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1. 2 1 2 2 e o i vO ON ANU E LO NN N N NM PP fh 0 1 I 3 3 3 3 3 3 DU UN 3 7 Multibus INTerfale eun ea e ORAS VF REO WEE ANS eR RR E Processor BOSA FA cios AEREAS AAA R2 WANTS DEA eo d RUE DONC CA OR CR ACC cR d 2 2 2 LIMON O exa AIRE e 223 Multib s Priority u ro A A n Graphics Board ea dE AAA Memory EXpaBsSlODoi c 9 we SCA AAA eae Oo eR Vide DESPIERTA ATA AAA KevboaPUd es ess ev vd AAA DARE Ethernet BOSPUdolosos IA A Disk ContrOllGP 2244 a eros Xx WA L Aa OO SS ON REG ERAS UR REUS E Murtibus MEMO YAA as Lark Disk SubsysSt m ins e Fujitsu Disk Subsystem NSTAELATION css A A AAA Unpacking Instr ti ns asas Safety Precautlonss cc AAA s Card Cage Configuration Removal and Installation of Circuit CardS oooroooooronoso Internal Cabina 0605 OS 0 ue Ee ee Se SelcUD 499 OA EAS Oe s e CC ewes e Sre ee 3 641 THENDOS diana Var da sOve RS 232 Serial PortS 04 40 sicarios a e 00d DEISK SubDSystem s a PRAYER ews Cs eQ Ca ss ew ee wanes 4 3 Mbit sec Ethernet Board ooooooonomooroomo oso 5 MOUSSE 6 6 6 6 I Ci U UY LO UJ e e N Ds e es da USING THE SUN PROCESSOR vaio e s ERES ea 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 Getting Startedis so sous ow ves ES A UNIX Es Sse E E O ihe ROM MONTE dE CAEN RESO TH S 3 1 What is the ont tr leaks yo uquy y V C
2. Protection Error A reference was made to the lt access address gt see below which is not allowed by the segment map for the access mode in effect at the time of the trap For example a program tried to write toa seg ment mapped read only Note that the monitor always runs in supervisor mode even after a trap from user mode System Space Error A reference was made in user mode outside of the space mappable by the segment map i e the address was above OxiFFFFF Page Invalid Error A reference was made to a page which was not valid that is the page was not mapped to one of on board memory Multibus memory space or Multibus I O space Timeout Error A Multibus reference timed out usually this means that a device or memory was referenced but is not plugged into the card cage or is not working right Parity Error The wrong parity was seen on a read from on board memory Watchdog Error The watchdog timer expired and caused a bus error For any of these errors the monitor prints a message such as Protection Error address lt access address gt at po e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc _ V1 0 draft of July 27 1 82 00 SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 31 To assist the user in diagnosing bus error and address error excep tions the monitor saves various processor state information at the beginning of its global data area The address of this area is currently defined to be 0x200 however th
3. SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Draft Version 1 0 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Description The Sun 1 Workstation T Sun Microsystems Ine is a personal computer system that combines high resolution graphics with powerful local processing and optional high speed networking The workstation is based on the Motorola 68000 processor It has a 1024 by 800 pixel bit map display a fully up down encoded keyboard 256K bytes of on board RAM memory with memory management and a RasterOp mechanism for high speed display updates The Sun 1 Workstation electronics consists of two PC boards a pro cessor board and a frame buffer graphics board The workstation uses the Intel Multibus which is proposed IEEE standard 796 so many other common peripheral interfaces are commercially available Several optional interfaces are available for the Sun 1 An Ether net interface card allows the Sun Worxstation to connect to a 3Mb Ether net local network A disk interface allows up to four SMD disk drives to be connected such as the Fujitsu M2313K or the CDC Lark A mouse pointing device may be connected to the existing parallel input port 1 2 Physical Packaging The Sun 1 Workstation consists of two physical units a display module and a detached keyboard The display module contains the video monitor card cage power supply cooling fan and back panel The card cage has seven Multibus slots two of which are occupied by the pro cessor board
4. StrRight StrEmpty StrEmpty StrEmpty StrEmpty StrEmpty V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 StrEmpty StrEmpty StrEmpty StrEmpty StrEmpty StrEmpty e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN UNS a m sun microsystems inc 9 September 1982 ERRATA for SUN 1 System Reference Manual Version 1 0 Draft of 27 July 1982 Please note the following errors in the manual Page 2 Figure BACKPANEL The SMD connectors have been repositioned A new figure will be included in the next revision Page 14 Card cage configuration The diagram and description of the 7 slot card cage is not correct It does correctly descirbe the 6 slot card cage if slot 7 is deleted and the graphics card is placed in slot 6 A new figure will be included in the next revision Page 16 last paragraph l6 pin should read 50 pin Page 18 last paragraph The instructions are incorrect The knob for unlocking the heads on the Fujitsu is located underneath the unit It is accessed through a hole near the center of the bottom of the enclosure Page 8 Memory Expansion replace sentences insert the 748138 chip at location U1006 with select dipswitch U506 to position 1 2310 WALSH AVENUE SANTA CLARA CA 95051 408 748 9900
5. ter which determines how many lines the screen will scroll up when a line feed function is performed with the cursor on the bottom line See the description of the Line feed CTRL J con trol function above for details 5 6 2 Vector Drawing Control Functions The Sun monitor s terminal emulator includes vector drawing capa bilities which are a subset of those implemented by the Tektronix 4014 terminal The following modes are provided Alpha mode ASCII characters are printed normally Graph mode ASCII characters cause vectors to be drawn Point mode ASCII characters cause points to be plotted Incremental mode ASCII characters cause incremental pen motions 5 6 2 1 Graph and Point Mode Address Format In these modes a series of addresses are given Each address causes the beam to move in a straight line from its current address to the given address The first address of the series after entering graph mode is a dark vector no vector is written but all subsequent addresses cause vectors to be written This is the only control there is over writing pen up versus pen down If the first address is preceded by G then the first vector is written rather than dark In point mode all vectors are dark but the point at the given address is illuminated ux Addresses are transmitted either as full addresses or abbreviations thereof A full address consists of two 10 bit coordinates Y X transmitted in that order Each coordi
6. Down line loading involves transferring a program file over a serial line The ile must be converted into a format known as S records before transmission In response to the L command the monitor prepares to receive a sequence of S records from the host computer followed by a U command to return the monitor to interaction witn the user An S record is the standard Motorola EXORCISOR download format Each S record has seven components 1 The letter S 2 A type a single digit either 2 signifying a Data record or 8 a Trailer record 3 A two digit one byte count between 04 and FF giving the total number of bytes in the address data and checksum items 4 5 and 6 MIC N A three byte address six hex digits 5 n 4 bytes of data where n is the count given in 3 Each byte con sists of two hex digits from 00 to FF EXORCISOR is a trademark of Motorola Inc V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 28 6 A one byte two digit checksum The checksum est is that the sum of the bytes in items 3 through 6 must be congruent to 255 mod 256 i e must have hex FF in the least significant byte T The end of the line A complete download consists of a sequence of data S2 records terminated by a trailer S8 record The trailer must appear Each data record is loaded into memory starting with the address specified in the record provided it passes the
7. I If you dontt want your programs to depend on the absolute location of the EPROMs in current Sun processor boards you can reference this vector via a pointer in location 4 instead Just replace RomVecPtr in the expression with RomVecAddr This indirects thru location 4 so it takes another 4 bytes of move instructions 16 cycles per reference movl 0x4 a0 movl a0 xx a0 jsr a06 L L mom NOR lt x lt om lt x lt OR x s 00 s 1 k o 0 00 0 B XO RE o struct sunromvec char v initsp Initial SSP for hardware RESET int v startmon Initial PC for hardware RESET Monitor and hardware revision and identification char v SunRev Revision level of monitor amp hardware long v SerialNum Serial number of this Sun long v MemorySize Physical onboard memory size Monitor managed single character input and output unsigned char fv getchar Get char from cur input source int v putchar Put char to current output sink int v mayget Maybe get char from current input source V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 78 int v mayput Maybe put char to current output sink unsigned char v Echo0n Should getchar echo its input unsigned char v InSource Input source selector unsigned char v OutSink Output sink selector Monitor managed keyboard input scanned by monit
8. See the header file keyboard h in Appendix D int v keyentry entry keycode unsigned char entry keycode This function is called when an entry in the keyboard translation tables is found which is not implemented by ROM code If you modify the keyboard tables and need to add new kinds of entries this hook lets you implement them when the key is struck Note that this is called for the OOPS and HOLE entries even though they have defined mean ings since the ROM code does nothing when presented with them The parameters are the entry from the translation tables and the keycode which represents the key depression or _V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL in Page ds release Access to other assorted variables of the key board translation code is possible thru v GlobPtr which is described above under Information VT entries If keyentry returns NOKEY the mainline code of getkey ignores this key depression and looks for the next key If it returns any other integer that integer is returned as the result of getkey keybuftype v_Keybuf The circular buffer which holds up down key codes This is filled at memory refresh time every 2 ms or so as key codes are received from the keyboard and emptied asynchro nously by calls to getkey 5 3 5 Frame Buffer Output and Terminal Emulation These Vector Table entries provide access to the monitor s t
9. tern are held in the frame buffer s Destnation Register Source Regis ter and Mask Register respectively 5 5 3 Frame Buffer Addressing The frame buffer is a dual ported memory providing storage for a 1024 by 1024 pixel bitmap image One port of the frame buffer connects thru the function unit to the host processor the other port is V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 54 dedicated for video refresh with priority given to the video refresh The processor port can access the frame buffer once every microsecond for a 16 bit operation The frame buffer is addressed in a cartesian coordinate system in which lt 0 0 gt is the upper left corner of the screen From one to 16 hor izontal p xels can be read or written in a single cycle starting at the current lt x y gt position regardless of its byte alignment with the data bits within a word being left justified For example a 4 bit update at location lt 200 300 gt will write the most significant four data bits D15 through D12 into locations lt 200 300 gt through lt 203 300 gt 5 5 4 Registers and Function Unit Figure GRAPHBLOCK shows the major functional components of the Sun graphics board There are three data registers destination source and mask feeding into the function unit These registers can be loaded from the host processor on a write cycle and from the frame buffer memory on a read cycle The
10. unused cartridge in the drive when it is not in use 7 When loading a cartridge be sure to insert it so that the arrows labeled UP IN are facing up and pointing into the disk drive respectively V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 20 8 To prevent the fixed disk from being written push in the FIXED PROT button on the front panel of the disk subsystem The button will latch in and the red light will burn steadily To write enable the fixed disk push the button again and the red light will extinguish This button may be switched to the in or out position at any time 9 To write protect the cartridge move the small black toggle on the edge of the cartridge to the position labeled WRITE PROTECT To allow the cartridge to be written slide the toggle to the WRITE ENABLE position NOTE You cannot change write protection on the cartridge while it is loaded in the drive Make sure you have the switch set the way you want it BEFORE you load the cartridge or you will be forced to wait through a spin down spin up cycle to change it 10 If the Lark detects a fault condition for example you attempt to read the disk when it is not completely spun up the red light in the FIXED PROT button will flash on and off to alert you to the error condition You can clear this signal by pressing the FIXED PROT button twice Again we urge you to read all of the installation and
11. Break key on the console terminal changing to transparent mode via U t and interrupting the host Down line loading a file not in S record format will probably cause strange behavior therefore the host program should check the data it is downloading V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc CSUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL 777 Page 29 4 6 Traps The monitor initializes the trap vectors so that it gets control of any exception or interrupt Some such as the memory refresh timer interrupt are handled internally Others have special meanings for example the trap 1 operation is treated as a breakpoint trap For exceptions or interrupts not internally handled the monitor will print a message such as Exception Tr at lt pc gt and then return to command level The messages printed use a two letter code here is a list of these codes and their meanings II Illegal Instruction an illegal instruction code was executed ZD Zero Divide division by zero Ch Check a CHK instruction faulted TV TRAPV a TRAPV trap on overflow was taken Pr Privilege violation attempt made to execute privileged instruction while in user state UO Unimplemented 0 an opoode 1010 was executed U1 Unimplemented 1 an opcode 1111 was executed Un Unassigned trap was made to unassigned vector Li L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 f Interrupt Autovector an Autovectored interrupt was taken at one of levels 1 through 6 Tr Trap a t
12. Formatter User s Guide The next chapter on Installation provides instructions for installing or removing boards in the Sun 1 card cage 2 9 Multibus Memory The Chrislin CI 8086 dynamic RAM memory board interfaces to the Sun processor through the Multibus Full specifications can be found in the supplied manual Memory Syst CI 808 Techn cal Manual Chrislin Industries Each memory board is configured at a chosen range of Multibus memory addresses by placing a jumper at peg area B on the board and set ting dip switches SW1 and SW2 See layout drawing 70654 at the back of the Chrislin manual for the switch and jumper locations Section 1 4 in the Chrislin manual specifies memory address selection For example to configure a 128KB Chrislin board at Multibus memory locations 0 through Ox1FFFF pegs B2 3 are jumpered and switches SW1 8 through SW1 5 are closed set ON with the remaining switches set OFF The second 128K board would have jumper B2 3 and switches SW1 4 through SW1 1 set ON for locations 0x20000 through Ox3FFFF A third board UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories V1 0 draft of July 27 1902 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc could be configured at 0x40000 by closing SW2 8 through SW2 5 and so forth If you were using the 512K byte boards all 16 dip switches would be set ON the first board would have jumper B2 3 0x0 through Ox7FFFF and the next board would have jumper B1 2 0x80000 through OxFFF
13. HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS 8 OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS 16 OOPS OOPS OOPS e HOLE OOPS pes tt 2h HOLE OOPS ENEE OOPS HOLE SHIFTKEYS CAPSLOCK 31 tat 32 t3 yt 5 16 7 8 9 0 40 Mt 173 D b HOLE 75 Br tgt 48 HOLE OOPS STRING UP OOPS HOLE th Qh mr 56 E RI T yt gr It tor tpt 64 t pos HOLE yr tht 6 HOLE 72 STRING LEFT STRING HOME STRING RIGHT HOLE SHIFTKEYS SHIFTLOCK tat tS p 80 pt tG HI tt K Lt tet VERUM 88 w tjt r HOLE 1 21 3 HOLE OOPS 96 STRING DOWN OOPS HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTSHIFT ZS xX Cr 104 Vt B N tM oam tt t SHIFTKEY V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 de e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUNCi SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL age 85 RIGHTSH 112 NOP OxTF O NOP at HOLE HOLE HOLE 120 HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTCTRL rot SHIFTKEYS RIGHTCTRL HOLE HOLE HOLE y Controlled keyboard keymap for Micro Switch 103SD32 2 keymap KTMSct 1 0 HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS 8 OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS 16 OOPS OOPS OOPS c HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS 24 HOLE OOPS AVP OOPS HOLE SHIFTKEYS CAPSLOCK OOPS OOPS 32 OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS COPS OOPS OOPS COPS 40 O
14. July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 10 2 7 Ethernet Board The Sun 3 MBit sec Ethernet Board provides the connection of the Sun 1 Workstation to Ethernet 1 the experimental 3 MBit sec Ethernet developed by Xerox PARC The 3 MBit sec Ethernet Board interfaces with the CPU via programmed I O and interrupt In Multibus notation the board is an 1 0 slave with 16 bit addressing and 16 bit data paths Note that the board is not readily compatible with 8 bit Multibus I O The Ethernet board has two octal dip switches one to select the Multibus base address and one to select the local Ethernet host address The location of these switches is shown in figure ETHERNET The Ethernet interface communicates with the host CPU via four read and four write registers located in Multibus I O space The registers are located on successive word 16 bit boundaries starting on a 256 byte boundary within the 64K Multibus I 0 space Only the eight high order address bits are decoded for the selection of the board To select the Multibus base address take address bits A8 A15 of the desired address and encode them into dip switch S505 Switch 1 is the least significant bit and 1 bits correspond to on switches By convention 0x100 is the normal address for the first Ethernet board and subsequent boards if any are placed at successively higher addresses After obtaining an Ethernet host number from your loc
15. Newman and Sproull 1 A RasterOp sets a 1 Newman William M and Sproull Robert F Princi ples of Interactive Computer Graphics Second Edition McGraw Hill 1979 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 52 1023 1023 Size 1024 1024 pixels Visible 1024 800 pixels Invisible 1024 224 pixels Updai s 16 pixels cycle Figure SCREEN The Sun Graphics Screen RasterOP Model Newman amp Sproull DST f DST SRC PAT Destination Source Pattern RasterOP e see eee soe one ove eee eae 4 n BL e ao on per der n nn 405920494 e Constant Sc Dst OR Src AND Pat Dst AND NOT Src Dst XOR Src Figure RASTEROP The RasterOp Concept destination rectangle on the screen to a bit by bit boolean function of three variables its original contents Dst a source rectangle Src and a repeating bit pattern Pat There are 256 possible functions mapping three boolean operands into a boolean result The frame Et V1 0 draft of July ots 1982 Ev E Le 1982 Sun Microsystems Ine buffer s eight bit FUNCTION register selects one of these at a time by acting as a three bits in one bit out lookup table for corresponding bits of the Destination Source and Pattern For example suppose we want to set Destination equal to Dst OR Src ignoring the value of the pattern Consider the
16. On a write cycle five things happen sequentially 1 One of the four sets of x y cursor registers is selected 2 An x or y coordinate encoded in the address is loaded into the x or y register of the selected pair 3 Data from the Multibus is written into the selected register on the graphics board source mask function width or control or the data is ignored if no register is selected 4 The contents of the addressed x y frame buffer location are read into the destination register 5 If and only if an update is requested the data stored in the des tination source and mask registers are combined according to the preselected function and new data is written back into the addressed frame buffer location On a read cycle four things happen The first two are the same as for the case of a write cycle v1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc EE SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL oe er me Page 51 1 One of the four sets of x y cursor registers is selected 2 Anxory coordinate encoded in the address is loaded into the x or y register of the selected pair 3 Data is read from the addressed x y location in the frame buffer into the selected register on the graphics board 4 The data then stored in the source register is returned to the arus correctly bit aligned with the bus data lines The frame buffer is never pdated on a read cycle and the update bit is ignored for
