MAXQDA 10 MAXDictio
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1. Right clicking on the word opens the context menu in which you can find the Search results option In the screenshot above you can see that the word god was found 320 times making up 0 83 of the total vo cabulary The above requested index appears as follows go Search results In 4 documents The Search results window Users of MAXQDA are already familiar with the representation of search results in this form as it is the same as in the MAXQDA search function In the table heading information is displayed regarding how many texts the word has been found in and how many located positions there are all together in the text 16 Creating a Word Index M The column Document in the table indicates the name of the document in which the word has been found In the column to the right the search item here god is listed and the number of the relevant paragraph in the docu ment is shown in the fourth column This table can also be sorted by the single columns just like other tables in MAXQDA either in ascending or in des cending order Clicking once on the column title will sort the table by column By clicking on the column title with the right2. Word frequency table showing the word frequencies for each document 4 4 Word Frequencies for Dictionary Words If you have created dictionaries with search terms see Creating and Managing Dictionaries you have the option to call up the frequencies for these words Simply choose Only dictionary words from the MAXDictio drop down menu The following window then appears which gives you the change to set whether to search for the terms in all or only certain documents Word frequency Count only dictionary words Only activated documents Only in retrieved segments _ By document sets Q Only activated documents only searches within those documents activated in the Document System LI Only in retrieved segments only searches within the sections of text called up in the Retrieved Segments win dow Q Differentiation sets whether the frequencies should be broken up in different columns based on the docu ment or document set in which it was found The count begins as soon as you click on OK M Creating a Word Index 15 5 Creating a Word Index 5 1 Accessing the Function An index of the located positions in the text can be created for each word in the list of word frequencies Click on the desired word with the right mouse button then select Search results from the context menu see illustration below gt Word frequency In 4 documents 38528 words total
3. Index An index is a list of words that includes their references i e the passages where they can be found in the text s Dictionary A dictionary is composed of categories and words or character strings which are assigned to the categories For in stance the words Italy Great Britain Germany Belgium Netherlands and Spain could be assigned to the category Europe H M In principle dictionaries are not project dependent They can be used again for other projects The dictionary represents a classification scheme for the coder Search Item A search item is a string of characters one or more words which are attached to a category in a dictionary Coding The word coding in MAXDictio carries the same meaning as in quantitative content analysis Based on the words in the dictionary MAXDictio counts how frequently the categories appear in the texts or text passages The table of re sults shows the number of times a category appeared within each text unit With the aid of this information it is then possible to carry out statistical calculations Text Format RTF ASCII ANSI RTF and ASCII are common file formats in Windows Rich Text Format allows for use of different font types and sizes as well as text characteristics like bold italic or text colors ASCII files are considerably more limited They only con tain characters of the American Code for Information Interchange ASCI
4. AO Limits of MAXDictio M 14 Limits of MAXDictio Neither the number nor size of the texts nor the amount of text units or words per text unit are limited The same applies to the dictionary the number of categories and allocated words are also unlimited To a high degree working with MAXDictio depends on how fast the computer is and how many resources it has It the number of texts to be counted at the same time reaches a certain quantum the computer becomes noticeably Slower Projects of up to a million words are manageable for today s average computers This should be sufficient for usual projects of qualitative social science The more text to be processed simultaneously the more time the computer needs All functions also have a bar that indicates the progress Hence it is visible how much text MAXDictio has already processed and thus possible to cal culate how much time will still be needed to complete the entire analysis
5. Off Activating and Deactivating Words Each search item of a category can be turned on or off individually for the analysis The procedure Is the same as with the categories The symbol next to each word indicates its state green on red X off M Creating and Managing Dictionaries Zo 8 7 Setting Options Options for future codings with the MAXDictio Coder can be set for each search item Search items are strings of characters whose occurrences are supposed to be investigated in the text These can be individual words parts of words such as the stem of a word or terms consisting of several words or strings of characters The default setting is Word Stem which means that all words in the text that contain the search item as a subset will be coded The following options are available Q Only exact matches only exact search item matches will be counted Q Case sensitivity case will be taken into consideration LI Starting setters the search item must appear at the beginning of a word Examples Only exact matches oresident will code President but not presidential Only exact matches and Case sensitivity oresident will not code President Starting letters activated tree will code trees and treehouse Starting letters deactivated tree not only codes Tree but also street 8 8 Transferring Words from the Word Frequencies List into the Dictionary Each word that i
6. be organized in the same way as the Code System in MAXQDA By dragging the mouse categories can be placed at the desired position If you d like to make a category a sub category of another category just press the Shift key while moving the category to its new position Categories The hierarchical view of the category system When working in list view see the following figure you may sort the whole category system by clicking on the col umn s header Categories The list view of the category system By clicking on the column title Category the table will be arranged in ascending alphabetical order Clicking again on the title will cause the reverse order which means the list would start with categories that begin with the letter WA H The same thing is possible with the columns Main category and Number The Number Column contains an identi fication number that is created in the sequence the categories were created Thus the category defined first is asso ciated with the number 1 24 Creating and Managing Dictionaries M 8 4 Turning Categories On and Off When working in the list view the categories may be switched on and off so that you can decide which categories will be counted by MAXDictio In the left column in front of each category is a symbol which indicates whether a category is turned on or off for the counting The initial state of a category is the on state This is indicated by the plain folder icon
