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1. File Edit Format View Help 15 05 15 14 14 28 39 78 00 0 81 15 05 15 14 19 28 86 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 15 05 15 4 45 2000000000000000000000000000000 Figure 4 13 Example of data logged in a file Temperature and Humidity humidity temp 84 82 30 80 a8 38 ag 76 20 74 y ja 15 g 0 70 10 68 5 66 64 0 D 49 X AD do A A O 4 A OG MD O 4 ww PMD DO HM PO D p 6 P O PM M E SW DTP ADT apr o BA MP Y m7 o Time Figure 4 14 Graph of Temperature and Humidity against time based on the data from Figure 4 13 46 Evapotranspiration Rate ET pot ET act 300 230 LET no ee 200 150 ET value 100 50 0 DD O A gdh A ad A o coa dh oM hk oa OD o qq 4 E o4 Vi o9 AY eO QV Q9 A9 9 AP SF D 9 4 9 4 02 9S 49 OQ 41 A9 m AQ 0 Cav SD Avv OT vaga Ww AT 9 Time Figure 4 15 Graph of evapotranspiration rate against time based on the data from Figure 4 13 4 3 Discussion 4 3 1 System component The sensors implemented in the system were chosen based on the requirements of the system However the water level sensor was designed to reduce the cost of the project The water level sensor shows consistent resul2. Potential ET Actual ET 50 Desired water level 14 Desired water level Figure 3 7 Flowchart of Arduino code in determining the desired water level 27 3 4 System Components 3 4 1 Sensors I HSM 20G Humidity Sensor Module The humidity sensor module is used to measure the relative humidity level and is converted to a standard voltage output The output voltage for this unit ranges from 1V to 3V enable to measure the relative humidity from 20 to 95 percent and temperature value from 09C to 509C The sensor input is wired to the analog input pin to collect the data Figure 3 8 shows the HSN 20G Humidity Sensor Module Figure 3 8 HSM 20G Humidity Sensor Module II SEN0114 Moisture Sensor Moisture sensor measures the level of moisture of the soil surrounding it The two probes is used to pass current through the soil and it evaluates the moisture level based on the resistance reading The higher water content in the 28 soil the less resistance Therefore it will give a higher analog value The value of the soil moisture ranges from 0 to 950 where 0 to 300 is considered dry soil 300 to 700 is humid soil and 700 to 900 is in water Figure 3 9 SENO114 Moisture Sensor III Water Level Sensor The water level sensor is designed to detect the presence of water The circuit is designed using a comparator LM324N The input of the circuit is placed in the water tank to determine the water level The circuit wil
3. digitalWrite valve_IN HIGH else digitalWrite valve_IN LOW if counter gt 20 if RTC read tm data received from RTC module printTime else data not received from RTC module if RTC chipPresent RTC module is connected Serial printIn DS3231 Stop Load Set Time else RTC module is not detected Serial printIn Error Check connections j printSerial counter 0 void readSensor Compute the sensor values temp analogRead rawTemp 2887 84 33 humid analogRead rawHumid 1162 12 soil analogRead rawSoil determine water level if digitalRead waterLevel_LOW if digitalRead waterLevel MEDIUM 63 64 if digitalRead waterLevel_HIGH digitalWrite valve_IN LOW waterlevel 14 water level gt 14cm else waterlevel 2 12 12cm lt water level 14cm j else waterlevel 10 10cm lt water level lt 12cm else waterlevel 9 water level lt 10cm void compute_data float etref 500 humid_percent humid 100 ks soil 920 in data in range etact ks kc etref humid_percent etpot d temp humid_percent void getTime unsigned char num unsigned char byte_temp byte_temp num 10 Serial print byte_temp byte_temp num 10 Serial print byte_temp void printTime Print time in serial getTime tm Day Serial print ge T
4. water supply to the crop Sprinkler irrigation and drop irrigation usually practices a timer clock where the crop is irrigated several times a day according to the settings set 17 in prior In a more sophisticated system fuzzy logic controller or artificial neural network ANN is implemented Although many researches has been conducted implementing fuzzy logic and ANN in irrigation system it is not widely implemented in real field application 2 6 Conclusion In conclusion there are different types of technology developed in agriculture Each varies according to the application in the field In agriculture it is important to know how the water is supplied to the crop when is the optimum time for watering as well as how much water is needed by the crop These main characteristics are able to be identified by understanding the evapotranspiration rate of the plant and the water loss it encounters in the process CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3 1 Introduction The focus of this project is to develop an irrigation system controller to achieve the objectives successfully This chapter explains in detail about the hardware and software requirements of the research conducted The concept of the whole system is explained in detail and is broken down to three main components which are the sensors data acquisition controller and the water irrigation system These three components will be integrated with one another to create an end cap
5. Level Sensor Circuit Design A Pi pui DL2 GND Vee DL3 PLA To Arduino m2 Jeveli Vee leve Water Level 1 B IP Jevels sv Jevels R R R R Water Level 2 NRI NR NS NR 5 Tide Se Number Revision A Date 622 2013 Sheet of C Users FTP 01 SchDoc
