4-H Woodworking Leader Guide
Contents
1. gt the importance of wood gt the types of wood gt how to select wood for the project gt identifying wood Possible Activities gt write and circle The Importance of Wood in the middle of a large piece of paper Have members write their ideas on sticky notes and arrange them outside the circle See Resource Information section for possible ideas gt visit a lumber yard or a lumber supply store to see the different types of wood and learn to identify the common ones gt have a discussion about how to select wood Have some examples to show members gt look at hardwood and softwood with a magnifying glass Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt obtain some bristol board chart paper or other large paper a package of sticky notes and markers gt make arrangements with a lumber yard or lumber supply store for a tour session gt find some examples of good and bad choices in wood selection gt obtain a magnifying glass and samples of hardwood and softwood gt locate a reference to help with identification of wood such as J Feirer John L Wood Technology and Processes Glencoe McGraw Hill 1994 Resource Information mportance Wood has always been important to our society It provides warmth and is used for shelter Wood is used for buildings other than homes such as barns and garages Furniture cupboards and many other everyday items can be made from wood Wood is processed into paper and all sort2. provides a great deal of strength but the heads of the nails screws or corrugated nails are exposed Lap joints are used in making legs of furniture screen doors furniture frames and braces Miter joint The conventional miter joint is an angle joint made by mitering each corner at a 45 degree angle The resulting right angle will have no end grain visible A miter box helps keep the saw at the correct angle Use nails screws or corrugated nails to attach the two pieces of wood in a conventional miter joint A miter joint with a spline is easy to make and adds great strength to a common miter joint First cut a regular 45 degree angle miter joint Then cut a groove in each end of the pieces to be mitered Or if you prefer you can lay out the 45 degree angle on each piece of wood This will show you how deep the groove needs to be Cut the groove while the end of the wood is still square This makes cutting the groove much safer and much easier Next cut the 45 degree angle After sawing the grooves saw a spline to fit the grooves Use a top grade adhesive to hold the spline in the mitered joint in position Or if appearance isn timportant it can be nailed or screwed into position Miter joints are used for construction of frames molding and trim around cabinet doors and boxes Joints Section 11 3 LATHE WORK Learning and Doing gt to learn how to use a lathe Possible Activities gt check the User Manual for the lat
3. Butt joint The butt joint is used when appearance is not important This joint is formed by nailing or screwing the end of one piece of wood to the end of the other The heads of the nails or screws can be countersunk and covered with wood filler or left exposed These joints are used for simple boxes cases drawers and chairs Dowel joint of wood together instead of screws or rails First drill holes completely through one piece of wood and into the other Insert dowels into these holes oe Joints Section 11 1 completely through one piece of wood and into the other Glue the dowels firmly into position to provide strength and prevent slippage Trim off any excess dowel Construct blind dowel joints by drilling the holes only partway into each piece of wood Insert the dowels into these holes and glue them into position The dowels are not visible While dowel joints have the advantage of being inconspicuous they do not provide the structural strength of a simple butt joint Dowel joints are used for boxes and drawers where strength is not a major factor Rabbet joint You can make a regular rabbet joint with ordinary hand tools The rabbet can be cut into either the side piece or the top piece when two pieces of wood are joined depending on where you want the half section of grained end to appear With a rabbet joint the grained end of one piece of wood front is completely hidden Rabbet joints are normally held together with
4. glue but they can also be nailed or screwed Rabbet joints are used for corners in furniture simple drawers and boxes Dado joint A dado is the groove cut across the grain of the wood To make a dado joint cut a slot into one piece of wood to match the end of the other The dado joint is much stronger than the butt joint and creates a more professional appearance You can cut a dado into the board with a dado head on a power saw a regular handsaw a dado plane or even a chisel and a mallet Use screws or nails to hold the two pieces of wood together in a dado joint Dado joints are commonly used for shelves bookcases steps ladders and drawers Mortise and tenon joints The through mortise and tenon joint is easy to make with a power saw and a dado head To form this joint saw a slot into one piece of wood The end of the other piece i 1 nt of wood is then notched out to fit the slot in the first piece Insert the notched piece of lt MW wood into the slotted piece of wood and glue nail or screw the piece into position When making a through mortise and tenon joint be sure to measure the areas to be notched and slotted before making any cuts You can make an open mortise and tenon joint by cutting the slot or mortise only partway into one piece of wood Then create a notched out area on the other piece that fits into the slotted area in the first piece of wood The open mortise and tenon cut creates a stronger joint th
5. shallow cut For end grains keep it as shallow as possible To protect the blade and yourself retract it when storing the plane Carving Wood carving is an artistic way of shaping wood Beginners should work with soft woods such as balsa or pine Very fine carvings would be made from walnut cherry or mahogany There are many carving tools available from chisels and gouges to knives for whittling and mini power tools The wood is roughly shaped first witha coping saw or jig saw The wood should be fastened ina clamp or vise to hold it steady Use the same principles as with chisels You would have to get help from someone who has done carving or get a good instruction book or video Sharpening tools Chisels and plane irons can be sharpened If the edge is nicked or the bevel isn t right the tools will need grinding Ifjust the tip of the cutting edge needs sharpening then honing is enough Both the plane iron and wood chisel should be ground to a 25or 30 degree angle This makes the bevel a little longer than twice the thickness of the chisel Wear safety glasses A sharpening holder is useful to keep the tool at the correct angle A grind stone or emery wheel can be used with the wheel tuming towards the chisel Move the blade back and forth across the wheel face dipping in water frequently to keep it from getting too hot To hone or whet the blade apply a few drops of mineral oil to the face of an oilstone Place the blade bevel s
6. EAR Dear 4 H Leader Welcome to the world of woodworking If this is your first year you must be eager to learn as much about the 4 H program as you can This project is designed to be fun and meaningful while you learn the art of woodworking Woodworking skills can be put to use around the home in the shop and to make gifts for others Achievement Day Achievement day allows members to display to the public the projects they have worked on all year and have them evaluated non competitively Project completion at Achievement Day requires a satisfactory completion of a number of requirements Please refer to the Woodworking Project Newsletter of the current 4 H year for detailed information on project requirements There are many topics to cover in the 4 H Woodworking Project 4 H members of all ages will find something to interest them As a leader seeing what the members already know will be important Briefly review the material they know and then move onto new and interesting topics Teaching the Project Most of us would agree that the core of 4 H club work is the project Traditionally club work has been organized so that every member takes a specific project Through the project club leaders work with members to help them achieve the objectives of 4 H A member who successfully completes a project will receive A feeling of accomplishment e A challenge to his or her abilities Attention from others mainly through di