7. box next to Only activated documents in the dialog field Doing this will cause only the vocabulary in those activated documents to be ana lyzed This can even be done for a single document further limiting the amount of text included If you check the box to set your frequency count to be differentiated By document set in the dialog field the counts will be separated into different columns in the results table Each column will include the counts for the doc uments in each of the document sets you have created in the Document System If you use this option in combina tion with the activation by variable function you can do comparisons across specific groupings based on socio demographic information for example After starting the count you may have to wait a little while for the results to appear since each document is ana lyzed one ata time The amount of time the action requires is directly proportional to the size of the documents All words are Isolated transferred to a list and counted The results are the same as shown above in the Table of Re sults section The results are shown in the same form and with the same meaning as in the results table for all documents The difference is that new columns have been added after the percentage column so you can see exactly how many times each word showed up in each group 14 Word Frequencies for All or Selected Texts M w Teresa Milly u BJE u aA Ble ala ulala AININ GE e
8. like other tables in MAXQDA similar to a table in MS Excel By clicking on a column title the whole table will be assorted in ascending or descending order 10 3Further Processing of the Results The contents of the matrix can be copied and pasted into other Windows or MS Office programs by way of the Windows Clipboard By clicking on the button Export in the toolbar the matrix can be saved as an Excel or text file 5 aG e Export button The table of results can also be shown in HTML or Excel format by way of the Show as HTML table button or Show as Excel table button resp This can easily be printed or imported into other programs 10 4Coder Options In the Options menu of MAXDictio you can determine how the words or search items should be counted that appear more than once in the same text unit If you only want the counter to count them once select the appropri ate option If for instance a category contains the search item Peter a text unit will be counted once no matter whether Peter is found one or more times in the given text unit Suppose the category apostles contains the names of the 12 apostles as search items The counting result 12 means that all 12 apostles have been found in this counting unit given that the option Count same words only once has been selected Otherwise if this option hadn t been selected the counting result would not allow such a conclusion El MAXDictio Coder C
9. mouse button you can open the context menu which among other functions offers to search in this column 5 2 Going to Located Positions Exporting and Coding By clicking on a located position the text passage will be opened and loaded directly into the Document Brows er The window Search results will stay in the front so that for optimal working conditions it is advisable to ar range the windows on your screen in such a way that this window won t cover the Document Browser window The function Search results is directly integrated into the lexical search functions and the coder of MAXQDA which means that the located positions can be coded directly by clicking on the Autocode button in the toolbar lo cated on top of the Search results window More details can be found in the MAXQDA user s manual go Search results In documents Click here to code the located positions automatically The located positions can be coded automatically via the Autocode function It is also possible to export all the hits along with their surrounding text into a new Tile either in RTF format or as a table in HTML Excel format All kinds of export files can be printed without problem Es Search results i Document Preview Page Paragraph Bible John 1 In the beginning was the Word and the Word was with God 1 4 and the Word was God Bible John 1 In the beginning was the Word and the Word was with
10. oer teas cu cedecsre cuap scares cer E 15 Dek PACCESSING 1S FUN CION eirinn rrei R eiia iaaiiai 15 5 2 Going to Located Positions Exporting and COdING cccccceeeeeeeeees 16 6 SOD LS Sis sac trecutasepeananectesuanentaataceunansunueececoumementacescancessemasdeccsrencugauiausteesauanieatoas 18 6 1 Function of the Stop Lists ahscccntecnactutnturenennderetaeabannretiecadeuaPeudentlereduededucs 18 6 2 Creating and Editing Stop Lists in MS Office Programs s e 19 7 Viewing and Exporting Last Frequency Count cccsececeeceeeeeeseeeeseeeeseeees 20 8 Creating and Managing DICtiONALIES cccccccseeceeeeseeeeeeeeeeaeeeseeeeeseeeeesaases 21 8 1 The Dictionary FUN CUO yo ccctecnsnsencsaindscewadesesesunatesanlecgoeieebsensboanionebinsiehed 21 8 2 Creating a Dictionary with Categories and Sub categories ccee 22 8 3 Sorting and Organizing the Category SyStemM sssissiiesirsrierirsrrerren 23 g4 PUTING C datgores Onana Olf eee ee nesene ene asses saseeaae 24 8 5 Adding and Deleting Search Items to the Dictionary 24 8 6 Turning Search Items On and Off Activating and Deactivating Words 24 S7 Seng OPIO eer ESES E AEA 25 8 8 Transferring Words from the Word Frequencies List into the Dictionary 25 8 9 Transferring Search Items from One Category to Another c0ee 25 8 10 Printing and Documenting a Dictionary 0 c cece cceeeeceeeeeeeneeeeeeeenees 26 8 11 Editing Dictionaries in MS
11. of the list M Word Frequencies for All or Selected Texts 3 gt Word frequency In 1 documents 20353 words total Word length Frequency The list of results of the Word frequency function As you can see the word the is the most common words which were counted 1099 times This relates to a per centage of 5 40 per cent for each word The following demonstrate possible ways to handle the table Q An alphabetical list in ascending order is generated by clicking on the column title Word Q By clicking on the column title Word with the right mouse button a context menu opens which contains among other things the option Search This option calls up an input field in which you can type the desired word Q A list of all locations of a word in the text can be created by clicking on the given word with the right mouse button and selecting the option Create index in the context menu Q By double clicking on a word it can be added to the active stop list MAXQDA users are already familiar to the window Search results from MAXQDA s text search functions and know that from this window the locations and their context can be coded as desired 4 3 Word Frequencies for Activated Documents and Document Sets It is also possible to limit your work frequency counts to certain documents or document sets To do this activate the documents you want to include and then run the word frequency count checking the
12. you to manage as many stop lists as you d like Such lists can then be opened when needed Two stop lists can also be merged button Add i Add If you wish to print out a stop list for means of documentation first save it using the Save option The file will au tomatically be saved in TXT format which can be read with all conventional programs Now you could for instance double click on the file in Windows Explorer which will open the Editor trom where you can print the file You can also open the file in MS Word or Excel Dynamic Stop Lists The active stop list is managed dynamically When a word trom the word frequency list has been moved to the stop list a red stop sign appears next to it By clicking on the word anew so that the stop icon disappears the word will be removed from the stop list 6 2 Creating and Editing Stop Lists in MS Office Programs Stop lists are saved as normal text files and can therefore be opened and edited in any MS Office program The most suitable program for this would be Excel Open the stop list by selecting the option File gt Open in Excel The file tyoe must be changed to All Files In Excel you can add new words to the list or edit the existing list and then save it You don t have to bother sorting the list as MAXQDA will automatically arrange it in alphabetical order when it is opened there Stop lists can be employed for multiple projects simultaneously It is recommendable to mod
