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LS-INGRID: A Pre-Processor And Three-Dimensional Mesh

1. Y RsinO Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation The part has material number matnum Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems l to ln If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part Px Py Pz is any point on the axis of rotation and vy vy vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per second Nodes are converted from spherical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are Y R sin O sin Z RcosqQ The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness thic for this part Assign initial rigid body velocity to all nodes within this parts Vy Vy Vz is the global velocity vector Vx Vy Vz can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates LS INGRID LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 12 Loads and Boundary Conditions Loads and boundary can be applied as optional functions within any of the previously describe parts The syntax of Region can be slightly different depending on which part it is applied in Refer to the appropriate part for a de
2. 4 5 2 6 Reduced Index Space Index Space 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 22 2 4 6 deed ul 2 05 2 2 2 3 3 5 6 3 1 2 5 4 6 4 1 1 10 4 2 6 2 Index Progression Each part must have an index progression The following input is required ij Ji j2 ji k ko X1 X2 1 2 21 25 lj ki Xi Yi Zi Progression in direction Progression in J direction Progression in K direction Initial X coordinates Initial Y coordinates Initial Z coordinates LS INGRID STANDARD PART 6 3 Part Commands and Functions All functions have the following form Keyword index specification parameters Index specifications have three types which are abbreviated as Point Region or Index Progression All index specifications are applied in the reduced index space The input is defined as follows Point Input for point consists only of the three indices i j k If any index is input as zero then the index varies from the smallest to the largest possible value Region The function locates the region defined by mJ nv Km lo Kx If im jm km is input as Zero the zero index is given the minimum possible value If ix jx or ky is input as zero the zero index is set to the maximum possible value Index Progression This is used to define multiple regions according to iy i2 ja 3 ky kp the rules for index progression If no indices are found for a list in
3. or NI Region py py pz N Region pypypz or NI Region py py p LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS Eulerian hydrocode which exists only at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Joint command Joint definition number Local node number See Figure 2 1 The local joint node is defined by Point in the index space The local joint node is at point py py pz in the local coordinate system m is the rigid body number which is attached to the node Increment jn by i for each copy of the part default 1 The local joint node has boundary constraint n n is a six digit binary number which specifies degrees of freedom to be constrained Numbering digits from left to right they affect the following degrees of freedom Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacement Ath digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation Terminate joint command Surfaces in lt Region gt or lt Index Progression gt are assigned marked surface number m For MK and MKI the surface points toward this point For MK and the surface points away from this point Do not input py Py Pz for MK or MKI Identify marked line number m Shell normal orientation command p p p is a vector along the element normal vector Shell normal orientation command is a vector reverse to the element normal vector
4. 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal 20 50 LS INGRID XP YP y ZP Ala A2 a2 A3 a3 D1 d D2 d D3 d3 Vivi V2 v V3 v3 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3 Material Type 57 Low Density Urethane Foam This model is for LS 920 and later Options BETA f EE LC TENSION UNLOAD d Decay constant Young s modulus Load curve number of nominal stress versus strain Tension cut off stress Hysteretic unloading factor between 0 and 1 Default 1 i e no energy dissipation See the LS DYNA3D manual for a description of this model Material Type 59 Composite Failure Model Plasticity Based This model is for LS 920 and later EA E EB Ep EC E PRBA vp PRCA vea PRCB v GAB Gab See constitutive matrix below 20 51 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID GBC Gbc GCA Gea FBRT fbrt SOFT sof
5. 15 1 THREE DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS LS INGRID parallel to the z axis with radius r If the correction is to the left then fis otherwise f is right LBCV lr vy vy vz Ball correct line definition with a cylinder parallel to the vector v Vy Vz With radius r If the correction is to the left then f is left otherwise fis right LCUT opt dist Cut line definition with a plane normal to axis opt opt X Y or Z at a distance of dist from the origin The results are stored into calculator variables I3cenx 2 They may then be accessed and used as necessary LEXP x s y s z s n Define a line definition using expression x s y s and z s where 0 lt s lt 1 The number of points to be used is n LFOR opt vd sd dir Form line definition If a point on is inside opt IN or outside opt OUT of surface definition vd then it is projected onto surface definition sd The projection is constrained by dir dir 0 project to nearest point dir 1 project along X axis dir 2 project along Y axis dir 3 project along Z axis LINT s Form a line by linear interpolation between 1 and l2 with parameter s LLCM s 1 5 Form a linear combination of n lines where Inew r 2l4 r s H Cr s LP n x1 y1 Z1 5X Yn Zn The line definition consists of n points LPN n p Py Pz The next point on the line definition is at PD p but n equal spaced points in a stra
6. 12 5 LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS NPB Point Options POijk RO ij jj kin kx Region name Index Progression name NRB Region or NRBI Index Progression ORV jn Options N Point P px Py pzm INC i LS INGRID Nodal Print Block Use the node offset from Point by i j k Use the block of nodes offset for Point Terminate this command Identify nodal force group name Identify non reflecting boundaries Define orientation vectors The orientation vectors are used to specify which axis is to be used for determining the effects of springs and dampers This particular option is used when two nodes are required for specifying an axis slaved to a body Orientation vector number Local node number either 1 or 2 The local orientation vector node is defined by Point in the index space The local orientation vector node is at point Dx Dy pz in the local coordinate system is the rigid body number which is attached to the node Increment jn by i for each copy of the part default 1 The local orientation vector node has boundary constraint n n is a six digit binary number which specifies degree of freedom to be constrained Numbering digits from left to right they affect the following degrees of freedom Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacemen
7. ARRI c Options CG p CL p COSINE DECAY d type a LINE px py pz Vx Vy Vz PLANE px py pz Vx Vy Vz POINT p py p TOFF dt VELO vel Generate arrival times for pressure surfaces associated with load curve c Arrival times are generated by assuming that the loads are caused by a wave This wave starts from a three dimensional point line or surface and travels with a velocity The arrival time is the time required for the wave to travel from the source to an individual pressure segment Pressure cannot exceed p Pressure cannot be less than p This option is selected with p 0 0 when COSI is executed The pressure varies as a function of the angle between the pressure segments normal and the direction of the wave from the source The pressure wave decays as a function of the distance from the source The distance at which the scale factor for the input pressure equals 1 0 is d The type of decay is specified by type type relationship is 1 0 R R2 relationship is 1 0 R R3 relationship is 1 0 R CONSTANT no decay EXP relationship is 1 0 R The source is a line px is any point on the line and vy vy vz is any vector along the line The source is a plane p py pz is any point on the plane and is any vector normal to the plane The source is a point located at py py pz Add dt to the arrival time The wave travels with velocity vel Terminate thi
8. Additional Options SIGY 5 Yield strength ETAN Hardening modulus BETA b Hardening parameter 0 lt b lt 1 NPTS n Number of points on stress effective plastic strain curve ES 2 Syn Effective stress EPS ep1 Effective plastic strain Isotropic kinematic or a combination of isotropic and kinematic hardening may be specified by varying b between 0 and 1 For b equal to 0 and 1 respectively kinematic and isotropic hardening are obtained as shown in Figure 22 2 Effective stress is defined in terms of the deviatoric stress tensor Sij as where and effective plastic strain by t deP 0 where denotes time and debde 22 7 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID yield stress 0 kinematic hardening E Dem ae cmm 1 isotropic hardening Figure 22 2 Hlastic plastic behavior with isotropic and kinematic hardening where and are undeformed and deformed length of uniaxial tensions specimen 22 8 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic NPTS n TEMP 7 7 T E5 Ej PR u u ALPHA SIGY ETAN E Number of temperature values for which material constants are defined Temperatures Young s moduli Poisson s ratios Coefficients of thermal expansion Y
9. BRUL n Begin definition of user specified integration rule for beams number n 20 1 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Options NPTS n 5 1 W1 mj Sn ty Wn my BUPD opt CUNI length time force D2R nm D3HSP Options DEBUG opt ECHO opt IKEDIT n SUPP opt TSTEP opt Input n integration points with the parametric coordinate 5 7 and the weight w This terminates the rule Flag for updating coordinates of reference node for beam elements Values of opt are on or off LS 910 and later Unit conversion factors for coupling between LS DYNA3D and CAL3D or MADYMO3D LS 910 and later Convert material m from deformable to rigid If m is 0 then this is an independent rigid body Otherwise rn is the master rigid body material If a restart file definition has been initiated then this command applies to the restart Otherwise it applies to the main DYNAJ3D input LS 920 and later Additional output options for the D3HSP and message files Option for producing debug output on calculation progress in the message file Values for opt are either on or off LS 910 and later Additional suppression options for printout LS 910 and later 0 all data is printed 1 nodal printing is suppressed 2 element printing is suppressed 3 both node and element printing are suppressed Number of time steps between writing global statistics
10. Gea Vac Vb Voc Note that 22 2a ac cb_ bc Ep Ec Ea Ec Ep 20 45 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n1 n2 and n4 see Figure 20 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal XP Define for AOPT 1 YP yp Define for AOPT 1 ZP Define for AOPT 1 Ala Define for AOPT 2 A2 a Define for AOPT 2 A3 a3 Define for AOPT 2 D1 dj Define for AOPT 2 D2 d Define for AOPT 2 D3 d3 Define for AOPT 2 V1vi Define for AOPT 3 V2 v Define for AOPT 3 v3 Define for AOPT 3 Material Type 35 Kinematic Isotropic Elastic Plastic Green Naghdi Rate Default heading Material Type 35 Green Naghdi Rate Plasticity Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options SIGY o Yield strength Hardening modulus 20 46 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS BETA p Hardening parameter 0 lt lt 1 SCc Strain ra
11. 1 6 LS INGRID LS INGRID BASICS 1 9 DIRECTIVES LS INGRID provides directives to control the flow of logic in command file descriptions Directives begin in the first column of a line and no other commands are allowed on the same line as the directive This capability is patterned similar to the pre processor used in the C programming language DIRECTIVE FUNCTION ELSE This is for amp IF ELSE ENDIF constructs ELSEIF expression Perform conditional execution of the following input lines as part of an IF ELSEIF ENDIF construct The results of expression should be either true 1 or false 0 ENDIF This signifies the end of an IF ENDIF block ENDMACRO End definition of macro initiated by IF expression Conditionally execute the following lines of input The results of expression should be either true 1 or false 0 INCLUDE name Begin execution of commands in file name When a RETURN or an end of file is encountered control is returned to the original file MACRO name Begin definition of macro name The definition ends when an ENDMACRO is encountered RETURN Cease reading input from the current input file and return control back to the next higher level file See also INCLUDE LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS 2 Control Commands Control commands are optional and can be input in any order They must not be placed inside a part The following control commands are available
12. 9 Steinberg D J and M W Guinan A High Strain Rate Constitutive Model for Metals University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rept UCRL 80465 1978 10 Woodruff J P KOVEC User s Manual University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rept UCRL 51079 1973 11 Johnson G R and W H Cook A Constitutive Model and Data for Metals Subjected to Large Strains High Strain Rates and High Temperatures Presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Ballistics The Hague Netherlands April 1983 12 Maker B N Private communication Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 13 Kenchington G J A Non Linear Elastic Material Model for DYNA3D Proceedings of the DYNA3D User s Group Conference September 1988 published by Boeing Computer Services Europe Limited 14 X Cochran S G and J Chan Shock Initiation and Detonation Models in One and Two Dimensions University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rept UCID 18024 1979 15 Lee E L and C M Tarver A Phenomenological Model of Shock Initiation in Heterogenous Explosives University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rept UCRL 83618 1979 REF 1 REFERENCES LS INGRID REF 2 LS INGRID Index Acceleration Boundary Condition Applying 95 Accelerometer 13 Defining 95 Displaying 107 Advection Formulation DYNA3D 169 Airbag DYNA3D Ouput 170 Foldi
13. Define for AOPT 3 20 52 LS INGRID Material Type 60 Elastic with Viscosity This model is for LS 910 and later Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG PRv Additional Options NPTS npts TTG VC vi Material Type 64 Simple Creep Model This model is for LS 930 and later Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG PRv Additional Options EI ei Kk LCK ck LCM cm Mm Nn LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio Number of points npts 8 Default 1 Temperatures input only if npts gt 1 Viscosity coefficients at least one is input Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio Value for ei Value for k Load curve for k Load curve for m Value for m Value for n 20 53 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type Belt This is a special material which applies to beam elements only When material type belt is specified beams are converted to the special seat belt element in LS 920 and later Dummy beam elements are output to LS DYNA3D also for viewing as null materials LCL Load curve for loading LCU lcu Load curve for unloading ROr Mass per unit length MINIMUM Minimum allowable length This is used to determine the minimum element size before an element is passed through a slip ring Example MAT 56 TYPE BELT LCL 24 LCU 24
14. 51 102 SL 102 SIDB 170 SIGF 162 203 SIGM 157 196 SIGO 157 196 SIGY 146 148 155 162 185 187 194 198 199 203 204 206 213 215 218 220 225 226 259 261 281 283 SII 102 50 102 SII 102 SIJ 60 sin 8 SINGLE 32 sinh 8 SINT 127 SIOPT 173 SIZE 114 SJ 21 SJK 60 SKI 60 SL 32 102 SLIPRING 12 SLOC 179 SLVM 35 SO 64 SOFT 231 234 SOLUTION STEADY 295 SOLUTION TRANSIENT 295 SP 131 185 205 225 244 SPACE 38 SPALL 157 196 SPC 102 SPCFORC 170 SPCI 102 SPD 34 SPDP 103 SPHE 24 27 42 44 46 70 75 83 92 94 133 SPIN 87 SPRING 12 13 SR 234 SRUL 174 SSCA 32 SSIT 254 274 SSO 255 274 SSOO 255 274 sss 8 SSYS 19 STACK 87 STANDARD 36 START 56 170 STEP 295 STHI 32 STHICK 179 STOL 35 STONE 28 STOP 35 114 170 STOPA 19 STOPA 19 STOPB 19 STOPB 19 STOPC 20 STOPC 20 STYP 174 SUPP 168 SV 32 SW 103 SWENERGY 174 SWFORC 171 SWI 103 INDEX SYG 222 SYMM 28 SYNTAX 36 SYSD 174 SYSEND 37 SYSJ 103 SYSTEM 37 104 179 207 T 78 114 163 214 228 229 269 289 TO 248 131 T10 32 T11 33 T12 33 37 T13 33 37 T14 33 T15 33 T16 33 T17 33 T18 33 T19 33 T2 131 T20 33 tan 8 tanh 8 TAURUS 117 174 TBI 33 TBO 139 167 TCO 34 TCRS 33 TCRV 206 TCYCLE 175 TDEL 206 213 TEMP 37 42 44 46 70 76 83 87 92 94 148 187 261 266 283 287 299 300 TENSION 233 TEO 141 175 255 TERM 141
15. IMAX JMAX KMAX C 1 1 2 IMIN JMIN KMIN D 5 1 2 IMAX JMAX KMAX E 1 5 1 IMIN JMIN KMIN F 5 5 1 IMAX JMAX KMAX G 1 5 2 IMIN JMIN KMIN H 5 5 1 IMAX JMAX KMAX An index space is defined as the set of all possible indices lt lt lt lt JMAX 1 KMAX If an index is zero then it varies over all possible indices Thus the indices 3 0 2 defines a line which extends across the index space and 0 0 2 defines a plane which divides the index space into two regions 0 0 0 defines the entire index space Index Progressions Index progressions were developed to facilitate the defining of multiple regions in index space Rather than specifying the minimum and maximum indices for a region one simply specifies the progression in indices along the J and K directions respectively For example the region 2 7 6 8 9 10 is represented as the progression 2 8 7 9 6 10 If there is a region adjacent to 2 7 6 8 9 20 such as 2 7 2 8 9 6 the two regions are defined together by a new progression 2 8 7 9 2 6 10 To define the four solids regions shown in Figure 6 3a requires the progression 3 5 7 2 4 6 1 4 Index progressions for planes are defined in a similar manner The index which remains constant throughout a plane is indicated by a negative sign so the plane 2 5 5 2 7 8 is represented as 2 5 7 5 8 In Fig
16. Initial damage porosity See the LS DYNA3D manual for a description of this model Material Type 53 Low Density Closed Cell Polyurethane Foam Options EE y P0 po PAa PBb PCc PHI Young s modulus Initial volumetric strain Initial foam pressure a b c Ratio of foam to polymer density 20 49 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID See the LS DYNA3D manual for a description of this model Material Type 54 and 55 Composite Damage Model Material 54 uses the Chang matrix failure criterion the same as model 22 Material 55 uses the Tsay Wu criterion These models are for LS 920 and later EA E Ep EC PRBA vj PRCA vca PRCB vep GAB Gap GBC Gy GCA Gea FBRT fbrt SOFT soft SC Se XT x YT y YC y ALPH TFAIL AOPT aopt See constitutive matrix below Softening for fiber tensile strength 0 0 fiber rupture with tension cutoff 20 0 stress fbrt X after failure Softening reduction factor for material strength in crashfront elements default 1 0 Bulk modulus of failed material Shear strength ab plane Longitudinal tensile strength a axis Transverse tensile strength b axis Transverse compressive strength Non linear shear stress parameter Time step for automatic element deletion Material axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n1 n2 and n4 see Figure 20 1
17. SURFACE DEFINITIONS This section describes options for defining three dimensional curved surfaces Analytical representations of the surfaces are stored if possible so that exact projections can be made BLND dild bh CN2P p Py Pz Vx Vy V 21 Z2 CONE p p Pz Vx Vy v r0 CP data 1 CR p Py Pz Vx Vy Vz l CRX CRY CRZ CYLI p Dy Pz Vx Vy ER p Py Pz Vx Vy V 1 The surface is blended between line definition 11 and line definition 2 Initially the line definitions are in the x z plane at 0 Line definitions are moved by d and d which are described in Coordinate Transformations Define a conical surface by specifying the axis and two points p p p is a point on the axis v Vy vz is a vector which orients the axis radial and axial positions relative to the center point 7 21 and 22 Define a conical surface by specifying an axis a radius and an angle p p p is a point on the axis where the cone has radius and vy vy vz is a vector along the axis The angle of the cone relative to the positive axis is 0 Form an infinite surface from line definition Initially the r coordinate of the line definition is the x coordinate of the part and the z coordinate of the line definition is the y coordinate of the part The surface is the same curve in any x y plane along the part s z axis Coordinate Transformations describes data which can be used to
18. TT Tension cutoff NPLOT nplot Save the following variable for plotting in ORION 1 zr 3 e 4 Jj 5 2 2 6 21 2 7 21 1 2 8 9 number of iterations LTYPE ltype Variable Itype 1 soil concrete cap contracts 2 rock cap doesn t contract ta Singular tls a corner 5 region Failure y 7 Corner Cutoff Elastic region T L x Figure 19 5 The yield surface of the two invariant cap model in pressure J2 deviator space 0 f2 0 and f3 0 denote the failure envelope the hardening cap surface and the tension cut off surface respectively The shaded area in Figure 19 5 is the compressive corner regions 20 22 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 5 Fel i5 for lt lt s 5 1 LK for lt lt e T 1 for T J lt 1 where H s S with 5 5 6 3 In addition T 0 is an material constant referred to as the tension cutoff Note that the following standard conventions in soil mechanics we have assumed compression and compaction positive Functional forms for Fe and used are KJ o exp HBJ 1 0 ix 5 D lt R g F2G9 T where a gt 0 gt 0 B gt 0 0 gt 0 and R gt 0 are material parameters In addition X K is a function of the hardening parameter K defined as 2 x RFe x 0
19. by name Plot mass properties on screen Print the extent of the current active material subset View all NURB curves View NURB curves d1 d Add NURB curves d to the active display list LS INGRID NCRM dij do dn NDPLT on off NOFRAME NOGRID NSET nx yz NSV NSV di dd d NSAD 4 do dn NSRM d dy OVERLAY nx yz P pi p2 PCHK PCOL PFOLD n dpi P2 PINF PMASS POOR INTERACTIVE COMMANDS Remove NURB curves 41 d from the active display list Turn node number plotting on or off The default is off No reference frame is plotted Displays will not be overlaid by a grid of orthogonal lines Default Set the coordinates of node to x y z View all NURB surfaces View NURB surfaces d1 d Add NURB surfaces d1 d to the active display list Remove NURB surfaces d1 d from the active display list Stop screen erasing of previous picture so that the next picture is overlaid Display parts p To display all parts simply type P The is also optional so that the command P 1 VIEW would show part one on the screen Turn on checking of penetrations in the single surface contact algorithms Currently this is only designed to work with the airbag folding capability Repeating this command will turn the option off Penetrations are graphically displayed Color plots base
20. idir Flag specifying axis of rotation in the index space axis is axis of rotation J J axis is axis of rotation K K axis is axis of rotation Px Py Pz Any point on axis of cylinder See Figure 6 9 r Radius of the cylinder 4 Any vector parallel to the axis of the cylinder LS INGRID STANDARD PART Figure 6 9 Cylindrical surface AUTO Perform automatic smoothing of edges and surfaces which represent continuous surface definitions BG Beam generation command The BG command permits beam elements to be defined within parts defined using an index space If only beam elements are desired for the part then all of the shell and solid elements can be deleted Options MT m Beams have material number rn SCn Beams have section number n NGEN n Generate n beams from point 1 to point 2 N1 Point Point 1 is located at Point P1 py py pz Point 1 is located at py py Pz N2 Point Point 2 is located at Point P2 p py p Point 2 is located at py Py Pz Bln Set boundary code for point 1 n is a six digit binary number which specifies degrees of freedom which are to be constrained Numbering the digits from left to right they affect the following degree of freedom 6 15 STANDARD PART LS INGRID Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacement 4th digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation V2 vy vy v
21. is the yield stress i e oy andar For elastic perfectly plastic behavior aj a7 0 and 3ag 2 defines the yield strength The volumetric strain is given by the natural logarithm of the relative volume V If the pressure drops below the cutoff value PC then it is reset to that value Loading and unloading follows the input curve if the volumetric crushing option is off Card 3 col 61 70 44 The bulk unloading modulus is used if hysteretic the volumetric crushing option is on behavior for Card 3 col 61 70 option 2 a Volumetric strain Figure 19 3 Volumetric strain versus pressure curve for soil and crushable foam model 20 12 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 6 Viscoelastic G Go Short term shear modulus GI G Long term shear modulus KK Bulk modulus Decay constant The shear relaxation behavior is described by G t 2G ePt A Jaumann rate formulation is used V t oj 2 G t Dj c dt 0 V where the prime denotes the deviatoric part of the stress rate O and the strain rate Dzy 1J Material Type 7 Blatz Ko Rubber Default heading Material Type 7 Rubber Gm Shear modulus The second Piola Kirchhoff stress is computed as 1 y Sj H e gaya 2055 where V is the relative volume C ij is the right Cauchy Green strain tensor and v is the Poisson s ratio which is set to 463 internally This stress measure
22. 175 255 275 295 TFAIL 231 234 TGC 297 298 299 300 TGM 297 298 299 300 TH 104 THEF 20 THES 20 THETA 163 214 THI 104 THIC 37 42 44 46 70 83 92 94 THICK 87 THICKNESS 80 THIN 174 TIED 33 TIME 12 13 16 38 TIMIN 295 TIN 14 15 TIND 37 TINE 37 TINT 175 TINV 141 175 TIVE 37 IND 7 INDEX TJ 21 TLHA 297 298 299 300 TLOC 179 TM 104 159 201 MASS 114 MCG 37 MI 104 MM 37 MSM 37 MVP 38 N 104 NI 104 TO 157 159 196 201 TOFF 11 TOTAL 118 TP 114 TRACER 38 TRACERt Tracer particle file i Tracer Particles 171 TRANS 38 TRD 70 87 TRIA 70 88 133 TRIAD 114 TRPT 114 TS 131 TS2P 131 TSF 223 TSHELL 179 TSLIMIT 175 TSORT 175 TSSF 175 TSSFDR 169 TSTEP 168 TTHICK 179 TTIME 115 TUPD 175 TV 115 TYPE 13 142 180 TZ2D 38 TZ3D 38 U 115 UDEF 117 UJ21 UL 188 262 284 ULD 188 UNLOAD 233 UPDATE 115 137 VO 241 242 243 244 245 247 250 252 V1 182 208 210 212 224 227 232 235 278 293 V2 64 182 208 210 212 224 227 232 235 278 293 V3 182 208 210 212 224 227 232 235 278 293 V90 176 V9 176 V92 176 V93 176 S3553555 VARIABLE 171 VC 236 VD 38 VDA 207 VE 34 104 VEC 176 VEC92 176 VECDYNA 93 VECTOR 26 VELO 11 42 44 46 76 83 88 92 94 VELOCITY 27 39 70 VEOS 115 VF 215 VFRI 33 VIEW 115 VINI 14 VO 64 VOLT 15 VS 149 188 262 284 VSCA 14 VTSP 70
23. CN cn Curve number of time history that gives energy deposition rate ENDEOS End equation of state definition 21 5 EQUATIONS OF STATE LS INGRID Equation of State Form 7 Ignition and Growth of Reaction in HE Default heading Equation of State Form 7 Ignition and Growth of Reaction in High Explosive APA See equations below BP Bp See equations below Rip See equations below Ro See equations below GG Second ignition coefficient WPCP w C See equations below AE See equations below See equations below w C See equations below See equations below R2E Roe See equations below FCRIT FCRIT Critical fraction reached IZ First ignition coefficient HH Growth coefficient Zz Pressure exponent Xx See equations below YY See equations below CPC Heat capacity of reaction products CE C Heat capacity of unreacted HE Mm generally 0 To Initial temperature 9K E0 Eo Initial internal energy ENDEOS End equation of state definition A JWL equation of state defines the pressure in the unreacted HE as We R P 1 Me 1 Ba 1 e Mee fe a RU A li Ve where Ve is the relative volume Ee is the internal energy and the constants Ae Be we Rje and are input constants Similarly the pressure in the reaction products is defined by another JWL form w R1 pV 0 Je DE Fp p e p RI pVp R2 pVp Vp
24. PHIF 19 PHIS 19 PINF 113 PINI 15 PINT 15 127 PJ 21 PL3 130 PLAN 131 PLANE 11 24 26 27 179 207 PLOC 116 PLTI 140 172 PM 100 PMASS 113 PMOV 116 PNLM 32 PNLS 32 PNLT 20 21 32 PO 64 96 97 99 127 POFF 103 POINT 16 38 POLY 131 PON 103 POOR 113 PPLV 28 PPOP 16 PPRJ 127 PR 100 131 143 146 148 149 161 162 181 185 187 188 198 199 203 204 205 206 207 213 215 217 218 219 220 222 225 226 228 229 236 237 256 259 261 262 268 269 277 281 283 284 288 289 290 291 PRBA 144 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 257 265 278 292 PRCA 144 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 257 265 278 292 PRCB 144 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 257 265 278 292 PRE 102 PRELOAD 12 PRETENSIONER 12 PRI 100 PRINT 28 113 PRISM 27 PRL 100 PROD 24 PROJ 18 PRTI 140 172 PSCA 13 PSCALE 28 PSEL 116 PSIF 19 PSIG 144 257 265 PSIS 19 PSLV 28 PSOPT 174 PSPO 172 PSRGB 113 PT 250 252 PTOL 113 PULL 12 PV 113 PVS 113 PYROTECHNIC 12 QUAD 20 28 QUADRATURE 178 QUIT 113 R 113 159 163 201 214 219 226 242 RIE 248 RIP 248 R2 242 R2D 172 R2E 248 R2P 248 RA 96 RADI 295 RADIUS 32 RANG 139 167 RATE 13 RAYD 178 RB 100 RBAND 295 RBI 100 RBMG 28 RBN 101 RBOUT 170 RC 21 RCFORC 170 RCTOL 295 RDENERGY 172 RDMT 140 172 LS INGRID RDSI 140 172 RE 101 RE 101 RE 101 READ 29 R
25. Point 2 is offset from point 1 by the vector vy vy Vg B2n Set boundary code for point 2 n is has the same meaning as for the option in this command NO Point The point defining the orientation of the local 2 axis is located at Point PO p Py p The point defining the orientation of the local 2 axis is located at Px Py Pz v y Vz The local 2 axis is defined by vector vy vy vz CO px Py Pz Same as PO except the point is in cylindrical coordinates SO p Py Pz Same as PO except the point is in spherical BIAS yo zo vx vy vz ro r f COOR nc data CPL lt Region gt dir CYLI coordinates Terminate this command Bias mesh This command is experimental X9 9 0 V V Vz represents a line towards which the elements are biased A transition distance is defined beginning at rp and ending at r and fis a factor for adjacent element scaling Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations Center points along line If Region is a line then this command forces elements to be equally spaced from the beginning point to the ending point If Region is a surface or a volume then the command is subdivided into lines in the direction specified by the direction flag Direction flag do not input if Region is a line 1 Equal space along index J Equal space along J ind
26. Rotate the body 0 degrees about the local y axis Rotate the body 0 degrees about the local z axis Remove materials m1 m2 by number from the active list Remove materials m1 m2 by name from the active list Remove parts p1 po from the active list Rotate body 0 degrees about the x axis in the screen coordinates A positive rotation is counterclockwise Rotate body 0 degrees about the y axis in the screen coordinates A positive rotation is counterclockwise LS INGRID RZ 0 SCALE s SCOL SEAL name SEAL CIRCLE SEAL OFF SEAL OUTLINE SHRINK s SIZE STOP T tol TMASS TP tol TRIAD on off TRPT TTIME INTERACTIVE COMMANDS Rotate body 0 degrees about the z axis in the screen coordinates A positive rotation is counterclockwise Multiply the mesh size by s Default is 1 0 Color plots based on system name see also MCOL and PCOL Seal airbag edges which are marked with name Seal the airbag periphery The airbag mesh is assumed to be circular in the x y plane and centered along the z axis at z 0 default Turn off airbag sealing options Seal the free edges of an airbag Shrink individual elements by s when plotting This is used to see if there are any holes in the mesh Print the range of coordinates in the current active part list Exit the program immediately Remove duplicate nodes within a distance tol This command will not eliminate coincide
27. Temperature at which latent heat is absorbed or released Latent heat Thermal generation rate curve number Thermal generation rate multiplier Number of temperature points Temperatures Heat capacities Thermal conductivities in local 1 direction Thermal conductivities in local 2 direction Thermal conductivities in local 3 direction End this material model 244 LS INGRID ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any work of this magnitude obviously was influenced by a large number of people who cannot possibly be given proper credit The authors very much appreciate the all of the inputs whether positive or hostile which have aided in this work The original work of Bill Cook on INGEN influenced LS INGRID considerably Special thanks must be given to Russ Rosinsky for his patience in finding bugs recommending new capabilities and proof reading this manual Steve Sackett Greg Kay and Tracy Glover also helped in providing sample problems new ideas and uncovering bugs Developments at SPARTA benefited from David Lichtblau s and Brian Wainscott s work on the calculator program Sophie Tsui and Dawn Greayer made contributions to the materials processing portion and Bill Campbell provided some useful ideas for surface intersection algorithms Sharon Kiefer made some important contributions in debugging and improving the manufacturing capabilities The NURB curve and surface algorithms were developed by Alan Winslow Eunice Hinkle N
28. The equations for this transformation are Y R sin O sin Z RcosqQ The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness for this part The thickness t may be specified as a function of the part local coordinates to permit thickness distributions 6 22 LS INGRID STANDARD PART TRB TRIA VELOCITY v v v VTSP All quadrilateral shell elements in this part will be converted to triangular shells The attached pressure segments contact segments etc will remain as quadrilaterals All quadrilateral shell elements in this part will be converted to triangular shells The attached pressure segments contact segments etc will also be converted to triangles Assign initial rigid body velocity Vx Vy Vz to all parts defined after this command V Vy Vz can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates to allow for velocity distributions Equal space along chord This applies to the AC and A functions 6 23 STANDARD PART LS INGRID 6 24 LS INGRID BEAM PART 7 Beam Part Beam generation in LS INGRID is performed by a special part The data in the part is as follows BEAM Local nodal point input 0 zero Element generation commands 0 zero Optional functions END Local Node Point Input Important vertices are listed in this section All points in this section a
29. and factor amp and is in direction fx fy fz Material velocity boundary condition This command is used only for rigid body materials in DYNA3D The load curve number is lc amp is the scale factor and f f z is in the load direction Define nodal force group name The nodal force group is defined relative to local system name default global End of nodal force groups Non interacting pairs of materials This is used to determine lists of noninteracting segments for use by FACET to determine radiation view factors Output generated is compatible with LS NIKE2D and j flags specifying which 3 D coordinates correspond to the LS NIKE2D r and z coordinates i and j can have values x y or z This command activates additional control commands which are described LS NIKE2D Options and Materials Output is generated for LS NIKE3D This command activates additional control commands which are described in LS NIKE3D Options and Materials Do not perform plotting This command suppresses the normal prompting for a graphics device and is useful in combination with the BATCH command Input a not eto be included into the output file Example 2 16 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS NOTE Copyright 1985 NSMOOTH n Perform n smoothing operations on surfaces ORV n options Options PLANE Vz VECTOR Vz PAUSE PLANE nplane when using the standard part The default is Zero
30. atan2 y x Two argument inverse tangent sinh x Hyperbolic sine cosh x Hyperbolic cosine tanh x Hyperbolic tangent exp x Exponential 1 4 LS INGRID LS INGRID BASICS In x In2 x log x min xj Xo max xj X5 gcd x4 x S Natural logarithm Logarithm base 2 Logarithm base 10 Minimum of arbitrary number of parameters Maximum of arbitrary number of parameters Greatest common denominator lcm x x Least common multiple asa angle side angle ass angle side side sas side angle side sss side side side rnd rnd2 1 8 OPTIONS Function help help subject def name expression save filename load filename quit rad deg list flist root c C cQ factor x integral e e f v degree n Evaluate the triangle and return largest angle Evaluate the triangle and return largest angle Evaluate the triangle and return largest angle Evaluate the triangle and return largest angle Return a random number Return a random number but do not update the seed Purpose Print the help message Print help for any of the calculator functions or options Define a function name Any time name is encountered in future expressions it will be recursively evaluated Save all variables to file filename Load variables from file filename Exit calculator this will shut down LS INGRID All angles for trigonometric functions are assumed to be defin
