees 1704 1798 other trees 3165 3269 fallow 746 787 tall fruit cult 2600 2711 small fruits 494 505 cereals 19201 20512 grass 104909 116846 grass seed 1597 1782 green manuring 1187 1322 vegetables 5173 5377 cannabis strawberties silvicult
66. Tiktak and F van den Berg 2001 PEARL model for pesticide behaviour and emissions n Soik olant systems Descriptions of the processes in FOCUS PEARL v 1 1 1 Alterra Report 013 Wageningen Liss P S and P G Slater 1974 Flux of gases across the air sea interface Nature 24 181 184 Kruijne R 2002 Belasting van de afgedamde Maas door bestrydingsmiddelen Een schatting van de relatieve bydrage vanuit de uiterwaarden van de Afgedamde Maas en de polders van de Bommelerwaard Alterra rapport 395 Alterra Wageningen the Netherlands Kruijne R A Tiktak D van Kraalingen J J T I Boesten and A M A van der Linden 2004 Pesticide leaching to the groundwater in drinking water abstraction areas Analysis mith the GeoPEARL model Wageningen Alterra Alterra Report 1041 Linders J B H J J W Jansma B J W G Mensink and K Otermann 1994 Pesticides Benefaction or Pandora s box A synopsis of the environmental aspects of 243 pesticides RIVM Report no 679101014 Bilthoven Lyman W J W F Reehl and D H Rosenblatt 1982 Handbook of chemical property estimation methods McGraw Hill New York OECD 2001 Aerobic and anaerobic degradation in water sediment systems Test Guideline 308 Adopted 21 April 2002 Reid R S and T K Sherwood 1966 7he Properties of gases and liquids p 550 McGraw Hill London 646 pp SANCO 2000 Working Document SANCO 4145 2000 25 Sep 2002 Guidance on Risk Assessment for Birds and Mam
67. _TOXSWA specifying the runs of the selected project In the Application Scheme form information about the applications and the various entry routes into the water body need to be specified Fig 5 26 In the upper part of the form a Browse box with various applications schemes is shown To be able to adjust or set the spray drift according to the Dutch drift deposition table an application scheme has to be added with the button of the navigator or an existing application scheme has to be copied Application schemes are given a unigue code by the GUI A unique name has to be entered Now use the Spray drift Edit View button to define the individual spray drift events for the selected application scheme Alterra report 2020 53 TOXSWA Application schemes Application schemes 511 AppScheme 00005d m1 630 AppScheme 00006s pa 631 AppScheme 0000Es mi 632 Example Vredepeel 633 Appl name Copy 634 Appl nameu 635 FOCUS Step 4 application scheme z Kijiji x Edit application scheme Cade Spray drift Edit View Es Name FOCUS Step 4 application schem Wv Spray drift and drainage or runoff NOT over whole length of water body Start position for spray drift and drainage or runoff m End position for spray drift and drainage or runoff m Ratio of upstream catchment treated 0 1 Runoff runs Ratio infiltration in soil 0 1 Thickness sediment layer to which mass sorbed to eroded soil is added m
68. _crp legumes leek onions 1 DE_PUNTANDIJK N GEIN 56300 ha Sst 0 1 2007 40 10 23 0 16 35 28 0 4 3969 4240 2 3 1185300 127900 ha ha not in GeoPEARL Total 51010 954 105 63 81 5 24687 488 439 27 672 8 615 53 4622 0 327 1036 1532 271 548 63 1693 4014 76 5 43231 5026 402609 40038 2796 213 2695 387 5426 1 1 2 0 0 567 56 111712 7346 1640 9 3253 83 102 5 9985 79 670425 61859 5269 063 675693 62922 The area of tree_nurseries has been subdivided into tall_trees 009 and other_trees 010 and the area of fruit culture has been subdivided into tall fruit culture 012 and small fruits 013 to be able to account for different spray drift deposition values 17 or 1 000 000 boomkwekerij fruitteelt Figure 6 3 Input file CropArea 6 2 4 The Names input file T tree_nurseries 8 fruit culture ol 4 1859 1307 1769 4129 4 5 HEEL A DAM 95200 72100 ha ha 2640 994 39 63 244 8 5427 492 345 73 22 8 26 72 70 0 25 1047 90 299 68 87 234 4169 55 115 8466 5459 13779 51067 60 255 89 457 279 118 0 2 0 0 33 57 6828 8170 220 119 479 193 214 5 53 19 41288 74608 574 1138 114 1346 1390 4283 6 7 8 9 6b BRAKEL PETRUS TWENTE SCHEELH BOMMELERW 565200 614700 20100 842300 16200 ha ha ha ha ha 6013 16638 28 23542 122 065 1196 1 1255 34 2018 2060 0 2065 0 6708 17478 0 23526 35 207 1416 0 1994 5 21
69. a screen resolution of 800x600 is required using 256 colours Preferably select small fonts as display setting The faster the processor the better The installation procedure for FOCUS_SWASH_2 1 depends on whether FOCUS_SWASH_1 1 has already been installed or not The Read me first file that is supplied with the installation package contains the information for installation of FOCUS_SWASH_2 1 It should be noted that if FOCUS_SWASH_1 1 has already been installed then the user has the option to save the SWASH database and restore it when completing the installation of FOCUS_SWASH_2 1 see Figure 3 1 Please note that the structure of the database in FOCUS_SWASH_2 1 is the same as that of FOCUS SWASH 1 1 If the option save and restore database has been selected in the installation procedure all user defined substances and projects will be saved Alterra report 2020 27 Previous version of SWASH version 2 1 found at D swash You must uninstall this version before SWASH version 2 1 2 can be installed Do you wish to save the swash database containing substance and project data and restore it after installation of SWASH version 2 1 2 Save and restore database C Don t save database Figure 5 1 Installation options for previous installed FOCUS SWASH 5 2 2 Getting started with SWASH The first step to perform a FOCUS Surface Water run consists of editing the properties of a substance that is already p
70. aining data on crop area per abstraction area LCP array containing compound properties Alterra report 2020 125 CCP array containing 1 PEC 2 PEC code 3 Geopearl crop code per crop per compound CCP i 1 PEC value real CCP i 2 PEC Code 1 spray drift 2 drainage integer declared as real CCP i 3 CODE ID geopearl crop code integer declared as real IT the assumed surfacewater temperature default 288 K or 15 C Incrops GAP NL the number of crops in a GAP per compound read from CompoundCropProperties Oxx ASCII file compound compound number corresponding with compound description in CompoundProperties inp ASCII file codeGP crop code corresponding with crops in CropArea inp amp CompoundCropProperties Oxx ASCIHiles parameter ftiming 0 5 T 288 waterdepth 0 35 tdiss 6 0 u_input 10 u_output 20 writebommelerwaard false j l n 0 error false release information executable_name DROPLET_CalcPEC model_version 1 1 model_date 15 December 2008 compiler_name visual_fortran v6 6 0 call DATE_AND_TIME date time zone values workdir getCwd BEGINNING OF INPUT Names inp open unit u input file Names inp status old action read doi 1 10 Read names of catchments read u_input a catchment i end do doi 1 26 read names of crops read u_input a crop_name i end do close u_input CropArea inp open unit
71. ange in the saturated vapour pressure for pesticides is very wide Therefore for each substance the value should be looked up in a Handbook on chemical properties of pesticides e g Tomlin 2003 Hornsby et a 1996 The saturated vapour pressure depends on the temperature its dependency is described on the basis of the Van t Hoff equation for equilibrium reactions Therefore a value for the enthalpy of vaporisation must be given in J mol In a literature study Smit et al 1997 reported the enthalpy of vaporisation to range from 58000 to 146000 J mol using data for 16 pesticides The FOCUS Surface Water group has adopted a default value of 95000 J mol The water solubility must be given in mg L and the temperature at which this value was obtained must be given in degrees Celsius Values for the water solubility are reported in Tomlin 2003 and Hornsby ef a 1996 As the water solubility is affected substantially by the temperature its dependency on this factor is described on the basis of the Van t Hoff equation for equilibrium reactions Therefore a value for the enthalpy of dissolution must be given The FOCUS Surface Water group has adopted a default value of 27000 J mol The diffusion coefficients of the substance in water and air must be given in m d The default values adopted by the FOCUS Surface Water group are 0 43 10 and 0 43 m d respectively FOCUS 2001 A more accurate value for these coefficients can be made us
72. areas Select area Figure 7 22 Intake areas and drinking water abstraction points blue dots Monitoring stations in the rivers Rhine at Lobith and Meuse at Eijsden the Dutch borders are indicated by red dots 7 4 2 Surface area of intake areas After clicking on the button Surface area of intake areas the surface areas of the nine intake areas are shown Fig 7 23 The intake area of abstraction point Bommelerwaard is part of the intake area of Brakel After clicking on Details Brakel the surface area of intake area Bommelerwaard is shown Fig 7 24 82 Alterra report 2020 Information surface areas of intake areas Abstraction Point De Punt Andijk 1185300 Nieuwegein 127900 Heel 35200 A dam A kan 172100 Brakel 565200 Petrusplaat 614700 Twentekanaal 20100 Scheelhoek p42300 w Details Brakel Figure 7 23 Surface areas of intake areas Alterra report 2020 Information surface area of Brakel Abstraction Point el Brake Aha Bommelerwaard sub area of Brakel Figure 7 24 Surface area n intake area Bommelerwaard 7 4 3 Crop groupings For the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations PECs in the FOCUS ditch PECrocus mp3 a FOCUS crop has to be selected from the D3 scenario The FOCUS D3 surface water scenario contains only a limited number of crop groupings Fig 7 25 In GeoPEARL data are available on the crop areas in the nine intake areas needed to calcul
73. ase on its computer the first location found may not be the one with the wished SWASHprojects for DROPLET and so these projects are not shown in the drop down box of the DROPLET Wizard page 1 4 In case no FOCUS D3 projects are present in the SWASH database found while opening DROPLET for the first time the drop down box of the DROPLET Wizard page 1 4 remains empty In these cases the user has to correct manually the path in the Droplet ini file Next the Wizard in the DROPLET GUI can be used to create a DROPLET project In the project overview substances refinements and the PEC peak TOXSWA result can be edited but this is only optional Finally the PEC rien the concentration at the abstraction points can be calculated The sequence of steps is depicted in Figure 7 1 Some possible error messages which can occur in the DROPLET GUI are listed in Appendix 6 Figure 7 1 Scheme for executing a run with DROPLET D 6 Alterra report 2020 7 3 The Main Screen Actions Information IN Wizard Generate new drinking water project View drinking water projects run drinking View Projects water tool and view results Exit Exit DROPLET Figure 7 2 The main screen of DROPLET The main screen consists of two parts namely the Actions and Information tab Fig 7 2 In the action part the user undertakes activities i e the DROPLET database is updated with Drinking water projects and runs are created The Actions
74. ash_db mdb which is normally stored at C SWASH Data or D SWASH Data contains information about hydrology locations meteo stations created SWASH projects created runs substances water bodies etcetera of FOCUS surface water scenarios Part of it is introduced by the user when creating a new SWASH project Most of the information is fixed indicated by the field locked in the database and partly mentioned as FOCUS definition in Appendix E of FOCUS 2001 The DROPLET database DROPLET mdb contains information about Intake areas GeoPEARL crops Project parameters DROPLET Projects Alterra report 2020 65 DROPLET runs Substances The substance properties from the SWASH database are copied into the DROPLET database In the DROPLET GUI it is possible to change some of the substance parameters These modified properties are stored in the DROPLET database but are not transferred back to the SWASH database 7 2 Getting started Before using the DROPLET tool the user has to make sure that a FOCUS D3 surface water ditch scenario project has been run with MACRO and TOXSWA and stored on the SWASH database How to do this has been described in sections 5 2 and 5 3 When DROPLET is opened for the first time the registry of programs is searched to locate the SWASH database and the first location found is put into the file Droplet ini created at the directory DROPLET If the user has more than one copy of the SWASH datab
75. ate the Relative Cropped Areas and subsequently the PEC re Therefore all crops in a certain intake area must be categorized in GeoPEARL crop groupings and those must be connected to FOCUS D3 surface water crop groupings in order to be able to calculate a PEC en for more details see Chapter 4 84 Alterra report 2020 Information Crop groupings Crop acreage Because the number of D3 crops and GeoPEARL crop groupings is limited some crop correspondences may not seem logic For more information refer to Appendix 26 of Adriaanse et al 2008 FOCUS D3 crops GeoPEARL crop grouping UK GeoPEARL crop grouping NL Cereals spring Cereals Granen Cereals winter Floriculture Bloemisterij Cereals winter Fallow Braak Cereals winter Cereals Granen Cereals winter Green manuring Groenbemesting Field beans Legumes Peulvruchten Grass alfalfa Grass Gras Legumes Legumes Peulvruchten Maize Maize Mais Oil seed rape spring Leaf vegetables Bladgroenten Dil seed rape winter Leaf vegetables Bladgroenten Pome stone fruit early Tree nurseries_tall trees Grote bomen Pome stone fruit early Tree nurseries_other trees Overige bomen Pome stone fruit early Tall fruit culture Fruitteelt grote bomen Pome stone fruit early Small fruit culture Overige fruitteelt Pome stone fruit late Tree nurseries tall trees Grote bomen Pome stone fruit late Tree nurseries other trees Overige bomen Pome stone fruit late Tall fruit culture Fruitteelt grote bomen
76. ated with the aid of the FOCUS Drift Calculator but in this study the Dutch drift table is used to calculate the drift deposition The resulting edge of field peak concentration PECrocus_nio3 forms the basis for the calculation of the PEC_Tier1 In the calculations of the PEC_Tierl of Adriaanse et al 2008 the peak concentration at the end of the 100 m ditch is used Here we extended the ditch from 100 m up to 500 m and used the concentrations at the end of the ditch The sorption onto the sediment from 100 to 500 m mimics the sorption of pesticides travelling from the edge of field up to the abstraction point in a conservative way As these concentrations apply to a single ditch without lateral inflow they still need correction factors to represent the concentrations at the abstraction points So the PEC equation of Adriaanse et al 2008 was maintained but the PECrocus nup3 has been calculated at 495 m in the extended ditch Alterra report 2020 149 The equation to calculate the PEC ren now reads crops PEC rin gt PEC rocus _NL D3 495m corrFOCUSscen Suse int ensity 5 Ju ming banden g Jaaa _ dilution all in which PE Crier PEC FOCUS_NL D3 495m fcorFocusscen fesesintensity timing dissipation fadd dilution eq 1 PEC in surface water at location where it is abstracted for drinking water production ug L global maximum PEC edge of field for the FOCUS D3 scenario with drift deposition according to
77. becomes smaller Next we calculated the PEC rocus nu p3 ao5m for a default run with conservative inputs application pattern physico chemical properties and we demonstrated that the PEC Tierl is lower than 0 1 ug L as will be shown later We assumed that the dissipation and the additional dilution are negligible so fuissipation Taaadiuton 1 We furthermore calculated the PECrocus nu p3 so5m aS a function of K values ranging from O to 500 000 L kg We compared the calculated PEC values at 495 m with those at 95 m and demonstrated that the ratio of PECosm and PE Cos increases with increasing K values demonstrating that the concentration lowers due to increased sorption onto the sediment Next we constructed other plausible situations by changing one of the input parameters of the default run e g application pattern other deposition length or relevant compound properties We evaluated whether the PEC_Tierl concentration is below the 0 1 ug L standard in these situations The default run consisted of 500 m long ditch of which the first 100 m receives spray drift deposition and drainage flow 5 applications of 1 kg ha in autumn with a one week application interval Spray drift deposition of 1 Alterra report 2020 151 PEC at 495 m for dissolved fraction as well as dissolved plus sorbed to suspended matter fractions Fictitious compound with K 10 000 L kg DTso water DT 50 seq 1000 d at 20 C saturated
78. ble can be saved by clicking on the save and close button A new table can be easily prepared by copying the default file and changing the values 74 Alterra report 2020 Refinements DROPLET project Name test default data C file comments Roel Kruijne Alterra 15 June 2006 Area per GeoPEARL crop ha Paulien Adriaanse August 2006 Description test created 16 12 2008 modified 17 12 2008 Crop Acreage Additional Dilution Factors Other Refinements Abstraction Points al De Punt Andijk __ Nieuwegein Heel Amst Rijntana Brakel Petrusplaat Twentekanaal Scheelhoek Intake Area 56300 1185300 127300 95200 172100 565200 614700 20100 842300 GeoPEARL Crops thal thal tha thal thal thal thal tha potatoes 5511 51010 954 2640 994 16013 16638 23542 strawberries 4 105 63 39 63 1065 1196 1255 asparagus 1 81 5 244 8 2018 2060 2065 sugar beets 24687 16708 17478 3 23526 leaf vegetables 40 439 27 345 73 1207 1416 2 1994 pints com purp 10 672 8 22 8 210 225 608 Horiculture 23 153 26 173 1328 1410 1637 flower bulbs 70 1370 1370 1384 tall trees 16 25 1704 1798 2836 other trees 35 30 3165 3269 3628 fallow 28 68 746 787 1043 tall fruit cult 2600 2711 8140 Is gt PEN Figure 7 13 Refinements screen Crop Acreage tab In the tab Additional dilution factors Fig 7 14 the default values for the A
79. bstances already present in the database Substances entered here will be transferred to the MACRO substance database Substances that were entered into the MACRO database independently from SWASH will be included in the SWASH substance database when exiting the MACRO shell or starting SWASH TOXSWA makes direct use from the SWASH database Guidance for defining the substance properties is given in FOCUS 2001 sections 7 3 and 7 4 and below In Figure 5 6 the General tab of the substance screen is shown The upper part consists of a browse part in which the user can browse the list of substances using the scroll bar on the right In the lower part there are four tabs Alterra report 2020 33 Substances Test compound 1 sw Test compound 2 sw Test compound 3 sw Test compound 4 sw Test compound 5 sw Test compound 6 sw General Sorption Uptake and Wash Off Transformation Code Locked substance Name Test compound 1 sw Molar mass g mol 190 3 IK Paent view Metabolites Saturated vapour pressure Pa 0 017 measured at C 20 0 Molar enthalpy of vaporisation J mol 95000 0 Solubility in water mg L 6000 measured at Ch 25 0 Molar enthalpy of dissolution J mol 27000 0 Diffusion coefficient in water m2 d 4 3E 5 Diffusion coefficient in air m2 d 0 43 Figure 5 6 The substance form of SWASH The general section On the General tab the user has to specify