13. Abia begot Asa And Asa begot Josaphat And Josaphat begot Joram And Joram begot Ozias 9 And Ozias begot Joatham And Joatham begot Achaz And Achaz begot Ezechias Visualization of the coded sentences in the Document Browser 36 The Coder M The results for the first 8 sections that have been analyzed with coding depth 2 appears as follows G Results of MAXDictio Coder You can see that each sentence has been counted individually and the results are reoresented by an individual line in the table In the first sentence of Chapter 1 for instance 17 words have been counted and in sentence 2 there were 15 M Further Processing of the Coder Results with Excel or SPSS 3 11 Further Processing of the Coder Results with Excel or SPSS 11 7Questions The results matrix is an initial point for further statistical analysis This can help answer further questions such as Q Which category is named most frequently in which texts or text units Q In which text or texts is a category coded especially often Where does It appear very seldom Q How do the categories correlate o Can patterns be found in the category frequencies 11 2How to Transport the Matrix into Excel The simplest way to transfer the data would be to use the Windows Clipboard Select the whole result table copy it and then paste it into a spreadsheet in Excel The second possibility would be to create a text file of the matrix by click
14. Coder a x 2 A oP Document ID Code a a e a a ea a a The results of the autocoding are shown in a table with 8 lines where the entry 0 in the column Words indicates that there exists no Chapter 4 in the document Matthew There are cases in which it is not desired to create empty lines for non existing text units This can be prevented by selecting the appropriate setting in the options menu El MAXDictio Coder Count same words only once Results list only existing text units Coding documentation file Validate rtf Directory for coding validation file CAMASODA In the Options menu you can set whether blank text units should be included Now only the actual existing text units will be counted and listed The illustration below consequently contains only 7 lines the last line for the non existing Chapter 4 has been left out M The Coder 35 j Results of MAXDictio Coder Sean 8 Text units Mea ap x Document j Document ID Code As soon as you check the option to only show existing text units the empty rows in the table disappear Many diverse possibilities result from subdividing texts on a more differentiated level Analogue to a book you can divide a text into Chapter 1 Paragraph 1 Chapter 1 Paragraph 2 Chapter 1 Paragraph 3 Chapter 2 Paragraph 1 Chapter 2 Paragraph 2 Now you can carry out the analysis on the lowest level of the text t
15. Double clicking on the icon will change this to a folder with a red X over it This shows that the category will not be included in the analysis a Dictionary C MAADictio Dictionaryl mxd J bb e 6BH8 x Categories Category Number Main category The red cross in the first column indicates that the category apostles is turned off 8 5 Adding and Deleting Search Items to the Dictionary To add category search items select the desired category by clicking on it with the left mouse button Then click the New search item button in the toolbar Now it is possible to enter a new search item However it is much eas ier to take a search item directly from a word frequency list and add it to the appropriate category see description below An easier way to add terms it to simply drag them in from a word frequency list or right click on them there and choose to add them to the dictionary A Dictionary C MAXDictio Dictionaryl mxd Sob es B6BAA x Search items Search items Only exact matches Case sensitivity Starting letters A new search item is added to the category system Individual or multiple search items can be deleted from the list by selecting them and then clicking on Delete search item Several words can be selected by using the combinations Ctrl left mouse button or Shift left mouse but ton to select all of the words between an already selected word and another 8 6 Turning Search Items On and
16. EXCCl cicrasscinrapnnaradsanbinabaneinuapanaeesscoeciecsuawueduns 26 9 Construction af Cle 0 Sosro kon ssns nn oper R E ee er ert re 27 AEE E E E deosssanr sear sencsssssonnssusssacnseen 27 9 2 Accessing the Function an Setting Up Go WordS s ssssssissinsriesrierrrn 27 9 3 Analysis of IO ONS oa ccecattetectececeteedennaub nti embiaubineeindeuateeadteteuateecdiuedeauee 27 OTE COGS e ua panies bepanegs EE 28 TO Acce SC HAS OCS eE AN 28 TOD Wier WOes ie Code DO e a a ites 30 10 3 Further Processing of WING Reul ceros i 31 10A Coder ODUN pee ene mere er ne aeaee an ne ESE 31 10 5 Coding of Structured Texts icsctnsasnaractacatnnmatinbacntwacdnaaeasmidncnteeeeraccnercunat 32 10 6 Results Table for Structured Data ccc cccccc ccc ecccceeeecee ee eeeueeeeeuneeeeaneeees 34 11 Further Processing of the Coder Results with Excel or SPSS 0c0seeeee 37 TEE CS ON a nec des E E E ssomeaeee 37 11 2 How to Transport the Matrix into Excel iccccscisratwanioacdsaadavenshabinabananereaceus 37 11 3 How to Transport the Matrix in SPSS 0 0 2 ccccceccc cece eceeeeeeeeeenecee seen eeen cena 37 11 4 Convert the Results Matrix into MAXQDA Variables ccccccceseceee neces 37 T OPOE ar a E E E E E 38 13 Tips and Hints for Working with MAXDICtIO ccccccceeseeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeaeeees 39 t4 Limits f INDICE sc oaregsgzsssnccpssnseccnvnccnrsnsrnstncnsta ronson a A EAA 40 M Installation gt 1 Installation MAXDicti
17. God 1 4 and the Word was God Bible John 2 The same was in the beginning with God i J Bible John 6 There was a man sent from God whose name was John i 9 Bible John 12 But as many as received him he gawe them power to be i 15 made the sons of God to them that beliewe in his name Bible John 13 Who are born not of blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of 1 16 the will of man but of God Bible John 18 No man hath seen God at any time the only begotten Son i 21 whe is in the bosom of the Father he hath declared him Bible John 29 The next day John saw Jesus coming to him and he saith i 32 Behold the Lamb of God behold him who taketh away the sin of the world An HTML table of the Search results M Creating a Word Index 17 w Bible Joh 2 P _4 Bible John 5 BibleVJohn Bible Joh T But as many as aa gave esi to them that believe in his name E9 Bible Joh Fi P ia Bible Joh 29 The next day John saw Jesus coming to him and he saith Behold t God behold him who taketh away the sin of the world 18 Nor man hath seen God at any time the only begotten Son who is in the bosom the Father he hath declared him An Excel table of the Search results 12 Stop Lists M 6 Stop Lists 6 1 Function of the Stop Lists Stop lists are collections of uninteresting words such as definite and indefinite articles conjunctions or numerals Such words are usually sources of irritation when an
18. I Font types and sizes as well as other text characteristics are not included In MAXDictio such RTF specific characteristics will be ignored 3 2 Schematic Course Based on well known textbooks like KRIPPENDORF 2004 an outline of the following classical quantitative content analysis schema is possible M Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 9 TEATS DICTIONARY CATEGORIES Text 1 Abbey 1 Asla Text S 2 North America Text n Belgium 3 Europe A Australia m 5 South America Netherlands Zucchini CODER Searches all texts upon appearance of words contained in the dictionary and records their frequency SUMMARY TABLE a matrix of text units X categories Categories SPSS Statistical Analysis of the exported summary table Schematic view The starting point of the analysis is a certain number of texts often called the text corpus If necessary the texts can be subdivided into individual sections such as a book is divided into chapters These sections are also called text units They can also function as counting units so that if the automatic MAXDictio Coder is applied each text unit will be counted separately Independent trom the texts you work with a dictionary or encyclopedia This dictionary consists on the one hand of an unlimited number of categories On the other hand it includes the words that are attached to these catego ries In the example below the words Belgium and Netherl