17. Rich Boberg 1120 San Antonio Rd Palo Alto CA 94303 415 964 2862 Intel Corp Intel Multibus Specification Revised April 1981 This is the Intel version of the Standard recommended in ad dition to the IEEE version This document is a superset of the IEEE standard and contains some application specific in formation It is available as Manual Number 9800683 03 from Literature Department Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Sant Clara CA 95051 408 987 8080 or from local Intel sales offices Sun Microsystems Inc Sun 796 Bus Interface Manual forthcoming This document will describe design considerations which apply when interfacing other Multibus boards to the Sun Workstation boards 2 2 Processor Board The Sun processor board contains a Motorola 68000 processor running with a 10 MHz clock 256 Kbytes of RAM memory with byte parity an Intel 8274 dual UART equivalent to NEC7201 an Am9513 System Timing Con troller and a 16 bit parallel input port For programming information on the UART and timer chips see the manufacturers data sheets The next chapter on Installation provides instructions for installing or removing boards in the Sun 1 card cage Component Data Catalog Intel Corporation Santa Clara CA Am9500 Family Interface Manual Advanced Micro Devices Inc Sunnyvale CA v1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 5 2 2 1 UA
18. alternate its IDLEKEYs with keyboard id codes which identify the key layout or other factors which host programs might want to determine automatically This feature is not yet implemented User programs read from the keyboard by calling getkey via the ROM vector table see the preceding section ROM Vector Table By default getkey returns ASCII codes it can be persuaded to return key up down codes by modifying the variable translation also accessible thru the Vector Table Figure KEYBOARD shows the Micro Switch 103SD30 keyboard layout The number above each key is that key s down keycode the up keycode V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc is the same number plus 128 1 2 3 ERASEJERASE TAB tor EOL SET LINE LINE INS CLR DCL 49 50 sl CHAR CHAR INS t etu r 73 74 MOME e 95 96 91 100 101 102 103 104 tOS 106 107 108 109 no f Ww u n4 6 amit l PRINT Seu 1 Z x C V 8 N M Y SHIFT ae O t 122 123 124 124 CTRL Figure KEYBOARD The Sun Keyboard In ASCII translation the keyboard operates like a normal terminal keyboard It generates ASCII codes which corresponds to the key caps except for the following keys REPT Key 124 This key is a second CTRL key not a repeat key BACK TAB Key 113 This is a DEL key generating 0x7F Delete or Ru bout ERASE EOF ERASE EOL TAB SET TAB CLR LINE INS LINE DEL CHAR INS CHAR DEL K
19. contents of this memory The graphical memory is one mega bit corresponding to a graphical region of 1024 by 1024 picture ele ments pixels Each pixel has one bit resolution i e is either ON or OFF The term frame buffer as used in Sun docur nts refers either to the graphies board or to its bit mapped memory where the meaning is not clear from context a more specific term is used Although there are 1024 by 1024 pixels in the frame buffer only a region 800 pixels high by 1024 pixels wide is displayed on the video Screen as shown in Figure SCREEN The pixels not displayed 1024 by 224 are still accessible and may be used as a cache to store bit maps which are not visible but which may be moved or copied into the visi ble region by ore of the raster operations described below The pixels in the frame buffer are addressed via lt X Y gt coordinates column and row with the upper left hand corner of the display corresponding to 0 0 Positive X displacement is to the right posi tive Y displacement is downward The frame buffer allows the access of up to sixteen horizontally adjacent pixels on one read or write cycle one access to the graphical memory This yields increased bandwidth when a contiguous group of pixels is operated on by the same function The details of frame buffer operation are described below 5 5 2 RasterOps Figure RASTEROP illustrates the concept of a raster operation or RasterOp as developed by
20. define GXcopy 0xCCCC define GXcopy Inverted 0x3333 define GXclear 0x0000 define GXset OxFFFF define GXpaint OxEEEE define GXpaintInverted 0x2222 define GXxor 0x6666 define GXor GXpaint These may appear in statement contexts to just set the X and Y registers of set number zero to the given values define GXsetX X define GXsetY Y short GXBase GXselectX X lt lt 1 short GXBase GXselectY Y lt lt 1 wd V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL T Page Lo dbi Appendix C ROM Vector Table Header File This appendix contains the C language header file which defines the Sun Monitor ROM Vector Table sunromvec h Copyright 1982 by Sun Microsystems Inc Sun Monitor ROM Vector This vector table is the only knowledge the outside world has of this prom It is referenced by hardware Reset SSP PC things in the 2nd prom and programs operating systems that run under the monitor Once located no entry can be re located unless you change the world that needs it The entries start at location 0x200000 very first thing in the Prom a Ihe easiest way to sareren elements of this vector is to say RomVecPtr xxx as in RonVecPtr v putchar o This is pretty cheap as it only generates movl Ox2000xx a0 jsr a06 That s 2 bytes longer and 4 cycles longer than a simple subroutine call
21. ignored in graph and point modes All other control characters cause Alpha mode to be entered which is the norma mode in which the ANSI control functions are also available and the character is interpreted in Alpha mode 5 6 2 2 Incremental plotting mode This mode is entered with control caret 0x1E Each subse quent character causes action according to the following table space raises pen P lowers pen A move right E move right and up D move up F move left and up B move left J move left and down H move down I move right and down NUL 8 ignored All other characters cause exit from incremental plotting mode and are intrpreted as Alpha mode characters V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 uu c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL 0 Page GT Note that each move occurs in increments of 1 in the 4014 extended 12 bit coordinate systen Since the Sun only uses 10 bit coordinates no motion will be visible until at least four increments have occurred in the X or Y direction In other words the increments occur within 4x4 squares which are mapped to single pixels on the Sun frame buffer 5 6 2 3 Control Sequences The following table summarizes the control sequences which are relevant to vector drawing CTRL 0x1D Enter graph mode first vector dark follwing vec tors written CTRL CTRL G 0x1D07 Enter graph mode all following vectors written CTRL 0x1C Enter point mode CT
22. in buckybits minus 7 is added to the entry eg bit 0x00000400 is BUCKYBITS 3 ec 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 82 The 7 prevents us from messing up the ASCII char and gives us 16 useful bucky bits When this entry is invoked the designated bit in buckybits is toggled Depending which tables y 1 put it in this works well for hold down keys or press on press off keys define FUNNY OxAO thru OxAF This key does one of 16 funny things based on the low Y bits define NOP OxA0 This key does nothing define OOPS OxA1 This key exists but is undefined define HOLE OxA2 This key does not exist on the keyboard Its position code should never be generated This indicates a software hardware mismatch or bugs combinations 0xA3 OxAF are reserved for more funnies define STRING OxBO thru OxBF The low order 4 bits index a table referenced via gp gt KStrTab and select a string to be returned char by char Each entry in KStrTab isa pointer to a character vector The vector contains a 1 byte length followed by data Definitions for the individual string numbers define HOME 0x00 define UP 0x01 define DOWN 0x02 define LEFT 0x03 define RIGHT 0x04 string numbers 5 thru F are reserved Users making custom entries take them from F downward to postpone confusion combinations OxCO OxFF reserved for more argument taking e
23. is already at the right edge of the screen nothing hap pens otherwise the cursor moves right a minimum of one and a maximum of eight character positions CTRL J 0xA Line feed The cursor moves down one line remaining at the same character position on the line If the cursor is already at the bottom line the entire screen including the cursor is first scrolled up by s lines where s is an internally saved value initially 1 which can be changed by the ESC r control sequence see below The top s lines scroll off the screen and are lost S new blank lines scroll onto the bottom of the screen After scrolling the cursor moves down one line CTRL L 0xC Form feed The cursor is postioned to the Home position upper left corner and the entire screen is blanked V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 62 CTRL M OxD RETURN The cursor moves to the leftmost character position on the current line f CTRL 0x1B ESC This is the Escape character It initiates a control sequence if followed immediately by a left bracket Otherwise it is ignored ESC 6 INSERT CHARACTER ICH Takes one parameter default 1 Makes room for characters at the current cursor position by shifting to the right by character positions the tail of the current line starting at the current cursor position inclusive The vacated positions at the cursor are filled wi
24. is performed the data value 0 is ignored V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 74 xPointer 0 The following statement sets the graphics board s y register of x y pair 0 to y it loads the source register from the Multibus data lines which conta n the first word of cursor and since the GXupdate bit is set it performs the specified RasterOp on the selected lt x y gt position i e copies source to destination The C compiler generates a single move instruction for this statement with address postincrement on both operands Since both yPointer and cursorPointer are pointers to words short they are both incremented by two which leaves them pointing in just the right place for the following instruction Recall that the frame buffer expects the y coordinate to be left shifted one bit in the address ww ow ow ow s s om om N yPointer cursorPointer Now continue copying the cursor to the screen yPointer cursorPointer yPointer cursorPointer tyPointer cursorPointer Each of these is one yPointer cursorPointer 68000 move instruction yPointer cursorPointer yPointer cursorPointer yPointer cursorPointer V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 Cc 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL V Page 75 Appendix B C Langua
25. mapped into both the old and new contexts at the same address or must be in PROM The context register is read by reading any of the segment map entries starting at location 0xC00000 and examining the high Y bits V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc T SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL 77 70702 7 010 777777 Page 39 7 Segment map address format Only segments in the current context can be addressed Logical 23 2120 15 14 0 Segment map data format Current Protection I context code Page Map Pointer Read only 15 1211 8 7 6 5 Page map address format Logical 23 2120 15 14 11 10 0 Page map data format Page types A M page 00 On board memory Type Physical page address 01 Nonexistent 10 Multibus memory 14 13 12 11 0 11 Multibus I O Context register format Address 0xE00000 Current lt sored m context g Ss Write only 15 12 11 0 Figure MMADDR Addressing Scheme for Segment and Page Map Entries 5 2 3 Segment Map The segment map has 1024 entries indexed by the 6 most significant bits of the virtual address and the 4 bit context register Thus the segment map is divided into 16 sections of 64 entries one section for each context The segment map entry contains the 6 high order bits of a pointer into the page map and a 4 bit protection code defined below Only the 64 segments of the current context may be addressed at any one time The current value of
26. moved NOKEY 1 The argument was 0 and no key was depressed These bits can appear in the result of TR_ASCII getkey s NOKEY can appear if the getkey s arg was 0 no waiting define define METABIT 0 METAMASK Meta key depressed with key 0x000080 other bucky bits can be defined at will See BUCKYBITS below lt wowom V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 o This defines the bit positions used within shiftmask to indicate the pressed 1 or released 0 state of shift keys Both the bit numbers and the aggregate masks are defined The UPMASK is a minor kludge Since whether the key is going up or down determines the translation table just as the shift keys positions do we OR it with shiftmask to get tempmask which is the mask which is actually used to determine the c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 83 translation table to use Don t reassign 0x0080 for anything else or we ll have to shift and such to squeeze in UPMASK since it comes in from the hardware as 0x80 define CAPSLOCK 0 Caps Lock key define CAPSMASK 0x0001 fdefine SHIFTLOCK 1 Shift Lock key define LEFTSHIFT 2 Left hand shift key fdefine RIGHTSHIFT 3 Right hand shift key define SHIFTMASK OxOOOE define LEFTCTRL 4 Left hand control key define RIGHTCTRL 5 Right hand control key define CTRLMAS
27. or I O devices a few critical details are relevant 4 3 1 What is the monitor We will first give a brief description of the operation of the mon itor to provide a context for understanding the rules imposed upon user programs The monitor has four major functions initialization on processor reset memory refresh terminal emulation and intelligent console facilities Although the last two may be the most visible the first two are the most important the processor would be essentially unusable without them The Sun processor may be reset in several ways Power is turned on By a console command K1 or K2 When the watchdog timer detects that no memory refresh has occurred within 6 ms When the processor is reset the monitor gains control It initializes the on board I O devices timers and UARTs sizes memory sets up the Segment Table and Page Table initializes the on board RAM to all ones creates the RAM refresh routine and initializes the interrupt and exception vectors and the monitor s RAM esident global data The moni tor checks for the presence of a second PROM pair in the second set of CPU board PROM slots The second PROM pair contains the Boot routine invoked by the B monitor command and a diagnostic routine which is automatically invoked on non watchdog resets After initialization the monitor transfers control to a module that manages the console func tions Memory refresh is done by the p
28. pressed define RELEASED 0x80 0x80 bit on means key was released define ABORTKEY1 0x01 First key of abort seq ERASE EOF define ABORTKEY2 77 2nd key of abort seq A The above is horribly Micro Switch 103SD dependent V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL define define define 8 amp define define define define define define define fdefine fdefine define Page 80 Keyboard ID codes transmitted by the various keyboards after the IDLEKEY code See top of file for more details KB UNKNOWN 0x00 Unknown keyboard KB MS 1035D32 0x00 Micro Switch 103SD32 2 KB MS VT100 0x01 Micro Switch VT100 compatible SD 02499 These are the states that the keyboard scanner can be in It starts out in AWAITIDLE state AWAITIDLE 0 Waiting til all keys up and ID sent NORMAL 1 The usual ho hum ABORT1 2 Last key down was KEYABORT1 IDLE1 3 Last keycode was IDLEKEY ID follows IDLE2 4 Last keycode was id if IDLEKEY follows don t put it in the buffer Translation options for getkey These are how you can have your input translated TR_NONE 0 TR_ASCII 1 These bits can appear in the result of TR_NONE getkey s STATEOF key key 0x80 O key down Ox80 key up KEYOF key key Ox7F The key number that
29. provided with a map so that you can map pages of 2K bytes anywhere in your address space The structure of a virtual address is described in the Memory Management section On power up the monitor maps the first megabyte of on board RAM and memory expansion board RAM so that its physical and virtual addresses are identical All segments starting at segment 0 are fully mapped Segments are initialized for all contexts identically Segment protection is set so that both Supervisor and User modes have Read Write and Execute access to every segment If there is less than 1 Mbyte of memory vll page map entries corresponding to nonexistent memory are invalidated 7 Two other physical address spaces are mapped into the memory address space Address from 0x100000 to Ox1EFFFF are mapped to Multibus memory space addresses 0 to OEFFFF respectively The first 64K bytes of MultiBus I O space is mapped at the top of the virtual address space at addresses from Ox1F0000 to OxiFFFFF Most commercially available Multibus 1 0 devices use this space The logical address space of 24 bit addresses used by the program mer is divided into eight parts 0x000000 Ox1FFFFF Mapped address space as described above There are 256K bytes of on board RAM and up to 2 memory expan sion boards of 768K bytes each This space can also be mapped into the Multibus I O or Multibus Memory space 0x200000 Ox3FFFFF On board PROMO See the discussion below on boot sta
30. read cycles A one deep FIFO decouples the graphics board from the Sun proces Sor Processor requests are latched on the graphics board and are sub sequently executed independently and in parallel with the processor This makes the frame buffer a zero access time device as long as the request rate does not exceed one request per microsecond Since nor mally streams of data are being transferred the pipelining maximizes throughput On write cycles the FIFO operation is invisible to the programmer On read cycles however because of the pipelining the data read back corresponds to the previous read request Thus to read a stream of data one additional word needs to be read before valid data is obtained 5 5 6 Graphics Board Address Decoding The graphics board decodes 20 bits on the Multibus memory address lines in the fields shown in Figure GXADDRESS By encoding these operation bits in the address repetitive operations like generalized RasterOps can be done very quickly There is a patent pending on this design which was meant to be used efficiently with MC68000 auto incrementing addressing modes Up to eight graphics boards may share a single Multibus backplane with the high 3 address bits 19 through 17 selecting the board Each board occupies 128K bytes of Multibus address space By accident this also happens to be how much physical memory there is on each graphics board The Update bit bit 16 is on if the frame b
31. register is aligned to locations x such that x mod 16 0 and is treated as a repeating pat tern The mask register is intended for background coloring and stipple pattern generation where bit alignment is undesirable 5 5 4 4 Function Register The function register specifies how the function unit combines des tination source and mask data when data is written into the frame buffer memory The eight bit contents of the function register selects one of the 256 possible RasterOps for three boolean operands See sec tion RasterOps above for details 5 5 4 5 Width Register The actual width of an update operation is set via the width regis ter from one to sixteen pixels 5 5 4 6 Control Register The control register controls video enable interrupt enable interrupt level and graphics board LED as follows where bits are num bered from D15 most significant to DO least significant D15 D13 Interrupt Level D12 D11 Reserved D10 LED Enable D9 Video Enable D8 Interrupt Enable The Video Enable bit turns on video to the monitor the screen appears blank when this bit is off The Interrupt Enable bit enables interrupts on the level selected When enabled an interrupt is generated at the V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 55 SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 56 beginning of every vertical retrace allowing synchronization of display updates with dis
32. registers are to be loaded 0 11 1 lt lt 14 2 lt lt 14 3 lt lt 14 3 lt lt 14 actually update the frame buffer registers can appear on the left of an assignment statement they clobber X register 3 ec 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 76 define GXfunction short GXBase GXset3 GXothers 0 lt lt 1 define GXwidth short GXBase GXset3 GXothers 1 lt lt 1 define GXcontrol short GXBase GXset3 GXothers 2 lt lt 1 define GXintClear short GXBase GXset3 GXothers 3 lt lt 1 define GXsetMask t short GXBase GXset3 GXmask define GXsetSource short GXBase GXset3 GXsource define GXpattern short GXBase GXset3 GXpat The following bits are written into the GX control register It is reset to zero on hardware reset and power up The high order three bits determine the Interrupt level 0 7 9 define GXintEnable 1 8 define GXvideoEnable 1 lt lt 9 define GXintLevelO 0 lt lt 13 define GXintLevel1 1 lt lt 13 define GXintLevel2 2 lt lt 13 define GXintLevel3 3 lt lt 13 define GXintLevel4 4 lt lt 13 define GXintLevel5 5 lt lt 13 define GXintLevel6 6 lt lt 13 define GXintLevelT 7 lt lt 13 The following are function encodings loaded into the function register define GXnoop OXAAAA define GXinvert 0x5555
33. s Select screen for output so Select screen for output ks sk Select keyboard for input and screen for output ab Set speed of UART a or b to such as 1200 9600 ab t Enter transparent mode with UART a or b t Enter transparent mode with UART b e Echo input to output ne Don t echo input to output x lt char gt Set the transparent mode escape character to lt char gt initially hex 1e f Use automatic flow co trol S Q in transparent mode nf Don t use flow control V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc If no argument is specified the U command reports the current values of the settings If no UART is specified when changing speeds the current input device is changed When received from the host computer in L mode see the L command above the U command causes the monitor to stop taking input from the host computer and restores the previous assignment of input and output device In this case the argument if present is ignored Z addr Display or set the breakpoint If addr is omitted the breakpoint is displayed If an address of zero is specified the breakpoint is removed Otherwise the breakpoint is set to the given address 4 5 Loading Programs One of the primary uses of the monito is to load programs into the processor s memory Programs can be loaded via a serial line connected to a host computer referred to as down line loading 4 5 1 S record Format