31. axes determined by Wo Define for 1 Define for 1 PSIG In radians define for AOPT 2 Material Type 8 Thermo Elastic Creep Default heading Material Type 8 Thermo Elastic Creep NPTS n Number of temperature values for which material constants are defined TEMP 7 Temperatures G2 Gn Shear moduli Bulk moduli ALPHA a2 Coefficients of thermal expansion a Q2 n Creep parameters B b2 bn Creep parameters In this model G is the shear modulus and the instantaneous creep is given by a power law of the form where a and b are functions of temperature This model was developed and provided for LS NIKE3D by R D Krieg of Sandia National Laboratories Material Type 9 Blatz Ko Rubber Default heading Material Type 9 Rubber Gu Shear modulus 23 12 LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS The second Piola Kirchhoff stress is computed as where V is the relative volume C is the right Cauchy Green strain tensor and is the Poisson s ratio which is set to 463 internally This stress measure is transformed to the Cauchy stress s according to the relationship ip oj VFS where F is the deformation gradient tensor Material Type 10 Power Law Thermo Plasticity NPTS n Number of temperature points 8 T2 Tn Temperatures E E Young s moduli PR u5 u Poiss
32. in uncompressed configuration Elastic shear modulus in uncompressed configuration Elastic shear modulus in uncompressed configuration Elastic shear modulus G in uncompressed cau configuration Load curve number for s versus either relative 20 39 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID volume or volumetric strain default Icab Ics LCBC cbc Load curve number for s versus either relative volume or volumetric strain default cbc lcs LCCA cca Load curve number for s versus either relative volume or volumetric strain default cca lcs AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by determined element nodes n1 n2 and na see Figure 20 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below XP Define for AOPT 1 YP y Define for AOPT 1 ZP Define for AOPT 1 Ala Define for AOPT 2 A2 a2 Define for AOPT 2 A3 a3 Define for AOPT 2 D1 dj Define for AOPT 2 D2 2 Define for AOPT 2 D3 d3 Define for AOPT 2 Material Type 27 Compressible Mooney Rivlin Rubber This material model provides an alternative to the Blatz Ko rubber model The implementation is due to Maker 12 AA Constant A BB Constant B PRv Poisson s ratio The strain energy densit
33. n MATERIAL POINT p py p SPACE TIME TRANS TZ2D ij TZ3D WRITE format v v2 XOFF d XSCA 5 VD n data Generate n equals spaced tracer particles on the line from py py p to qy qy q The tracer particle is fixed to a material point Define a tracer particle starting at point Dx PyP2 The tracer particle is fixed in space Activation time for tracer particle Terminate this command This command must be typed just prior to a MAZE part and changes the command such that k m elements are generated along sides L4 and and m elements are generated along sides L4 and L4 This command does not apply to triangular parts or parts with variable zoning Output generated is compatible with TOPAZ2D i and j flags specifying which 3 D coordinates correspond to the TOPAZ2D r and z coordinates i and j can have values x y or z This command activates additional control commands which are described in TOPAZ Options and Materials Output is generated for TOPAZ3D A FACET input deck will also be created if necessary This command activates additional control commands which are described in TOPAZ Options and Materials Issue a Fortran write statement variables v1 V2 are written to standard out and format is the Fortran format statement Example WRITE 1 2 e13 5 i Global X offset Scale all X coordinates Begin definition of volume n If volume n has been previously de
34. numbers are proceeded by a minus sign For this option to work properly the first intersection point must lie either on the first and second point of the line being subdivided The total number of points used to define the line is equal to p If desired not all subdivisions need to be defined For example if it is desired to specify the number of subdivisions between the first three points of the first line type The other segments are equally spaced over the balance of the line 9 2 LS INGRID MAZE PART 9 2 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS The following part control commands are allowed COOR nc data DRAG Options MOVE n data ROTA n px Py Pz dx dy 4 Q RES r LREP j 1 I REPE b 1 ROTA p py pz Wx Wy Wz SPIN 1 0 Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations Perform a drag mesh operation to make solid elements from plane elements Form n layers of solid elements by moving the original plane elements to the new location specified by data Data is described in detail in Coordinate Transformations Form n layers of solid elements by rotating the original plane elements about an axis py Py Pz is any point on the axis of rotation and qx 42 18 a vector parallel to the axis The angle of rotation in degrees is a The ratio of one element length to the next is r This applies only to the previous
35. surface processing Default 1 Setting this to 2 or 3 can improve the reliability of intersections calculated from NURB surfaces however costs and memory requirements will increase roughly proportional to the square of this number Read a NURB surface database in file name This ends the READ command Read SCO03 database in file name This ends the READ command Assign an initial rigid body rotation to all parts defined after this command py pz is any point on the axis of rotation and vy Vy Vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity 18 W Rigid body velocity boundary condition This command is used only for rigid body materials in DYNA3D The load curve number is Ic amp is the scale factor and f f f is in the load direction idof can be 1 X translational degree of freedom 2 Y translational degree of freedom 3 Z translational degree of freedom 2 19 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID SD n data SDMV 81 55 data SI islide Options A3 5 13 BIRTH BOND BOXM x Ym Yx Zm Zx x Ym Yx Zm Zx COMP 4 translational velocity in direction of vector f f f 5 X rotational degree of freedom 6 Y rotational degree of freedom 7 Z rotational degree of freedom 8 rotational velocity in direction of vector 9 Y and Z degrees of freedom for node rotating about the global X axis 10 Zand X degrees of freedom for node
36. 0 s 1 The number of points to be used is n LINT bs The current line definition is formed by interpolation between line definition and line definition 2 The equation is 5 1 1 8 h LO m ri zi 22 Define a line segment for line n by offsetting a segment of line m such that the first point of the new segment begins at r1 z1 and the last point terminates at 72 22 LOD m d Define a line segment for line n by offsetting the entire line m a distance d Positive d offsets the line segments to the left as one moves along line m in the direction that was originally defined Negative d offsets the segment to the right LP nri zy The line definition consist of n points LPIL J 0 Define point for line n at the intersection point of lines J and lo LPT rizjrozoR Define a circular arc of radius R beginning at the last point defined and tangent to a line segment joining point r1 z1 to point 72 22 This line segment will be extended or truncated to begin at the tangency point LPTA re zc R Define a line segment beginning at the last point defined and terminating at the tangency point on an arc of radius R centered at r z The first tangency point encountered as the arc is generated by a counterclockwise rotation from the r axis will become the end point If R is given as a negative number a clockwise rotation from the r axis will determine the first tangency point 14 2 LS INRID LRL ar zL t
37. 21 78 79 80 1 NFO 111 NI 98 NSIDE 20 NT 65 om INT4 175 INT8 175 INTERNAL 118 IOPT 222 IPLT 253 273 294 IPRT 294 IRDMS 171 IRR 178 IRULE TRAPEZOIDAL 178 IRULE USER 178 IRULE GAUSS 178 IS 98 ISI 98 ISS 178 IT 159 201 ITSS 140 171 ITT 178 IUNIT 294 J 59 65 JD 21 JK 60 JOINTS 170 JOY 98 JOYI 98 JT 98 K 60 65 78 79 80 81 151 161 163 190 205 209 214 231 234 237 264 266 268 269 286 287 288 289 297 299 298 300 K2 298 300 K3 298 300 KAPPA 228 KI 60 KINETIC 118 KU 250 L 111 137 L2D 125 L3 130 L3D 17 20 23 125 L3E 17 L3P 130 L3R 130 L3S 130 L3V 111 L3VS 111 LABELS 23 LAD 121 125 LADD 121 125 LADV 121 LAGRANGIAN 170 LAP 121 LAR 121 LAT 121 LBCV 125 LBCX 125 LBCY 125 LBCZ 125 LC 15 233 268 291 19 20 LC2 19 LC3 19 LS INGRID LC4 19 LCS 19 LC6 19 LCA 215 LCAB 215 LCB 215 LCBC 215 LCC 121 215 LCCA 215 LCD 23 27 LCDAMP 171 LCDF 23 LCGX 171 LCGY 171 LCGZ 171 LCK 237 LCL 12 238 lcm 8 14 15 237 LCMAX 171 LCOUTF 15 LCP 12 162 203 LCR 162 203 LCRX 171 LCRY 171 LCRZ 171 LCSS 226 LCU 12 238 LCUT 126 LCV 27 32 111 LD 23 121 LE 34 LEP 122 LEV 24 LEXP 122 126 LFOR 126 LH 297 298 299 300 LIGHT 111 LIMIT 221 LINE 11 LINEAR 294 LINT 122 126 LLCM 126 LMI 24 LMIN 111 In 8 In10 8 102 8 LNPT 16 38 LNV 250 252 LO 122 LOCK 13 LOD 12
38. 5 1 0 fully implicit NONLINEAR Problem is non linear NSSD n Number of surface subdivision for radiation view factor calculation default 5 PHASE n Phase charge flag ON perform phase change calculation OFF no phase change calculation default RADI n Radiation calculation type VIEW view factors EXCH exchange factors RBAND mn Radiation bands The number of wavelength break points is m and the number of curves is n l1 1 1 Wavelength breakpoints GE4 1 E2 Em Emissivities for curve EDn E n En n Emissivities for curve n RCTOL 5 Radiosity convergence tolerance RELAX r Relaxation parameter default 1 SBC 5 Stefan Boltzmann constant SBRF n Number of time steps between restart dumps SOLUTION STEADY Analysis is steady state SOLUTION TRANSIENT Analysis is transient STEP n Time step code FIXE fixed time step VARI variable time step TERM t Final problem time 24 2 LS INGRID TOPAZ COMMANDS AND MATERIALS TIMIN t Initial problem time 24 1 TOPAZ MATERIAL INPUT TOPAZ material input is possible after the TZ2D or TZ3D command has been input see Control Commands The form of this input is MAT n TYPE m options specific to material type general material options ENDMAT n is a material name which is assigned a number in the order that they occur in the input Therefore the materials should be defined in order before any additional use of materials is made Mate
39. 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Default heading Material Type 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options AO ag Yield function constant Ala Yield function constant A2 Yield function constant PC Pe Pressure cutoff for tensile fracture UL uopt Unloading option 0 volumetric crushing 1 loading and unloading are the same 2 hysteretic behavior ULD d Unloading distance for option 2 above NPTS n Number of points in volumetric strain versus VS 8 Eyn 2 pressure curve n 10 Volumetric strain values Pressures corresponding to volumetric strain values The deviatoric perfectly yield function 0 is described in terms of the second invariant J2 20 20 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 1 22297 Pressure p and constants ag a1 and 2 as 2 25 a l 1 2 h On the yield surface J 3 Oy Where s Is the yield stress i e o amp taptap For elastic perfectly plastic behavior aj a2 0 and 2 defines the yield strength The volumetric strain is given by the natural logarithm of the relative volume V If the pressure drops below the cutoff value PC then it is reset to that value Loading and unloading follows the input curve if the volumetric crushing option is off Card 3 col 61 70 44
40. AA See equation below BB Rj R2 OMEGA o E0 Eo Initial internal energy V0 Vo Initial relative volume ENDEOS End equation of state definition The JWL equation of state defines the pressure as o R V Qo R V QE 1 4 B l R ye TUE and is usually used for detonation products of high explosives Equation of State Form 3 Sack Default heading Equation of State Form 3 Sack Tuesday High Explosive A1A See equation below A2 A3 A3 B B2 B5 E0 Eo Initial internal energy V0 Vo Initial relative volume ENDEOS End equation of state definition The Sack equation of state defines the pressure as A V B B p 3 e 2 1 51 2 5 y V V LS INGRID EQUATIONS OF STATE and is used for detonation products of high explosives Equation of State Form 4 Gruneisen Default heading Equation of State Form 4 Gruneisen SPC See equation below S1 51 2 52 S3 4 GAMMA go SA a E0 Eo Initial internal energy V0 Vo Initial relative volume ENDEOS End equation of state definition The Gruneisen equation of state with cubic shock velocity particle velocity defines pressure for compressed materials as Y eC 2 11 22 a 4H jE 2 3 u u 1 Cp s 5 0 1 and for expanded materials as 2 p pgC Ht 7 aH E where C is the intercept of the us up curve 81 52 and S3 the coefficients of the slope of the curve Yo is the Gruneis
41. Assign initial rigid body velocity to all nodes within this parts Vy Vy Vz is the global velocity vector Vy Vy Vz be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates 4 2 LS INGRID NASTRAN PART 5 NASTRAN Part The NASTRAN part provides for importing NASTRAN input files into LS INGRID The form of the part is as follows NASTRAN filename optional functions END filename is the name of the NASTRAN input file 5 1 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS Functions require the ability to identify groups of nodes and elements in a part and assign various properties These have the general form of Keyword region function data Where region is a part specific description of where the function is to be applied For the current part the nodes or elements through either node or element numbers or through analytical expressions As an example SI mat 2 1 M C Elements of material 2 are assigned to C the master side of contact interface 1 Variables available for function application are as follows Variable Description XYZ Part local coordinates of node or element center Xg yg zg Global coordinates of node or element center node Node number mat Material number elem Element number The following options are allowed in any order Additional functions can be applied and are described in the section on Loads and Boundary Conditions COOR mnc data Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate system data
42. DIST DMAX dx DMIN 4 CNVn Options The sensor is an accelerometer The acceleration is measured in the x direction The acceleration is measured in the y direction The acceleration is measured in the z direction The sensor is triggered if a is exceeded for duration dt The sensor triggers based on the retractor pullout rate Retractor name Pullout rate Time over which rate of pull out must be exceeded The sensor triggers after time 1 The sensor triggers based on the distance between two nodes Maximum distance Minimum distance End of Sensor definition End of BELT command Define control volume n MVMA DYNA3D LS 910 and later 2 3 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID DAMP d MATE m m PSCA psca REVERSE TYPE m VINI vini VSCA vsca Type 1 Set airbag damping constant to d The airbag consists of material subset My Pressure scale factor used for converting pressures calculated by the thermodynamic control volume to pressures which will be applied to the finite element model default 1 0 Reverse normals Control volume is of type m Input for type m control volume begins immediately Initial filled volume default 0 0 Scale factor for converting calculated volume to volume used for thermodynamic calculations default 1 0 The pressure volume relationship is of the form Pressure po s Relative volume P0 po SCAL s Type 3 Initial pre
43. LS INGRID is expecting an integer or a floating point number then the expression is evaluated and the results passed to LS INGRID as either the nearest integer or floating point number If a character string is expected then the expression is evaluated and skipped over as if it were just a comment 1 2 LS INGRID LS INGRID BASICS Within the calculator variables may be created and they will remain in effect until the program completes Thus the expression length 5 5 would store 25 0 into a variable named length and return 25 0 to LS INGRID if a number is expected This variable could be recalled later by length Separate from the variable capability is a function capability The function capability stores an expression which may consist of variables and other functions into a particular name for future evaluations An example follows a 1 b 2 c 1 Set some variables so this won t evaluate improperly def root1 a b c 2 b sqrt b b 4 a c 2 a Define the function root1 2 1 0 Evaluate the function The general form of the calculator s capabilities is as follows option name expression Following is a summary of the calculator capabilities 1 4 BUILT IN VARIABLES Variable Value pi p e e Result of last operation nnode The current node number is set to nnode when outside of a part Until the first part is complete nnode is zero nbeam The current beam element number is set to nbeam outside o
44. LS NIKE2D defaults to 0 01 GEOM sn Node and element data dump interval for high speed printer PLAN Plane strain STRE Plane stress AXIS Axisymmetric GRAV 8 By 8z Gravity acceleration vector The gravitational field is scaled in time by load curve one GSTIF on off Geometric stiffness option The default is off and generally gives the best results IPLT n Node and element data dump interval for TAURUS post processing LST tol Line search tolerance 22 1 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID MSRF NBEI NBSR NEIG NIBSR 2 NSMD NSTEP RFTS SBRF SHIFT n Maximum number of stiffness reformations per time step LS NIKE2D defaults to the recommended value of 15 The number of time steps between equilibrium iterations The number of time steps between stiffness matrix reformation Number of eigenvectors This option turns on the subspace iteration eigenvalue eigenvector solution method and overrides all other solution options Eigenvectors are mass normalized and written into the graphics database The time word corresponds to the frequency in radians units of time Maximum number of equilibrium iterations permitted between stiffness matrix reformations LS NIKE2D defaults to the recommended value of 10 First Newmark integration parameter Second Newmark integration parameter Nonlinear solution method BFGS BFGS default BROY Broyden s MOD
45. NIKE3D displacement boundary codes are input BCNR LS NIKE3D rotational boundary codes are input BCSP SAP boundary codes are input DUMMY Read and ignore this item Must be a number FORM f Nodal points are read using format f fis a character string up to 80 characters long which has the correct FORTRAN format All items must be read in floating point format No more than one node point can be specified on a card If this option is not used then nodal point data is input free format INCLUDE Nodes are read from file This option terminates the NODES command and reads the nodes K Node point increment k is input NUMBER Node numbers are to be read If this option is not used then node numbers are assigned sequentially T Temperature 8 1 OLD DATA PART LS INGRID X Y BEAMS n Options FORM f NUMBER K MATERIAL SECTION INCLUDE NODES SHELLS n Options FORM f X coordinate Y coordinate Z coordinate Terminate options and read the nodal points This is done automatically if an include file is specified n beam elements are input Beam elements are read using format f fisa character string up to 80 characters long which has the correct FORTRAN format items must be read in floating point format No more than one element can be specified on a card If this option is not used then nodal point data is input free format Element numbers are to be read If this option is not u
46. Output is generated which is compatible with MVMA DYNA3D Use n CPU s for parallel processing LS 920 and later Use new contact formulations LS 902 VEC DYNA3D This turns on the eroding contact in VEC DYNA3D The number of time steps for mass scaled calculations is n Note that this is an advanced option and normally LS DYNA3D sets the time step Study the mass scaling option in LS DYNA3D before using this option LS 910 and later Output interval for interface file Option for sorting parallel assembly of the right hand side Values for opt are on or off LS 920 and later Maximum allowable change in total energy in percent Node and element data dump interval for TAURUS post processing Node and element data dump interval for high 20 6 LS INGRID PSPO iopt R2D n RDENERGY on off RDMT m RDSI 5 REIN i REST name RHVC h RIRDMS on off RLBV RNUM n RPRT LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS speed printer Plane stress iteration flag 1 iterative plasticity with 3 secant iterations default 2 full iterative plasticity 3 radial return non iterative plasticity quick and very dirty Convert material m from rigid to deformable If a restart file definition has been initiated then this command applies to the restart Otherwise it applies to the main DYNA3D input LS 920 and later Option for computing stone wall energy diss
47. RO 0 100 386 4 MINIMUM 0 2 BEAM ENDMAT 20 54 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 20 55 LS INGRID EQUATIONS OF STATE 21 Equations of State Equations of state are required by certain LS DYNA2D and LS DYNA3D material models They provide a relationship between pressure relative volume and temperature or internal energy which is used in place of a bulk modulus Equations of state are needed when significant volume changes occur during a deformation process They are attached to a material model and the general form of the input is MAT i TYPE j material options ENDMAT EOS k equation of state options ENDEOS This will define material i as being of type j and having equation of state characteristics of type Equation of State Form 1 Linear Polynomial Default heading Equation of State Form 1 Linear Polynomial CO Co See equation below C1 Cj C2 C5 C3 C3 C4 C4 C5 C5 C6 C6 E0 Eo Initial internal energy V0 Vo Initial relative volume ENDEOS End equation of state definition The linear polynomial equation of state is linear in internal energy The pressure is given by P 2CG Cu GU where terms C212 and C62 are set to zero if U lt 0 1 and is the ratio of current density to the initial density 21 1 EQUATIONS OF STATE LS INGRID Equation of State Form 2 JWL Default heading Equation of State Form 2 JWL High Explosive
48. TINT n TCYCLE n TEO i TERM f TINV n TSLIMIT A TSORT opt Number of additional integration point history variables written to the TAURUS database for shell elements Number of additional integration point history variables written to the TAURUS database for solid elements Option for separating D3PLOT file into one state per family output member Values for opt are on or off LS 910 and later Number of through thickness integration points written to TAURUS database default 3 Terminate TAURUS command options The termination cycle is n LS 910 and later Thermal effects option 0 no thermal effects N nodal temperatures are defined in input and are scaled according to a time function N is the load curve number each time step a new temperature state is read from a disk file The time word at the beginning of each temperature state is ignored 2 at each time step a temperature state is interpolated from the temperature state in a disk file Therefore the time words at the beginning of each temperature state is used 3 the disk file containing temperatures has only one state The initial state is assumed to be zero Terminate dynamic time integration at time f Number of time steps between dumps of reaction history blocks The minimum time step for shell elements of type 3 18 19 and 24 cannot go below Ar To enforce this condition the element stiffness is artifi
49. The bulk unloading modulus is used if hysteretic the volumetric crushing option is on behavior for Card 3 col 61 70 option 2 a tension cutoff Volumetric strain em Figure 20 3 Volumetric strain versus pressure curve for soil and crushable foam model 20 21 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type 6 Viscoelastic G Go Short term shear modulus GI G Long term shear modulus KK Bulk modulus p Decay constant The shear relaxation behavior is described by G t 2G ePt A Jaumann rate formulation is used V t 05 22 G t Dj t dt f V where the prime denotes the deviatoric part of the stress rate e j and the strain rate Dzy Material Type 7 Blatz Ko Rubber Default heading Material Type 7 Rubber GG Shear modulus The second Piola Kirchhoff stress is computed as 1 y Sj H e G V 2055 where V is the relative volume is the right Cauchy Green strain tensor and n is the Poisson s ratio which is set to 463 internally This stress measure is transformed to the Cauchy stress s according to the relationship Fik Six where F is the deformation gradient tensor 20 22 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 8 High Explosive Burn Default heading Material Type 8 High Explosive Burn DD Detonation velocity PCJ Pc Chapman Jouget pressure This material model requires an equati
50. The mixture of unreacted explosive and reaction products is defined by the fraction reacted F F 0 no reaction F 1 complete conversion from explosive to products The pressures and temperatures are assumed to be in equilibrium and the volumes are assumed to be additive 21 6 LS INGRID EQUATIONS OF STATE V 1 FV The rate of reaction is E e FCRIT F Ve 1 i G Ve i H F F 2051 1 where 2 and m generally 0 are input constants The JWL equations of state and the reaction rates have been fitted to one and two dimensional shock initiation and detonation data for four explosives PBX 9404 RX 03 BB PETN and cast TNT The details of the calculational method are described by Cochran and Chan 14 The detailed one dimensional calculations and parameters for the four explosives are given by Lee and Tarver 15 Equation of State Form 8 Tabulated Compaction Default heading Equation of State Form 8 Tabulated Compaction NPTS n Number of points in tabulated curves LNV ey ev Volumetric strain points ey In Vj PC C C gt Cy Points on the curve for C ey PT Ti T T Points on the curve for T ey KU Ky K2 Kn Points on the curve for the unloading bulk modulus GAMMA y See equation below E0 Eo Initial internal energy VO Vo Initial relative volume ENDEOS End equation of state definition The tabulated compaction model is line
51. Time Step TOPAZ 295 Interactive Model Updates 115 Intrinsic functions 8 Isoparametric Relaxation 170 Johnson Cook Material DYNA3D 201 Joint Defining 21 98 Displaying 108 Joints 170 JOY Interface Node Defining 98 Displaying 108 Kikuchi Relaxation 170 Line Definition Displaying 111 Three dimensional 23 Two dimensional 23 Line Search Tolerance NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 LLNL INGRID Compatibility 36 Load Curve 23 IND 9 INDEX Displaying 111 Local Axes Displaying 108 Specifying 67 Local System Defining 24 LS DYNA2D 16 LS DYNA3D 16 LS DYNA3D Version 902 176 LS DYNA3D Version 910 176 LS DYNA3D Version 920 176 LS DYNA3D Version 930 176 LS NIKE3D 26 MADYMO3D 20 179 Repositioning Materials 35 Unit Conversions In Coupling 168 Marked Surface Defining 99 Displaying 109 Mass Property Displaying 109 112 Input 37 Material Subset 112 Part Subset 113 Total 114 Mass Scaling DYNA3D 172 Masses 109 Material Data Input 25 Display 107 Displaying 110 112 113 Heading 177 Highlighting 109 Increments 21 Label Increment 24 Maximum Time Step NIKE2D 253 TOPAZ 294 Maze Part Tolerance 25 Membrane DYNA3D 179 Metallic Honeycomb 215 Minimum Time Step NIKE2D 253 TOPAZ 294 Mooney Rivlin Rubber NIKE3D 290 MOVIE BYU DYNA3D 170 MPGS DYNA3D 170 MVMA DYNA3D 171 NASTRAN Importing Files 45 Newmark Integration Parameters NIKE2D 254 NIKE3D 274 TOPAZ 295 NIKE2D 25 NIKE3D 273 N
52. Yield stresses ETAN Ej Tangent moduli Material Type 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Default heading Material Type 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRn Poisson s ratio Additional Options AO ag Yield function constant 1 Yield function constant A2 Yield function constant Pressure cutoff for tensile fracture UL uopt Unloading option 0 volumetric crushing loading and unloading are the same NPTS n Number of points in volumetric strain versus pressure curve n 10 NS amp A 690 Es Volumetric strain values P pi po pn Pressures corresponding to volumetric strain values The deviatoric yield function is described in terms of the second invariant J2 23 9 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 755i 5j Pressure p and constants ag a1 and a as 2 a pap On the yield surface J27 M 3 sy 2 where Sy is the yield stress i e oy 3 leo For elastic perfectly plastic behavior a a25 0 and Bao 2 defines the yield strength The volumetric strain is given by the natural logarithm of the relative volume V If the pressure drops below the cutoff value PC then it is reset to that value Loading and unloading follows the input curve if the volumetric crushing option is off Card 3 col 61 70 lt lt The bulk unloading modulus is used if the
53. a direction then the function is assumed to go all the way through the index space in that direction Functions which use Region or Index Progression for index specification can be repeated and shifted to other parts of the index space The general form of these commands is as follows Keyword Region or Index Progression parameters first offset parameters second offset parameters The offset information is as follows t or 0 Either or a o is required as the first information for the offset If is used then the offset occurs from the region defined by the last offset If O is used then the offset is relative to the region defined by lt Region gt or lt Index Progression gt One and only one of the following commands must be input following or o 6 11 STANDARD PART LS INGRID I di J dj K dk IJ di dj JK dj dk KI dk di IJK di dj dk SIJ SJK SKI A Region ityp Increment indices by di Increment J indices by dj Increment K indices by dk Increment and J indices by di and dj Increment J and K indices by dj and dk Increment and J indices by dk and di Increment J and K indices by di dj and dk Switch J indices with J indices Switch J indices with K indices Switch indices with 7 indices Form a curved edge between nodes A and B The region is a line in the reduced index space Flag specifying type of curve 1 A parab
54. and are described in the section on Loads and Boundary Conditions COOR nc data Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations CYLI Nodes are converted from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are Y R sin 0 4 1 PATRAN PART LS INGRID LREP 1 MATE matnum b 1 ROTA p py pz vx Vy vz W SPHE TEMP THIC thic VELO v v v Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems l to ln If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation The part has material number matnum Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems 11 to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part P Pz is any point on the axis of rotation and vy vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per second Nodes are converted from spherical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are X R cos 0 sin Y R sin Z Rcos The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness thic for this part
55. are the minimum indices of the region in which elements are to be deleted The elements to be deleted are the absolute indices i i i j j j k k k but offset by i j k Terminates this function Element Print Blocks Use the element offset from Point by i j k Use the block of elements offset from lt Point gt Terminate this command Point force The load curve number is Ic amp isa scale factor and ff f indicates the load direction Displacement boundary condition The load curve number is amp is a scale factor and f f f indicates the load direction 12 3 LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FIND Point expr2 expr3 expr4 FL Region scal or FLI Index Progression lc scal FN Region efil FRY Region lc amp vx vy vz FT Region lc T or FTI Index Progression c T FTB Region T Tbase or FTBI Index Progression c T Tbase FV Region lc amp f Region lc amp fy fy fz GEOC Region igeo IN Region name or INI Index Progression name IS Region name or ISI Index Progression name JOY Region or LS INGRID The FIND command places the generated coordinates of Point into the variables cenx ceny cenz and the node number into node Example FIND 1 2 1 bp3x cenx bp3y ceny bp3z cenz bp3n node Flux boundary condition All nodes within lt R
56. coordinates CY cylindrical coordinates R 9 Z SP spherical coordinates W V point 2 is offset from point 1 by the vector Coordinates or vector for point 2 Flag describing coordinate type for point 3 RT rectangular coordinates CY cylindrical coordinates R 9 Z SP spherical coordinates V V point 3 is offset from point 1 by the vector Coordinates or vector for point 3 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS Local axes Global axes Figure 18 1 Coordinate Transformations LS INGRID LS INGRID Option 2 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS Option 2 allows the following commands in any order CSCA s D1 D2 L Scale coordinates by s Save the current offset position and perform rotations relative to this point Restore the offset position Copy the previous transformation and begin defining the next system MATRIX a 431 412 422 473 432 433 MX Ax MY Ay MZ Az REPE n RX 0 RY 0 RZ RXY RYZ RZX SAVE n SCALE s V Ax Ay Az XSCA 5 YSCA s ZSCA s Set the transformation to the input 3 3 matrix Move Ax in the x direction Move Ay in the y direction Move Az in the z direction Repeat the current transformation n times Rotate 0 degrees about the X axis Rotate 0 degrees about the Y axis Rotate 0 degrees about the Z axis Reflect about the XY plane Reflect about the YZ plane Reflect about the ZX plane The sequence of coor
57. following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options 20 32 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS ECRV Ic Load curve describing Young s modulus as a function of strain rate ETAN eman Tangent hardening modulus FCRV Ic Load curve describing failure stress as a function of strain rate SIGY Ic Load curve describing yield as a function of strain rate TCRV Ic Load curve describing tangent modulus as a function of strain rate TDEL Dt Minimum time step This is for element deletion In this model a load curve is used to describe the yield strength so as a function of effective strain rate X Xx 2 E id and the prime denotes the deviatoric component The yield stress is defined as Y Op x yt En where P is the effective plastic strain and E is given by E E Material Type 20 Rigid Body All elements with the same material number become a single rigid body if the material is type 20 whether the elements are connected or not Density and two independent material strength constants are required to establish penalties for contact surfaces and joints Input any two of the following BULK Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options DEFG The rigid body is defined in the global system used by CAL3D MADYMO3D LS 920 20 33 LS DYNA3D COMMAN
58. global axes default Change hue of material m to h Finish model generation and format the output file Change saturation of material m to s Move down distance x relative to the structure Display accelerometers Display seat belts 13 1 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS DI n DI CSEC n DI CSYM n DI CV DI CVL DI D c DI DETP DI DS n n DI DSAD n n DI DSRM n DI DX DI DY DI DZ DI EDR DI EPB DIF Ic FL DI FLUX DI FSYM DI INTF name DI JOY DI JTS DI L3D LS INGRID Display DYNA3D control volume n Display DYNA3D force output cross section n Display cyclic symmetry boundary conditions Display convection boundary condition surface segments Display convection boundary condition edge segments Display forced displacements associated with load case or load curve Ic Display detonation points Display digitized surface definitions 71 n2 Display digitized surfaces and add definitions nj n2 to the display list Display digitized surfaces and remove definitions n1 n2 from the display list Display X translational boundary conditions Display Y translational boundary conditions Display Z translational boundary conditions Display elements to be deleted on restart n Display element print blocks Display point loads associated with load case or load curve Ic Display flux boundary conditions edge segments Dis
59. icode REPE n 0 Rigid Massless Truss LS 902 and later X 2 Y 3 Z 4 X and Y 5 YandZ 6 Zand X 7 X Y and Z This joint is a simple nodal constraint The common rotational degrees of freedom are specified by icode 0 none X 2 Y 3 2 4 X and Y 5 YandZ 6 Zand X 7 X Y and Z Repeat the current joint definition for a total of n joints Terminate this command LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS Cylindrical joint Planar joint Universal joint Translational joint Figure 2 1 Joint definitions 2 13 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID L3D n data LABELS Options ELEMENT m MAT m NODE m LCD nm ti fi tmm LCDF nmfti t LD n data LEV n Options ADD m COOR n data Begin definition of three dimensional line n If line n has been previously defined this command has the effect of destroying the old definition See Three Dimensional Line Definitions for a description of the data for this command Define offsets for node element and other item numbering This applies to meshes which are imported after this command Offset element labels by m Offset material labels by m Offset node labels by m End of LABELS command Define load curve n with m pairs of time function points Define load curve n with m pairs of time function points fis input as an analytical function of variable t which ranges from to f Thus to input one perio
60. if Smax gt sr element spalls and tension p lt 0 is never allowed Smax maximum principal stress 3 if p lt Pmin element spalls and tension lt 0 is never allowed 4 failure strain Users who have an interest in this mode are encouraged to study the paper by Steinberg and Guinan 9 which provides the theoretical basis Another useful reference is the KOVEC user s manual 10 In terms of the foregoing input parameters we define the shear modulus G before the material melts as Ei E Fm where p is the pressure V is the relative volume is the cold compression energy and E is the melting energy Em x Ec x 3R Tq x 20 26 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS which is in terms of the melting temperature T x T x Tmde P 2a me V 2 Yo a 1 and the melting temperature at r ro In the above equation R is defined by R 2 where is the gas constant and A is the atomic weight If R is not defined LS DYNA3D computes it with R in the cm gram microsecond system of units The yield strength o is given by E E 30 e fm 5 R J Dope ET 3 e Oy 60 i if Em exceeds E j Here is given by wh Oy o0 li B ly e P where is the initial plastic strain Whenever exceeds Om is set equal to Om After the material melts and are set to zero If the coefficients ECO ECO are not defi