19. MAXDiIctio Add on Module for Content Analysis M MAXQDA The Art of Text Analysis Support Distribution VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH www maxqda de All rights reserved Trademarks MAXQDA and MAXDictio are registered trademarks of VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH Berlin Germany SPSS Windows Word Excel are registered trademarks All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners and may be registered in the United States and or other jurisdictions VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH Marburg Berlin Germany 2011 M Content 3 TL APS O e E seasesemeannes 5 2 What does MAXDictio offer so nsosnnennonnnornnsnrrnrrrnnrnnrorrrerrrnrernrrrnrrenrrererne 6 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDICtIO cc ccccecseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeees 7 A PTO ae EE EEE E eee 7 3 2 Schematic COWS Saas sharaeacceancicemadebabanctanovanaeencoducetsesdacesacacasecacacasedesadecand 8 4 Word Frequencies for All or Selected Texts cccccccssecceseeeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 10 4l Staring the FUNCION aes dsoctetarseapcarhoctrn nanos snnpisaa oasnussaegn etistiseiaatssasnsaceaantansecaiaies 10 Aa VARIO OF CS US sc ceeccseeteccoomeannsnnnciae A EEEIEE EENEN EEr 11 4 3 Word Frequencies for Activated Documents and Document Sets 13 4 4 Word Frequencies for Dictionary WOTS cccccceeecceeeeeceeeeeeeueeeaneeens 14 5 CheauiniG Gl VV Or MCG sc
20. alyzing a text For that reason it is advisable to exclude them trom the analysis MAXDictio allows you to create as many stop lists as you d like as well as to edit and manage them Words that are in the stop lists will automatically left out of the table of counting results Creating Stop Lists To create a stop list you can either call up the option Stop List in the MAXDictio menu or click on the quick button in the MAXDictio tool bar PRIORI There are two different ways to add words to a stop list Q First you can enter them by hand by clicking on the New button found on the top of the Excluded words list and then typing the appropriate word LJ Second you can select words form a word frequency list and add them to a stop list by double clicking on them This allows you to avoid entering these words individually It is also possible to transter several words into a stop list at once To do this select all of the desired words Ctrl left mouse button Then click on one of the words with the right mouse button and select the option Add to stop list Stop list C MAXDictio Stop list1 txt HE New X Delete The stop list includes an overview of the words that are left out of the count The words in a stop list are automatically arranged in alphabetical order This order is pre set and cannot be mod ified M Stop Lists 19 Saving and Printing Stop Lists Stop lists can be saved as files which allows
21. ands belong to the category Europe The Coder allows automatic coding of all of the texts individual texts or a collection of selected texts on the basis of the dictionary It is as if a certain number of savings boxes are put up for each text exactly as many as there are categories The text editing starts with the first word of the text Then for each word that is also contained in the dictionary a counting piece will be put into the savings box in the assigned category After the whole text has been processed the number of counting pieces in each savings box is determined A statistical evaluation for this text will be calculated which contains among others the following information total number of coded words number of coded places tor Category 2 and so on 10 Word Frequencies for All or Selected Texts M 4 Word Frequencies for All or Selected Texts 4 1 Starting the Function The simplest function of MAXDictio determines the vocabulary of all of a current project s texts This function can be accessed by either Q selecting the option Word Frequencies All Texts in the MAXDictio menu or Q just clicking on the corresponding quick button in the tool bar Depending on the size of the textual material some time might pass after activating the function as MAXDictio will now work through the material text by text All words will be isolated transferred into a list and counted What Is a word in MAXDictio A wo
22. bold or italic Text Section Text Unit Similar to a book texts can be subdivided into chapters and subchapters Chapters may not overlap just as in a book Chapter 3 and 4 may not overlap During import a text can already be subdivided into sections text units with the text pre processor But it is also possible to make the text units in MAXQDA simply by coding text passages The MAXDictio Coder can analyze text passages separately Each text unit will appear individually in a line of the table of results Word For MAXDictio a word is any string of characters which are situated between two blanks or cut off punctuation cha racters such as 2 Word Stem With a modification of the general terminology in MAXDictio a word stem is to be understood as any part of a word This means it is not only the left part or the stem form of the word the word stem can also be situated in the middle of the word so go would be a word stem of going bingo and undergoes Stop List Stop lists contain collections of words that are supposed to be ignored in the word frequency analysis Generally these are indefinite and definite articles numerals and so on 8 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio M Go List A go list functions pretty much conversely to a stop list It contains words to which the frequency analysis should be confined i e only words that are on the list will be considered in the analysis
23. egory to Another It is easy to transfer search items from one category to another Just click on the term and hold the left mouse but ton down as you move it into the desired category This is also known as the drag and drop function 26 Creating and Managing Dictionaries M The search item will be removed from the old category immediately The setting options for the given search item such as whole word accompany the word to the new category 8 10Printing and Documenting a Dictionary Documenting and printing a dictionary is best done with MS Word or Excel Dictionaries are saved as MXD files They are written in normal text format and can be opened with Word or Excel The following screenshot shows a dictionary opened in Excel The categories are in column A and the search terms are found in column B The next three columns indicate whether was selected 1 or not 0 E 0 1 0 1 2 apostle o 0 o 0 3 Simon 0 0 0 0 4 Peter 0 0 0 0 5 Andrew 0 0 0 0 5 James 0 0 0 0 T John 0 0 0 0 B Philip 0 0 0 0 9 Bartholome 0 0 0 0 10 Thomas 0 0 0 0 11 Matthew 0 0 0 0 1 Judas 0 0 0 0 13 persons 0 2 0 1 14 Abraham 0 0 0 0 15 Adam 0 0 0 0 16 Pilate 0 0 0 0 17 Barabbas 0 0 0 0 18 Mary 0 0 0 0 19 Joseph 0 0 0 0 20 places o 3 o 0 21 A dictionary opened in Excel 8 11Editing Dictionaries in MS Excel Dictionaries can also be edited in Excel For instance search items may be added or category titles can be changed However in E
24. en dictionary opens an already existing dictionary Add dictionary merges two dictionaries Save dictionary saves the current dictionary as a file y x Delete all categories deletes all categories and search items in the current dictionary ad Export dictionary exports the dictionary as a TXT file 22 Creating and Managing Dictionaries M amp Close window closes the dictionary window 8 2 Creating a Dictionary with Categories and Sub categories In MAXDictio basic and hierarchical types of dictionaries can be created Hierarchical dictionaries are similar to the Code System of MAXQDA or Windows Explorer as subordinated levels can be switched on or off as desired There is no limit to the number of levels but a dictionary normally doesn t have more than three levels A dictionary consists of categories and sub categories as well as a list of the search items that are allocated to each category A dictionary in MAXDictio can contain any number of categories Exactly one list of search items belongs to each category The number of search items Is unlimited as well To add a new category click on the New category button on the left side of the toolbar Then a new category title can be entered The title is not restricted to a certain length or form It can also consist of several words such as old age pension The title of a category can be moditied later without effecting the dictionary Itself After clicki