7. Ill C A Bennett Co c1978 J Fine Woodworking on things to make 35 articles selected by the editors of Fine woodworking magazine Newtown Conn Taunton Press 1986 J Jacobson James A More projects from pine 33 new plans for the beginning woodworker James A Jacobson Blue Ridge Summit PA Tab Books c1988 J Lasson Robert 1922 If I had a hammer woodworking with seven basic tools Photos by Jeff Murphy New York Dutton 1974 J Nelson John A 1935 The weekend woodworker 101 easy to build projects by John A Nelson Emmaus Pa Rodale Press c1990 J Parkinson Ralph F Wooden Toys and Games Chilton Book Company 1984 J Popular science woodworking projects yearbook New York Popular Science Books 1985 J Self Charles R 101 quick amp easy woodworking projects Charles R Self New York Sterling Pub Co 1992 J The weekend woodworker 40 easy to build projects shelves and cabinets toys tables and chairs boxes and mirrors selected by the editors of Rodale Books edited by Rob Yoder Emmaus Pa Rodale c1991 J Woodworking projects I to IV easy to make projects from hands on magazine Dayton OH Shopsmith Emmaus PA Rodale Press 1985 1988 J Video Small shop projects boxes with Jim Cummins Newtown Conn Taunton Press c1990 J Video Chairmaking techniques with Jeff Miller Newtown Conn Taunton Press c1997 J Video Rogers Avian Building tables Char
8. OT do this when using a power saw A ripsawis used to saw boards length wise with the grain Place the board over 2 sawhorses so that your cut will be at knee height Ripping lumber is a tough job It is better to buy wood of the right width or use a table saw for ripping A backsawcan be used with a miter box to cut accurate angles A coping saw is used to make fine curving cuts in fairly thin wood The blade is very fine and extra caution is needed to prevent bending or breaking it Make sure the blade s teeth are pointing downward and the blade is lined up and properly tightened Cutting with a coping saw is most easily done working ina vertical motion The hand coping saw works on the downstroke Use clamps or a vise to secure your wood Be sure the saw will not run into the edge of the work surface You may have to reposition the wood a few times during the sawing Put on your safety glasses Begin with a few slow strokes on the waste side of the pencil line Use reasonable pressure on the downstroke To saw a curve turn the saw while slowly moving it up and down Use a square to see if you are holding the saw at a right angle to the wood For a smooth bottom edge lay masking tape along the cutting path before sawing Electric saws such as table saws band saws and saber saws can be used by experienced members Be sure you have read the User Guide and follow all safety procedures Woodworking Plans Section 4 6 SHA
9. PING THE WOOD Learning and Doing gt learn in which situations you would use a rasp plane or chisel gt use a wood rasp and or file gt use the plane gt use the chisel gt older members can learn to sharpen chisels and plane irons Possible Activities gt provide members the opportunity to practice with these tools gt older members could sharpen chisels and plane irons Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt obtain tools suitable wood and a method of securing the wood so members can practice gt become knowledgeable about sharpening chisels and plane irons from resources such as J Freirer John L Beginning Woodwork Glencoe McGraw Hill 1988 J Video Cummins Jim Small Shop Tips and Techniques Taunton Press 1990 Resource Information Rasps and Files A rasp is rougher than a wood file and leaves a rougher surface They are useful for quickly wearing down board edges or smoothly rounding curved edges Use them lengthwise and diagonally to avoid breaking off the corners of the wood To shape a curved edge use the round side of the tool and twist slightly as you push W ood chisels HANDLE BEVEL EDGE BLADE fs Wood chisels are used for removing unwanted strips of wood Theyrange gpveL a in blade width from C to 2 and are operated either by hand or with a gt mallet They should be kept sharp and free of nicks so it is important to use caution Chiseling may be done horizontally or vertically but i
10. Provincial 4 H Office 4 H and Rural Organizations Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries P O Box 550 Truro Nova Scotia B2N 5E3 Phone 902 893 6585 Web site http www gov ns ca nsaf 4h 4 H MOTTO Learn to do by Doing 4 H PLEDGE I pledge my head to clearer thinking my heart to greater loyalty my hands to larger service and my health to better living For my club my community and my country 4 H Specialists to Contact If you have any questions contact the 4 H Specialist in your area Western Region Yarmouth Digby Annapolis South Shore Region Lunenburg Queens Shelburne Valley Region Hants Kings Central Region Halifax Cumberland Colchester Eastern Region Antigonish Guysborough Pictou Cape Breton Region Richmond Cape Breton Inverness Victoria 584 2081 543 0616 679 6027 893 6586 863 4705 485 7161 563 2000 945 2901 Table of Contents The Woodworking Project Year ccc cece cece cece cee cceceeeees e Achievement day e Teaching the Project Important Steps in Teaching e Project meetings General Information and Basic shop Safety cccccecceceecees About Wood si 6 26540 6a eG SN 2055 EWEN eS S LS CSN eae ees erates e Importance e Hardwood and Softwood e Grain e Selecting Wood e Identification Woodworking Plans 96106 4000 deen sedikde eee sseacatebeweeeen tages e Transfer a pattern e Enlarge a pattern Measuring and C
11. To rub on penetrating oil brush a coat on the surface Sanding and Finish Section 10 6 Be sure the grain is evenly wet Rub in the oil First use a circular motion then change to follow the grain Let it dry Check the container instructions for proper length of time Lightly sand with the silicone carbide paper or steel wool Apply more coats 1 3 more is average lightly sanding in between until you are satisfied with the finish After the final coat use a small piece of steel wool to give the surface a fine sheen Rub briskly with a soft clean cloth The drying times for oils range from overnight for polyurethane to 12 hours for teak and Danish and 1 to 3 days for linseed and tung oil Surface finishes Surface finishes such as paint shellac lacquer and varnish all sit on top of the wood protecting it within a single layer This layer is damaged by rubbing denting chipping and peeling Use clear finishes like shellac lacquer varnish oil and some stains when the wood s grain and figure are worth showing Use opaque can t see through finishes like paint and solid hide stains when the wood is not special These may become a background for painted or stencilled decoration Polyurethane varnishes are the most common and available in flat satin or gloss finishes It s important to have a dust free workplace and a high quality brush First brush varnish across the grain Then with gentle pressure brush diagonally and fina
12. an the through mortise and tenon joint It can easily be cut with a mortising chisel on a drill press Although the open mortise and tenon joint provides more structural strength it is a little more difficult to make AA N than the through mortise and tenon joint z Gf A Mortise and tenon joints are used for best table chair and chest construction Joints Section 11 2 Dove tail joint The half blind dovetail joint is used almost exclusively for making drawers Don t undertake this joint without some experience and good power tools Hold together the half blind dovetail joint with adhesives to provide an excellent joint with no end grain visible You can make a complete open dovetail joint by simply cutting through the second piece of wood This joint is equally strong but the end grain is visible on both sides of the joint You might or might not want this Dovetail joints are used for best drawer and box construction Lap joint There are many kinds of lap joints depending on where the joint is made There are end lap middle lap half lap and cross lap illustrated joints The lap joint is made by removing an equal amount of wood from the two parts to be joined which are the same thickness and width This is done by sawing halfway through each piece of wood and then knocking out or sawing away half of this area Now you can put the two pieces of wood together with screws nails corrugated nails etc The lap joint
13. ast your fingers If you hold the bottom of the nail and the hammer misses it jams your fingers on the wood instead Tap the nail into the wood with short wrist swings Let go of the nail when it can stand alone without wiggling Starting small nails Push a small nail through one end of a piece of cardboard Hold the other end of the cardboard and position the nail on the wood Tap nail gently into place Pull the cardboard out when the nail is well started Driving nails To deliver a straight powerful push grip the hammer handle near its end The swing is the real skill in hammering To be effective use your whole arm rather than just your hand You must have the pieces on a solid table or floor It is extremely hard to hammer a bouncing board Hold the hammer near the end of the handle and swing Concentrate on your aim and hit the nail squarely on the head Drive the nail until its head is flush level with the wood surface Nailing into hardwoods is not as easy as into softwoods The harder wood often makes starting and driving a nail almost impossible To get around this problem try the following Line up the pieces to be nailed and clamp them together Mark the nail locations with a scratch awl Find a drill bit slightly smaller than the nail size Drill a pilot or starter hole through the two pieces roughly the length of the nail Nail as before When nails bend straighten them b