61. if rP lt 0 J x and 441 EE dd 8 Fe 3l if J x 0 ana lt 0 otherwise h x 2W 4 exp D X x X9 20 23 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 20 24 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 20 LS DYNA3D Commands and Materials Analysis options are code dependent They can be set either in the control section of the LS INGRID input file or in the graphics phase These commands become active when LS DYNA3D output is selected with the DN3D command see Control Commands ARBITRARY BRODE Options YLD yld HEIGHT A XBO x YBO y ZBO z TBO CL cl CT ct CP cp Node and element numbering is arbitrary LS 902 and later Define Brode function parameters Yield Ktons Height of burst Coordinates of Brode origin space time in LS INGRID units Conversion factor ft to DYNA length units default 2 meters Conversion factor ms to DYNA time units default seconds Conversion factor psi to DYNA pressure units default 2 Pascals Terminate Brode function input Note If RANG COEF GFUN are specified a modified Brode function will be used in DYNA otherwise straight Brode is used RANG r5 COEF cg GFUN 27 Range values for Brode function Coefficient values for Brode function GFUNC values for Brode Function The Brode function is applied to pressure surfaces with load curve number 1
62. in the loading phase The volumetric strain ey is given by the natural logarithm of the relative volume Unloading occurs along the unloading bulk modulus to the pressure cutoff Reloading always follows the unloading path to the point where unloading began and continues on the loading path See Figure 21 1 Up to 10 points and as few as 2 may be used when defining the tabulated function LS DYNA2D 3D will extrapolate to find the pressure if necessary 21 9 EQUATIONS OF STATE LS INGRID 21 10 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 22 LS NIKE2D Commands and Materials Analysis options are code dependent They can be set either in the control section of the LS INGRID input file or in the graphics phase These commands become active when LS NIKE2D output is selected with the NK2D command ANAL n Analysis type STAT static analysis default DYN direct time integration DYNS direct time integration with static initialization EIGE eigenvalue extraction BWMO n Bandwidth minimization option ON perform minimization in analysis code default OFF don t minimize bandwidth DCTOL tol Convergence tolerance on displacements LS NIKE2D defaults to 0 001 DELT Dt Time step size for LS NIKE2D DTMAX D Maximum step size permitted If SSO AUTO the default is set by LS NIKE2D DTMN d Minimum step size permitted If SSO AUTO the default is set by LS NIKE2D ECTOL tol Convergence tolerance on energy
63. is dir Currently this is only supported on CONVEX computers Define detonation point for material mat If mat is zero then all materials are detonated Generate n equals spaced detonation points on the line from p Py Pz to 4942 Detonate the point p Py Pz Lighting time for detonation point Terminate this command Output generated is compatible with LS DYNA2D i and j flags specifying which 3 D coordinates correspond to the LS DYNA2D r and z coordinates i and j can have values x y or z This activates additional commands which are described in L DYNA2D Options and Materials Output is generated for LS DYNA3D This activates additional control commands which are described in LS DYNA3D Options and Materials Input digitized 3 D surface number n Digitized surfaces consist of a surface defined by triangles This is not smooth for coarse meshes however 10 000 and more triangles are common in defining surfaces to achieve 2 6 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS Option MOVE data 1 GRID nj nj Type 2 FEM X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 29 ij ji ki h i2 j2 ka b Type 3 CONT ncont Options XLE x YLE y ZLE z CHORD scal FNU n FNL n XF xf YF yy ZF zf L3D L3E n Data X Y1 Z1 Xn Yn Zn reasonably accurate definitions This command consist of DS optionally followed by a coordinate transformation and then one of the digitized surface types is input to complete
64. is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations 5 1 NASTRAN PART LS INGRID CYLI LREP 4 b 1 MATE matnum 4 5 ROTA p p pz Vx vy v W SPHE TEMP THIC thic VELO v v v Nodes are converted from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are X Rcos Y Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation The part has material number matnum Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems l to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part Dx Py Pz 18 any point on the axis of rotation and vy Vy vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per second Nodes are converted from spherical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are Y R sin O sin Z Rcos The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness thic for this part Assign initial rigid body velocity to all nodes within this parts V4 Vy Vz is the global velocity vector Vy Vy Vz can be express
65. may be defined In this latter case the yield stress and plastic hardening modulus a and az are ignored Effective stress is defined in terms of the deviatoric stress tensor Sij as _ 3 2 ob and effective plastic strain by t 2 20 b dt where f denotes time and DP is the plastic component of the rate of deformation tensor Yield stress may be defined as a function of plastic strain or pressure but not both 20 24 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Piecewise linear curve defining the yield stress versus effective plastic strain A nonzero yield stress is defined when the plastic strain is zero 0 Figure 20 4 Effective stress versus effective plastic strain curve Material Type 11 Temperature Dependent Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic Default heading Material Type 11 Temperature Dependent Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic G Go Shear modulus SIGO 6 See equations below BETA p Nn GAMA Y SIGM Bb BP P Hh Ff Aa TO Tino GAMO go SAa 20 25 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID PC pmin or s ECO ECo Cold compression energy coefficients optional EC2 EC EC3 EC3 EC4 5 ECs 6 ECg EC7 EC EC8 ECg EC9 EC If cold compression energy coefficients are not input then LS DYNA3D will calculate them based on the equation of state SPALL type Spall type 0 default set to 2 0 1 p 3 pmin 2
66. modulus PRn Poisson s ratio Additional Options Kk See equation below Mm See equation below FCf Failure criteria 1 Mohr Coulomb 2 Drucker Prager 3 check both MPS sq Maximum pricipal stress optional MSS tnax Maximum shear stress optional LC 1 Optional failure curve number The stress strain curve for this model is based on the following equation o k e 22 13 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type 12 Power Law Thermo Plasticity NPTS n Number of temperature points 8 T Ti 7 Temperatures E2 En Young s moduli PR u u Poisson s ratios See equation below M m m See equation below The stress strain curve for this model is based on the following equation o EP Material Type 22 Frazer Nash Rubber Model This model implements a hyperelastic constitutive law described in 13 C001 C001 C010 C010 C020 C020 C100 C100 C101 C101 C110 C110 C200 C200 C210 C210 C300 C300 C400 C400 The strain energy function U is defined in terms of the input constants as 2 3 4 U Cro Cog 1 39g 1 FC goo Cool Y Cod r3 ROLL OEC ET 020 2 1101 2 210 1 2 01 3 10113 The derivative of U with respect to a component of strain gives the corresponding component of stress 2U _ 9U ij j i 9 22 14 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS where 9 are the second Piola Ki
67. of points in lines or Lo respectively Points defining the lines then become nodal coordinates Define three sided region having edges consisting of the intersecting lines L1 L2 L3 This region will have material name mt and will be subdivided into m x 2k m elements with k m elements along edges L4 and L2 and 2m elements along edge L3 Edges must be listed in a counterclockwise order Define three sided region having edges consisting of the intersecting lines L1 L2 and La This region will have material name mt and will be subdivided into m x 2k m elements with k m elements along edges L and L2 and 2m elements along edge L3 Edges must be listed in a counterclockwise order 9 1 MAZE PART L1 Lo La L4 mt k m rj r2 Or Lo L4 mt k m rj L1 Lo L4 mt r2 L2 L4 mt k m rj r2 r3 r4 L Lo L4 mt k m Li Lo Lz La mt km etc LS INGRID Define four sided region as described above but with variable zoning Parameters r and r2 are the ratios of the first segment length to the last segment length along edges 1 3 and 2 4 respectively Define four sided region as described above but with variable zoning Parameters r to r4 are the ratios of the first segment length to the last segment length along edges 1 to 4 respectively Define four sided region as described above but with a specified number of elements between consecutive points defining the lines whose line
68. of the existing standard part from file name For complicated parts this can save considerable amounts of computing See also the SAVE command Assign an initial rigid body rotation to all parts defined after this command px py pz is any point on the axis of rotation and vy vy vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per time unit Rotate region Data for this command is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations Save the nodal coordinates of the existing standard part to file name For complicated parts this can save considerable amounts of computing by using the REST command Surface command This command allows for the exact equation specification for 3 D surfaces The command operates by moving nodes from an initial location to the closest point on the surface Intersections of surfaces in the index space are detected and calculated Since intersections are rarely unique the user must define initial coordinates which are near the final configuration using the initial coordinates and or point functions This is often necessary for LS INGRID to converge to the correct geometry If a part is generated in cylindrical coordinates the surfaces are still assumed to be in rectangular coordinates This permits non axisymmetric surfaces to be generated on primarily axisymmetric parts ityp SD n If itype SD then the surface is defined using the command SD in the cont
69. opt IFDT Dr LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS weighted 5 same as 4 but inversly proportional to the shell thickness Option for including thinning of shells in thickness offsets Values for opt are on and off Terminate SIOPT command Begin definition of user specified integration rule for shell number n Include optional material selection default off Input n integration points with the parametric coordinate 1 the weight w and the optional material number m This terminates the rule Default shell formulation type s HUGHES use Hughes Liu shell formulation default BELYTSCHKO use Belytschko Lin Tsay shell theory Option for computing stone wall energy dissipation Default Off LS 910 and later System damping constant d MVMA DYNA3D VEC DYNA3D LS 902 and later Additional ouput options for the D3PLOT D3IFF and D3THDT files Output averaged accelerations from velocities in file nodout and the time history database file d3thdt LS 910 and later Composite material stress output option Values for opt are global and local LS 910 and later Produce a separate TAURUS database for the dynamic relaxation option Values for opt are on or off LS 910 and later Output interval for interface force database If zero the default is the same as for complete state dumps 20 9 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID INT4 n INT8 n SEPARATE opt
70. rotating about the global Y axis 11 X and Y degrees of freedom for node rotating about the global Z axis Begin definition of surface n If surface n has been previously defined this command has the effect of destroying the old definition See Surface Definitions for a description of the additional input for this command Move surface definitions s through s5 data is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations Define sliding interface islide These options apply to both slide surfaces and slide lines Select contact interface type a3 LS 920 Contact type a3 is insensitive to orientation of the contact segments Select contact interface type a5 LS 920 Contact type a5 is insensitive to orientation of the contact segments Select contact interface type a13 LS 920 This model is a single surface method which is principally used for inflating folded airbags Birth time for interface LS 910 GA slideline option Bond shear modulus Define box for master side of sliding interfaces LS 910 VECDYNA Define box for slave side of sliding interfaces LS 910 VECDYNA GA slideline option compressive strength of concrete 2 20 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS DAMP d DEATH DNIS DNTS DUMMY FAIL e FD fd d FFN f FENE f FFS f FFSE f FRIC f FS fs GA HDMG t LCV LS MATERIAL MAST m m MATERIAL SLAV m m MAXS t MERGE Damping coefficient per
71. shell elements The vector in the local part system is The vector be specified as a function of the local x y z coordinates For example 6 17 STANDARD PART LS INGRID LREP 1b MA or MB lt POINT gt lt REGION gt n d dy d MATE m MS Region idir LORI y x 0 Repeat part command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems l to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Point functions These commands are used to modify 1 2 or 3 coordinates of groups of nodes For MA only For MB only Flag indicating which coordinates to change X x coordinate is changed Y y coordinate Z z coordinate XY x and y coordinates XZ x and z coordinates YZ y and z coordinates XYZ x y and z coordinates New coordinates Only the coordinates required by flag n need to be input The new coordinates are added to the old coordinates The part has material number rn Apply multiple surface equations to Region This command permits the identification of parallel index planes for the purpose of applying surface equations The function of this command is similar to the SF command however this command can result in considerable reduction in input for many common cases Region is divided into a series of parallel planes normal to the axis in index
72. since this can be costly and is usually necessary only for complex free form surfaces Input orientation vector n The sping damper distances are measured in the plane defined by normal vector Vx Vy Vz The spring damper distances are measured along the vector defined by Vx Vy Vz End the ORV command Execute a FORTRAN pause statement Input nplane plane definition These planes are for applying boundary conditions only Do not try to use this command more than once in the same input file Repeat the following information for each plane Px Py Pz dy dz Tolerance Options CYLI radius len FRIC m LCD Ic VZ Global coordinates of any point on the plane Any vector normal to the plane All nodes within a distance less than tolerance from the plane are included in the definition If the tolerance is negative no nodes will be found The SW command in the standard part can also be used to include nodes in the definition The stonewall is a cylindrical surface The radius is radius and the length is len If len 0 then an infinite cylinder is assumed LS 910 and later Specify stonewall friction properties m 0 Frictionless sliding occurs 0 lt lt 1 15 colomb friction coefficient LS 910 and later m 1 tangential motion allowed during contact Load curve c specifies the displacement history of the stone wall in the direction Vx Vy Vz 2 17 CONTROL COMMAND
73. space specified by idir J axis J J axis K K axis Next one surface equation must be input for each of the index planes in lt Region gt normal to the specified axis One of the following options may be used LS INGRID STANDARD PART Option 1 sfi sfo Option 2 PPX PPY or PPZ ua Option 3 CNSP Px Py Pz Option 4 CNCY Px Py Pz Vx Vy Vz r1 1213 Option 5 PON POX POY POZ Px Py Pz dx dy dz 01 02 O3 MT Region or Index Progression mat MTV mn Data for first surface equation See Surface Definitions Data for second surface equation Parallel planes normal to x y or z axes respectively The point along the specified axis where the planes intercept One value must be input for each plane Center of the spheres Radii Any point on the axis of the cylinder Any vector parallel to the axis Radii Planes offset normal or in the x y or z direction respectively Any point on the plane Any vector normal to the plane Offsets in the requested direction Signifies material command Material number All elements contained within volume definition 6 19 STANDARD PART LS INGRID OR Region I h ORDER 41 d2 d3 m are assigned material number n Specify orientation of local axes relative to the index space This is necessary when orthotropic materials are used and or if 8 node shells are r
74. steady State temperature DYNA NIKE to f Set thickness number to n Set edge visibility on for outline and phantom edge plotting lt Region gt must be a line in the reduced index space 12 11 LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS LS INGRID 12 12 LS INGRID 13 Interactive Commands INTERACTIVE COMMANDS After the model is generated LS INGRID enters the interactive graphics phase of the program The x axis in screen coordinates is fixed relative to the screen and extends horizontally to the viewers right The y axis is positive up The z axis extends out of the screen towards the viewer The following commands are allowed in this phase AJNP p p p AM mo AMN m mo AP pi po ARROW ASCII BPTOL Pi P2t CCEN CCOL irgb CENT CHUE mh CONT CSAT ms Dx DI ACCE DI BELT Print the nodal point which is nearest to point D Dy Dz Add materials m1 m by number to the active list Add materials m1 m2 by name to the active list Add parts p1 p to the active list Toggle arrow plotting on or off This allows the direction of the tool path to be visualized Read ASCII tracer particle file The tolerance to be used when merging part p to p is t Select the center of the picture using the mouse Change the red green blue values of color number i to r g b Moments and products of inertia are determined relative to the centroid and
75. the command Move the surface definition by data data is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations The surface is defined by a logically regular set of points in three dimensions n n points must be input in the following order x4 y11 z11 Xil yil Zil lt Xij Vij Zij The surface is a grid of finite element quadrilaterals It has m nodes and n elements Input m nodal points Input n four node elements The surface is defined by ncont contours that each have an arbitrary number of points X coordinate of leading edge Y coordinate of leading edge Z coordinate of leading edge Scale factor for the chord length The contour is defined by n points on the upper surface followed by n points on the lower surface Contour points are in the plane X xy Contour points in the plane Y y Contour points are in the plane Z zy Use three dimensional line definition l The number of points on the contour is the number of points used to define the line definition Use three dimensional line definition with n equal spaced points Terminate option and read required data Skip this section if L3D or L3E is requested Number of points on contour Input only if 1 0 Contour coordinates If was used do not input any X coordinates and similarly for YF and ZF 2 7 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID 4 FUNC 2 5 PROJ m offset Options XSYM
76. ty LROT t 5 LSCR 5 LSCZ 1 5 LSTL d d LT nd d LTAS z rot ro z2 R LTBC m t dt s rj r2 rm LTBO d m d Mm dm LTPrzR LVCtl TWO DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS Define n lines consisting of radial lines of length L originating at point r Zc and oriented at angles tj ty Positive angles are measured counterclockwise from r axis Rotate line definition about the origin t degrees Scale line definition by s Scale r coordinates of line definition by s Scale z coordinates of line definition by s Define a line segment for line n by translating line m an increment d d Translate line n by the increment d d Define a line segment tangent to a circular arc centered at point 71 z1 beginning at the last point defined and sweeping counterclockwise if rot 1 and clockwise if rot 1 The line segment terminates at its tangency point on a second arc of radius centered at 72 z2 first tangency point encountered as the second arc is generated by a counterclockwise rotation from the r axis will become the end point If R is given as a negative number a clockwise rotation from the r axis will determine the tangency point Define a line segment for line with tab cell data Tab cell data is often used in drafting programs and consist of m radii each dt degrees apart starting at angle t Each radius is scaled by s Positive angles represent cou
77. volumetric crushing option is on Card 3 col 61 70 hysteretic behavior for option 2 tension cutoff Volumetric strain C ir 8 AA pe Figure 23 3 Volumetric strain versus pressure curve for soil and crushable foam model 23 10 LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 6 Viscoelastic G Go Short term shear modulus GI G Long term shear modulus KK Bulk modulus BETA b Decay constant The shear relaxation behavior is described by G t 2G ePt A Jaumann rate formulation is used V t oj 2 G t Dj c dt 0 V where the prime denotes the deviatoric part of the stress rate O and the strain rate Dry 1J Material Type 7 Thermal Orthotropic Elastic Default heading Material Type 7 Thermal Orthotropic Elastic EA E See constitutive matrix below EB Ep EC Ee PRBA vza PRCA vea PRCB vep ALPA Qa Thermal expansion coefficient along material axis a ALPB Thermal expansion coefficient along material axis b ALPC o Thermal expansion coefficient along material axis c GAB Gab AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 22 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n2 and see Figure 22 1 23 11 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials
78. 0 the bilinear stress strain curve shown in Figure 19 2 is obtained with b 1 The yield strength is calculated as Oy Op Eye The quantity Ep is the plastic hardening modulus defined in terms of Young s modulus E and the tangent modulus as follows E E E F If Cards 5 8 are used a curve like that shown in Figure 3 4 may be defined Effective stress is defined in terms of the deviatoric stress tensor Sij as 2 0 s nx and effective plastic strain by where t denotes time and DP is the plastic component of the rate of deformation tensor In this j p p 2 case the plastic hardening modulus on Card 3 is ignored and the yield stress is given as f gP o fle where the value for f c P 1s found by interpolation from the data curve y 20 15 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Piecewise linear curve defining the yield stress versus effective plastic strain A nonzero yield stress is defined when the plastic strain is zero 0 Figure 19 4 Effective stress versus effective plastic strain curve Material Type 11 Temperature Dependent Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic Default heading Material Type 11 Temperature Dependent Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic G Go Shear modulus SIGO See equations below BETA p Nn GAMA Bi SIGM Bb BP P Hh Ff AA TO T 70 SA a 20 16 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MA
79. 01 C110 C110 C200 C200 C210 C210 C300 C300 C400 C400 LIMIT Limit option 0 0 stop if strain limits are exceeded 10 0 continue if strain limits are exceeded EMAX g Maximum strain limit Minimum strain limit The strain energy function U is defined in terms of the input constants as 2 3 4 U 00 Cool 1 C300 1 C goo i d Cool T 2 2 C 20 2 Si C gli C iol 112 001 3 0111 3 The derivative of U with respect to a component of strain gives the corresponding component of stress 20 43 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID QU QU g OB ac Vi y where S E and Cj are the second Piola Kirchhoff stress tensor the Green St Venant strain tensor and the right Cauchy Green deformation tensor respectively Material Type 32 Laminated Glass Model EG E g Young s modulus for glass PRG v Poisson s ratio for glass SYG Yield stress for glass E g Hardening modulus for glass FSG Failure strain EP E Young s modulus for polymer PRP v Poisson s ratio for polymer SYP Yield stress for polymer ETP Epp Hardening modulus for polymer IOPT fi fa Integration point options f 0 glass f l polymer Isotropic hardening is assumed The material to which the glass is bonded is assumed to stretch plastically without failure A user defined integration rule is required which specifies the thickness of the layers making up the gla
80. 1 Displaying 110 DYNA3D Options 173 Insertion Tolerance 254 274 Slipring 12 Defining 96 SMUG 170 Soil NIKE2D 262 NIKE3D 284 Solution Method NIKE2D 253 Spherical Joint 21 Spotweld 21 Spring 34 Defining 103 Displaying 110 Standard Part Mesh Smoothing 63 Steady State Solution TOPAZ 295 Steinberg Material DYNA3D 196 Stone Wall 27 Displaying 110 Energy Dissipation 174 Identifying Slave Nodes 103 Substructure Interface Displaying 108 Surface Applying To Mesh 69 Definition 30 Digitized 17 NURB 29 Smoothing 26 Symmetry Plane 27 Displaying 110 Failing 20 System Assembly Joint Definition 103 System Name 37 Viewing Assembly Points 110 Viewing Systems 114 System Damping Control volume 13 DYNA3D 171 174 TAURUS Creating Database From INGRID 115 Temperature Boundary Condition Applying 98 Displaying 110 Temperature Initial Condition 37 42 44 46 70 76 83 87 92 94 Displaying 110 Termination Time NIKE2D 255 TOPAZ 295 Thermal Effect DYNA2D 141 DYNA3D 175 NIKE2D 255 NIKE3D 275 Thermo Plastic Material DYNA3D 187 Thermo Plasticity NIKE2D 261 269 NIKE3D 283 289 Thick Shell DYNA3D 179 Local t 178 INDEX Thickness Shell 37 Three Dimensional Line Definition Displaying 108 Time Step NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 TOPAZ 294 Tolerance MAZE Part 25 Surface Intersections 35 Tool Path Displaying 109 TOPAZ Materials Isotropic 297 Isotropic Temperature Dependent 299 Orthotropic 298 Orthotropic Temperatu
81. 1 NASTRAN 45 NBEI 254 273 294 NBSR 254 273 295 NC 21 NCAD 112 NCFORCE 170 NCPU 171 NCRM 112 NCV 112 130 NCYCLES 170 NDIV 29 NDPLT 112 NE 34 NEIG 254 274 NEWC 171 NEXP 116 229 NFAIL 32 INDEX NFG 25 99 170 NFGI 99 NGEN 63 NI 99 NI 99 NIBSR 254 274 295 NIP 25 NIPI 254 274 295 NIP2 254 274 NK2D 25 NK3D 26 NO 64 NODE 23 24 NODES 78 79 80 81 NODOUT 170 NOFRAME 112 NOGRID 112 NOMERGE 32 NONLINEAR 295 NOPL 26 NOTE 26 NPB 99 NPLOT 163 214 NPTS 148 149 155 162 168 174 187 188 194 203 211 213 227 236 250 252 259 261 262 266 269 281 283 284 287 289 292 299 300 NRB 99 NRBI 99 NRCYCK 169 NSAD 112 NSET 112 NSF 130 NSEN 130 NSMD 254 274 NSMO 26 NSRM 112 NSSD 295 NSTEP 172 254 274 NSV 112 NSWS 32 NTIME 117 NUMBER 78 79 80 81 NURB 29 NV 34 OFFSET 173 OLAB 117 OLD 36 77 OMEGA 242 OPIFS 172 OR 67 ORDER 67 ORIE 173 ORV 26 99 103 OSCL 117 OSET 117 OUTSIDE 20 OVERLAY 112 OVERRIDE 27 P 95 96 98 100 103 112 149 155 162 188 194 203 284 IND 5 INDEX PO 14 230 P1 63 127 P2 63 127 P3 127 PA 68 230 PARAM 227 PART 85 PASS 172 PATRAN 43 PAUSE 26 PB 68 230 PC 149 154 155 157 159 188 193 194 196 201 230 250 252 262 284 PCHK 112 PCJ 153 192 PCOL 113 PD 36 PE 14 15 PER 162 203 PERCENT 172 PEXP 116 PEXT 15 PFOLD 113 PHASE 295 PHI 230
82. 2 D2 d Define for AOPT z 2 D3 d3 Define for AOPT 2 V1vi Define for AOPT 3 V2 v Define for AOPT 3 v3 Define for AOPT 3 The material law that relates stresses to strains is defined as c T CT where o T is a transformation matrix and o C L is the constitutive matrix defined in terms of the material constants of the orthogonal material axes a b and c The inverse of o C L is defined as 1 0 0 0 l Xb ol Ea Ep c1 Ea Ep Wh ee Gap i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gca Note that 22 Vac cb_ Ep Ec Ea Ec 20 16 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS c AOPT 0 0 default AOPT 2 0 define a and d Tp pep AOPT 1 0 d is parallel to the z axis shell element AOPT 3 0 Figure 20 1 Options for determining principal materials axes a AOPT 0 0 5 AOPT 1 0 and c AOPT 2 0 d AOPT 3 0 20 17 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type 3 Kinematic Isotropic Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 3 Elastic Plastic Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRy Poisson s ratio Additional Options SIGY Yield stress ETAN E Hardening modulus BETA p Hardening parameter 0 lt lt 1 SCc Strain rate parameter C SP p Strain rate parameter p Strain rate is accounted for using the
83. 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3 Material Type 24 Elastic Plastic with Failure Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG PRv Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio 20 37 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Additional Options SIGY s Yield strength ETAN E Hardening modulus NPTS n Number of points in effective stress effective plastic strain curve Note that the first point on this curve must be e 0 0 and s yield stress ES 0 Effective stress EPS amp 8 Effective plastic strain TDEL At Minimum time step This is for automatic element deletion FAIL ef Failure strain CSR Ic Load curve which describes strain rate effects Strain rate is accounted for using the Cowper and Symonds model which scales the yield stress with the factor Ida c where amp is the strain rate For complete generality a load curve may be input instead This latter option is quite expensive A curve similar to that shown in Figure 3 4 is expected A load curve may be used with an arbitrary number of points if eight is not sufficient The cost is roughly the same for either approach Material Type 25 Inviscid Two Invariant Geologic Cap Model GG Shear Modulus KK Bulk Modulus ALPHA q BETA p p GAMMA y y THETA 9 0 RR R DD D X0 Xo Xp CC C C TT Tension cutoff NPLOT npl
84. 2 LORI 65 LP 122 126 LPIL 122 LPN 126 LPRJ 126 LPS1 219 LPS2 219 LPT 122 LPTI 219 LPT2 219 LPTA 122 LREP 41 43 46 65 75 IND 4 LS INGRID 82 87 92 94 LREV 126 LRL 122 LRNV 127 LRNX 126 LRNY 126 LRNZ 126 LROT 122 127 LS 32 117 LSCA 122 LSCR 123 LSCZ 123 LSIZE 111 LST 253 273 LSTL 123 LSYS 24 25 LT 123 LTAS 123 LTBC 123 LTBO 123 LTMN 178 LTMX 178 LTP 123 LTS 117 LTYPE 163 214 LV 34 111 LVC 123 LVI 111 LVS 111 LVT 127 LVTB 127 M 112 159 161 201 205 237 248 268 269 288 289 MA 66 MASS 27 MAT 23 25 142 170 178 MATE 13 20 25 42 44 46 66 82 92 94 174 MATERIAL 38 79 80 81 MATERIAL MAST 32 MATERIAL SLAV 32 MATM 19 MATRIX 137 MATS 19 MATSUM 170 max 8 MAXS 32 MAZE 36 MAZT 25 MB 66 MCOL 112 MDBC 25 MDMP 178 MERGE 32 MESH 207 MEXP 116 MFBC 25 MFTS 294 min 8 MINIMUM 238 MK 99 MK 99 MK 99 MKDS 25 MKI 99 99 MKL 99 MLOC 116 MMASS 112 MMOV 116 MN 112 MOMENTUM 118 MOVE 17 20 87 MOVIE 170 MPGS 170 MPLT 112 MPS 268 MRDI 294 MS 66 MSCA 32 MSEL 116 MSIZ 112 MSLAV 207 MSRF 253 273 294 MSS 268 MSYS 19 MT 63 67 MTHI 32 MTI 67 MTV 67 MU 14 154 193 MVBC 25 MVMA 171 MX 137 MY 137 MZ 137 N 95 96 98 99 103 157 159 196 201 237 N 99 N 99 63 79 80 81 N2 63 79 80 81 N3 79 80 81 N4 80 81 N5 81 N6 81 N7 81 N8 8
85. 216 224 227 232 235 243 262 2778 284 293 A20 245 A21 245 A22 245 A23 15 245 A24 245 A3 31 182 208 210 212 216 224 2271 232 235 243 278 293 A30 245 A31 245 A32 245 A33 245 A40 245 41 245 A42 245 A43 245 INDEX A531 50 245 51 245 A52 245 A53 245 A60 245 A61 245 A62 245 A63 245 70 245 A71 245 72 245 A73 245 AA 208 211 292 AB 208 211 292 ABSTAT 170 AC 62 208 211 292 ACC 95 ACCE 13 95 ACCI 95 ACE 62 acos 8 ADD 24 ADVECTION 169 AE 61 248 AJNP 107 ALAB 117 ALE 170 ALPA 265 ALPB 265 ALPC 265 ALPH 209 231 234 ALPHA 148 163 187 214 228 229 245 261 266 283 287 AM 107 AMN 107 ANAL 253 273 ANGL 20 ANGLES 177 AO 149 188 262 284 AOPT 144 182 208 210 212 216 224 227 232 235 257 265 278 293 AP 107 248 AP23 15 ARBITRARY 167 ARRI 11 ARROW 107 asa 8 ASCII 107 ASCL 117 ASET 117 asin 8 ass 8 ASYM 28 atan 8 atan2 8 AUTO 63 AVEC 207 AVER 174 AVGN 125 AVSFLT 170 AXIS 16 IND 1 INDEX B 95 96 98 100 103 157 159 196 201 217 242 266 287 290 B1 63 162 203 243 B2 64 243 BATCH 12 BCND 78 BCNR 78 BCOUT 170 BCSP 78 BE 248 BEAM 73 177 BEAMS 79 BELT 12 96 170 BETA 146 151 157 163 185 190 196 214 225 233 245 259 264 281 286 BFORM 177 BG 63 BIAS 64 BIRTH 31 BLEN 125 BLND 129 BOND 31 BOXM 31 BOXS 31 BP 157 196 2
86. 31 FIGN 19 FIND 65 97 FL 97 FLEX 19 FLEXION 19 FLI 97 FLUID 169 FLUX 294 FMOV 20 FN 97 FNL 17 FNU 17 FOLD 111 FOPT 20 FORM 78 79 80 81 FP 199 FRAME 111 FRES 170 FRIC 12 20 27 31 FRV 98 FS 32 155 194 199 204 FSG 222 FSYM 20 FT 98 FTB 98 FTBI 98 98 FUNC 17 FV 98 FVI 98 G 115 143 146 149 151 152 155 157 159 161 162 163 181 185 188 190 191 194 196 198 199 201 203 204 205 206 207 213 214 218 219 220 225 226 228 229 236 237 248 256 259 262 264 266 267 268 277 281 284 286 287 288 291 GA 32 IND 3 INDEX GAB 144 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 257 265 278 292 GABU 215 230 GAMA 157 196 GAMM 15 GAMMA 163 214 244 250 252 GAMO 157 196 GBC 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 278 292 GBCU 215 GCA 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 278 292 GCAU 215 gcd 8 GEFORO 170 GELN 129 GELS 130 GEOC 20 98 GEOM 140 253 GFUN 139 167 GI 151 190 264 286 GLSTAT 170 GMI 21 GMPRT 170 GN 34 GRAV 14 15 140 171 253 273 GRID 17 111 GS 130 GS1 130 GS2 130 GSM 130 GSN 130 GSTIF 253 273 GTIME 117 H 157 196 248 HC 228 229 HCP 159 201 297 298 HDMG 32 HEAD 142 177 HEIGHT 139 167 HGENERGY 171 HGQ 142 177 HGQT 142 177 159 65 248 IARB 171 IDEA 41 IEP 34 IFDT 174 IJ 60 IJK 60 IKEDIT 168 IMGL 142 178 IN 98 NC 98 100 103 NCLUDE
87. 48 BPTOL 107 BQL 142 177 142 177 BQT 142 177 BRFORM 177 BRICKS 81 BRODE 139 167 BRUL 167 BULK 143 146 149 161 181 185 188 198 199 204 205 206 207 213 218 219 220 225 226 228 229 236 237 256 259 262 268 277 281 284 288 291 BUPD 168 BWMO 253 273 294 C001 221 270 C010 221 270 C020 221 270 241 247 C100 221 270 C101 221 270 C110 221 270 C2 241 247 C200 221 270 C210 221 270 C23 15 C3 241 247 C300 221 270 C4 241 247 C400 221 270 C5 241 247 C6 241 247 CARDAN 19 CAREH 177 CC 163 214 CCEN 107 CCOL 107 CE 248 CENT 107 CG 11 CHECK 173 CHORD 17 CHUE 107 CJ 21 CL 11 139 167 CMSO 174 CN 247 CN2P 129 CNV 13 96 CNVI 96 CO 64 241 COEF 139 167 228 229 245 COMP 31 125 CONE 129 CONT 17 107 COOR 16 24 41 43 45 64 75 82 87 91 93 COPY 125 cos 8 cosh 8 COSINE 11 COUPLE 20 CP 14 15 129 139 167 248 299 300 CP23 15 CPL 64 CR 129 133 CRX 129 CRY 129 CRZ 129 CSAT 107 CSCA 16 137 CSE 96 CSEF 223 CSF 223 CSN 96 CSR 213 CSY 96 CSYI 96 CSYM 16 CT 139 167 CUNI 168 CV 14 15 97 CVI 97 CVL 97 CYF 133 CYLI 24 27 41 43 45 64 75 82 91 94 129 133 D 65 107 153 163 192 214 DO 229 D1 137 159 182 201 208 210 212 216 224 227 232 235 278 293 D2 137 159 182 201 208 210 212 216 224 LS INGRID 227 232 235 27
88. 7 DUMMY 31 78 79 80 81 DYNA3D 93 E 143 146 148 149 161 181 185 187 188 198 199 204 205 206 207 213 215 218 219 220 222 225 226 228 229 230 233 236 237 256 259 261 262 268 269 277 281 283 284 288 289 291 EO 241 242 243 244 245 247 248 250 252 EA 144 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 257 265 2778 292 EAAU 215 EB 144 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 257 265 2778 292 EBBU 215 EC 144 182 208 209 211 223 231 234 257 265 2778 292 157 196 EC2 157 196 EC3 157 196 EC4 157 196 5 157 196 EC6 157 196 EC7 157 196 ECS8 157 196 EC9 157 196 ECCU 215 ECHO 168 ECO 157 196 ECRV 206 ECTOL 253 273 EDR 97 EH 155 194 198 199 204 EI 237 ELEMENT 23 ELLIPSE 179 207 ELOUT 170 ELPLT 111 EMAX 221 EMIN 221 END 18 41 43 45 ENDEOS 241 242 243 244 245 247 248 250 252 ENDMAT 297 298 299 300 ENER 173 ENERGY 118 EOS 142 177 EPB 97 EPS 155 162 194 203 213 259 281 EPSO 159 201 EQSP 65 ER 129 162 203 ES 155 162 194 203 213 259 281 ET 218 220 225 226 ETAN 146 148 162 185 187 203 206 213 259 INDEX 261 281 283 ETG 222 EULERIAN 170 EXIT 111 exp 8 223 F 157 196 FAIL 31 213 FBRT 231 234 FC 97 268 FCI 97 FCRIT 248 FCRV 206 FD 31 97 FDEF 18 FDI 97 FE 31 FEDL 12 FEM 17 FEN 31 FFNE 31 FFS 31 FFSE
89. 8 293 D2R 168 D3 159 182 201 208 278 293 D3HSP 168 D4 159 201 D5 159 201 DAMP 13 31 DBQT 139 168 DCMX 294 DCTOL 253 273 294 DEATH 31 DEBUG 168 DECAY 11 DEFAULT 16 DEFG 207 DEFGEO 170 DEFL 207 DEFORO 170 DELAY 12 13 DELT 168 253 273 294 DETP 16 DHGQ 139 169 DHQT 139 169 DI 65 DI ACCE 107 DI BELT 107 DI CNV 107 DI CSEC 107 DI CSYM 107 DI CV 108 DI CVL 108 DI D 108 DI DETP 108 DI DS 108 DI DSRM 108 DI DX 108 DI DY 108 DI DZ 108 DI EDR 108 DI EPB 108 DI F 108 DI FL 108 DI FLUX 108 DI FSYM 108 DI INTF 108 DI JOY 108 DI JTS 108 DI L3D 108 DI LAX 108 DI M 108 DI MCG 109 DI MK 109 DI NCV 109 DI NFG 109 DI NPB 109 DI NRB 109 DI NSF 109 DI NV 109 DI ORV 109 DI OUTL 109 DI P 109 DI PL 109 DI PM 109 IND 2 LS INGRID DI PR 109 DI PV 109 DI RB 109 DI RBL 109 DI RBN 109 DI RE 109 DI REL 109 DI RX 109 DI RXN 109 DI RY 109 DI RZ 109 DI SBI 109 DI SFC 109 DI SI 110 DI SL 110 DI SPC 110 DI SPD 110 DI SW 110 DI SY 110 DI SYSJ 110 DI TB 110 DI TI 110 DI TRACER 110 DI VB 110 DI VECT 110 DI WARP 110 DIAD 110 DICOL 110 DIOFF 110 DIST 13 DISTANCE 13 DM 110 MAX 13 MEM 111 MIN 13 MN 111 N2D 16 N3D 16 NIS 31 NTS 31 DQL 140 169 DQQ 140 169 DRAG 87 DRAW 111 DRDB 174 DRFCTR 169 DROPTS 169 DRTERM 169 DRTOL 169 DS 16 133 DSAD 111 DSF 117 DSRM 111 DSV 111 DSVS 111 DTMAX 253 273 294 DTMIN 294 DTMN 253 273 DTS 11