25. er the high priests Annas and Caiphas the word of the Lord was made unto John 1 the son of Zachary in the desert And he came into all the country about the Jordan 3 preaching the baptism of penance tor the remission of sins The validation file may not be opened with another program while starting the coder Otherwise the coder will ab ort the process with an error message 10 5Coding of Structured Texts The coder offers very complex possibilities of counting structured texts Texts can be structured in many different ways Suppose a text is divided into four sections text units This corresponds to a book with four chapters This re sults in the following structure Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 The chapter names are managed by MAXQDA as codes The subdivision of texts into sections can be achieved simply by coding the relevant paragraphs in the Document Browser Proceed as follows 1 Create the codes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 in the MAXQDA Code System window 2 Open the text in the Document Browser select the first section with the mouse and assign the code Chapter 1 to it Do the same with the sections two three and four In the following example this has been done with the first four chapters of the Gospel of Mark Now start the MAXDictio Coder once more If the setting of the coding depth were to be left at O the text would onl
26. f different words in the texts types here 3 636 The first column serves to define a word as a stop word By double clicking you can change its status At first the default for each word is the status go word The symbol depicted then is green After double clicking on it it changes into a red stop sign The word will then be sent to the active stop list automatically In the next column the words appear as they appear in the text Whether capitalization will be displayed or not depends on the option selected in the Options menu The third column contains the word length counted in characters Column 4 contains the absolute frequency of each word in the processed texts Column 5 contains the percentage of the word referring to the tokens i e the total number of counted words in all texts In our example the word jesus was counted 601 times which is 1 56 percent of the total of 38 528 words quantitative content analysis the so called type token ratio is a measure for the elaboration of a text The type token ratio is the quotient of different words types divided by the total number of words tokens It can be a maximum of 1 The results can be sorted by the individual columns namely Q Q Q E an alphabetical wordlist in ascending or descending order by word length ascending or descending by absolute frequency of occurrence in the text ascending or descending by perce
27. he paragraphs To do this select level 2 as cod ing depth Even after differentiating a text this way there still remains the possibility to analyze the text on the first level Then the text will be counted on the level of the chapters This only functions if there are no allocations to the first order codes Chapter 1 or Chapter 2 the text must be coded consistently on the lowest level This means that MAXDictio demands proceeding the same as when making a book If a chapter is subdivided each chapter starts with the first sub chapter Hence there are no paragraphs that do not belong to a sub chapter Example The text below has been processed so that each sentence in the chapters has been coded individually beginning with the codes Chapter 1 1 Chapter 1 2 and so on Chapter 1 The genealogy of Christ he is conceived and born off a virgin 1 The book of the generation of Jesus Christ the son of David the son of Abraham 2 Abraham begot Isaac And Isaac begot Jacob And Jacob begot Judas and his brethren 3 And Judas begot Phares and Zara of Thamar And Phares begot Esron And Esron begot Aram 4 And Aram begot Ammadab And Aminadab begot Naasson And Naasson begot Salmon 5 And Salmon begot Booz of Rahab And Booz begot Obed of Ruth And Obed begot Jesse 6 And Jesse begot David the king And David the king begot Solomon of her that had been the wife of 7 And Solomon begot Roboam And Roboam begot Abia And
28. indow appears Here you may select all the options you need M Word Frequencies for All or Selected Texts 11 Word frequency Min number of characters 1 Only activated documents Only in retrieved segments Apply stopist lt Standard gt _ By document sets Before starting the Word frequency function you havo to choose several options The following options may be set Q Minimal number of characters words with less characters will be skipped LJ Only activated documents the frequencies procedure will be restricted to the activated text files LJ Only in retrieved segments the frequencies procedure will be restricted to the coded segments actually dis played in the Retrieved Segments window Q Apply stop list when the check box Is set a stop list will be applied Q Differentiation here you may select if the table of results displays any differentiation None By documents or By document sets As soon as you click OK again the frequency procedure will start 4 2 Table of Results The word frequency result table appears as follows gt Word frequency In 4 documents 38528 words total 3636 Words The Word frequency table The table depicted above contains the following information 1 number of analyzed texts top left here 4 12 Word Frequencies for All or Selected Texts M In total number of counted and separated words tokens here 38 528 number o
29. ing on the option Export Then you can open this file in Excel Both versions work with the same grade of reliability 11 3 How to Transport the Matrix in SPSS To export the matrix to SPSS select to export the file in TXT format by way of a button on the toolbar in the results window Exporting by saving the file temporarily on the clipboard does not work well due to SPSS s restrictions re garding variable names In addition only numerical variables can be copied into the SPSS data editor so string va riables would be lost 11 4Convert the Results Matrix into MAXQDA Variables It is possible to save the columns of the results matrix permanently in MAXQDA in the 2007 version of the program by converting them to MAXQDA variables The category frequencies have been added to MAXQDA s variable function as individual variable types They appear in a different color yellow so that they are easier to recognize The dictionary name serves as the variable name for the converted category frequencies If for example a dictionary category is called Legal Aspects this will serve as the variable name in MAXQDA s variable list The number of times the category appears in each of the texts on the list will be shown in the column of the variable matrix entitled Legal Aspects To start the conversion process click on the icon Transform into variables in the table s toolbar This type of variable cannot be updated by importing a variab
30. le matrix Because the variables in MAXQDA are case variables i e only one data set is available per text the results matrix can only be converted into variables that have the same case structure This is however only the case at coding level O hence converting category frequencies into variables is limited to this level 32 Options M 12 Options All important options for MAXDictio especially for word frequencies and the coding tool can be found under Options in the MAXDictio drop down menu B MAXDictio options El General Characters to be cut off eS oy Qa eo E Word frequency Case sensitivity El MAXDictio Coder Count same words only once Results list only existing text units Coding validation file Coding documentation file Validate rtf Directory for coding validation file C Users Katrin Desktop dictio deutsch The characters that act as cutoffs can be set in the options menu Characters to be cut off A word is defined in MAXDictio as any grouping of characters a between two spac es b between a space and a cutoff character or c between two cutoff characters Case sensitivity When this option is checked capitalization is always taken into consideration The words mom Mom and MOM are then treated as three different words The options tor the MAXDictio Coder are all explained in the section Coder Options M Tips and Hints for Working with MAXDictio he 13 Tip