14. brush Aluminum oxide paper has particles that will fracture as it is used creating new sharp edges Ifcleaned up it can then be used as a finer grit of sandpaper After sanding through several grits pass your hand over the work to locate rough areas It also helps to hold a strong light from the side which will show up any indentations or irregularities On end grain sand from the edges towards the middle particularly with coarse grit Working the opposite way may cause chips or splinters to break off Dampening a surface you have just sanded will raise the remaining imperfections and when sanded a second time after drying will give you a smoother finish Sanding and Finish Section 10 3 There are many different electric sanders and these can be most useful on a larger project When using an electric sander let the weight of the tool do the work do not push down on it Apply light even pressure all across the surface to be sanded Staying too long in one place will groove the wood Finishing sanders have straight line or orbital actions and some are a combination of both witha selection lever Straight line sanding is slower than orbital but does a smoother job Turn on the electric sander before touching the wood and lift it off before switching it off An oscillating sander can be used to help sand larger objects Straight line Orbital The direction the oscillating sander moves can be set to straight line which is best for f
15. d constructive criticism is better than completely ignoring a learner s efforts Sarcasm and ridicule affect self esteem gt To like and respect the teacher helps the learning process Gain the interest of the members To obtain and keep the members interest you must become aware of the importance and interest of the topics presented to them Present a positive experience for the members This is easier with some parts of the project than others since some phases are easier to relate to the members For example members may be more interested in working with their initial construction but it may be a challenge for the project leader to show members the importance of keeping records Types of motivation for members gt Competition competition may act as a motivation to learn for those who feel they have a chance to win the competition but do not let it get out of hand so that the individual s personal development may suffer gt Cooperation among members and opportunities for advancement are motives that affect learning Start where the members are At the start of the year find out what itis about the project that interests them how much they already know and if they have any questions This will help you know where to start teaching and the interest of your members As you teach make sure the topic being discussed the words charts and other teaching tools being used can be understood by all members Have every member activ
16. e Involve as many members as possible through planning arrangements for the meetings and at the meeting itself Wherever possible a practice session should follow project instruction giving every member a chance to become involved Experience is the best teacher and members retain more information if they learn through practical experience The Woodworking Project Year Section 1 2 It has been shown that we remember gt 30 percent of what we hear gt 80 percent of what we see and hear gt 90 percent of what we actively participate in Making teaching practical Wherever possible use real items in a demonstration rather than pictures For example in teaching how to sand use a real piece of wood and sandpaper rather than just talking or only using posters Use a variety of teaching methods When doing your planning for the year consider different ways of presenting the material and choose the method that will be the most suitable Eachmethod will have advantages in particular situations and a change in teaching methods helps to maintain interest Remember younger members need more frequent changes and more activity to deepen their interest so plan activities that last no more than 20 minutes Members in their early and mid teens like to work in groups which means you can use panels role playing and other group techniques 4 H members enjoy tours guest speakers demonstrations quizzes and hands on activities For specific activ
17. e imperial system for over a century While many industries switched to the 1 5 inches 48mm metric system easily and quickly the lumber industry has not 88 9 mm Look at the actual measurements for the 2 x 4 50 x 100 mm the standard board for construction in North America The lumber industry can choose the same size board with the awkward metric measurements or it can change the sizes and the equipment to do so to a simpler metric measurement Since other materials like insulation drywall sheets and wall panelling are sized to the imperial standard changing lumber sizes would result in great waste Because neither option is very good little has changed in the lumber industry Once you begin a project use the same system of measure all the way through since conversions are not always exact Before measuring your wood make sure that all the edges are square Measure twice and cut once Use a long tape or ruler when measuring long pieces Moving a small ruler several times can result in a big mistake from errors that add up as you go along Get in the habit of marking the good and waste side of a cut Make the saw cut kerf on the waste side of the line When building a box or frame the width of Woodworking Plans Section 4 5 the kerf can mean the difference between a good fit and a poor one Cutting the wrong measurement can mean pieces won t fit properly and it wastes lumber The crosscut saw is a commonly used handsaw fo
18. ed for latex products in cool water with detergent Rinse well and shake out the water let dry Sanding and Finish Section 10 7 JOINTS Learning and Doing gt to recognize the most common joints used in woodworking gt to learn the strengths and weaknesses of each type of common joint gt how to make the joints Possible Activities gt practice the required joint with members before they use it in their project Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt gather the materials required for members to practice gt for more complete instructions on how to make the joints refer to some general woodworking books such as A Blandford Percy W The woodworker s bible G L Tab Books 1976 A Feirer John L Wood Technology and Processes Glencoe McGraw Hill 1994 Resource Information The most common types of joints are discussed in this section For more detailed information on their construction consult a woodworking book Edge joint The edge joint is used in glueing two or more boards together to make a wider piece The boards are planed and then glued together edge to edge Narrow boards should be used to keep warping to a minimum The grain of the wood should run in the same direction and reverse the direction of the annual rings on alternate boards to reduce warping Mark the way you will assemble the boards before glueing Edge joints are used for tabletops desks or other furniture needing wide surfaces
19. er than nails to pull things together They resist being pulled out and work better than nails when pulling forces are at work Using screws together with glue creates very strong joints When used without glue they are easily removed so large items like tables can be taken apart for storage or moving If you look at screws from the side you will see the heads can have one of four profiles oval round flat or pan TYPES OF SCREWS The roundhead screw has the most rounded head When tightened down properly its head sits on the wood surface The flathead and oval head screws have a taper below their heads so they can be countersunk tapered part sinks into the wood so the screw head sits flush with the wood surface Choose a flathead screw when the head should be flush with the surface Use a panhead screw to join metal or plastic to wood These have threads most of the way up their length and a flat head that sits slightly above the surface Screwdrivers The screwdriver you need depends on the driver pattern on the screws slotted Phillips and Robertson Although the slotted head es is most common its drawback is that the driver can slip out and damage the wood Square head Rabertsan Slot Head The Phillips screw pattern has a deep cross shape while the Robertson head has a square shaped hole Both patterns are more efficient at starting and turning screws than the slotted pattern All the patterns come in different sizes and t