90. 97 Displaying 108 Element Shrink Plots 114 Emmisivity Curves TOPAZ 295 Energy Convergence Tolerance NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 Equation of State Gruneisen 244 Ignition and Growth of Reaction 248 JWL 242 Linear Polynomial 241 Linear Polynomial with Energy Leak 247 Ratio of Polynomials 245 Sack Tuesday High Explosive 243 Tabulated 252 Tabulated Compaction 250 Equipotential Relaxation 170 Eulerian Formulation DYNA3D 170 Explosive JWL Burn Model 242 Material 192 Reactive Burn Model 249 Sack Burn Model 243 Failing Symmetry Plane Defining 20 Displaying 108 Failure Tied Nodal Group 97 Fixed Nodes Displaying 108 Flexion Torsion Joint Defining 19 Fluid DYNA3D 169 Flux Boundary Condition Applying 97 Displaying 108 Foam 233 Folding 20 Force Load Applying 97 Displaying 108 Frazer Nash Rubber INDEX NIKE2D 270 Free Form Surface 17 Friction Reduction Factor NIKE2D 254 Geological Cap Model 214 Geological Material DYNA3D 203 Geometric Contact 20 Identifying Slave Nodes 98 Geometric Stiffness NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 Graphics Device Selection 115 Gravity Load DYNA2D 140 DYNA3D 171 178 NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 Heat Conduction TOPAZ 297 299 Heat Flux TOPAZ 294 Hourglass Energy 171 Hourglass Control DYNA3D 177 Hughes Liu Beam DYNA3D 177 Hughes Liu Shell DYNA3D 179 Importing DYNAS3D Files 93 NASTRAN Files 45 PATRAN Files 43 SDRC Files 41 Include File 21 Directory 16 Initial
91. A pai Mban PRCA n4 n 23 14 LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS PRCB n a4 ag AB ap AC a GAB GBC G5 Gy G4 Gean AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 23 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n2 and n4 see Figure 23 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal XP Define for AOPT 1 YP y Define for AOPT 1 ZP z Define for AOPT 1 Ala Define for AOPT 2 A2 a Define for AOPT 2 A3 a3 Define for AOPT 2 D1 dj Define for AOPT z 2 D2 dz Define for AOPT z 2 D3 d3 Define for AOPT 2 Vivi Define for AOPT 3 V2 v5 Define for AOPT 3 V3 v3 Define for AOPT 3 23 15 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 23 16 LS INGRID TOPAZ COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 24 TOPAZ Commands and Materials Analysis options are code dependent They can be set either in the control section of the LS INGRID input file or in the interactive phase These commands become active when TOPAZ2D or TOPAZ3D output is selected with the TZ2D
92. Cowper and Symonds model which scales the WA Isotropic kinematic or a combination of isotropic and kinematic hardening may be yield stress with the factor where amp is the strain rate specified by varying B between 0 and 1 For B equal to 0 and 1 respectively kinematic and isotropic hardening are obtained as shown in Figure 20 2 Effective stress is defined in terms of the deviatoric stress tensor 5 as f deco s 538 where 9ij 6148 and effective plastic strain by where t denotes time and 20 18 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS deP 2 ce Peep gu For isotropic hardening 1 material model 12 requires less storage and is more efficient yield stress 0 kinematic hardening L 1 isotropic hardening Figure 20 2 Elastic plastic behavior with isotropic and kinematic hardening where l and are undeformed and deformed length of uniaxial tension specimen 20 19 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic NPTS n TEMP 7 T E E E5 E PR v 22 20 ALPHA Q Q Q SIGY oy y2 Oyn ETAN Ey Ep Ein Number of temperature values for which material constants are defined Temperatures Young s moduli Poisson s ratios Coefficients of thermal expansion Yield stresses Tangent moduli Material Type
93. DS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID DEFL ELLIPSE m MESH MSLAV m PLANE m SYSTEM n VDA X Uy Z VVEC v X ty tz Material Type 21 Thermal Orthotropic EA E EB Ep EC E PRBA vy PRCA vea PRCB vecb GAB Gap GBC Gbc Gea AA Q AB AC Qe AOPT aopt The rigid body is defined in the local system used by CAL3D MADYMO3D LS 920 The rigid body is slaved to MADYMO3D ellipsoid m LS 920 Generate a mesh for the CAL3D MADYMO3D coupled rigid body LS 920 The rigid body is slaved to CAL3D rigid body number LS 920 The rigid body is slaved to MADYMO3D plane m LS 920 The rigid body is slaved to MADYMO3D system n LS 920 The rigid body is characterized by a VDA surface geometry LS 920 Define the vector a for the rigid body local system Define the vector v for the rigid body local system See constitutive matrix for material 2 OG Ot oO Material axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n1 n2 and n4 see Figure 20 1 C 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes 20 34 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined
94. E COMMANDS TABLE 13 2 3 NODAL TIME HISTORY COMPONENTS X position Y position Z position X acceleration Y acceleration Z acceleration X displacement Y displacement Z displacement X velocity Y velocity Z velocity Radial position Circumfirential position Axial position Radial acceleration Circumfirential acceleration Axial acceleration Radial displacement Circumfirential displacement Axial displacement Radial velocity Circumfirential velocity Axial velocity Radial position Theta position Phi position Radial acceleration Theta acceleration Phi acceleration Radial displacement Theta displacement Phi displacement Radial velocity Theta velocity Phi velocity Temperature Time Total position Total acceleration Total displacement Total velocity 13 15 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS LS INGRID 13 16 LS INRID TWO DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS 14 Two Dimensional Line Definitions Two dimensional line definitions are lists of r z x y points which form a piecewise linear curve Each line definitions has a number LAD zt Define a circular arc centered at point re Ze beginning at the last point defined and sweeping through t degrees Positive t is assumed to be counterclockwise LADD sh t Define line definition as a linear combination of line definitions and h L s h t I ldr dz Add vector dr dz to line definition 1 LAP z1 rc Zc Define a circular arc by specifying point
95. ECT 133 REDUCE 82 113 REFP 113 REGION 36 REIN 172 RELAX 295 RELAXI 170 RELAX2 170 RELAX3 170 RELAXA 170 REP 117 REPE 21 24 42 44 46 68 75 82 87 92 94 137 REPO 179 RES 68 87 RESO 113 REST 68 113 140 172 RETR 12 13 RETRACTOR 12 REVERSE 13 REZO 140 RFTS 254 274 RHO 14 15 RHVC 140 172 RIRDMS 172 RJ 21 RLBV 140 173 RLN 123 RLNS 123 RLX 113 RLY 113 RLZ 113 RM 113 RMN 113 rnd 8 rnd2 8 RNUM 140 173 RO 96 97 99 142 179 238 297 298 299 300 ROTA 34 42 44 46 75 82 87 92 94 ROTATION 29 68 RP 114 144 257 265 RPLT 140 173 RPRT 140 173 RQBV 140 173 RR 68 RTERM 141 173 RTSF 141 173 RVBC 29 RWFORC 170 RWPNAL 173 RX 114 137 RXN 101 RXNI 101 RXY 137 RY 114 137 RYZ 137 RZ 114 137 IND 6 LS INGRID RZX 137 S 117 51 244 S2 244 S3 244 SA 157 196 244 SAREA 179 sas 8 SAVE 68 137 SBC 295 SBI 101 SBRF 141 173 254 274 295 SC 63 101 185 205 209 225 231 234 5 03 29 SCAL 14 15 103 SCALE 114 137 291 SCOL 114 SD 20 30 133 SDMV 30 SEAL 114 SEAL CIRCLE 114 SEAL OFF 114 SEAL OUTLINE 114 SECFORCE 170 SECTION 28 79 SEGMENT 179 SENSOR 12 13 SEPARATE 175 SEQUENTIAL 173 SETS 32 SF 69 234 SFAIL 32 SFC 102 SFE 69 SFEI 69 SFI 69 SFORM 179 SFS1 219 SFS2 219 SFSI 141 173 SFT1 219 SFT2 219 SFV 69 SFVI 69 SHELL 179 SHELLS 80 SHIFT 254 274 SHRINK 114 SI31 102 117
96. Effective plastic strain P pi pa pn Pressure See the LS DYNA3D manual for a description of this model Material Type 17 Elastic Plastic with Failure Model Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options SIGY o Yield strength EH Plastic hardening modulus FS amp Failure stress Model 17 can fail in two ways In hydrostatic tension the element will fail when the failure stress is exceeded The element will then allow hydrostatic compressive loads only 20 31 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID If the effective stress exceeds the failure stress the element will form a fracture plane and retain part of its strength Material Type 18 Power Law Plasticity Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options Kk See equation below Mm See equation below SCc Strain rate parameter C SP p Strain rate parameter p missing Elastoplastic behavior with isotropic hardening is provided by this model The yield stress Oy is a function of plastic strain and obeys the equation n zs P Gy k e is the elastic strain to yield and where P is the effective plastic strain The strain rate parameters are defined in material type 3 Material Type 19 Strain Rate Sensitive Plasticity Input any two of the
97. INGRID by LLNL after 1986 Terminate SYNTAX command Set syntax for Region in the OLD BEAM and other low level input parts Use the standard definition of Region This assumes Region imin imax unless the first item encountered is an expression in brackets For an expression it will only read one parameter Use a one paramter definition of Region Region imin imax normally identifies single nodes and elements only but can also identify a range with an expression Use a two parameter definition of Region This does not allow an expression to specify the range but is necessary for the following B nodebeg nodeend 111000 This is because the standard method would see nodebeg and convert to a one parameter method Terminate SYNTAX command Terminate existing subsystem definition Begin definition of subsystem name This remains in effect until a SYSEND or another SYSTEM command is encountered or another 2 25 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID T12 T13 TEMP t THIC 1 TINE mat Lex Ds Izz Ley yd TIVE mat vy vy Vy Wx Wy Wz TMCG mat c cy cz TMM nt TMSM m 81582 mat transformation TRACER SYSTEM This command must be typed just prior to the use of the MAZE part The third side L5 of the next part will have exactly two times as many elements as side L4 The transition is accomplished with quadrilateral elements This command does not apply to triang
98. LS INGRID A Pre Processor And Three Dimensional Mesh Generator For The Programs LS DYNA LS NIKE3D And TOPAZ3D Version 3 5 Livermore Software Technology Corporation 2876 Waverley Way Livermore CA 94550 August 1998 Mailing Address Livermore Software Technology Coporation 2876 Waverley Way Livermore California 94550 1740 Support Address Livermore Software Technology Corporation 97 Rickenbacker Circle Livermore California 94550 7612 FAX 510 449 2507 TEL 510 449 2500 EMAIL sales Istc com Copyright 1989 1998 by Livermore Software Technology Corporation All Rights Reserved LS INGRID TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT pete oii eter eg edunt eee epe E ite ets L1 PREFACE uon ener eni rie eed np nerd tene iibris L1 1 JGS INGRID BASICS nien edP ERR 1 1 Il ThejPafSetu sete E tates ree E EPA EE reb i Red 1 1 1 2 Command File Format 5 aer ret ert Out T eta TEE 1 2 1 3 The Calculators RR D ERR EROR EH DONDE MERE ERR 1 2 1 4 Built 1n Variables ect erret Ee ERE TEE pea caveaveeteenes 1 3 1 5 Basic Arithmetic 2242444010 000 1 4 1 6 Logical Operations un oce ry PR p e er etu e eos 1 4 127 F nctions enr RU Er REVERSE EF a re PEE EP FREUE TR ERIS 1 4 138 Options is Bee oS emnes leue Stes en RE 1 5 1 9 Directives tee NEU SEU i dete E e xin 1 6 2 Control Command S 2 1 3 IDEAS Part E EEE E i
99. N modified Newton To obtain a linear elastic solution NBSR and NBEI should be larger than the number of time steps in the problem The default parameters for nonlinear solution methods are near optimal If a problem is having trouble converging the fixes include decreasing the time step adding dynamic effects or trying to eliminate some of the nonlinearities Number of desired time steps Reduction factor for tangential stiffness This is used for modeling the stick condition due to friction in the penalty formulation of contact Number of time steps between restart file generations If zero LS NIKE2D writes a restart file as it terminates Shift frequency in hertz This option works with 22 2 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS the eigenvalue eigenvector solution method Using this option LS NIKE2D will find the NEIG eigenvalues nearest to w If the model has rigid body modes a negative value for w should be used to make the run stable If w is exactly the same value as an eigenvalue the system becomes singular SSIT 5 Slide surface insertion tolerance SSO u Step size option AUTO MANUAL SSOO n Optimal number of iterations per step TEO i Thermal effects option 0 no thermal effects N nodal temperatures are defined in input and are scaled according to a time function N is the load curve number each time step a new temperature state is read from a disk file The time word at
100. NA filename optional functions END filename is the name of the DYNA3D input file 11 1 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS Functions require the ability to identify groups of nodes and elements in a part and assign various properties These have the general form of Keyword region function data Where region is a part specific description of where the function is to be applied For the current part the nodes or elements through either node or element numbers or through analytical expressions As an example SI mat 2 1 M C Elements of material 2 are assigned to C the master side of contact interface 1 Variables available for function application are as follows Variable Description Part local coordinates of node or element center Xg yg zg Global coordinates of node or element center node Node number mat Material number elem Element number The following options are allowed in any order Additional functions can be applied and are described in the section on Loads and Boundary Conditions COOR nc data Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate 11 1 DYNA3D PART CYLI LREP b 1 MATE matnum REPE h 1 ROTA p Py pz Vx Vy Vz SPHE TEMP t THIC thic VELO vy v LS INGRID system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations Nodes are converted from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are
101. NSIDE MATE m m MOVE n OUTSIDE PNLT p QUAD q SDn GMIn INCLUDE fname JD Options SJ RJ CJ PJ UJ TJ PNLT p NC icode material mat MVMA DYNA3D LS 910 and later The contact is between a CAL3D MADYMO coupled rigid body and a deformable body The rigid body type is either ELLIPSE or PLANE and n is the number of the shape in either CAL3D or MADYMO Set friction coefficient to f The slaved mesh is the material subset m My Move the entity using the global transformation number n Penalty p Quadrature rule q 0 Nodes only q 1 Element centers q 2 2 2 quadrature on segments Use surface definition n Valid surface types include planes ellipsoids and spheres Terminate this command Increment the default material number by n for each global copy of a part This number is initially set to zero Include the information in file fname in the command stream The INCLUDE command can perform to 20 levels deep Begin joint definition for joint j Diagrams of the types of joints are shown in Figure 2 1 Nodes are assigned to joint definitions within parts Spherical joint Revolute joint Cylindrical joint Planar joint Universal joint Translational joint Joint penalty This joint is a simple nodal constraint The common translational degrees of freedom are specified by icode Rigid Massless Beam LS 902 and later 2 11 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID RC
102. S LS INGRID LCV lc vx vy vz Load curve c specifies the velocity history of the stone wall in the direction Vx Vy Vz MASS mass The stonewall has mass mass LS 910 and later OVERRIDE i If a node is also on plane i then this plane takes PLANE a a a alen blen x z PRISM a a a alen blen clen x z SPHE radius VELOCITY v precedence The stonewall is a finite plane a a a is a vector which specifies an in plane a axis The b axis is determined from the cross product of the a axis with the normal vector alen is the extent of the plane along the a axis and blen is the extent along the b axis LS 910 and later The stonewall is a prism a 4 a is a vector which specifies an in plane a axis The b axis is determined from the cross product of the a axis with the normal vector alen is the extent of the plane along the a axis and blen is the extent along the b axis c len is the extent along the normal axis LS 910 and later The stonewall is a spherical surface The radius is radius LS 910 and later The stonewall has a initial velocity v normal to the surface LS 910 and later One of the following three options is required to terminate the plane definition ASYM STONE or SW SYMM PPLV PRINT v PSCALE m SECTION scale Asymmetric boundary conditions are applied to the nodes The boundary condition is a stonewall Symmetric boundary conditions are applied to the nod
103. T 1 Ala Define for AOPT 2 A2 a Define for AOPT 2 A3 a3 Define for AOPT z 2 D1 dj Define for AOPT z 2 23 4 LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS D2 2 Define for AOPT 2 D3 d3 Define for AOPT 2 Vivi Define for AOPT 3 V2 v5 Define for AOPT 3 v3 Define for AOPT 3 The material law that relates stresses to strains is defined as CET CT Where o T 15 a transformation matrix and o C L is the constitutive matrix defined in terms of the material constants of the orthogonal material axes a b and c The inverse of Vo C L is defined as 1 Xa gl Fa Ep Ec Mb NERY qu ge o9 Ea Ep Ec Mee Or c7 Ea Ep L 0 0 6 mh d 397 0 0 WE EC NN Obc 0 0 0 0 0 rm Gca Note far ab Mca _ Nac Nob E Ep 23 5 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID c c b d a AOPT 0 0 default AOPT 2 0 define a andd d vxn Xp pp AOPT 1 0 d is parallel to the z axis shell element AOPT 3 0 Figure 23 1 Options for determining principal materials axes a AOPT 0 0 b AOPT 1 0 and c AOPT 2 0 LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 3 Kinematic Isotropic Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 3 Elastic Plastic Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRn Poisson s ratio Additiona
104. T i Change default bulk viscosity type from 1 to i 1 standard LS DYNA2D 2 Richards Wilkins Change default hourglass viscosity from 10 to Qn Change default hourglass viscosity type from 1 to i 20 1 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS zl 3 LS INGRID standard LS DYNA2D rotational Flanagan Belytschko viscous form 4 Hancock DQL Qj Change default linear bulk viscosity from 06 to Q DQQ OQ Change default quadratic bulk viscosity from 1 5 to Select geometry type AXIS axisymmetric default PLAN plane strain GRAV Ex y 8z Gravity acceleration vector ITSS to Initial time step size This is optional input for LS DYNA3D If t is zero LS DYNA3D picks the initial time step size PLTI Dt Node and element data dump interval for TAURUS post processing PRTI Dt Node and element data dump interval for high speed printer RDMT m Delete material m This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command RDSI s Delete sliding interface s This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command REST name Set the family name for restart input file generation to name REZO t t DtPeriodic rezones begin at time t and end at time fy Rezones are performed after every time interval of Dt RHVC h The default hourglass viscosity for restart is set to h This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command RLBV The default linear bulk viscosit
105. T tol Line search tolerance MSRF n Maximum number of stiffness reformations per time step LS NIKE3D defaults to the recommended value of 15 NBEI n The number of time steps between equilibrium iterations 23 1 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID NBSR NEIG NIBSR 2 NSMD NSTEP RFTS SBRF SHIFT n The number of time steps between stiffness matrix reformation Number of eigenvectors This option turns on the subspace iteration eigenvalue eigenvector solution method and overrides all other solution options Eigenvectors are mass normalized and written into the graphics database The time word corresponds to the frequency in radians units of time Maximum number of equilibrium iterations permitted between stiffness matrix reformation LS NIKE3D defaults to the recommended value of 10 First Newmark integration parameter Second Newmark integration parameter Nonlinear solution method BFGS BFGS default BROY Broyden s MODN modified Newton To obtain a linear elastic solution NBSR and NBEI should be larger than the number of time steps in the problem The default parameters for nonlinear solution methods are near optimal If a problem is having trouble converging the fixes include decreasing the time step adding dynamic effects or trying to eliminate some of the nonlinearities Number of desired time steps Reduction factor for tangential stiffness T
106. TERIALS PC pmin or s ECo Cold compression energy coefficients optional EC2 EC3 EC4 ECS EC6 EC6 EC7 EC EC8 ECg EC9 If cold compression energy coefficients are not input then LS DYNA2D will calculate them based on the equation of state SPALL type Spall type 0 default set to 2 0 1 p 3 Pmin 2 if Omax gt or element spalls and tension p lt 0 is never allowed Omax maximum principal stress 3 if p lt Pmin element spalls and tension lt 0 is never allowed 4 failure strain Users who have an interest in this mode are encouraged to study the paper by Steinberg and Guinan 9 which provides the theoretical basis Another useful reference is the KOVEC user s manual 10 In terms of the foregoing input parameters we define the shear modulus G before the material melts as fEi G G i bp EE where p is the pressure V is the relative volume is the cold compression energy t 5 Vy g P pPp P E f Dj dt x 1 V and E is the melting energy Em Ec x 3R Tm x 20 17 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID which is in terms of the melting temperature T m x T x mex 7 V 2 Yo a 1 and the melting temperature at r ro Tmo In the above equation R is defined by Rz 2 where R is the gas constant and A is the atomic weight If R is not defined LS D
107. VVEC 207 291 WARP 176 WBGR 115 WBIF 115 WECE 248 WEDGE 176 WPCP 248 WRDB 115 WRITE 38 WTDB 115 X 13 78 248 163 214 XBO 139 167 XF 17 XLE 17 XOFF 38 XP 182 208 210 212 216 224 227 232 235 278 293 XSCA 38 137 XSYM 18 XT 209 231 234 XVEL 118 Y 13 78 248 YBO 139 167 YC 209 231 234 YF 17 YLD 139 167 YLE 17 YOFF 39 YP 182 208 210 212 216 224 227 232 235 278 293 YSCA 39 137 YSYM 18 YT 209 231 234 YVEL 118 Z 13 78 248 ZBO 139 167 ZF 17 ZIN 115 ZLE 17 LS INGRID ZOFF 39 ZOUT 115 ZP 144 182 208 210 212 216 224 227 232 235 257 265 278 293 ZSCA 39 137 ZSYM 18 ZVEL 118 Component Interface Defining 98 Composite Angles 177 Damage Model 231 Plasticity Based Damage 234 Contact Interface Defining 31 Displaying 110 DYNA3D Options 173 Eroding 33 171 Geometric 20 Rigid Wall 27 Segment Selection 102 Slave Nodes 102 Control Volume Defining 96 Definition 13 Displaying 107 Convection Boundary Condition Applying 97 Displaying 108 Convergence Tolerance TOPAZ 294 Coordinate transformations 16 Copying Part 24 Creep DYNA3D 237 NIKE2D 266 NIKE3D 287 Cross Section Displaying 107 Crushable Foam DYNA3D 188 200 NIKE2D 262 NIKE3D 284 Cyclic Symmetry Defining 16 96 Displaying 107 Cylindrical Joint 21 Damper 34 Defining 103 Displaying 110 Damping Material 178 Density DYNA3D 179 Detonation Point 16 Displaying 108 Digiti
108. YNA2D computes it with R in the cm gram microsecond system of units The yield strength is given by Ej Ec 5 m Ei Oy 60 jer a 300 je if Em exceeds E j Here o9 is given by wh o 09 li B y e P where is the initial plastic strain Whenever o9 exceeds Om is set equal to Om After the material melts and are set to zero If the coefficients ECO ECO are not defined above LS DYNA2D will fit the cold compression energy to the ten term polynomial expansion 9 E EGn i 0 where EC is the ith coefficient and 11 1 The least square method is used to perform the fit Material Type 12 Johnson Cook Plasticity Model GG Shear modulus AA See equation 1 BB See equation 1 Nn See equation 1 Rr See equation 1 20 18 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Mm See equation 1 TM Tnet Melt temperature TO To Room temperature EPSO Eo Effective plastic strain rate HCPc Specific heat PC pc Pressure cutoff pc 0 0 D1 dj See equation 2 D2 d See equation 2 D3 d3 See equation 2 D4 d4 See equation 2 D5 ds See equation 2 IT i Iteration options 0 no iterations LS DYNAZ2D iterates to determine more accurate point on the stress strain curve The Johnson Cook model is described in reference 11 This includes strain rate hardening thermal softening and a complex damage model The equations describing
109. ach temperature state are used 3 the disk file containing temperatures has only one state The initial state is assumed to be zero Terminate dynamic time integration at time f Number of time steps between dumps of reaction history blocks Scale factor on time step size 20 3 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 19 1 LS DYNA2D MATERIAL INPUT LS DYNA2D material input is possible after the DN2D command is input see Control Commands The form of this input 15 MAT n m options specific to material type general material options ENDMAT 7 is a material name which is assigned an input number Therefore the materials should be defined in order before any additional use of materials is made 19 2 GENERAL MATERIAL OPTIONS BQL Qj Change linear bulk viscosity for 06 to Qj OQ Change quadratic bulk viscosity from 1 5 to Qg Change bulk viscosity type from 1 to i 1 standard LS DYNA2D 2 Richards Wilkins EOS eost Begin defining equation of state type eost for the current material definition Each equation of state is terminated by the ENDEOS command HEAD Replace default heading typed on the next line Change value of hourglass viscosity from 10 to On HGQT Change value of hourglass viscosity type from 1 to i 1 standard LS DYNA2D 2 rotational 3 Flanagan Belytschko viscous form 4 Hancock IMGL Initialize material for gravity loads MAT m B
110. acing towards point p Py Pz MVMA DYNA3D LS 910 and later Identify elements for LS DYNA3D cross section resultant force calculations on interface n Use the element offset from Point by i j k Ignore Point and grab the elements identified 12 2 LS INGRID RO im jm km ix jx kx CSN Region n CSY Region side or CSYI Index Progression side CV Region Ic h le Tinga or CVI Index Progression lc h Icy Tinga CVL Region lc h lc Ting a EDR ijkn Options RO Jm lx dx Kx Point POijk RO i j Km i J ky FC Region lc amp fy fy fz or Index Progression amp fy fy fz FD Region lc ampf fy fz or FDI Index Progression amp f fy f LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS by Region Use the block of elements offset from Point Terminate this command Identify nodes for LS DYNA3D cross section resultant force calculations on interface n Cyclic symmetry interface nodes side can be MASTER or SLAVE VEC DYNA3D LS 920 and later Convection boundary condition for surface segments c is the load curve for the convection coefficient with scale factor h c is the load curve for the ambient temperature with scale factor T a is the exponent in the equation q h T T 9 Convection boundary condition for edge segments Identify elements for deletion during restart number n i j k
111. alue it calculates to the program See Section 1 3 for a detailed description of the calculator functions LS INGRID BASICS LS INGRID 1 2 COMMAND FILE FORMAT The LS INGRID input file ingridi has a relatively free flowing input format with few restrictions some of which are Define an item before using it e g a line definition must occur before applying it to a part Materials data and code execution options cannot be input until a code output option has been selected Some commands have order dependent effects e g rotating local coordinate systems successively about different axes Many items which have names in LS INGRID are assigned numbers for the analysis program These numbers are assigned sequentially starting from one based on the order of first occurrence of names The form of ingridi is as follows Title line format is 80al Control commands Section 2 Part definition Section 3 8 Control commands Part definition END 1 3 The Calculator The calculator is used to insert expressions into LS INGRID input descriptions and is particularly useful for developing parametric models When used in conjunction with the include command it is possible to write programs for individual parts which can then be assembled into larger models The calculator capabilities are invoked by inserting an expression anywhere in the input between two square brackets e g 5 sin 30 If at that point in the input
112. ar in internal energy Pressure is defined by p Q y YT y E in the loading phase The volumetric strain ey is given by the natural logarithm of the relative volume Unloading occurs along the unloading bulk modulus to the pressure cutoff Reloading always follows the unloading path to the point where unloading began and continues on the loading path See Figure 21 1 Up to 10 points and as few as 2 may be used when defining the tabulated function LS DYNA2D 3D will extrapolate to find the pressure 21 7 EQUATIONS OF STATE LS INGRID if necessary pressure The bulk unloading modulus is a function of volumetic strain Volumetric strain a Ott _ gt tension cutoff Figure 21 1 Pressure versues volumetric strain curve for equation of state form 8 with compaction In the compacted states the bulk unloading modulus depend on the peak volumetric strain Equation of State Form 9 Tabulated Default heading Equation of State Form 9 Tabulated NPTS n Number of points in tabulated curves LNV ey ey ey Volumetric strain points In Vj PC C1 C5 G Points on the curve for C ey PT Ti T T Points on the curve for T ey GAMMA g See equation below 21 8 LS INGRID EQUATIONS OF STATE E0 Eo Initial internal energy V0 Vo Initial relative volume ENDEOS End equation of state definition The tabulated compaction model is linear in internal energy Pressure is defined by P C ev YT EV E
113. ata Where region is a part specific description of where the function is to be applied For the current part the nodes or elements through either node or element numbers or through analytical expressions As an example SI mat 2 1 M C Elements of material 2 are assigned to C the master side of contact interface 1 Variables available for function application are as follows Variable Description Xyz Part local coordinates of node or element center Xg yg zg Global coordinates of node or element center node Node number mat Material number elem Element number The following options are allowed in any order Additional functions can be applied and are described in the section on Loads and Boundary Conditions COOR mnc data Input nc global coordinate systems Coordinate system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations 7 2 LS INGRID BEAM PART CYLI LREP 0 1 J 0 1 py pz vx Vy vz W SPHE TEMP t VELO v v v Nodes are converted from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are X Rcos0 Y RsinO Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems l to I
114. ate Transformations MSEL Select material subset mj mo for explode operations NEXP Turn off exploded view option PEXP Exploded views are performed with respect to parts This command is automatically invoked by all other part explode commands PLOC data Set position of part subset to the position specified in data Data is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations data Shift the position of part subset by the transformation specified in data Data is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations PSEL p Select part subset p1 p2 for explode operations 13 11 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS LS INGRID 13 2 TAURUS Post Processing Commands The post processing phase of LS INGRID allows for the generated models to be displayed in their deformed configurations with a variety of boundary conditions or other graphical information superimposed Some time history facilities are also included TAURUS file ALAB label ALAB OFF ASCL scale ASET min max DSF d DTS 5 52 GTIME comp LS LTS NTIME comp n NTIME comp OLAB label OLAB OFF OSCL scale OSET min max REP 5 s2 Sn 80 SIn Read TAURUS database file Set abscissa label Use default abscissa label Set abscissa scale factor Set abscissa range Set displacement scale factor to d default 1 0 Delete states s through 52 Plot global component co
115. aterials eese eene E O 23 1 23 1 LS NIKE3D Material Input m eere ERR ER EU Te Rs 23 4 24 TOPAZ Commands and Materials ceeceescecssceesceceseeeenceceseeesacecaceesaeecsueesseeecaeeseaeecaeeeeaeecsaeesaees 24 1 24 1 TOPAZ Material Input eet citet b eter coin eive 24 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT S eee dee ei se deed ee eei deines ACK 1 REFERENCES ereta aG E E E ROMAE sabe REEF RETE TR ORARE ates REF 1 LS INGRID INTRODUCTION LS INGRID A Pre Processor and Three Dimensional Mesh Generator for the Programs LS DYNA LS NIKE3D and TOPAZ3D ABSTRACT LS INGRID is a general purpose pre processor for the programs LS NIKE2D 1 LS NIKE3D 2 LS DYNA2D 3 LS DYNA3D 4 TOPAZ2D 5 and TOPAZ3D 6 It can be used as a simple translator to convert various databases to these programs In addition it is a general purpose three dimensional mesh generator with considerable capability to deal with complex geometries and allows for parametric geometric modeling PREFACE LS INGRID is an alternative mesh generator for finite element modeling which is principally intended as research program or one that focuses on various capabilities and techniques which are not addressed by commercial mesh generators As a general purpose mesh generator the capabilities are fairly complete with a wide range of geometric capabilities An extensive parametric modeling capability is also support LS INGRID is most effecti
116. ation Enclosure Defining 101 Displaying 109 Radiosity Convergence Tolerance TOPAZ 295 Rayleigh Damping DYNA3D 179 Energy Dissipation 172 Reaction Force DYNA3D 170 Reinforced Concrete 32 Restart DYNA3D 170 172 173 Element Deletion 97 NIKE2D 254 TOPAZ 295 Resultant Force Cross Section Defining 96 Retractor 12 Defining 96 Revolute Joint 21 Rigid Body Center Of Gravity 37 Displacement Boundary Condition 25 Extra Node 101 Inertia 37 Initial Velocity 37 Merging 28 Moving Properties 38 NIKE3D 291 Total Mass 37 Velocity Boundary Condition 25 29 Rigid Material IND 10 LS INGRID DYNA3D 207 Rigid Wall 27 Rotational Velocity Initial 75 83 87 Rubber DYNA3D 191 SALE Advection 169 Scaling coordinates 16 Screen Movement Left 107 111 Restoring Original View 113 Right 113 Rotation 113 114 Scaling 114 SDRC Ideas 41 Seat Belt 12 Defining 96 Displaying 107 Seat Belts 170 Section Property Scaling 28 Sensor 12 Defining 96 Shell Displaying Free Edge 109 Displaying Normal Vectors 109 Displaying Warpage 110 Formulation 179 Integration Rule 178 Orientation 99 Property Numbers 104 Quadrature 178 Reference Fiber 179 Thicknesses 70 104 Triangular 70 88 User Integration Rule 178 Shell Brick Interface Displaying 109 Shift Frequency NIKE2D 254 Single Point Constraint Applying 95 103 Displaying 110 Slide Line Applying 102 Displaying 110 Sliding Interface Applying 102 Defining 3
117. by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal XP xp Define for AOPT 1 YP yp Define for AOPT 1 ZP z Define for AOPT 1 Ala Define for AOPT 2 A2 a Define for AOPT z 2 A3 a3 Define for AOPT 2 D1 dj Define for AOPT z 2 D2 d Define for AOPT 2 D3 d3 Define for AOPT 2 Vivi Define for AOPT 3 V2 v Define for AOPT 3 V3 v3 Define for AOPT 3 Material Type 22 Orthotropic Damage Model EA E See constitutive matrix below EB Ep PRBA PRCA vea GAB Gap GBC Gbe Gea Bulk modulus of failed material SC 5 Shear strength ab plane XT x Longitudinal tensile strength a axis YT y Transverse tensile strength b axis YC y Transverse compressive strength ALPH a Non linear shear stress parameter 20 35 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID AOPT aopt Ma terial axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n1 n2 and n4 see Figure 20 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal XP Define for AOPT 1 YP yp Define for AOPT 1 ZP Define
118. c heats Terminate control volume input Type 5 is an implementation of the Wang Nefske airbag model CV CP Cp LCM lcm C23 c23 A23 a23 CP23 c23 AP23 a23 PEXT p RHOr GRAV g VOLT v LCOUT c PINI po PPOP ppop COOR nc data Heat capacity at constant volume Heat capacity at constant pressure Input gas temperature Load curve defining input mass flow rate Shape factor for exit hole Exit hole area Shape factor for exit porisity Exit hole porosity Ambient pressure Ambient density Gravitational constant Optional tank volume Optional load curve specifying exit flow as a function of pressure Optional initial overpressure gauge Optional pressure where a plug is assumed to pop and venting begins Terminate control volume input Input nc global coordinate systems Global coordinate systems remain in effect until reset using this command Coordinate system data is 2 5 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID CSCA CSYM Options AXIS p Py Pz DEFAULT dir DETP mat Options LNPT p Py Pz 4 qy q n POINT px py pz TIME DN2Di j DN3D DS n described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations Scale all nodal coordinates by s Define cyclic symmetry interface The vector which orients the axis for rotational cyclic symmetry is py Py Pz Terminate the CS YM command The default directory for finding include files
119. cation of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3 Material Type 51 Temperature and Rate Dependent Plasticity Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG PRv Additional Options TT HC HC COEF Ci Cig ALPHA 04 02 05 06 Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio Initial Temperature Heat generation coefficient Model Coefficients Initial value of internal state variables 20 48 LS INGRID KAPPA LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS K See the LS DYNA3D manual for a description of this model Material Type 52 Sandia s Damage Model Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG PRv Additional Options TT HC HC ALPHA 04 02 As 06 NEXP n DO DO Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio Initial Temperature Heat generation coefficient Model Coefficients Initial value of internal state variables Exponent in damage evolution
120. ce notion and the index progression This information provides the user with the concepts necessary to use LS INGRID effectively Index Space Node generation in LS INGRID is done by a mapping from Index space onto the object of interest as is shown in Figure 6 1 Each region of the object 1s referenced by a set of six indices IMIN JMIN KMIN specify the minimum indices for a region in the index space and IMAX JMAX KMAX specify the maximum indices For a solid region all eight corner nodes are defined by combinations of minimum and maximum indices Table 6 lists the indices of the vertices in the example of Figure 6 1 We assume that any set of three indices J K defines a region in space If KMIN is set equal to KMAX the resulting region is a plane of constant K as shown 6 1 STANDARD PART LS INGRID in Figure 6 2a Similarly a plane of constant is defined when IMIN is set equal to IMAX and a plane of constant J for JMIN equal to JMAX A line in the index space is defined by holding two indices constant while the third index varies as shown in Figure 6 2b Figure 6 1 Mapping from index space to object space 6 2 LS INGRID STANDARD PART 1 1 2 Figure 6 2a Planes in index space Figure 6 2b Lines in index space 6 3 STANDARD PART LS INGRID TABLE 6 1 Indices associated with the vertices of a region Node Indices Position A 1 1 1 IMIN JMIN KMIN B 5 1 1