80. buting area factor fvesevant contributing area In case of drift deposition a factor of 0 5 can be used in case of drainage the factor is 1 0 The factor of 0 5 for drift is based on the assumption that loading of a ditch at a certain point in time assuming the application date is the same in the entire area cannot take place concurrently from areas located left and right from the ditch due to wind blowing from a certain direction The factor of 1 0 is based upon the assumption that drainage fluxes originate from the entire abstraction area Timing factor fuming A dilution factor of 2 is proposed ie friming 0 5 Dissipation factor fyi sipation The dissipation rate is calculated with Equation 8 Chapter 4 and depends on the temperature of the surface water In the drinking water report Adriaanse et al 2008 an average water temperature of 15 C was assumed to be representative during the application season Activation energy The activation energy 65 4 kJ mol default value since 2009 Dimension FOCUS D3 ditch Water depth ditch d 0 30 m default value Width of water course O 1 m Cross sectional area of ditch A 0 30 m Travel time An average travel time from use area to abstraction point is estimated at 6 days based on a study in the Drentsche Aa Smidt et al 2001 for the most downstream part of the Drentsche Aa abstraction area This is an average value based on the assumption that application only aff
81. cteristic ZP 0 Geometry factor ZA 1 Fraction of sorption sites in macropores FRACMAC 0 02 Initial soil temperature oC TEMPINI 10 Initial pesticide concentration mg m 3 SOLINIT 0 Pesticide concentration at bottom boundary mg m 3 CONCIN 0 Critical air content for transpiration reduction m3 m 3 CRITAIR 0 05 Excluded pore volume m m3 AEXC 0 Except for soil incorporation where ZMIX 0 Table C 10 MACRO site parameters assumed constant for all scenarios Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Parameter Value Pesticide concentration in rainfall mg m3 CONC 0 Rainfall correction factor RAINCO 1 Snowfall correction factor SNOWCO 1 Rainfall intensity mm h RINTEN 2 Snowmelt factor mm C d SNOWMF 4 5 Albedo ALBEDO 0 25 Alterra report 2020 95 Table C 13 Scenario specific soil and site parameters for D3 Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Horizon designation FAO 1990 Ap Bw C Depth cm 0 30 30 50 50 175 BASIC PROPERTIES Sand 91 93 96 Silt 6 4 2 Clay 3 3 2 Texture FAO 1990 USDA 1999 sand sand Sand Organic carbon 2 3 0 5 0 1 Bulk density g cm GAMMA 1 352 1 463 1 672 PH 5 3 5 1 4 7 Soil structure FAO 1990 single grain single grain single grain HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES Saturated water content 48 44a 363 TPORV Wilting point 96 WILT 62 63 62 Residual water content 32 3 3 RESID Water co
82. d range is 0 0 to 1 0 write u_output a f5 2 3a 2a fmarket i ii is not a valid value for field Market Share amp for abstraction point catchment i in combination with GeoPearl crop crop_nameiii write u_output a The allowed range is 0 0 to 1 0 end if end do end do doi 1 10 do ii 1 ncrops_GAP_NL if Add_dil i It 0 0 or Add_dil i gt 1 0 or fmarketfi ii It 0 0 or fmarket i ii gt 1 0 then close u_output stop end if end do end do end Alterra report 2020 13 138 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 6 Some error messages in DROPLET Main screen DROPLET Wizard button No FOCUS SWASH D3 projects including MACRO and TOXSWA runs are available at the path indicated by the SWASH database projects path This is normally CN of DN SWASHprojects This means that the DROPLET wizard cannot be used The path is specified in the Droplet ini file located at C program Files Alterra DROPLET This path has been found during the installation of DROPLET by searching in the registry of installed programs or by searching on the available disks If the path is not correct e g because two versions of SWASH have been installed you may correct the path in the Droplet ini file manually DROPLET Wizard 3 4 and Overview of DROPLET projects Edit PEC Peak In one or more field no values has been entered DROPLET Alterra report 2020 139 The date of the PECrocus yups IS not in the
83. d the activation energy Fig 6 1 The properties can be changed in this input file when using the command line version of DROPLET and with the button Edit substance when using the DROPLET GUI The general K value is also depicted in the CompoundProperties input file When detailed K values are available in SWASH the K in the sediment is depicted The K value is not used in the DROPLET calculation However it is used to check whether calculated PEC values at abstraction points are realistic If the K is higher or equal to 10000 L kg the PEC is always considered lt calculated value ug L because strong sorption lowers the pesticide mass travelling all the way from the place of application to the abstraction point Alterra report 2020 57 In the current PEC_Tier1 calculation sorption from mass entered by spray drift has not been taken into account For more details see Appendix 9 Summary of used pesticide property data Projectname test2 Created at 11 12 2008 14 55 10 Version DROPLET GUI 095 DTS0 w amp T_w half life time in water d and temperature K Solub amp T sol Solubility mg L amp temperature at which this is determined K MI mass Molar mass of pesticide g Psat amp T yap Saturated vapour pressure Pa amp temperature at which this is determined K KOM General or detailed sediment organic matter water partitioning coefficient L kg E arrh
84. d using thinner segments at the top starting with segment thicknesses of 0 01 mm It is the responsibility of the user to check that he she has obtained a converging solution with the segmentation used bdwb bulk density of dry sediment material por porosity raomwb mass ratio organic matter of dry sediment material as a function of depth Little information on sediment properties as a function of depth is available Bulk density o bawb porosity por and organic carbon numbers raomwb given in Table 5 1 are average values for the FOCUS D3 ditch located in a sandy soil They are based on bulk densities and porosities measured in the experimental ditches of Alterra that are representative for ditches in a sandy area Table 5 1 Sediment properties as a function of depth in the FOCUS D3 ditch Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Layer Organic carbon Dry bulk density Porosity cm kg dm m m 0 10 9 0 800 0 60 tor tortuosity Tortuosity is the effect of traversing a tortuous pathway through sediment The FOCUS scenarios use the table compiled by Leistra 1978 to estimate the tortuosity as a function of porosity for soils Idis dispersion length The dispersion length a s in the sediment is a measure of the length over which mixing takes place along with advection flow in porous media Van Ommen e a 1989 indicated that the dispersion length for solute movement in field soils under natural co
85. dditional dilution factors can be changed for every abstraction point Refinements DROPLET project Name test Description created 16 12 2008 modified 17 12 2008 Crop Acreage Additional Dilution Factors Other Refinements Abstraction Point Additional Dilution Factor Nieuwegein Heel Amst Rijnkanaal Brakel Petrusplaat Twentekanaal Scheelhoek Bommelerwaard subarea of Brakel X Cancel A Save and Close Figure 7 14 Refinements screen Additional Dilution Factors tab Alterra report 2020 The tab Other refinements Fig 7 15 shows the market share and the Relative Cropped Area RCA for all Abstraction Point GeoPEARL crop combinations The default values for the market share 0 4 can be changed here The RCA changes automatically when a new Crop Acreage table is selected in the tab Crop Acreage Refinements DROPLET project Name test Description ee created 16 12 2008 modified 17 12 2008 Crop Acreage Additional Dilution Factors Other Refinements Abstraction Point GeoPEARL Crop Market Share De Punt grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 Andijk grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 Nieuwegein grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 Heel grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 Amst Rijnkanaal grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 Brakel grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 Petrusplaat grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 lt lt _ ae PT legumes 0 40 Scheelhoek grass 0 40 leg
86. dekgewassen 1 11 Overige akkerbouwgewassen 1 11 1 Boekweit 1 11 2 Aardpeer Topinamboer 1 11 3 Hop 2 Cultuurgrasland 1 9 1 Blauwmaanzaad 1 9 2 Karwij Kummel 1 9 3 Lijnzaad 1 9 4 Mosterd gele en bruine 1 9 5 Raapzaad 1 9 6 Winterkoolzaad 1 9 7 Zomerkoolzaad 1 9 8 Teunisbloem 1 9 9 Zonnebloem 1 9 10 Hennep 1 9 11 Vezelvlas 1 9 12 Overige oliehoudende zaden en legumes idem leaf vegetables idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem green manuring idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem remaining arable crops idem idem grass field beans idem oil seed rape spring idem idem idem idem oil seed rape winter idem idem idem idem idem idem cereals winter idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem cereals spring idem idem grass alfalfa Alterra report 2020 113 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 3 Fruitgewassen 3 1 Pitvruchten 3 1 1 Appel 3 1 2 Peer 3 1 3 Kweepeer 3 1 4 Mispel 3 1 5 Overige pitvruchten 3 2 Steenvruchten 3 2 1 Kers 3 2 2 Pruim 3 2 3 Abrikoos 3 2 4 Nectarine 3 2 5 Perzik 3 2 6 Overige steenvruchten 3 3 Bessen 3 3 1 Rode bes 3 3 2 Witte bes 3 3 3 Zwarte bes 3 3 4 Kruisbes 3 3 5 Blauwe bes 3 3 6 Bosbes incl vossebes en v
87. dissipation f add dil f use int RCA f market f relevant contributing area f corrFOCUSscen 3 for peaks caused by drainage 1 for peaks caused by spray drift f relevant contributing area 1 for drainage 0 5 for spray drift f timing 0 5 f dissipation 0 753472 f dissipation Bommelerwaard 1 00 Assumed surface water temp 288 0 K 62 Alterra report 2020 Abstraction point FOCUS 2 D3 crop DE PUNT Sugar beets DE PUNT Potatoes ANDIJK Sugar beets ANDIJK Potatoes NIEUWEGEIN Sugar beets NIEUWEGEIN Potatoes HEEL Sugar beets HEEL Potatoes A DAM RIJNKANAAL Sugar beets A DAM RIJNKANAAL Potatoes BRAKEL Sugar_beets BRAKEL Potatoes PETRUSPLAAT Sugar_beets PETRUSPLAAT Potatoes TWENTEKANAAL Potatoes SCHEELHOEK Sugar_beets Potatoes SCHEELHOEK x BOMMELERWAARD Sugar beets BOMMELERWAARD Potatoes Bommelerwaard is a subarea of Brakel sk eek OUTPUT sk sk PEC Tierl ug L DE PUNT 0 073 ANDIJK 0 006 NIEUWEGEIN 0 010 HEEL 0 046 A DAM RIJNKANAAL 0 008 BRAKEL 0 031 PETRUSPLAAT 0 030 TWENTEKANAAL 0 001 SCHEELHOEK 0 030 BOMMELERWAARD 0 007 Figure 6 5 The summary output file f use_int 0 007130 0 019577 0 004166 0 008607 0 002327 0 001492 0 011401 0 005546 0 001734 0 001155 0 005912 0 005666 0 005687 0 005413 0 000279 0 005586 0 005590 0 000432 0 001506 RCA
88. dit Substance General Sorption Uptake and Wash Off Transformation Freundlich Equilibrium Sorption on Soil Suspended Solids and Sediment Coefficient for sorption L kg on Detailed c Kom General Soil Susp Solids Sediment Koc Freundlich exponent Ref concentration in liquid phase a m3 Copy substance Gr Figure7 10 The Edit Substance screen detailed sorption Edit Substance General Sorption i 1 Transformation Factor for the uptake by plant roots in soil 0 50 Wash Off factor from crop 1 mm 0 1 MACRO metaboliet has values of parent 2 G Reset to SWASH values X Cancel A Save amp Close Figure 7 11 The Edit Substance screen Uptake and Wash oft Alterra report 2020 73 Edit Substance Water Soil Sediment Crop Half life time dj 10 00 30 00 30 00 Measured at C 20 0 20 0 20 0 M Effect of temperature Activation energy J mol 54000 0 ITOXSWAJ G Reset to SWASH values X Cancel af Save amp Close Figure 7 12 The Edit Substance screen transformation 7 3 2 2 The Edit Refinements screens After clicking on the Edit Refinements button in Figure 7 7 the screen of Figure 7 13 is depicted The table shows the surface areas of the ten intake areas and the specific crop acreages per crop By selecting the radio button file a new table can be selected with the browser to replace the default table This ta
89. e Ctgb crop listing which the Ctgb considers in their registration procedure ii the available crop groupings for which FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios calculations can be made and iii the GeoPEARL crop groupings for which the cultivated areas in the intake areas have been calculated The main functionalities of DROPLET are Maintenance of a central database in addition to the SWASH database Preparation of input and calculation of the concentrations at the nine abstraction points plus the Bommelerwaard Provision of an overview of all projects and viewing their input and results In addition DROPLET provides information on crop areas intake areas and crop groupings For compounds with Kom values above 10 000 L kg Appendix 9 underpins that concentrations in the abstraction points become more realistic if they are divided by a factor of 5 Alterra report 2020 9 10 Alterra report 2020 1 Introduction This software tool DROPLET has been developed for the Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides Ctgb It is an instrument for evaluation of pesticides use in intake areas which are connected to water courses that serve as drinking water source in the Netherlands The software tool calculates pesticide concentrations at the protection goals i e in the surface water at abstraction points for drinking water production This tool is the lowest tier Tier in a tiered approach for pesticide eva
90. e applications and pesticide entries via the two entry routes spray drift and drainage 2 The Global Maximum Concentration in water and in sediment 3 TWAEC s Time Weighted Average Exposure Concentrations in water and in sediment over pre defined periods In the table Actual concentration in water layer of the report the global maximum concentration in the water layer of the D3 ditch can be found This value has to be filled in in the DROPLET GUI If the global maximum concentration occurs exactly at the same date and time as one of the applications then spray drift is the main entry route otherwise drainage is the main entry route The entry route is an important input parameter in DROPLET Now the PECrocus n o3 has been obtained and the user has to proceed with DROPLET to calculate the PEC Tierl the concentrations in the surface water abstraction points for drinking water production Alterra report 2020 55 56 Alterra report 2020 6 User s guide for the command line version of DROPLET This chapter describes the command line version of DROPLET The use of the command line version is interesting for those who want to use DROPLET without using the shell 6 1 Running the model After installing the DROPLET model with the setup exe the DROPLET CalcPEC exe is available on a directory chosen by the user a subdirectory called PEC for example at D DROPLET PEC By default the directory is C Program Files Alterra DROPLET
91. e automatically present Exit Update substance database MACRO and substance files PRZM and exit SWASH Figure 5 5 The main screen of the SWASH interface with the Actions tab displayed 32 Alterra report 2020 The Actions page contains six buttons and the function of the buttons will be briefly described here but in more detail in the corresponding section of this chapter The button Create View and Edit Substances gives access to the substance form where the user can enter new substances or modify the properties of substances already present in the database The test substances as defined by the FOCUS Surface Water Group are available in the database upon installation However the properties of these substances are fixed and they cannot be modified The button FOCUS wizard gives the user the possibility to easily create and execute FOCUS runs for a specific substance crop combination An overview as well as a report will be created for all those runs The runs are organised in projects for each substance crop combination a separate project will be created This wizard provides the user with all standard Step 3 runs for a specific substance crop combination The button User defined wizard gives the user more freedom in selecting scenarios and crops for which runs are to be created Using this wizard all possible FOCUS runs for a selected substance one run for each scenario crop water body type combi
92. ea of use iv degradation and volatilisation from the edge of field water course to the abstraction point and v in one case additional dilution by a lake or incoming river The working group agreed on the following refinement options for the Tier calculations More recent crop acreages than the ones currently used More recent delimitation of the intake areas than the current ones which are based on a RIVM study of Van der Linden et al 2006 Compound specific market share factor fe instead of the default value of 0 4 Additional dilution factor fad aiution Pelow 1 0 A factor of 1 0 is currently used for all abstraction points except Andijk The working group did not agree on refining the application patterns i e replacing the worst case application according to the GAP sheets which is currently used for all crops on which the compound is used by the application pattern specified for each crop The working group considers this to be an important conservative assumption of the proposed Tier calculation method for compounds used in more than one crop The Tier calculation method assumes that the crop treatments are randomly distributed over the entire intake area and that all parts of the intake area contribute equally their surplus water to the abstraction point For the abstraction point at Brakel in the Meuse this assumption is not true as the abstraction point is not located in the mainstream of the river but in
93. eader of the m2t file When no drainage input is used the dates of application cannot be read from the MACRO output files so they have to be entered in the TOXSWA GUI 54 Alterra report 2020 TOXSWA Spray drift events Browse Spray drift events Serial number Date Hour of Appl dd mm yyyy hh Dosage plot kg ha Drift deposition mg n Percentage 7 D EE 1 0000 1 540E 1 1 155E 1 1 540E 1 7 701E 2 1 540E 1 sg ii Copy Edit Spray Drift Serial number Po Date Hour dd mm pyyy hh dummy value in runs that use drainage or runoff file Spray drift calculation Dosage ka ha 1 0000 FOCUS drift calculator Drift deposition mg m 1 540E 1 ne j ma Ik IMAG drift calculator Drift percentage 1 540E 1 Help Close Figure 5 27 The Spray drift events form When the spray drift has been defined the user can go back to the project screen of FOCUS_TOXSWA Fig 5 24 and select the just created application scheme from the list Subsequently select the runs within the project by clicking on the field in the column Selected to set the option at Yes Fig 5 24 Click on the button Calculation Now the TOXSWA GUI creates the TOXSWA input file txw and the selected runs will be executed one after another Click on Report for each run executed to obtain the target data for the exposure assessment The report contains amongst others 1 An overview of th