20. etract from the appearance Knots usually reduce the LUMBER a strength of the wood and if the branch has been dead A for a while the knot may fall out leaving a hole BUI EDGE GRAIN Selecting wood LUMBEA When selecting lumber for your projects there are lots of things to remember If the wood is rough it will be just as it was cut at the sawmill If it is dressed the actual dimensions will be less than the size indicated because the rough wood has been put through a planer Wood will also be larger or smaller depending on how dry it is Furniture and other fine projects are the only ones needing kiln dried wood otherwise use air dried Select the grade of wood suited to your project If you will be applying a natural finish it will need to be a better grade than if you will be painting the project Some things to look out for include wood that is clear if there are any knots they should be in a place where they won t give you problems look out for checks cracks or splits in the wood is the wood sound not rotten is the board warped in any way Sight down the edges of the board is the wood stained or clean dentification To be able to identify wood takes lots of experience and practice A magnifying glass can help since hardwoods have large open cells called pores at the start of each annual ring All hardwood has pores but he pattern and number of pores will vary providing a valuab
21. ext meeting or last minute reminders re The Woodworking Project Year Section 1 3 GENERAL INFORMATION FOR THE WOODWORKING PROJ ECT LEADER Class 66 WOODWORKING COMPETITION at NS 4 H Provincial Show Open to top junior and top senior woodworking member from each county Junior members must bring sandpaper block brush rags and a hammer Senior members must bring all of the above and a Red Robertson Screwdriver All other materials will be supplied by the organizing county Requested to construct a small useful item sanding and staining to finish in a set time period to be announced at the beginning Members will be judged on construction techniques sanding and quality of the finished product 7 Prizes will be presented to the top junior and top senior members in this competition SUGGESTED WOODWORKING 4 H MEMBER SKILLS LIST It is important to keep in mind the equipment and facilities you have Everyone will become frustrated if you attempt a project that is beyond the range of your shop This list of suggested skills is a guideline only and needs to be tailored to your group It assumes a member is 9 in year 1 If they are older the skill development will probably happen faster There are other skills not covered in this manual that members may need to finisha project and for these a good woodworking reference may be needed In their senior 4 H years members should be refining their skills doing larger more complicated pr
22. he drivers Combination hend Star head must fit perfectly to work well Many woodworkers prefer the ee Robertson style since it provides good grip with little chance of slipping Drills and Screws Section 8 7 Choose the right screw A screw s gauge number is the size of the wider shank part of the screw The numbers go from 0 to 24 the lower the number the narrower the size The most commonly used sizes are s 4 6 8 and 10 To avoid splitting the wood choose a screw no larger than necessary Screw length varies somewhat with gauge size Choose a length which leaves just over half the screw going into the second piece of wood and about 3 2mm C less than the total thickness of the two pieces As with nailing join the thinner piece to the thicker one Most screws are zinc plated making then suited to indoor and outdoor use Unplated screws are fine for indoor use where humidity or acids in the wood itself are no problem Although most screws are made from steel there are also brass or bronze ones for special uses like decoration or corrosion resistance Choose a screw made of harder material than what you are screwing into Use an awl or nail and hammer to centre marks for holes especially those that must be precisely located Use soap or a little wax on screw threads if it is difficult to turn in Installing the screw 1 Select a drill equal to the shank diameter and drill a hole 2 Drill a pilot hole to the dep
23. he to make sure you are using it properly and safely gt demonstrate to members how to operate a lathe gt have members practice turning Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt arrange for a lathe that members can practice on gt obtain the User Manual for the lathe gt arrange for suitable wood to use for turning white pine and poplar are great for practice gt arrange to obtain reference material from the library or other sources such as J Chapman Robert Woodturning a fresh approach Robert Chapman foreword by David Ellsworth Lewes England Guild of Master Craftsman Publications 1999 J Darlow Mike Woodturning methods Mike Darlow Exeter N S W Melaleuca Press 1999 J Useful woodturning projects the best from Woodturning magazine Lewes East Sussex Guild of Master Craftsman Publications 1995 J Video Raffan Richard Tuming wood with Richard Raffan projects and exercises from the book Newtown Conn Taunton Press 1986 J Video Bowl turning with Del Stubbs Newtown Conn Taunton Press c1985 Resource nf ormation There are two types of turning spindle turning used for things such as table legs lamps or bedposts and face plate turning for projects such as bowls where the wood is mounted on a face plate Wood turning can be done by the cutting method or scraping method With the cutting method the chisel is held at an angle with the handle lower than the cutting edge The wo
24. hter gauge used for Sind crating and packing boxes general purpose used for structural work ie Common Nail where ends are exposed tapered head that will better fit the tongue Floori ng Nail for flooring boards Gr a i a G Finishing nail set below the surface and hole is filled Finishi ng Jail less than 25 mm long are called brads Roofing Nail Roofing nail often coated with zinc or galvanized for a Je resistance Cutnail nail stamped out of sheet stock Cut Nail Nai Concrete INail Spiral Nail for masonry thicker serrated and very hard Spiral nail increased holding power Hammer and Nails Section 7 3 Choose the right nail Mostly you will use finishing nails for fine work and common nails for most other work Use anything for practice When nailing thin boards to thicker boards choose nails twice as long as the thickness of the thin boards Always nail through the thin board first When nailing same sized boards the nails should almost go through Nails that are too long for the job push their points out through the far side Because long nails are also thicker they can cause the wood to split Starting nails Position nails back from the end or edge of the board and away from knots Offset nail placement so they are not lined up along the same grain Hold nail between thumb and forefinger near the top of the nail If the hammer misses it will slide p
25. ide down at about a 30 to 35 degree angle and move the blade back and forth keeping your hands parallel to the stone Then turn the blade over and place the flat side against the stone Move it back and forth to remove the wire edge It can take many tries before members get the feel of sharpening correctly Encourage members to keep the blades from getting dull by careful handling for example don t use chisels or planes after sanding 7WHETTES Shaping The wood Section 6 2 HAMMER and NAILS Learning and Doing gt how to operate a hammer and drive in nails gt to learn about the different types of nails gt to learn how to determine the proper length of nail required gt how to remove nails Possible Activities gt members can practice to drive nails into softwood and hardwood and then remove them gt have members bring as many different kinds of nails as they can find from home and suggest their uses gt decide how long the nails should be for the members projects Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt obtain some hammers and nails and different types of wood perhaps members could bring their own hammers Resource Information Wear safety goggles Small chips of metal or wood can seriously injure eyes Tie up or cover long hair and take off earrings so they do not get caught in a passing hammer claw Before using a hammer make sure the head is secure Know your nails Box nails similar to common lig
26. ine sanding or orbital which is best for rough fast sanding Sanding and Finish Section 10 4 A GOOD SURFACE FINISH Learning and Doing gt to learn about sealers fillers and finishes gt how to apply different types of finishes gt to learn how to clean brushes Possible Activities gt practice using wood filler gt attend a demonstration about finishes or visit a hardware store with the members to get information about them gt practice with the finish members will be using for their projects gt to clean the brushes they used Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt talk to a hardware store or paint sales person to see if a demonstration can be arranged gt obtain wood filler gt ask members to bring the finish they will be using as well as brushes gt obtain supplies for cleaning brushes gt check out some reference materials such as MA Meyer Carolyn 1935 Saw hammer and paint woodworking and finishing for beginners illustrated by Toni Martignoni New York Morrow 1973 J Video Wood finishing Newtown CT Taunton Press 1985 Resource Information Hiding the holes Sometimes you want to hide nail holes and countersunk screws in a project especially on the good side A couple of ways to do this include using wood filler or plugs When the item will be painted wood filleris one option Once dry and sanded flush with the wood surface painting makes the spot invisible The bad news i