34. time a system is powered up or on a monitor k2 reset a 10 second set of ROM based diagnostic tests is automatically performed These diagnostics verify the memory management hardware the timers and UARTs on board and Multibus memory and the parity error detection cir cuitry In the case of a failure the ROM monitor will fail to boot The Sun Workstation Monitor message will fail to appear on the screen and one of the LEDs on the processor card will blink at one second intervals to flag a hardware problem Should this happen call your Sun Microsystems service organization for assistance You also have the option of invoking a more comprehen sive set of ROM based diagnostics shipped with the machine 6 3 Diagnostic PROMS NOTE Do not attempt to repair the machine without authorization from your field service organization V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 ce 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc D S c og mA Rs uus C SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL page 69 To run the PROM based diagnostics replace the 8kx8 PROMs at pro cessor board locations U101 and U103 with the diagnostic PROMs labelled DIAG 0 0 and DIAG 0 8 respectively See Installation of Diagnostic PROMs below for detailed instructions Connect an ASCII terminal set at 9600 baud to UART port A After the diagnostic PROMs have been installed simply powering the machine on will run the diagnostics An error free run should display the following in
35. v_FBAddr Virtual address of the frame buffer This resides at the beginning of the terminal emulation global workspace hence FBAddr can be passed as the G parameter to routines V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 46 requiring the address of the global workspace v_finit v_fwritechar and v_fwrstr If this value is changed you must call finit before any subsequent calls to fwri techar fwritestr putchar or mayput unsigned short v FontTable Address of the font table which contains the character bit maps This is filled in by finit from a compressed font stored in ROM It may be subsequently altered by users if they know what they are doing See the section Frame Buffer Terminal Emulation below for details int v_fwrstr addr len G unsigned char addr short len struct dpyglobals G Writes a string of characters to the frame buffer termi nal more efficiently than a sequence of calls to fwri techar Addr points to a character string of length len G points to the terminal emulator s global workspace the address of the workspace used by the monitor is accessible in the Vector Table as v_FBAddr see above 5 3 6 Mouse Support The mor tor does not currently support the optional mouse There is one entry in the Vecta Table for it however This entry v_MouseBuf is currently always zero 5 3 7 Operating System Support Th
36. with the letters GX which are defined in the header file framebuf h see Appendix B To perform an operation on the graphics board address fields are combined together using logical OR and or addition the result is then referenced as a pointer which puts the constructed address on the Multibus address lines thereby effecting the desired operation on the graphics board In this example xPointer and yPointer are constructed and used in this fashion include lt framebuf h gt See Appendix B DisplayCursor x y short x y screen coordinates of upper left corner static short curscr 0x9200 0x5100 Left justified bit array 0x3800 OXFE0O 0x3800 0x5400 0x9200 0x0000 register short cusorPointer cursor xPointer short GXUnitOBase GXselectX yPointer short GXUnitOBase GXupdate GXsource GXselectY The following symbols are defined so as to load the width and function registers respectively GXwidth 8 GXfunction GXcopy Since xPointer and y Pointer are declared pointers to words short E the C compiler implicitly left shifts x and y by one bit before adding them to the pointers as required by the frame buffer xPointer xj yPointer y The following statement sets the graphics board s x register of x y pair 0 to x which has been encoded into bits 1 10 of xPointer by the assignment statement above No other action
37. zt xt tot 104 Ty tb tn n eta tg SHIFTKEY RIGHTSH 112 NOP OxTF 10 t4 NOP berg HOLE HOLE HOLE 120 HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTCTRL ET SHIFTKEYS RIGHTCTRL ROLE HOLE ROLE 3 Shifted keyboard keymap for Micro Switch 103SD32 2 keymap KTMSuc 1 0 HOLE OOPS COPS OOPS HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 84 8 OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS 16 OOPS OOPS OOPS c HOLE OOPS rt 24 HOLE OOPS NI OOPS HOLE SHIFTKEYS CAPSLOCK YT tnt 32 tg gt Et NT mT 1 tor 40 4 tot tet Nb HOLE Te rer tg 48 HOLE OOPS STRING UP OOPS HOLE t Q W 56 E RI T Yt UT trt tor pt 64 8 7 t 1 JL HOLE 4 15 6t HOLE 72 STRING LEFT STRING HOME STRING RIGHT HOLE SHIFTKEYS SHIFTLOCK TAT est tpt 80 F G H J K Lt tet ter 88 N rt HOLE 1t 2 131 HOLE OOPS 96 STRING DOWN OOPS HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTSHIFT 2 xt Cr 104 tvt p N M et tt Th SHIFTKEY RIGHTSH 112 NOP OxTF O NOP HOLE HOLE HOLE 120 HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTCTRL tt SHIFTKEYS RIGHTCTRL HOLE HOLE HOLE Caps Locked keyboard keymap for Micro Switch 103SD32 2 keymap KTMScl 1 0
38. 120 Ji Index keybo SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP HOLE SHIFTKEYS SHIFTLOCK NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP NOP NOP HOLE HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTSHIFT NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTCTRL NOP SHIFTKEYS RIGHTCTRL HOLE HOLE to keymaps for Micro Switch 103SD32 2 Page 86 NOP NOP NOP NOP SHIFTKEY RIGHTSH HOLE HOLE ard KIMS 1 KTMSlc KTMSuc KTMScl KTMSct KTMSup 0x0000 f S 9 RRRRRRERENEERREREREREREEHEBEENERERHNENVEREKERRSHREREHEEREREENEEEERRESERERERES Index table for the whole shebang ARRERA diea dt deat as a d e dt aE de de r ak dt at dt OE dt dE dE DE Dede D dE DEDE D ME DEAE EE A o AE de MENE AEE E EE y keyboard KeyTables KIMS 7 char char char char char Char char Keyboard String Table This defines the strings sent by various keys as selected in the tables above The first byte of each string is its length the rest is data StrHome 003 033 H StrUp StrDown StrLeft StrRight StrEmpty KeyStringTab 16 003 033 A 003 033 B 003 033 D 003 033 C n foo home up down lef 9 Right unused string StrHome StrUp StrDown StrLeft
39. D 25 pin Type D male 25 pin Type D female 26 pin cable Flatcable Assembly ommitt wire 26 3 feet max 26 pin header Ethernet Connector Multibus Ethernet Base Address Host Address S505 s507 A 8 8 p es PE gt 4 amp 290 OS zd y a B x Pass DIESER M 420 s w v od Figure ETHERNET Sun 3 MBit sec Ethernet installation V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 ae e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 12 You must install at least 64K bytes of Multibus memory in order to use the SMD 2180 disk controller Four sets of straps and two 8 bit dip switches are provided for configuring the disk controller board For UNIX on the Sun 1 the M3 jumper must be installed and switch 5 on dip switch S2 must be ON Switches 7 and 8 on dip switch S1 must be set as follows for Lark Switches 7 and 8 ON for Fujitsu Switch 8 ON 7 OFF Switches 1 6 on S1 determine the address of the controller in Multibus 1 0 space Switch 5 ON others OFF address 0x40 Switch 5 and 1 ON others OFF address Ox44 Normally the first controller is configured at 0x40 the next at Ox44 The controller s are normally configured to have lower Multibus prior ity than the 68000 board by installing jumper E to F See section 2 2 3 above for further explanation For the full specification and detailed description of the disk controller see the supplied document SMD 2180 Storage Module Controller
40. FF 2 10 Lark Disk Subsystem The Lark is an 8 inch Winchester disk unit providing a maximum of 16 7 megabytes of unformatted capacity in the form of an 8 35 MB remov able cartridge disk and an 8 35 MB non removable disk BEFORE UNPACK ING INSTALLING OR OPERATING THE LARK DISK UNIT PLEASE READ THE SUP PLIED MANUALS Control Data Lark tm Micro Unit Model 9454 9455 Volume 1 Hardware Installation Operation Manual Control Data Lark Power Supply and I O Adapter PIO Volume 1 Hardware Installation Operation Manual Pay particular attention to the sections on installation and operation The Lark subsystem connects to the Sun 1 via the standard SMD A and B connectors See the next chapter on Installation 2 11 Fujitsu Disk Subsystem The Fujitsu M2312 is an 8 inch Winchester disk unit providing a maximum unformatted storage capacity of 84 megabytes This unit con tains non removable disks in a sealed module Since this is a sealed unit there is nothing for the user to operate other than the power on Switch once the drive is properly installed and connected to the Sun workstation The Fujitsu subsystem connects to tbe Sun 1 via the standard SMD A and B connectors See the next chapter on Installation Detailed specifications and maintenance information is provided in the supplied Fujitsu manuals M2311K M2312K Microdisk Drives CE Manual M2311K M2312K Power Supply CE Manual Maintenance on the disk subsystems s
41. K 0x0030 unused Ox0040 define UPMASK 0x0080 This defines the format of translation tables A translation table is 128 bytes of entries which are bytes unsigned chars The op 4 bits of each entry are decoded by s a case statement in getkey c If the entry is less than 0x80 it is sent out as an ASCII character possibly with bucky bits ie OR ed in Special entries are Ox80 or greater and invoke more complicated actions typedef unsigned char keymap 128 maps keycodes to actions typedef struct keymap Normal Shifted Caps Control Up int IdleShifts keyboard All keymaps of a keyboard plus define SHI TKEYS 0x80 thru 0x8F This key helps to determine the translation table used The bit position of its bit in shiftmask is added to the entry eg SHIFTKEYS LEFTCTRL When this entry is invoked the bit in shiftmask is toggled Depending which tables you put it in this works well for hold down keys or press on press off keys define BUCKYBITS 0x90 thru Ox9F This key determines the state of V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 one of the bucky bits above the returned ASCII character This is basically a way to pass mode key up down information back to the caller with each real key depressed The concept and name bucky derivation unknown comes from the MIT SAIL TV system they had TOP META CTRL and a few other bucky bits The bit position of its bit
42. OM Vector Table VT The VT is a convenient way of accessing monitor routines and data which does not depend directly on the absolute addresses used A C language program wishing to use the VT must include the header file sunromvec h see Appendix C The services provided by the monitor through the VT are available only to programs running in supervisor mode Attempts to access addresses in ROM while in user mode will cause a hardware trap The following sections give more detailed descriptions of the vari ables and functions accessed through the VT including C language declarations Th C code to read a VT variable for example OutSink is V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 42 RomVecPtr gt v OutSink To store into a variable for example EchoOn code tRomVecPtr gt v EchoOn new value To call a VT funtion for example fwritechar code RomVecPtr gt v fwritechar char RomVecPtr gt v FBAddr Note in this last example that the second argument to fwritechar FBAddr was also retrieved via the Vector Table 5 3 1 VT Entries Used by the Hardware char v_initsp Initial System Stack Pointer loaded by hardware reset int v_startmon Initial Program Counter loaded by hardware reset 5 3 2 Information VT Entries char v SunRev Revision level of monitor and hardware This points to the string which is printed at power up The current r
43. OPS c o 6 Nb HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS 48 HOLE OOPS STRING UP OOPS HOLE t o Q c K 56 c E e R e T e Yy e U c tI c t0 e P 64 c c o HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS HOLE 72 STRING LEFT STRING HOME STRING RIGHT HOLE SHIFTKEYS SHIFTLOCK e A e S e D 80 c F e Gt e Ht e tJ e t K e L OOPS OOPS 88 c NV I n rt HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS HOLE OOPS 96 STRING DOWN OOPS HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTSHIFT OIE e X e C 104 c V c B c N e M OOPS OOPS OOPS SHIFTKEY RIGHTSH 112 NOI Ox7F OOPS NOP OOPS HOLE HOLE HOLE 120 HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTCTRL NO SHIFTKEYS RIGHTCTRL HOLE HOLE HOLE Key Up keyboard keymap for Micro Switch 103SD32 2 keymap KTMSup 1 0 HOLE NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP NOP NOP 8 NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP 16 NOP NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP NOP NOP 24 HOLE NOP NOP NOP HOLE SHIFTKEYS CAPSLOCK NOP NOP 32 NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP 40 NOP NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP NOP NOP 48 HOLE NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP NOP NOP 56 NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP 64 NOP NOP NOP HOLE NOP NOP NOP HOLE V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 72 80 88 96 101 112
44. P N 800 0345 SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Draft Version 1 0 I July 27 1982 The Sun 1 Workstation TM Sun Microsystems Inc is a personal computer system combining high resolution graphics with powerful local processing and optional high speed net working This document is intended to provide all information needed to install operate and program the Sun 1 Workstation This version completely supersedes all previous drafts Your questions corrections and criticisms are welcomed Please respond to Martin Rattner or Henry McGilton at Sun Microsystems Inc Portions of this document are based upon material origi nally written at Stanford University by William Nowicki Jef frey Mogul Tim Mann Vaughan Pratt and David Brown whose contriL tions are gratefully acknowledged Used with permis sion Copyright 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc 2310 Walsh Avenue Santa Clara CA 95051 408 748 9900 SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL CONTENTS CONTEN Toa a wee LIST OF BL GU RES AN ia LIST OF TABLES 1 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 INTRODUCTION di A AAA 1 1 1 2 1 3 Desoription E E E E E 0 90 0 0 9 0 0 0 e o eee 2 eee o Physical Packaging 400 EE G Q G e 0 0 Q e 0 Q 0 QR q E E lt Notations Used in this Document yes 9 y s HARDWARE DESCRIPTION AND CONFIGURATION
45. R AUREIS RI RS 5 3 2 AbsOl be Ruless cosoy ao The ROM Monitor Commands 0s 4 v sav ecc ses eui es i iv iv N ad ot co 0 0 ON un Y amp WwW G UO N O O MIN d i lt e e o e cd eO O m mm OA Qn FLEE 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page ii 4 5 Loading ETORRI as 27 Na bl Serecord FOrmatc dy sanos 27 4 5 2 Example of Down line Loading 28 EGO IAS a da aaa BO 4 6 1 Bus Address Error TraPS ooooooooooomoooooscrrrcrrrors 30 1 6 2 Watchdog TIME siria aan 32 i Tracing ProTour a 38 h T 1 Breakpoint tPapS u y 4992 rro rra rr 32 4 7 2 Trace traps 33 5 PROGRAMMING THE SUN PROCESSOR ssh dera JA Bal PPrOCBSSO cionado pis wa w 34 5 1 1 Physical Address Space 34 Exception Handling cecccsecccveccseccsceceesseceeses 35 Inte epr upt8 os sx iv suqqa ao 20 Initialization ideas os ceerd aino s T 30 y Manapenerntl o s es toes oros a ST OVA A Sd Context RepiSter civaiine risa circa rad I Segment Map v ss adan ss capas 39 PROTECTION aaa AC Pape MaD cs oes rica rondan is SO Page CONCrO 6 ei as did ector Tablero a UP VT entries used by the hardWart ooooooooooooomoooo 42 Information VI entrlesS 4 5e a s a i a serere Te 42 Singl character I O A err a H2
46. RL Ox1E Enter incremental plotting mode 5 6 3 Sun Terminal Font Table The font table which is accessible to user program via the ROM vector table contains a bit map for each printable character The font table is organized as an array of 96 elements each element is an array of CHRSHO TS shortwords CHRSHORTS is a constant currently defined as 20 Only the high order CHRWIDTH bits of each 16 bit shr tword are used CHRWIDTH is a constant currently defined as 12 An ASCII charac ter c 32 lt c lt 128 is displayed in a rectangular region 12 pixels wide by 22 pixels high as follows 2 1 32 is subtracted from c 2 The result is used as an index intc FontTable yielding an array of 20 shortwords 3 The topmost row of 12 pixels is displayed as white space 4 The next row of pixels from the top is displayed from the high order 12 bits of the first shortword in the font table entry The most significant bit appears leftmost on the screen 5 The next 19 rows of pixels are produced respectively from the next 19 shortwords in the font table entry 6 The bottom row of pixels s displayed as white space V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 68 6 DIAGNOSTICS Several levels of diagnostics exist for the Sun Workstation These different sets of tests are used for the varied tasks of burning in new systems at the factory verifying system integrity at p
47. RTS The Intel 8274 or NEC 7201 dual UARTs are wired as follows UART A is wired as a DCE port on UART on Connector Outputs TXDA RXDA RTSA CTSA Inputs RXDA TXDA CTSA RTSA DCDA DTRA Baud rate generated by Timer 4 UART B is wired as a DTE port Output TXDB TXDB Input RXDB RXDB Baud rate generated by Timer 5 2 2 2 Timers The AMD 9513 timer chip is configured with an input frequency of 5 MHz and FOUT of 2 5 MHz connected to Gate 1 It contains five timers whose usage is described in the following table Operating Normal Timer Usage Mode Frequency 1 Watchdog Out TC interval OUT generates Repetitive 2 8 msec BERR Reset 1 2 2 User timer OUT causes INT6 3 Refresh timer Out toggle re intervals OUT causes INT7 petitive one 2 msec shot Reset by 2 refresh routine 4 UART A OUT con Out toggle 16 times nected to UART A repetitive UART baud TX RX Clk rate 5 UART B OUT con Out toggle 16 times nected to UART B repetitive UART baud TX RX Clk rate Notes 1 Causes reset if Refresh Timer Out 3 is Low 2 Difference between timers 1 and 3 determines Multibus timeout period V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 6 2 2 3 Multibus Priority The Sun 1 processor board is always configured to be the highest priority Multibus master by grounding asserting Bus Priority In BPRN on the processor board If the 68000 bo
48. Sun keyboard input scanned by monitor refresh routine sr US Frame buffer output and terminal emulation 45 Mouse S UppoPtlonse 292999 xw PWesr E ERE Rus 46 Operating System support cccccccccccccccccccsccsese 46 Interfaces between PROMS ooooomooomorosomooooo HB Sun Keyboard o4 v RARE BENE S ta Hb un GPaphios SY SUCH wc 6 veria eRYW oo ta 51 The Frame BULOr sss sara 51 RasterODS isconciios arranca 51 Frame Buffer Addressing cars as 53 egisters and Function Units nasa dos 54 5 4 1 Destination Register Vasa dee 195 5 4 2 Source ReBisLebp lce 4 2 ira 55 5 4 3 Mask Registepu v us sis mtrs 55 5 1 Function Registep 55 5 4 5 Width Registen 55 5 4 6 5 4 7 S EVITA Meee O e o WWENNNNNNEA FWHM lt OU F N E N 5 2 e 0 L RIN O Sia Ju ut oy bye UI UT UTUT O WW w w UJ Uo e c WOT n n rJ 30 Q Uv VVV UL J U1 UU n OF UN o Control Registep eehwe acs eee wes 55 X Y RegiStersSs vc ases DO 5 raphics Board Multibus Interfacee 56 5 raphics Board Address Decoding e ooo DT 5 6 Terminal Emulati n 0s s s esci P 99 5 ANSI Terminal Emulation ccsccscecccccscccccseccecess 59 5 6 1 1 ANSI Control Sequence Syntax 59 5 6 1 2 ANSI Control Funcetions eeseeee
49. a particular process The context register isa 4 bit register which can be set under supervisor control to switch between 16 sections of the segment map This permits 16 contexts to be mapped V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 38 Context Segment Map Reserved Reserved Protection physical Adress address Space 23 bits Page Contro Protection Page Control Address Space execute accessed onboard read I moditlad Olfboard write i o user Invalid Figure MEMMAN Memory Mapping on the Sun Processor concurrently more than 16 contexts may be handled by treating the seg ment map as a context cache replacing out of date contexts on a least recently used or other basis Each context has its own virtual address space Sharing and inter context communication may be implemented by writing the same values into the segment or page maps of multiple contexts A simple implementation of multiprocessing will allocate one con text per process More complex schemes are possible in which a team of processes occupies one context or in which one process extends over more than one context with context changes managed via system calls The context register is loaded by writing to location 0xE00000 with the desired value in the high Y bits of the 16 bit data word Note that the currently executing instruction stream at the time of a write must be