6. a greenhouse A greenhouse was built and completed on the 26 April 2015 Upon the completion of the greenhouse the system developed was implemented Figure 4 6 shows the greenhouse of the project implementation 41 jul 2 TB r m Figure 4 6 Greenhouse of the experiment test bed The setup of the system in the cucumber plant located in the greenhouse is shown in Figure 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 and 4 12 7 TRE Pots and water supply tank is placed on a levelled platform i Controller box Main water i ee A b supply tank DR M Water level sensor ES Water supply tank Figure 4 7 Overview of the implemented system 42 Figure 4 8 Controller placed in a waterproof box on test site Figure 4 9 Piping of the plants connected in parallel to the water tank 43 Figure 4 10 Temperature and humidity sensor placed outside the controller box Figure 4 11 Soil moisture sensor lodged in soil in one of the pots 44 Figure 4 12 Water level sensor implemented on water supply tank 4 2 3 Data logging The data logging code run in Raspberry Pi logs data sent by Arduino via serial every 5 minutes Figure 4 11 shows an example of the data logged in a file Each time data is logged it starts in a new line and the parameter received is separated by a semicolon The data logged in the file is presented in a line graph using Microsoft Excel as shown in Figure 4 12 and 4 13 Humidity
7. agricultural sector Analysis based on input output tables Department of Statistics Malaysia 1 13 C W Chan M C Cho 2012 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC Workshop on Food Security Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC Newsletter and Technical Publications Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Small Island Developing States United Nations Environment Programme UNEP http www unep or jp ietc Publications TechPublications TechPub 8d index asp 1 FAO s Information System on Water and Agriculture Malaysia 2010 http www fao org nr water aquastat countries_regions malaysia index stm MIDF research article Water restructuring exercise must proceed despite leadership change as economic losses due to water crisis may be significant MIDF Economic Beat 28 August 2014 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 56 Environment and Natural Resources Series Volume 1 Frost Protection Fundamentals Practice and Economics Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISSN 1684 8241 B Tangwongkit R Tangwongkit and P Chontanaswat 2014 Drip Irrigation Powered by Solar Cell for Dry Rainfed and No Electricity Area International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development March 2014 H Fairweather N Austin M Hope Water Use Efficiency An Informa
8. supply tank to the water supply tank 34 II Capillary irrigation A small narrow tube is connected from the water supply tank and each pot in parallel The water level of the water supply is monitored in real time using a water level sensor The sensor will send the current water level data to the controller If the water level is lower than the desired water level the water valve will remain opened until the water level has reached the desired value The water will flow evenly to each pot until the height of each water level is the same III Test plants The seeds of the plant is sown prior to the implementation of the system It is conducted in parallel with the development of the system Cucumber seeds were sown in small containers placed indoor on the 23 march 2015 Each container was placed with three seeds Figure 3 17 Container of sown seeds 35 3 5 Conclusion In implementing the system the understanding of the water flow is important to ensure that the water supply reaches the plant Furthermore the installation of the piping and water tank needs to be checked thoroughly to avoid any water leakage The wiring of the sensors and the controller needs to be waterproof as the system is implemented outdoors This is to avoid any short circuit Most importantly the time management needs to be planned carefully This is so that by the time the plant is ready to be transferred and implemented with the system the system
9. to the general algorithm in equation 3 Analog input Sensor Constant 1024 Calibrated data x Sensor ref vos Using the serial monitor the analog values of the temperature and humidity sensors are sampled at selected temperature and humidity using a thermometer and a humidity gauge as the reference values The sampled data is plotted into a graph to identify the sensor constant Figure 3 5 shows the flowchart of the main controller Arduino Upon powering on the system is initialized where the settings of the input and output pin is declared and the initial conditions are set Once it is initialized the program will sample the analog value reading from the sensors Using equation 3 as reference the sensors are calibrated where the temperature humidity and soil moisture is determined The water level value is determined as shown in flowchart in Figure 3 6 With the environment data obtained the potential and actual evapotranspiration rate is measured The controlling of the water level h indicates the amount of water supplied to the crop As the water level increases more water is supplied to the crop In this project the desired water level value is identified by the difference in the potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration value as shown in Figure 3 7 When the need for water supply is greater than the amount of water supplied the desired water level increases to ensure that the crop is receiving the sam
10. 05 Malaysia has an estimated water withdrawal of 13 21 billion liters Figure 1 2 shows the Malaysian percentage of water use according to sector Observing Figure 1 3 the agriculture irrigation livestock sector takes 34 of the total water consumption 4 52 billion liters In 1999 the irrigation efficiency was identified between 35 to 45 percent Assuming the efficiency rate is the same in 2005 1 582 to 2 034 billion liters of freshwater has been wasted 5 Water use by sector Domestic E Industry a Agriculture tow Middle Lower Upper Low amp East Europe latin Middle South Sub income income middle middle middle Asia amp amp America East amp Asia Saharan income income income Pacific Central amp Carib N Africa Africa Asia 3 World Source 2nd UN World Water Development Report Source World Bank 2002 Figure 1 1 Global water use by sector in 2002 Frigation Ivestock 34 30 Source AQUASTAT 2010 Figure 1 2 Malaysia water withdrawal by sector in 2005 In the recent years Malaysia is facing water crisis and its effects are becoming significant The water crisis issue is predicted to take a toll on the national economic activities If this issue is unresolved it will lead to the depletion of the agriculture outcome Subsequently this will lead to food shortage and rising commodity prices As agriculture is one of the main international trade for Malaysia the