27. is manual Thank you to Michael Kittilsen 4 H Specialist Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Help and Acknowledgments Section 13 6
28. ity project ideas please refer to the end of the unit Project Meetings Wherever you hold your project meetings be sure your members are comfortable and don t have other distractions Project Meeting The project meeting may follow a general meeting or it may be held at a different time Following are suggestions to organize the project meeting Project Reports by Members This might be the first item in the meeting It provides an opportunity for members to report on their project work since the last meeting to bring up any problems or questions and for you to determine their progress answer questions and make suggestions Introduction to the Next Topic Outline the new topic and the reason for its importance This is the place to gain the members interest so that they will be attentive for the next part Group Instruction This is where the actual teaching of the new topic takes place using the best method This may be done by you the members or by a special resource person Group Activity This is a practice period in which the members do something If possible they should practice what has been taught If not they may work on record books or practice demonstrations Individual Help While the group activity is going on you may help members who need closer attention or extra help Preparing for the Next Meeting This is the time when you give instruction on homework to be done items to bring to the n
29. ke ash oak and mahogany thinner for medium grained woods like cherry soft maple and birch To a small area at a time apply prepared filler with a stiff brush thoroughly covering the surface Brush first with the grain then across it Using the palm of your hand ina circular motion go over the surface of the filler Allow to dry until the surface loses its shiny appearance This takes up to 20 minutes Wipe across the grain with burlap or rough cloth to remove most of the excess filler Then use a thin clean cloth like cotton or cheesecloth to lightly go over the surface with the grain to remove the leftovers Hint pressing too hard will rub some of the filler out of the pores Ifnecessary add another coat of filler Allow to dry at least 6 8 hours before applying a second sealer and then after drying cover with shellac laquer or varnish Penetrating finishes Most stains and preservatives are penetrating finishes that seep into the wood fibers and dry They allow you to still feel the wood as they leave no layer that can lift off and chip However you can t remove them without taking some of the wood Oil finishes include linseed tung teak Danish and polyurethane oils They are easy to restore and maintain but are less resistant as a finish Make sure to use non toxic edible oil like tung or olive oil for any items to be used with food or by young children Thin linseed oil by pouring it in a container and set it in very warm water
30. le identification tool Softwoods do not have pores but have a few scattered openings called resin canals In softwood the cells are lined up in a very uniform pattern from the center of the tree to the bark In hardwood the cells are not lined up in straight rows Identification will have to be done using pictures in a book a resource person or internet research About Wood Section 3 2 WOODWORKING PLANS Learning and Doing gt how to transfer patterns gt enlarging a pattern gt working with plans Possible Activities gt help members trace their pattern onto their wood gt have members enlarge a pattern for practice gt have members sketch their plans so they will be more familiar with the project and will be able to visualize it better Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt have wood and patterns available for members to use gt ask members to bring pencils and paper gt have some plans available for members to look at gt check out some other sources of plans like the internet woodworking magazines or books Reference material available from the library could include J Better homes and gardens woodworking projects you can build editors Noel Seney Larry Clayton Des Moines Iowa Meredith Corp c1980 J Blanford Percy W 77 One weekend Woodworking Projects Tab Books Inc 1987 J Feirer John Louis Advanced woodwork and furniture making John L Feirer and Gilbert R Hutchings Peoria
31. lly with the grain When completely dry use fine silicone carbide paper to lightly smooth the finish Repeat with another layer or two of varnish lightly sanding between coats until you re satisfied with the results Paint behaves like varnish because both form a layer on the wood surface Both can be water based latex or oil based alkyd Prepare wood as for varnish Then apply a paint primer Primer is designed to bond extra well to wood and provide a good grip for the final paint You may need two coats of finish paint Latex paint dries quickly so be careful not to over brush which will leave visible brush strokes Tole painting paints are generally acrylic and dry quickly They are for decoration and may go on in a single coat They need a protective finish like varnish on top Paint brushes Brushes should be of top quality to get a smooth finish Use a different brush for latex and alkyd paints clean them carefully and they will last a long time Let brushes used for alkyd paint soak in paint thinner for about 1 2 hour then press bristles against sides of the container to remove most of the thinner Soak for another 1 2 hour in a mixture of 1 heaping tablespoon of T S P trisodium phosphate dissolved in a cup of water cover the bristles Work the bristles in the solution a bit Then wash brush a couple of times with soap and water Rinse well under running water and shake out almost all of the water Let dry Wash brushes us
32. lotte N C Do It Yourself Video Corp c1985 J Magazine _Better Homes and Gardens Wood Woodworking Plans Section 4 3 Resource Information From building plans and drawings you must be able to determine the measurements needed to cut drill and fit You will also need to know what material is needed to begin the project if it is not listed in the plan In a perspective drawing the object looks like it would in a photograph Object lines outline the object and are the thickest Extension lines extend from important corners or from the centres of holes to slightly beyond the dimension lines Dimension lines are narrower and have arrows to show where measurements start and stop These lines are not part of the object but give the length width and thickness of pieces and positions of holes Plans all differ slightly but provide the information to enable you to build a project Transfer a pattern Sometimes a project includes a shape that is not square or rectangular You usually transfer a curving shape onto the wood by tracing the pattern with carbon paper Check that lines are dark enough to see while sawing and that lines are connected before removing pattern and carbon You can also trace the pattern onto heavy paper and cut it out then place the heavy paper version on the wood and mark the outline with a pencil Do not damage books and patterns by using a sharp pencil Use tracing paper or photocopy the pattern if necessary Enla
33. ls face plate work carving Suggested projects include bedside table foot stool garden seat plant stands salad bowls Tka didaidhonkih B Rsie SitdpeSiafety Section 2 4 BASIC SHOP SAFETY Learning and Doing gt to learn the basics of shop safety gt to learn where information about safety can be obtained gt remind older members about the basics of safety Possible Activities gt have members read the operators manuals for the tools they will be using gt have members generate a Shop Safety List using the Resource Information section and post it in the work area Have younger members start the list and older ones finish it gt remind members about the importance of safety on a regular basis Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt locate the operators manuals for the tools the members will be using gt have a Bristol Board and markers available to make the Shop Safety List gt make sure a well stocked first aid kit is available Resource Information The best ways to ensure safety are to use good common sense and to be informed about possible hazards This list has some safety rules to keep in mind but there are many more SOME WOODWORKING SAFETY RULES TO ALWAYS KEEP IN MIND Save lively activities for the outdoors a shop is not the place to throw things or run around Always use safety glasses for eye protection and dust masks when sanding Dress appropriately This means sturdy footwear long pant