31. ng on New category MAXDictio will add a category named Category Here the character stands for the sequential number of the category in the existing category system This means it always begins with Cate gory 1 Dictionary C MAXDictio Dictionaryl mxd Adoth gt 6BHA x Categories Search items Category Number Main category Search items Only exact matches Case sensitivity Starting letters apostles 1 persons 2 places 3 The illustration above shows that there are already three defined categories namely Q apostles Q persons Q places After clicking on New category MAXDictio will add a new category named Category 4 at the top of the list Q Dictionary C MAXDictio Dictionaryl mxd aot es gad x Search items mber Main category Search items Only exact matches Case sensitivity Starting letters The new category Category 4 is added to the list of categories In most cases you will want to change the title into a more meaningful title To do so double click on Category 4 and enter the new title It is also possible to insert a string of characters from the Windows Clipboard with help of the shortcut Ctrl V M Creating and Managing Dictionaries Ze 8 3 Sorting and Organizing the Category System As mentioned above the category system can be displayed as a list or as a hierarchical tree When using the hierarchical view the category system may
32. ntage of the word in the text word frequency divided by tokens Example We will be using a short text section from the new testament JOHN Chapter 1 The divinity and incarnation of Christ John bears witness of him He begins to call his disciples 1 In the beginning was the Word and the Word was with God and the Word was God 2 The same was in the begmning with God 3 All things were made by him and without him was made nothing that was made 4 In him was life and the life was the light of men 5 And the ight shineth in darkness and the darkness did not comprehend tt 9 6 There was a man sent from God whose name was John 1 7 This man came for a witness to give testimony of the light that all men might beleve through him He was not the light but was to give testimony of the light 2 9 That was the true light which enlghteneth every man that cometh mto this world 3 10 He was in the world and the world was made by him and the world knew him not 4 11 He came unto his own and his own recetved him not 12 But as many as recetved him he gave them power to be made the sons of God to them that believe in his The Document Browser window Now we will start the word frequency counting for all texts After clicking twice on the column frequency we get a list arranged by frequencies in descending order Clicking once will assort the list in ascending order which means that words with the frequency of 1 are on the top
33. o Delete document group Rename document group F2 Overview of coded segments Overview of memos Overview of variables Overview of links Tag cloud Teamwork export Teamwork import N 29 MAXDictio can carry out such a quantitative content analysis for a whole text or single parts of texts Texts can be divided into paragraphs or sections These so called text units are counting units for the coder which means that for each counting unit individual issue lines will be created in the results file This option must be selected Tirst as the coder will not automatically consider the units when analyzing the text When a text has been divided into sections it is still possible to analyze it as a whole When accessing the coder an additional window will appear in which you can determine on which level a text should be analyzed and coded The simplest selection would be just clicking on OK and so determining level O as coding depth the least possible degree In this case each whole text counts as one text unit and so for each text only one issue line will be created The texts will not be differentiated any further 30 The Coder M MAXDictio Coder Activate all Deactivate all placement program Insurance analyst satisfaction Challenges Day to Day Issues Interview Guide Topics Key Quotes People Setting the level of text to be analyzed 10 2What Does the Coder Do The MAXDic
34. o can only be used in connection with MAXQDA MAXDictio is not a separate software it is accessed as a plug in within MAXQDA If you have purchased MAXQDA the installation routine will setup a menu entry called MAXDictio in the MAXQDA main menu Project Edit Documents Codes Memos Variables Analysis Mixed methods Visualtools Windows MAXDictio Language Toolbars Word frequencies Last frequencies Stop list Only dictionary words Dictionary MAXDictio Coder Last results of Coder Options By clicking on MAXDictio a pull down menu will open and you can select one of the offered options 6 What does MAXDictio offer M 2 What does MAXDictio offer MAXQDA users have repeatedly asked for a tool that would allow them to create an index of the words used in a text so that they have access to an additional explorative aid for the evaluation of the text Such a dictionary and content analysis module would make it easy to explore the vocabulary used in a text as well as to find out which words can be found in which texts or text passages It would also make the differences between the vocabulary of the various texts within one project visible Besides the vocabulary functions the MAXDictio module offers a number of techniques which originate from the area of classical quantitative content analysis MAXDictio was not intended to be a competitive software product for quantitative content analysis but rather it aims to utilize these
35. ount same words only once Results list only existing text units Coding validation file Coding documentation file Validate rt Directory for coding validation file CAMASODA Coding tool options The second option only concerns structured texts Here you can set the quality of the result table Further you have the possibility to create a validation file Such a file allows you to carefully review the coding process To create the file select the appropriate option and enter the file name under which the coding process protocol should be saved The validation file contains the original text of each text unit The locations where search items have been found are marked Behind each search item you can find an identification number ID number in brackets which points to the assigned category The ID number is determined when the category is created and is shown in the categories win dow Categories can also be assorted by their numbers and so you can create an assorted printout of the dictionary This printout might be helpful when monitoring the validation file 32 The Coder M Each category has its own I D number The following lines are a short extract from a validation file Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar Pontius Pilate 2 being governor of Judea and Herod be ing tetrarch of Galilee and Philip 1 his brother tetrarch of Iturea and the country of Trachonitis and Lysanias te trarch of Abilina Und
36. r instance to select a text section and then allocate it to the code apostles gt Pe ter Later then by activating this code the according passage could be found again When working with the MAXDictio Coder you would define the category apostles with Peter as an attributed search item If the coder finds the search item this will be registered as a counting result for this category Processing the material with MAXDictio results in a matrix that contains the frequencies of the categories The coder can be accessed for Q asingle document Q a document group Q all documents of a project Q acertain document set To access the coder go to the Document System and click on the desired level with the right mouse button Then select the option MAXDictio Coder Alternatively you may click on the MAXDictio Coder button in MAXDictio s toolbar As the illustration below shows the option is the last one in the context menu in the Document System The icon for the MAXDictio Coder in the MAXDictio toolbar M The Coder aF Bible E Luke E Mark Matthew Lay Sets xh Ah Deye oE Lj g Opening the MAXDictio Coder via right clicking on a document group Memo Ctrl M Activate all documents Deactivate all documents Sort documents Sort documents Create document Import document s Ctrl Shitt T Import structured document Preprocessor Transcribe audio vide