11. I declare that I have read this final year project report and in my opinion this final year project is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the purpose to be awarded the Degree of Bachelor Engineering Electrical Mechatronics Signature ES Tyee e te Md CM ee erry Name Dr Mohamad Shukri bin Zainal Abidin Date 26 June 2015 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CAPILLARY IRRIGATION SYSTEM CONTROLLER SALWA BINTI MOHSIN A final year project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Mechatronics Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JUNE 2015 I declare that this final year project report entitled Design and Development of Capillary Irrigation System Controller is the result of my own research except as cited in the references The final year project report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree Signature aa Name Salwa binti Mohsin Date 26 June 2015 To my beloved friends and family ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Conducting the research of this project was truly a great experience I was able to implement my classroom theories learnt as well as learned even more about the scope of my research I also gained many life lessons that I could have never learn in class Firstly I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my s
12. OJECT MANAGEMENT 6 1 Introduction This chapter is will present the project planning in conducting this research as well as cost of implementing this system Project planning includes project scheduling to ensure that the activities are carried out according to the time frame provided This project was given eight months for research designing implementation and testing The cost estimation in every project management is inevitable This is to ensure that the project is carried out spending a minimal cost 53 6 2 Project Schedule Project scheduling involves the Gantt chart in two parts FYP1 and FYP2 This scheduling is planned throughout semester 1 2014 2015 and semester 2 2014 2015 The Gantt chart shows the progress of the project conducted Table 6 1 Capillary Irrigation System Controller Gantt chart FYP1 ask hoose FYP topic and finalize topic 2 Background study Study how the plants absorb water How water flows in soil Identify the conventional watering method in agriculture and its efficiency B Literature review e Journals Thesis what studies have been made methods conducted statistics improvement Identify the characteristics important in plant watering Plant physiology environment demand optimum time for watering 5 Identification of components and method Identify the data and sensors needed How to get the data required 6 Create the control system How the data to be manipulated in the control system How
13. are many types that can be used as a medium for the capillary irrigation such as water string soil and etc The main reason as to why capillary irrigation method is chosen to be implemented in this system is because it has a low water loss compared to other irrigation methods The most common medium for the water transportation applied in capillary irrigation are water wick water string and soil wick Using soil as a medium in capillary irrigation requires a tube to allow the soil to partially soak in the water source In doing so the plant is not totally immersed in the water source and receive excessive water A water string connects the soil to the water source The setup of the water string is shown in Figure 3 2 Figure 3 2 Water string setup in a pot 21 The same concept of how the water supply is absorbed by the plants via roots and released into the atmosphere is applied for both soil and water string in capillary irrigation Every plant will have a root zone area surrounding the roots where capillary attraction will pull the water content in the soil towards the roots This attraction will move against the gravitational force The water supply will be absorbed by the capillary and move through the soil towards the root zone Water absorbed by the roots will undergo the transpiration process while the water molecules in the surface of the soil will experience evaporation Both processes is known as evapotranspiration The proces
14. ation 2 2 3 Sprinkler Irrigation 2 2 4 Drip Irrigation 2 2 5 Capillary Irrigation 2 3 Efficiency Rate and Water Loss in Agriculture 2 3 Efficiency Rate and Distribution Uniformity 2 3 2 Water Loss 2 4 Evapotranspiration 2 5 Management of water Supply to Crop 2 6 Conclusion RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3 Introduction 3 2 System Overview 3 3 System Implementation 3 4 System Components 3 4 Sensors 3 4 2 Data Acquisition Controller 3 4 3 Water Irrigation System 3 5 Conclusion RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4 1 Introduction 4 2 Results 4 2 System components 4 2 2 Capillary Irrigation System Controller 4 2 3 Data logging 4 3 Discussion 4 3 1 System component 4 3 2 Capillary Irrigation System Controller 4 3 3 Data logging viii 10 11 12 12 15 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 27 27 29 33 35 36 36 36 36 40 44 46 46 47 49 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5 1 Introduction 5 2 Conclusion 5 3 Recommendation PROJECT MANAGEMENT 6 1 Introduction 6 2 Project Schedule 6 3 Cost Estimation REFERENCES Appendices A D 50 50 50 51 52 52 53 54 55 58 73 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO TITLE 3 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 6 1 6 2 6 3 List of components Sampled analog value for temperature sensor Sampled analog value for humidity sensor Cucumber plant growth chart Capillary Irrigation System Controller Gantt chart FYP1 Capillary Irrigation System Controller Gantt chart FYP2 Capillary Irrigation Syste