50. a simple example written in the programming language C which displays an 8 by 8 cursor at a given screen posi tion The example also illustrates the use of some mnemonic definitions for the frame buffer commands C language definitions for these names appear in Appendix B 5 6 Terminal Emulation The monitor provides routines which enable the Sun Workstation to emulate a standard ANSI terminal and a Tektronix 4014 terminal The workstation utilized in this fashion is referred to in this section as the Sun terminal The Sun terminal is used by the monitor as a Con sole output device and is accessible to user programs through the ROM Vector Table routines finit fwritechar and fwrstr see ROM Vec tor Table above The Sun terminal displays 31 lines of 80 ASCII characters per line with scrolling x y cursor addressability and a number of other ANSI standard control functions In addition it provides all of the stan dard and many of the enhanced vector capabilities of the Y01Y4 5 6 1 ANSI Terminal Emulation The Sun terminal displays a non blinking block cursor which marks the current line and character position on the screen ASCII characters between 0x20 and Ox7f inclusive are printing characters which means that they have graphic renditions in the form of bit maps see Font Table below When a printing character is written to the Sun termi nal and is not part of an escape sequence described below it is dis
51. ad System gt user transfer 8 r rw Read Read write User variable data 9 rw rw Read write Read write System lt gt user data 10 rw r x Read write Read execute User only code 11 rw rwx Read write Full User generated code i 12 r xr x Read execute Read execute Shared code 13 rwxr x Full Read execute System generated shared 14 rwx x Full Execute Proprietary code 15 rwxrwx Full Full Unprotected 5 2 5 Page Map The page map handles the paging and the allocation of physical memory A page map entry also indicates the physical address space in which a page is located such as on board or off board memory Further the page map assists demand paging algorithms by maintaining reference and modified bits for each page The 6 bits from the segment map entry concatenated with the next 4 logical address bits from the 68000 form an index into the page map Thus each segment accesses a block of 16 consecutive pages The output of the page map is 12 bits of physical address that is concatenated with the 11 bit byte address the low 11 bits of the _V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL 5 Page Wt Virtual address to form a 23 bit physical address In addition a page can be declared to be in on board memory space Multibus memory space Multibus 1 0 space or nor lt istent according to the following values of the page type field on board memory nonexistent Mult
52. addr odd addresses are rounded down G addr param Start the program by executing a subroutine call to the address addr if given or else to the current PC The values of the address and data registers are undefined the status register will contain 0x2700 One parameter is passed to the subroutine it is the address of the remainder of the command line following the last digit of addr K number If number is 0 or not given this does a Soft Reset it resets the monitor stack and the default escape char acter This can be useful after exceptions or other anomalous situations However it may confuse the moni tor if a breakpoint trap is set If number is 1 this does a Medium Reset which re initializes the page and segment maps without clearing memory If number is 2 a hard reset is done and memory is cleared This is equivalent to a power on reset and causes the ROM based diagnostics to be run see chapter 6 Diagnostics L Host command This does an implicit U B saving the current input and I output device assignments It then sends Host command to the host computer and sends a backslash character hex 5c to the computer to indicate that it is ready to be downloaded via the serial line The Host command should put the workstation back into normal mode after the file is downloaded by issuing an explicit U command V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 26 whi
53. al Ethernet administrator express it in binary and set it into dip switch S507 Switch 1 is the least significant bit and 0 bits correspond to on switches unlike the correspondence used for the Multibus base address NOTE Ethernet addresses 0 and 0377 octal are reserved for special Ethernet functions and should not be used as a host address Two separate documents providing full specifications and installa tion instructions are supplied with the Ethernet board SUN 3 MBit Ethernet Board SUN 3 MBit Ethernet Board Installation Manual Refer to these for further details 2 8 Disk Controller The Interphase SMD 2180 is an intelligent storage module controller formatter using bipolar microprocessor technology It plugs directly into the Multibus and is a Bus Master during data transfers using a variable burst length DMA technique It directly connects via industry standard A and B cables to from one to four storage module drives which are available from a number of manufacturers Sun Microsystems supports two such drives in particular the Control Data Lark Micro Unit and the Fujitsu M2312K Microdisk Drive Currently it is not possible to mix Lark and Fujitsu drives on the same controller board V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc S N 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 11 Coax Cable Type RG11 U Type Foam Transceiver Xerox Part 4 209926 TLC Part 4 2000 Transceiver Cable Xerox Part 4 216411
54. am see the C command described below 4 2 UNIX If your Sun 1 is supplied with the UNIX operating system the first thing you will typically do after powering up the system is to initiate boot UNIX using the monitor s Boot command After booting most of your interaction with the Sun 1 will be with UNIX rather than directly with the ROM monitor To get started see the accompanying document titled Installing and Operating UNIX on the Sun Workstation A com plete reference on UNIX is provided in the UNIX Programmer s Manual also supplied After you have familiarized yourself with the features of UNIX on the Sun we suggest that you return to this chapter and scan V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 22 through the remainder of this document studying in detail only those sections that appear useful to you l 4 3 The ROM Moritor Use of the Sun 1 Workstation involves interacting at least ini tially with the ROM resident monitor The remainder of this chapter discusses the purpose of the monitor and how to use it Although the primary function of the ROM monitor is to provide a simple console for the workstation there are a few features which affect the user programs that run under it For simple programs espe cially those using standard I O routines the characteristics of the monitor should not be important However if a program makes direct use of interrupts
55. and repeated use of the Power switch has no effect make sure that power is being supplied from the outlet and that the Sun s fuse is not burned out If you still have no suc cess consult chapter 6 for recommended diagnostic procedures or con tact your Sun Microsystems service organization If the console displays the message Please clear keyboard to begin above the Sun Monitor message and the system doesn t respond to input from the keyboard the likelihood is that one of the latching keys CAPS LOCK or SHIFT LOCK is latched in the down poz jon which prevents the keyboard from sending an idle signal to the monitor Releasing all latched keys should solve the problem if not check the keyboard cable and connector to make sure that a proper connection exists If the con nection appears sound try powering the workstation off and on again If the problem persists there is probably a defect in the keyboard or keyboard cable Contact your service organization or Sun for assis tance l On the Sun keyboards holding down the upper left most key ERASE EOF on the Micro Switch 103SD30 and typing an a causes a trap also known as an Abort to the monitor so that debugging commands may be given If the console device is an ASCII terminal connected to one of the UARTs see the U command described under The ROM Monitor Commands below an abort is generated by pressing and releasing the Break key You may continue an aborted progr
56. and the graphics board The back panel is illustrated in Figure BACKPANEL The five con nectors labelled SMD are used to connect to up to four SMD disk drives using the optional disk controller Only the Sun keyboard should be plugged into the connector labelled Keyboard A mouse may be plugged into the mouse connector The RS 232 serial ports labelled A and B are used to connect equipment such as terminals modems printers Multibus is a trademark of Intel Corporation Lark is a trademark of Control Data Corporation A small number of the earliest manufactured units have six slot card cages V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Loccloss emo Ot page 2 Kew fist ve OAM SMD CONNECTORS 3HBIT ETHERNET SERIAL A DCE POWER ON SWITCH FUSE POWER CORD KEYBOARD UNUSED SERIAL B DTE Figure BACKPANEL The Sun Workstation Back Panel etc See the chapter on Installation below for information about con necting peripheral equipment to the Sun Workstation Be sure to keep the area behind the fan unobstructed 1 3 Notations Used in this Document Integers are normally written in decimal if preceded by Ox they are hexadecimal Software interfaces and programming examples are specified in the C programming language For a detailed description of C see Kernighan B W and Ritchie D M The C Programming Language Prentice Hal
57. application of this function to a single pixel The function may be expressed in tabular form as shown in figure RASTEREXAMPLE Pat Sre Dst result result Sre OR Dst sat OOOO t DADO 00 O O O 0 md omb OD ot e C Figure RASTEREXAMPLE A Boolean function The Pat Sre and Dst columns in the table form an index running from zero 000 through seven 111 The eight bits of the result column uniquely specify the desired boolean function and these are pre cisely the eight bits which are to be loaded into the frame buffer s FUNCTION register By convention the least significant bit of the function appears at the top of the table hence this function Sre OR Dst is represented by the eight bit value hex EE Examples of other function encodings are 0 clear destination bits FF set destination bits and CC copy source to destination The Sun graphics system allows all 256 possible RasterOp functions although only a few are used in practice For example to clear the entire screen the constant function 0 is applied to the viewable rectangle To flash a certain window the func tion NOT Dst is performed on that window To write a character the Src function is used while NOT Sre writes the character inverted black on white Dst OR Sre overwrites paints the character and Sre OR Pat writes the character with a background pattern During application of a RasterOp the Destination Source and Pat
58. ard The SMD 2180 disk controller board connects internally to the back panel via industry standard A and B cables The larger header nearest the front of the workstation is the A connector this is connected directly to the back panel SMD A connector As usual the cable plugs into the header with the highlighted edge pin 1 toward the front of the worstation The four smaller connectors are the B connectors for up to four storage module drives Cable number 1 is the farthest forward i e closest to the A connector if your workstation is configured for only one disk drive the internal B cable for it will be plugged in there Additional drives would take consecutive positions toward the rear of the controller board As above the B cables are inserted with pin 1 facing the front of the workstation The Sun 3 Mbit sec Ethernet board has one cable connecting it to the back panel Ethernet connector This connector as above should be oriented with pin 1 facing toward the front of the workstation 3 6 Set up B CAUTION Before plugging in the power cord of any component of your Sun system be sure that the supplied Volts and Hz are as specified on the back panel of your workstation Use only three prong grounded outlets Always remove power before opening any system enclosure or servicing any system component All servicing should be performed by qualified personnel The Sun 1 is supplied with a comprehensive set of ROM based diag no
59. ard is used in conjuntion with a Multibus DMA board such as a disk controller that does not support Common Bus Request CBRQ then the 68000 board must be configured such that it gives up the Multibus after every Multibus cycle This also will cause three addi tional wait states for each Multibus access The Interphase 2180 disk controller is an example of a Multibus DMA board requiring this confi guration On the other hand if all Multibus DMA devices Bus Masters do support CBRQ then the CBRQ jumper on the processor board is not required Instead the 68000 board will retain bus mastership until a lower priority master requests it by asserting CBRQ Following a CBRQ the current Bus Master has to yield mastership for at least one cycle The CBRQ jumper is the leftmost pair of pins at location J902 on the processor board viewing the board with the Multibus at the bottom 2 3 Graphics Board The Sun graphic system is a high resolution bit mapped frame buffer and display processor on one Multibus board The general organi zation of the graphics board is illustrated in Figure GRAPHICS There is a small amount of hardware assistance to perform a set of simple high bandwidth operations called RasterOps This results in a simple yet flexible graphics device with the performance needed to support sophis ticated user interfaces The section below entitled The Sun Graphics System contains detailed specifications of the programming inter
60. at the leftmost character position on the th line below the current line If the current line is less than lines from the bottom of the sereen postions the cursor at the leftmost character po sition on the bottom line ESC 1 42f i HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL POSITION HVP or ESC 1 42H CURSOR POSITION CUP These two escape sequences are equivalent Takes two parame ters 1 and 2 default 1 1 Moves the cursor to the 2 th character position on the 1 th line Character positions are numbered from 1 at the left edge of the screen line positions are numbered from 1 at the top of the screen Hence if both parameters are omitted the default action moves the cursor to the home position upper left corner ESC J ERASE IN DISPLAY ED x Takes no parameters Erases from the current cursor position inclusive to the end of the screen In other words erases from the current cursor position inclusive to the end of the current line and all lines below the current line The cursor position is unchanged ESC K ERASE IN LINE EL Takes no parameters Erases from the current cursor position inclusive to the end of the current line The cursor position is unchanged ESC L INSERT LINE IL Takes one parameter default 1 Makes room for new lines starting at the current line by scrolling down by lines the portion of the screen from the current line inclusive to the bottom The new lines at the cursor are fi
61. ch will restore the previous assignment of input and output device For more details see the section Load ing Programs below Mm Opens Segment Map register m O addr Opens the byte location specified The byte vs word i distinction can be a problem on the Multibus since some Multibus boards follow the 8086 convention for byte ord ering within words which is the reverse of the 68000 convention See section 2 1 above for further details P p Opens Page Map register p R Opens the miscellaneous registers in order SS Super visor Stack Pointer US User Stack Pointer SR Status Register and PC Program counter Altera tions made to SS will have no effect S S record This causes the monitor to accept the S rece d described in section S record Format below Normally received from the host computer in L mode see the L command above this responds with a two digit record count followed by a single letter either L for length error K for checksum error or Y for success U arg The U command manipulates the on board UARTs and switches the current input or output device The argu ment may have the following values ab means that either a or b is specified ab Select UART a or b as input and output device ab io Select UART a or b as input and output device ab i Select UART a or b for input only ab o Select UART a or b for output only k Select keyboard for input ki Select keyboard for input
62. checksum test The trailer serves two functions to terminate loading and to load PC with the trailer s address giving a mechanism for defining the entry point of a program Consider the following sequence of four S records 2080d31441 90031f03b S2080d31483310ca055 S2080d314c0000112339 S8040d314A73 These four S records load twelve bytes into memo starting at location 0xd3144 The starting PC is Oxd314A The bytes which are loaded are 190031 03310ca0500001123 4 5 2 Example of Down line Lo ding Suppose the file we want to load is called test dl and the host command to download a file is dlx lt filename gt Assuming that you have used transparent mode to log into the host computer and initialize its command environment appropriately you should then escape from tran sparent mode Then issue the command L dlx test dl This will transmit the command dlx test dl to the host and then cause the monitor to accept subsequent eommands from the host The monitor sends a backslash character to the host vw n it is ready to begin receiving S records When the down load is complete the host should send a U monitor command switching monitor input back to the console key board You can then start your program with the G command Nor mally the current PC will have been set by the downloader to be the entry point of the program if not you can specify a starting address with G You can abort a download by hitting the
63. e No chip locations are given for bad Multibus memory since the diagnostics cannot distinguish ifferent types of Mul tibus memory boards 6 5 1 Decoding On Board RAM Locations The memory locations given by the diagn stics are the same as those printed on the PC boards However these locations have been obscured by the sockets placed on the boards so given a memory location the thousands digit specifies the board number the hundreds digit specifies the row in the memory array and the ten and ones digits specify the column number in the memory array Clarifying the above statements board O is the processor board boards 1 and 2 are memory expansion boards 1 and 2 respectively and location Mx100 is always oriented as the upper left hand corner of the memory array with the Multibus connector at the bottom of the card Take the memory location M1108 as an exemple The thousands digit specifies expansion board number 1 The 64K RAM is in the top row and it is the eighth chip from the left hand side of the board Call your Sun Microsystems service organization if you have problems 6 5 2 Decoding Chryslin 128K RAM Locations On Chryslin 128K byte Multibus Memory Cards the chip decoding is as follows The first 32K on the card correspond to the top row of chips with the Multibus connector at the bottom of the card The second third and fourth sets of 32K correspond respectively to the second third and fourth rows of chi
64. e monitor will always store this address as a longword at location 0 so you will always be able to find the information by indirecting through location 0 You can examine this data with the E monitor command For more information on MC68000 exception handling refer to the MC68000 User s Manual The information saved by the monitor on a bus error or address error is described in the following table On address errors only the first three items the first eight bytes are saved Following the 68000 conventions bits are numbered with bit 0 the least significant Words are 16 bits and longs are 32 bits Address Size Description 0x200 word Misc information saved by 68000 Bits 15 5 Not meaningful 4 Was the access a read or write write 0 read 1 3 Was the processor processing an instruction 0 or not 1 2 0 Function code Possible values are 000 011 100 Unassigned 001 User Data 010 User Program 101 Supervisor Data 110 Supervisor Prcyran 111 Interrupt Acknowledge 0x202 long Access address The address which was being accessed by the aborted bus cycle 0x206 word First word of the instruction being processed The following information is saved only on bus errors 0x208 long Saved contents of 68000 registers The order is through x 16 from data register 0 to data register 7 then from 0x247 address register 0 through address register 7 A7 is the System Stack Pointer 0x248 long User Stack Pointe
65. erminal emulation routines which allow the frame buffer to be written to as an ANSI 4014 terminal The section Frame Buffer Terminal Emulation below describes this interface in greater detail int v finit G struct dpyglobals G Frame buffer initialization routine G points to the ter minal emulator s global workspace Two entries in the workspace must be filled the first longword must contain the virtual address of the frame buffer and the second must contain the virtual address of a 4096 byte work area finit fills the work area with its character font defini tion which is stored in compressed form in the ROM Typi cally callers just use the workspace used by the monitor which is accessible in the Vector Table as v_FBAddr see below The monitor calls finit after a reset soifa frame buffer exists at the usual physical address typical user programs will not need to call finit int v_fwritechar c G char oj struct dpyglobals G Writes the character c to the frame buffer terminal G points to the terminal emulator s global workspace the address of the workspace used by the monitor is accessible as v FBAddr in the Vector Table see below The monitor implements an ANSI standard X3 64 compatible terminal in software It also includes vector drawing capabilities similar to the Tektronix 4014 Details of the escape code sequences supported are in the section Frame Buffer Termi nal Emulation below long