94. ects the tertiary smallest waterways Application along the major stream close to the abstraction area will obviously result in shorter travel times application further upstream in longer travel times Because in intake area Bommelerwaard subarea of Brakel the travel time is negligible the dissipation factor fussipation 1 0 Mass transfer coefficients en molecular weights Kico2 mass transfer coefficient of CO in the liquid phase 4 8 md Kenzo mass transfer coefficient of H O in the vapour phase 720 md M molecular weight of substance x CO 44 g mol H O 18 g mol Enthalpy of vaporization AH Smit et al 1997 in User s manual Toxswa 1 2 Beltman amp Adriaanse 1999 estimated an average enthalpy of vaporization of 95 kJ mol from literature data of 16 pesticides This value is used as default value like in SWASH section 8 1 Enthalpy of dissolution AH The enthalpy of dissolution depends on the substance 27 kJ mol is used as default value like in SWASH section 8 1 Additional dilution factor fz44 diution The default value of this factor is 1 i e no additional dilution occurs For the abstraction point in Andijk that abstracts water from the IJsselmeer the Working Group proposes a value of 1 6 which means a 6 times dilution Adriaanse et al 2008 Alterra report 2020 101 Agreed refinements for Tier calculations The working group agreed on the following refinement options for the Tier ca
95. eenbes 3 3 7 Cranberry 3 3 8 Vlierbes 3 3 9 Druif 3 3 10 Overige bessen 3 4 Aardbei 3 5 Houtig klein fruit 3 5 1 Braam 3 5 2 Framboos 3 5 3 Logan bes 3 5 4 Moerbei 3 5 5 Rozenbottel 3 5 6 Overig houtig kleinfruit 3 6 Noten 3 6 1 Hazelnoot 3 6 2 Kastanje 3 6 3 Walnoot okkernoot incl hickorynoot 3 6 4 Overige noten 3 7 Overige fruitgewassen fruit culture idem idem idem idem fruit culture idem idem idem idem idem fruit culture idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem strawberries fruit culture idem idem idem idem idem fruit culture idem idem idem fruit culture Pome stone fruit early or late applns idem idem idem idem Pome stone fruit early or late applns idem idem idem idem idem appl hand crop gt 50 cm idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem vegetables leafy appl hand crop gt 50 cm idem idem idem idem idem Pome stone fruit early or late applns idem idem idem idem idem 114 Alterra report 2020 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 4 Groenteteelt 4 1 Bladgroenten 4 1 1 4 1 2 4 1 3 4 1 4 4 1 5 4 1 6 417 4 1 8 4 1 9 4 1 10 4 1 11 4 1 12 4 1 13 4 1 14 4 1 15 4 1 16 4 1 17 4 1 18 4 1 19 4 1 20 4 1 21 4 1 22 4 1 23 4 1 24 4 1 25 4 1 26 4 1 27 4 1 28 4 1 29 4 1
96. egumes Field beans In case two or more FOCUS SW D3 crop are connected to the same GeoPEARL crop grouping only the FOCUS SI will be used for the calculation of the PEC Tier I at the abstraction points In case of NO the PEC FOCUS NL D3 of this FOCUS SW D3 crop is lower than the PEC FOCUS NL D3 of the crop GeoPEARL crop grouping and therefore there this FOCUS SW D3 crop will NOT be used for the calculation of ID abstraction point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Name abstraction point KIWA DE PUNT ANDIJK N GEIN HEEL A DAM BRAKEL PETI Additional pesticide dilution factor 1 00 0 17 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 0C fmarket per GP crop and abstraction point grass 0 40 0 40 Figure 7 17 The View Input files screen Alterra report 2020 77 Under the tab CompoundProperties the compound properties are shown which are used by the DROPLET tool These are DT in water solubility molecular mass saturation pressure and K The tab CropArea contains the default or newly selected table of the surface areas of the ten intake areas and the specific crop acreages per crop A detailed description of the input files has been given in section 5 3 A second option to create the input files is clicking on the button Create input files and calculate in the project overview The input files are created and the pesticide concentrations at the abstraction points PEC oi are calculated immediately Click yes if you want to see the result A small screen is opened co
97. eight m HMAX 0 6 0 6 1 8 1 8 5 0 1 8 132 Drought tolerance Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Leaf development factor growth CFORM 2 0 1 5 1 7 1 5 1 5 1 7 1 7 Leaf development factor senescence DFORM 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 7 0 7 0 3 0 3 Leaf area index on specified days LAIMIN 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 Crop height on specified days m ZHMIN 0 01 0 01 0 01 1 79 4 99 0 01 0 01 Root depth on specified days m ROOTINIT 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 99 0 79 0 01 0 01 Max Interception capacity mm CANCAP 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 Ratio evaporation of intercepted water to transpiration 1 0 1 0 1 5 1 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 ZALP Radiation attenuation factor ATTEN 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 45 0 45 0 6 0 6 Min stomatal resistance s m RSMIN 40 40 60 80 80 60 60 a roots in top 25 of root depth RPIN shallow 75 medium 67 deep 60 gt transpiration adaptability factor BETA low 0 5 medium 0 2 high 0 1 critical tension for transpiration reduction WATEN is calculated from the known soil properties together with the of extractable micropore water exhausted before reduction in transpiration occurs low 50 medium 65 high 80 ZDATEMIN see Tables C3 to C8 Alterra report 2020 93 Table C 5 MACRO scenario specific crop input parameters for Scenario D3 Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Crop crop grouping Input variable Grass Cereals Cereals Oilseed Oilseed Sugar Potatoes Field Veg Ve
98. em idem idem idem idem cereals spring 6 1 Champignon not relevant no drift 6 2 Cantharel idem idem 6 3 Oesterzwam idem idem 6 4 Truffel idem idem 6 5 Overige paddestoelen idem idem 7 Sierteeltgewassen 7 1 Bloembollen en bolbloementeelt 7 1 1 Amaryllis flower bulbs vegetables bulb 7 1 2 Gladiool idem idem 7 1 3 Hyacint idem idem 7 1 4 Lelie idem idem 7 1 5 Narcis idem idem 7 1 6 Tulp idem idem 7 1 7 Iris idem idem 7 1 8 Krokus idem idem 7 1 9 Bijgoed idem idem 7 1 10 Overige bloembollen en bolbloemen idem idem 118 Alterra report 2020 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 7 2 Bloemisterfgewassen 7 2 1 7 2 2 123 7 2 4 7 2 5 7 2 6 7 2 7 Potplanten Snijbloemen onder glas Buitenbloemen incl zomerbloemen en droogbloemen Perkplanten Trekheesters Snijgroen Overige bloemisterijgewassen 7 3 Boomkwekerijgewassen 7 3 1 7 3 2 7 3 3 7 3 4 7 3 5 7 3 6 7 3 7 7 3 8 7 3 9 JAE Laanbomen Klimplanten Rozeonderstammen en buitenrozen Coniferen Sierheesters Kerstsparren Heide soorten Vruchtboomonderstammen Vruchtbomen en struiken Overige boomkwekerijgewassen Z4 Vaste planten 7 5 Overige sierteelt 7 5 1 7 5 2 7 5 3 7 5 4 7 5 5 7 5 6 7 5 7 1 5 8 7 5 9 7 5 10 7 5 11 7 5 12 7 5 13 Bloemenzaadteelt pootgoedteelt Potgrond voorbehandeling Particuliere tuinen Kamerplanten Balk
99. em idem idem idem legumes idem idem idem idem idem Alterra report 2020 115 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 4 2 16 Sojaboon idem idem 4 2 17 Limaboon idem idem 4 2 18 Cowpea korte kouseband idem idem 4 2 19 Overige peulvruchten idem idem idem 4 3 Vruchtgroenten 4 3 1 Aubergine remaining arable crops appl hand crop gt 50 cm 4 3 2 Augurk idem idem 4 3 3 Courgette idem idem 4 3 4 Komkommer idem idem 4 3 5 Tomaat idem idem 4 3 6 Paprika incl scherpe Spaanse peper idem idem 4 3 7 Meloen idem idem 4 3 8 Okra idem idem 4 3 9 Pattison idem idem 4 3 10 Pompoen idem idem 4 3 11 Spaghettigroenten idem idem 4 3 12 Overige vruchtgroentegewassen idem idem 4 4 Koolgewassen 4 4 1 Rode kool cabbage vegetables leafy 4 4 2 Savooie kool gele en groene idem idem 4 4 3 Spitskool idem idem 4 4 4 Witte kool idem idem 4 4 5 Chinese kool idem idem 4 4 6 Bloemkool witte groene paarse en idem idem Romanesco 4 4 7 Broccoli idem idem 4 4 8 Spruitkool idem idem 4 4 9 Koolrabi idem idem 4 4 10 Overige koolgewassen idem idem 4 5 Knol en wortelgroenten 4 5 1 Knolraap consumptieknol leaf vegetables vegetables root consumptieraap 4 5 2 Koolraap idem idem 4 5 3 Radijs idem idem 4 5 4 Rammenas idem idem 4 5 5 Knolselderij idem idem 4 5 6 Wortelpeterselie idem idem 4 5 7 Bospeen idem idem 4 5 8 Waspeen idem idem 4 5 9 Winterworte
100. em idem 8 3 4 Gemengd bos idem idem 8 3 5 Stobben idem idem 8 3 6 Houtige opslag idem idem 8 3 7 Overige bosbouw idem idem 8 4 Overig openbaar groen 9 Onbeteeld terrein 9 1 Tijdelijk onbeteeld terrein 9 1 1 Land dat voor zaaien of planten geschikt fallow cereals winter wordt gemaakt 9 1 2 Leeg bloembollenland idem idem 9 1 3 Op wintervoor geploegd land idem idem 9 1 4 Stoppelland idem idem 9 1 5 Braak idem idem 9 1 6 Akkerrand idem idem 9 1 7 Overig tijdelijk onbeteeld terrein idem idem 9 2 Permanent onbeteeld terrein 9 2 1 Verharde wegen en paden not relevant aminity use USES 2 0 9 2 2 Onverharde wegen en paden idem idem 9 2 3 Trottoirs straatgoten idem idem 9 2 4 Spoor en trambanen idem idem 9 2 5 Parkeerterreinen bij benzinestations idem idem 9 2 6 Grensstrook van wegen en paden met de bermen 9 2 7 Fabrieksterreinen 9 2 8 Opslagterreinen 9 2 9 Laad en losplaatsen 9 2 10 Onder hekwerken en afrasteringen 9 2 11 Onder vangrails 120 Alterra report 2020 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 9 2 12 Rondom wegmeubilair verkeersborden bermpalen 9 2 13 Op rieten daken en muren 9 2 14 Op terrassen idem idem 9 2 15 Op flagstones grafzerken idem idem 9 2 16 Op tennisbanen niet gras en atletiekbanen idem idem 9 2 17 Kunststof buitenbanen kunststof idem idem sportvelden 9 2 18 Overig permanent onbeteeld terrein idem idem 9 3 Overi
101. ent on the rate coefficient of transformation can be described with an equation based on Walker 1974 For the FOCUS surface water scenarios this parameter is set to 0 7 For MACRO the moisture content of the soil in the transformation experiment has to be entered as a pF value Specifications on transformation in soil MACRO Exponent for the effect of water content 0 70 Half life measured at pF 2 v PRZM Exponent for the effect of water content 0 70 Half life measured at moisture content 7 100 00 Absolute C Relative of FC Bi phase Use bi phase degradation Half life time phase 2 Idi 0 00 Days after initial application bi phasic half life begins 0 Jf OK Figure 5 10 The substance form of SWASH Specification on the transformation in Soi 5 3 1 3 The User Defined wizard After clicking on the button User defined Wizard on the main screen the first form of the Wizard is displayed on the screen On this form shown in Figure 5 11 the user has to select the substance for which he wants to do FOCUS runs The user can select a substance from the list of substances present in the database by clicking on the arrow on the right hand side of the Substance field 38 Alterra report 2020 Select Substance _SW Cancel Beck Neo Finish Figure 5 11 The User Defined Wizard Substance After selection of the substance the user has to click on the Next bu
102. entage in percentage have to be adapted to the proper dimensions Stxldsd start of stretch of water body onto which spray drift is deposited enxidsd end of stretch of water body onto which spray drift is deposited These two distances define the begin and end distance of a section of the watercourse onto which residues of a spray drift event deposit It may be the whole length of the watercourse or only a section of the watercourse A point source release into the water body can be simulated by allowing the pesticide mass to enter one small water body segment defined by its initial distance stx dsd and its end distance enx asah stxlddr start of stretch of watercourse into which drainage enters enxidar end of stretch of watercourse into which drainage enters Drainage water fluxes always enter the whole length of the water body Stx ddr and enx dar refer to pesticide mass drainage fluxes and they define the begin and end distance of the loaded section of the watercourse A point source release by drainage of pesticide into the water body can be simulated by allowing the pesticide mass to enter one small water body segment 8 3 5 Substance properties Most substance properties are already discussed in section 8 1 SWASH Here only some additional properties are discussed mesol molar enthalpy of dissolution The enthalpy of dissolution depends on the substance For most pesticides an enthalpy of dissolution of 27 kJ mol can be taken
103. errogge idem cereals spring 1 37 Haver idem cereals spring 1 3 8 Triticale idem 1 3 9 Overige granen idem 1 4 Mais 1 4 1 Snijma s maize maize 1 4 2 Korrelmais idem idem 1 4 3 Suikermais idem idem 1 4 4 Overig mais idem idem 1 5 Landbouwerwten 1 5 1 Kapucijner legumes legumes 1 5 2 Gele erwt idem idem 1 5 3 Grauwe erwt idem idem 1 5 4 Groene erwt idem idem 1 5 5 Linze idem idem 1 5 6 Rozijnenerwt idem idem 15 7 Schokker idem idem 1 5 8 Suikererwt idem idem 1 5 9 Overige landbouwerwten idem idem 1 6 Landbouwstambonen 1 6 1 Bruine boon legumes legumes 1 6 2 Gele boon idem idem 1 6 3 Kievitsboon idem idem 1 6 4 Witte boon idem idem 1 6 5 Overige landbouwstambonen idem idem 112 Alterra report 2020 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 1 7 Veldbonen 1 7 1 Veldbonen voor ernstige doeleinden 1 7 2 Overige veldbonen 1 8 Graszaadteelt 1 9 Oliehoudende zaden vezelgewassen vezelgewassen 1 10 Voeder en groenbemestingsgewassen stuifdekgewassen 1 10 1 Alexandrijnse en Perzische klaver rode en witte 1 10 2 Lupine 1 10 3 Serradelle 1 10 4 Luzerne 1 10 5 Voederwikke 1 10 6 Bladkool 1 10 7 Bladrammenas 1 10 8 Gele mosterd 1 10 9 Phacelia 1 10 10 Spurrie 1 10 11 Mergkool 1 10 12 Winterrogge 1 10 13 Grasgroenbemester 1 10 14 Stoppelknol 1 10 15 Overige voeder en groenbemestingsgewassen stuif
104. field Using the User Defined wizard the project name is set by default to project SubstanceNamel but this can be modified by the user The directory for the output of a SWASH project is set to C SwashProjects project_name For the example shown in this section the path is C SwashProjects woorbeeld_DROPLET The output for MACRO and TOXSWA are put into subdirectories MACRO and TOXSWA respectively 42 Alterra report 2020 Project Name voorbeeld DROPLET Description voorbeeld DROPLET Path C SwashPrajects Fa Cancel Back Ne Figure 5 15 The User Defined Wizard Project Name and description After clicking on Finish the runs are generated and the user gets a message on the number of runs created After clicking on OK the user returns to the main screen of SWASH 5 3 1 4 View Projects and Define Applications After clicking on the button View Projects and Define Applications on the main screen the form shown in Figure 5 16 is displayed on the screen the example project from Section 5 3 1 3 The upper part is a browse part where the user can browse through the list of available projects using the scroll bar on the right For each project the most important elements are The name of the project The description of the project The name of the substance In the lower part of the form the runs within the project selected are shown The run information consists of the
105. g Veg bulb Legumes Maize Pome stone alfalfa winter spring rape rape beets beans root leafy fruit winter spring Root depth m 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 4 0 6 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 6 0 6 0 8 ROOTMAX ROOTDEP 0 6 Emergence IDSTART 21 11 1 4 2 9 10 4 25 4 10 5 30 4 25 4 25 4 25 4 15 4 5 5 15 4 5 8 Intermediate crop development 16 4 2 4 21 2 11 4 26 4 11 5 1 5 26 4 26 4 26 4 16 4 6 5 16 4 ZDATEMIN 6 8 Max leaf area development 24 7 5 6 25 5 15 6 25 7 20 7 15 7 30 6 5 6 30 6 15 6 10 8 1 7 IDMAX 10 9 Harvest 15 8 20 8 20 7 25 8 18 10 15 9 10 9 15 8 20 7 1 9 10 8 20 9 30 10 IHARV 20 10 a 2 crops per season gt for grass alfalfa perennial crop 94 Alterra report 2020 Soil and site parameters As with crop parameters some soil and site parameters in MACRO have been set to the same value for all scenarios e g dispersion length while others are specific to each scenario e g water retention curve parameters In the scenario specific parameter tables each MACRO parameter is classified into one of four groups depending on how the value was obtained known or based on measured data calibrated against field data default or assumed value estimated from pedo transfer functions MACRO parameter names are given in parentheses Table C 9 MACRO soil parameters assumed constant for all scenarios Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Dispersivity cm DV 5 Mixing depth mm ZMIX 0 1 Slope of shrinkage chara
106. g its water from the IJsselmeer the factor is 0 17 i e there is an additional dilution by a factor of 6 26 Alterra report 2020 5 User s guide for calculation of PECrocus nL o3 5 1 Introduction In this chapter the installation procedure of SWASH MACRO and TOXSWA is described Subseguently the screens of the Graphical User Interfaces of SWASH MACRO and TOXSWA are described which have to be gone through to generate a FOCUS step 3 run with Dutch drift deposition for a FOCUS D3 ditch This results in a PECrocus nuos the main input for DROPLET 5 2 Installation and getting started 5 2 1 Installation of SWASH The SWASH software package can be downloaded from the FOCUS web site http viso ei jrc it focus sw index html The installation procedure results in the installation of SWASH 2 1 The installation directory is CNSWASH by default The MACRO and TOXSWA software packages compatible with SWASH 2 1 should be installed in the same directory i e CNSWASHMACRO and C SWASH TOXSWA SWASH works only correctly if it is installed in the root of a harddrive The drive may also be another drive than CA FOCUS_SWASH_2 1 has been tested on Win2000 WinNT WinXP and Vista For WinNT a MS Office package is needed SWASH is likely to run on previous versions however this has not been tested On WinNT Win2000 WinXP and Vista machines it is necessary to have Administrator rights SWASH requires 12 5 Mb for installation A monitor with at least
107. g onbeteeld terrein 10 Watergangen 10 1 droog Talud remaining arable crops appl aerial 10 2 Droge slootbodems idem idem 10 3 Waterhoudende watergangen idem idem 10 4 Onderhoudspaden van watergangen idem idem 10 5 Vijvers idem idem 10 6 Overige watergangen idem idem 11 Afvalhopen 12 Bewaarplaatsen fust gereedschap 12 1 12 2 12 3 12 4 12 5 12 6 12 7 Bloembollenschuren Pootgoedbewaarplaatsen Stenen en plastic potten Teelttafels Kassen glas Gereedschappen Overig 13 Bijenteelt 14 Overige Alterra report 2020 121 Appendix 4 Dutch drift percentages The Dutch drift percentates are set by the Ctgb More information can be found at the website www ctgb nl Application Subdivision Drift Comments Fruit crops tall fruit without leaves 17 with leaves 7 Lane trees spillen 0 8 closely spaced opzetters widely spaced 2 8 Field crops incl small fruit 1 Bush and hedge shrubbery 1 Bulb growing 1 Greenhouse applications 0 1 Special applications airplane 5 including spray free zone of 14 metres mud bank 100 dry ditch 100 Alterra report 2020 123 124 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 5 The DROPLET Fortran source code Robin van Leerdam Mechteld ter Horst Goal Calculation of tier PEC at ten abstraction points for drinking water from surface water for a selected pesticide version 22 March 2010 program PEC Tierl calculation implicit none