15. ational losses Water released ug Conveyance Leakages efficiency 96 Operational losses Leakages Storage losses Evaporation transpiration Reservoir Seepage Source Barrett Purcell amp Associates 1999 Figure 2 6 Water use efficiency framework Distribution uniformity refers to the even water distribution in irrigation 9 The even water distribution in irrigation is important as it determines the condition of the crop Figure 2 7 shows the irrigation efficiency for surface and sprinkler irrigation 14 E refers to the application efficiency while Ea refers to the distribution efficiency As observed in surface irrigation the application efficiency value decreases as the depth of water infiltrated increases beyond the depth required This is due to the over irrigation causing crop stress The similar situation can also be observed in the sprinkler irrigation Example H illustrates the ideal water irrigation as compared to example G and I with a balance in the distribution efficiency and application efficiency Unable to meet the ideal distribution efficiency and application efficiency may cause crop stress Crops under stress will affect the crop production 10 Surface Irrigation Depth of water required Depth of water applied pnor to irngation during irrigation E85 E E75 E 75 E 80 Sprinkler Irrigation E 100 O Egi E90 E Ep60 E95 Legend Da Growing crop variable height due to over or u
16. d in the main water supply tank The soil moisture sensor is placed in one of the pots lodged in the soil Temperature and humidity is measured by placing the sensor near the experiment area Considering that the type of plants used area of experiment and age of the plant is the same there is an assumption that the rate of evapotranspiration for the plants involved is equal Furthermore the experiment is placed in a controlled greenhouse environment Thus if it rains the rain water will not enter the pots 23 Pots and water supply tank is placed ona levelled platform Main water supply tank Water supply tank Piping connected in parallel Figure 3 4 Project setup The list of components required to execute this experiment is as shown in Table 3 1 Table 3 1 List of components Z e Item Quantity Arduino Uno 1 Raspberry Pi B DS3231 RTC Module HSM 20G Humidity Sensor Module SENO114 Moisture Sensor Water level sensor E E Ek E Power cable Adapter 12V 1A 1 N 0 Dj TY B U KB Wiring Water tubing and connectors Ea mO Water pump 1 Water tank 2 N W Waterproof box for circuit placement 1 Seeds E RB un Planting pots 24 The temperature and humidity sensor requires calibration before being able to be applied in the system The calibration of each sensor is calibrated according
17. e amount as its demand Meanwhile when the actual evapotranspiration value is greater than the potential evapotranspiration value the water level should be low as it is receiving more water than it needs When both water level value and the desired water level value is known the values are compared If the values are the same the water pump is not turned on However if the water level is less than the desired water level a signal will be sent to 25 actuate the water pump All the data obtained is then sent to serial for the Raspberry Pi for logging purposes This process is then repeated Initialize Read sensor values and calibrate Gets temperature humidity soil moisture and water level value Compute the potential ET value Compute the actual ET value Determine the desired water level Water level lt Desired water level Water pump ON Water pump OFF Figure 3 5 Overall Arduino code flowchart 26 1 Read sensor analog value 2 Calibrate sensor value Water level 1 detected Water level 9 Water level 2 detected Water level 10 Water level 3 detected Water level 12 Water level 12 Water pump OFF Figure 3 6 Flowchart of Arduino code in determining the actual water level 1 Get Potential ET 2 Get Actual ET Potential ET Actual ET gt 50 Desired water level 10 50 lt Potential ET Actual ET lt 50 Desired water level 12
18. ercome it or suggestions from a third party who is familiar with this project 5 2 Conclusion In this project the Capillary Irrigation System Controller has been successfully built With this system installed plants is irrigated automatically and is watered 51 according to the plant water demand Users can monitor the evapotranspiration rate of the plants as well as the environment change To conclude the objectives of the project is achieved With only irrigating the plants according to the environment change we hope that the water consumption in the agriculture sector is reduced 5 3 Recommendation There are several improvements that can be made in this project for future research Firstly the water level sensor used should be designed using the printed circuit board once it reaches a stable performance For a more advance performance design the water level sensor that yields an analog output for a more accurate data Besides that the Raspberry Pi can be more utilized by implementing an online monitoring system In doing so users are able to monitor the data logged anywhere by simply accessing a webpage Lastly a sensor can be implemented in the main water supply tank The purpose of the sensor is to measure the water consumption of the system With this we are able to measure the volume of water consumed by the plant as well as measure the efficiency of the system in comparison with the crop outcome CHAPTER 6 PR