66. es the board can address up to one megabyte of memory and one megabyte of input output locations The Sun processor board contains an on board precision voltage reference for power on reset Multibus INIT is generated whenever the voltage falls below 4 5 Volt In addition Multibus INIT can be gen erated by executing the 68000 RESET instruction Note that in this standard configuration the 68000 always drives INIT to the Multibus and the 68000 carnot be reset by an INIT from the Multibus If the 68000 accesses the Multibus and does not receive a data transfer acknowledge within 1 to 3 milliseconds the access will be aborted via bus error The timeout period in the Sun processor board includes the Multibus acquisition time Thus if a peripheral device locks up the bus for more than 1 millisecond timeout can occur see also the section titled Multibus Priority below For more information about the Multibus consult the following references l D R W Boberg 796 Microprocessor Bus Standard Computer October 1980 This publication in the IEEE Computer Magazine gives a good introduction and overview of the bus V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 4 IEEE Proposed 796 Microprocessor Bus Standard with Errata December 1981 This is the official copy of the Standard and includes up to date revisions and errata It is available from MicroBar Inc Attn
67. ese Vector Table entries provide services which an operating sys tem would find useful 5 v SetSeg Context MapIndex Value long Context MapIndex short Value Sets an entry in the segment map To provide optimal hardware performarce the Sun processor board does not allow a segment map entry for one context to be accessed while executing in another context However a routine which executes from ROM does not depend on the current set ting of the context register and can perform this service for a RAM resident operating system This procedure sets segment map entry MapIndex between 0 and 63 in context Context between 0 and 15 to value Value 16 bits short v_GetSeg Context MapIndex long Context MapIndex Gets an entry from the segment map To provide optimal hardware performance the Sun processor board does not allow a segment map entry for one context to be accessed V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 ce 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc _SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL qu Page AT while executing in anothe context However a routine which executes from ROM does not depend on the current set ting of the context register and can perform this service for a RAM resident operating system This procedure reads Segment map entry MapIndex between 0 and 63 in context Context between O and 15 and returns it v KeyFrsh This contains the address of the monitor s refresh inter rupt service routine This address is nor
68. ev ion level is Rev C long v SerialNum Serial number of this Sun This is cugrently not imple mented long v MemorySize Size in bytes of physical memory on the processor board and memory expansion boards This does not include Multibus memory GlobDes v_GlobPtr Points to the monitor s Global Ram structure which con tains all global variables used by the monitor Various of these are also pointed to by specific entries in the Vecto Table This pointer should not be used without a good understanding of what it s pointing to which is hard to obtain without listings of the monitor source 5 3 3 Single Character 1 0 unsigned char v getchar Returns the next character from the current input source If v_Echo0n is set see below the character is also echoed on the current output sink using putchar The input is done using busy waiting that is if there is no input bufferred up getchar waits until a character le 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc V150 draft of July 27 1982 T SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL 7 000 000 L0 arrives Currently serial ports can buffer up to 3 input characters in hardware and the console keyboard can buffer up to 30 keys in software int v_putchar c char c Prints the specified character on the current output sink If c isa linefeed newline it is preceded by a car riage return The output is done using busy waiting that is if the output sink is a se
69. eys 1 2 3 21 25 27 49 51 Not implemented These keys are ignored CLR Key 26 Generates L FF Form Feed OxC unlabeled function keys Keys 5 18 These keys are ignored The codes generated by the keyboard are modified by several shift and shift like keys These are left and right SHIFT gc Keys 4100 111 Cause the uppercase letter or symbol to be generated SHIFT LOCK Key 76 Same as SHIFT keys This key is unlocked by pressing either SHIFT key V1 0 draft of July 2T 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 50 CAPS LOCK Key 29 Causes letter keys to generate uppercase letters no other keys are affected left and right CTRL right CTRL labeled REPT Keys 122 124 Causes control characters to be generated See table below There is one special sequence which can be typed to generate an Abort which causes the currently executing program to be interrupted allowing commands to be typed to the monitor This is generated by pressing the ERASE EOF key then without releasing it or pressing or releasing any other keys pressing the A key If the monitor s refresh routine is running this will cause the message Abort at xxxxxx where XXXXxx is the program counter value from the mainline program that was interrupted and the monitor prompt character gt To resume type c Note When the monitor is using UART A or B for the console input Abort is caused b
70. face to the Graphics board The graphics board has only one switch which is illustrated in Figure GBOARD This switch is used to set the Multibus base address in Multibus Memory Space It may be set to any address multiple of 0x20000 between 0x0 and OxE0000 The standard address for the graphics board is 0xC0000 Any addi tional graphics boards are placed at successively lower addresses The following table indicates which switch to set for each of the possible addresses Note that ONLY the indicated switch should be turned on all other switches should be in the off position _ v1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Bit Manipulation X Y Addressing Hardware Graphical Object Cache Next Address Generation Graphical Object Selection Software Page 7 Function Selection Host RasterOP Frame Video Processor Hardware Buffer Monitor RasterOP unit performs read modify write cycle Destination in frame buffer Source operands can come from frame buffer or host computer Figure GRAPHICS The Sun Graphics Board address DIP switch 0x00000 0x20000 0x40000 0x60000 0x80000 0xA0000 0xC0000 OxE0000 standard setting NUdU c o 2 4 Memory Expansion The Sun memory expansion board provides 768K bytes of additional on board memory for the Sun processor It is connected to the proces sor board via the Multibus P2 connector and permits access by
71. for on board references because the on board bus is synchronous and all cycles are always ack nowledged Parity errors occur if a byte or word with odd parity is read from local RAM Since parity can only be checked at the end of a memory read cycle the 68000 cannot abort the cycle in which the error occured but the next cycle Parity checking can be enabled or disabled under software control When a write is done to PROMO address space to exit boot state the low order bit of the data written controls whether parity checking is done If the low bit is a 1 parity checking is enabled otherwise is is V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 36 disabled Such a write may be done at any time from supervisor state When a bus error occurs the cause of the error can be determined by checking whether the attempted access was to system space in user mode whether a mapped access violated the segment protection code or whether the page referenced was nonexistent If none of the above caused the exception then the exception was a timeout for bus accesses or a par ity error caused by local accesses in the previous memory cycle 5 1 3 Interrupts The 68000 has seven interrupt levels numbered 1 through 7 with level Y being the highest priority and level 1 the lowest priority Interrupts are recognized for all priority levels greater the the current processor priority level contained
72. formation UART amp TIMER OK NO BAD INTERRUPTS TO T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 T21T22T23T24T25T26T27T28T29 TESTING A 000000 TO A 040000 T41T42743T44T45T46 THT T4 8TH 9T50 51 T61 TESTING A 100000 TO A 120000 T81T82T83T84T85T86T87T88T89T90T91 TEST DONEx The diagnostios will now cycle and run again Initially the diagnostics test out the timer and UART circuitry If there is an error at this point the diagnostics will halt If you cannot get any diagnostic output through the UART contact your Sun Microsystems service organization for assistance Next boot state is exited In boot state all interrupts are dis abled so while leaving boot state it is possible that another board in the system is erroneously generating an interrupt when it should not be If you fail to get the NO BAD INTERRUPTS message remove the boards in the system other than the processor board one by one and re run the diagnostics until the bad board has been identified The diagnostics next test out the context registers the segment maps the page maps on board memory and Multibus memory The diagnos tics print out the test numbers as the tests are invoked and any faulty chips are listed Tests 1 to 9 diagnose the segment maps tests 21 to 29 diagnose the page maps tests 41 to 51 diagnose on board memory test 61 checks the 64K RAMs storing parity data and tests 81 to 91 check Multibus memory Multibus memory tests are not run if there is no Multibus memory
73. ge Constants for the Sun Graphics Board This appendix contains the text of the C header file framebuf h which defines a number of useful mnemonic symbols for graphics board commands These commands are encoded in bit fields within Multibus addresses which are decoded by the graphics board Several of these symbols are used in the program example in Appen dix A framebuf h Copyright 1982 by Sun Microsystems Inc The low order 11 bits consist of the X or Y address times 2 The lowest order bit is ignored so word addressing works efficiently define GXselectX 0 lt lt 11 define GXselectx 0 lt lt 11 the address is loaded into an X register the address is loaded into a Y register define GXselectY 1 lt lt 11 define GXselecty 1 lt lt 11 m There are four sets of X and Y register pairs selected by the following bits define define define define GXaddressSetO0 GXaddressSet1 GXaddressSet2 GXaddressSet3 0 lt lt 12 1 lt lt 12 2 lt lt 12 3 lt lt 12 Me X Xn Se e Mh HA V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 define define define define The foll define define define define define define a These Note GXsetO GXset1 GXset2 GXset3 GXnone GXothers GXsource GXmask GXpat GXupdate 1 lt lt 16 0 lt lt 12 1 lt lt 12 2 lt lt 12 3 lt lt 12 owing bits indicate which
74. gnal on the Multibus and the interrupt vector capabilities of the Multibus are not used 5 1 4 Initialization After hardware reset the 68000 processor board comes up in a spe cial boot state In this boot state the normal operation of the board is changed as follows 1 The on board PROM normally residing in system address space over lays RAM starting at location 0 and is also accessible under its normal location Thus the initial program counter and stack VISO draft OF July aT e1982 e O 1990 Sun E O ance SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL eres Page 31 pointer are fetched from PROM at locations 0 to 3 whereas other bootstrap code can execute from normal PROM addresses 2 Since the PROM is overlaid at location 0 read access to the on board RAM dnd to the Multibus is disabled However write access is possible allowing initialization of exception and interrupt vec tors in RAM 3 All interrupts including the non maskable interrupt are disabled in hardware After leaving the boot state non maskable interrupts can occur at any time and maskable interrupts can occur as soon as the interrupt mask in the status register is lowered to allow then Boot state is exited by writing once to any location in PROMO address space This write also enables or disables parity checking see section Exception Handling above 5 2 Memory Management 5 2 1 Overview The Sun Memory Management Unit has been designed to support a mu
75. h routine to its original condition and refreshes memory If the refresh vector pointer at location 0x7C was invalid it prints the message xxxxxxxx bad refresh vector on the current output device where xxxxxxxx is the previous con tents of location 0x7C In cases where the bus error was caused by the watchdog timer detecting loss of refresh this will prevent the timer from resetting the system 5 3 8 Interfaces Between Proms These Vector Table entries permit routines in the second prom set U102 and U104 to access common command parsing and simple output for matting routines in the first prom set They will not be documented here other than to list their names linbuf lineptr linesize getline getone peekchar gethexbyte getnum message printhex diagret 5 4 The Sun Keyboard The console keyboard currently supplied with the Sun 1 Workstation is a Micro Switch 103SD30 Series with an 8048 8748 on the board This has been modified to produce up down keycodes on 8 parallel output lines Each keycode is held stable on these lines for a minimum of 2 5 ms in order that the main processor can read it during its refresh rou tine which executes every 2 ms or so When no keys are depressed the keyboard transmits a keycode of IDLEKEY defined as 7F hex to indicate that that is the case Thus when the last key is released a keycode for its release is sent fol lowed by an IDLEKEY In forthcoming versions the 8048 will when idle
76. he Sun Graphics Board GBOARD Setting Multibus base address on Sun Graphics Board KEYS Keyboard LayOUtES 105 ETHERNET Sun 3 MBit sec Ethernet installation 11 MEMMAN Memory Mapping on the Sun Processorn 38 MMADDa3 Addressing Scheme for Segment and Page Map Entries 39 KEYBOARD The Sun Key board isis ar ds as H9 SCREEN The Sun Graphics Soereen a D2 RASTEROP The RasterOp Concept sccocseces soescccesececeecesecs 52 RASTEREXAMPLE A Boolean function 53 GRAPHBLOCK Sun Graphics Board Block Diagram ccccsccccccscessscese bl GXADDRESS Sun Graphics Board Address Decoding 58 OONN LIST OF TABLES Wiring of UARTS e ve a A D Usage of timers 5 Card wage configuration a 14 Serecord f onilats oo seins AA C Raw cane e ef Monitor exception MESSABZES ccceccccccccccccscccsssccccccccccccssses 29 Information saved on bus errors 4 4ee 31 Processor logical address space 3H Segment map protection codes 40 Page map address space COdES ccccccccccccccscccccccccsesccccccsccos H1 Sun keyboard control characterns 50 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc
77. he cable plugs into a header on the edge of a circuit card 5 Before removing any cards it is necessary to remove the two black plates know as card cage restraints at each end of the PCB tray Remove any cables that are in the way and extract or insert the desired card s To remove a card simultaneously lift the two plastic levers provided for this purpose at each upper corner of the card When inserting a card make sure that it seats all the V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 15 SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 16 way into the card cage Pay attention to the position of the cards in the card cage see Card Cage Configuration above Observe that the Multibus edge connectors inside the card cage permit only one right way to install a card 6 If installing a user supplied Multibus accessory card follow manufacturer s instructions for connection of the card It may be necessary to route cables around the top or side of the back panel In some cases you may have to leave the tray partially slid out or cut additional holes in the cabinet Check with Sun Microsystems before modifying your workstation to make sure that you will not invalidate your warranty 7 Slide the processor card back into the Multibus card cage Do not force carefully fold internal cables into the enclosure After you are satisfied that the installation is correct replace the six screws
78. he like assuming as noted above that the control lines are not required while requiring a null modem for attaching most terminals Getting the cabling right is a problem wi ch should be familiar to anyone who has had to connect RS 232 equipment sometimes it is most easily solved by experimentation See section 2 2 1 UARTS for further specifications 3 6 3 Disk Subsystem Your Sun 1 may have been supplied with either of two optional disk subsystems the Control Data Lark Module Drive Model 9455 or the Fujitsu Model M2312 disk drive Both of these units use the industry Standard SMD interface which is supported by the Interphase SMD 2180 disk controller supplied with your disk subsystem It is possible to attach up to four disk drives to a single SMD 2180 controller however at present you cannot mix Lark and Fujitsu drives on the same con troller The disk subsystem is attached to the Sun Workstation via two flat ribbon cables The wider control or A cable plugs into the SMD A connector on the Sun back panel the narrower data or B cable for each of up to four drives plugs into one of the four SMD B connectors on the back panel If two disk controller boards are used you will have to route the second set of A and B internal connecting cables around the top or side of the back panel to bring them outside of the enclosure The head assembly of the Fujitsu must be locked during shipment and should be locked any time the dri
79. he stack on entry at AbortEnt resuming the main line program The monitor s refresh routine uses AbortEnt if the Abort sequence Erase EOF then A is typed on the console keyboard or if a serial line is selected as current input source and its BREAK key is pressed int v RefrCnt This integer value contains a millisecond counter which is incremented by the monitor s refresh routine Since the refresh routine runs every 2 milliseconds the counter is always incremented by 2 Due to uncommon conditions resulting from Multibus accesses to nonexistent memory or devices this counter will run slightly slow so it is not suitable for a wall clock value It can be used for low precision timing though for example it is used to implement auto repeat for the console keyboard V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 18 char v_bedecode beinfo sr struct BusErrInfo beinfo short sr Decodes a bus error and returns a pointer to a string which describes the cause of the error The first argument points to an 8 byte area which contains the information stacked by a bus error The second argument is the status register value stacked by the bus error The result points to one of the strings Spurious Bus System Space Pro tection Page Invalid Parity or Timeout Since a bus error can also occur if the refresh routine is damaged bedecode also restores the refres
80. hould be performed only bs a us fied service technician V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 14 3 INSTALLATION 3 1 Unpacking Instructions Inspect all shipping cartons immediately upon receipt for evidence of damage If any shipping carton is severely damaged request that the carrier s agent be present when the carton is opened If the carrier s agent is not present when a carton is opened and the contents are found to be damaged keep all contents and packing materials for the agent s inspection Carefully unpack all items from the shipping containers Avoid using sharp instruments which may damage the contents We recommend that you save salvageable shipping cartons and packing material for future use in case the product must be reshipped 3 2 Safety Precautions Other than procedures described in this document please do not attempt to service your Sun 1 workstation contact Sun Microsystems or your field service organization Observe common sense safety precautions as you would for any electrical or electronic equipment Always disconnect power before opening any system enclosure Whenever in doubt contact Sun or an authorized service representative The foll wing sections contain set up and configuration specifica tions for the Sun 1 Workstation Consult the additional hardware manu als supplied with your workstation and with user supplied Multibus accessory b
81. ibus memory Multibus I O 5 N O 1 A nonexistent entry indicates an invalid page causing instruction abort The address bits of such an entry are ignored and can be used by software Notice that each of the physical address spaces is 23 address bits 8M bytes large Since on board memory is at most 256K bytes 1 75M bytes with two memory expansion boards and the address space on the st dard Multibus is at most 1M byte for memory and 64K bytes for I 0 some high order address bits of the page map entries will be ignored It is the responsibility of the memory management software to provide correct table entries for a particular system configuration The page map entry used to map some virtual address X is addressed at virtual address X OxA00000 Note that the segment map entries for virtual address X should be set up before accessing the page map entries since the segment map entries determine which page map entries are accessed 5 2 6 Page Control In addition to the page mapping information each page entry has two associated statistic bits modified and accessed that are set whenever that page has been accessed or written into These bits are updated automatically cn all cycles for which access has been granted by the protection mechanism Bit 14 of the page map entry is the modi fied bit and bit 15 is the accessed bit 5 3 ROM Vector Table The ROM monitor provides various services to user programs via the R