37. rd is as showed above any sequence of characters between two delimiters De limiters can be space tabs or punctuation marks For example work as the last word of a sentence would be li mited by a space on its left and by a period on its right Before starting the analysis you should decide which characters are supposed to act as delimiters This option is set in the Menu MAXDictio gt Options MAXDictio options E General Characters to be cut off BSS 2B Qa Pe oe _ayee El Word frequency Case sensitivity El MAXDictio Coder Count same words only once Results list only existing text units Coding validation file Coding documentation file Validate rtf Directory for coding validation file CA MASODA The MAXDictio options window In the dialogue field Characters to be cut off all delimiting characters should be entered Usually these are the punctuation marks such as anak ere a Some problems might occur with hyphens If compound words should be counted as one word and not be split up into their separate parts the hyphen may not be declared as a delimiter It is best to experiment a little with different possibilities As the counting of the word frequencies can be repeated with no significant loss of time it is advisable to look through the results for any conspicuities change the options if needed and then repeat the analysis After starting the Word Frequency function the following dialogue w
38. ry Search items Only exact matches Case sensitivity Starting letters Go List Implement a go list via a category in a dictionary When creating go lists the options Only exact matches and Starting letters do not play a role because only ex act matches are taken into consideration when using go lists 9 3 Analysis of Go Words The analysis e g the word frequencies of all texts is limited to the words in the go list when you click the button Count only dictionary words 28 The Coder M 10 The Coder 10 1Accessing the Coder The MAXDictio Coder automatically codes the texts on the basis of an active dictionary If nothing has been de fined the standard dictionary is called default mxd However the term coding in MAXDictio has a different meaning than the usual qualitative coding of text segments in MAXQDA Normally coding in MAXQDA means that a text section is selected and then assigned a code or sub code in the Code System The coding process in MAX Dictio does not assign such codes to text sections but performs more of a quantitative analysis of one or more texts on the basis of the categories and search items in a dictionary So the coding process corresponds to the approach in quantitative content analysis in which the actual text is re dundant and substituted by counted results and categories To explain this In MAXQDA qualitative coding would mean when coding the Bible fo
39. s Selective analysis by selected criteria such as the value of socio demographic variables filtering by numeric data Creation of word based dictionaries basic dictionaries as well as hierarchical Transfer of words from the word frequency table into the dictionary by double clicking or by drag and drop Export of dictionaries to MS Office programs e g from Excel Import of previously used dictionaries Coding on the basis of word based dictionaries Results of the coder as editable and sortable Excel like table Further processing of the results in SPSS and Excel Creation of a validation file for verification of codes D OOOO COCO0O DDOD Total integration in the functionality of MAXQDA using convenient functions such as keyword in context or au tomatic coding of text passages M Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 7 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 3 1 Basic Terms In the following section some important and in this manual frequently used terms will be explained including Q text text section or unit word word stem stop list go list search item dictionary coding text format RTF ASCII ANSI D OOOO DODO Text A text is a DOC file in Word or a single document in the Document System in MAXQDA The format of the text is Rich Text Format MAXDictio only analyzes the mere text which means for the word frequencies it is irrelevant which font is being used or if words are written in
40. s and Hints for Working with MAXDictio For MAXDictio to operate efficiently it is advisable to create a suitable working environment Setting up a functional directory structure is the first priority It is best to create a maxdictio folder in your My Files folder There you can save project files such as stop lists dictionaries or exported results Files created by MAXDictio can be recognized by the following file extensions Dictionary mxd Stop Lists txt As long as you only use MAXDictio occasionally and the number of the files you create stays manageable it will be sufficient to just save all of the files in this folder With a growing number of files however it might become neces sary to set up sub directories such as a folder results or a folder for all your dictionaries When working with the functions it is advisable to have MS Excel opened at the same time Then data can easily be moved using the Windows Clipboard and results of the word frequency function or dictionaries these only via the Export tunction though can be inserted in Excel as a spreadsheet and printed out in a clear form Besides this it is important that MAXQDA has sufficient resources so that that the program can work as efficiently as possible Other Windows programs should be closed when starting the function for the word frequencies The more central memory available the quicker the word frequency function and the coder can work
41. s contained in a word frequency list can be sent directly to the dictionary The best way to do this is to open both lists and arrange the windows on the screen so that they are next to each other and can be seen at the same time Select the desired category in the dictionary window by double clicking on it All of words you select trom the word frequency list will be added to this category There are three ways to select search items Q The recommended and simplest way involves double clicking on the desired word in the frequency list This will add it directly to the search item list in the dictionary Q Or you can drag and drop the word into the dictionary These two options are new additions to the 2007 ver sion of MAXDictio Q Another option is to click on the desired word with the right mouse button and select Add to dictionary In the illustration below the word jesus was selected After accessing the option Add to Dictionary the word will be forwarded to the dictionary as new search item in the presently opened category in the left dictionary window in our example this is the category persons You can also select several words trom the word frequency list using the conventional key combinations Ctrl left mouse button for selecting diverse words one after the other Shift left mouse button for selecting a list of words between the first selected and the last requested word 8 9 Transferring Search Items from One Cat
42. techniques for qualitative data analysis and provide these as an additional set of analysis methods in a manageable form MAXDictio is not intended to be a software program for quantitative content analysis The functionality offered makes this software attractive for researchers who have managed their analysis with less convenient content analysis software up to now The functionality of MAXDictio software Is comparable to other established software programs such as 7extoack designed by ZUMA On the contrary the way MAXDictio allows the user to build up indexes should convince even experienced 7extpack users More precisely MAXDictio provides following functions Q Word frequencies in the whole text or in marked passages Word frequencies in text groups or in text sets which have been put together based on textual criteria Free definition of text units whereby these may overlap Editing texts and assigning them to text units is possible throughout the whole process 0D OD wu Exportability of the frequency analysis outcomes to MS Office programs such as Excel or Word and to SPSS al so by using the Windows clipboard D Index of selected words of one or more texts D Possibility to jump from each index entry to the underlying text passage D Limitation of the analysis by go lists containing a list of words which should be analyzed exclusively and stop lists which contain a list of those words that should be blocked for analysi