108. her place in the table The latter is not the case in the example of Figure 6 2 In the lowest part of the CropPEC input file the values for the additional dilution factor between O and 1 per abstraction point and the values for the market factor between O and 1 per abstraction point and per GeoPEARL crop are shown 6 2 3 The CropArea input file Figure 6 3 shows the input file CropArea This input file contains the total surface areas of the intake areas belonging to the nine abstraction points plus the Bommelerwaard The areas per GeoPEARL crop grouping are according to data of Kiwa Water Research for the EDG M study Van der Linden et al 2006 which are based on the provisional relation between CBS crops CBS 2004 and GeoPEARL crops GeoPEARL 1 1 1 The area of tree nurseries has been subdivided into tall trees 009 and other trees 010 and the area of fruit culture has been subdivided into tall fruit culture 012 and small fruits 013 to be able to account for different spray drift deposition values 17 or 7 or 1 see Appendix 4 With the surface areas in this input file the relative cropped areas RCA s are calculated see Chapter 4 which is input for the PEC calculation Alterra report 2020 59 Project name test2 Created at 11 12 20 Version DROPLET GUI 0 95 08 14 55 10 Roel Kruijne Alterra 15 June 2006 Area per GeoPEARL crop ha Paulien Adriaanse August 2006 Subdivision of crop gr
109. ic and climatic settings Four runoff R1 R4 scenarios and six drainage D1 D6 scenarios have been defined FOCUS 2001 A detailed description how to use SWASH in the procedure to calculate concentrations at drinking water abstraction points is given in section 5 3 1 The resulting surface water concentrations provide regulators and registrants with improved estimates of the potential aguatic concentrations of agricultural chemicals that could result from labelled product use The Swedish model MACRO macropore flow is used to determine the contribution of drainage to the concentration level in surface waters The model describes the leaching process of chemicals to lower depths in soil due to the water movement It can take into account macropore flow as it distinguishes between different dimensions of soil particles A detailed description how to run MACRO is given in section 5 3 2 PRZM is not used for the DROPLET tool The Dutch model TOXSWA is used for estimating the resulting concentration in the three types of surface waters ditch stream and pond TOXSWA stands for TOXic Substances in WAter and is able to deal with the combined input of the processes described above in a dynamic way This means that the resulting concentra tion is calculated as a function of time A detailed description how to run TOXSWA is given in section 5 3 3 Detailed explanations of the FOCUS Surface Water Scenario models as well as the modelling scenarios key assum
110. icides registration DROPLET ISSN 1566 7197 The pdf file is free of charge and can be downloaded via the website www alterra wur nl go to Alterra reports Alterra does not deliver printed versions of the Alterra reports Printed versions can be ordered via the external distributor For ordering have a look at www boomblad nl rapportenservice 2010 Alterra Wageningen UR P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands Phone 31 317 480700 fax 31 317 419000 e mail info alterra wur nl No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the written permission of Alterra Alterra assumes no liability for any losses resulting from the use of the research results or recommendations in this report Alterra Report 2020 Wageningen April 2010 Contents Preface Summary 1 Introduction 2 Overview of the assessment methodology for agricultural use of plant protection products for drinking water production from surface waters in the Dutch authorization procedure 3 Calculation of edge offield concentration PECrocus n o3 4 Calculation of concentrations in drinking water abstraction points PEC_Tier1 5 User s guide for calculation of PECrocus nps 5 1 5 2 5 3 Introduction Installation and getting started 5 2 1 Installation of SWASH 5 2 2 Getting started with SWASH 5 2 3 Installation and getting stared with MACRO in FOCUS 5 2 4
111. idem idem idem idem remaining arable crops idem idem idem idem remaining arable crops idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem vegetables bulb idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem dubbel met 4 6 3 idem idem idem idem idem vegetables leafy idem idem idem idem idem idem vegetables leafy idem idem idem idem cereals spring idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem Alterra report 2020 117 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 5 1 14 Koreander idem idem 5 1 15 Krulpeterselie idem idem 5 1 16 Lavendel idem idem 5 1 17 Maggikruid lavas idem idem 5 1 18 Majoraan marjolein idem idem 5 1 19 Mierikswortel idem idem 5 1 20 Munt idem idem 5 1 21 Oregano idem idem 5 1 22 Peterselie idem idem 5 1 23 Pimpernel idem idem 5 1 24 Rozemarijn idem idem 5 1 25 Salie idem idem 5 1 26 Tijm idem idem 5 1 27 Venkel idem idem 5 1 28 Overige tuinkruiden idem idem 5 2 Medicinale tuinkruiden 5 2 1 5 2 2 5 2 3 5 2 4 5 2 5 5 2 6 D D Aartsengelwortel Gifsla Mariadistel Opgeblazen Lobelia Valeriaan Wollig vingerhoedskruid Overige medicinale kruiden 5 3 Overige kruidenteelt 5 3 1 Driekleurig viooltje 6 Paddestoelenteelt remaining arable crops idem idem idem idem idem idem remaining arable crops cereals spring idem id
112. imensionless Henry coefficient K is estimated from the quotient of mass concentration of saturated vapour of the substance via vapour pressure and the solubility of the substance in water Pr Me el 11 R T c K H sol Alterra report 2020 25 Piz saturated vapour pressure of substance Pa Mausstance Molecular mass of substance g mol T temperature at which the saturated vapour pressure the solubility and the transport coefficients in the liquid and gas phases are defined K Ce solubility of substance in water g m The saturated vapour pressure at temperature T is derived from the Van t Hoff equation Van den Berg and Boesten 1998 in Beltman and Adriaanse 1999 AH 1 1 PT P dep 12 d R T Tg AH enthalpy of vaporization J mol The effect of the temperature on the water solubility is derived from the Van t Hoff equation Van den Berg and Boesten 1998 via AH 1 1 C sol T C sol Tp 5 exp wa 1 13 R T Ty AH enthalpy of dissolution J mol fiada_ditution The factor fsa dition accounts for additional dilution of the surplus water gathered in the intake area that travels to the abstraction point Additional dilution may be caused by river water that enters the intake area from upstream and that does not contain the considered pesticide It may also be caused by a large lake via which the surplus water from the intake area travels to the abstraction point For Andijk abstractin
113. in in the SWASH database 44 Alterra report 2020 The Overview of composed projects screen also contains a button View report By clicking this button an overview report is composed by SWASH which lists all the FOCUS runs the user needs to do It is useful to print this report to keep track of the runs to be done in the various model shells After clicking on the button View and Edit Applications on the Overview of composed projects screen the form shown in Figure 5 17 is displayed on the screen On this form the scenario crop number of crop in season and water body type for each run are fixed and these are highlighted in yellow The user can edit the application input data for the FOCUS runs The application method first select a run then click on the cell in the Application method column for this run a list is shown of available options The number of applications The first possible day of application entered as day in year number SWASH converts this in day month value The last possible day of application entered as day in year number SWASH converts this in day month value The minimum time interval in days between two consecutive applications The dosage in kg ha Default values used by SWASH are two weeks before emergence for the first possible day of application and 16 days after emergence for the last possible day of application Thus the period between the first and
114. ing an estimation method described by Reid and Sherwood 1966 Substances Sorption If the General option is selected then the user has only to enter either the K value or the K value The value of the K will be automatically calculated from the K and vice versa FOCUS recommends a conversion factor of 1 724 K 1 724 K FOCUS 2000 This conversion factor is used in SWASH The K or Kon value will be used as the value for the sorption coefficient in all solids i e soil suspended solids and sediment If the Detailed sorption option is selected then the user has to enter separate K or Kom values for soil suspended solids and sediment The user can choose the sorption isotherm using the value for the Freundlich exponent If this exponent is set to 1 then a linear sorption isotherm is used If the exponent is not equal to 1 the sorption is described with the Freundlich equation The reference concentration is introduced into the Freundlich equation to obtain a Freundlich coefficient independent of the value of the exponent The value of Alterra report 2020 89 the reference concentration should be within the range of concentrations in the measurements on which the Freundlich sorption coefficient is based In most studies the value of this concentration is set to be 1 0 10 kg m 1 0 mg dm Substance uptake and wash off The user has to specify the factor for the uptake of the substance by the plant root
115. inimum interval between two consecutive applications to all runs in the same project Please note that the period between the first and last possible days should be wide enough to allow the application pattern to be copied If this is not the case SWASH will give a message that the time window is not large enough and should be adjusted The application pattern defines the method time period minimum time interval number of applications and the rates From these data the Pesticide Application Timer PAT see FOCUS 2001 determines the exact dates of application using a standard procedure PAT has been included in the MACRO model to minimise the influence of the user to choose the application date as subsurface macropore flow is event driven and strongly depends on the rainfall pattern immediately after application For applications in pome stone fruit a differentiation between early and late applications is made This distinction in the Dutch drift table Appendix 4 is made because of the different drift levels at early and late growth stages for these crops and because plant protection products exist which are only used either in early or in late growth stages On the Applications screen the user can enter default application patterns for a substance that differ from the default SWASH defines The form with data on the default applications is shown in Figure 5 18 The name of the substance the user has selected is displayed in the fie
116. ions instead of the 5 applications in the default run show that the concentration peaks in water do hardly pile up The reason is that the pesticide mass accumulates in the sediment where the peak concentrations not shown in Table 8 3 are 0 59 2 0 and 4 6 ug L for 1 5 and 10 applications respectively Concentrations for spray entries in the ditch over a length of 10 or 200 m instead of the default 100 m demonstrate that concentrations are approximately a linear function of the loaded stretch length The concentrations for degradation rates of 500 and 100 d instead of the rate of 1000 d in the default run show that their influence is negligible The reason is that the travel time in the ditch is short compared to the degradation half lives Finally the concentrations of 0 648 and 0 660 ug L dissolved for 30 and 5 mg L suspended solids show that sorption to suspended solids is limited for the default K of 10 000 L kg and 5 organic carbon content of the suspended solids All concentrations in Table 8 3 are caused by spray drift deposition and so not by the drain pipe flows This is as expected because the FOCUS D3 scenario has sandy soils with only matrix flow and no macropore flow which means that most compound mass has sorbed to the soil matrix and does not run rapidly into the drain pipes So eq 3 applies to calculate PEC Tierl i e the PECrocus 03 495m IS Multiplied by a factor of 0 0011 to 0 014 Alterra report 2020 153 Table 8 3
117. ktewater Landbouwkundig gebruik Evaluatie Tool assists the Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides Ctgb in evaluating whether pesticides may exceed the 0 1 ug l standard in one of the Dutch surface water abstraction points for drinking water production It operationalises the methodology developed by a Dutch expert group described in Adriaanse et al 2008 The calculation method makes use of the FOCUS D3 ditch a 1 m wide ditch with 30 cm water in a drained sandy soil which is one of the so called FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios used in the registration procedure according to EU Directive 91 414 FOCUS 2001 and http viso ei jrc it focus This manual explains how to use i SWASH to enter compound properties and application pattern ii to run MACRO to calculate the drainage fluxes iii to enter the deposition according to the Dutch Drift Table in TOXSWA next iv to run TOXSWA to obtain an edge of field concentration in the FOCUS D3 ditch and finally v to run DROPLET to obtain the concentrations in the nine Dutch abstraction points plus the Bommelerwaard DROPLET maintains a central database in addition to the SWASH database and combines the peak concentration of the FOCUS D3 ditch with intake area and compound specific factors such as crop areas and compound degradation to calculate concentrations in the abstraction points Keywords Key words surface water abstraction for drinking water production pest
118. l idem idem 4 5 10 Rode biet kroot idem idem 4 5 11 Pastinaak idem idem 4 5 12 Schorseneer incl haverwortel salsifis idem idem 4 5 13 Witlof pennenteelt idem idem 4 5 14 Cichorei pennenteelt idem idem 4 5 15 Overige knol en wortelgroenten idem idem 116 Alterra report 2020 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 4 6 Alliums 4 6 1 Zaaiui incl picklers 4 6 2 Eerstejaars plantui 4 6 3 Tweedejaars plantui 4 6 4 Bosui 4 6 5 Stengelui 4 6 6 Prei 4 6 7 Bieslook 4 6 8 Zilverui 4 6 9 Tweedejaars plantui 4 6 10 Picklers 4 6 11 Knoflook 4 6 12 Zaaisjalot 4 6 13 Plantsjalot 4 6 14 Overige alliums 4 7 Steel en stengelgroenten 4 7 1 47 2 4 7 3 47 4 4 7 5 4 7 6 4 7 7 Asperge witte groene Bleek groenselderij Snij en bladselderij Kardoen Rabarber Stengelsla Overige steel en stengelgroenten 4 8 Overige groententeelt 4 8 1 4 8 2 4 8 3 4 8 4 4 8 5 Knolvenkel Artisjok Peterselie Maggi Overige 5 Kruidenteelt 5 1 Tuinkruidenteelt 5 1 1 5 1 2 5 1 3 5 1 4 5 1 5 5 1 6 5 1 7 5 1 8 5 1 9 5 1 10 5 1 11 5 1 12 5 1 13 Alsem Basilicum Bazielkruid Bernagie Bonenkruid Citroenkruid Citroenmelisse Dille Dragon Engelwortel Husop Kervel Knoflookbieslook onions idem idem idem idem leek onions idem idem idem Idem idem idem idem asparagus leaf vegetables idem
119. l surplus water flows towards the abstraction point The location and size of the intake areas is based upon data of Kiwa Water Research used in the so called project EDG M Evaluatie Duurzame Gewasbescherming Van der Linden et al 2006 Alterra report 2020 15 EDG M Deelproject Drinkwaterknelpunten Stroomgebieden en innamepunten bron KIWA Enschede Twentekanaal Andijk Brakel innamepunt grensstation nn San Ered Scheelhoek Nieuwersluis ARK Petrusplaat LON lt SGI yx SETAN cathy re GER 2 TE TJ Roel Kruijne 28 maart 2006 Figure 2 2 Intake areas and drinking water abstraction points blue dots Monitoring stations in the rivers Rhine at Lobith and Meuse at Eijsden the Dutch borders are indicated by red dots The edge of field concentrations consist of concentrations in the FOCUS D3 ditch FOCUS 2001 caused by spray drift deposition calculated by Dutch drift values Appendix 4 or by drainage entries calculated by the FOCUS MACRO model Jarvis 1994 1998 see Chapter 3 for a brief description 16 Alterra report 2020 From the edge of field concentration the concentration at the abstraction point is calculated by multiplying with factors accounting for e g i the relative crop area i e the ratio of the area of the crop and the entire intake area ii market share reflecting that the pesticide is not used on the entire area of a crop iii difference in timing of applications within the ar
120. last possible day of application is 30 days Applications Possible days of Applications i0 Scenario Coe Nrin season waterbody Appl Method Min Interval d gt 00041d_pa D3 Oil seed rape spring Ist focus ditch gro d spray 1 27 mrt 86 26 apr 116 1 E 00042d_pa D3 Maize Ist focus ditch ground spray 21 apr 111 21 mei 141 1 1 00043d_pa D3 Legumes Ist focus_ditch ground spray q Ol apr 91 Ol mei 121 1 00044d_pa D3 Grass alfalfa 1st focus_ditch ground spray 1 1 Ol jan 1 31l jan 31 Applications Application Pattern z Copy selected application pattern Appl Method Copy NrOfApps Min Interval and Rate to all scenarios of the same crop in season View edit default appl pattern of substance Defaut DRA Print X Cancel Figure 5 17 Application data for the runs in a project a run for a Drainage scenario is selected Alterra report 2020 45 Before increasing the number of applications the user has to widen the time window between the first possible day of application and the last possible day of application The minimum time window that can be used is given by the following equation FOCUS 2001 Window 30 n 1 int In which n number of applications int minimum interval between two consecutive applications days The Copy button in the Application pattern section allows the user to copy the application method the number of applications the application rates and the m