82. in the 68000 status register When an interrupt is acknowledged the processor priority is set to the level of the interrupt request A level 7 interrupt is special in that it is recognized even if the mask in the 68000 s status register is set to 7 thus providing a non maskable interrupt capability A level 7 interrupt is acknowledged every time the interrupt request changes from a lower level to level 7 that is level 7 interrupts are edge triggered The Multibus standard defines 8 interrupt lines INTO through INTT with INTO being the highest priority Also the standard recommends the interrupts be level triggered instead of edge triggered to allow multi ple interrupt sources on each interrupt line To avoid confusion for 68000 programmers the numbering and the priorities of the interrupt lines on the Multibus were made to correspond to the definition of the 68000 Thus INT7 on the Multibus is the highest priority interrupt and INT1 the lowest INTO is not imple mented In addition INT7 is non maskable and edge triggered whereas all other interrupts are maskable and level triggered Three interrupt lines are assigned to on board interrupt sources INT7 Refresh Timer INT6 User Timer INT5 UART INTT INT6 and INT5 are ignored from the Multibus Interrupts are acknowledged by the 68000 in auto vector mode that is the interrupt vector is generated internally by the 68000 and is not supplied by the device Thus the INTA si
83. in your system Please report all failures during the execution of these diagnos tics to Sun Microsystems In the case of a 64K RAM failure a special diagnostic has been developed to isolate the fault down to the RAM chip level Should T61 generate a failure please refer to the section Decoding 64K RAM Error Information below for repair instructions V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 70 6 4 Installation of Diagnostic PROMs To install the Diagnostic PROMs 1 Disconnect the power cord to the Sun 1 2 Remove the six screws securing the tray on the sides of the SUN 1 3 Pull out the tray 4 Identify the processor board This is the board with the ribbon cable which connects to the back panel keyboard connector see fig ure BACKPANEL in section 1 2 5 Remove any cables that are in the way and extract the processor board 6 With flat head screwdriver or similar implement gently remove the 28 pin packages at locations U101 and U103 which are labelled on the PC board 7 Insert the diagnostic PROM labelled 0 0 at locaticn U101 8 Insert the diagnostic PROM labelled 0 8 at location U103 9 Check that each PROM is inserted with pin 1 the end with the small indentation toward the nearest edge of the board i e away from the Multibus connector 10 Check that all pins on the PROMs have properly gone into their sockets 11 Put the processor board back in
84. king screw in until it is observed to engage the carriage mechanism and a slight resistance is felt The main rules for operating the Lark are as follows 1 The drive cannot be operated unless a cartridge is installed 2 The cartridge loading door cannot be opened unless power is on AND the disks are spun down at rest 3 With the power on and a cartridge installed the disks are made to spi up by pressing the START STOP button on the disk subsystem s front panel When the button latches in the disks will spin up While they are spinning up the green light on the START STOP but ton will flash and the disks will not yet be usable by the Sun 1 When the green light burns steadily a few minutes after pressing START STOP the disk is ready to use 4 The disks are made to spin down by pressing the start stop button again to return it to the out position The green light flashes while the disks are spinning down The cartridge door cannot be opened until the disks are completely spun down as indicated by the green light going out This takes about a minute 5 When power is on and the disks are filly spun down the cartridge door can be opened by squeezing upward on the latch button located in the top of the indentation in the door 6 After opening the door you can eject the cartridge by pushing down firmly on the open door Always keep the door closed when the drive is not in use The manufacturer recommends keeping a Spare
85. l 1978 105 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 C e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 3 2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION AND CONFIGURATION 2 1 Multibus Interface The Sun 1 Workstation uses two busses a synchronous high speed memory bus for processor memory communication and the the IEEE 796 Bus Intel Multibus for input output and peripherals The IEEE 796 Bus is an asynchronous bus accomodating devices with various transfer rates while maintaining maximum throughput The Multibus provides 8 bit and 16 bit data transfers and 20 bit addressing extendable to 24 bit addressing It allows multiple masters to share the same bus and pro vides serial daisy chain as well as parallel priority resolution schemes The Multibus has a secondary backplane connector the P2 con nector for inte module connections This connector is used in the Sun workstation for the high speed memory bus mentioned above In order to offer a consistent model for 68000 programmers the Sun processor board generates 68000 byte order on the Multibus This means that the low order or the even byte is placed into bits D8 through D15 whereas the high order or odd byte is placed into bits DO through D7 If the processor board communicates with a byte organized Multibus dev ice it is typically necessary to reverse the byte order in software The Sun 68000 board generates the 20 address lines on the standard IEEE 796 Bus Using these 20 address lin
86. l characters for exam ple CTRL is equivalent to CTRL See the end of the section titled The Sun Keyboard above Other ANSI control sequences are of the form ESC lt params gt char Spaces are included only for readability these characters must occur in the given sequence without the intervening spaces ESC represents the ASCII Escape character ESC CTRL 0x1b The next character is a left square bracket 0x5b The lt params gt are a sequence of zero or more decimal numbers made up of digits between 0 and 9 separated by semicolons lt Char gt represents a function character which is different for each control sequence Some examples of syntactically legal escape sequences are again ESC represent the single character Escape ESC m ESC 7m ESC 33 54A ESC 123 156 0 3 B Syntactically legal ANSI eseape sequences which are not currently inter preted by the Sun terminal will be ignored Each control function requires a specified number of parameters as noted below If fewer parameters are supplied then the remaining parameters are defaulted to 1 except as noted in the descriptions below If more than the required number of parameters is supplied then only the last n will be used where n is the number required by that particular command character Also parameters which are omitted or set to zero are reset to the default value o 1 except as noted below Consider for example the command character r
87. lled with blanks the bottom lines shift off the bottom of the screen and are lost The position of the cursor on the screen is unchanged V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 64 ESC M DELETE LINE DL Takes one parameter default 1 Deletes lines beginning with the current line The portion of the screen from the current line inclusive to the bottom is scrolled upward by lines The new lines scrolling onto the bottom of the screen are filled with blanks the old lines beginning at the cursor line are deleted The position of the cursor on the screen is unchanged ESC P DELETE CHARACTER DCH Takes one parameter default 1 Deletes f characters start ing with the current cursor position Shifts to the left by character positions the tail of the current line from the current cursor position inclusive to the end of the line Blanks are shifted into the rightmost character positions The position of the cursor on the screen is unchanged ESC m SELECT GRAPHIC RENDITION SGR Takes one parameter default 0 Note that unlike most es cape sequences the parameter defaults to zero if omitted In vokes the graphic rendition specified by the parameter All following printing characters in the data stream are rendered according to the parameter until the next occurrence of this es cape sequence in the data stream Currently only two graphic renditio
88. lti tasking operating system such as Bell Labs UNIX system It pro vides address translation protection sharing and memory allocation for multiple processes executing on the 68000 All accesses of the 68000 to on board RAM memory Multibus memory and Multibus I O space are translated and protected in an identical fashion The Sun memory management provides all the necessary mechanism for demand paging and virtual memory and will be fully compatible with the 68010 virtual memory processor when it becomes available i The memory management consists of a context register a segment map and a page map Virtual addresses from the processor are translated into intermediate addresses by the segment map and then into physical addresses by the page map The page size is 2018 bytes the segment size is 32K bytes giving 16 pages per segment and up to 16 contexts can be mapped concurrently The maximum logical address space for a context is 1024 pages 2M bytes The maximum physical address space that can be mapped simul taneously is 2M bytes The organization of the memory management system is shown in figure MEMMAN below The addressing scheme used to access the segment and page maps and the format of the segment and page map entries is shown in figure MMADDR 5 2 2 Context Register In a multitask environment it is important to be able to switch between processes quickly without having to reload all the translation state information of
89. mally contained in the hardware vector pointer for interrupt level 7 non maskable interrupt at location 0x7C If an operating sys tem or standalone program wants to change or augment the refresh routine it should set the hardware vector to point to its code and have its code jump to KeyFrsh when done If an operating system or standalone program wants to change the refresh routine it may restore the hardware vector from here when it wants to change back Note that this entry while declared as a function is NOT a C func tion and cannot be called as one It is called by inter rupt hardware and returns with the rte instruction instead of the subroutine s rts int v_AbortEnt This contains the address within the monitor of its Abort entry point If an interrupt routine such as a replace ment refresh routine wishes to allow the user to suspend the current program and enter the monitor it can enter at this location The routine must enter by a jmp to Abor tEnt Upon entry all registers must have the same values they had on entry to the interrupt routine and there must be no extraneous data on the supervisor stack beyond the SR and PC stacked by the interrupt Once entered by Abor tEnt the monitor will print an Abort at xxxxxx message and accept commands from the user If a c command is entered it will restore all the registers to their values on entry at AbortEnt then restore the PC and SR from what was on t
90. me monitor specific data It is also possible that a hardware failure is to blame Note that in many cases it is pos ble for the monitor to detect the difference between a true restart and a watchdog timer restart It avoids clearing memory and displays Watchdog before the usual Sun Workstation Monitor message 4 7 Tracing programs The monitor provides several facilities for tracing program execu tion They are quite primitive however and basically require you to understand your program at the machine code level However if you have a symbol table listing of your program you will be able to at least know where each routine starts 4 7 1 Breakpoint traps The use of a Breakpoint trap BPT allows to run a program and regain control when execution reaches a certain location The monitor currently can only maintain one breakpoint trap at a time A breakpoint trap is set at address x by typing B x The current breakpoint address may be queried by typing B alone The current breakpoint may be can celled by typing B 0 You can then start or resume your program with the C or possibly G command Execution will proceed until the trap is reached at which point you will get a message such as Break at 001000 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 33 At this point you may examine registers memory etc You may also clear the BPT or set a new one You ma
91. means that any number of spaces is skipped here lt Argument gt is normally a hexadecimal number or a single letter again case does not matter Square brackets J indicate that the argument portion may be optional When typing commands lt backspace gt and lt delete gt V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 24 also called lt rubout gt generated by the key labelled lt back tab gt on the current Sun keyboard erase one character control U erases the entire line lt Return gt means that you should hit the carriage return key Several of the commands open a memory word map register or pro cessor register This causes the address or register name to be displayed along with its current contents You may then type a new hex adecimal value or simply lt return gt to go on the next address or regis ter Typing Q will get you back to command level For registers next means within the sequence DO D7 A0 46 SS US SR PC For example the following commands set location 1234 to 5678 and register D1 to OFOC The user types the underlined parts with a return a the end of each command gt e 1234 001234 23CF 5678 001236 0000 q gt d DO 00000001 D1 00000231 of00 D2 01203405 q gt The commands are An Open A register n 0 lt n lt 6 default 0 See the dis cussion above of open B dv u p name Boot Calls the boot routine which is loca
92. nate is transmitted using two consecutive characters with the high order 5 bits of the coordinate being extracted from the low order 5 bits of the first char cter and the the low order 5 bits of the coordinate being extracted from the low order 5 bits of the second character V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 66 The high order 2 bits of each of the four characters transmitted for a full address must be respectively 01 11 01 10 These denote respectively HI Y LO Y HI X LO X Whether 01 denotes HI Y or HI X is determined by whether LO X or LO Y respectively was transmitted most recently On entering graph mode HI Y is assumed as though LO X were transmitted most recently An address may be abbreviated merely by omitting characters sub ject to the following two rules LO X may never be omitted since it is the character that actually causes the vector to be drawn HI X may occur only if immediately preceded by LO Y since LO Y is used to enable the interpretation of 01 as HI X rather than as HI Y There is an extended address protocol to support two more low order bits of precision These bits are currently ignored by the Sun emulator since the Sun frame buffer does not have 4096x4096 resolution Two control characters are interpreted specially in these modes CTRL G Bell immediately following entry into graph mode causes the first vector to be drawn pen down NUL 0 is
93. ns are defined 0 Normal rendition 7 Negative reverse image Negative image will display characters as white on black if the Screen mode is currently black on white and vice versa Any non zero value of is currently equivalent to 7 and will select the negative image rendition ESC p Set screen mode to black on white Takes no parameters Sets the screen mode to black on white If the screen mode is already black on white has no effect In this mode blanks display as solid white other characters as black on white The cursor is a solid black block Characters displayed in negative image rendition see Select Graphic Ren dition above will be white on ack in this mode This is the initial setting of the screen mode on reset V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 EX e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc _ S N 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 65 ESC q Set screen mode to white on black Takes no parameters Sets the screen mode to white on black If the screen mode is already white on black has no effect In this mode blanks display as solid black other characters as white on black The cursor is a solid white block Characters displayed in negative image rendition see Select Graphic Ren dition above will be black on white in this mode The initial setting of the screen mode on reset is the alternative mode black on white ESC r Set number of scroll lines Takes one parameter default 1 Sets to an internal regis
94. ntries endif GETKEYPORT End of keyboard h V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 83 ERR d DE 00 O DE dE OE E dE dE dE dE dE E AE E dE DE O MEAE AE AE DE ED dE AE DD AE DO E E AE ME JE EEE DE amp keytables c Copyright 1982 by Sun Microsystems Inc Sun keyboard w k k ox om A fuller explanation of the entries is in keyboard h include keyboard h handy way to define control characters in the tables define c char char 0x40 define ESC 0x1B Unshifted keyboard table for Micro Switch 1035D32 2 keymap KTMSlc 1 0 This module contains the translation tables for the up down encoded HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS HOLE OOPS OOPS OOPS 8 OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS OOPS 16 OOPS OOPS OOPS c HOLE OOPS 14t tt 24 HOLE OOPS tf OOPS HOLE SHIFTKEYS CAPSLOCK an eae 27 32 1373 yr 54 6 ET 181 19 OT 40 tet TFt N b HOLE 171 gr tg 48 HOLE OOPS STRING UP OOPS HOLE tt tar mt 56 tel uP guar EU ty to tur VEU tot ot 64 t t yt tt HOLE yt 5 t 6 HOLE 72 STRING LEFT STR ING HOME STRING RIGHT HOLE SHIFTKEYS SHIFTLOCK tat st d 80 ft tg h Fit xs rs HL 88 tir r HOLE 1 at 13 HOLE OOPS 96 STRING DOWN OOPS HOLE HOLE SHIFTKEYS LEFTSHIFT
95. oards if any for further information and precautions 3 3 Card Cage Configuration The card cage slots are arranged as follows TOP 1 Sun memory expansion 2 2 Sun memory expansion 1 3 Sun processor board 4 Bus master 1 5 Bus master 2 Du Multibus memory optional graphics other Y Sun graphics board Sia Mou opun BOTTOM The earliest produced Sun systems have a six slot card cage The arrangement of the six slot cage is the same as above except that slot 6 contains the graphics board and slot Y is deleted Note that the processor board and Sun memory expansion boards if V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc any MUST be located in slots 1 2 or 3 since only these slots have the P2 edge connectors used by the Sun expansion memory Bus Masters are Multibus devices which initiate data transfers such as the Sun processor board and the Interphase SMD 2180 disk con trollers Bus master s if present must be placed in consecutive slots immediately below the processor board as shown in the diagram In the Sun 1 the processor board is always configured as the highest t iority Multibus Master see section 2 2 3 Multibus Priority above for more information A Multibus Slave is any Multibus device which does not initiate data transfers on the bus This includes the Sun graphics board the Sun 3Mbit Ethernet board Multibus memory boards serial multiplexer boards etc After bus master
96. onnected cable with six color coded wires connecting it to the black 4 white video display monitor The side of the plug where most of the wires are connected is OPPOSITE to pin 1 and should face inboard i e toward the back of the workstation Th pin 1 side of the plug is the side where no wires are connected and may also have a distinguishing mark on the plug itself this side faces forward when plugged in correctly SO The processor board has two _l6Zpin connectors headers one nearer the front of the workstation and the other nearer the back of the oe oe Vi 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 17 workstation See Figure BACKPANEL in section 1 2 for identification of the back panel connectors The cables from back panel serial ports A and B merge into a single cable which plugs into the header on the edge of the processor board nearer the front of the workstation Pin 1 of the connector usually highlighted on the connector and or indicated by the red edge of the ribbon cable must face toward the front of the Workstation at the point where it plugs into the processor board The cables from the backpanel keyboard and mouse connectors merge into a single cable which plugs into the header nearer the back of the work station As above the highlighted pin 1 side of the connector should be oriented toward the front of the workstation where it plugs into the processor bo
97. ontinued it should be unaffected by the interruption save for the possible loss of some console I 0 interrupts 4 3 2 Absolute Rules The first 16K bytes of memory addresses 0 through Ox3FFF are reserved for the monitor and should never be written by user programs however user code may want to change exception vectors occasionally It is legal to change any exception vector except the following the Level 7 Autovector at Ox7C used for refresh timing or any User Interrupt Vector between 0x100 and 0x3FF inclusive The refresh rou tine and monitor globals iive in the region reserved for User Interrupt Vectors because the Sun processor board hardware does not permit their use as interrupt vectors Certain other exception vectors Trace 0x24 Trap 1 0x84 Breakpoint Trap and Trap 14 OxB8 exit to monitor are used by the monitor These may be altered without dire results although the corresponding monitor facilities would not be available Any program altering the refresh routine or its interrupt vector must take responsibility for doing proper memory refresh and resetting the refresh and watchdog timers See section Watchdog Timer below for more details 4 4 The ROM Monitor Commands The command format understood by the monitor is quite simple It is lt verb gt x lt space gt lt argument gt lt return gt The lt verb gt part is always one alphabetic character case does not matter lt Space gt