121. cent of critical LS 910 Death time for interface LS 910 Discrete nodes impacting surface Discrete nodes tied to surface Dummy slide surface This option can be used to allow distinct but coincident nodes Tied slide surface with failure when volume weighted strain exceeds e LS DYNA3D Dynamic friction coefficient Exponential decay coefficient Normal failure force Normal failure exponent Shear failure force Shear failure exponent Set static and dynamic friction to f default 0 Static friction coefficient Select General Atomic s 1 D rebar slideline GA slideline option Exponent in damage curve Load curve for force penetration in types 19 and 20 contact LS 920 and later Turn on limited search flag Default is off The master side of the interface consists of material subset m m VEC DYNA3D LS 920 and later The slave side of the interface consists of material subset m VEC DYNA3D LS 920 and later GA slideline option maximum shear displacement Coincident nodes are merged 2 21 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID MSCA s NFAIL fs NOMERGE NSWS PNLM p PNLS p PNLT p RADIUS SETS SFAIL fs SINGLE SL SSCA 5 STHI SV T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Scale factor for master thicknesses LS 910 and later Master side thickness LS 910 and later Normal failure stress Coincident nodes are not merged N
122. cially softened This is useful when pretty pictures are more important than good results Sort triangular elements to treat degenerate quadrilateral elements with the Cg triangular shell formulation Values for opt are on or off LS910 and later 20 10 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS TSSF s Scale factor on time step size TUPD Modify shell thickness based on membrane strains default doe not modify shell thickness V90 Output is compatible with LS DYNA3D version 902 V91 Output is compatible with LS DYNA3D version 910 V92 Output is compatible with LS DYNA3D version 920 V93 Output is compatible with LS DYNA3D version 930 This produces the LS DYNA3D keyword based input VEC Output is compatible with VEC DYNA3D VEC92 Output is compatible with VECALE WARP ang Shell element warpage angle in degrees Ifa warpage greater than this angle is found warning message is printed default 20 0 LS 902 and later WEDGE Normally LS INGRID does not allow the generation of wedge elements This command turns on the support for 6 node and 4 node solid elements 20 1 LS DYNA3D MATERIAL INPUT LS DYNA3D material input is possible after the DN3D command is input see Control Commands The form of this input is MAT n TYPE m options specific to material type mj general material options ENDMAT 7 is a material name which is assigned a number as input Therefore the materials should be defined in order befor
123. d The second is designated Method B and requires the options below which must be set with care The third is a method due to Papadrakakis and is designated Method C Only one method should be used at a time to avoid confusion Damping factor expressed as V d V This should be set with care based on the formulas in the DYNA3D Course Notes Method B Tolerance on distortional kinetic energy for determining convergence Method B Number of time steps between convergence checks Method B Time step scale factor during dynamic relaxation Method B Termination time for dynamic relaxation simulation should convergence not be obtained 20 3 FLUID Options ADVECTION opt ALE EULERIAN LAGRANGIAN MAT m NCYCLES n RELAXI r RELAX r RELAX3 r3 RELAXA r4 START 1 STOP t FRES 2 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID default infinity LS 910 and later Method B End of dynamic relaxation options Set ALE and Eulerian options VECALE LS 930 and later Set the advection formulation opt 1 first order SALE Method 2 second order Benson HIS opt 3 second order Van Leer The element formulation is Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian The element formulation is Eulerian The element formulation is Lagrangian default These options apply to material m The default is that the specified fluid options apply globally to the
124. d of a sine wave with 100 points LCDF 1 100 sin t 0 2 pi Begin definition of two dimensional line n If line n has been previously defined this command has the effect of destroying the old definition See Two Dimensional Line Definitions for a description of the data for this command Define part transformation sequence n This defines a series of operations which can be performed on groups of parts Add the list of transformations in sequence number m to the current sequence Add n coordinate transformations to the current sequence The data for this command is described in the section Coordinate Transformations 2 14 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS CYLI PROD ij p SPHE LMI n LSYS name Options PLANE p Dy Pz x Ty Tz 2 Cy Cz Px Py Pz x Vy T NODE ny n n3 MAT n data MATE m MAZT tol MDBC m amp f f f Perform a cylindrical coordinate transformation Form the product of sequence i with sequence If sequence i has transformations and sequence j has m transformations then this option produces m transformations and adds them to the current sequence Copy parts in global coordinate systems 1 l2 Perform a spherical coordinate transformation Terminate this command Increment the default material number by n for each local copy of a part This number is initially set to zero Define local system name for single point con
125. d on element parts This is the default See also MCOL This is the same as the FOLD command except that only parts p through p are treated rather than the entire mesh Print information on each part This is the same as TMASS except that the calculation is only performed for the active parts Poor man s hidden line algorithm 13 7 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS PRINT v PSRGB PTOL nt PV PVS pi p2 Pn QUIT Rx REDUCE ry rz RESO ires REST LS INGRID Echo the value of v back to the terminal This is most frequently used with the calculator program e g PRINT SQRT 27 24 3 Create a RGB Postscript file Set the tolerance for part n to t See also T and TP View tool paths View tool paths p1 po Quit LS INGRID now Move right a distance x relative to the structure Eliminate exterior faces which have become interior faces due to the tolerance command Moments and products of inertia are determined relative to the point ry ry r and global axes Set the Z buffer resolution to ires for the VIEW command ires is limited to one of 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 The default is 1024 Restore all rotations to their initial settings Note The local coordinates are fixed to the model and rotate as the model rotates RLX RLY 0 RLZ 0 RM mo RMN m mo RP pi p RX 0 RY 0 Rotate the body 0 degrees about the local x axis
126. data to D3HSP file Default 1000 Performs suppression of output echo Values for opt are either on or off LS 910 and later Print flag for element time step sizes on first cycle Values for opt are either on or off LS 910 and later Terminate the D3HSP command 20 2 LS INGRID DBQT i DELT At DHGQ Qh DHQT i DQL 01 DQQ Qq DROPTS Options DRFCTR DRTOL tol NRCYCK n TSSFDR tssfdr DRTERM LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Change default bulk viscosity type from 1 to i 1 standard LS DYNA3D Set time step for mass scaled calculations to Ar Note that this is an advanced option Normally LS DYNAJ3D sets the time step Study the mass scaling option in LS DYNA3D before using this option LS 910 and later Set default hourglass viscosity from 10 to Qh Set default hourglass viscosity type from 1 to i 1 standard LS DYNA3D 2 Flanagan Belytschko viscous form 3 Flanagan Belytschko viscous form with exact volume integration 4 Flanagan Belytschko stiffness form 5 full Flanagan Belytschko stiffness form with exact volume integration Set default linear bulk viscosity for 06 to QI Set default quadratic bulk viscosity from 1 5 to Oq Select dynamic relaxation options There are three separate methods in LS 910 and later for performing dynamic relaxation The first uses the SYSD or LCDAMP commands and is designated Method A This is the recommended metho
127. dinate transformations is generated starting from coordinate system n when using the REPE command Scale coordinates by s Move Ax Ay and Az Scale X coordinates Scale Y coordinates Scale Z coordinates Terminate Option 2 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS LS INGRID 18 4 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 19 LS DYNA2D Commands and Materials Analysis options are code dependent They can be set either in the control section of the LS INGRID input file or in the graphics phase These commands become active when LS DYNA2D output is selected with the DN2D command see Control Commands BRODE Options YLD yld HEIGHT h XBO x YBO y ZBO TBO t CL cl CT ct CP cp Define Brode function parameters Yield Ktons Height of burst Coordinates of Brode origin space time in LS INGRID units Conversion factor ft to DYNA length units default meters Conversion factor ms to DYNA time units default seconds Conversion factor psi to DYNA pressure units default Pascals Terminate Brode function input Note If RANG COEF and GFUN are specified a modified Brode function will be used in DYNA otherwise straight Brode is used RANG ee COEF GFUN 81 27 Range values for Brode function Coefficient values for Brode function GFUNC values for Brode Function The Brode function is applied to pressure surfaces with load curve number 1 DBQT DHGQ OQ DHQ
128. drag operation Terminate this command Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems l to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part P Pz is any point on the axis of rotation and wy wy Wz is the rotation vector in radians per second Perform spin operation The number of layers of nodes is n and the total angle of the part is 4 in degrees 9 3 MAZE PART STACK nq TEMP t THICK TRI2 TRIA VELO v v LS INGRID Perform stack operation The number of layers of nodes is n and the total length of the part is 0 The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness for this part All quadrilateral shell elements in this part will be converted to triangular shells The attached pressure segments contact segments etc will remain as quadrilaterals All quadrilateral shell elements in this part will be converted to triangular shells The attached pressure segments contact segments etc will also be converted to triangles Assign initial rigid body velocity to all nodes wi
129. e Dp 3 1 3 1 Options and Functions eee eee eere eene nre te 3 1 A iPAT RAN Part ox n eor eee icon ter diis nete A tr he 4 1 4 1 Options and Functions nete eate DOR UR REED ERU reg 4 1 SUNASTRAN Part aeo d eh ne eti eet ed und 5 1 5 1 Options and Functions tota tete iet ici e e tor ee tute tette ui deii pes 5 1 6 Standard edat bd eae ret dee ede tende der etie po rre e 6 1 6 1 DEPINITIONS itor e Re ree Rr eet hebes 6 1 6 2 Index Progressions 5s eife iba nu een e WL tiber 6 10 6 3 Part Commands and Functions ener trennen nenne 6 11 PABEAM RALL PM TL 7 1 71 Options and Functions ne oec iecore DOR eie tere Rene 7 3 8 Old Data Part sc goce UU D EUN EB 8 1 8 1 Options and Functions eeneioe 8 5 9 MAZE Patti ena oe e rate e a ne p erat 9 1 91 Required Part Data eei eite 9 1 9 2 Options and Functions dnte pe RR edere epe 9 3 9 3 F nctionszi id Re ouo hk we ea oe SS ase tegen IUE IE E RE RR E REEE 9 5 10 EDET Patto cre rrt Een Ud Un Uere pe Ute tr dt drea 10 1 10 1 Options and Functions eene tte ORE RO DOR hend 10 1 11 EUM 11 1 11 1 Options and Functions seen 11 1 12 Loads and Boundary Conditions ee
130. e Transformations Use digitized surface n but offset the surface by offset in the normal direction The surface is actually just three dimensional line definition Three dimensional line definition is projected along Vx vy vz to form a surface The surface is a circular tube of radius r about three dimensional line definition Spin three dimensional line definition about the axis defined by point pp p and orientation vector Vy vy Vz NURB curve defined by entity number n in the NURB geometry database is used This curve is moved by data which is described in Coordinate Transformations NURB surface defined by entity number n in the NURB geometry database is used This surface 16 2 LS INGRID NSEN data n fl plx ply plz f2 p2x p2y p2z f3 p3x p3y p3z offset PLAN py py pz Vx Vy Vz POLY p Dy Pz Vx Vy Vz n ao a Ay PR p Py p Vx Vy Vc r1 f1 72 b2 r3 13 SP p Py Pz TIO bd T2 n opt SURFACE DEFINITIONS is moved by data which is described in Coordinate Transformations NURB surface defined by entity name n in the SC03 geometry database is used This surface is moved by data which is described in Coordinate Transformations Plane Defined by three points f1 f2 and f3 specify the coordinate system which is RT for rectangular CY for cylindrical or SP for spherical P1 P2 and P3 must be three non collinear points in the plane f2 and f3 can also be V to indicate
131. e any additional use of materials is made 20 2 GENERAL MATERIAL OPTIONS ANGLES p Input angles for laminated materials nis the number of integration points thus this command cannot be used until after the QUAD command has been used to specify the number of integration points for the current material 20 11 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID BEAM BFORM s BQL Q 0 BRFORM 5 BQT i CAREH a EOS eost HEAD Q HGQT i IMGL IRR rr IRULE GAUSS IRULE TRAPEZOIDAL IRULE USER ISS 155 This material is defined for two node beam elements only Beam formulation type s HUGH Hughes Liu s BELY Belytschko Schwer s TRUS Truss Change linear bulk viscosity for 06 to Qj Change quadratic bulk viscosity from 1 5 to Q Brick element formulation type LS 920 and later s standard single point brick s 2 fully integrated brick element Change bulk viscosity type from 1 to i standard LS DYNA3D not much choice Cross sectional area for Belytscko Schwer beam Begin defining equation of state type eost for the current material definition Each equation of state is terminated by the ENDEOS command Replace default heading typed on the next line Change hourglass viscosity from 10 to Change type of hourglass viscosity from 1 to i 1 standard LS DYNA3D 2 Flanagan Belytschko viscous form 3 Flanagan Belytschko visco
132. e specified on each element card and element nodes and m see Figure 22 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by yg Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 2 224 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS The material law that relates stresses to strains is defined as c T CT Where o T is a transformation matrix and o C j is the constitutive matrix defined in terms of the material constants of the orthogonal material axes a b and c The inverse of Vo C L is defined as Ea Ep Ec Vab 1 Mb 0 0 0 Ea Ep Ec Jac 2 pec 242 ay s ond es Fa Ep sb qd 0 a Gap i 0 0 0 OF Ae 0 Gbc 0 0 0 0 0 Gea V Note that S 22 5 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID c AOPT 0 0 default AOPT 2 0 define a and d py AOPT 1 0 dis parallel to the z axis shell element AOPT 3 0 Figure 22 1 Options for determining principal materials axes a AOPT 0 0 b AOPT 1 0 and AOPT 2 0 22 6 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 3 Kinematic Isotropic Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 3 Elastic Plastic Input any two of the following BULK Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRn Poisson s ratio
133. ect along the Y axis to the maximum Y intercept MINZ project along the Z axis to the minimum Z intercept MAXZ project along the Z axis to the maximum Z intercept Define a torus p py p is a point on the primary axis of rotation and v v v is a vector which orients this axis is the radius to the secondary axis is an axial offset relative to P PyPz and r3 is the radius from the secondary axis to the torus surface Define a torus with two points on the surface P PyPz is a point on the primary axis of rotation and v Vy vz is a vector which orients this axis r3 is the radius of the surface from the secondary axis If r3 gt 0 then the secondary axis lies to the left as one moves from r1 21 to r2 z2 Otherwise the axis is to the right 16 4 LS INGRID 17 Volume Definitions VOLUME DEFINITIONS This section documents the available solid geometric objects Solid objects are used by the VD command in the control section The following types are available CR px py pz v Vy Vz l CYF p Py pz v Vy Vz max CYLI p py Pz Vx vy v DSn RECT 7 Xyin Xmax Ymin Ymax SDnt SPHE px py pzr TRIA n X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 Zmin max Form a solid by spinning two dimensional line definition about the axis defined by point and orientation vector v vy vz Define a cylinder of radius r and axis defined by point p p p and or
134. ed Z J and axes respectively Each point in the index space i j k represents a nodal point Elements are defined as groups of adjacent nodes in the index space Region A region is any rectangular or cubic block of nodes A region is usually defined by a block in an index space Part A part is a collection of regions which can be grouped and generated conveniently in an index space Beginning users will typically use one region per part while more experienced users will be able to group numerous regions together into complex parts Model The final model is a collection of parts Each part has its own index space and is independent of other parts Parts are connected together either by global coincident node removal slide surfaces or other constraints The standard part in LS INGRID is based on a three dimensional index space which is commonly used for finite difference mesh generation Although this can be somewhat awkward for finite element meshes proper usage technique and some enhancements have made this quite effective for certain geometries including some that are difficult for standard finite element mesh generators The principal enhancement to the three dimensional index space is an additional type of index notion the Index Progression Index progressions provide a concise and simple method for describing complex structures and are used to input data to LS INGRID The following is a detailed description of the index spa
135. ed as a function of x y z coordinates 5 2 LS INGRID NASTRAN PART Notes 1 The following NASTRAN keywords are supported CBAR CBEAM CDAMP CELAS2 CHEXA CMASS2 CONN2 CORDIC CORDIR CORDIS CORD2C CORD2R CORD2S CPENTA CQUADA CTETRA CTRIA3 FORCE GRAV GRID MATI MPC PBAR PBEAM PLOAD2 PLOAD4 PSHELL PSOLID RBE2 SPC SPCI 2 The following keywords from MSC DYNA are also supported DYMAT24 MATRIG 3 To preserve the arbitrary node element and material numbering of NASTRAN input files use the ARBITRARY command See LS DYNA3D Commands and Materials 4 The material properties from the NASTRAN input are generally not used for LS DYNAxx calculations To assign properties from LS INGRID the materials may be defined either before or after the NASTRAN part The LS INGRID material ID s are input the same as those of the NASTRAN input If the LS INGRID materials are defined prior to the NASTAN model input but the sections are not input then LS INGRID will try to use the section property data from the NASTRAN input Section properties may be scaled using the global command PSCALE 5 Node element and material ID s can be shifted using the global command LABELS 5 3 LS INGRID STANDARD PART 6 Standard Part 6 1 DEFINITIONS Index Space An index space is a three dimensional discrete coordinate system with integer values greater than or equal to 1 in each of the three directions The three discrete coordinates are label
136. ed in radians default All angles for trigonometric functions are assumed to be defined in degrees List current active variables List current definitions of functions Determine the roots of the nth degree polynomial with coefficients cg through cq Factor x into prime coefficients Determine the integral of the function f with respect to the variable v The limits are from e to which may be expressions A Romberg integration rule is used The degree of Romberg integration for the integral command is default 4 Simpson s rule corresponds to n 1 and the trapezoidal rule is n 0 solve fy for xjv4d4 X Vv d Solve a system of nonlinear equations The equations are previously defined functions f through f Variables x through x must be listed and the calculator will attempt to determine them Optional inputs include v and d The initial starting guess is v and the initial increments for iterations are d 1 5 LS INGRID BASICS LS INGRID maxits n Set the maximum number of iterations for the solve command to n default 30 tol t Set the convergence tolerance for the solve command to f default 1e 6 display The display command is a brute force method for improving results of a divergent solve command Results are displayed after every iteration if then expr2 else expr3 endif If expression 1 is true than evaluate expression 2 Otherwise evaluate expression 3
137. egin material definition m Each material definition is terminated by the ENDMAT command m Density required no default TYPE n The current material is of type n 20 4 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 1 Elastic Default heading Material Type 1 Elastic Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio 20 5 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type 2 Orthotropic Elastic EA See constitutive matrix below EB Ep EC E PRBA ba PRCA vya PRCB veb GAB Gap AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 19 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by j value specified on each element card and element nodes n and see Figure 19 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by jg RP Define for AOPT 1 ZP 2 Define for AOPT 1 PSIG Define for AOPT 2 The material law that relates stresses to strains is defined as C T CT Where is a transformation matrix and o C L is the constitutive matrix defined in terms of the material constants of the orthogonal material axes a b and c The inverse of Vo C L is defined as Ea Ep Mab 1 _Mb Ea Ep Ec pac re S 4 55 61 c1 Ea Ep Ec sb que oc 0 04 Ga
138. egion gt are failure nodes and will fail at strain Additional nodes created shell elements pressure surfaces and slide surfaces are renumbered to permit independent motion of adjacent elements LS DYNA3D Failure nodes are a simple method for allowing fracture Each adjacent element has completely independent nodes Groups of nodes are initially constrained to move together When the average strain of adjacent elements reaches the failure strain the constraint is eliminated and the elements separate Set rotational velocity boundary conditions Set temperature boundary condition to T and scaleby load curve Ic Set temperature boundary condition to T and scale by load curve c The scaling is T Tbase f l1c time Velocity boundary condition The load curve number is lc amp is a scale factor and f f f indicates the load direction Geometric contact slave nodes All identified nodes are slaved to geometric contact entity igeo LS 910 and later Define nodes associated with component interface name LS 920 and later Define segments associated with component interface name LS 920 and later Identify JOY interface nodes JOY is an 12 4 LS INGRID JOYI Index Progression JT jn Options Point P px Py pzm INC i 9 Index Progression m px Pz or MK MK MK Region m py py pz MKL Region m N Region
139. ement in plastic strain However by using a Taylor series expansion with linearization about the current time we can solve for 5 with sufficient accuracy to avoid iteration The strain at fracture is given by f Y D 0 exp Do 1 D In 1 D T where s is the ratio of pressure divided by effective stress grac P Ceff Fracture occurs when the damage parameter reaches the value of 1 Material Type 16 Pseudo Tensor Geological Model Default heading Material Type 16 Pseudo Tensor Geological Model GG Shear modulus constant Shear modulus model PR v Poisson s ratio constant Poisson s ratio model SIGF sigf Tensile cutoff Maximum principal stress for failure 0 ao Cohesion Ala Yield function constant 2 a Yield function constant AOF aof Cohesion for failed material 20 30 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS AIF aj Pressure hardening coefficient for failed material B1 b Damage scaling factor PER p Percent reinforcement Elastic modulus for reinforcement PR v Poisson s ratio for reinforcement SIGY o Initial yield strength ETAN Tangent modulus LCP Ic Load curve giving rate sensitivity for principal material LCR Ic Load curve giving rate sensitivity for reinforcement NPTS n Number of points in yield stress effective plastic strain curve or yield stress pressure curve n 16 ES 0 05 6 Yield stress EPS 2 2 8 3
140. en gamma and a is the first order volume correction to Yo p and u 1 po 21 3 EQUATIONS OF STATE LS INGRID Equation of State Form 5 Ratio of Polynomials Default heading Equation of State Form 5 Ratio of Polynomials A10 A10 A11 A11 A12 A15 A13 A15 A20 A20 A21 A22 A23 A23 A30 A30 A31 A31 A32 A35 A33 A33 A40 A40 A41 A41 42 A43 A43 A50 Aso 51 5 52 52 53 A53 A60 A61 A61 A62 A62 A63 3 A70 A70 A71 A71 72 A73 A73 ALPHA a BETA b A14 A44 24 A24 COEF A10 A24 List the 32 above coefficients in the same order as they appear E0 Eo Initial internal energy V0 Vo Initial relative volume ENDEOS End equation of state definition LS INGRID EQUATIONS OF STATE The ratio of polynomials equation of state defines the pressure as F E F E 1 2 3 4 p 33 1 Fo F F E where n j BERT F Aish n 4if i lt 3 0 1 n 3if i 3 In expanded zones F is replaced by F1 F 2 By setting coefficient A10 1 0 the delta phase pressure modeling for this material will be initiated The code will reset it to 0 0 after setting flags Equation of State Form 6 Linear Polynomial With Energy Leak Default heading Equation of State Form 6 Linear Polynomial with Energy Leak C1 Cj See Equation of State Form 1 C2 C5 C3 C3 C4 C4 C5 C5 C6 Cg E0 Eo Initial internal energy V0 Vo Initial relative volume
141. ental treatment and nonzero for a continuous treatment LS 910 and later Inelastic tension or compression only The spring loads along load curve 1 is an optional unloading stiffness and flag is 1 0 for tension only and 1 0 for compression only LS 910 and later This command applies to the DYNA3D coupling with CAL3D or MADYMO3D Deformable materials can be identified as being slaved to rigid bodies which are coupled to CAL3D or MADYMO3D During the DYNASD initialization the deformable materials will be repositioned to reflect the shifting to global coordinates performed by CAL3D or MADYMO3D The master rigid body is material m and the slaved deformable material is m LS 920 and later Set the tolerance for surface intersections to f Default 1 0e 6 Execute a FORTRAN stop statement Command for redefining the syntax of various part options Set syntax for lt Region gt in part definitions Set syntax for lt Region gt in standard part Use the standard syntax for lt Region gt in the 2 24 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS MAZE Options STANDARD PD OLD Options STANDARD SYSEND SYSTEM name standard part Terminate SYNTAX command Set syntax for Region in the MAZE part The syntax for the lt MRegion gt is according to this manual and the 1985 INGRID manual from LLNL The syntax for the lt MRegion gt has 6 indices according to the modification to
142. ents Display radiation boundary conditions edge segments Display nodal rigid bodies LS 910 and later 13 3 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS DI RE DI REL DI RX DI RXN m DI RY DI RZ DI SBI DI SFC islid mslid DI SI islid mslid DI SL n isid DI SPC DI SPD DI SW 5 DI SY isym DI SYSJ isym DI TB DI TI DI TRACER DI VB Ic DI VECT c LS INGRID Display radiation enclosure surface segments Display radiation enclosure edge segments Display X rotational boundary conditions Display extra nodes slaved to rigid body material m Display Y rotational boundary conditions Display Z rotational boundary conditions Display shell brick interfaces Display nodes which are part of sliding interface definition islid mslid M display master side mslid S display slave side mslid B display both sides Display slide surface islid surface segments mslid M display master side mslid S display slave side mslid B display both sides Display slide line n edge segments mslid M display master side mslid S display slave side mslid B display both sides Display single point constraints Display springs and dampers Display stonewall s Display symmetry plane isym Display symmetry plane isym Display temperature boundary conditions Display temperature initial conditions Display tracer particles Display velocity boundary conditions associated with load c
143. equested Local r axis J axis J J axis K K axis Local s axis 1 J axis J J axis K K axis Order of writing nodes in index space d I S Or PA i Commands PA or PB i Commands PB Point functions These commands are POINT REGION n REPE 1 RES Region idir used to modify 1 2 or 3 coordinates of groups of nodes For PA only For PB only Flag indicating which coordinates to change x coordinate is changed Y y coordinate Z z coordinate XY x and y coordinates XZ x and z coordinates YZ y and z coordinates XYZ x y and z coordinates New coordinates Only the coordinates required by flag n need to be input The old coordinates are replaced by the new coordinates Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Use unequal element spacing Direction of sides to be operated on in Region direction 6 20 LS INGRID STANDARD PART REST name ROTATION p py p Vx vy v W RR Region data SAVE name SF Region ityp or SFI Index Progression ityp J J direction K direction The ratio of the length of one element side to the next element side as the J J or K index increases is r Restore the nodal coordinates
144. erial type 5 however when the pressure reaches the failure pressure the element loses its ability to carry tension Material Type 15 Johnson Cook Plasticity Model GG Shear modulus AA See equation 1 BB See equation 1 Nn See equation 1 Rr See equation 1 Mm See equation 1 TM Tmeit Melt temperature TO Room temperature EPSO Eo Effective plastic strain rate HCPc Specific heat PC pc Pressure cutoff pc 0 0 D1 dj See equation 2 D2 do See equation 2 D3 d3 See equation 2 D4 d4 See equation 2 D5 ds See equation 2 ITi Iteration options 0 no iterations LS DYNAS3D iterates to determine more accurate point on the stress strain curve The Johnson Cook model is described in reference 11 This model includes strain rate hardening thermal softening and has a complex damage model The equations describing the flow stress vs effective plastic strain and failure strain are as follows 1 where A B C n and m are input constants EP effective plastic strain 20 29 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID amp effective plastic strain rate for amp 1 s i T T T homologous temperature Constants for a variety of materials are also provided in 11 Due to the nonlinearity in the dependence of flow stress on plastic strain an accurate value of the flow stress requires iteration for the incr
145. es Eliminate the part transformation sequence at the top of the stack See also PPLV and LEV in this section Echo the value of v to the terminal This is primarily used with the calculator functions to verify calculations Scale properties Materials from to m are treated by this command If mj and m are numbers than standard numeric comparisons are used to determine if materials are within the range Otherwise string comparisons are used Scale all section properties by scale This allows for a general unit conversion on section 2 18 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS PSLV n QUAD RBMG my READ Options NDIV n NURB name SC03 name ROTATION py py pz Vx Vy Vz W RVBC m lc idof amp f f f properties Terminate PSCALE command Begin performing part transformation sequence n on all following parts This remains in effect until a PPLV command is given A stack is used for performing transformation sequences PSLV adds a transformation sequence to the top of the stack and PPLV eliminates the top sequence on the stack Turn on generation of elements with quadratic shape functions in standard part This causes 8 node shells and 20 node bricks to be generated Merge rigid body m to rigid body m is the master and m is the slave For a group of merged rigid bodies there can be only one master DYNA3D only Read external database Number of subdivisions for internal NURB
146. ex K Equal space along K index Nodes are converted from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this 6 16 LS INGRID STANDARD PART D Region or DI Index Progression EQSP FIND Point expl exp2 exp3 exp4 Example transformation are X Rcos 0 Region deletion keyword Equal space along arc This applies to the AC and A functions The FIND command places the generated coordinates of Point into the variables cenx ceny cenz and the node number into node Four expressions must be input as part of this command FIND 1 2 1 bp3x cenx bp3y ceny bp3z cenz bp3n node L J or K Point dir2 C2 C3 INT Region s 52 LORI v v v Specify independent variable for the function J coordinates vary as a function of the index J coordinates vary as a function of the J index K coordinates vary as a function of the K index Flag specifying which coordinate is modified X X coordinate is modified Y Y coordinate is modified Z Z coordinate is modified New progression of coordinates along index dirl Nodes within lt Region gt lie on the intersection of surface s and s2 Surfaces are defined using the SD command in the control section These commands will be generated automatically if two SF commands result in an intersection surface in the index space Specify local axis for orthotropic
147. f shell 0 reference surface is at center plane of shell 1 reference surface is at upper plane of shell This material 1s defined for thick 8 node solid shell elements only The default thickness along the element local t axis is thick beams only The current material is of type n 20 14 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 1 Elastic Default heading Material Type 1 Elastic Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Material Type 2 Orthotropic Elastic EA E See constitutive matrix below Ep EC E PRBA vy PRCA vea PRCB vep GAB Gap GBC Gea AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by element nodes n1 n2 and see Figure 20 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal XP Define for AOPT 1 YP y Define for AOPT 1 20 15 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID ZP z Define for AOPT 1 Ala Define for AOPT z 2 A2 a Define for AOPT 2 A3 a3 Define for AOPT z 2 D1 dj Define for AOPT
148. f a part Until the first part is complete nbeam is zero nbrick The current brick element number is set to nbrick outside of a part Until the first part is complete nbrick is zero nbrick includes both regular bricks and 8 node shell elements nshell The current shell element number is set to nshell outside of a part Until the first part is complete nshell is zero npart This variable is set inside parts and is set to the current part number LS INGRID BASICS LS INGRID Operator gt ol 1 6 LOGICAL OPERATIONS 1 5 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPTIONS Purpose Example Addition 344 Subtraction 4 1 Multiplication 5 5 7 6 Division 7 5 length Exponentiation 1043 Modulo arithmetic 5 2 The result of a logical operator is 1 0 if true and 0 0 if false These may be used Function 1 7 FUNCTIONS either as expressions or as part of if then else endif constructs Purpose Equal to Not equal to Less than Less than or equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Logical and Logical or Negation The angles in the following trigonometric functions are all in radians by default This can be controlled by the deg and rad options listed in the options section below Function Purpose sin angle Trigonometric sine cos angle Trigonometric cosine tan angle Trigonometric tangent asin x Inverse trigonometric sine acos x Inverse of trigonometric cosine atan x Inverse of trigonometric tangent
149. f the center of rotation of the last round are returned to calculator variables I3cenx I3ceny l3cenz and the last angle of sweep is returned to I3angle Form an arc by taking the last point and rotating it an angle w in degrees about the axis defined by point p p p and orientation vector V Vy vz Add a vector tangent to the last line segment with length d Add a vector tangent to the first line segment with length d Set point PO for intersection Set point P1 for intersection determination on the next command Set point P2 for intersection determination on the next command Set point P3 for intersection determination on the next command The next point on the line is at the intersection of s1 52 and s3 PO can be used to improve convergence The results of the projection are returned to the calculator variables I3cenx l3ceny l3cenz The next point on the line definition is formed 15 3 THREE DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS LS INGRID SINT 5 52 53 54 by projecting p p p to the nearest point on surface surf Determine the curve formed by the intersection of s and 52 beginning at s3 and terminating at 54 If this is not the first point on the line then 53 is not input and LS INGRID assumes that the last point defined lies on the intersection of 81 and s The convergence can be improved by using PO for 51 52 53 and for 52 53 54 15 4 LS INGRID 16 Surface Definitions