121. lculations More recent crop acreages than the ones currently used See Appendix 8 for how to create a new CropArea file This means the values of RCA and fice intensity Might change default values of RCA are presented in Appendix 2 More recent delimitation of the intake areas than the current ones which are based on a RIVM study of Van der Linden et af 2006 Again the values of RCA and fuse intensity might change Compound specific market share factor fe Instead of the default value of 0 4 other values can be used Consequently the value Of fuse intensity Will also change Additional dilution factor faaa dition Smaller than the value of 1 0 currently used for all abstraction points except Andijk 102 Alterra report 2020 References Adriaanse P I 1996 Fate of pesticides in field ditches the TOXSWA simulation model DLO Winand Staring Centre Report 90 Wageningen Adriaanse P I and W H J Beltman 2009 7ransient water flow in the TOXSWA model FOCUS versions concepts and mathematical description WOt Report 101 Alterra Wageningen Adriaanse P I W H J Beltman E Westein W W M Brouwer and S van Nierop 1997 A proposed policy for differentiated hazard evaluation of pesticides in surface waters Exposure concentrations simulated by TOXSWA and ecotoxicological hazards of pesticides in field ditches and main watercourses DLO Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land Soil and Water Research Adriaa
122. ld at the top of the form On this form the user can enter default values for a substance The entries are Crop Number of the crop within the year i e is it the first or the second crop in the year Scenario Application method Number of applications First day in year of application Julian day number Last day in year of application Julian day number minimum time interval between two consecutive applications 46 Alterra report 2020 Default Application Pattern Substance jcD_sw Possible days of ground spray on 1 O1 jan 35 Od feb Figure 5 18 The substance form of SWASH The default application pattern The user should be aware that there is no check whether the application is within the crop period If the period between the first day in year and the last day in year for the application is outside the cropping period then the pesticide is applied to bare soil Once all input data have been entered correctly the user returns to the Overview of composed projects form by clicking on OK Now the user can click on the button Export FOCUS input to MACRO PRZM and TOXSWA to prepare the input for the runs for MACRO and TOXSWA The options on the Create project files form are shown in Figure 5 19 The user can select one or more options After the appropriate options have been selected the user clicks on OK Now all input data have been prepared to r
123. llation and getting started with TOXSWA Official FOCUS_TOXSWA versions can be downloaded from the website of the Joint Research Centre in Ispra Italy http viso ei jrc it focus Notice that the installation of TOXSWA is the third step of the complete installation of the FOCUS surface water software package Installation of SWASH and TOXSWA is explained in the read me first and read me TOXSWA text files Beltman et al 2006 Appendix 3 Installing comes down to first installing SWASH and next installing TOXSWA If you encounter problems in installation of TOXSWA contact us at toxswa swash wur nl FOCUS_SWASH the shell that prepares the input files for the TOXSWA model performs all runs of a specific project and presents the main output All input and output files of TOXSWA are located at Alterra report 2020 31 C SWASHProjects projectname TOXSWA except the lateral entries input files The lateral entries files m2t made by MACRO are located at C SWASHProjects projectname MACRO cropname Users of FOCUS models can register at the JRC website in Italy When you have registered there you are not yet registered as a TOXSWA user We recommend you to register as a TOXSWA at our website Registered users have some benefits over non registered users You will be put on the TOXSWA mailing lists Through the mailing list we will inform you about updates bugs and reports You can obtain the source code upon request Registration a
124. luation in view of registration in the Netherlands as described in Adriaanse et al 2008 DROPLET calculates intake area and compound specific concentrations for the nine Dutch abstraction points A separate concentration is calculated for the Bommelerwaard polder as this polder has an intensive agriculture and discharges into a branch of the Meuse from which the raw surface water is abstracted for drinking water production Using DROPLET the Ctgb can evaluate whether the drinking water standard of 0 1 ug L is met in each of the nine Dutch drinking water abstraction points following Good Agricultural Practice As specified by the responsible ministries DROPLET only considers contributions of Dutch agriculture i e contributions from agriculture in other countries is not included in the assessment although e g Germany Belgium or France may discharge surplus water containing pesticides into the Rhine or the Meuse The present report provides the user manual of DROPLET It starts with presenting briefly the developed assessment methodology Chapter 2 and the calculation methods for the edge of field concentration in the FOCUS D3 ditch Chapter 3 and next at the nine abstraction points Chapter 4 How to use the needed software is explained in the next chapters Chapter 5 explains the use of respectively SWASH MACRO and TOXSWA with the Dutch Drift Table to calculated the PECrocus n p3 Chapter 6 explains the use of the command line version of DROP
125. mals Under Council Directive 91 414 European Commission Health amp Consumer Protection Directorate General Directorate E Food Safety plant health and welfare international questions E1 Plant Health 104 Alterra report 2020 Shone M G T and A V Wood 1974 A comparison of the uptake and translocation of some organic herbicides and a systemic fungicide by barley I Absorption in relation to physicochemical properties J Exp Bot 25 390400 Smit A A M F R F van den Berg and M Leistra 1997 Estimation method for the volatilization of pesticides from fallow soil Environmental Planning Bureau Series 2 Agricultural Research Department Wageningen The Netherlands 108 pp Tomlin C D S 2003 7he pesticide manual A world compendium 13th edition British Crop Protection Council UK pp 421 422 Alton Hampshire UK Tucker W A and L H Nelken 1982 Diffusion coefficients in air and water In Handbook of chemical property estimation methods Environmental behavior of organic compounds Van den Berg F Pl Adriaanse J A te Roller V C Vulto and J G Groenwold 2008 SWASH Manual 2 1 User s Guide version 2 Van den Berg F and J J T I Boesten 1998 PESTLA 3 3 Description and user s guide DLO Winand Staring Centre Technical Document 43 Wageningen draft 29 June 1998 Van der Linden A M A P van Beelen G A van den Berg M de Boer D J van der Gaag J G Groenwold J F M Huijsmans D F Kalf S A M
126. mly nxnoditis the number of segment lengths defined within the length of the watercourse esedif lesedit length of segments in water body For watercourses the segment length that can be used is restricted by the numerical solution of the model i e the mass conservation equations need to result in a positive and convergent solution For the FOCUS D3 ditch the segment length is set at 10 m coss concentration of suspended solids The constant concentration of suspended solids coss in the water layer depends much on the flow regime in the water body and influence of the wind A concentration of 15 mg L has been selected for the FOCUS D3 ditch raomss mass ratio of organic matter The organic matter content of suspended solids raomss if not measured can be estimated by taking the organic matter content of the top layer of the sediment saomw For the sediment of the FOCUS D3 ditch a value of 0 09 was selected dwmp dry weight of macrophyte biomass per n bottom FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios do not contain macrophytes zwb depth sediment The total thickness of the sediment layer has to be large enough to keep the pesticide mass in the sediment during the simulated period i e diffusion into and out of the sediment layer is fully taken into account When the sediment layer is too thin the pesticide may bounce against the lower boundary of the sediment layer because downward diffusion out of the sediment layer is not po
127. molar Arrhenius activation energy for transformation rate pesticide DT50 w Tw Solub T sol M mass Psat T wap Kom E arth ig d K mg l K g mol Pa K Lkg mol Dummy_ompomnd D sw 10 0 293 0 1 0E 000 293 0 300 00 1 0E 007 293 0 5 80 540000 Figure 6 1 Example of the input file CompoundProperties 6 2 2 The CropPEC input file Relevant crops and PEC values for Dummy compound D_sw compound market share and additional dilution factors Project name test2 Created at 11 12 2008 14 55 10 Version DROPLET GUI 0 95 This file contains crop amp PEC data and the market share for the substance used in the DROPLET project and it contains additional dilution factors for abstraction points PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 Global maximum concentration ug L for step 3 FOCUS D3 run TOXSWA output PEC code Code indicating main contributer to global maximum concentration SPRAY DRIFT 1 DRAINAGE 2 fmarket market share of the pesticide DEFAULT 0 4 codelD GeoPEARL code for crop groupings values must correspond with codes in CropArea inp file NB gt gt GeoPEARL crops groupings may not be used more than once in a simulation lt lt GP crop name of GeoPEARL crop grouping D3 FOCUS crop name of the crop grouping in the FOCUS SW D3 scenario that corresponds with used GeoPEARL crop groupings 2 total number of crops with different GeoPEARL crop grouping codelDs 2 total number of crops
128. mplete Parameterisation of drainage input can be found in appendix C of FOCUS 2001 and can be downloaded from the FOCUS website http viso ei jrc it focus sw index html The MACRO model has been parameterised to calculate drainage inputs to surface water bodies for the six drainage scenarios D1 to D6 Parameters in the model are listed in the following tables sub divided into sections on crop parameters and soil and site parameters The actual parameter names used in the model are given in parentheses 90 Alterra report 2020 Crop parameters Some cropping parameters are considered as crop specific and not site specific and are therefore given a common value for all drainage scenarios where the particular crop is grown FOCUS 2001 Table 4 2 1 1 The remaining parameters mostly concerning root depth and the crop development phases are considered as site specific and are therefore given different values for each scenario Table C 1 Crop specitic MACRO parameters for all drainage scenarios perennial crops Table coding according to Appendix C of Focus 2001 Crop crop grouping Input parameter Grass Alfalfa Citrus Olives Leaf area index LAIC 5 5 3 Root distribution Medium Deep Deep Crop height m HCROP 0 2 3 0 3 0 Drought tolerance Medium Medium Medium Max Interception capacity mm CANCAP 2 0 2 0 1 0 Ratio evaporation of intercepted water to transpiration ZALP 1 0 2 0 2 0 Radiation attenuation factor ATTEN 0 6 0 45 0
129. n scheme the user should go to the Metabolite scheme form by clicking on the button set Metabolites More details about metabolite schemes can be found in the SWASH manual Van den Berg et al 2008 In the drinking water tool DROPLET no metabolites are used thus if SWASH is used to prepare for DROPLET the metabolite schemes can be ignored The sorption section of the Substance form is shown in Figure 5 7 In this section the user can select between the sorption options General and Detailed If the General option is selected then the user has only to enter either the K value or the K value The value of the K will be automatically calculated from the K and vice versa FOCUS recommends a conversion factor of 1 724 K 1 724 Kon FOCUS 2000 This conversion factor is used in SWASH The K or Kom value will be used as the value for the sorption coefficient in all solids i e soil suspended solids and sediment Substances Test compound 1_sw Test compound 2 sw Test compound 3 sw Test compound 4 sw Test compound 5 sw Test compound 6 sw D New ER Copy General Sorption Uptake and Wash Off Transformation M Freundlich Equilibrium Sorption on Soil Suspended Solids and Sediment Coefficient for sorption L ka on C Detailed General Soil Susp Solids Sediment General 8 70 15 000 Freundlich exponent 1 00 Ref concentration in 1 liquid phase g m3
130. nation can be created and put into a single project The button View Projects and Define Applications presents the user overviews of the runs in all projects and allows the user to define or modify the application pattern for each run For the runs in each project the user can decide if project output has to be created The project output consists of the creation of input for MACRO and TOXSWA for the runs selected by the user The user can also print a text report of the specifications of the runs in a project The button Write substance data will update the MACRO substance database for any changes in the substance database of SWASH For TOXSWA this is done automatically because TOXSWA uses the same database as SWASH Using the Exit button the user can end a SWASH session When exiting the MACRO substance database will be updated The buttons on the upper right corner of the screen i e Drift MACRO and TOXSWA give the user a direct link to the Drift calculator and to the shells of the FOCUS surface water models In the Information part of the main screen of SWASH the user is only informed about certain aspects of Step 3 exposure assessment but no changes are made in the database or input prepared for the other models 5 3 1 2 The Substance Screen The substance screen gives access to the pesticide database of SWASH On the substance screen the user can enter new substances or modify the properties of su
131. nditions generally varies between 3 and 100 mm Without advection flow so no seepage flux through the sediment layer the dispersion length is a dummy value In the FOCUS scenarios there is no seepage flux through the sediment so the value of 15 mm is a dummy value 98 Alterra report 2020 8 3 3 Hydrology of water bodies When the water body is a watercourse the hydrology of water bodies concerns the characteristics of the watercourse including its contributing representative channel For both types of water bodies the description of the hydrology includes parameters describing the catchments A full description of concepts and mathe matical description of the hydrology in the FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios has been given in Adriaanse and Beltman 2009 The parameterization of the hydrology of a scenario is complex because it is partly also calibration using simulated drainage or runoff water fluxes The parameterization of the FOCUS scenarios has been reported into detail in Sections 4 3 3 and 4 4 3 of FOCUS 2001 8 3 4 Pesticide loadings The pesticide loadings concern loadings via the entry routes spray drift and drainage midsd pesticide mass per square metre deposited onto the water surface The mass deposited per square metre area of water g m from e g a spray drift event can be calculated by multiplying the field dose g m with the drift fraction Note that for this calculation the doses in e g kg ha and the drift perc
132. nse P I J P M Vink W W M Brouwer M Leistra J W Tas J B H J Linders and J W Pol 2002 Estimating transformation rates of pesticides to be used in the TOXSWA model from water sediment studies Wageningen Alterra Green World Research Alterra rapport 023 Adriaanse PI J B H J Linders G A van den Berg J J T I Boesten M W P van der Bruggen K Jilderda R Luttik W S W Merkens Y J Stienstra and R J M Teunissen 2008 Development of an assessment methodology to evaluate agricultural use of plant protection products for drinking water production from surface waters a proposal for the registration procedure in the Netherlands Wageningen Alterra report 1635 Beltman W H J and P I Adriaanse 1999 User s manual TOXSWA 1 2 Simulation of pesticide fate in small surface waters SC DLO Technical Document 54 Wageningen the Netherlands Beltman W H J M M S ter Horst P I Adriaanse and A de Jong 2006 Manual of FOCUS TOXSWA v2 2 1 Alterra rapport 586 Wageningen the Netherlands Briggs G G R H Bromilow and A A Evans 1982 Relationships between lipophilicity and root uptake and translocation of nonionised chemicals by barley Pesticide Science 13 495 504 Crum S J H A M M van Kammen Polman and M Leistra 1999 Sorption of nine pesticides to three aquatic macrophytes Arch Envirn Contam Toxicol Vol 37 no 3 p 310 317 FOCUS 2000 FOCUS groundwater scenarios in the EU review of active substances Repor
133. nsformation depends strongly on the pesticide and the environmental and soil conditions Water sediment studies can be used to obtain data on the transformation half life in water and sediment Key elements for such studies as well as guidance on the procedure to derive the DT for the water layer and the sediment are given by FOCUS 2001 For the half life on the crop the temperature is not needed because there is not enough knowledge how to describe the temperature dependency of the half life of the substance on the crop A recent EU guidance document on bird and mammal risk assessment SANCO 4145 2000 2002 recommends that a default value of 10 days be used as a reasonable default value for foliar half life To maintain harmonisation between guidelines a default foliar half life value of 10 days is also recommended for use in FOCUS surface water modelling If appropriate experimental data is available to support a significantly different foliar dissipation rate this value can be substituted for the default value Please note that the half life for a metabolite on the crop is not relevant because it is disabled in SWASH The effect of the moisture content on the rate coefficient of transformation can be described with an equation based on Walker 1974 For the FOCUS surface water scenarios this parameter is set to 0 7 For MACRO the moisture content of the soil in the transformation experiment has to be entered as a pF value 8 2 MACRO The co
134. nt mainly because the viscosity of water depends on the temperature When a calculation is done at a constant temperature that is not 20 C and the diffusion coefficient is a sensitive parameter for the simulated situation one may consider taking the effect of temperature into account for the diffusion coefficient entered The diffusion coefficient for a specific temperature can be calculated with the Einstein equation derived by Stokes Tucker and Nelken 1982 Leistra et al 2001 This equation can be approximated with D L 0 02571 T T D where Dy diffusion coefficient of the substance in water at temperature 7 m d T 7 temperature K 1 reference temperature K Dy diffusion coefficient of the substance in water at reference temperature m dh 8 4 DROPLET In this section the parametersation of the factors used in DROPLET are discussed Corresponding FOCUS scenario factor f cocusscen TeonFocusscen 3 if peak is mainly caused by drainage entries and feorrocusseen 1 if peak is mainly caused by spray drift entries If the peak occurs at the same day as the application day the peak is mainly caused by spray drift entries RCA The default values of the relative cropped areas RCA are given in Appendix 2 Market share factor fmarket For the market share factor a default value of 0 4 is used Deviation of this value is possible with valid argumentation 100 Alterra report 2020 Relevant contri