19. ields a signal to indicate that it has reached the same level as the desired water level the water pump does not receive any signal to switch off This is suspected to be due to the unstable wiring connection between the water level sensor developed and the Arduino shield In any case that the connection is faulty it will cause the failure for the controller to receive the current water level signal and thus causing the value in the system not updated and not signal is set off to turn off the water pump 49 4 3 3 Data Logging The Raspberry Pi data logger is written in python language The program automatically runs at the startup To do so there were several settings that needed to be modified such as the serial port Configuring the serial port the serial port that is connected to the Arduino needs to be identified so that the data logger is reading from the correct port To log the data received the data logger opens a file and writes the data Once it is written the data will be saved The next occurring data will append the initial file Therefore all the data received will be saved into one file CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5 1 Introduction Chapter 5 will draw the conclusion of the research conducted Besides that recommendations on how the project could be improved will be shared and discussed in this chapter Recommendations made are either from the problems faced in conducting this project and how to ov
20. ight on 16 April 2015 Greenhouse of the experiment test bed Overview of the implemented system Controller placed in a waterproof box on test site Piping of the plants connected in parallel to the water tank Temperature and humidity sensor placed outside the controller box Soil moisture sensor lodged in soil in one of the pots Water level sensor implemented on water supply tank Example of data logged in a file Graph of Temperature and Humidity against time based on the data from Figure 4 13 Graph of evapotranspiration rate against time based on the data from Figure 4 13 27 28 28 29 30 30 31 32 33 34 37 37 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 xii LIST OF SYMBOLS G force Gravitational force Volts Degree Celsius Percent xiii xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANN Artificial Neural Network ET Evapotranspiration PCB Printed Circuit Board UTM Universiti Teknologi Malaysia LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE O a U gt Arduino Uno Main Controller Code Data Logger Code Raspberry P1 Arduino Shield Circuit Design Connection Water Level Sensor Circuit Design XV PAGE 58 68 72 73 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11 Project Background Agriculture is the cultivation of soil plants animals and other life forms in the purpose of growing crops providing food wool and other products The growing of the global population has made the agriculture an important sec
21. illary irrigation system controller The challenge of the project is to develop a system that manages the irrigation system with the environment changes in real time The irrigation system controller developed will only supply water to the plant according to the water demand 19 3 0 System Overview This system develops a capillary irrigation system using a suitable material as the medium for water transport and implements several sensors to obtain the crop surrounding changes such as humidity temperature and soil moisture as part of the management system Taking the crop characteristics into consideration the sensor input will used to measure the potential and actual evapotranspiration rate and identify the crops water needs This will be processed in the data acquisition controller and an output will be produced to signal the water irrigation system to yield the water level of the capillary irrigation according to the real time crop environment condition The water level of the capillary irrigation reflects to the volume of water supplied to the plant More water is supplied in a high water level as compared to a low water level Figure 3 1 shows the flow of the capillary irrigation system controller Data acquisition controller Sensor Signal control Water pump Figure 3 1 Flow of irrigation system 20 3 3 System Implementation Capillary irrigation is implemented in this system as a method to water the plants There
22. ime tm Month Serial print getTime tmYearTo Y 2k tm Year Serial print ge Time tm Hour Serial print getTime tm Minute Serial print void printSerial Serial data send to Raspberry Pi Serial print temp Serial print Serial print humid Serial print Serial print ks Serial print Serial print etpot Serial print Serial print etact Serial print Serial print des water Serial print Serial print waterlevel 66 Serial printIn 67 APPENDIX B Data Logger Code Raspberry Pi import sys serial time from matplotlib import pyplot as plt set the serial port the Arduino is connected to usr bin env python import sys serial time from matplotlib import pyplot as plt set the serial port the Arduino is connected to serPort dev tty ACMO open the file for writing 69 dataFile open loggedData txt a print INN aa ohe ohe EE oko oko oko oko ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ls ls ds k ls oe le le o o o o k k ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe k ok el print nLog Data print mAttempting to open Serial Port serPort for logging n opens usb serial port for logging ser serial Serial serPort 115200 checks the port is open if ser isOpen False print ERROR Unable to open serial port serPort n exit 0 else print Port serPort opened force print to co