150. f the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part Dx Pz is any point on the axis of rotation and vy Vy vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per time unit Nodes are converted from spherical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are Y R sin O sin Z Rcos The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Assign an initial rigid body velocity to all nodeswithin this part V4 Vy V is the global velocity vector and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates 7 3 BEAM PART LS INGRID 7 4 LS INGRID OLD DATA PART 8 Old Data Part This part permits the user to input and manipulate models which were generated by other mesh generators It can also be used to take old finite element models and update them The data in the part is as follows OLD Commands END The commands include the input nodes and elements in the form of tables These tables may be either in free format or formatted Before a table is input a list of keywords is input which tells what the columns correspond to After the data is input the part may then be moved or otherwise modified before inclusion with the rest of the LS INGRID model NODES 7 n nodal points are input Options BCND LS
151. face Identify sliding interface Sliding interface number Master slave flag M master surface S slave surface A point in the local coordinate system toward which the sliding interface faces Signifies sliding interface command Sliding interface number Master slave flag M master surface S slave surface A point in the local coordinate system which the sliding interface faces away from Define nodes on slide line n lt Region gt should be a line in the index space isid is either master or slave This command is sometimes useful in conjunction with SI to fix node tolerance problems Single point constraints to plane xyzxyz is a binary number which is zero for an unconstrained degree of freedom and 1 for a constrained degree of freedom The left three digits are for the translational dof s and the right three are for the rotational Define springs or dampers on all nodes within 12 9 LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS LS INGRID ORV n POFF PON SCAL 5 SW lt Region gt n or SWI Index Progression n SYSJ jn Options INC i Bn N Point P px Py pzm lt Region gt They behave according to spring damper definition n isid is used to force nodes to be on opposite side of the definition isid m for the master side and s for the slave side options are as follows This spring damper acts along orientation vector n Turn element printin
152. fined this command has the effect of destroying the old definition Volume Definitions describes the data for this command 2 27 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID YOFF Global Y offset YSCA s Scale all Y coordinates VELOCITY v vy vz Assign initial rigid body velocity v vy vz to all parts defined after this command v v and v can be functions of x y z to allow initial velocity distributions ZOFF d Global Z offset ZSCA s Scale all Z coordinates 2 28 LS INGRID IDEAS PART 3 IDEAS Part The IDEAS part provides for importing SDRC IDEAS neutral files into LS INGRID The form of the part is as follows IDEA filename optional functions END filename is the name of the IDEAS neutral file 3 1 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS Functions require the ability to identify groups of nodes and elements in a part and assign various properties These have the general form of Keyword region function data Where region is a part specific description of where the function is to be applied For the current part the nodes or elements through either node or element numbers or through analytical expressions As an example SI mat 2 1 M C Elements of material 2 are assigned to C the master side of contact interface 1 Variables available for function application are as follows Variable Description XYZ Part local coordinates of node or element center Xg yg zg Global coordinates of node or element center n
153. for AOPT 1 Ala Define for AOPT 2 A2 a Define for AOPT 2 A3 a3 Define for AOPT 2 D1 dj Define for AOPT 2 D2 d Define for AOPT 2 D3 d3 Define for AOPT 2 Vivi Define for AOPT 3 V2 v Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3 Material Type 23 Thermal Orthotropic with Curves NPTS npts Number of points 1 lt NPTS lt 50 EA Ej Ej EB Ej Ey EC Ej Eon PRBA V5 1 PRCA v4 Vean PRCB Ven n AA 04 1 e 04 AB 05 0 AC 04 0 20 36 LS INGRID GAB Gap n GBC e Gbon G4 Gean AOPT aopt XP xp YP yp ZP zp Ala A2 a A3 a3 D1 dj D2 d D3 d3 Vivi V2 v V3 v3 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n2 and see Figure 20 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT
154. g format f fisa character string up to 80 characters long which has the correct FORTRAN format All items must be read in floating point format No more than one element can be specified on a card If this option is not used then nodal point data is input free format Element numbers are to be read If this option is not used then element numbers are assigned sequentially Element increment K is input Material numbers are input 8 3 OLD DATA PART LS INGRID INCLUDE Brick elements are read from file This option terminates the BRICKS command and reads the brick elements Input 8 node numbers Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Node 5 Node 6 Node 7 Node 8 Read and ignore this item Terminate option and read the element data 8 4 LS INGRID OLD DATA PART 8 1 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS Functions require the ability to identify groups of nodes and elements in a part and assign various properties These have the general form of Keyword region function data Where region is a part specific description of where the function is to be applied For the current part the nodes or elements through either node or element numbers or through analytical expressions As an example SI mat 2 1 M C Elements of material 2 are assigned to C the master side of contact interface 1 Variables available for function application are as follows Variable Description Xyz Part local coordinates of
155. g off default Turn element printing on The spring damper force is scaled by s Slave nodes to stonewall number Joint command Joint definition name Local node number Nodes 1 through 3 define the local system for the master side of a joint Nodes 4 through 6 define the slave side of a joint Increment jn by i for each copy of the part default 1 The local joint node has boundary constraint n n is a six digit binary number which specifies degrees of freedom to be constrained Numbering digits from left to right they affect the following degrees of freedom Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacement Ath digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation The local joint node is defined by lt Point gt in the index space The local joint node is at point Px Py Pz in the local coordinate system is the rigid body number which is attached to the node 12 10 LS INGRID LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS SYSTEM name TH Region or THI lt Index Progression gt thick TM Region t or TMI Index Progression t TN Region n or TNI Index Progression n VE Region The local joint node is defined for system name Default is the current active system Terminate joint command Specify thickness command Thickness of plates within the region Set initial temperature TOPAZ or
156. he mesh An algorithm based on a z buffer method is used for hidden line processing Write the boundary grid into the LS INGRID output file For a solid grid all internal polygons are removed and the external polygons are written out Write the boundary information file grfinfo for use by POST Write reduced TAURUS database This option only writes out surface polygons Write TAURUS database Zoom in on the picture by selecting the upper and lower corners with the mouse Zoom out on the picture by selecting the upper and lower corners with the mouse 13 10 LS INGRID INTERACTIVE COMMANDS 13 1 Exploded View Commands Exploded view commands permit collections of parts or materials to be moved from their generated locations Exploding a model will affect the graphics and mass property calculations but will not affect the output computational model Exploding a model with respect to parts will only affect the TMASS and PMASS commands while exploding with respect to materials will only affect the MMASS command MEXP Exploded views are performed with respect to materials This command is automatically invoked by all other material explode commands MLOC data Set position of material subset to the position specified in data Data is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations MMOV data Shift the position of material subset by the transformation specified in data Data is described in the section on Coordin
157. his is used for modeling the stick condition due to friction in the penalty formulation of contact Number of time steps between restart file generation If zero LS NIKE3D writes a restart file as it terminates Shift frequency in hertz This option works with the eigenvalue eigenvector solution method Using this option NIKE will find the NEIG eigenvalues nearest to w If the model has rigid body modes a negative value for w should be used to make the run stable If w is exactly the same value as an eigenvalue the system becomes singular 232 LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS SSIT 5 Slide surface insertion tolerance SSO u Step size option AUTO MANUAL SSOO n Optimal number of iterations per step TEO i Thermal effects option 0 no thermal effects N nodal temperatures are defined in input and are scaled according to a time function N is the load curve number at each time step a new temperature state is read from a disk file The time word at the beginning of each temperature state is ignored 2 ateach time step a temperature state is interpolated from the temperature state in a disk file Therefore the time words at the beginning of each temperature state is used 3 the disk file containing temperatures has only one state The initial state is assumed to be zero TERM t Terminate dynamic time integration at time t The dynamic time step size will be computed if this comma
158. his surface is to be included in obstructing surface calculations and NO otherwise Note If this option is used segments are oriented so that they face outward from the adjacent conduction elements An error occurs if radiation segments defined by this command are not adjacent to a conduction element because the outward normal would be indeterminate RE Region T flag px py pz or RE Region T flag px py pz Define a radiation enclosure c is a load curve for emissivity The temperature of the segment is T if 1c120 flag is YES if this surface is to be included in obstructing surface calculations 12 7 LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS LS INGRID Region mat or RXNI Index Progression mat SBI Region idir ioffl ioff2 SC Region idir options Options lAijk IRijk 2A ijk 2R ijk PRE and NO otherwise p Py Pz is a point in the local coordinate system toward which the radiation occurs RE or facing the opposite direction RE Extra nodes for rigid body of material mat Define a shell brick interface Region must be a point or a line in the index space side b We are identifying nodes on the brick side of the interface s We are identifying nodes on the shell side of the interface Nodes on an interface are in a line parallel to axis idir I l axis J J axis K K axis Increments for determining the nodes to be selec
159. ield stresses Tangent moduli Material Type 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Default heading Material Type 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG v Additional Options AOn Ala A2 a PC Pe UL uopt NPTS n VS e eU Eu P pi po pn Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio Yield function constant Yield function constant Yield function constant Pressure cutoff for tensile fracture Unloading option 0 volumetric crushing 1 no volumetric crushing Number of points in volumetric strain versus pressure curve n 10 Volumetric strain values Pressures corresponding to volumetric strain values The deviatoric yield function is described in terms of the second invariant J2 25 235 22 9 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Pressure p and constants ag a1 and 2 as o 4 a On the yield surface 366 2 where o is the yield stress 1 or oy 8 ap ap For elastic perfectly plastic behavior a a5 0 and Bao 2 defines the yield strength The volumetric strain is given by the natural logarithm of the relative volume V If the pressure drops below the cutoff value PC then it is reset to that value Loading and unloading follows the input curve if the volumetric crushing option is off Card 3 col 61 70 The bulk unloading modulus is used if the volumetric crushi
160. ientation vector v vy vz The cylinder extends along the axis from fmin to Tmax Define a cylinder of radius r and axis defined by point p p p and orientation vector v vy vz The cylinder has infinite length Digitized surface n is a closed surface which defines a volume Define a rectangular solid with xy ipn lt lt max gt lt lt Nd 2 lt lt This can be positioned anywhere in space using global coordinate transformation number The surface is defined by surface definition n and thickness 7 Define a sphere of radius r and centered at P Dy D The solid is a triangular section in the X Y plane which runs from Zmin tO Zmax in the Z direction xy p 2 and are the three corner points This can be moved anywhere in space using global coordinate transformation n 17 1 VOLUME DEFINITIONS LS INGRID 17 2 LS INGRID 18 Coordinate Transformations Option 1 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS For Option 1 three nodal points must be input Figure 18 1 shows the orientation of the local coordinate system defined by the three points fi P1x Ply Plz P2x P2y P2z P3x P3y P3z Flag describing coordinate type for point 1 RT rectangular coordinates CY cylindrical coordinates R 9 Z SP spherical coordinates V Coordinates for point 1 Flag describing coordinate type for point 2 RT rectangular
161. ight line are added to make up this segment LPRJ s Project line definition onto surface definition s LREV Reverse the direction of the line Additions to the line definition will occur at the beginning of the line rather than the end of the line LRNX r Sharp corners on line definitions are rounded by a cylinder parallel to the x axis with radius r The coordinates of the center of rotation of the last round are returned to calculator variables I3cenx I3ceny l3cenz and the last angle of sweep 15 2 LS INGRID LRNY r LRNZ Ir LRNV I r vy vy vz LROT p p Pz vx Vy v W LVTd LVTB d PO xo yo zo P1 z P2 x2 y2 22 x3 23 PINT 5 52 53 PPRJ p p p surf THREE DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS is returned to I3angle Sharp corners on line definitions are rounded by a cylinder parallel to the y axis with radius r The coordinates of the center of rotation of the last round are returned to calculator variables I3cenx l3ceny l3cenz and the last angle of sweep is returned to I3angle Sharp corners on line definitions are rounded by a cylinder parallel to the z axis with radius r The coordinates of the center of rotation of the last round are returned to calculator variables I3cenx l3ceny l3cenz and the last angle of sweep is returned to I3angle Sharp corners on line definition are rounded by a cylinder parallel to the vector vy vz with radius r The coordinates o
162. ikki Falco Valli A James and Debbie Aiken all suffered through the preparation of various versions of this manual The University of Tennessee Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and SPARTA Inc all generously provided computer resources to allow LS INGRID to be developed ACK 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LS INGRID ACK 2 LS INGRID REFERENCES REFERENCES 1 Hallquist John O LS NIKE2D User s Manual LSTC Report 1006 1990 2 Hallquist John O NIKE3D An implicit finite deformation finite element code for analyzing the static and dynamic response of three dimensional solids University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory UCID 18822 1984 3 Hallquist John O LS DYNA2D User s Manual LSTC Report 1004 1990 4 Hallquist John O LS DYNA3D User s Manual LSTC Report 1007 1990 5 Shapiro Arthur B TOPAZ2D A three dimensional finite element heat transfer code University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rept UCID 20484 1985 6 Shapiro Arthur B TOPAZ3D A three dimensional finite element heat transfer code University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rept UCID 20484 1985 7 Cook William A INGEN A General Purpose Mesh Generator for Finite Element Codes Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Rept LA 7135 MS 1978 8 Hallquist John O LS MAZE An Input Generator for NIKE2D DYNA2D and TOPAZ2D LSTC Report 1005 1990
163. ime delay ending and retractor locking Sensor for trigering retractor At least one must be specified and no more than four End of retractor definition Define pretensioner During an automobile accident pretensioners are frequently employed to automatically increase the tension on a seatbelt Both pyrotechnic and spring type systems are supported Usually a sensor triggers the event PYROTECHNIC LCP lcp RETR name TIME Use a pyrotechnic pretensioner Load curve for pretensioner Retractor name effected Time between sensor triggering and pretensioner acting 2 2 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS PRELOAD DELAY dt SPRING ispd LOCK DELAY dt SPRING ispd DISTANCE SENSOR name 5 SENSOR name The pretensioner consists of a preloaded spring Time between sensor triggering and pretensioner acting Spring element number The pretensioner consists of a lock spring which is removed Time between sensor triggering and pretensioner acting Spring element number The distance between nodes is locked Pretensioner is activated by one to four sensors End of pretensioner definition Define sensor A variety of sensor systems are incorporated into automobiles to sense the onset of a crash The accelerometers are simply used for saving output to an ASCII file The other sensors are used to initiate the retractors and pretensioners ACCEa X Y 7 TIME dt RETR RETR name r
164. ine master side local system 2 9 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID PHIF s PHIS 5 PSIF s PSIS s SSYS 5 STOPA s STOPA s STOPB s STOPB s STOPC s STOPC 5 THEF s THES s FMOV f data FOPT f options Options L3D ANGLEO SCALE scale FSYM mx y z ny ny n s GEOC igeo mat First angle friction First angle stiffness Third angle friction Third angle stiffness Define slave side local system Negative stop for first angle Positive stop for first angle Negative stop for second angle Positive stop for second angle Negative stop for third angle Positive stop for third angle Second angle friction Second angle stiffness After performing fold definition f affected nodes are moved by the transformation described in data see Coordinate Transformations Input additional parameters for airbag folding Fold abour 3 D line denfinition dnum Fold the material 0 degrees The folded section will become thicker by the factor scale End of FOPT command Define failing symmetry plane m x y z is any point on the plane and n n n is any normal vector Solid element faces are slaved to the symmetry plane and failure occurs when the normal stress exceeds sp Geometric contact entity definition A geometric contact entity is an analytical surface type which can be attached to a rigid body of 2 10 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS Options COUPLE type n FRIC f I
165. initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness thic for this part Assign initial rigid body velocity to all nodes within this parts Vy Vy Vz is the global velocity vector Vy Vy Vz can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates 3 2 LS INGRID PATRAN PART 4 PATRAN Part The PATRAN part provides for importing PATRAN neutral files into LS INGRID The form of the part is as follows PATRAN filename optional functions END filename is the name of the PATRAN neutral file 4 1 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS Functions require the ability to identify groups of nodes and elements in a part and assign various properties These have the general form of Keyword region function data Where region is a part specific description of where the function is to be applied For the current part the nodes or elements through either node or element numbers or through analytical expressions As an example SI mat 2 1 M C Elements of material 2 are assigned to C the master side of contact interface 1 Variables available for function application are as follows Variable Description Xyz Part local coordinates of node or element center Xg yg Zg Global coordinates of node or element center node Node number mat Material number elem Element number The following options are allowed in any order Additional functions can be applied
166. ipation Default Off LS 910 and later Delete material m This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command Delete sliding interface 5 This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command Hughes Liu shell normal initialization count i 2 unique nodal fibers per Hughes Liu compute normals each cycle default 1 compute on restart n compute on restart and every nth cycle Set the family name for restart input file generation to name The default hourglass viscosity for restart is set to h This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command Turn on rigid to deformable switching LS 920 and later The default linear bulk viscosity for restart is set to This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command Restart commands apply to restart number n The plot interval for restart is set to t This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command The print interval for restart is set to 7 This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command 20 7 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID RQBV 4 RTERM RTSF 5 RWPNAL p SBRF n SEQUENTIAL SFSI 5 SIOPT Options ENER opt CHECK opt OFFSET n ORIE opt n The default quadratic bulk viscosity for restart is set to q This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command The termination time for this restart is t Th
167. is applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command The time step scale factor for restart is set to s This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command Scale factor for rigid body nodes impacting rigid walls If p 0 0 then this capability is ignored Number of time steps between restart dumps is n Use sequential node element and material numbering Default Sliding interface scale factor default 0 1 Additional sliding interface options LS 910 and later Option for determining sliding interface energy dissipation Values for opt are on and off Option for performing initial penetration checks on contact interfaces Values for opt are on and off Set shell thickness offset option to n 0 thickness is not considered in two surface contacts 1 thickness is considered but rigid bodies are excluded 2 thickness is considered including rigid bodies Option for automatically reorienting normals of shell contact segments during initialization Values for opt are on and off Penalty stiffness option 1 use minimum of master segment and slave node default 2 use master segment stiffness old way 3 use slave node value 4 use slave node value area or mass 20 8 LS INGRID THIN opt SRUL n Options MATE NPTS n tyi Ww mj ty Wn my STYP s SWENERGY on off SYSD d TAURUS Options AVER opt CMSO opt DRDB
168. is transformed to the Cauchy stress 0 according to the relationship oj Sik where F is the deformation gradient tensor Material Type 8 High Explosive Burn 20 13 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Default heading Material Type 8 High Explosive Burn DD Detonation velocity PCJ Pc Chapman Jouget pressure This material model requires an equation of state Material Type 9 Null Material Default heading Material Type 9 Null Material PC pc Pressure cutoff Viscosity The null material must be used with an equation of state Pressure cutoff is negative in tension A viscous stress of the form o u is computed for nonzero where is the deviatoric strain rate Material Type 10 Isotropic Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic Default heading Material Type 10 Isotropic Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic GG Shear modulus SIGY o Yield strength EH E Plastic hardening modulus PC or sf Pressure cutoff 0 cutoff of is assumed Ala Yield function constant 2 a5 Yield function constant NPTS n Number of points in yield stress effective plastic ES 6 4 Oyn EPS 5 y P pi FS 5 strain curve or yield stress pressure curve Yield stress Effective plastic strain Pressure Failure strain 20 14 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS If the yield stress plastic strain curve is not defined and if a2
169. ject of interest This notation has the advantage that it requires little input data and with less than 20 indices can represent thousands of configurations in index space In practice not all configurations in index space can be defined by an index progression so a command is added to allow deletion of regions in the index space The delete command along with the index progression is enough to produce almost any conceivable region in the index space and is used as the central part of LS INGRID s mesh generation 6 6 LS INGRID STANDARD PART Figure 6 4 Separated solid regions Figure 6 5 Open Box 6 7 STANDARD PART LS INGRID T c Cube in a Box 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 3 5 a Intersecting Plates 2 4 6 2 4 6 3 7 EUR I c Examples of Region Deletion 7 2 6 10 3 7 2 4 a MD Deleted Regions 2 3 2 6 7 2 and 6 3 4 10 7 4 d Planes and Solids with Gaps 2 4 0 6 8 2 4 0 6 8 2 4 6 8 Figure 6 6 Examples of index progressions 6 8 LS INGRID STANDARD PART Each part definition consists of the following data START Index progression Part control commands and functions Loads and Boundary Conditions END START signifies the beginning of a part definition and is require as the first card in each part Part control commands affect properties of the mesh Following is a list of the default properties for a pa
170. l membrane element i 22 2 point Gauss default i 3 3 point Gauss i 2 4 4 point Gauss i 5 5 point Gauss Rayleigh stiffness proportional damping coefficient LS 920 and later Reposition deformable materials which are positioned relative to CAL3D MADYMO3D bodies at initialization time LS 920 and later Slave to MADYMO GSD ellipse 20 13 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID PLANE n SEGMENT n SYSTEM n m SAREA a SFORM SHELL SLOC s STHICK thick TLOC TSHELL TTHICK thick n Slave to MADYMO3D plane n Slave to CAL3D segment n Slave to MADYMO3D system n Density required no default Shear area for Belytschko Schwer beam Shell formulation type s HUGH Hughes Liu s BELY Belytschko Lin Tsay s BCZ BCIZ triangular shell s triangular shell s MEMB B L T membrane s SRHL S R Hughes Liu s Corotational Hughes Liu s YASE Engelmann Whirley s Y ASE shell Not recommended This material is defined for four node shell elements only Factor specifying offset of the local s axis reference surface is at bottom plane of shell 0 reference surface is at center plane of shell 1 reference surface is at upper plane of shell The default thickness along the element local s axis is thick beams and shell Factor specifying offset of the local f axis reference surface is at bottom plane o
171. l Options SIGY s Yield stress ETAN E Hardening modulus BETA b Hardening parameter 0 lt b lt 1 NPTS n Number of points on stress effective plastic strain curve ES Sy1 Sy2 Syn Effective stress EPS ep1 655 e pn Effective plastic strain Isotropic kinematic or a combination of isotropic and kinematic hardening may be specified by varying b between 0 and 1 For b equal to 0 and 1 respectively kinematic and isotropic hardening are obtained as shown in Figure 23 2 Effective stress is defined in terms of the deviatoric stress tensor 5 as y 22 22 6 575 where 1 Sj 39u9j and effective plastic strain by where denotes time and 2 1 debdek y d GEE 23 7 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID yield stress eae 0 kinematic hardening 1 isotropic hardening Figure 23 2 Hlastic plastic behavior with isotropic and kinematic hardening where and are undeformed and deformed length of uniaxial tension specimen LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic NPTS n Number of temperature values for which material constants are defined TEMP 7 7 T Temperatures E E E En Young s moduli PR u u Poisson s ratios ALPHA a2 Coefficients of thermal expansion SIGY 5 1 sy2 Syn
172. lection curve LS 920 and later Tie break interface Thermal contact resistance is r Tied slide surface Viscous friction coefficient is v Terminate this slide surface definition Input definition for spring damper The spring damper is rotary and not translational Options the following options end the SPD command LE e LVd IEP ety NVI Define a linear elastic spring with stiffness e force displacement Define a linear damper with damping constant d force velocity Define an elastic plastic spring with stiffness e force displacement tangent stiffness t force displacement and yield y force Define a nonlinear spring using load curve l l represents force versus displacement Define a nonlinear damper using load curve l represents force versus velocity 2 23 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID GN 4 lj b Y Y VE Ko K b T iopt TCO l K flag SLVM my STOL t STOP SYNTAX Options REGION Options STANDARD Options STANDARD Define a general nonlinear spring The spring loads along load curve and unloads along l with hardening parameter b The initial yield in tension is Y and Y for compression LS 910 and later Three parameter Maxwell viscoelastic spring Ko is the short time stiffness K is the long time stiffness with decay parameter b T is a cutoff time and F is the force after cutoff iopt is zero for an increm
173. mbers can be placed on a single line of input with the only constraint being the 80 character input line limit In the commands description upper case characters or characters enclosed within quotes are commands which are to be typed exactly as lower ignoring case Lower case items represent variables which require input Comments may be included by using a c anywhere in the input followed by a blank and the comment If the comment does not begin in column 1 then the c must be preceded by a blank Blocks of input lines can be commented by preceding the block with the character and ending it with Although items are normally blank delimited commas can also be used to separate items Two commas which are separated by blanks are treated as having the number 0 between them Lists of numbers or character strings are input and terminated normally by a This does not necessarily need a blank between it and the last item If the list is a list of numbers then the list can be terminated by simply beginning the next command and eliminating the semicolon A function calculator is also built into the parser to permit advanced programming techniques to be used This calculator is invoked by placing the calculator command within two square brackets If the parser is expecting a character string then the function will be processed without any other effect on the command stream If a number is expected then the calculator will send whatever v
174. model The number of cycles between smoothing and advection ALE or smoothing Eulerian is n Weight for simple average relaxation method Weight for Kikuchi relaxation method Weight for isoparametric relaxation method Weight for equipotential relaxation method Start time for ALE Stop time for ALE End of dynamic relaxation options Perform a full restart Materials m are to be remapped If FRES is input then all materials will be remapped 20 4 LS INGRID GMPRT Options ABSTAT AVSFLT t BCOUT BELT DEFGEO t DEFORC t ELOUT GEFORC GLSTAT JOINTS t MATSUM MOVIE t MPGS NCFORCE t NODOUT RBOUT t RCFORC RWFORC t SECFORCE t SIDB SPCFORC t SWFORC t TRACER VARIABLE typ icomp GRAV gy 8 amp z HGENERGY on off IARB on off IRDMS on off ITSS t LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Input general printing option intervals LS 910 and later Airbag statistics AVS filter Boundary condition forces Seat belt output file Smug animator file Discrete element Element data Geometric entity resultants Global data Joint file Material energies Movie B YU output file MPGS output Nodal interface forces Nodel force groups Nodal point data Rigid body acceleration output Resultant interface forces Rigid wall forces Section forces Sliding interface database SPC reaction forces Nodal constant resultants Compone
175. moments for force deflection curves n 8 Load curve for plastic moment versus rotation at node 1 in s direction Scale factor for plastic moment versus rotation curve at node 1 in s direction Load curve for plastic moment versus rotation at node 2 in s direction Scale factor for plastic moment versus rotation curve at node 2 in s direction Load curve for plastic moment versus rotation at node 1 in f direction Scale factor for plastic moment versus rotation curve at node 1 in f direction Load curve for plastic moment versus rotation at node 2 in f direction Scale factor for plastic moment versus rotation curve at node 2 in f direction Material Type 30 Closed Form Update Shell Plasticity Default heading Material Type 30 Closed Form Update Shell Plasticity Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio 20 42 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Additional Options SIGY Yield strength ET E Hardening modulus This model is available for the Belytschko Schwer beam and the Belytschko Tsay shell and is still under development For beams the treatment is elastic perfectly plastic but for shell elements isotropic harening is approximately modeled Material Type 31 Frazer Nash Rubber Model This model implements a hyperelastic constitutive law described in 13 C001 C001 C010 C010 C020 C020 C100 C100 C101 C1
176. move the surface anywhere in space Spin two dimensional line definition about an axis to form a line py py p is the center point on the axis and v Vy v is a vector which orients the axis Spin two dimensional line definition about the X Y or Z axes respectively Define a cylindrical surface with a point on the axis at P Dy D an orientation vector 2 and radius r Define an elliptical surface revolved about an 16 1 SURFACE DEFINITIONS GELNabc n data GELS abc data GS n GS1 GS2n GSM data n GSN offset n 131 L3P vy v L3R r L3S p Dy Pz Vy Vy Vz NCV data n NSF data n LS INGRID axis PD p is the center point v vy v is a vector which orients the ellipse The radius in the plane normal to the axis of rotation is r and the intercept along the axis of rotation is at Define a general ellipsoid with the equation x a y b z c 1 The ellipsoid can be positioned anywhere in space with data which is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations Define an ellipsoid with the equation x a y b 2 z c 2 1 The ellipsoid can be positioned anywhere in space with data which is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations Use general 3 D digitized surface number n Use lower side of general 3 D surface Use upper side of general 3 D surface Digitized surface n is moved by data which is described in Coordinat
177. mp Components are defined in table 13 2 1 Last state List time states Plot nodal component comp for nodes n4 19 Components are defined in table 13 2 2 Plot nodal component comp for the previously used nodal list Components are defined in table 13 2 2 Set ordinate label Use default ordinate label Set ordinate scale factor Set ordinate range Execute the next plot command from states s to 82 by increment state increment k Select state number n Plot the generated geometry Increment the state number by n 13 12 LS INGRID INTERACTIVE COMMANDS UDEF n The undeformed state is number n default 1 13 13 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS LS INGRID TABLE 13 2 1 GLOBAL TIME HISTORY COMPONENTS ENERGY Plot the total kinetic and internal enegy MOMENTUM Plot the momentum vector XVEL X momentum total mass YVEL Y momentum total mass ZVEL Z momentum total mass INTERNAL Internal enegy KINETIC Kinetic enegy TOTAL Total enegy TABLE 13 2 2 VECTOR PLOT COMPONENTS A Current acceleration DV Current distortional velocity IDV Initial distortional velocity IR Initial rotational velocity IRB Initial rigid body velocity IV Initial velocity RB Current rigid body velocity V Current velocity 13 14 LS INGRID Rectangular coordinates X Y Z AX AY AZ DX DY DZ VX VZ Cylindrical coordinates CVZ SVP Special components TEMP TIME TOTP TOTA TOTD TOTV INTERACTIV
178. n are X Rcos Y R sin 0 Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems l to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation The part has material number matnum Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems 11 to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part px py 18 any point on the axis of rotation and vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per second Nodes are converted from be to rectangular coordinates The equations for these transformation are Y R sin O sin Z Rcos 9 The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness thic for this part Assign initial rigid body velocity to all nodes within this parts Vy Vy Vz is the global velocity vector Vy Vy Vz can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates 10 2 LS INGRID DYNA3D PART 11 DYNA3D Part The DYNA3D part provides for importing existing DYNA3D input files into LS INGRID The form of the part is as follows For DYNA3D or LS DYNA3D input files use DYNA3D filename optional functions END For VEC DYNA3D input files use VECDY