34. make a cylinder the exact size It is also used for cutting shoulders v s and beads and squaring ends Plan the design you want and draw it out on paper If you will be using the same plan several times cut it out of heavy paper Use your plan and a pencil mark dimensions on the stock The parting tool is used with scraping action to make depth cuts Use calipers to check the diameter Then cut the wood away between the parting tool cuts using the appropriate tools The tool rest must be removed for sanding For turning bowls the wood cannot be turned between centers so it is mounted on a face plate which is secured to the headstock spindle Short heavy wood screws are used to secure the wood to the face plate Be aware of the thickness of wood for the bottom of the bowl A scrap piece of wood may need to be glued to the base witha piece of paper in between When the bowl is removed from the lathe the scrap wood can be knocked off The outside of the bowl is shaped first using slow speed until it is round The tool rest is then turned parallel to the face of the bowl Cut a pattern from stiff paper Using a gouge or scraper tool to form the inside of the bowl work from the outside edge to the center of the bowl Sand the inside and then move the tool rest to finish shaping the outside of the bowl Sqlare nose Chisel Spuar point Chisel Skew Chisel Round nasend Chisel Different chisels can be used in cutting a design Lathe
35. n either case make sure the wood is well secured to keep it from slipping Wear safety glasses Guide and brake the chisel with one hand and press forward withthe other Always push the chisel away from you and keep both hands behind the cutting edge When cutting with the grain hold the chisel with the bevel side down for heavy cutting and for light cuts hold the bevel side up When you have to cut across the grain chisel from both edges to avoid splintering the edge grain and remove the center portion last Shaping The wood Section 6 1 Planes Planes contain a blade similar to a chisel held in a block of wood or metal and are used to smooth wood so that little or no sanding is necessary They come in various sizes and should be used in the direction with the grain Before using the plane sight along the bottom to make sure the cutting edge is parallel with the bottom Always choose the best edge of the wood to plane first Clamp the board securely Hold the knob with your left hand and the handle with your right keeping the plane at right angles to your work surface Apply even pressure and plane Check the surface for flatness with the square Always put the plane down on its side when not in use Try to remove as little wood as possible When planing end grain use a block plane which has a low angle cutter Plane halfway across lift heel and then plane from the other end The planes can be adjusted to make a deeper or more
36. od is sliced or peeled off This method is faster and gives a smooth surface requiring little sanding however the skill level required is greater The other turning method is scraping where the chisel is held at right angles to the wood Scraping is slower and leaves a rougher surface but it is more accurate Faceplate turning is done with the scraping method Wear safety glasses For beginners use wood that is clear with no knots or irregularities If pieces of wood have been glued together make sure the glue is dry so that the wood doesn t fly apart on the lathe The grain should be straight and the wood should be an even density Locate the center of the wood by measuring or draw several lines across the approximate middle of the wood to help estimate where the center is located Roughly round out the wood with a bandsaw before mounting it on the lathe Make sure the turning tool s blade is firmly held on the rest before the cutting edge touches the wood Start at slow speeds and use a gouge to round the wood Too fast a speed can cause vibrations and the wood could come off the lathe Avoid turning too small a diameter when roughing Scribe pencil lines along the sides of the rough stock age Lathe work Section 12 4 Work from the centre towards the ends When the dark blur of the lines disappears the stock is round as large a diameter as possible Once roughing is complete the lathe speed can be increased The skew is used to
37. ojects experimenting with different finishes and helping younger members When members should begin using power tools is a decision that must be made with the leader member and parent Sie A D Year 1 could learn about shop safety the importance of wood measuring amp cutting wood square nailing butt joints gluing sanding finishing proper tool use Suggested projects include cutting boards puzzles letter holders key holders peg board simple 2 3 piece shelves Year 2 could review first year skills and shop safety plus drilling butt joints edge joints angle cuts miter joints screws predrilling amp counter sinking types of wood and wood selection Appropriate projects could include bird houses book ends picture frames shelving corner shelves simple stools clocks Year 3 members would review year 1 and 2 material shop safety jointing amp gluing boards together rabbet and dado joints dowelor biscuit joints sharpening tools and identifying wood Possible projects might be tables large tool chest book shelves foot stools deacon benches Year 4 members could review year 1 to 3 material shop safety mortises amp tenon joints through tenon joints with wedges lathe work single spindle projects Projects could be stools chairs colonial bench coat tree whatnot shelf Year 5 members would review Year 1 to 4 material shop safety dove tail joints lap joints amp other joinery techniques lathe work bow
38. ood or they sit on its surface The wood surface must be well prepared Fill pores holes and cracks The item must be well sanded and cleaned with mineral spirits if there is any wax or grease Stains Apply stains much like oil You can use a cloth to apply stain to small items and a paint brush for larger items Follow container instructions for drying time Some uses will require more thanone coat Many stains are intended only to improve the appearance and need a protective finish over them Finish and stain must be compatible or the finish will lift Exterior stains already contain protection and are generally used on their own Stains can be used before an oil finish if they are compatible Oil alone does darken the wood Wood sealers and fillers A sealer is used to seal the stain and to keep knots from showing through a coat of paint A mixture of one part shellac to seven parts alcohol works for most stains A lacquer sealer can also be used if you will be using a lacquer finish If your wood is porous such as ash oak mahogany cherry soft maple or birch you should use a filler to obtain a smooth finish You can buy filler in natural wood colour or in colours to match wood stains You can also add pigments to adjust the colour Prepare filler by mixing a little with turpentine until the paste is like thin cream If using filler under a lacquer finish thin it with lacquer thinner Filler should be thicker for open grained woods li
39. r cutting across grain Wear safety glasses Use easy to cut wood especially for beginners Knots particle board and wet wood are very difficult to saw Use clamps or a vise to secure your board pencilled side up on the work surface Have the board properly secured and supported close to the cut Be sure the marked cut line is just beyond the edge of the work surface and the clamp bar To prevent clamps from denting the wood place a thin piece of scrap lumber between your good board and the clamps Put on your safety glasses To start a cut place the saw on the waste side of the line Do not try to saw on the line or saw it off If you do the piece may be too short Lightly draw the saw toward you about three times to create a straight guiding notch The thumb of your free hand can help guide the saw at this stage Place your free hand on the board to help hold it in place Imagine the line on the board extends across the room Line up the saw your forearm shoulder and eye with this mark Keep the saw at a 45 degree angle to the surface but square with the face of the board Use the try square as a guide to get started Keeping the saw straight in the groove can be difficult and may take lots of practice Saw with long smooth straight strokes The crosscut saw cuts on both the forward and back strokes Just before the cut is finished bring your free hand up and over the saw to hold the dangling piece and prevent it from breaking off Do N