23. implemented into the system This system will supply water to the crop only according to its needs to save water vi ABSTRAK Krisis air menjadi isu pada abad ke 21 di mana penggunaan air semakin meningkat di seluruh dunia 70 peratus daripada air digunakan oleh sektor pertanian untuk tujuan pengairan Penggunaan sistem yang kurang efisyen menyebabkan berbilion liter air dibazirkan Projek ini bertujuan untuk membangunkan sistem pengawalan kapilari untuk pengairan air yang dapat mengurangkan penggunaan air untuk pengairan Pengairan dilaksanakan menggunakan kaedah bawah tanah untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air dengan mengaplikasikan pengairan kapilari Projek ini mendapatkan nilai penyejatpeluhan tanaman menggunakan sensor yang terpilih untuk mengenal pasti keperluan air tanaman Dengan data yang diperolehi satu kawalan akan diaplikasikan ke dalam sistem Sistem ini akan membekalkan air kepada tanaman hanya mengikut keperluan untuk penjimatan air vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv LIST OF APPENDICES XV 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 1 Project Background 1 1 2 Problem Statement 4 1 3 Research Objectives 5 1 4 Scope of Project 5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2 1 Introduction 2 2 Conventional Irrigation Method 7 2 2 1 Surface Irrigation 2 2 2 Subsurface Irrig
24. is ready CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4 1 Introduction In this chapter results of the project is presented in pictures and charts It is then analyzed and discussed During the execution of the project the challenges and issues faced are also discussed in detail 4 2 Results 421 System components 4 2 1 1 Water level sensor 37 The water level sensor is designed compact and small for easy implementation on the water tank This sensor is designed and built instead of purchased to reduce the cost Figure 4 1 shows the complete water level sensor circuit Figure 4 1 Water level sensor 4 2 1 2 Data acquisition controller Figure 4 2 shows the data acquisition controller stacked onto one another to reduce space The controller is placed in a waterproof box as a precaution to avoid from getting wet A shield is developed for the Arduino Uno to enable secure wiring Furthermore the shield is designed with valve drivers LEDs push buttons and a power jack The valve driver is directly connected to certain Arduino pins to actuate the water pump The power jack is connected to the valve drivers to power the water pump Apart from that LEDs are installed as indicators Raspberry Pi Peel Sr Arduino Uno shield Arduino Uno Figure 4 2 Stacked controller 38 The temperature and humidity sensors implemented was calibrated to identify the sensor constant Table 4 1 and 4 2 shows the sampled analog
25. l give four output of high SV or low OV Figure 3 10 shows the LM324N used as the main component in the sensor circuit Figure 3 10 Comparator LM324N 29 IV DS3231 RTC Module DS3231 RTC Module were implemented in the system as a real time clock The module has an internal crystal clock and a switched bank of tuning capacitors This module sends the data to the main controller using the IC interface A coil cell battery is required to power on the module board Figure 3 11 DS3231 RTC Module 3 4 2 Data acquisition Controller The purpose of the data acquisition controller is to collect the sensor input and convert them to its actual data The sensor input is calibrated before the data is applied The controller will then compute the output that will be used to control the valve opening in the irrigation system I Arduino Uno The Arduino Uno acts as the main processing unit in the data acquisition controller The data collected from the sensor input uses the analog input pins Each of the data input is calibrated in comparison with a calibrated 30 sensor to ensure accuracy when the data is implemented in the system Figure 3 12 shows the Arduino Uno board MADE IN ITALY Figure 3 12 Arduino Uno II Arduino IDE Arduino IDE is an integrated development environment IDE for Arduino products using C programming language This software is able to support the board used in this research The coding of da
26. m Controller budget plan PAGE 23 38 38 48 53 53 54 FIGURE NO 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 25 2 6 2 7 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 LIST OF FIGURES TITLE Global water use by sector in 2002 Malaysian water withdrawal by sector in 2005 Overnight changes in celery leaf immersed in dyed water Flood irrigation in paddy field Furrow surface irrigation Set up of the subsurface irrigation method Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigation Water use efficiency framework Example of irrigation efficiency for surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation Flow of irrigation system Water string setup in a pot Water flow in capillary irrigation Project setup Overall Arduino code flowchart Flowchart of Arduino code in determining the actual water level Flowchart of Arduino code in determining the desired water level xi PAGE 10 11 12 13 14 19 20 21 23 25 26 26 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 15 3 16 3 17 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 HSM 20G Humidity Sensor Module SENO114 Moisture Sensor Comparator LM324N DS3231 RTC Module Arduino Uno Arduino IDE c1 0 3 interface Raspberry Pi B Flow of algorithm in controller Raspberry Pi code flowchart Container of sown seeds Water level sensor Stacked controller Graph of analog value vs temperature Graph of analog value vs humidity Cucumber plant r
27. mElements_t tm Declare tmElements object to store time amp date from DS3231 int led1 11 int button 13 sensor input const int rawTemp AO const int rawHumid A1 const int rawSonar A2 const int rawSoil A3 const int waterLevel LOW 5 const int waterLevel MEDIUM 3 const int waterLevel HIGH 10 hnt waterLevel MAX 2 actuator output int valve_IN 9 int valve_OUT sensor tuned data float temp temperature float humid humidity float soil soil moisture int waterlevel height of water level in cm int tem 0 algo parameters float etpot 0 float etact 0 float kc 2 0 75 float ks float d 11 hours of sun exposure int des water float humid percent int counter 0 60 61 void setup analogReference DEFAULT pinMode rawTemp INPUT pinMode rawHumid INPUT pinMode rawSoil INPUT pinMode waterLevel_LOW INPUT pinMode waterLevel MEDIUM INPUT pinMode waterLevel_HIGH INPUT pinMode valve_IN OUTPUT pinMode 4 OUTPUT Serial begin 1 15200 void loop digitalWrite 4 HIGH while 1 readSensor compute_data determine desired water level 62 if etpot etact gt 50 des_water 10 else if etpot etact lt 50 II etpot etact gt 50 des_water 12 else if etpot etact lt 50 des_water 14 assign output if waterlevel lt des_water