135. ntaining the PEC ren at all abstraction points plus the Bommelerwaard Fig 7 18 The complete output file can be viewed by clicking on Show report The content of this output file has been discussed in section 5 3 A Summary results DROPLET project Name test2 Description se created 16 12 2008 modified 17 12 2008 Abstraction Point PEC_Tier I tpg L De Punt 0 073 Andijk 0 006 Nieuwegein 0 010 Heel 0 046 Amst Rijnkanaal 0 008 Brakel 0 031 Petrusplaat 0 030 Twentekanaal 0 001 Scheelhoek 0 030 Bommelerwaard subarea of Brakel Figure 7 18 The Summary results screen for a substance with Ky lt 10000 L kg If the K exceeds 10000 L kg the Summary results screen contains the calculated PEC_tierl concentrations preceded by the lt sign Fig 7 19 The reason is that the PEC_Tierl calculation method does not take sorption of pesticide mass into account that entered the D3 ditch by spray drift deposition Therefore 78 Alterra report 2020 calculated concentrations are too high and it is suggested to divide the calculated values by a factor of 5 For more details see sections 6 2 1 6 2 5 and Appendix 9 Summary results gt DROPLET project Name test3_25Mar10 Description nonr created 25 Mar 2010 modified 25 Mar 2010 Abstraction Point PEC_Tier I val De Punt lt 0 119 Andijk lt 0 027 Nieuwegein lt 0 147 Heel lt 0 070 Amst Rijnkanaal lt 0 139
136. ntent at macro micropore boundary XMPOR 374 294 294 Water tension at macro micropore boundary cm CTEN 39 454 454 Pore size distribution index ZLAMB 0 847 1 958 1 958 Tortuosity factor micropores ZM 0 5 0 5 0 5 Tortuosity factor macropores ZN 4s 4s 4s Effective diffusion pathlength mm ASCALE 20 Ie 1s Saturated hydraulic conductivity mm hr KSATMIN 703 1102 1102 Conductivity at macro micropore boundary mm hr KSM 0 543 1 94 1 92 FIELD DRAINAGE Drain depth m DRAINDEP 1 75 4 Drain spacing m SPACE 76 0 4 Transmission coefficient at bottom boundary h BGRAD 0 0 a derived from measured values or known default or assumed value 8 3 TOXSWA The TOXSWA parameters are discussed in the same order as presented in the txw file the TOXSWA input file appendix 7 This file is divided in five sections Each of the sections is discussed separately in the next report sections More details can be found in the chapters 3 3 and 5 of Beltman et al 2006 8 3 1 Run characteristics The run characteristics concern general information names and paths of TOXSWA input files simulation settings and output options for TOXSWA Only for the calculation time step for sediment some guidance is given 96 Alterra report 2020 deltwb calculation time step for sediment The time step for the sediment deltwb is default set at 600 seconds Using 600 seconds for deltwb usually results in a stable
137. nter and spring oil seed rapes sugar beets potatoes field beans vegetables root leafy and bulb legumes maize pome stone fruit grass alfalfa The crop must also be categorized into a GeoPEARL crop grouping to be able to determine the Relative Cropped Area Appendix 2 of the crop in the intake area under concern In GeoPEARL data are available on the crop areas in the nine intake areas needed to calculate the Relative Cropped Areas in Equation 3 With help of Appendix 3 the user can categorize a crop in a FOCUS D3 crop grouping and in a GeoPEARL crop grouping In principle there is no free choice appendix 3 connects a crop to a FOCUS D3 crop grouping and a geoPEARL crop grouping For silviculture no representative FOCUS D3 crop grouping is available in Appendix 3 Therefore the FOCUS D3 crop grouping pome stone fruit must be used The possible combinations between the FOCUS D3 and GeoPEARL crop groupings are listed in Table 4 1 Crops that are not mentioned in Appendix 3 and that have small cropped areas and low application rate can be neglected for the calculation in the drinking water tool 22 Alterra report 2020 Table 4 1 Possible combinations between FOCUS D3 and GeoPEARL crop groupings FOCUS D3 crops GeoPEARL crop grouping Cereals winter Cereals spring Oil seed rape winter Oil seed rape spring Sugar beets Potatoes Field beans Vegetables root Vegetables leafy Vegetables bulb Legumes Maize Pome s
138. o be run as a preparation for the TOXSWA en DROPLET runs Model version The software tool MACRO n FOCUS version 4 4 2 runs version 4 3b of the MACRO model A technical description of MACRO can be downloaded from the web address http www mv slu se bgf macrohtm macro htm w 0 Alterra report 2020 Installation and system files The package consists of a Windows executable macro focus exe together with the DOS program files for MACRO Windows system files binary formatted weather data files and three Microsoft Access formatted databases one containing soil data another containing crop data and the third containing information on pesticide properties Important The system only works properly if Regional Settings under Control Panel on My computer are set to a default national setting without making changes i e do not select Swedish and then change the number format to decimal point from the default comma All program files must be installed in a sub directory MACRO under SWASH if the system is to work properly for surface water scenarios e g under the directory C SWASH MACRO if you installed to the C drive If you have previously installed an earlier version of this software tool 3 3 1 and earlier that was released for ground water FOCUS scenarios then you should uninstall any older versions prior to installation of MACRO in FOCUS v4 4 2 Unfortunately the information on substance properties that you may have
139. oint We calculated Table 8 1 to obtain an overview of the approximate range of the RCA and dilution factors for the major crops in the Netherlands The dilution factors are calculated as RCA 150 Alterra report 2020 Table 8 1 Range of RCA factors and corresponding dilution factors based upon the crop area of the major crops in the nine intake areas Crop Range RCA factor Range dilution Grass 0 14 0 40 2 5 7 Maize 0 048 0 14 7 21 Potatoes 0 014 0 10 10 72 Sugarbeets 0 022 0 057 17 45 Cereals 0 011 0 089 11 91 Table 8 1 shows that the PECrocys nu p3 IS diluted by approximately at least a factor of 7 to 10 times for the major crops excluding grass in all abstraction points for minor crops the dilution is even more Combining Table 8 1 with eqs 1 and 2 results in the following simplified equation for the peak concentration at the abstraction points PEC Tierl caused by spray drift depositions PEC_Tierl 0 1 RCA PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 eg 3 and by drainage entries PEC_Tierl 0 6 RCA PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 eg 4 with RCA 0 011 to 0 14 for the major crops excluding grass So spray drift caused peak concentrations are diluted by a factor of approximately 70 to 910 times and drainage caused peak concentrations by a factor of approximately 12 to 150 times Notice that these numbers are valid for compounds used on only one crop If the compound is used on more than one crop the RCA factors are added up and the dilution
140. onless Henry coefficient See Report 90 Adriaanse 1996 p 33 for more details KHenry Psat Molm R T csol Calculation of degradation rate in water at the wished temperature on the basis of the Arrhenius equation kdegr kdegrref exp E_arrhAR T Tref_d T Tref_d Calculation of dissipation rate of pesticide out of the watercourse see Adriaanse et al 1997 NW4 study kvol 1 waterdepth 1 1 kexlig 1 KHenry kexgass kdiss kvol kdegr fdiss 1 0 exp kdiss tdiss end subroutine f_user_intensity CA CCP abstr_area fmarket f_use Calculation of the use intensity factor implicit none real CCP 3 f_use real fcorrFOCUSscen frelcontarea fmarket RCA CA 27 10 integer ii column_code_MC abstr_area codelD 134 Alterra report 2020 codelD CCP 3 if CA 27 abstr_area ne 0 RCA CA codelD abstr area CA 27 abstr area column code MC 2 if CCP column code MC eq 1 then fcorrFOCUSscen 1 0 l spray drift frelcontarea 0 5 else fcorrFOCUSscen 3 0 P drainage frelcontarea 1 0 end if f_use RCA fcorrFOCUSscen fmarket frelcontarea end subroutine range check CP u_output implicit none real CP 9 integer u output if CP 1 It 0 1 or CP 1 gt 1000 0 then write f8 1 a CP 1 is not a valid value for field Half life time in water write a The allowed range is 0 1 to 1000 write u_output f8 1 a CP 1 is not a
141. onplanten Borders Moestuinen Snijteen vochtig Snijteen droog Rietteelt Stekmateriaa Moeras en waterplanten Overige sierteelt 8 Openbaar groen 8 1 Openbare grasvegetatie 8 1 1 8 1 2 8 1 3 8 1 4 8 1 5 Gazon Speelweide Sportveld golfgreens Grasbermen Overige openbare grasvegetatie floriculture idem idem idem idem idem idem tree nurseries idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem floriculture floriculture idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem grass idem idem idem idem vegetables leafy idem idem idem idem idem idem Pome stone fruit early or late applns idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem cereals winter vegetables leafy idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem idem appl aerial vegetables leafy grass alfalfa idem idem idem idem Alterra report 2020 119 Ctgb gewassenlijst HTB 1 0 Representatief GEOPEARL gewas Representatief D3 8 2 Openbare aanplant 8 2 1 Laan en perkbomen tree nurseries appl aerial 8 2 2 Windsingels 8 2 3 Wegbeplanting bosplantsoen silviculture appl aerial 8 2 4 Plantsoenbeplanting 8 2 5 Rozenperken floriculture 8 2 6 Perkplanten floriculture 8 2 7 Vaste planten floriculture 8 2 8 Overige openbare aanplant 8 3 Bosbouw 8 3 1 Kaalslagterrein silviculture appl aerial 8 3 2 Loofhout idem idem 8 3 3 Naaldhout id
142. oupings Tree_nurseries 009 amp 010 and Fruit cultures 012 amp 013 Addition 22 April 2008 The intake area of abstraction point 6b Bommelerwaard is a subarea within abstraction point 6 Brakel ID CBScrp Area per GeoPEARL crop in the 9 extraction points according to KIWA used in EDG M and in the Bommelerwaard 6b crop ID cropID in CompoundCropPEC files must correspond with this ID number of CBS crops in GeoPEARL group Based on the provisional relation between CBS crops CBS 2004 and GeoPEARL crops GeoPEARL 1 1 1 ID abstraction point Name abstraction point KIWA Intake area of abstraction point ha ID 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 000 GP name Dutch aardappelen aardbeien asperges bieten bladgroenten handelsgewassen bloemisterij bol _grote bomen _overige bomen braak _grote bomen _overige fruitteelt granen gras graszaad groenbemesting groentegewassen hennep houtteelt koolsoorten mais overige akkerbouw peulvruchten prei uien Total GeoPEARL CBScrp GP name 5 potatoes strawberries asparagus sugar beets leaf vegetables plnts com purp floriculture flower bulbs tall trees other trees fallow tall fruit cult small fruits 1 cereals grass grass seed green manuring 2 vegetables cannabis silviculture cabbage maize rem _agr
143. output a writelu output a f_use_int RCA f market f relevant contributing area writelu output a writelu output a f_corrFOCUSscen 3 for peaks caused by drainage 1 for peaks caused by spray drift writelu output a f relevant contributing area 1 for drainage 0 5 for spray drift writelu output a f timing 0 5 writelu output a f12 6 f_dissipation fdiss write u_output a f12 6 f_dissipation Bommelerwaard 1 00 write u_output a f5 1 a Assumed surface water temp T K write u_output a Alterra report 2020 131 write u_output a Abstraction point FOCUS f_use_int RCA f market f_add_dil write u_output a D3 crop O 0 write u_output a range change for additional dilution factor and market share call range_check_F Add_dil ncrops_GAP_NL fmarket catchment crop_name u_output doi 1 9 loop over abstraction points do ii 1 ncrops_GAP_NL if CA int CCP ii 3 i gt 0 01 then RCA CA int CCPAii 3 i CA 27 i write u_output a a a f8 6 5x 8 6 3x f4 2 5x f4 2 catchment i amp FOCUS_D3_Cropiii f_use_int i ii RCA fmarketfi ii Add_dil i endif end do end do write u output a do ii 1 ncrops GAP NL if CA int CCP ii 3 i gt 0 01 then RCA CA int CCP ii 3 i CA 27 i write u_output a a a f8 6 5x 8 6 3
144. ower tiers and use of measured data in higher tiers Finally the ministries specified that a drinking water standard of 0 1 ug L should be evaluated i e purification by drinking water companies was not to be considered Only pesticide use according to the label Good Agricultural Practice GAP should be evaluated The Working Group strived for the development of an assessment methodology allowing on one hand the drinking water companies to have surface waters of a good quality at their disposal and on the other hand not to prohibit the registration of pesticides that do not hinder the drinking water production from surface waters In this methodology only normal agricultural use of pesticides is assessed At present in the Netherlands approximately 40 of all drinking water originates from surface waters Drinking water is produced at nine locations Heel Brakel and Petrusplaat along the river Meuse Nieuwegein Amsterdam Rijnkanaal and Scheelhoek taking in water mainly originating from the river Rhine Twentekanaal abstracting water originating from the IJssel branch of the Rhine Andijk abstracting water from the inner IJsselmeer Lake and De Punt abstracting water from the Dutch river Drentsche Aa Table 2 1 Fig 2 1 Table 2 1 The nine locations where surface water is abstracted for producing water production in the Netherlands NAME LOCATION Abstraction point 1 Scheelhoek Scheelhoek Haringvliet 2 Petrusplaat Biesbosch Meuse 3
145. p m2t stdate 01 Jan 1992 unit endate 30 Apr 1993 unit chastdatemet Jan 1975 chaendatemet Dec 1994 deltwb 600 unit s deltouth 1 l unit h Alterra report 2020 141 nwbsy 1 iwbsy 10 ktop 12 ntcurve 1 unit unit unit unit tcurvedate 01 Jan 1992 04 unit op_hyb 0 op_mfl 0 op_rcl 0 op_rc2 0 op_cwa 0 op_csl 0 op_mwa 0 op mwl 0 op msa 0 op msl 0 op dba 0 op dbl 0 op mob 0 00013d pa hyb water balance 00013d pa mfl echo of drainage or runoff entries 00013d pa rc1 basic information on repr channel 00013d pa rc2 additional information on repr channel 00013d_pa cwa concentrations water layer 00013d_pa cs1 concentrations sediment sub system 00013d pa mwa mass balance water layer 00013d_pa mw1 mass balance segment water layer 00013d_pa msa mass balance all sediment sub systems 00013d_pa ms1 mass balance sediment sub system 00013d_pa dba distribution substance in total water body 00013d_pa db1 distribution substance segment nr wl 00013d_pa mob monthly water and mass balances Section 2 Definition of water layer and sediment xdit 100 00 xfb 0 xeb 0 nxnodit 10 lesedit 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 wibot 1 00 sisl 1 0E 05 wdhfl 0 01 coss 15 raomss 0 09 dwmp 0 castwl 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 142 unit m
146. pecified The half life of transformation depends strongly on the pesticide and the environmental and soil conditions Water sediment studies can be used to obtain data on the transformation half life in water and sediment Key elements for such studies as well as guidance on the procedure to derive the DT50 for the water layer and the sediment are given by FOCUS 2001 Substances Test c ompound 1 sw Test compound 2 sw Test compound 3 sw Test compound 4 sw Test compound 5 sw Test compound 6 sw D New B Copy II Remove E Sawi Und General Sorption Uptake and Wash Off Transformation Water Soil Sediment Crop Half life time dj 6 00 6 00 6 00 10 00 Measured at C 20 0 20 0 20 0 Effect of temperature Activation energy J mol 54000 0 TOXSWA Exponent 1 K 0 079 MACRO OlOfac 2 20 PRZ Specifications on transformation in soil Figure 5 9 The substance form of SWASH The transformation section Alterra report 2020 37 For the half life on the crop the temperature is not needed because there is not enough knowledge how to describe the temperature dependency of the half life of the substance on the crop After clicking on the Specifications on transformation in soil button a screen appears on which additional data has to be entered related to the transformation in soil The content of this form is presented in Figure 5 10 The effect of the moisture cont
147. ptions required modelling inputs and model outputs are provided in the respective FOCUS modelling reports FOCUS 2002 The FOCUS surface water models can be freely downloaded from the FOCUS website viso ei jrc it focus index htm The working group which developed the assessment methodology to evaluate agricultural use of plant protection products for drinking water from surface waters decided that the D3 ditch scenario Fig 3 1 is the most representative scenario for the estimation of the PEC in surface water at the abstraction point for drinking water production Adriaanse et al 2008 The basis for the determination of PEC the pesticide concentration at abstraction points in surface waters for drinking water production is the determination of the PECrocus naos The PECrocus nup3 IS the edge of field concentration in a FOCUS D3 ditch scenario It is obtained by running a series of FOCUS models First FOCUS crops pesticide properties application pattern and rate have to be filled in in SWASH Subsequently the FOCUS drainage ditch D3 scenario has to be run with MACRO and TOXSWA The Dutch drift deposition table Ctgb HTB 0 2 http www ctgb nl has to be used instead of the spray drift calculator in SWASH Details are discussed in section 5 3 3 The output of the TOXSWA run is the input for the DROPLET tool Fig 3 2 Alterra report 2020 19 Extent of Scenario D3 g Figure 3 1 Extent of FOCUS D3 drainage scenario
148. re detected surface water abstraction may stop for several days or even weeks 14 Alterra report 2020 To overview the current situation all pesticides that had caused surface water intake stops in the past were identified For these 18 pesticides all monitoring data from 2000 onwards were obtained from the drinking water companies On January 1 2000 the Lozingenbesluit Open Teelt en Veehouderij was implemented This changed considerably the GAPs including the introduction of crop free zones along watercourses and use of drift reducing nozzles and therefore monitoring data from before 2000 were no more relevant To operationalise the risk assessment methodology further the two ministries specified that they wanted to protect each individual abstraction point and that they only wanted to consider pesticide contributions originating from the Netherlands and not from upstream located countries such as Germany or Belgium The Working Group developed two tiers in the first tier the concentration in each abstraction point is calculated and subsequently compared to the drinking water standard In the second tier measured concentrations at the abstraction points are evaluated and compared to the standard In Tier concentrations at the abstraction points are calculated on the basis of edge of field concentrations for all crops in the intake area on which the pesticide can be used Each abstraction point has its own intake area Fig 2 2 from where al