40. re manual drills the egg beater and the brace are two styles the electric drill is the most common Much the same method is used for them all Extra precautions apply when using any electrical tool Read the User Manual Drilling holes electrically Wear your safety glasses See that cord and grounded 3 prong plug are in good condition See that the chuck is securely tightened around the bit and that the key is removed Securely clamp the wood so it does not spin or fly off and hurt you Mark positions of holes with a square or ruler Keep them 11 2 from the edge Make a small centring dot with the awl To reduce rough edges at the bottom of the hole clamp of scrap wood underneath then clamp the board to the work surface Position drill squarely over mark place the bit in the dent and press the drill s trigger Apply firm steady pressure as you drill Try to keep the drill bit square to the wood Pull the bit out every 2 to clear shavings Continue until you feel the release of the bit going out the other side of the board If a drill bit gets stuck there may be a sudden twisting force on the drill handle Keep a firm grip on the handle at all times Drills and Screws Section 8 6 Some Common Drill Bits r fest cl D7 C N Forstner bit apiki ye bl tyelst Arill adta tened over sharik Biad polnt cll bt l Screws As a wedge on an angle a screw is one of the strongest machines ever made Screws have more pow
41. rging a pattern Patterns of irregular shapes may be too small to trace If the size you want is larger than a photocopier or computer can produce you can use a grid First draw a grid on the original article Number and letter each line as shown Decide what size you want the pattern to become Ona clean paper draw a grid with larger squares Use the same number of lines and the same numbers letters as in the first step Using your original as a guide place dots on the large grid where the object s cutting line crosses grid lines Then connect the dots using straight and curved lines like the original Your new pattern should be the same shape only larger Woodworking Plans Section 4 4 MEASURING and CUTTING Learning and Doing gt to measure properly gt to draw a straight line square with the edge gt to make an accurate cut Possible Activities gt measure blocks of wood gt draw a freehand line across a board and then draw one using a square compare the results gt practice marking the good and waste sides of the line gt practice sawing wood boards with a hand saw Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt get some scraps of boards members can measure and draw on gt obtain a tri square so members can practice gt obtain some saws and a set up where you can clamp the board while members saw Resource Information Canada adopted the metric measuring system in 3 5inches the 1970 s after using th
42. s and roll up or tuck in loose fitting clothing Tie back long hair remove dangling jewellery Do not operate any tools until you have been shown how Make sure all the guards are in place for power tools Always review and follow the tool manufacturer s safety recommendations Look after tools sharpening lubricating and replacing when necessary Make sure the cords are in good condition and the electric tools have a three prong grounding plug Be careful when handling sharp tools so you don t accidentally hurt yourself or someone else Unplug and put away the tools when you have finished using them so no one will cut themselves or trip over them If it feels a little dangerous it probably is Find another safer way to accomplish this task Always keep your hands well clear of the action use both hands to hold tools if you are younger and use push sticks Use leg muscles when lifting heavy objects not back muscles Keep the work area well lighted and ventilated Follow the manufacturer s directions regarding precautions disposal and ventilation when working with solvents paint or glue Wear gloves when working with paints and varnishes to avoid skin contact Be alert Do not work if you are too tired since this can increase risk of accidents Take care of accidents promptly Have a well stocked first aid kit in the shop Cka dkdaddhonkih B Psiej SitopeSnfety Section 2 5 ABOUT WOOD Learning and Doing
43. s of related paper products It is even used in the manufacture of fabrics and plastics Employment is provided for people from tree planters thinners and harvesters to truck drivers mill workers and ultimately even store clerks Hardwood and softwood The two main types of wood are hardwoods and softwoods Hardwood trees are broadleaf deciduous trees such as maple oak birch and cherry which loose their leaves in the winter The wood is usually heavier stronger and harder and is more suited to furniture paneling flooring and cabinets Softwood trees are coniferous with needle like leaves such as spruce pines firs and cedars which stay green all winter Softwood is used for poles regular lumber purposes in construction plywood and can be used for some of the same purposes as hardwood In general softwood is easier to work more resistant to rot strong enough for general purposes and relatively inexpensive About Wood Section 3 1 Grain As they grow trees form an annual ring each year These annual rings give the faces and sides of wood it s unique patterns which are called grain Depending on where the sawmill makes the cut the grain can look quite different The diagram illustrates where flat grain and edge grain lumber would be found in a log Branches also grow on trees and these create changes in the direction of the grain of the wood This can create a desirable attractive appearance or it may FLAT GRAIN d
44. s that when using a stain or clear finish the filler usually shows up much darker or lighter than the wood and doesn t look very attractive When filling nail holes stain the project first then apply the filler to avoid any residue blemishes on untreated wood This allows you to make a better colour match with the finished project Wooden plugs make a more attractive choice to hide screw holes when using clear finishes Hardware stores sell plugs in several sizes to fit different screw heads or you can use a plug cutter and make your own Plugs with rounded heads are for decoration since they leave bumps Plugs with flat ends work best on shelf or table tops where you want flat surfaces Installing plugs is much like using dowels Place a dab of glue in the hole and insert the plug with the end grain in the same direction as in the project If the plug is too long and it usually is use a chisel or flush cutsaw to remove the extra flush with the project Finish with a light sanding Sanding and Finish Section 10 5 We apply a finish to protect wood making it more resistant to dirt stains moisture and warping Protection is essential for outdoor articles even those made from durable wood Items used inside need protection from daily wear and tear and from liquids We also finish wood for beauty sometimes highlighting the grain or shading sometimes to add colour Many finishes both beautify and protect wood Finishes either penetrate into w
45. splaying a project at Achievement Day Pride of ownership Sense of responsibility The job of the project leader is important Effective project leadership really begins with the wise selection of projects As a Woodworking Project leader help your members choose a plans to suit their interests and abilities The Woodworking Project Year Section 1 1 Important Steps in Teaching Draw up a plan for the year Planning should be done near the beginning of the club year Decide how many meetings your project group will hold and what topics are to be studied In planning decide what will be taught how and by whom at each meeting You may want your members to help particularly older members and each member in your project group should have a copy of the plan Consider your members Before starting to teach itis wise to look at the number of members their ages and their experience Try to keep the size of your project group to no more than eight This will depend on your member s interest in the project If you have more than this number divide the group based on their age and or experience levelor find more project leaders or assistants You could draw on the experience of the oldest members to help with the younger members A good incentive is praise for work well done rewards strengthen and maintain any learning that leads to them Too much or undeserved praise has a bad effect Praise is better than criticism an
46. th the screw will go The drill diameter must equal the smallest diameter of the threaded part of the screw 3 Cut a hole with the countersink so the screw head will be flat with the surface 4 Check for proper fit 5 Using a well fitting screw driver guide the screw into the hole 6 Do not overtighten If you have to use many screws of the same type it may be an idea to invest in a screw mate drill and countersink which does all the above steps in one A screw mate counter bore will also make a hole which can be plugged to hide the top of the screw a i 4 J pa i Le e eh 6 Drills and Screws Section 8 8 GLUEING Learning and Doing gt to learn about glue gt to learn how to glue wood properly Possible Activities gt visit a hardware store and look at the types of glue available gt practice glueing and clamping two pieces of wood Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt arrange a visit to a hardware store gt obtain glue wood and clamps for members to practice with gt check out some references such as J Lasson Robert 1922 Glue it yourself woodworking without nails text by Robert Lasson projects by Sidney Shupak photos by Jeff Murphy New York Dutton c1978 Resource Information Glue works best when the wood is properly prepared Wood must be at proper moisture content 6 8 for interior use and 12 15 for exterior use Surfaces to be glued must be really clean absol