28. nder irrgation I ana 1 Depth of soil deficit available storage prior to irrigation Depth of water infiltrated into soil profile Source D Rogers et al 1997 10 Figure 2 7 Example of irrigation efficiency for surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation 15 2 3 2 Water Loss There are several categories for water losses in irrigation which are air losses surface atmospheric losses and canopy losses Air losses are more common in sprinkler overhead irrigation system from air drift and droplet evaporation Evapotranspiration of unintended crops such as weeds evaporation from open water surface runoff and soil evaporation are examples of surface loss in the field 10 2 4 Evapotranspiration ET Evapotranspiration is a term derived from evaporation and transpiration which both process occurs in agriculture This term is a phenomena of water loss Evaporation is the action of water vapourization from the ground or vegetation to the air while transpiration is fundamentally water evaporation taking place from the leaves The evapotranspiration rate in a plant is influenced by several factors which are meteorological factors soil moisture and the physiology of the plants Meteorological factors includes temperature humidity solar radiation and wind speed 11 Research conducted showed that FAO56 Penmann Monteith formula 1 produces the output with the highest accuracy to the actual evapotranspiration and suitable for bo
29. nsole sys stdout flush waits for signal from user to start logging print Hit return to start logging key sys stdin readline sends signal to start logging 70 ser write 1 print Logging Started CTRL C to stop n while True try read data from serial writes to stdio and dataFile line ser readline print line dataFile write line except KeyboardInterrupt CTRL C triggered here sends signal to stop logging ser write 0 print Logging Stopped n break close the serial port ser flush ser close close the datafile dataFile close print Port serPort closed n print MA a a oo ohe ohe ohe ohe ode ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe o e ohe oko ol oko ol ok ok ok ok ok os os ls ls ls ds ds ls ls le le k le de k ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ll Nan rest for 3 seconds time sleep 3 71 APPENDIX C Arduino Shield Circuit Design Connection DF2 DFS LEDS AN2 DIGITAL 4 4 on l A GND aR n sa B sv AREF l bP POWER GND T LED2 P LEDI 13 A ANS JOREF 12 A3 RESET u an GND 33v 10 Er RESET sv sv y B GND 3 LED ANS Via M DIGITALI GND 7 sv ANALOG IN 6 iF A0 5 EY 6 Al ANS AI 3 E PBI AS A3 2 GND A4 1 AM LI aan T7 0D sv AS v AT PB2 B IP 10 GND sv IP4 LM GND sv 1 GD o c D A 622 2015 Sheet CUsers FYP 01 SchDoc APPENDIX D Water
30. nspiration rate will be calculated using the Penmann Monteith equation using the calibrated data Although the Penmann Monteith equation considers many environment factors in this project the equation is simplified to consider the three factors which are temperature humidity and soil moisture Data logging The data computed in the main controller is sent to the Raspberry Pi via serial The code to run the data logger is set to run automatically upon startup of the Raspberry Pi The data is logged in a file The parameters of the string sent are date time temperature humidity soil moisture ratio potential evapotranspiration actual evapotranspiration desired water level and actual water level Figure 3 16 shows the flowchart of the programming to data log the serial data received 33 Initialize 1 Set the serial port connected to Arduino 2 Open target file to save data 3 Open serial port Read data from serial and write to file Receive any keyboard input Stop data logging Close serial port Figure 3 16 Raspberry Pi code flowchart 3 4 53 Water irrigation system I Water pump Difference in the desired water level and the actual water level from the sensor will yield and error which will determine the actuation of the water pump The water pump is powered by an AC power supply This is powered on or off by the signal received by the main controller The water pump will allow water to flow from the main water
31. nted on the plants was also delayed Although the seedlings were transferred to a larger pot on the 16 April 2015 and the greenhouse was completed on the 26 April 2015 the 48 system was unable to be implemented immediately There were several glitches in the programming of the system This caused the system to be applied on the crop later on the 8 May 2015 In the duration of the absence of the system to be implemented the crop was irrigated using the drip irrigation method Table 4 3 shows the plants growth throughout the experiment Table 4 3 Cucumber plant growth chart B Seeding of the cucumber plant of the cucumber plant BERE Plant has sprouted 2 leaves Continues to grow in small pot Transfer to a larger pot Continues to grow in large pot alimmemenatenorasam 111111 LL E Due to the lack of time frame the results of the research was collected for a duration of 10 days This also resulted to the unavailability to measure the crop outcome as it requires several months to grow the crop and compile the data Despite the issues faced the capillary irrigation system controller developed successfully in terms of that it is able to water the crop on its own varying the water level height according to the environment change However occasionally the system is not able to control water level Controlling the water level refers to the actuation of the water pump For example although the water level sensor y