179. n data L3Dn LAD x yc a LADD 51 ly 52 LBCX I rf LBCY I rf LBCZ Ir f Average n line definitions Determine a line interpolated between surface definition and s2 by a ratio p 53 and s4 determine the end points of the line and the line lies on s5 Convergence can be improved by using the following PO for 51 53 55 for 51 54 55 P2 for 52 54 55 for 52 53 55 Refer to Figure 14 1 Form a single line definition by placing line definitions l1 1 end to end Move line definition n using the transformation defined by data Input for data is described in the section on Coordinate Transformations Turn two dimensional line definition n into a three dimensional line definition The line definition is initially assumed to lie in the x y plane and can be moved anywhere in space using data which is described in Coordinate Transformations Begin line definition n Form an arc about a z vector located at xc y beginning at the last point defined and sweeping through a degrees Make a linear combination 1 11551 12 592 Ball correct line definition with a cylinder parallel to the x axis with radius r If the correction is to the left then fis left otherwise f is right Ball correct line definition with a cylinder parallel to the y axis with radius r If the correction is to the left then fis otherwise f is right Ball correct line definition with a cylinder
180. n lies along the negative coordinate v4 fold thickness desired 2 8 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS vs down flag If v5 1 then the material is folded onto the top of the mesh If v5 1 then the material is folded under the mesh vg Direction The fold plane is normal to the X axis if vg 0 and normal to the Y axis if ve 1 v7 Fold logic flag The thin fold logic is used if 0 and the thick fold logic is used if v7 1 vg Scale factor This can be used to scale the normal thickness offsets at the fold point This will increase the separation between layers but possibly cause unacceptable mesh distortion vg Fold radius This will take precedence over the internally computed fold radius See also FOLD and PFOLD under nteractive Commands FIGN f expr FLEX name Options CARDAN FLEXION LC1 Icl LC2 1 2 LC3 1c3 LC4 1 4 LCS5 1 5 LC6 1 MATM m MATS m MSYS s When performing fold definition f ignore nodes with undeformed coordinates that result in expr being true e g fign 6 y lt 0 Begin definition of flexure torsion or cardan joints LS 920 and later This joint is a cardan joint This joint is a flexion torsion joint First torque twist load curve Second torque twist load curve Third torque twist load curve Fourth torque twist load curve Fifth torque twist load curve Sixth torque twist load curve Define master material Define slave material Def
181. nd is used instead of the DELT command 23 1 LS NIKE3D MATERIAL INPUT LS NIKE3D material input is possible after the NK3D command has been input see Control Commands The form of this input is MAT n TYPE m options specific to material type m general material options ENDMAT n is a material name which is assigned a number in the order that they occur in the input Therefore the materials should be defined in order before any additional use of materials is made 23 3 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type 1 Elastic Default heading Material Type 1 Elastic Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRn Poisson s ratio Material Type 2 Orthotropic Elastic EA E See constitutive matrix below Ep PRBA uba PRCA uca PRCB GAB Gab GBC Gea AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 23 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by element nodes 71 n2 and n4 see Figure 23 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal XP xp Define for AOPT 1 YP yp Define for AOPT 1 ZP Define for AOP
182. nd where is the effective plastic strain missing missing Material Type 16 Pseudo Tensor Geological Model Default heading Material Type 16 Pseudo Tensor Geological Model GG Shear modulus constant Shear modulus model 20 20 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS PR v Poisson s ratio constant Poisson s ratio model SIGF sigf Tensile cutoff Maximum principal stress for failure A0 ag Cohesion Ala Yield function constant A2 Yield function constant AOF Cohesion for failed material AIF aj Pressure hardening coefficient for failed material B1 b Damage scaling factor PER p Percent reinforcement Elastic modulus for reinforcement PR v Poisson s ratio for reinforcement SIGY o Initial yield strength ETAN Tangent modulus LCP Ic Load curve giving rate sensitivity for principal material LCR Ic Load curve giving rate sensitivity for reinforcement NPTS n Number of points in yield stress effective plastic strain curve or yield stress pressure curve n 16 ES Yield stress EPS j 6 2 p3 Effective plastic strain P pi po Pn Pressure See the LS DYNA2D manual for a description of this model Material Type 25 Inviscid Two Invariant Geologic Cap Model GG Shear Modulus KK Bulk Modulus ALPHA a q BETA p p GAMMA y y THETA 0 0 20 21 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID RR R DD D X0 Xo Xp CEC C
183. ned above LS DYNA3D will fit the cold compression energy to the ten term polynomial expansion 9 E EGn 0 where EC is the ith coefficient and h r rg 1 A least square method is used to perform the fit Material Type 12 Isotropic Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 12 Isotropic Elastic Plastic Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus 20 27 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options SIGY o Yield strength EH Hardening modulus Pressure is integrated in time where V is the relative volume This model is recommended for brick elements but not for shell elements since it is not too accurate Material Type 13 Elastic Plastic with Failure Model Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options SIGY Yield strength EH E Hardening modulus FS Failure strain FP p Failure pressure 0 0 When the effective plastic strain reaches the failure strain or when the pressure reaches the failure pressure the material loses its ability to carry tension and the deviatoric stresses are set to zero i e the material behaves like a fluid 20 28 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 14 Soil and Crushable Foam with Failure Model The input for this model is the same as for mat
184. ng 18 20 111 113 Inflator Model 13 Pentration Check 113 Sealing 114 Single Surface Contact Algorithm 31 ALE Formulation DYNA3D 170 ALE Smoothing Applying 101 Analytical Contact 20 Angular Velocity Initial 29 68 Anisotropic Plasticity 226 Arbitrary Numbering DYNA3D 167 Arrival Time Pressure Load 11 Automatic Time Step NIKE2D 255 TOPAZ 295 AVS DYNA3D 170 Axisymmetry NIKE2D 253 Bandwidth Minimization NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 TOPAZ 294 Batch Operation 12 26 BCIZ Shell DYNA3D 179 Beam Area 177 Element Generation 63 Formulation 177 Moment of Area 178 Quadrature 178 Thickness 179 Belytschko Lin Tsay Shell DYNA3D 179 Belytschko Schwer Beam DYNA3D 177 179 Blatz Ko Rubber DYNA3D 191 NIKE2D 267 Boltzmann Constant TOPAZ 295 Boundary Condition Constraining 95 Displaying 109 Brick Formulation DYNA3D 177 Brode Function DYNA3D 167 Bulk Viscosity DYNA3D 177 CO Triangle DYNA3D 179 CAL3D 20 179 Repositioning Materials 35 Unit Conversions In Coupling 168 Cap Model 214 Cardan Joint Defining 19 Circular Arc Standard Part 60 61 62 Coincident Node Removal 107 Commands 136 1A 101 101 2 24 36 2A 101 2R 102 A 14 61 157 159 196 201 217 242 266 287 290 AO 162 203 AOF 162 203 Al 149 155 162 182 188 194 203 208 210 212 216 224 227 232 235 243 262 2778 284 293 A10 245 A11 245 A12 245 A13 31 245 A14 245 AIF 162 203 2 149 155 162 182 188 194 203 208 210 212
185. ng option is on Card 3 col 61 70 A hysteretic behavior for option 2 tension cutoff Volumetric strain ifj ig e Figure 22 3 Volumetric strain versus pressure curve for soil and crushable foam model 22 10 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 6 Viscoelastic G Go Short term shear modulus GI G Long term shear modulus KK Bulk modulus BETA b Decay constant The shear relaxation behavior is described by G t 2G ePt A Jaumann rate formulation is used V t 2 Gt 0 0 V where the prime denotes the deviatoric part of the stress rate o j and the strain rate Dry Material Type 7 Thermal Orthotropic Elastic Default heading Material Type 7 Thermal Orthotropic Elastic EA E See constitutive matrix below EB Ep EC E PRBA uj PRCA uca PRCB u ALPA ag Thermal expansion coefficient along axis a ALPB Thermal expansion coefficient along axis b ALPC a Thermal expansion coefficient along axis c GAB Gap AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 22 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n1 n2 and see Figure 22 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 22 11 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 2 0 globally orthotropic with ma
186. node or element center Xg yg zg Global coordinates of node or element center node Node number mat Material number elem Element number The following options are allowed in any order Additional functions can be applied and are described in the section on Loads and Boundary Conditions COOR nc data Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations CYLI Nodes are converted from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates The equations are X Rcos Y R sin 0 LREP Io ln Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems to ln If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation MATE matnum The part has material number matnum REDUCE Eliminate unattached nodes which are input in this part 8 5 OLD DATA PART LS INGRID li b ln ROTA px Py pz Vx Vy Vz SPHE TEMP t THIC thic VELO v vy v Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems l to I If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part Dx Py pz is any point on the axis of rotation and vy Vy vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per second Nodes are converted from spherical to rectangular coordina
187. nodes of the model are included in the fold operation Fold definitions 1 through n are applied in ascending order d is an optional thickness which can be used to increase the fold thicknesses The maximum of d and the fold definition specified thickness is used Reference frame with tick marks plotted 13 5 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS GRID INFO Lx L3V L3VS h 10 ln LCVn LIGHT p p p LMIN LSIZE LV LVI mn LVS h lo 15 m mo MCOL MMASS MN mo MPLT MSIZ NCV NCV di dh a n gt NCAD 441 dy LS INGRID default Displays will be overlaid by a grid of orthogonal lines Two dimensional plots only Print information on the mesh size Move left a distance x relative to the structure View three dimensional digitized surfaces View all three dimensional lines 1 lo View load curve n Locate the light source for continuous color plots Set minimum luminosity for continuous color plots to On off switch for printing extent of active three dimensional line definitions during plotting Display all two dimensional line definitions Display lines m to n Display lines 1 l2 Display materials m1 m2 by number Color plots based on element materials See also PCOL This is the same as TMASS except that the calculation is only performed for the active materials Display materials m1 m2
188. nt nodes on opposite sides of slide surfaces or joints Calculate the total mass of the model Mass densities must be input using the MAT command This command also calculates kinetic energy linear momentum volume moments of inertia and the centroid Remove duplicate nodes within a distance tol and print the number of nodes merged between any two parts Show the coordinate system triad on the screen when doing three dimensional plots The default is on On off flag for printing timing statistics from plot commands Plot time histories of tracer particles See also ASCII TRACER comp is one of the following components 5 gt 13 9 INTERACTIVE COMMANDS TVn Ux UPDATE VEOS n Vi VIEW or G WBGR WBIF WRDB WTDB ZIN ZOUT LS INGRID SY gt 527 gt O77 SXY gt Oxy SYZ gt SZX gt P gt Pressure EFP gt Effective Plastic Strain RHO gt RVOL gt Relative Volume Select graphics device n Available graphics devices are dependent on the installation When typing this option LS INGRID will prompt the user for the correct device and provide a list of available devices Move up a distance x relative to the structure Re read the LS INGRID input deck and return to the interactive phase for continued plotting View equation of state for material n from relative volume V1 to relative volume V2 View t
189. nterclockwise rotations Define a line segment for line n by offsetting last line defined with the LTBC or LTBO command The radii of the first m points are offset d the next m by d and so on Note that m m mo Mm where m comes from the last LTBC command Define a circular arc of radius R tangent to the last line segment and terminating at point 7 z The last line segment will be automatically extended or truncated to the tangency point Define a line segment vector of length 14 3 TWO DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS LS INGRID oriented or at t degrees positive counterclockwise from the 21 t1 r axis If this is the first command in LVC 221 1 a new line the origin 7 2 must be given second or third forms A negative indicates that the second point is defined 1 that the vector points towards the first point RLN Read next line definition in operational input file and assign the next available line number RLNS Read all line definitions in operational input file and assign the next available line numbers 14 4 LS INGRID THREE DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS 15 Three Dimensional Line Definitions Three dimensional line definitions are lists of x y z points which form a piecewise linear curve Each line definition has a name which is a character string with up to eight characters AVGN li b BLEN 5 52 53 54 55 p COMP L 1 COPY n data L2D
190. nts for ASCII state output typ can be AVS MOVIE or MPGS The component number is icomp Terminate this command Gravity acceleration vector Option for computing hourglass energy dissipation Default Off LS 910 and later Selection for material input method If on then the material input is broken into separate constitutive model equation of state and section property sections LS INGRID can convert from one method to another during generation The last method selected applies to the output file Default Off LS 910 and later Turn on deformable to rigid switching LS 920 and later Initial time step size This is optional input for LS DYNAJ3D If t is zero LS DYNA3D picks the initial time step size 20 5 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID LCDAMP lc LCGX lcgx LCGY lcgy LCGZ lcgz LCRX lcrx LCRY lcry LCRZ lcrz LCMAX Ic MVMA NCPU n NEWC NSTEP n OPIFS n PASS opt PERCENT 7 PLTI Ar PRTI At System damping is specified by load curve lc LS 902 and later Load curve number for X body load default 1 Load curve number for Y body load default 1 Load curve number for Z body load default 1 Load curve number for X centrifugal load default 1 Load curve number for Y centrifugal load default 1 Load curve number for Z centrifugal load default 1 lc is a load curve which specifies the maximum time step as a function of time
191. odal Constraint 21 Defining 98 Nodal Force Group Defining 25 Displaying 109 Specifying 99 Nodal Print Block Defining 99 Displaying 109 Nodal Rigid Body Defining 101 Displaying 109 Node Number Displaying 112 Shifting 23 Nodes Slave To Rigid Body Displaying 109 Non Reflecting Boundary Condition Displaying 109 Specifying 99 Null Material DYNA3D 193 Number of Time Steps NIKE2D 254 NURB Curve Displaying 109 112 NURB Surface 29 Displaying 109 112 Orientation Arrow Display 107 Orientation Vector Displaying 109 Specifying 99 Orientation Vectors 26 Orthotropic Elastic NIKE2D 257 265 NIKE3D 278 Orthotropic Elastic Material DYNA3D 182 Orthotropic Heat Conduction TOPAZ 298 300 Orthotropic Shell Local Axes 65 Parallel Processing DYNA3D 171 172 Parametric surface 18 Part Copying 24 Displaying 114 Highlighting 109 PATRAN Importing Files 43 Pause Operation 26 Phase Change TOPAZ 295 Planar Joint 21 Plane Strain NIKE2D 253 Plane Stress NIKE2D 253 Plastic Hydrodynamic Material 194 LS INGRID Plastic Material DYNASD 185 198 199 204 205 Plasticity NIKE2D 259 NIKE3D 281 Plot Interval NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 TOPAZ 294 Power Law Plasticity NIKE2D 268 NIKE3D 288 Pressure Load Applying 100 Arrival Time 11 Displaying 109 Pretensioner 12 Print Interval TOPAZ 294 Printing Calculator Result 28 Quadratic Element 28 Radiation TOPAZ 295 Radiation Boundary Condition Applying 100 Displaying 109 Radi
192. ode Node number mat Material number elem Element number The following options are allowed in any order Additional functions can be applied and are described in the section on Loads and Boundary Conditions COOR nc data Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations CYLI Nodes are converted from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are X Rcos Y R sin 0 3 1 IDEAS PART LS INGRID LREP h 1 MATE matnum b 1 ROTA px Py pz Vx Vy Vz W SPHE TEMP t THIC thic VELO v v v Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the local coordinate systems l to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation The part has material number matnum Repeat command This command makes copies of the part in each of the global coordinate systems to If the coordinate system number is zero the part is repeated with no transformation Assign an initial rigid body rotation to the part Py Pz is any point on the axis of rotation and Vy vz defines the axis direction The angular velocity is w in radians per second Nodes are converted from spherical to rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformation are Y R sin O sin 2 The
193. odes spot welded to surface Change master side penalty to p Change slave side penalty to p Change penalty to p GA slideline option Radius of rebar Shell edge tied to shell surface Shear failure stress Single sided slide surface Sliding only Scale factor for slave thicknesses LS 910 and later Slave side thickness LS 910 and later Sliding with voids default Type 10 interface Type 11 interface This is the box material limited automatic contact for shells in LS 910 and later It is the single surface airbag contact for MVMA DYNA3D Type 12 interface Automatic contact for shells LS 910 and later Type 13 interface LS 920 and later Converts to the similar type 11 in MVMA DYNA3D Type 14 interface Surface to surface eroding contact LS 920 and later Type 15 interface Node to surface eroding contact LS 920 and later Type 16 interface Single surface eroding 2 22 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS T17 T18 T19 T20 TBI TCRS r TIED VFRI v SPDn Options ROTA contact LS 920 and later Type 17 interface Surface to surface symmetric asymetric constraint method LS 920 and later Type 18 interface Taylor and Flanagan contact force calculation technique from PRONTO3D LS 920 and later Type 19 interface Rigid body to rigid body with specified force deflection curve LS 920 and later Type 20 interface Node to rigid body with specified force def
194. ola through point See Figure 6 7 2 A circular arc through point 3 A circular arc with center P2 X coordinate of point P1 or P2 Y coordinate of point P1 or P2 Z coordinate of point P1 or P2 Radius If the radius is non zero for a circular arc with center P2 then nodes A and B See Figure 6 7 are moved radially from P2 until they are a distance equal to the radius from P2 An arc is formed through the nodes at their final location LS INGRID STANDARD PART Pl Figure 6 7 Curved boundaries A AE lt Region gt Arc keyword The region is a plane or a solid in the reduced index space with an arbitrary length idir Flag specifying axis of rotation in the index space J is axis of rotation J J axis is axis of rotation K K axis is axis of rotation r Radius For any plane normal to the axis of rotation such as ABCD in Figure 6 8 a point 0 on the axis of rotation is located in the center of the plane If the radius of the cylinder is not zero then the points A B C and D are moved radially from 0 until they are a distance R from point 0 Curved boundaries are then formed for the segments AB BD AC and CD using center 0 This is done for each plane normal to the axis of rotation in the reduced index space 6 13 STANDARD PART LS INGRID IMAX JMAX KMAX IMIN JMIN KMIN Figure 6 8 Cylindrical region AC ACE Region Region is a surface in the index space
195. om to be constrained Numbering the digits from left to right they affect the following 12 1 LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS BELT belt name local node Options Point P px Py pzm CNV Region CNVI Index Progression icv p Py Pz CSE lt Point gt n PO ijk RA lt Region gt LS INGRID degrees of freedom Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacement Ath digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation Seat belt definition This command identifies local node number node for item belt_name Values for type are as follows RETRACTOR Retractor definition SENSOR Sensor definition SLIPRING Slipring definition The local node is defined by lt Point gt The local node is at point p py p in the local coordinate system m is the rigid body number which is attached to the node The local node has boundary constraint n n is a six digit binary number which specifies degrees of freedom to be constrained Numbering digits from left to right they affect the following degrees of freedom Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacement Ath digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation Terminate BELT command Control volume This command defines segments for control volume number icv The segments are f
196. on of state Material Type 9 Null Material Default heading Material Type 9 Null Material PC pc Pressure cutoff u The null material must be used with an equation of state Pressure cutoff is negative in tension A viscous stress of the form oy HS is computed for nonzero m where aj is the deviatoric strain rate Material Type 10 Isotropic Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic Default heading Material Type 10 Isotropic Elastic Plastic Hydrodynamic GG Shear modulus SIGY Yield strength EH Plastic hardening modulus PC p or of Pressure cutoff 0 cutoff of is assumed Ala Yield function constant A2 a Yield function constant NPTS n Number of points in yield stress effective plastic strain curve or yield stress pressure curve ES 6 4 Oyn Yield stress 20 23 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID EPS 5 y Effective plastic strain P pi p pn Pressure FS er Failure strain If the yield stress plastic strain curve is not defined and if a a2 0 the bilinear stress strain curve shown in Figure 20 2 is obtained with b 21 The yield strength is calculated as oj y where p is the pressure The quantity Ej is the plastic hardening modulus defined in terms of Young s modulus and the tangent modulus as follows E If the yield stress plastic strain pressure curve is defined a curve like that shown in Figure 20 4
197. on s ratios See equation below m m See equation below The stress strain curve for this model is based on the following equation o k e Material Type 11 Compressible Mooney Rivlin Rubber This material model provides an alternative to the Blatz Ko rubber model The implementation is due to Maker 12 AA Constant A BB Constant B PRn Poisson s ratio The strain energy density function is defined as W A I 3 B II 3 4 CCIHT2 1 D III 1 2 23 13 LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID where 0 5 p 2 Ba 1v 5 4 2 1 2V n Poisson s ratio 2 A B G shear modulus of linear elasticity I II III are invariants of the right Cauchy Green Tensor Material Type 20 Rigid Body All elements with the same material number become a single rigid body if the material is type 20 whether the elements are connected or not Density and two independent material strength constants are required to establish penalties for contact surfaces and joints Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRn Poisson s ratio Additional Options LC 1 Load curve number for displacement control SCALE scale Scale factor VVEC v v v Define the vector v for the direction cosines Material Type 23 Thermal Orthotropic with Curves NPTS npts Number of points 1 lt NPTS lt 50 EA Ej Eqn EB 5 Ep PRB
198. or TZ3D commands respectively BWMO n Bandwidth minimization option ON minimize bandwidth default OFF don t minimize bandwidth DCMX dt Desired maximum temperature change in each time step above which the time step will decrease DCTOL tol Convergence tolerance for equilibrium iterations default 0 0001 DELT Dt Time step size for fixed time step and initial time step for variable time step DTMAX Dt max Maximum time step size DTMIN Dr Minimum time step size FLUX n Nodal heat flux calculations ON perform calculations OFF don t perform calculations default IPLT n Number of time steps between output of graphics database IPRT n Number of time steps between output printouts IUNIT n Temperature units DIME dimensionless CENT centigrade FAHR fahrenheit KELV Kelvin RANK Rankine LINEAR Problem is linear MFTS t Modification factor for increasing decreasing time step MRDI m Maximum number of radiosity iterations MSRF n Maximum number of conductance matrix reformations per time step default 10 24 1 TOPAZ COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID NBEI n The number of time steps between equilibrium iterations default 1 NBSR n The number of time steps between conductance matrix reformation default 1 NIBSR n Maximum number of equilibrium iterations permitted per conductance matrix reformation x First Newmark integration parameter default 0
199. ot Save the following variable for plotting in TAURUS 1 2 X LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LTYPE ltype 3 4 Ji 5 2 2 6 J21j 2 7 J21 12 8 MTYPE 9 number of iterations Variable Itype 1 soil concrete cap contracts 2 rock cap doesn t contract For details of this model please refer to the LS DYNA3D User s Manual Material Type 26 Metallic Honeycomb Model 26 provides a method for modeling the crushing of an anisotropic material which eventually compresses to a solid isotropic mass This model is valid for brick elements only For more details see the LS DYNA3D manual EE PRv SIGY VF LCA Ica LCB cb LCC LCS lcs EAAUE EBBU Eppu ECCU Eccu GABU G abu GBCU GCAU G cau LCAB Icab Young s modulus for fully compressed state Poisson s ratio for fully compressed state Yield stress for fully compressed state Relative volume at which the material is fully compacted Load curve for sigma aa versus either relative volume or volumetric strain Load curve for sigma bb versus either relative volume or volumetric strain Load curve for sigma cc versus either relative volume or volumetric strain Load curve for shear stress versus either relative volume or volumetric strain Elastic modulus in uncompressed configuration Elastic modulus in uncompressed configuration Elastic modulus E
200. p i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gs 20 6 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Notei B sb Yea Mcb 2 207 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID c AOPT 0 0 default AOPT 2 0 define a andd py AOPT 1 0 dis parallel to the z axis shell element AOPT 3 0 Figure 19 1 Options for determining principal materials axes a AOPT 0 0 b AOPT 1 0 and c AOPT 2 0 20 8 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 3 Kinematic Isotropic Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 3 Elastic Plastic Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG PRv Additional Options SIGY o ETAN E Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio Yield stress Hardening modulus Hardening parameter 0 lt lt 1 Isotropic kinematic or a combination of isotropic and kinematic hardening may be specified by varying B between 0 and 1 For B equal to 0 and 1 respectively kinematic and isotropic hardening are obtained as shown in Figure 19 2 Effective stress is defined in terms of the deviatoric stress tensor Sij as where and effective plastic strain by where t denotes time and s ss Sj oi 3 ij 20 9 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID yield stress 0 kinematic hardening ae m 1 isotropic hardening Fig
201. parametric modeling capabilities LS INGRID is the latest version supported by LSTC Development on LS INGRID is continuing in the directions which proved most popular in the past The emphasis will continue to be providing a general purpose capability focused on NIKExx and DYNAxx with much work being done to support advanced modeling capabilities which are not found in any other program L2 LS INGRID LS INGRID BASICS 1 LS INGRID BASICS The LS INGRID input file is an ASCII datafile which contains a complete description of the analysis The commands are input using a parser which is simple and efficient but also has a considerable amount of flexibility for dealing with complex situation 1 1 THE PARSER The parser basically takes a stream of blank delimited character strings and number and decodes them for the program The character strings are for commands or parameters and are arbitrary in length Normally only the first four characters are significant Deviations from this rule are described in the documentation Numbers can be input in a variety of formats ranging from simple integers to floating point numbers specified with an E format If an error is detected in the decoding of a number the user will be notified All character input for commands or numbers is automatically converted to lower case for processing Thus case selection can be performed strictly for the purpose of enhancing readability Any number of commands and nu
202. play flux boundary condition surface segments Display failing symmetry planes Display component substructure name Display joy interface nodes Display joints Display three dimensional line definitions 13 2 LS INGRID DI LAX code DI M m m DI MCG m DI MK m DI NCV DI NFG DI NRB DI NPB DI NSF DI NV DI ORV DI OUTL DIP p p DI PL c DI PM DI PR Ic DIPVn DI RB DI RBL DI RBN INTERACTIVE COMMANDS Display local axes code local R axis code S local S axis code T local T axis code RS local RS axes code ST local ST axes code TR local TR axes code RST local RST axes code CORI local composite angles Materials m are to be highlighted during plotting Display mass properties of individual materials Display marked surface m Display NURB curves Display nodal force groups Display non reflecting boundaries Display nodal print blocks Display NURB surfaces Display shell element normal vectors Display orientation vectors Display free edges of shells Parts pj p are to be highlighted during plotting Display pressure surfaces associated with load case or load curve c edge segments Display point masses Display pressure surfaces associated with load case or load curve c surface segments Display tool path n Display radiation boundary conditions surface segm
203. rchhoff stress tensor the Green St Venant strain ip tensor and the right Cauchy Green deformation tensor respectively 22 15 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 22 16 LS INGRID LS NIKE3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 23 LS NIKE3D Commands and Materials Analysis options are code dependent They can be set either in the control section of the LS INGRID input file or in the graphics phase These commands become active when LS NIKE3D output is selected with the NK3D command ANAL n Analysis type STAT static analysis default DYN direct time integration DYNS direct time integration with tatic initialization EIGE eigenvalue extraction BWMO n Bandwidth minimization option ON perform minimization in analysis code default OFF don t minimize bandwidth DCTOL tol Convergence tolerance on displacements LS NIKE3D defaults to 0 001 DELT Dt Time step size for LS NIKE3D DTMAX D Maximum step size permitted If SSO AUTO the default is set by LS NIKE3D DTMN d Minimum step size permitted If SSO AUTO the default is set by LS NIKE3D ECTOL tol Convergence tolerance on energy LS NIKE3D defaults to 0 01 GRAV 8x By 8z Gravity acceleration vector The gravitational field is scaled in time by load curve one GSTIF on off Geometric stiffness option The default is off and generally gives the best results IPLT n Node and element data dump interval for TAURUS post processing LS
204. re Dependent 300 TOPAZ2D 38 294 TOPAZ3D 38 294 Tracer Particles 38 107 Tracer ParticlesDisplaying 110 Transient Solution TOPAZ 295 Translational Joint 21 Triad Plotting 114 Truss Element DYNA3D 177 Unit Systems TOPAZ 294 Universal Joint 21 Van Leer Advection 169 VEC DYNA3D 176 Vector Displaying 110 Velocity Initial 39 42 44 46 70 76 88 92 94 Velocity Boundary Condition Applying 98 Displaying 110 Rigid Body 25 29 View Factor Non interacting Materials 25 Visco Plastic Material DYNA3D 206 Viscoelasticity DYNA3D 190 236 NIKE3D 286 Volume Definition 39 Wang Nefske Inflator Model 14 Warpage of Shell Displaying 110 YASE Shell DYNA3D 179 IND 11
205. re assigned node numbers in the global system and output even if there are no elements connected Nodes are input sequentially and assigned local node numbers starting from one These numbers are used later for generating elements ctype Coordinate transformation to be performed on nodal coordinates RT rectangular coordinates no transformation CY cylindrical coordinates SP spherical coordinates n n is a six digit binary number which specifies degrees of freedom to be constrained Numbering the digits from left to right they affect the following degrees of freedom Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacement 4th digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation X1 Y1 Z1 Nodal coordinates 7 1 BEAM PART LS INGRID Element Generation Commands 18 First local node number beam sequence if Last local node number in a beam sequence nel Number of elements to be generated from is to if mat Material number for the beams isect Section property number for the beams normal Third local node for defining the orientation of the beams Note this node can be moved by the REPEAT command and is not necessarily in global coordinates 7 1 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS Functions require the ability to identify groups of nodes and elements in a part and assign various properties These have the general form of Keyword region function d
206. rial Type 1 Isotropic ROr Density TLHAt Temperature at which latent heat is absorbed or released LHh Latent heat TGC lc Thermal generation rate curve number TGMr Thermal generation rate multiplier HCPc Heat capacity Kk Thermal conductivity ENDMAT End this material model Material Type 2 Orthotropic ROr Density TLHA Temperature at which latent heat is absorbed or released LH Latent heat TGC Ic Thermal generation rate curve number Thermal generation rate multiplier HCPc Heat capacity k Thermal conductivity in local 1 direction K2 k Thermal conductivity in local 2 direction K3 k3 Thermal conductivity in local 3 direction ENDMAT End this material model 24 3 ROr TLHA LH A TGC Ic gt NPTS n TEMP T T CP K K 2 ENDMAT ROr TLHA t LH h TGC lc NPTS n TEMP T T CP C1 C2 Cn K1 1 amp 1 2 K n K2 K2 2 K2 n K3 1 K3 2 K3 n ENDMAT TOPAZ COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Material Type 3 Isotropic Temperature Dependent Density Temperature at which latent heat is absorbed or released Latent heat Thermal generation rate curve number Thermal generation rate multiplier Number of temperature points Temperatures Heat capacities Thermal conductivities End this material model Material Type 4 Orthotropic Temperature Dependent Density
207. rol section The surface name must be input to complete this option 6 21 STANDARD PART LS INGRID SFE Region dir ityp or SFEI Index Progression dir ityp SFV Region or SFVI Index Progression SPHE TEMP THIC ityp o SD ityp refers to an option in Surface Definitions See Surface Definitions for the remaining input Surface command These commands are similar to the and SFI commands The primary difference is that only edges of blocks oriented in direction dir dir J J or K are projected onto the surface rather than all nodes within the region ityp SD n If itype SD then the surface is defined using the command SD in the control section The surface name must be input to complete this option ityp o SD ityp refers to an option in Surface Definitions See Surface Definitions for the remaining input Surface command These commands are similar to the SF and SFI commands The primary difference is that only vertices of blocks are projected to the nearest point on a surface rather than all nodes within a region ityp SD n If itype SD then the surface is defined using the command SD in the control section The surface name must be input to complete this option ityp o SD ityp refers to an option in Surface Definitions See Surface Definitions for the remaining input Nodes are converted from spherical to rectangular coordinates
208. rt 4 node plate elements 8 node solid element rectangular coordinates material property 1 plate thickness 0 0 The dimension of the index space along with all plane and solid regions are defined by the index progression Function cards manipulate the mesh defined by the index progression and an END signifies the end of a part Following are some important definitions in addition to those previously given Index Space The set of all indices defined by an index progression For example the progression 2 3 5 10 4 5 2 6 defines the index space 2 11 10 4 lJl 5 2 IKl 6 Reduced Index Space The reduced index space references positions in an index progression The point J J K in the reduced index space refers to the point in the index progression defined by the 7th integer in the progression the Jth integer in the J progression and the Kth integer in the K progression For the progression 2 3 5 10 4 5 2 6 the relationship between the reduced index space and the index space is shown in Table 6 3 Unless otherwise noted all points and regions are defined in the reduced index space Since the reduced index space is independent of the actual values of the index progression the mesh can be refined or contracted only by changing the index progression 6 9 STANDARD PART LS INGRID Table 6 3 Comparison of the Reduced Index Space and the Index Space for the Index Progression 2 3 5 10