47. ue are more weather resistant but also need cautious handling Use them in a well ventilated area and wear latex gloves to avoid skin contact Plastic Resin Glue urea formaldehyde Resists moisture and heat better than white or yellow glues Must be mixed with water before using Temperature must be over 21 C The glue line does not stretch suitable for gluing wood for turning on a lathe Some people are allergic to it even when it is dry Resorcinol Resin Glue This waterproof glue comes in two parts a resin and a catalyst which you mix just before using Temperature must be over 21 C Glueing Section 9 2 Learning and Doing gt to recognize the most common types of sand paper and the results that can be obtained from each gt how to hand sand and use an electric sander Possible Activities gt have members try out different kinds of sandpaper on scraps of wood gt practice using an electric sander Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt obtain some different types of sandpaper and wood scraps for members to use gt locate an electric sander and its Users Manual Resource Information Sanding Wear safety goggles Smooth the ends edges and sides of your pieces prior to putting together your project You still may have to do touch up sanding after assembly Hand sanding before finishing a project is probably the least liked chore in woodworking but doing this job poorly is a sure way to r
48. uin what may have taken days or weeks to build Use at least three different types of grit from coarse grit flint paper or 50 grit garnet paper medium or 100 120 grit to fine grit paper or 150 200 grit garnet paper or even very fine which is 240 plus grit Flint is the cheapest softest and wears out the most quickly Garnet sand paper cuts faster and lasts longer than flint paper and can sharpen itself It is useful for sanding hardwood Aluminum oxide paper is still more durable and more expensive Since each individual grade of sandpaper is meant to eliminate the scratches of the coarser grit used before it skipping from coarse to fine grits without an intermediate sanding will most likely leave visible scratches Buy a variety of sandpapers and experiment with them for your project Store them flat and protect them from moisture Wipe sawdust off your project between sanding grits with a clean lint free cloth Sanding blocks make it easier to hold the sandpaper while sanding and prevents you from making grooves They can be made from any small piece of wood Sand paper can also be wrapped around dowels for curved surfaces Sand with the grain not across it Always start with the finest grade that is usable If the sandpaper is coarser than required small grooves will be made in the surface and will have to be removed with subsequent sandings creating more work for yourself If sandpaper loads up with dust it can be cleaned witha stiff
49. utely free of dust sweat or grease Wood pieces must fit snugly both planed edges or cut members of a joint You need a way to hold the pieces together tightly but without excess pressure Pressing too tightly will force all the glue out starving the joint and making it failure prone Use clamps or weight For small items try creative solutions like rubber bands or clothes pins Find a way to spread a uniform thin layer of glue over the edges to be joined A popsicle stick or a small piece of wood or cardboard works well Clean up dribbles with a warm wet rag before they dry Although glue dries clear it will really show up under clear finishes like varnish Glues for Indoors While good for all purpose use neither white nor yellow carpenter s glue can take temperature extremes or damp conditions For example you wouldn t use them for a birdhouse or an exterior sign White Glue polyvinyl resin emulsion Comes ready mixed easy to use Dries quickly in about an hour Readily available and economical Use at around 15 C temperature Low resistance to moisture and temperatures above 74 C 165 F Glue line will stretch making it unsuited to gluing wood together for turning Glueing Section 9 1 Carpenter s or Yellow Glue aliphatic resin Very similar to white glue e A little more resistant to heat and weather Sometimes rated for strength Glues for outdoors The following types of gl
50. utting ccc cece c cree c ccc cs eee ecsscescsscees SHAPING 655 095059 SbF 6 ONE See Se Ois SESE eee TES be OS NG OSE eo ONS eee TES e Rasps and files e Wood chisels e Planes e Carving e Sharpening Hammer and Nails 4 664 400645404209 4 1s oseedeeewenes ee esae Sse eae esas e Know Your Nails e Choose the Right Nail e Starting Nails e Driving Nails e Nail set e Pulling Nails Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Drills and Screws s4 400a 4 056 0e40 0604ee54nso0las asoENGR Ee SGae ae ease Section 8 e Drilling Holes e Common Drill Bits e Screws e Screwdrivers e Choose the Right Screw Installing the Screw Gluing 5 5 56 2 SEE OS ti nEs akanki KEER S SE RTSE ROR ESTTR ESS RESS Section 9 e Glues for Indoors e Glues for Outdoors Sanding and finsh osc 65 556 048 heeds eee he SN hes h Sesd Seek 6OoSE OTR Beas Section 10 e Hiding the Holes e Stains e Wood Sealers and Fillers e Penetrating Finishes e Surface Finishes e Paint brushes Joints 60g G a aS gee h eee ENS PaO Oe ee eae ee eee eee es Section 11 e Edge Joint Butt Joint e Dowel Joint e Rabbet Joint e Dado Joint e Mortise and Tenon Joints e Dove Tail Joints e Lap Joint e Miter Joint Lathe Work os sisi 66 084 6 eb S505 66S HS eee e So ed bes eee eee NS Section 12 Where to Get More Help and Acknowledgments eeeeeeees Section 13 THE WOODWORKING PROJ ECT Y
51. work Section 12 5 WHERE TO GET MORE HELP gt The Internet has many sources of information Check out the websites of the major tool suppliers or glue and paint manufacturers such as Minwax Skil or LePage gt Use search words such as Woodworking Tips Woodworking Projects Teaching Woodworking Woodworking tools etc to do an Internet Search gt Check the magazine section of your grocery store for Woodworking magazines Many of them such as Better Homes and Gardens Wood contain plans suitable for 4 H projects gt The library will often have books and videos on woodworking gt Your local hardware store might provide you with information Ask them to give your members a tour or a session gt Seek out good woodworkers in your community They can provide a wealth of information and may share some good tips with you gt The tool manuals have a lot of information Many times tools have features the owner doesn t know about gt Consult with the Woodworking teacher at your local high school or community college gt Spend some time looking at 4 H Woodworking projects at the exhibition or the NS 4 H Provincial Show You will get good ideas from other 4 H members who have already completed at least one year in the project gt Talk to your 4 H Specialist and other 4 H Woodworking Leaders ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to the Prince Edward Island 4 H program for providing information used in th
52. y holding a block against the nail then hammering the leaning side of the nail against the block Sometimes a short nail will straighten without holding anything against it It may cause less damage to remove the bent nail and use a new one Hammer and Nails Section 7 4 Nail set A nail set is used to drive down the nail so that it is even with the board or below the surface of the board Use a nail set smaller than the head of the nail Place the nail set directly over the head of the nail Tap it gently with the hammer Using a Nail Set Pulling nails Opposite the face on most hammers is a claw for removing nails When there is enough space put a small block of wood between the hammer head and the good piece This prevents the hammer from scarring or denting the wood and it makes the pull straighter and easier a ah ne mig pally th Hammer and Nails Section 7 5 DRILLS and SCREWS Learning and Doing gt recognize common drill bits gt operate a drill properly gt learn how to make pilot holes gt recognize different screws and screw drivers Possible Activities gt have members drill holes for practice gt find some screws and ask members to figure out which type they are and suggest a situation where they would be used Suggestions for Meeting Preparation gt find some assorted screws gt obtain a drill and drill bits so members can practice Resource Information Although there a
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