98. operation instructions in the Lark manuals before attempting to use the drive 3 6 4 3 Mbit sec Ethernet Board 1f the Sun 3 megabit per second Ethernet board was supplied with your system consult the separate Ethernet documents supplied with the board for information on its installation and use The Sun 1 connects to the Ethernet transceiver via the back panel Ethernet connector 3 6 5 Mouse The back panel Mouse connector provides a hardware interface compa tible with currently used mouse devices Software support will not be provided for this interface until the release of the forthcoming Sun mouse product If you need to use this interface before then contact Sun for assistance 3 7 UNIX If UNIX was supplied with your Sun 1 system consult the accompany ing document Installing and Operating UNIX on the Sun Workstation V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 21 4 USING THE SUN PROCESSOR 1 1 Getting Started After the Sun 1 Workstation has been properly installed see the preceding chapter the workstation and disk subsystem if present can be powered on The ON position of the back panel power switch is to the left as you face the back panel After a few seconds the monitor should identify itself on the con sole terminal with a message looking like Sun Workstation Monitor Rev C 0x100000 bytes of memory If this message does not appear
99. or refresh routine int fv getkey Get next translated key if one exists int v InitGetkey Initialize before first getkey unsigned int v translation Keyboard translation selector unsigned char v KeybId Up down keyboard ID byte keyboard y CurKeyboard Address of current keyboard defn struct keymap v SetTable Address of current shift gt table mapper keybuftype v Keybuf Up down keycode buffer Monitor nanaged framebuffer output and terminal emulation int v finit Framebuffer initialization routine int v fwritechar Write a character to FB terminal long v FBAddr Address of frame buffer we are using char y FontTable Address of font table for FB terminal int v furstr Write a string to FB faster Monitor managed mouse input scanned by monitor refrezh routine int v MouseBuf Placeholder for Mouse input buffer Monitor managed line input and parsing unsigned char fy linbuf The line input buffer unsigned char y lineptr Current pointer into linbuf int v_linesize Total length of line in linbuf int v getline Fill linbuf from current input source unsigned char v getone Get next char from linbuf unsigned char vy_peekchar Peek at next char without reading it int v gethexbyte Get next 2 chars and xlate to binary int v getnum Get ne
100. ower on in the field and trouble shooting machines which appear to be malfunctioning 6 1 Factory Test Procedures All SUN systems are subjected to several days of comprehensive testing and burn in before they are shipped These tests include test ing at the component board and systems levels At the component level burned in chips are bought whenever pos sible 64k RAMs are sent to an independent testing house for 72 hour burn in at 125 degrees C and electrical parameter testing At the next level of testing boards go through a visual inspection and initial test All boards must work between 20 to 70 degrees Celsius and 4 5 to 5 5 volts before they pass Initial Test After IT boards are put into a burn in rack where they are sub jected to power cycling and high temperatures for a minimum of three days The burned in boards are then retested at the voltage margins In systems test the machinas go through a continuous power cycling As the power comes on each system verifies its internal operation and automatically boots a test program over the Ethernet Each test program should then complete and each machine then sends a verification of this fact to the main file server which records this fact Each machine then selects at random a graphics demo program which it boots and runs until the next power cycle System testing lasts a minimum of two days and continues until a machine is shipped 6 2 Power On Diagnostics Every
101. play refresh The Interrupt flag stays pending until reset in software by accessing the Interrupt Acknowledge location see Graphics Board Address Decoding below for details The LED Enable bit turns the graphics board LED off when set the LED lights when this bit is zero The control register is cleared set to zeros on INIT to guarantee a blank screen LED on and disabled interrupts when the graphics board is powered up 5 5 4 7 X Y Registers The host processor accesses graphical objects in the frame buffer via x y register pairs Four sets of x y registers are provided that can be selected dynamically via the address bus Only one x or y register is updated at one time the others do not change 5 5 5 Graphics Board Multibus Interface The Sun graphics board uses both the data and the address lines of the Multibus to maximize the information that can be sent to the graph ics board in one bus cycle Ina single cycle the Sun processor Can transfer a new 16 bit data item via the data bus and a new x or y address via the address bus At the same time the processor can select which of the four sets of x y registers to use whether to load a register from the data bus or from the frame buffer whether to load the source or the mask register and whether to execute a frame buffer update or not Refer to the next section Graphics Board Address Decoding for details on how this information is encoded on the Multi bus
102. played at the current cursor position and the cursor moves one posi tion to the right on the current line If the cursor is already at the right edge of the screen it moves to the first character position on the next line If the cursor is already at the right edge of the screen on the bottom line the Line feed function is performed see CTRL J below which causes the screen to scroll up by one or more lines before moving the cursor to the first character position on the next line D uw 5 6 1 1 ANSI Control Sequence Syntax The Sun terminal defines a number of control sequences which may occur in its input When such a sequence is written to the Sun termi nal it will not be displayed on the screen but will effect some con trol function as described below for example move the cursor or set a display mode ANSI Standard X3 64 Additional Controls for Use with ASCII Secretariat CBEMA 1828 L St N W Washington D C 20036 1014 and 4014 1 Computer Display Terminal User s Manual Tektronix Inc P 0 Box 500 Beaverton Ore gon 97077 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 60 Some of the control sequences consist of a single character The alternate notations CTRL X or X for some character X represent a control character which is typed on the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and hitting X On the Sun keyboard the shift key has no effect on contro
103. ps on the card Data bits 7 through 0 where 0 is the least significant correspond to the eleventh through eighteenth columns Data bits 15 through 8 correspond to the first through eighth columns Columns nine and ten are parity chips The RAM chips used on Chryslin s 128K boards are 200ns 16K RAMs with 5 and 12 voltage levels If these 16K RAMs are not readily available and you need temporary spares you can either disable one sec tion of 32K bytes on the board UNIX however needs at least 128K bytes V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page Ti SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 72 of Multibus memory or yank the parity chips from one section of 32K bytes and disable parity interrupts from the boards 6 5 3 Decoding Chryslin 512K RAM Locations The layout of the Chryslin 512K byte Multibus Memory Cards is nearly identical to that for their 128K byte Memory Cards Each row of RAM chips however correspond to 128K bytes of the address space See the preceding section for more information V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 gt e 1982 Sun Microsystens Inc matters UR s eme SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 73 Appendix A Frame Buffer Programming Example This example presents a simple C language function called Display Cursor which displays an 8 by 8 cursor at a given position This program makes use of a number of mnemonic names all of which begin
104. r 0x24C long Status Register extended to a longword with high order zeros Section 5 Exception Processing MC68000 16 Bit Microprocessor User s Manual Third Edition Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice Hall Inc 1982 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 32 0x250 long Program Counter The value saved is advanced an unpredictable amount from two to ten bytes beyond the address of the first word of the instruction which made the reference causing the bus error Note that the registers saved in locations 0x208 through 0x253 are in exactly the same order and format in which they are displayed when you type the D command to the monitor then keep hitting RETURN 4 6 2 Watchdog Timer On the Sun processor board one of the five on board timers is con nected so that if it ever goes off the Reset line is asserted and the processor is restarted as if the power had just come on The monitor attempts to prevent this by recycling the timer each time it goes through its memory refresh routine However if the processor halts or if the memory refresh is not done because the interrupt vector or refresh routine was altered this watchdog timer goes off and resets the processor Otherwise it would hang and its dynamic memory contents would be lost If the processor suddenly displays its restart message you Should assume that your program either halted or destroyed so
105. r the up down key code or a byte of ASCII for the next key struck depending on the setting of v_translation see below int v_InitGetkey Initializes the polled side of the parallel keyboard inter face Must be called once before getkey is first called Called by the monitor after a reset so user programs will typically not need to call it unsigned int v translation The setting of this variable determines what kind of trans lation will be performed by getkey If translation TR NONE defined as 0 then getkey returns raw up down key codes If translation TR ASCII defined as 1 then keystrokes are translated to ASCII characters These are the only translation options currently defined unsigned char v KeybId Identifying byte supplied by keyboard not yet imple mented keyboard y CurKeyboard Address of the current keyboard translation tables See Appendix D for a listing of he current tables The tables are in ROM but the pointer to them is in RAM and may be modified if you construct your own tables If you do see SetTable and keyentry below keymap v SetTable shiftmask unsigned int shiftmask This routine returns the address of the keymap in effect for the current keycode based on which shift keys are currently depressed and whether the current key is moving up or down Shiftmask is a bit vector which encodes the current position of shift like keys and the direction of the current keystroke
106. rap instruction was executed Several exceptions are handled specially by the monitor break point trap instruction trap 1 causes the message Break at pe to appear A trace trap evokes the message pee trap at pe to appear Use of the keyboard abort sequence causes Abort at pe to appear In each case the pe shown is that of the next instruction to be executed For further information on the use of these three V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 30 traps see section 4 7 Tracing Programs An Address Error trap caused by attempting to access a word with an odd address causes the monitor to print Address Error address lt access address gt at po There is a class of errors that may cause the processor to take a Bus Error exception In the case of either an Address Error or a Bus Error the lt access address gt is useful in helping to determine the cause of the trap Besides the access address the monitor saves various information that may be useful for diagnosis This is discussed in the next section Bus Address Error Traps It is possible to continue from these traps although the apparent effect of the faulting instruc tion is not always predictable 4 6 1 Bus Address Error Traps The monitor intercepts bus error exceptions and by examining a wide variety of processor state components classifies these errors according to the following scheme
107. re KEYS V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc 1 The Micro Switch 103SD30 2 a microcomputer based Hall Effect key board whic has been modified to produce full up down keystroke encoding 2 The KeyTronic model P2441 a low profile keyboard meeting German ergonomic requirements and featuring the DEC VT 100 key layout O99 ime LOCAL 0Cst0 as e Getve TO4048 TRAM LAT ACCENT Ott ereto ertt OCOiueeme ANT VT100 Keyboard 4 3 6 q 18 Y ERASE EE EN tus or set ESC 25 27 79 30 pM Cis c ees 1 t P aaea DEL Lote PE E E s Jo Space j 49 n 58 c 6 62 63 64 CHAR ian rag q T t T s3 oe INS pee O 76 60 a e Ed d H4 65 s 87 88 T 83 T Sruf T Tx Fla PE A JE CwC LOCE H Inn Y JN 16 101 102 Qs oM T Lh pe dun rns ih rit PRINT ES suet i 2 Z x HE Ly ve v E gt TEJ E EE JE a Ju S 3528 U E 123 crea E REPT J 1035030 Keyboard Figure KEYS Keyboard Layouts The keyboard cable attaches to main workstation unit via the back panel KEYBOARD connector see figure BACKPANEL in section 1 2 above See the next capres Installation for more information The key neppines are table driven in software and can be pedefinbd The section below entitled The Sun Keyboard provides the details The keyboard is not user serviceable Refer servicing to Sun or an authorized service representative V1 0 draft of
108. re are three registers controlling update operation function width and control There are four sets of lt x y gt registers for pixel addressing Data Bus Frame Buffer uncuon AA U isk Address Bus per EX 1024 1024 x o Address Video Sync Logic Refresh sys x m oO mn Figure GRAPHBLOCK Sun Graphics Board Block Diagram V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc 5 5 4 1 Destination Register The destination register holds the data that is being modified with a read modify write cycle on update operations in the frame buffer 5 5 4 2 Source Register The source register holds data to be combined with the destination data and the mask pattern data to compose new data for the frame buffer The source register can be loaded from the frame buffer or from the processor The data in the source register is bit wise aligned with the bit address of the destination in the frame buffer 5 5 4 3 Mask Register Similarly to the source register the mask register holds data to be combined with the destination register and the source register to compose new data for the frame buffer Again the mask register can be loaded either from the frame buffer or from the Multibus The differ ence between the mask register and the source register is that the mask register value is not bit aligned with the x position of the destina tion in the frame buffer Instead the mask
109. rial port and it cannot accept a character to transmit putchar waits until it can Output to the frame buffer always occurs immediately int v mayget Attempts to return the next character from the current input source If a character is pending the result is in the range 0 255 Returns 1 if no character is pending mayget does not echo regardless of the setting of EchoOn int v_mayput c char c Attempts to put a character to the current output sink Returns O if it did or 1 if it didn t because the current output sink was a serial line and it was busy unsigned char v EchoOn getchar echoes its input if and only if this variable is true non zero unsigned char v_InSource Selects current input source 0 Sun keyboard 1 serial port A 2 serial port B unsigned char v OutSink Selects current output sink 0 Sun frame buffer 1 serial port A 2 serial port B 5 3 4 Sun Keyboard Input These Vector Table entries provide access to the monitor s support for the Sun Microsystems parallel keyboard The next section The Sun Keyboard describes keyboard operation in greater detail Appendix D contains C language listings of the keyboard header file and translation tables V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc pe SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 44 int v_getkey If no key has been struck returns NOKEY defined as 1 Otherwise returns eithe
110. rocessor because it simplifies the hardware while not incurring any significant performance penalt The memory is refreshed by simply reading 128 consecutive words ever 2 mil liseconds The reads are done as instruction fetches by executing a routine consisting mostly of NOPs This routine is stored in RAM and so a malfunctioning program may damage it and thus cause havoc The watchdog timer will detect this and reset the system within 6 ms It V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 23 restores the refresh function and allows memory to be examined for diag nosis The console functions are implemented with fairly straightforward routines that communicate with the user via the Sun keyboard and display If the keyboard is unavailable upon reset the monitor will use UART A for input which may be connected to a standard ASCII termi nal If the frame buffer graphics board is unavailable UART A will be used for output as well These default assignments of input and out put device may be changed via the U command See The ROM Monitor Commands below All monitor I O is done using busy waits and the code runs at the highest interrupt priority Therefore if a user program is inter rupted by typing the Abort sequence on the console terminal or with some other exception the monitor will run correctly unless its global data area has been damaged If the user program is then c
111. s 1 and 2 A value of 0 loads the function register from the low order eight bits of the data bus The interpretation of the function register is explained above in sec tion RasterOps A register number of 1 specifies the width register which determines the width of the RasterOps It is loaded from the low order 4 bits of the data bus with 0 meaning 16 so its valid range is from 1 through 16 If it is less than 16 the high order bits of the data in the source and pattern registers will be significant on Raster Ops An auxiliary register number of 2 loads the control register bits from the data bus See section Registers and Function Unit above for details Finally register number 3 specifies Interrupt Clear It must be accessed once after every video refresh interrupt to olear it when the interrupt is enabled There are four pairs of ten bit address registers sometimes called cursors selected by bits 12 and 13 Bit 11 selects either X or Y of the pair and bits 1 through 10 of the address are loaded into the selected address register Note that every read or write reference to the graphics board has to load one of these address registers while it might or might not depending on the Update and Operation code bits modify the frame buffer The low order bit bit O of the address must always be zero _ W1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 59 Appendix A contains
112. s and Sun memory expansion boards are positioned as required above bus slaves may be placed in any empty slot The graphics board is normally placed in the bottom slot to per mit easier connection of cables 3 4 Removal and Installation of Circuit Cards Your Sun 1 Workstation is shipped with all cards properly installed and system tested If you simply wish to set up and operate the Sun 1 in the configuration that was shipped to you skip this section and proceed directly to the section Set up below The following steps explain how to remove or install circuit cards in the Sun 1 Workstation card cage To avoid damaging the Sun 1 this work is best performed by someone with prior hands on experience If you have any doubts about any step please contact your service organi zation or Sun Microsystems for assistance 1 Disconnect the power cord to the Sun 1 2 Remove the six screws securing the tray three on each side of the black SUN 1 pedestal 3 Carefully pull the tray out the back of the pedestal Do not force it Gently move cables out of the way as necessary 4 Before removing a card carefully note the location and orientation of all cables attached to it It may help to mark the flat ribbon cables with a felt tipped marker Note that on most of the ribbon cables pin 1 is distinguished by some marking e g the red edge of the cable This edge generally faces toward the front of the workstation at the point where t
113. s parallel keyboard routines The keyboard is a standard Micro Switch or otherwise keyboard with an 8048 8748 on the board This has been modified to produce up down keycodes on 8 parallel output lines Each keycode is held stable on these lines for a minimum of 2 5 ms in order that the main processor can read it during its refresh routine which executes every 2 ms or so When no keys are depressed the keyboard transmits a keycode of TF hex to indicate that Thus when the last key is released a keycode for its release is sent then a 7F Eventually the 8048 will when idle alternate its 7F s with keyboard id codes identifying the key layout or other factors which host programs might want to automatically determine The support for this feature is commented cut with ifdef KBDID and is currently untested w ox amp 3X k OG RARE HEH KH Re RR H ifndef GETKEYPORT How to get the current keycode being presented by the 8048 GETKEYPORT reads the raw port GETKEY deglitches it define GETKEYPORT unsigned char 0xE00000 define GETKEY key while GETKEYPORT t key GETKEYPORT Various special characters that might show up on the port define NOTPRESENT OxFF Keyboard is not plugged in fdefine IDLEKEY Ox7F Keyboard is idle i e no keys down See comments above re keyboard id s which might follow IDLEKEYs define PRESSED 0x00 0x80 bit off means key was