209. s The arc is assumed to begin at the last point defined and to end at r1 z1 Point roze lies at the center of the arc R Define a circular arc by specifying radius An arc of radius R is assumed to begin at the last point defined and to end at r1 z1 If R is positive the center of the arc lies to the left as one moves from the last point defined to 1 21 If R is negative the center of the arc will be to the right LAT rizi 72 22 Define a circular arc of radius R tangent to the last line segment and a line segment joining point 71 21 to point 72 z2 These line segments will be automatically extended or truncated at the tangency point LCC n reze ti to Fn Define n lines consisting of circular arcs centered at point re Zc that sweep from angle t to fo r1 72 r4 are the radii of the next n lines Line numbers are assigned by LS INGRID beginning with the next available number LDn Begin line definition n 14 1 TWO DIMENSIONAL LINE DEFINITIONS LS INGRID LEP a bre zt Define an elliptical arc by the semi major and semi minor axes a and b respectively the center point 72 and a sweep from angle f to angle t2 as measured from the major axis Angle p is the angle between the major axis and the r axis A circular arc is generated by setting a b Positive angles represent counterclockwise rotations LEXP r s z s n Define a line definition using expression r s and z s where
210. s command 2 1 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID BATCH BELT SLIPRING name LS INGRID is to operate in batch mode The interactive commands are placed at the end of the LS INGRID model description so that they can be read automatically A graphics device will still be requested since one of the batch output devices may be desired If no graphics are needed use the NOPL command This section defines the properties of seat belt systems but possibly has other applications The seat belt capability is supported in LS 920 and later A detailed description is included in the LS 920 manual Define a slipring Slip rings provide for a contiuous feeding of material through a pully One node for the slip ring is fixed to a support structure The slip ring logic works with seatbelt elements Two seatbelt elements must also be identified which touch the slip ring The friction coefficient f determines the resisting force to the belt being pulled through the slipring FRIC Friction coefficient for material sliding through the slip ring RETRACTOR name End of slipring definition Define a retractor Retractor elements simulate the normal function of retrator systems for seat belts within an automobile DELAY dt FEDL feed_length LCL LCU Icu PULL pullout SENSOR name PRETENSIONER name Time delay for retractor operation Load curve for loading Load curve for unloading Amount of pull out between t
211. scription of the meaning of Region Alternately Region may be an expression The local part coordinates for a node are stored as internal variables x y and z The current global coordinates of the same node are xg yg and zg The node number is stored as variable node Thus to create slave nodes for sliding interface 6 the following command may be used SFC node lt 55 x gt 5 0 6 ACC Region fy fz or Acceleration boundary condition The load curve ACCT Index Progression lc amp f fy fz number is amp is a scale factor and ff f indicates the load direction ACCE acc name local node Definition of accelerometer acc name The local node numbers are 1 through 3 Options N Point The local node is defined by Point P px Py pzm The local node is at point py Py pz in the local coordinate system m is the rigid body number which is attached to the node Bn The local joint node has boundary constraint n n is a six digit binary number which specifies degrees of freedom to be constrained Numbering digits from left to right they affect the following degrees of freedom Ist digit x displacement 0 free 1 fixed 2nd digit y displacement 3rd digit z displacement 4th digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation Terminate ACCE command B Region code Boundary condition keyword Code is a six digit binary number which specifies degrees of freed
212. se ener nennen trennen enne 12 1 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LS INGRID 13 Interactive Commands reete o ete E a 13 1 13 1 Exploded View Commands 13 10 13 2 TAURUS Post Processing 2 9 13 11 14 Two Dimensional Line Definitions esses esee enne nennen enter ennn enne ennt tenens 14 1 15 Three Dimensional Line Definitions esses 15 1 T6 Surface Defimtions e ee ERE EUREN EFE USER IEEE E AERE EUER re EE ERE ates 16 1 17 Volume D fimtions ite tee ye eter n E ere Ubi cue emt 17 1 18 Coordinate Transformations tet rrr te OE REF 18 1 19 LS DYNA2D Commands and Materials nennen enne 19 1 19 1 LS DYNA2D Material 07787 19 4 19 2 General Material Options rere ret m ilte 19 4 20 LS DYNA3D Commands and Materials eese nennen enne entente nee 20 1 20 1 LS DYNA3D Material Input eese n i entente nene 20 13 20 2 General Material Options 20 13 21 Bquations of St te ier ch pereo ep re E rr EEES Pe Oe ERR he 21 1 22 LS NIKE2D Commands and Materials eese eene eene nnne nennen nennen nennen 22 1 22 1 LS NIKE2D Material Inp t eet REI N 22 4 23 LS NIKE3D Commands and M
213. sed then element numbers are assigned sequentially Element increment K is input Material numbers are input Section property numbers are input Beam elements are read from file This option terminates the BEAMS command and reads the beam elements Three nodes are input first node second node and node defining local two axis First node Second node Node defining local two axis Read and ignore this item Must be a number Terminate options and read the element data n shell elements are input Elements are read using format f fisa 8 2 LS INGRID OLD DATA PART NUMBER K MATERIAL THICKNESS INCLUDE BRICKS n Options FORM f NUMBER K MATERIAL character string up to 80 characters long which has the correct FORTRAN format items must be read in floating point format No more than one element can be specified on a card If this option is not used then nodal point data is input free format Element numbers are to be read If this option is not used then element numbers are assigned sequentially Element increment K is input Material numbers are input Thickness of element Shell elements are read from file This option terminates the SHELLS command and reads the shells Four nodes are input Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Read and ignore this item Terminate options and read the element data n brick elements are input Elements are read usin
214. ss There must be the same number of parameters for the IOPT command as integration points Material Type 34 Fabric The fabric material is similar to the orthotropic composite model 22 It is designed to allow a fabric to be modeled as layers of orthotropic material The principal characteristic of a fabric material is that it does not support compressive stresses This is because it is usually modeled with elements that are at least an order of magnitude wider than the thickness of the material This model is still somewhat experimental and model 22 is frequently substituted EA E See constitutive matrix below Ep 20 44 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS PRBA PRCA vca PRCB vep GAB Gab GBC Gy CSF csf Compressive modulus scale factor TSF tsf Tensile modulus scale factor EXP exp Exponent CSEF f Compressive stress elimination flag 0 use the variable modulus method truncate stresses recommended The material law that relates stresses to strains is defined as where o T 15 a transformation matrix and o C L is the constitutive matrix defined in terms of the material constants of the orthogonal material axes a b and c The inverse of o C is defined as 1 _ _ 0 0 0 1 Ea Ep Ec dS NED ag 0 o Ea Ep Ec Mo ES cj c1 Ea Ep Ec eee es w 0 9 Gap i 0 0 0 De se 0 0 0 0 0 0
215. ssure Scale factor Terminate control volume input The pressure volume relationship is of the form 4l Mout AV 2 ppu m where y DE V Options CV c CP Cp TIN LCM Icm MU m Heat capacity at constant volume Heat capacity at constant pressure Input gas temperature Load curve defining input mass flow rate Shape factor for exit area If m is negative then Iml is the number of a load curve which defines the shape factor as a function of pressure 2 4 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS Aa PE p RHOr GRAV g Type 4 Type 5 Exit Area If a is less than zero then lal is the number of a load curve which defines the area as a function of pressure Ambient pressure Ambient density Gravitational constant If the ambient density is defined in units of weight per volume then the actual gravitational constant must be used Otherwise g is set to 1 Terminate control volume input Type 4 applies a constant internal pressure scaled by s until a point in time A load curve is used to cause a change in behavior at some point in time When the change occurs the volume of the control volume is first calculated and used to initialize an adiabatic gas relationship PINT pis LC Ic SCAL s PE p RHOr GAMM g Interior pressure Load curve Scale factor for pressure Ambient pressure Density of gas when initialized Ratio of specifi
216. stem joint commands The general for of this part is EDIT filename optional functions END 10 1 OPTIONS AND FUNCTIONS Functions require the ability to identify groups of nodes and elements in a part and assign various properties These have the general form of Keyword region function data Where region is a part specific description of where the function is to be applied For the current part the nodes or elements through either node or element numbers or through analytical expressions As an example SI mat 2 1 M C Elements of material 2 are assigned to C the master side of contact interface 1 Variables available for function application are as follows Variable Description Xyz Part local coordinates of node or element center Xg yg zg Global coordinates of node or element center node Node number mat Material number elem Element number The following options are allowed in any order Additional functions can be applied and are described in the section on Loads and Boundary Conditions COOR mnc data Input nc local coordinate systems Coordinate system data is described in detail in the section on Coordinate Transformations CYLI Nodes are converted from cylindrical to 10 1 EDIT PART LREP ji b 1 MATE matnum b 1 ROTA p py pz Vx Vy Vz W SPHE TEMP t THIC thic VELO vy v LS INGRID rectangular coordinates The equations for this transformatio
217. straints etc The local X axis is parallel to py p p and rry rz is a vector in the XY plane The center of the local system is C P PyPz 18 a point along the local X axis and is a point in the XY plane The center of the local system is node Node is a point along the local X axis and node n3 is a point in the XY plane Terminate LSYS command Code dependent material data can be input See the chapter on the specific computer program for input related to the MAT command The default material name for the following parts is set to m This name is initially set to 1 Set the MAZE tolerance to tol This is used for a variety of two dimensional line definitions and the MAZE parts Material displacment boundary condition This command is used only for rigid body materials in DYNA3D The load curve number is Ic amp is the scale factor and fy Sy is in the load direction 2 15 CONTROL COMMANDS LS INGRID MKDS MFBC mat lc amp fx fy fz MVBC m lc amp f f f NFG name Options LSYS name NIP my NK2D i NK3D NOPL NOTE Make a binary database of digitized 3 D surfaces Digitized surfaces are generated using the DS command and they are read back in using the RDDS command This command is primarily intended to allow fast reinitialization during restarts of LS INGRID Apply force to rigid body material mat The force is scale by load curve
218. t SF sf SR sr K SC Se XT x YT y YC ye ALPH TFAIL aopt XP Ala A2 a2 A3 a3 D1 dj D2 d D3 d3 Vivi V2 v V3 v3 Softening for fiber tensile strength 0 0 fiber rupture with tension cutoff gt 0 0 stress fbrt X after failure Softening reduction factor for material strength in crashfront elements default 1 0 Softening factor default 0 0 Reduction factor default 0 447 Bulk modulus of failed material Shear strength ab plane Longitudinal tensile strength a axis Transverse tensile strength b axis Transverse compressive strength Non linear shear stress parameter Time step for automatic element deletion Material axes option Figure 20 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n2 and n4 see Figure 20 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global location of element center 2 0 globally orthotropic with materials axes determined by vectors defined below 3 0 SHELL ELEMENTS ONLY The material axis is locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a vector in the plane of the shell and the shell normal Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 1 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 2 Define for AOPT 3 Define for AOPT 3
219. t Ath digit x rotation 5th digit y rotation 6th digit z rotation Terminate ORV command 12 6 LS INGRID PM Region m PR Region or PRI Index Progression lc p PRL Region Ic p x dy dz RB Region lcl f lc2 ting RBI Index Progression lc1 f 1c2 ting RBN Region set name RE Region T flag LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS All nodes within Region have mass m attached to them Signifies pressure load command for surface segments Load curve or load curve number Pressure magnitude Spatial variations may be obtained by inputting p as a function of global coordinates 2 is a point in the local coordinate system toward which the pressure acts By specifying ay dy az LS INGRID knows in which direction the pressure is acting and numbers the pressure card node accordingly Signifies pressure load command for edge segments Load curve or load curve number Pressure magnitude is a point in the local coordinate system toward which the pressure acts By specifying LS INGRID knows in which direction the pressure is acting and numbers the pressure card node accordingly Radiation boundary condition Assign nodes to rigid body node set set name Define a radiation enclosure c is a load curve for emissivity The temperature of the segment is T if 1c120 flag is YES if t
220. te parameter C SP p Strain rate parameter p This model is available only for brick elements and is similar to model 3 but uses the Green Naghdi Rate formulation rather than the Jaumann rate Material Type 37 Transversely Anisotropic Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 37 Transversely Anisotropic Elastic Plastic Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options ET E Hardening modulus LCSS Ic Load curve number for stress strain curve RR Anisotropic hardening parameter R SIGY o Yield strength This model is only available for shell elements and is intended for modeling sheet metal forming processes This is a degenerate form of Hill s model which assumes similar in plane flow characteristics in all directions but different through thickness effects See the LS DYNA3D manual for more details Material Type 41 50 User Defined Material Models NPTS npts Number of material parameters PARAM parameter 1 parameter Material parameters AOPT aopt Material axes option Figure 20 1 20 47 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID XP YP yp ZP Ala A2 a A3 a3 D1 d D2 d D3 d3 Vivi V2 v V3 v3 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by element nodes n2 and n4 see Figure 20 1 1 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes determined by a point in space and global lo
221. ted along direction dir ALE smoothing constraints idir Smoothing constraints are generated along the line defined by axis idir I 1 J J axis K K axis The first point of the smoothing constraint is located at absolute indices i j k The first point of the smoothing constraint is located at absolute indices i j k The last point of the smoothing constraint is located at absolute indices i j k The last point of the smoothing constraint is located at absolute indices i j k Constraints are applied before ALE iterative smoothing is done The default requires that the constraints be performed after the smoothing is done Terminate smoothing constraint command 12 8 LS INGRID SFC Region n SI Region or SII Index Progression islid mslid SI Region 90 Index Progression islidl mslid Px Py Pz SI Region or SII Index Progression islidl mslid Px Py Pz SL Region n isid SPC Region name xyzxyz or SPCI lt Index Progression gt name xyzxyz SPDP Region options n1 isid LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS Identify slave nodes for sliding interface n This is used for interfaces which involve nodes impacting surfaces or to make more precise distinctions between master and slave sides for the merging algorithms Identify sliding interfaces Sliding interface number Master slave flag M master surface S slave sur
222. terials axes determined by r Define for 1 Define for 1 5 In radians define for 2 Material Type 8 Thermo Elastic Creep Default heading Material Type 8 Thermo Elastic Creep NPTS n Number of temperature values for which material constants are defined TEMP 7 7 T Temperatures G2 Gn Shear moduli K K Bulk moduli ALPHA a2 ay Coefficients of thermal expansion Q dn Creep parameters B bi b2 bn Creep parameters In this model G is the shear modulus and the instantaneous creep is given by a power law of the form where a and b are functions of temperature This model was developed and provided for LS NIKE2D by R D Krieg of Sandia National Laboratories Material Type 9 Blatz Ko Rubber Default heading Material Type 9 Rubber Gm Shear modulus The second Piola Kirchhoff stress is computed as 1 K 9 u e where V is the relative volume is the right Cauchy Green strain tensor and n is the 22 12 LS INGRID LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Poisson s ratio which is set to 463 internally This stress measure is transformed to the Cauchy stress 5 according to the relationship ij V Fik Sik where F is the deformation gradient tensor Material Type 10 Power Law Plasticity Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear
223. tes The equations are Y R sin O sin Z Rcos The initial temperature of this part is and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates Plates have the thickness thic for this part Assign initial rigid body velocity to all nodes withinthis parts V Vz is the global velocity vector V4 Vy Vz can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates 8 6 LS INGRID 9 MAZE Part MAZE PART MAZE parts provide simple methods for generating two dimensional cross sections These sections can then be used as shell elements or as 3 D solids using drag mesh operations The data in the part is as follows PART Required part data 9 1 Optional part control commands 9 2 Optional functions 9 3 END 9 1 Required Part Data Each MAZE part requires a set of line definitions followed by a material number and mesh density information There are many possible methods for describing MAZE parts as Lz Lz LAmt k m Li Lo L3 La mt k m L Define four sided region edges consisting of the intersection lines L1 Lo L3 and L4 This region will have material name mt and will be subdivided in a k x m element mesh with k elements lying along edges L and L3 and m elements lying along edges L2 and L4 Edges must be listed in a counterclockwise order If k or m are zero the number of elements are assumed to be one less than the number
224. that the input points are vectors relative to The surface definition is offset from the three points by the distance offset Define a plane p p p is any point on the plane and vy Vy vz is a normal vector Define a surface as a planar polynomial which is then spun about an axis is a point on the axis of rotation and v v vz is a vector which orients the axis of rotation The polynomial is of degree n with coefficients ag A Ay Parabolic surface of revolution is a point on the axis of revolution and v isa vector orienting the axis of revolution 71 41 75 15 and 73 3 are radial and axial positions of three points which are fit with a parabola Define a sphere with center p Py pz and radius r This is a special purpose surface l1 I l3 l4 and l refer to two dimensional line definitions The surface is axisymmetric about the Z axis and performs Z projections only The equation for the surface is as follows z 10 0 1 0 1 4 9 15 7 Project along an axis onto digitized surface definition n Values for opt are as follows MINX project along the X axis to the minimum X intercept project along the X axis to the maximum X intercept MINY project along the Y axis to the minimum Y intercept 16 3 SURFACE DEFINITIONS TS px py pz dx dy dz 1 r2 TS2P p py pz Vx Vy Vz Z1 72 Z2 3 LS INGRID MAXY proj
225. the flow stress versus effective plastic strain and failure strain are as follows oy A BEP cm S T where A B C n and m are input constants EP effective plastic strain E E amp effective plastic strain rate for amp 1 s T T T homologous temperature Constants for a variety of materials are also provided in 11 Due to the nonlinearity in the dependence of flow stress on plastic strain an accurate value of the flow stress requires iteration for the increment in plastic strain However by using a Taylor series expansion with linearization about the current time we can solve for with sufficient accuracy to avoid iteration The strain at fracture is given by ef D D exp D3 o li D In amp li Ds where 6 is the ratio of pressure divided by effective stress 20 19 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID pR P O eff Fracture occurs when the damage parameter AgP 2 reaches the value of 1 Material Type 13 Power Law Plasticity Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options Kk See equation below Mm See equation below Elastoplastic behavior with isotropic hardening is provided by this model The yield stress Oy is a function of plastic strain and obeys the equation e is the elastic strain to yield a
226. the beginning of each temperature state is ignored 2 each time step a temperature state is interpolated from the temperature state in a disk file Therefore the time words at the beginning of each temperature state are used 3 the disk file containing temperatures has only one state The initial state is assumed to be zero TERM t Terminate dynamic time integration at time t The dynamic time step size will be computed if this command is used instead of the DELT command 22 3 LS NIKE2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID 22 1 LS NIKE2D MATERIAL INPUT LS NIKE2D material input is possible after the NK2D command has been input see Control Commands The form of this input is MAT n TYPE m options specific to material type general material options ENDMAT 7 is a material name which is assigned a number in the order that they occur in the input Therefore the materials should be defined in order before any additional use of materials is made Material Type 1 Elastic Default heading Material Type 1 Elastic Input any two of the following BULK K EE GG PRn Material Type 2 Orthotropic Elastic EA E Ep PRBA up PRCA uca PRCB up GAB Gab AOPT aopt RP ZP 2 PSIG Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio See constitutive matrix below Material axes option Figure 22 1 0 0 locally orthotropic with materials axes by y valu
227. thin this part V4 V Vz is the global velocity vector and it can be expressed as a function of x y z coordinates 9 4 LS INGRID 9 3 FUNCTIONS MAZE PART All MAZE part functions have the following form Keyword index specification parameters MAZE parts have one type of index specification which is abbreviated as lt Mregion gt The input for this index specification is as follows 2 Four indices can identify any vertex edge or surface in the MAZE part Each MAZE part has either 3 or 4 corners The first corner is the intersection of the first line and the last line that makes up the part The second corner is the intersection of the first and second lines Further corners are defined similarly around the part The part also has several planes including the original cross section and one more plane for each drag operation The first corner node reference by lt Mregion gt is c and the last corner is c2 The first plane is p and the last plane is p2 If c1 or c2 is zero they take on the minimum and maximum corner numbers respectively Similarly if p or p is zero they are assigned the minimum and maximum plane numbers respectively 9 5 MAZE PART LS INGRID 9 6 LS INGRID EDIT PART 10 EDIT Part The EDIT part allows loads and boundary conditions to be applied to previously defined parts It also provides for the performing of system assembly operation from subsystems using sy
228. ular parts This command must be typed just prior to the use of the MAZE part The third side L5 of the next part will have exactly three times as many elements as side L4 The transition is accomplished with quadrilateral elements This command does not apply to triangular parts All parts defined after this command have initial temperature t This remains in effect until reset with another Temp command This can be overridden with an individual part 1 can be a single number or it can be an expression of the form f x y z This allows nodes to be assigned temperatures based on an analytical expression of a temperature distribution based on the nodal coordinates The default thickness for shells is 1 Specify inertia tensor Specify inertia tensor Initial velocities global translational and rotational Specify center of gravity The total mass of material n is t The density of the material is determined by dividing the total mass of the material by the calculated volume The inertial properties which are input for material m include the masses of deformable materials 81 52 The properties of m are computed such that the total mass properties of 1 5 is equal to the input values Move center of gravity and inertias Transformation refers to the section Coordinate Transformations Define tracer particles for material 2 26 LS INGRID CONTROL COMMANDS Options LNPT px p Pz qx qy q
229. ure 19 2 Elastic plastic behavior with isotropic and kinematic hardening where and are undeformed and deformed length of uniaxial tension specimen 20 10 LS INGRID LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic Default heading Material Type 4 Thermo Elastic Plastic NPTS n Number of temperature values for which material constants are defined TEMP 7 7 T Temperatures E E E5 Ej Young s moduli PR V2 Vy Poisson s ratios ALPHA 41 Q2 Q Coefficients of thermal expansion SIGY y2 Oyn Yield stresses ETAN Ey Tangent moduli Material Type 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Default heading Material Type 5 Soil and Crushable Foam Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options AO ao Yield function constant 1 Yield function constant 2 a Yield function constant PC P Pressure cutoff for tensile fracture NPTS n Number of points in volumetric strain versus pressure curve n 10 VS 1 8 y Volumetric strain values P pi po pn Pressures corresponding to volumetric strain values The deviatoric yield function is described in terms of the second invariant J2 2 25 Si 20 11 LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Pressure p and constants a1 and 2 as 295 a pra On the yield surface J2721 3 6 2 where
230. ure 6 3b there are eight planes which can be represented by the progression 3 5 7 2 4 6 1 4 The savings by this notation is apparent since specifying separately the eight regions in Figure 6 3b requires 49 number where as the index progression requires only 8 numbers 6 4 LS INGRID STANDARD PART 7 6 4 3 2 1 a Index Space 7 6 4 3 2 4 7 6 1 3 2 1 b Object Space Figure 6 3 Index progressions for planes and solids 6 5 STANDARD PART LS INGRID Another addition to the index progression notation is the zero index The two solids regions shown in Figure 6 4 could be represented as an index progression except that they are not connected In this case a zero index is used along the I direction to indicate that the structure is discontinuous This gives the progression 2 4 0 6 8 3 7 4 5 Plane regions can be separated by the zero index in a manner similar to solid regions More complicated regions can be represented by combining index progressions An example of this is in Figure 6 5 The open box could be represented by two index progressions 2 5 1 7 3 5 and 2 5 1 7 3 5 but they can also be combined to give 2 5 1 7 3 5 Figure 6 6 shows several more structures and their index progression representation LS INGRID uses the index progression notation to set up regions in the index space which are to be mapped onto the ob
231. urve Ic Display vectors of component c c initial velocity c IR initial rotational velocity c IDV initial distortional velocity 13 4 LS INGRID DI WARP ang DIAD DICOL DIOFF DM 2 DMN n1 DMEM DRAW DSV DSVS dj d2 d DSAD dp d DSRM dj d2 d ELPLT on off EXIT FOLDnd FRAME INTERACTIVE COMMANDS c IRB initial rigid body velocity c V current velocity c 2 DV current distortional velocity RB current rigid body velocity c A current acceleration Display shells with warp angles that exceed ang This can be used in any of the above commands instead of DI If this is used then the display request is in addition to the previous ones rather than replacing them Following DI and DIAD options are to be performed using color number l Valid numbers for l are 1 through 7 Turn off display options Delete materials m m by number from active display list Delete materials m by name from active display list Dump memory allocations statistics Draw the mesh mesh lines are plotted View three dimensional digitized surfaces View digitized surfaces 41 d Add digitized surfaces 41 d to the active display list Remove digitized surfaces 41 d from the active display list Turn element number plotting on or off The default is off Exit LS INGRID now Airbag folding All
232. us form with exact volume integration 4 Flanagan Belytschko stiffness form 5 full Flanagan Belytschko stiffness form with exact volume integration Initialize material for gravity loads Moment of area along r axis for Belytschko Schwer beam Use gauss quadrature default Use trapezoidal integration Use user defined integration rule n Area moment of inertia along s axis for 20 12 LS INGRID ITT Itt LTMN LTMX MAT m MDMP scale QUADRATURE i RAYD b REPOSITION Options ELLIPSE n LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS Belytschko Schwer beam Area moment of inertia along t axis for Belytschko Schwer beam The local t axis for thick shell elements of this material is the shortest direction through the brick The local t axis for thick shell elements of this material is the longest direction through the brick Begin material definition m Each material definition is terminated by the ENDMAT command Apply mass weighted damping to material mat The magnitude is scale which is multiplied by load curve Ic LS 920 and later Select quadrature rule i For beams the rules are i 1 truss element i 2 2 X 2 Gauss default i 3 3X 3 Gauss i 4 3 X 3 Lobatto i 5 4X 4 Gauss For four node shells the rules are i 1 membrane element i 22 2 point Gauss default ij 23 3 point Gauss i 2 4 4 point Gauss 5 5 point Gauss For eight node thick shells the rules are i
233. ve in combination with NIKExx and DYNAxx A considerable amount of effort has gone into making LS INGRID support virtually every feature of these programs an almost impossible task given the rate that LS DYNA3D improves Although the usage of LS INGRID can seem somewhat combersome relative to more traditional mesh generation schemes the productivity of users performing parametric modeling tasks with LS INGRID can much higher in some cases Unlike most general purpose mesh generators LS INGRID was developed by the Author for the sole purpose of aiding them in their routine analysis tasks The original code was developed to assist in the preparation of SAP5 models at the University of Tennessee beginning in 1978 The 1978 program was loosely based on index space ideas obtained from the INGEN 7 program which was developed at Los Alamost National Laboratory In 1981 the author moved to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory INGRID developments continued at LLNL on the side because LLNL was committed to the development of MAZE3D but did not have any supported three dimensional mesh generator In 1985 the MAZE3D effort was finally abandoned and INGRID became the principal mesh generator of LLNL by default At this time the program was merged with the MAZE 8 program to produce a version similar to the current LS INGRID After 1985 development work continued at SPARTA with a steady evolution and the I1 INTRODUCTION LS INGRID addition of the
234. xsym xtol YSYM ysym ytol ZSYM zsym ztol END FDEF V1 V2 V3 VA Vs V6 V7 Vg V9 Define a parametric surface using parameters s and t The number of points for making a grid in the s direction is ns and the number of points in the f direction is nt s and 1 are assumed to range from 0 to 1 x y and z are input as functions of s and 1 The current digitized surface is formed by taking digitized surface m and projecting ma distance offset in the normal direction Digitized surface m is symmetric about X xsym This forces normal components of points within xtol of the symmetry plane to be in the Y Z plane only Digitized surface m is symmetric about Yzysym This forces normal components of points within ytol of the symmetry plane to be in the X Z plane only Digitized surface m is symmetric about Z zsym This forces normal components of points within Ztol of the symmetry plane to be in the X Y plane only End digitized surface definition Terminate the model description Define fold plane number n Fold planes are used later in the interactive phase to generate folded models of meshes such as airbags The nine parameters have the following meanings x or y position of fold relative to the unfolded mesh V5 x or y position of fold relative to the folded mesh postive negative fold flag If v3 1 then the folded portion lies along the positive coordinate If v4 1 then the folded portio
235. y for restart is set to This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command RNUM n Restart commands apply to restart number n The plot interval for restart is set to t This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command 20 2 LS INGRID RPRT RQBV 4 RTERM RTSF s SBRF n SFSI 5 i TERM TINV TSSF LS DYNA2D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS The print interval for restart is set to t This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command The default quadratic bulk viscosity for restart is set to g This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command The termination time for this restart is t This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command The time step scale factor for restart is set to s This applies to the restart number selected by the RNUM command Number of time steps between restart dumps is n Sliding interface scale factor default 1 0 t n S Thermal effects option 0 no thermal effects N nodal temperatures are defined in input and are scaled according to a time function N is the load curve number each time step a new temperature state is read from a disk file The time word at the beginning of each temperature state is ignored 2 each time step a temperature state is interpolated from the temperature state in a disk file Therefore the time words at the beginning of e
236. y function is defined as W A I 3 B II 3 C II 2 1 D III 1 2 where 20 40 LS INGRID LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS 0 5 A 5v 2 B 110 5 20 22 v Poisson s ratio 2 A B G shear modulus of linear elasticity I II III are invariants of the right Cauchy Green Tensor C Material Type 28 Resultant Plasticity Default heading Material Type 28 Resultant Plasticity This model is available for the Belytschko Schwer beam and the Belytschko Tsay shell and is still under development For beams the treatment is elastic perfectly plastic but for shell elements isotropic hardening is approximately modeled Input any two of the following BULK K Bulk modulus EE Young s modulus GG Shear modulus PRv Poisson s ratio Additional Options SIGY Yield strength ET E Hardening modulus shells only Material Type 29 Force Limited Resultant Formulation This model is valid for the Belytschko beam element only Experimentally obtained force deflection curves may be used to model buckling and plastic behavior See the LS DYNA3D manual for more details Input any two of the following 20 41 BULK K EE GG PRv Additional Options RR Icy Ry 1 LPS1 ps1 SFSI 5 51 LPS2 ps2 SFS2 5 52 LPT1 sf LPT2 Ipr2 SFT2 sfi2 LS DYNA3D COMMANDS AND MATERIALS LS INGRID Bulk modulus Young s modulus Shear modulus Poisson s ratio Applied
237. zed Surface Defining 17 Displaying 111 Saving 25 Directives 9 IND 8 LS INGRID Discrete Mass Defining 100 Displacement Boundary Condition Applying 97 Displaying 108 Rigid Body 25 Displacement Convergence Tolerance NIKE2D 253 NIKE3D 273 Display Options Color Selection 110 Overlaying 110 Removal 110 Duplicate Node Removal 113 114 DYNA3D Airbag Statistics 170 ASCII Output Files 170 Beam Integration Rule 167 Brode Function 167 Bulk Viscosity 168 169 CAL3D Coupling 168 Centrifugal Load 171 Comments 26 Contact Penalty 173 D3HSP 168 Damping 174 Dynamic Relaxation 169 Full Restart 170 Gravity Load 171 Hourglass Control 169 Hourglass Energy 171 Importing Files 93 Initial Time Step 171 MADYMO Coupling 168 Mass Scaling 169 172 Maximum Time Step 171 Minimum Time Step 175 Output Control 168 Parallel Processing 172 Plane Stress Plasticity Option 172 Rayleigh Damping 179 Rayleigh Damping Energy Dissipation 172 Restart 173 Rigid Wall Penalty 173 Shell Formulation 174 Shell Integration Rule 174 Shell Thickness Updates 175 Stone Wall Energy Dissipation 174 System Damping 171 TAURUS Database Save Interval 172 Termination Cycle 175 Termination Time 175 Time Step 169 Time Step Scale Factor 175 Eigenvalue Extraction NIKE2D 254 NIKE3D 274 Elastic Material DYNA3D 181 Elasticity NIKE2D 256 Element Delete on Restart Displaying 108 Element Number Displaying 111 Shifting 23 Element Print Block Defining

LS-INGRID: A Pre-Processor And Three-Dimensional Mesh

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