149. real fdiss sum PECabstr ftiming CA 27 10 waterdepth RCA real PEC_Tier1 10 CP 9 tdiss T Add dil 10 real allocatable CCP testCCP f use int fmarket integer i ii j k n ncrops GAP NL u input u output curcomp codeGP values 9 number appl integer ncrops FOCUS SW character len 11 buffer character len 56 buffer_long character len 110 allocatable buffer_extralong character len 30 file_name character len 19 catchment 10 character len 27 crop_name 26 character len 22 compound_name character len 40 project_name character len 20 executable_name model_version model_date character len 25 compiler_name character len 80 workdir getCwd character len 30 allocatable FOCUS_D3_Crop character len 30 allocatable testFOCUS_D3_Crop testGP_Crop character len 17 allocatable Date_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 character len 17 allocatable testDate_PEC_FOCUS_NL_D3 character len 3 allocatable CropUsed testCropUsed character len 10 date time zone date_input 3 logical writebommelerwaard error character dummy fdiss factor accounting for the dissipation of the pesticide in the water If use int factor considering the use of the pesticide fmarket factor considering the marketshare of the pesticide default 0 4 ftiming factor considering the diference in timing of application in an area TCA array cont
150. reated The user can select or deselect a water body type by marking the check boxes on the left of the water body type name For the purpose of preparing a DROPLET run the user must only select the Ditch waterbody type After the selection of the water body types the user continues by clicking on Next The next wizard form shows the list of available FOCUS surface water scenarios Only scenarios for which the crop water body type combinations have been defined are included in this list In the example shown in Figure 5 14 the scenarios D1 D2 D3 and D6 are selected For the purpose of preparing a DROPLET run the user must only select the D3 scenario It can be added or deleted from the list by clicking on the gt button or the lt button The user can select all or deselect all scenarios by clicking on gt gt or lt lt respectively Alterra report 2020 41 Available Scenarios Selected Scenarios mm Cancel lt Back Nest Figure 5 14 The User Defined Wizard Scenarios After the selection of the scenarios of interest the user continues by clicking on Next Then the last form of the wizard is shown on the screen Fig 5 15 On this form the user has to specify the name of the project and the description of the project All SWASH output is put in a subdirectory of C SwashProjects The SWASH output path can be changed by clicking on the button on the right hand side of the path
151. ref Tref s Tref_d enth_vap real mH2O kexH20 kdegrref E_arrh csolref kexgass KHenry enth diss T parameter R 8 314472 J mol K l csolref CP 3 g m3 solubility mg L g m3 Molm CP 5 g mol molar mass Psatref CP 6 Pa measured saturated vapour pressure Tref v CP 7 IK Temp at which the saturated vapour pressure is measured Alterra report 2020 133 Tref_s CP 4 IK Temp at which the solubility is measured Tref_d CP 2 IKI Temp at which DT50 water is measured enth_vap 95 e3 J mol cf TOXSWA manual 2 2 1 E_arrh CP 9 J mol cf TOXSWA manual 2 2 1 kdegrref alog 2 0 CP 1 d 1 degradation rate in the water mC02 44 0 g mol molar mass of CO2 kexC02 4 8 m d cf TOXSWA manual 1 2 mH20 18 0 g mol molar mass of H20 kexH20 720 0 m d cf TOXSWA manual 1 2 enth_diss 27 e3 J mol cf TOWXSA manual 2 2 1 Calculates transport coefficient of compound in the liquid phase m d 1 kexlig kexC02 SQRT mCO2 SQRT Molm Calculates transport coefficient of compound in the gass phase m d 1 kexgass kexH20 SQRT mH20 SQRT Molm Calculation of saturated vapour pressure at wished temperature on the basis of the Van t Hoff equation Psat Psatref exp enth_vap R 1 T 1 Tref v Calculates solubility at wished temperature on the basis of the Van t Hoff equation csol csolref exp enth_diss R 1 T 1 Tref_s Calculates dimensi
152. requires 6 5 Mb hard disk memory for installation A monitor with at least a screen resolution of 800x600 is required using 256 colors Preferably select small fonts as display setting The faster the processor the better On the main directory e g D DROPLET the DROPLET exe to start up the GUI and droplet ini are stored Also three subdirectories are placed here Data PEC and Projects The Data subdirectory contains the DROPLET database DROPLET mdb and the subdirectories CropArea and Resources The subdirectory Resources contains the maps that can be viewed in the Information tab of the DROPLET GUI The subdirectory CropArea contains the file Default CropArea the default surface areas of the intake areas and the default areas of the crops within an intake area The subdirectory PEC contains the latest created input files and output file the Names input file and the executable DROPLET CalcPEC exe The Names input file is a fixed file and contains the names of the nine abstraction points plus the Bommelerwaard and the names of the 26 GeoPEARL crops see section 6 2 4 The Projects subdirectory contains a list of all DROPLET projects created with the DROPLET wizard in the GUI Each project contains the input files CompoundProperties CropPEC and CropArea when the input files have been created in the GUI When the calculation has been done the project subdirectory also contains the Summary output file The SWASH database sw
153. resent in the SWASH database or the creation of a new substance Once the substance is included in the database the User defined wizard can be used to create the runs required in the assessment of the fate of the substance in the surface water Using the User defined wizard the user can select one or more crops one or more up to 3 water body types and one or more up to 10 scenarios After creation of the project with the User defined wizard the user has to enter the correct application data on the Applications form Once the application data have been entered for the runs created in the new project the user has to export the data to the MACRO and TOXSWA shells This sequence of steps is depicted in Figure 5 2 Add or Edit a substance Create a project Edit the application data for the runs in the project Export input to MACRO and TOXSWA View and Print Report Figure 5 2 Scheme for preparing input to run FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios using SWASH ND oo Alterra report 2020 Next runs have to be started in the sequence MACRO TOXSWA For a drainage scenario first a run with MACRO has to be executed before running TOXSWA After starting the MACRO shell using the MACRO button on the main screen of SWASH the user has to specify in the MACRO shell the run that has already been created in SWASH The report of the SWASH project can assist the user in specifying the correct scenario crop parent compound and application data
154. rinking water 80 Alterra report 2020 Maps intake areas Intake areas en ee ee Innamepunten opperviaktewater voor menselijke consumptie Legenda Peren de bapa Mayada EAI AN ws Shenae ORTON C nmemerneen gt ee ag Ce ANINI nn m pant Lam WET AMER pamp in E d Figure 7 21 Maps intake areas tab Abstraction points The second tab Intake areas shows maps with the intake areas for the nine abstraction points Fig 7 22 The intake area of an abstraction point represents the area from where all surplus water is gathered into surface waters flowing towards the considered abstraction point The map can be viewed into more detail by clicking on the map surface The location and size of the intake areas is based upon data of Kiwa Water Research used in the so called project EDG M Evaluatie Duurzame Gewasbescherming Van de Linden et al 2006 An intake area can be selected from the drop down menu by clicking on the arrow VW The nine locations where surface water is abstracted are Heel Brakel and Petrusplaat along the river Meuse Nieuwegein Amsterdam Rijnkanaal and Scheelhoek taking in water mainly originating from the river Rhine Twentekanaal abstracting water originating from the IJssel branch of the Rhine Andijk abstracting water from the large inner IJsselmeer Lake and De Punt abstracting water from the little Dutch river Drentsche Aa Alterra report 2020 81 M Maps intake areas Abstraction points Intake
155. s 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 00 0 40 0 40 Figure 6 2 The CropPEC input file 58 Alterra report 2020 The CropPEC input file Fig 6 2 repeats some information from the corresponding SWASH project of the DROPLET project it shows the PECrocus nup3 for all crops in the DROPLET project and it shows the values of the additional dilution factor and of the market factors per abstraction point The number in line 17 represents the amount of different GeoPEARL crops in the DROPLET project while the number in line 18 represents the total amount of FOCUS D3 crops Some FOCUS D3 crops are connected to the same GeoPEARL crop Appendix 3 so the number in line 18 can be higher than the number in line 17 The number in line 19 represents the total number of applications for all FOCUS D3 crops in the project The numbers in line 17 to 19 can be deduced from the two tables below in this case on lines 21 23 and 26 30 The table on lines 26 30 contains information on the PECrocus nup3 and the date of occurrence the GeoPEARL and FOCUS D3 crop The user has introduced this information in the wizard of the DROPLET GUI and can change this here when using the command line version of DROPLET In the last column it is indicated by YES or NO whether a PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 is used in the calculation or not NO indicates that the same GeoPEARL crop is present in the table more than once and that this GeoPEARL crop has a higher PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 at an ot
156. s a TOXSWA user is possible via www pesticidemodels eu 5 3 Generating FOCUS step 3 run for D3 ditch and Dutch drift deposition 5 3 1 Preparing the project for the compound and its application pattern in SWASH In this section it is explained how a FOCUS step 3 run in SWASH can be created as a preparation for a MACRO run with a FOCUS D3 ditch This information is described in Van den Berg et al 2008 and more details can be found there 5 3 1 1 The Main Screen Actions The main screen consists of two parts namely Actions and Information In the Actions part the user under takes activities with concrete results i e the SWASH database is updated or projects and runs are created The first part Actions is displayed after clicking on the Actions tab and this is shown in Figure 5 5 Surface WAter Scenarios Help File Edit View Help Drift MACRO 9 PRZM 9 TOXSWA 7 Information al Create View and Edit Substances Update SWASH database 5 Generate project with all possible runs for N FOCUS Wizard selected substance and crop location F 1 Generate project with all possible runs for iN User defined Wizard selected substance crop waterbody type and scenario combination 2 i x Soe View projects define applications and View Projects and Define Applications prepare input for MACRO PRZM and TOXSWA i Update substance database MACRO and El Write Substance Data substance files PRZM TOXS WA substance data ar
157. s correspond to those defined for GeoPEARL Note that a value of 0 000000 may indicate that the factor is smaller than 0 0000005 or that the factor is truly zero Alterra report 2020 109 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6b DE PUNT ANDIJK N GEIN HEEL A DAM BRAKEL PETRUS TWENTE SCHEELHOEK BOMMELERWAARD GP name H H H H H H H H H potatoes 0 097886 0 043036 0 007459 0 027731 0 005776 0 028332 0 027067 0 001393 0 027950 0 007531 strawberries 0 000000 0 000089 0 000493 0 000410 0 000366 0 001884 0 001946 0 000050 0 001490 0 002099 asparagus 0 000018 0 000068 0 000039 0 002563 0 000046 0 003570 0 003351 0 000000 0 002452 0 000000 sugar_beets 0 035648 0 020828 0 011634 0 057006 0 008669 0 029561 0 028433 0 000000 0 027931 0 002160 leaf_vegetables 0 000710 0 000370 0 000211 0 003624 0 000424 0 002136 0 002304 0 000000 0 002367 0 000309 plnts_com _purp 0 000178 0 000567 0 000063 0 000231 0 000046 0 000372 0 000366 0 000149 0 000722 0 000000 floriculture 0 000409 0 000519 0 001196 0 000273 0 001005 0 002350 0 002294 0 000746 0 001943 0 005679 flower_bulbs 0 000000 0 003899 0 000000 0 000735 0 000000 0 002424 0 002229 0 000000 0 001643 0 000062 tall_trees 0 000284 0 000276 0 008100 0 000263 0 006084 0 003015 0 002925 0 000199 0 003367 0 000000 other_trees 0 000622 0 001292 0 002119 0 000945 0 001737 0 005600 0 005318 0 001144 0 004307 0 000679 fallow 0 000497 0 000462 0 001274 0 000714 0 001087 0 001320 0 001280 0 000796 0 001245 0 002099 tall_fruit_cul
158. s in the soil and the factor for the wash off of the substance from the plant leaves The coefficient for the uptake by plant roots is also described as the transpiration stream concentration factor F For nonionic pesticides this factor can be estimated from the octanol water partitioning coefficient as described by Briggs et al 1982 For these pesticides this factor will always be between 0 0 and 1 0 For ionic pesticides no reliable estimation methods are available and the factor may be greater than 1 0 Shone and Wood 1974 reported a value of 3 for the anion of 2 4 D The user has to specify a value for the foliar wash off factor in MACRO The default value is 0 05 mm for MACRO The default value is appropriate for moderately to highly soluble pesticides If the solubility is lower than about 8000 mg L then the value for the wash off coefficient should be recalculated using the empirical equation of Wauchope et al 1997 as explained in FOCUS 2001 Please note that the wash off factor for a metabolite is not relevant because it is disabled in SWASH Substance transformation The user has to specify the half lives of the substance in all the compartments considered i e the water layer of the water body the soil system the sediment system in the water body and the crop on the field next to the water body For the first three compartments the temperature at which the half life has been obtained must be specified The half life of tra
159. ses the drinking water standard is not exceeded Substances of the test cases should be widely used in the intake area and at least 25 measurements should be available at the abstraction point Additionally for positive cases the drinking water standard should be exceeded at least three times in the period 2000 2004 and there should be a plausible relationship in time between the exceedance and the application of the pesticide Three sound positive test cases and three sound negative cases could be identified for the 18 pesticides mentioned above that had caused surface water intake stops in the past The positive cases were MCPA and mecoprop at Brakel and mecoprop in the Drentsche Aa and the negative cases were dicamba metazachlor and metribuzin at Petrusplaat In all six cases the calculated Tier concentration was found to be at the same side of the 0 1 ug L standard as the monitored concentrations An additional six negative cases were found at the abstraction point of Andijk in the IJsselmeer Lake Tier calculated concentrations of metoxuron metribuzin and terbutylazin were lower than 0 1 pg L even before applying the additional dilution factor of 6 accounting for dilution in the IJsselmeer Lake Calculated bentazon MCPA and mecoprop concentrations were only below Alterra report 2020 17 0 1 ug L after applying the dilution factor however The twelve test cases increased the confidence of the working group in the Tier calculation method
160. ssible In general in simulations taking into account realistic application schemes over the years a sediment layer of 5 cm is enough to simulate diffusion Alterra report 2020 97 into and out of the sediment in a realistic way In the FOCUS scenarios the sediment thickness has been set at 10 cm When during the simulation substance mass leaves the lower boundary of the sediment TOXSWA gives a warning nznowb number of segments in sediment lesewb thickness of each segment in sediment The segments have to be distributed over the total thickness of the sediment zw The upper segments which are close to the water layer have to be relatively thin because diffusion of the substance into the sediment may cause very sharp concentration profiles To be able to simulate the very sharp concentration profiles correctly the upper segments need to be about 1 mm thick or even less The segment thickness may increase gradually with depth to about 2 to 5 cm For substances with a lt 30 000 L kg this leads to a stable and converging numerical solution of the mass conservation equations so to correct exposure concentrations in water and sediment For substances with a gt 30 000 L kg e g pyrethroids the numerical solution does not converge for 1 mm thicknesses of the upper segments of the sediment i e the calculated concentration in the sediment and in the water layer depend on the size of the segments in the sediment Therefore we recommen
161. st6 E 5 11 2008 5 11 2008 D SwashProjects Droplet_test6 Droplet_test Droplet_test BSN 25 11 2008 25 11 2008 D SwashProjects Droplet_test E test10dec08 test OdecO8 10 12 2008 10 12 2008 D At Odec08 d voorbeeld DROPLE voorbeeld DROPLET sw 10 12 2008 10 12 2008 C SwashProjects voorbeeld DROPLET Rig Export FOCUS input to MACRO PRZM and TOXSWA View Report 3 Copy project Runs Click columnheader to sort IV Select Unselect all Runs Jio Cop Nin Season Scenario WatetbodyType Anplis Selected for Repot gt 00041d_pa Oil seed rape spring Ist D3 focus_ditch Yes 00042d_pa Maize focus_ditch 00043d pa Legumes focus ditch 00044d_pa Grass alfalfa focus_ditch v View and Edit applications amp Femove run Figure 5 16 Overview of the voorbeeld DROPLET project created by the FOCUS wizard Useful functionalities on the Overview of composed projects screen are the buttons Copy project View Report and Remove run After clicking on Copy project a copy will be made of the selected project except that the project name and description are different The user has to adjust those and then to edit the run specifications in the created project Note that the values in the yellow boxes are fixed so only the value for Selected for report can be modified After clicking on the Remove run button a run is deleted Note that a deleted runlD number will not be used aga
162. t l unit s unit m unit unit m unit unit m unit unit m 3 d unit ha unit m unit m l unit mA 1 3 s l unit unit m 3 d l unit ha l unit m unit m Section 4 Pesticide loadings op Idsd 1 unit op Iddr 1 unit op_Idro 0 l unit ntldsd 1 unit chatldsd applot midsd 30 Dec 1899 00 1000 0 1 594 unit g ha mg m 2 stxidsd 0 00 unit m enxldsd 100 00 unit m opl_Iddr 2 unit op_Iddrhd 0 unit 144 Alterra report 2020 stxiddr 0 00 unit m enxlddr 100 00 unit m op Idupbound 0 unit rasuupbound 0 00 unit Section 5 Substance properties suname D sw mamol 300 00 unit g mol psat 1 000E 07 unit Pa tepsat 293 15 unit K mepsat 95000 0 unit J mol cosol 1 000E 00 l unit g m 3 tesol 293 15 unit K mesol 27000 0 unit J mol kdmpdit 0 00000 unit m43 kg kdomssdit 0 00580 unit m43 kg coobkomss 1 00E 03 l unit kg m43 exfrss 1 00 unit kdomwb1 0 00580 unit m 3 kg coobkomwb 1 00E 03 l unit kg m43 exfrwb 1 00 l unit dt50wl 10 00 unit d tedt50wl 293 15 unit K aetf 54000 0 l unit J mol dt50wb 30 00 unit d tedthOwb 293 15 unit K kdfw 43 0 unit mm 2 d END OF FILE Alterra report 2020 145 146 Alterra report 2020 Appendix 8 Modifying the default CropArea file to obtain a new CropArea file The DROPLET