114. securing the tray on the sides of the black display pede stal 8 To prepare the Sun 1 for operation see the section Set up below 3 5 Internal Cabling This section is not a complete specification but provides some information on internal cable connections to assist you in properly reconnecting circuit boards See the preceding section Removal and Installation of Circuit Boards For more information on internal cable connections see manufacturers hardware documentation or consult a qualified service technician or Sun Microsystems The headers are connectors on the edge of some of the circuit boards which are exposed when the boards are plugged into the Multibus card cage i e they are on the edge of the board opposite the Multibus connector Unlike some connectors these headers allow their matching connectors to be inserted incorrectly upside down so you must take care to insert them correctly To accomplish this the plug should be inserted into the header so that pin 1 faces toward the front of the workstation i e toward the video display The plug itself may have a distinguishing marking toward one end if so this normally identifies pin 1 Also the ribbon cables are usually marked in a highlighting color along one edge indicating the pin 1 side To l doubly sure you can replace a cable correctly mark it for location and orientation with a felt tipped pen before removing it The Sun graphics board has one edge c
115. seess 8 DO 5 6 2 Vector Drawing Control Funcetions 65 5 6 2 1 Graph and Point Mode Address Format 65 R 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 G G V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page iii 5 6 2 2 Incremental plotting mode 66 5 6 2 3 Control Sequences 07 5 6 3 Sun Terminal Font TDi AA 67 Ox SDIABNOSTIOS eia iaa areas 58 6 1 Factory Test Procedures voy c casas 00 6 2 Power On Diagnosties B 6 3 Diagnostic PROMS 4 s css Sino SS use Qe 4 aa sQ s q s 00 6 4 Installation of Diagnostic PROMs 70 6 5 Decoding 64K RAM Error Informati0M oooooomooomoooooroo TO 6 5 1 Decoding On Board RAM LocationS cccccvessessesess 71 6 5 2 Decoding Chryslin 128K RAM Locations e 71 6 5 3 Decoding Chryslin 512K RAM Locations T2 Appendix A Frame Buffer Programming Example T3 Appendix B C Language constants for the Sun Graphics Board 75 Appendix C ROM Vector Table header file a TT Appendix D Sun Keyboard Translation Table Definitions 79 V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL o Page iv LIST OF FIGURES BACKPANEL The Sun Workstation Back Panel GRAPHICS Organization of t
116. stics See Chapter 6 Diagnostics for details The back panels of the earliest produced Sun 1 Workstations are unlabeled Refer to Figure BACKPANEL in section 1 2 to identify back panel components 3 6 1 Keyboard The Sun keyboard should be plugged into the connector labeled Key board on the back panel If you wish to use the Sun keyboard as your console input device as is normally done you must power on the work station AFTER plugging in the keyboard See section 4 1 Getting Started for more details V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc 3 6 2 RS 232 Serial Ports You may attach a terminal modem printer plotter or other device which interfaces through an RS 232 serial port to one of the serial port connectors A or B on the back panel Note that serial port A provides the CTS RTS and DTR control lines in addition to the transmit and receive lines while port B pro vides only transmit and receive This may make line B unsuitable for connection to devices such as modems which require use of the control lines Consult a hardware technician or Sun if assistance is needed Note also that Serial A is a DCE port which means that you can connect most terminals or printers directly to this port while you probably need to interpose a null modem if you wish to connect a modem or another computer Serial B on the other hand is a DTE port which permits direct connection of modems computers and t
117. te l Ox400000 Ox5FFFFF On board PROM1 0x600000 Ox7FFFFF The on board double UART Channel A data register is at 600000 command register at 600002 Channel B data is at 600004 and B command is at 600006 0x800000 Ox9FFFFF On board Timer chip 800000 is the Data register 800002 is the Command register OxA00000 OXBFFFFF Page map The page map entry used to map some vir tual address X is addressed at virtual address X OxA00000 Note that the segment map entries for virtual address X should be set up before accessing the page map entries since the segment map entries determine which page map entries are accessed V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc gt Sia sisi mEFERENCE manual 78000000000 age ag 0xC00000 OxDFFFFF Segment map The current value of the context register determines which group of segment map entries are addressed The segment map entry used to map Some virtual address X is addressed at vir tual address X 0xC00000 When read as a short word the high order 4 bits of any segment map entry give the current value of the context register OxE00000 OxFFFFFF Context register when written the high 4 bits of the shortword When read this returns the 20 bit value of the parallel input port the monitor uses this input port for the keyboard and pointing dev ice In boot state the state of the system after reset read and exe cute accesses to any location 0x0zzz2
118. ted at the beginning of the second pair of eproms on the processor board Each of the arguments dv u p and name is optional they default to dk 0 2 and unix respectively For example if you simply type b the command defaults to B dk 0 2 unix which is the standard UNIX boot Similarly if you type b diag the command defaults to B dk 0 2 diag The parameters dv u p and name are passed to the boot routine which interprets them as follows dv A two character string which identifies the boot device Currently only dk disk is recognized This will be extended for booting V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SURCI SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL ARS from Ethernet tape etc in future releases u Unit number computed as controller 8 drive Controllers 0 1 2 3 are configured at Multibus I O addresses 0x40 Ox44 0x48 Ox4e For example O drive 0 at Multibus I 0 0x40 8 drive O at 0x44 9 crive 1 at Ox etc p If lt 16 indicates partition number If gt 16 denotes block offset name Name of boot file The disk is assumed to be in UNIX format C addr Continue a program The address addr if given is the address at which execution will begin The registers will be restored to the values shown by the A D and R commands except for the system stack pointer Dn Open D register n 0 lt n lt 7 default 0 E addr Open the word at menory address
119. th blanks the rightmost character po sitions shift off the line and are lost The position of the cursor is unchanged ESC A CURSOR UP CUU Takes one parameter default 1 Moves the cursor up lines If the cursor is fewer than lines from the top of the Screen moves the cursor to the topmost line on the screen The character position of the cursor on the line is unchanged ESC B CURSOR DOWN CUD Takes one parameter default 1 Moves the cursor down lines if the cursor is fewer than lines from the bottom of the screen moves the cursor to the last line on the screen The character position of the cursor on the line is unchanged a ESC C CURSOR FOWARD CUF Takes one parameter default 1 Moves the cursor to the right by character positions on the current line If the cur sor is fewer than positions from the right edge of the screen moves the cursor to the rightmost position on the current line ESC D CURSOR BACKWARD CUB Takes one parameter Z default 1 Moves the cursor to the left by character positions on the current line If the cur sor is fewer than positions from the left edge of the screen moves the cursor to the leftmost position on the current line V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Mai 2 Ju itd Dad ESC FE CURSOR NEXT LINE CNL Takes one parameter default 1 Positions the cursor
120. the 10MHz 68000 without wait states Up to two of these board can be added to the Sun 1 workstation The memory expansion board has only one option to be located starting at 256K or starting at 1M within the on board memory address V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 8 Multibus Base Address 1 amp Der s Figure GBOARN Sun Graphics Board space To configure the first memory expansion board to have a starting address of 256K insert the 74S138 chip at location U1006 To configure the second board for a starting address of 1M insert the 74S138 chip at location U1008 See the next chapter for installation instructions 2 5 Video Display The video display monitor currently supplied with the Sun 1 Work station is the Ball Model HD17H CRT Data Display This is a solid state raster scan high density data terminal display with 17 inch diagonal screen size in a horizontal format The service manual for this display is supplied with your workstation Service Manual Ball CRT Data Displays HD Series 5 017 1047 This manual provides full specifications and detailed operating and maintenance instructions for the monitor Please heed the safety warn ings in the manual Service on the display should be performed only by qualified service personnel 2 6 Keyboard The Sun 1 Workstation is supplied with a detached keyboard avail able in two configurations see figu
121. the context register determines which group of segment map entries are addressed The segment map entry used V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 40 to map some virtual address X is addressed at virtual address X 0xC0C000 Each virtual address space thus has 64 segments Each segment can be mapped to 16 pages 32K bytes or can be made inaccessible The 16 page map entries pointed to by the segment map entry determine whether each 2K page exists and where it is located 5 2 5 Protection Protection is associated with the segment map each segnent has a 4 bit protection code Since it is not possible to represent every com bination of the six possible operations user read write execute supervisor read write execute in four bits 16 of the most useful combinations are provided The 16 protection codes are defined in the following table Full access is denoted rwxrwx with the first ryx being Read Write eXecute for the supervisor and the second for the user A denotes the absence of that privilege Access by Access by Code Supervisor User Example of Use 0 romo None None Unused segment 1 x Execute None System code 2 r Read None System fixed data 3 r x Read execute None Mixed system code data N rw Read write None System variable data 5 rwx Full None Mixed system code data 6 r r Read Read User fixed data T rw r Read write Re
122. to the Multibus card cage 12 Restore all cabling 13 Connect an ASCII terminal to UART A UART A see Figure BACKPANEL in section 1 2 is the RS 232 connector attached to the section of the header on the processor board that is closest to the front of the system immediately above the PROM slot labeled U102 The ter minal should be set for 9600 baud 14 Power the system ON and the diagnostics will begin execution 15 If the diagnostics show any error other than one in the format BAD 64K A 000000 W 0000 R 0000 contact your Sun Microsystems service organization To decode 64K RAM error information see the next section 6 5 Decodin K_ RAM E ati All 64K RAM errors display the address at which the error occurred the data written to that location and the data read from that location All Addresses and data are displayed in hexadecimal If the error is in V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc on board memory on the processor board or a Sun memory expansion board a list of bad chip locations is also given For example if OxAAAA was written to address 0x02E802 and Ox2AAB was read the error displayed would be BAD 64K A 02E802 W AAAA R 2AAB M0100 M0208 The bad chips are at locations M0100 and M0208 on the processor board and these can be replaced with 150ns 64K RAMs as supplied by Sun Microsystems for spares Note that bad chip locations are only shown for those boards in the on board memory spac
123. uffer is to be modi fied Usually several operations are performed with this bit off to set up the control registers and one of the coordinates Then this bit is set to actually perform the desired modification of the frame buffer Bits 14 and 15 select the operation If they are set to 0 then the data on the data bus is not used although an X or Y address must be loaded in this cycle as in all cycles If they are set to 1 then one of the four auxiliary registers Function Width Control or Interrupt Clear will be written with the data If they are set to 2 the data bus is loaded into the source register This is the normal case for V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Ine SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 58 19 17 16 15 14 13 12 41 1 0 Frame Buffer Address Of register number 2 1 Oto 0to3 O Function 1 Width 2 Control 0 No Operation 3 Interrupt clear 1 Load Aux Registers 2 Load Source Register 3 Load Pattern Register Mask Figure GXADDRESS Sun Graphies Board Address Decoding copy operations If they are set to 3 the mask register will be loaded from the data bus If the Update bit is also set in any of these cases then the RasterOp will be performed and the frame buffer modified after the specified register is loaded all in the same bus cycle When an Operation code of 1 is specified auxiliary registers the auxiliary register number is given in bit
124. ve is to be moved even from table to table It must be unlocked before the drive can be used To unlock it for use open the disk subsystem enclosure by removing the screws on the sides and follow the directions in section 3 5 of the Fujitsu Microdisk Drives CE Manual A null modem is an RS 232 cable which reverses pins 2 and 3 l V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 19 The Fujitsu subsystem is very simple to operate having only a power cord and an on off switch We suggest that you take some time to look through the installation and operation sections of the Fujitsu manual before using the drive to understand general operating require ments and precautions The Lark with its front panel controls and removable cartridge is more complicated to operate than the Fujitsu If you have the Lark we urge you to read the set up and operation sections of the Lark manuals supplied with your system before attempting to use your drive Like the Fujitsu the Lark s head mechanism is locked for shipping and must be released before use The manufacturer specifies that the carriage is to be locked any time the drive is to be moved even from table to table To release the lock open the disk subsystem enclosure and back off the screw labeled carriage lock until it is flush with the top of the top cover on the drive The lock is set by turning off power to the drive and turning the loc
125. which requires one param eter ESC r and ESC Or and ESC r and ESC 23 15 32 1r are all equivalent to ESC 1r and provide a parameter value of 1 Note that ESC 5r interpreted as ESC 5r is NOT equivalent to ESC 5 r inter preted as ESC 1r In the syntax descriptions below parameters are represented as or 1 2 5 6 1 2 ANSI Control Functions The following paragraphs specify the ANSI control functions imple mented by the Sun terminal Each description gives the control sequence syntax j Z V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 Le 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REF the hex equivalent of control characters where applicable the ANSI standard control function name and two or three letter abbreviation where applicable description of parameters required if any description of the control function for functions which set a mode the initial setting of the mode The initial settings are restored on k1 or k2 reset or by calling finit see ROM Vector Table CTRL G 0x7 Bell The Sun 1 Workstation is not equipped with an audible bell It rings the bell by flashing the entire screen CTRL H 0x8 BACKSPACE The cursor moves one position to the left on the current line If it is already at the left edge of the screen nothing hap pens CTRL I 0x9 TAB The cursor moves right on the current line to the next tab stop The tab stops are fixed at every multiple of 8 columns If the cursor
126. xt numerics and xlate to binary Monitor managed phrase output to current output sink int v message Print a null terminated string int v printhex Print N digits of a longword in hex Memory management routines which must run outside mappable l address space int v SetSeg Set segment map entry X in context C short v GetSeg Get segment map entry X fron context C Refresh related information int v_KeyFrsh Address that oughta be in level 7 vector int AbortEnt Monitor entry point from keyboard abort int v RefrCnt Refresh routines s millisecond count Assorted useful things added after the first bunch int v bedecode Bus error decoding routine int v keyentry Called when table has unknown entry Monitor internal interface information GlobDes v GlobPtr Address of monitor global variables int v diagret Re entry point for diagnostics y define RomVecPtr struct sunromvec 0x200000 define RomVecAddr struct sunromvec 0x4 v1 0 draft of July 27 1982 EUN I c 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc amp E Wo ME CUm y E am SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL E es Page 79 Appendix D Sun Keyboard T nslation Table Definitions This appendix contains the C language definitions for the Sun key board keyboard h Copyright 1982 by Sun Microsystems Inc Header file for Sun Microsystem
127. y a BREAK Special keys the arrow and HOME keys generate ANSI standard con trol sequences ESC A B C D and H The following table gives the keystrokes necessary to generate the ASCII control characters hex 0 through 1F The notation CTRL x means hold down the CTRL key like a shift and strike x Where more than one keystroke entry is listed any of the alternatives will produce the given control character Note that the SHIFT SHIFT LOCK and CAPS LOCK keys have no effect on control characters i e CTRL a is equivalent to CTRL A CTRL is equivalent to CTRL and so on Sun Keyboard Control Characters Hex value ASCII name Keystrokes 0 NUL CTRL space CTRL 6 1 SOH CTRL A 2 STX CTRL B 3 ETX CTRL C 4 EOT CTRL D 5 ENQ CTRL E 6 ACQ CTRL F T BEL CTRL G 8 BS BACKSPACE CTRL H 9 HT TAB CTRL I a LF CTRL J b VT CTRL K e FF CLR CTRL L d CR RETURN CTRL M e SO CTRL N f SI CTRL O 10 DLE CTRL P 11 DC1 CTRL Q V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 1982 Sun Microsystems du SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL cs e 12 DC2 CTRL R 13 DC3 CTRL S 14 DC CTRL T 15 NAK CTRL U 16 SYN CTRL V 17 ETB CTRL W 18 CAN CTRL X 19 EM CTRL Y 1a SUB CTRL Z ib ESC ESC CTRL 1c FS CTRL 1d GS CTRL te RS CTRL 1f US CTRL 5 5 The Sun Graphics System 9 5 1 The Frame Buffer The Sun graphics har ware consists of a bit mapped memory coupled with a Raster function unit capable of performing bit manipulation func tions on the
128. y continue using the C command which will execute the broken instruction and ave the breakpoint still set If you load a new program while a BPT is set the monitor will nor mally be able to detect this On the other hand if you give the K1 command Medium Reset while a BPT is set and then set a new one the monitor will be confused if the first trap is taken 4 7 2 Trace traps Support for Trace traps single stepping a user program is minimal To set a trace trap you should use the R command proceed to the Status Register SR and alter it so as to inclusive OR it with _0xB000 Similarly the trace trap can be cleared by ANDing the value of SR with Ox7FFF Once the trace bit is set in the SR you should then give the C command to continue the program the G command cannot be used since it doesn t restore the SR to start a program with the trace bit set give the command C lt starting address gt After each instruction is executed the message Trace Trap at po appears where pc indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed If you hit Return right after this message appears the next instruction will be executed If you enter any other commands you must use the C command to continue V1 0 draft of July 27 1982 e 1982 Sun Microsystems Inc SUN 1 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Page 34 5 PROGRAMMING THE SUN PROCESSOR 5 1 Processor 5 1 1 Physical Address Space The Sun processor is
129. z in mapped addresss space are redirected to come from the corresponding location Ox2zzzzz in the PROMO address space but write accesses to the mapped address space go to on board RAM Also all interrupts including normally non maskable ones are inhibited In this way it is possible to initialize RAM just after reset Boot state is exited by writing to the PROMO address space 5 1 2 Exception Handling When a processor cycle can not be completed normally an exception is performed Besides the exceptions caused by internal conditions such as divide by 0 or word access to an odd byte address five external conditions can make it impossible to complete the current instruction or bus cycle These external conditions which raise a Bus Error exception are system space errors segment map errors page map errors timeout errors and parity errors System space errors are caused when a logical address greater than or equal to 0x200000 is accessed in user mode These addresses are reserved for supervisor state to address the on board system facilities A segment map error indicates that the protection bits in the segment map did not allow the type of operation attempted A page map error is caused by accessing an invalid page Timeout errors occur for off board references to the Multibus that are not acknowledged within one to three milliseconds Most likely nonexistent memory or a nonexistent device has been addressed There are no timeouts

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