43. ted Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 in the coder window the result table for this text would only consist of two lines one for each of the counted text units Chapter 1 and 2 of the Gospel of Mark 34 The Coder M The following norms for structured texts should be taken into consideration Q The structuring features must be level O codes on the highest level of the Code System Q Overlapping of structuring features is allowed Q The number of structuring features is unlimited Structuring texts can be simplified considerably by using the MAXQDA text pre processor Documents gt Import structured document With its help structuring features can already be created while a text is being imported meaning that they can be written directly into the imported text 10 6Results Table for Structured Data When analyzing structured texts the analysis is itemized by the existing or selected text units In the example above the text has been differentiated by chapters Suppose we want to analyze two texts the first text consists of tour chapters the second of only three In this case the table of results still will be comprised of two times four lines total 8 lines as in the illustration below Here the text Matthew only consists of three text units a fourth chap ter didn t exist This is visible by the entry O in the last line in the column Words of the table of results Matthew Chapter 4 Qj Results of MAXDictio
44. tio Coder carries out an automatic quantitative content analysis The procedure is as follows Starting with the first word of the first text the program checks the active dictionary to see whether this word is contained in it as a word or word segment If so and the word is active for the analysis the category counter increases by one The search continues with this word as it is possible to assign one word to more than one category If a further allo cation has been found MAXDictio will also increase the counter for this category by one After the whole dictionary has been assessed the coder proceeds to the next word in the text This automatic coding results in a data matrix in which the texts are represented in the lines and the categories in the columns Qj Results of MAXDictio Coder A data matrix consisting of the automatic codings is shown in the Results of MAXDictio Coder window Such a matrix resembles the illustration above Each line contains the results of one text and begins by naming the document group and document name The next column Code contains the name of the code of this particular M The Coder 31 text unit if any see below Then comes a column that contains the total number of counted words in the text These numbers are followed by the frequencies of the categories There are numbers in the cells that specify how many times a given category has been found in the given text This matrix is
45. ularize them which means you could create stop lists of certain types for instance conjunctions which can be used universally Then the single modules can be merged in the Stop list window so that you can create a list that is appropriate for the current project button Add i Add 20 Viewing and Exporting Last Frequency Count M 7 Viewing and Exporting Last Frequency Count By selecting Last frequencies in the MAXDictio drop down menu or clicking on the appropriate quick button below the last counting results of a word frequency function will be displayed anew PADL a oF Icon for calling up the most recent frequency count gt Word frequency In 4 documents 38528 words total The format of the displayed frequencies table is the same as described above The displayed results can be exported in Excel RTF or HTML format To do this click on the appropriate icon in the toolbar at the top of the window Excel table MAXQDA creates an XLS X file and opens it in the program that you use for such files usually Excel If you want to hold on to this table for later use choose to save it somewhere on your hard drive l HTML table MAXQDA creates a table in HTML format and opens it in your internet browser a Export MAXQDA opens a dialog window where you can enter a name for the file the location you want it saved and the format you want to sa
46. ve it in XLS X HTML or TXT tab delimited The document will then be opened after the export is complete M Creating and Managing Dictionaries 21 8 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 8 1 The Dictionary Function There are two ways to access the MAXDictio dictionary function Q the Dictionary option in the MAXDictio menu Q the quick button in the MAXDictio toolbar EHD amp When using the dictionary function an empty window will appear at first Dictionary C MAXDictio Dictionaryl mxd J bw es 6 BAA x Search items Category Search items Only exact matches Case sensitivity Starting letters An empty dictionary The header of the window indicates the name of the dictionary currently being used The default dictionary de fault mxd appears automatically unless other dictionaries have been programmed into MAXDictio There is a toolbar underneath the title that contains the majority of the functions available in MAXDictio including the following from left to right Change view switches from the hierarchical display of the categories to the basic view in Excel style E New category creates a new category or sub category 6 Delete category deletes the selected category as well as its sub categories if any New search item creates a new search item for the given category on the left side gt Delete search item deletes one or multiple selected search items i Op
47. xcel all of the names of categories and search items must be keyed in while in MAXDictio they can simply be added from the results of the word frequency analysis M Construction of Go Lists 27 9 Construction of Go Lists 9 1 What are Go Lists Go lists are pretty much the opposite of stop lists While stop lists contain a list of words which are disabled for the analysis and are supposed to be excluded from the counting go lists consist of words to which the analysis should be limited That means that only these words will be counted In MAXDictio go lists are created and managed as dictionaries But these dictionaries consist mostly of only one dummy category This category then contains all of the go words 9 2 Accessing the Function an Setting Up Go Words First you access the dictionary using the MAXDictio menu or the quick button Dictionary eae ye i Then proceed as follows L If there are still categories listed use the button Delete all categories to delete these Attention You should save the dictionary in use beforehand LI Click on New category Now Category 1 will be created Go words can be entered here or transferred trom any word frequency list oy double clicking on selected words with the left mouse button or simply dragging and dropping them into the appropriate category G Dictionary C Praktikant MAXDictio Dictionary1 mud 2 Soble gt 8BA x x Categories Search tems Catego
48. y be analyzed as a whole that means the table of results would only contain one line for the four sections Qj Results of MAXDictio Coder a 1 Text units Only one line for the four sections is shown in the Results of MAXDictio Coder window M The Coder 33 As soon as the depth is set to a value greater than 0 the codes contained in the window will be released for selec tion In the selection window all level O codes from the Code System will be offered these are the codes on the highest hierarchy level Now you can click on the newly created subdivision codes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 The text will now be counted on a more differentiated level relating to the individual sections here 4 MAXDictio Coder Codes Only for activated documents Existing codes can be selected in the MAXDictio Coder window The following table of results will be created Qj Results of MAXDictio Coder a x Ao LP The results of the automatic coding are displayed in four lines one for each of the selected codes When adding the relevant category frequencies their sum will be the same as the numbers contained in the overall table However this only applies when the option Count same words only once has not been selected Otherwise subdividing a text into sections can produce results that would differ from those of the overall analysis If you had only selec
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