163. t 0 000000 0 001428 0 031384 0 012962 0 024224 0 004600 0 004410 0 000050 0 009664 0 026975 small_fruits 0 000071 0 000064 0 000899 0 001628 0 000668 0 000874 0 000822 0 000000 0 000763 0 000370 cereals 0 070497 0 036473 0 039296 0 088929 0 031720 0 033972 0 033369 0 010945 0 044057 0 015926 grass 0 252931 0 339668 0 313041 0 144737 0 296729 0 185614 0 190086 0 219950 0 212444 0 402284 grass seed 0 001883 0 002359 0 001665 0 001681 0 001482 0 002826 0 002899 0 000000 0 004514 0 000926 green manuring 0 000284 0 002274 0 003026 0 001985 0 002655 0 002100 0 002151 0 000050 0 002497 0 002407 vegetables 0 000249 0 004578 0 000868 0 002931 0 000686 0 009153 0 008747 0 000149 0 007155 0 001852 cannabis 0 000000 0 000001 0 000016 0 000000 0 000012 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000002 0 000000 silviculture 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 cabbage 0 000018 0 000478 0 000438 0 001397 0 000331 0 001129 0 001279 0 000050 0 002365 0 001358 maize 0 048117 0 094248 0 057435 0 071723 0 047472 0 138825 0 140573 0 084577 0 114895 0 071420 rem _agr _crp 0 000693 0 001384 0 000930 0 002311 0 000691 0 003747 0 003747 0 000000 0 003154 0 000988 legumes 0 000870 0 002744 0 001431 0 005032 0 001121 0 006819 0 007142 0 000050 0 006907 0 000247 leek 0 000178 0 000086 0 000039 0 002248 0 000029 0 003946 0 003797 0 000050 0 002785 0 000123 onions 0 000000 0 008424 0 000618 0 001607 0 000459 0 001182 0 001150 0 000000 0 002437 0 000494
164. t of the FOCUS Groundwater Scenarios Workgroup EC Document Reference SANCO 321 2000 rev 2 202 pp FOCUS 2001 FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios in the EU Evaluation Process under 91 414 EEC Report of the FOCUS Working Group on Surface Water Scenarios EC Document Reference SANCO 4802 2001 rev 2 245 pp http viso ei jrc it focus sw index html Ganzelmeier H D Rautmann R Spangenberg M Streloke M Herrmann H J Wenzelburger and H F Walter 1995 Untersuchungen zur Abtrift von Pflanzenschutzmitteln Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft Berlin Dahlem 304 Alterra report 2020 103 Hornsby G H R D Wauchope and A E Herner 1996 Pesticide properties in the Environment Springer Verlag New York Jarvis N J 1994 The MACRO model Version 3 1 Technical Description and sample simulations Reports and Dissertations 19 Department of Soil Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden 51 pp Jarvis N J and M H Larsson 1998 7he MACRO model version 4 1 Technical description http bgf mv slu se ShowPage cfm OrgenhetSida_ID 5658 Jury W A W F Spencer and W J Farmer 1983 Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in soil Model description 4 Environ Qual 12 558 564 Leistra M 1978 Computed redistribution of pesticides in the root zone of an arable crop Plant Soil 49 569 580 Leistra M A M A van der Linden J J T I Boesten A
165. t versions of the Fortran source code and the user interface respectively In spring 2010 DROPLET was added to our website www pesticidemodels eu from where it can be downloaded freely While developing DROPLET it was realized that the assessment methodology of the Working Group did not result in realistic concentrations at the nine abstraction points for compounds with high sorption capacities Therefore Alterra developed additional guidance for compounds with K values above 10 000 L kg This has been implemented in DROPLET and the guidance is underpinned in Appendix 9 of this report Alterra report 2020 Alterra report 2020 Summary The software tool DROPLET has been developed to enable the Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides Ctgb to evaluate whether pesticides may exceed the 0 1 ug L standard in one of the Dutch surface water abstraction points for drinking water production It operationalises Tier 1 of the methodology developed by a Dutch expert group by order of the two Dutch ministries of Spatial Planning Housing and the Environment and of Agriculture Nature and Food Quality Adriaanse et al 2008 The methodology only considers Good Agricultural Practice as well as only contributions of Dutch agriculture i e contributions from agriculture in other countries are not included in the assessment although e g Germany Belgium or France may discharge surplus water containing pesticides into the Rhine
166. tails see Adriaanse et al 2008 The calculation method does not consider sorption of pesticide to sediment in the surface water systems between the edge of field ditch and the abstraction points For compounds with high sorption capacities this assumption is too conservative and it results in unrealistically high concentrations at the abstraction points Therefore the calculation is inadequate During the development of the software tool DROPLET this was recognized and therefore calculated concentrations of compounds with K values above 10 000 L kg are replaced by the message PEC Tierl lt calculated value ug L in the abstraction points and it is suggested to divide the calculated values by a factor of 5 In this appendix we underpin the message and suggested factor of 5 by additional calculations demonstrating that sorption onto sediment lowers the initial edge of field concentrations substantially This results in concentrations at the abstraction points that are lower than the required 0 1 ug L standard concentration in practically all evaluated cases Method In Adriaanse et al 2008 concentrations at the abstraction points PEC Tierl are calculated with the aid of the FOCUS Surface Water D3 ditch scenario In the D3 ditch scenario concentrations are caused by spray drift deposition on the water surface and by drainage entries The drainage entries are calculated by the FOCUS_MACRO model In the FOCUS scenarios the drift deposition is calcul
167. tch drift percentages Appendix 5 The DROPLET Fortran source code Appendix 6 Some error messages in DROPLET Appendix 7 Example TOXSWA input file txw file Appendix 8 Modifying the default CropArea file to obtain a new CropArea file Appendix 9 Do compounds with K values above 10 000 L kg reach the drinking water abstraction points 84 86 89 89 90 96 96 97 99 99 99 100 103 107 109 111 123 125 139 141 147 149 Preface Commissioned by the two Dutch ministries of Spatial Planning Housing and the Environment and of Agriculture Nature and Food Quality a Working Group developed an assessment methodology for drinking water production from surface waters in the Netherlands from 2006 to 2008 Next Alterra transformed the methodology into an user friendly software instrument called DROPLET DRinkwater uit OPpervlaktewater Landbouwkundig gebruik Evaluatie Tool DROPLET allows the Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides Ctgb to evaluate in an easy and reproducible way whether the drinking water standard of 0 1 ug L would be met in each of the nine abstraction points from surface water following Good Agricultural Practice In cooperation with Robin van Leerdam and Paulien Adriaanse Mechteld ter Horst wrote the Fortran source code of DROPLET while Johnny te Roller of Alterra s Centre for Geo Information designed the user interface In 2008 Vincent Vulto and Wim de Winter designed the firs
168. the TOXSWA input data on the drainage and the pesticide fluxes that enter the surface water The m2t file can be created by selecting Plot in the menu of the main screen of MACRO Now the form presented in Figure 5 23 will be shown m Select file Plot c Alterra macro00 log Concentrations IC S1 SwashProjects a FOCUS Test 2 MACRO Water flows Mass balances HEI m Scenario MACRO in FOCUS Version 4 4 2 Output File C SwashProjects FOCUS Test 2MACRO cereals_winter macro007 bin Parameter File C SwashProjects FOCUS Test 2 MACRO cereals_winter paren007 Fun ID 65 Compound H_sw Scenario D1 x Write TOXSWA file Quit Figure 5 23 Creation of the MACRO outout file with input to be read by TOXSWA Select the log file corresponding to the run completed the specifications of the run e g the substance the scenario the crop and the runid are listed in the text box in the scenario section of the form Click on write TOXSWA file and MACRO starts to process the output data to create the m2t file that contains the input for TOXSWA Once the m2t file has been created MACRO writes a message to the screen specifying the directory where this file has been put as well as the file name Click on OK to return to the main screen of MACRO After clicking on Quit the user returns to the main screen of SWASH 5 3 3 Running FOCUS TOXSWA for the
169. the general physico chemical properties of the substance It should be noted that the units for these properties are the units as used in SWASH The units of the same properties in the MACRO shell are in many cases different However when transferring substance data between SWASH and MACRO the values as entered in SWASH will be converted to the correct values for MACRO The code refers to the unique code that the user has to attribute to the substance which is used in the SWASH database to identify this substance The name field refers to the name not necessarily unique the user has to give to the substance A useful functionality on the Substance screen is that it is easy to make a copy of a substance After clicking on Copy a copy will be made of the substance selected except that the substance code and the substance name will be different Then the user has to adjust the code and the name of the substance Next the user has only to modify those values that are different from the values for the original substance Other buttons on this form are the New button in order to add a new substance to the database and a Remove button to remove a substance from the database 34 Alterra report 2020 The test substances as defined by the FOCUS Surface Water Group are available in the database upon installation The properties of these substances are fixed and cannot be modified To specify a new or to edit an existing transformatio
170. tone fruit Grass alfalfa Cereals green manuring floriculture fallow Cereals remaining arable crops Leaf vegetables Leaf vegetables Sugar beets Potatoes Legumes Leaf vegetables Strawberries leaf vegetable cabbage asparagus floriculture remaining arable crops Onions flower bulbs floriculture leek Legumes Maize Fruit culture tree nurseries silviculture Grass Summing up PEC rocus p3 feontocusscen fuse intensity Over all crops Table 4 2 assumes that for the pesticide considered the calculated edge of field PECs all arrive at the same moment at the abstraction point i e all PECs have the same travel time from the edge of field water to the abstraction point This results in a conservative estimate of the PEC Table 4 2 Example of crops with corresponding PECrocus pa FOCUS correction factors use intensity factors and the time of occurrence of the PECs Crops A B and C require the same pesticide Crop PECrocus oa Ug L PEG finesse Time of occurrence lener ug L Crop A 6 3 0 013 1 May Crop B 3 0 0 06 15 May Crop C 2 7 0 012 1 September gt all crops 0 085 friming In reality the pesticide is not applied on the same day on the entire area of crops concerned but the application is distributed in time during an estimated realistic length of the registered application period So there is a dilution of the edge of field concentration on its way to the drinking water abstraction
171. tton Then the form presented in Figure 5 12 is shown on the screen In the example the user has selected 5 crops spring oil seed rape maize legumes hops and grass alfalfa The user can add or delete crops from the list by clicking on the gt button or the lt button It is also possible to put all crops in the list of selected crops by clicking on gt gt Removing all crops from the list of selected crops can be done by clicking on lt lt Alterra report 2020 39 Available Crops Selected Crops Cereals spring Oil seed rape spring Cereals winter Maize Citrus Legumes Cotton Hops Field beans Grass alfalfa Dil seed rape winter Olives Pome stone fruit early appln Pome stone fruit late applns Potatoes Soybeans Sugar beets Sunflowers Tobacco Vegetables bulb Vegetables fruiting Vegetables leafy Vegetables root Vines early applns Vines late applns Cancel Back Next gt Figure 5 12 The User Defined Wizard Crops After the crops have been selected the user continues the wizard procedure by clicking on Next Then the form with the possible water body types is shown on the screen and this form is shown in Figure 5 13 40 Alterra report 2020 Select waterbody types V Ditch Cancel lt Back Nest Finn Figure 5 13 The User Defined Wizard Water bodies On this form the user can specify for which water body types runs need to be c
172. umes 0 40 Bommelerwaard subarea of Brakel grass 0 40 legumes 0 40 X cova Figure 7 15 Refinements screen Other refinements tab 7 3 2 3 The Edit PEC peak screen After clicking on the Edit PEC peak screen of the projects overview screen Fig 7 7 the screen of Figure 7 16 is depicted Here the user can modify the value of the PEC_FOCUS_NL D3 the date of the peak and the entry route which were filled in in the wizard 76 Alterra report 2020 Edit PEC peak Focus D3 Crop Grassjalfalfa 6 213 30 jan 1992 spray drift Field beans Legumes 5 16 20 apr 1992 spray drift Please check that PEC Focus_nL o3 has been calculated with the correct compound properties Note that values currently stored in the SWASH database which may be different from the ones you used to calculate PEC Facus_NL o3 will be imported in the DROPLET database X Cancel Figure 7 16 The Edit PEC peak screen 7 3 2 4 Create input files calculate and results After clicking on Create and view input files in the projects overview screen Fig 7 7 DROPLET creates three input files Fig 7 17 In the CropPEC tab the PECrocus mo Which the user has filled in in the wizard is depicted for all FOCUS D3 crops Further more the values for the additional dilution factor and market share factor per abstraction point are shown here View Input files CompoundProperties CropArea Relevant crops and PEC values
173. un the individual FOCUS models MACRO and TOXSWA The user can start MACRO runs by going to the main screen of SWASH and click on the MACRO button to start up MACRO shell and select and execute the runs required These runs must be executed first to create the m2t files before TOXSWA can be run It is not possible to run FOCUS Surface Water models concurrently in SWASH It is strongly recommended to start runs for all FOCUS models via SWASH to obtain consistent runs for the consecutive model calculations Alterra report 2020 47 Create project files Project path Ic SwashProjectsfwoorbeeld DROPLET Select options Ik Project report 7 files required to run PF j export FOCUS input to MACRO database Ik FOCUS input for TOXS WA automatically prepared Are all run specifications incl applications correct X Cancel Figure 5 19 Create project files Options 5 3 2 Running FOCUS MACRO for the D3 ditch scenario After exporting the data of a project to the MACRO database the user can start the MACRO shell by clicking on the MACRO button on the main screen of SWASH In this section a short introduction on running the FOCUS MACRO model is given A more detailed description is given by Van den Berg et al 2008 and in FOCUS 2001 Appendix J The main screen of the MACRO in FOCUS shell is shown in Fig 5 20 18 Alterra report 2020 MACRO in FOCUS Define scenario Execute Plot Quit About Figure 5 20
174. ure cabbage 567 maize 11712 rem agr crp 1640 44 iii Figure 7 26 Crop areas of the intake areas The areas correspond to the GeoPEARL crop groupings and are based upon data of Kiwa Water Research Van der Linden et al 2006 7 4 4 Map D3 scenario After clicking on the button Map D3 scenario a map with the extent of the FOCUS D3 scenario in Europe is shown Fig 7 27 86 Alterra report 2020 Map D3 scenario Extent of Scenario D3 Figure 7 27 Extent of FOCUS D3 drainage scenario in the European Union Alterra report 2020 87 88 Alterra report 2020 8 Model parameterization 8 1 SWASH The substance screen in SWASH gives access to the pesticide database of SWASH On this screen the user can enter new substances or modify the properties of substances already present in the database Substances entered here will be transferred to the MACRO substance database Substances that were entered into the MACRO database independently from SWASH will be included in the SWASH substance database when exiting the MACRO shell or starting SWASH TOXSWA makes direct use from the SWASH database Guidance for defining the substance properties is given in FOCUS 2001 sections 7 3 and 7 4 The relevant properties are also discussed below Substances general The saturated vapour pressure must be specified in Pa and the temperature at which this value was obtained should be given in degrees Celsius The r
175. valid value for field Half life time in water write u_output a The allowed range is 0 1 to 1000 end if if CP 2 It 273 15 or CP 2 gt 313 15 then write f8 1 a CP 2 is not a valid value for field Temperature write a The allowed range is 273 15 to 313 15 write u_output f8 1 a CP 2 is not a valid value for field Temperature write u_output a The allowed range is 273 15 to 313 15 end if if CP 3 It 1 0e 6 or CP 3 gt 2 0e6 then write f8 1 a CP 3 is not a valid value for field Solubility write a The allowed range is 1 0e 6 to 2 0e6 writelu output f8 1 a CP 3 is not a valid value for field Solubility write u_output a The allowed range is 1 0e 6 to 2 0e6 end if if CP 4 It 273 15 or CP 4 gt 313 15 then write f8 1 a CP 4 is not a valid value for field Temperature write a The allowed range is 273 15 to 313 15 write u_output f8 1 a CP 4 is not a valid value for field Temperature Alterra report 2020 135 write u_output a The allowed range is 273 15 to 313 15 end if if CP 5 It 10 or CP 5 gt 9999 99 then write f8 1 a CP 5 is not a valid value for field Molar Mass write a The allowed range is 10 to 9999 99 writelu_output f8 1 a CP 5 is not a valid value for field Molar Mass write u_output a
176. x f4 2 5x f4 2 catchment i amp FOCUS D3 Cropltii f_use_int i ii RCA fmarketti ii Add_dil i writebommelerwaard true endif end do writelu output a if writebommelerwaard then writelu output a Bommelerwaard is a subarea of Brakel end if write u output a write u output a writelu output a OUTPUT write u_output a write u_output a if CP 8 le 10000 then write u output a PEC Tierl Ipg LI doi 1 10 loop over abstraction points write u_output a a f12 3 catchment i PEC_Tier1 i end do else if CP 8 gt 10000 then write u_output a Kom value of the substance is higher than 10000 L kg write u_output a 132 Alterra report 2020 write u_output a PEC Tier1 ug L doi 1 10 loop over abstraction points if PEC_Tier1 i It 10 0 then write u_output a a a f5 3 catchment i lt PEC_Tier1 i else if PEC_Tier1 i ge 10 0 and PEC_Tier1 i It 100 0 then write u_output a a a f6 3 catchment i lt PEC_Tier1 i else if PEC_Tier1 i ge 100 0 and PEC_Tier1 i It 1000 0 then write u_output a a a f7 3 catchment i lt PEC_Tier1 i else if PEC_Tier1 i ge 1000 0 and PEC_Tier1 i It 10000 0 then write u_output a a a f8 3 catchment i lt PEC_Tier1 i else if PEC_Tier1

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