32. om Washing Dishes to Watering the Desert July 2008 http www scientificamerican com article top 10 water wasters Irrigation Alternatives How should you irrigate yournplants 2015 http www acs edu au info agriculture farm management irrigation options aspx APPENDIX A Arduino Uno Main Controller Code FER EE SE GE RE EROR oko oko oko oko oko ok ok ok ok ok ok 3e o o ls ds ds ds ls o oe oe o o k k ohe k ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe ohe GE ohe ohe k ohe ok oko ok 3e 3e 3e 3e k k k k k K 2k KKK le K K K K K K K Title Capillary Irrigation Management System CIMS Author Salwa Mohsin Version 1 00 Date December 2014 KEKEE KE K ke K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2k K K K K K KKK 2k K KK K K K K Description Arduino code for CIMS Used to compute the environment data and determine the evapotranspiration rate Output of the system is the controlling of the water valve for water supply Sends the data acquired to Raspberry Pi via serial port Arduino board used is Arduino Uno Final Year project FKE 2014 2015 59 LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLDLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLDLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLEL K k k k kkk include DS1307RTC h Include DS1307 library which is compatible with DS3231 include lt Time h gt Include Time library include lt Wire h gt Include Wire library include Maxbotix h t
33. onstructed using simple farming machinery 5 Figure 2 2 shows the furrow type of surface irrigation Figure 2 2 Furrow surface irrigation 2 2 2 Subsurface irrigation This type of irrigation is the least popular among all the irrigation method available The crop area receives the water flowed directly to the crop root zone The water is typically channeled through pipes buried in the soil 5 Figure 2 3 shows an example of a subsurface irrigation method 10 Figure 2 3 Set up of the subsurface irrigation method 2 2 3 Sprinkler irrigation Sprinkler type irrigation is one of the popular irrigation system implemented in small crop plantations The concept of sprinkler irrigation is watering the crop imitating rainfall Water is flowed under pressure in the pipelines to the sprinkler heads 5 There are two types of movements for the sprinkler static and rotation The type of sprinkler implemented depends on the type of crop it is watering Water is usually irrigated using a timer where the sprinklers will turn on at a certain frequency or time interval The disadvantages of this irrigation method is that it has a high implementation cost and there is a non restricted water supply However using the sprinkler irrigation requires less man power as compared to other irrigation systems 7 11 Figure 2 4 Sprinkler irrigation 2 2 4 Drip irrigation Drip irrigation provides water to the crop by installing microspraye
34. reduction in the production will cause economic losses to the country Furthermore the risk of water shortage will force Malaysia to increase the amount of food imported This situation has been observed in the late 2010 where the worldwide wheat prices has increased early 2011 following the drought that damaged the wheat production 6 In general plants absorb their nutrients and water from the ground Water is transported to the rest of the plant via capillary action Capillary action is an important process in plants where the liquid cohesion a force binding the liquid together and adhesion a force binding the liquid and another surface together is greater than the gravitational force enabling liquid to flow with no assistance and against the gravity pull to rise in narrow tubes This process in plants is able to be observed by cutting the end of a celery stalk and immerse it in a glass of dyed water Leaving it overnight the leaves of the celery has changed according to the colour of the water dye This short experiment shows that the dyed water had undergo capillary action where it has been transported in the thin tubes in plants to the leaves Figure 1 3 shows the how the celery immersed in dyed water has changed overnight Figure 1 3 Overnight changes in celery leaf immersed in dyed water 1 2 Problem Statement Irrigation is necessary in agriculture as it allows unsuitable area for crop production possible for crop plantation p
35. retained in the root zone Figure 2 6 shows the framework for water use efficiency in agriculture Nevertheless calculating the efficiency theoretically is different in the real application In the actual crop application there is a need for other water source that may supply water to the crop such as rainfall 9 Outside Scope as affected b Crop EN Irrigation WUI cs MR production Applied kg ML Climate a Soils b us Mr quality Water consumed 8 arieties cro de Pests etc y p TIEN gt srm m Y ML ha Application losses Water retained in Offtarget Soil directly available s Total input Deep percolation to crop WUI kg ML Evaporation Non recycled surface run off a Water input Tailwater Return h efficiency 96 Application v efficiency 96 Farm storage losses Water Applied Ned Desa rus Haa delivered to ox Sa Irrigation rate Seepage field i 4 mm or ML ha Operational DT losses Rainfall M a Fam Leakages Water table Soil water Dew Total Water efficiency Input plication losses Evaporation transpiration Ap FieldCanal Seepage Conduit Operational losses efficiency Leakages Water Unregulated Flow delivered Farm WUI kg ML Groundwater to farm gate Overland Flow Conveyance losses y Farm supply Evaporation transpiration ru rate ML ha Seepage Oper
36. review explains the method used to estimate the crop water requirement as described by researches that had been conducted previously 2 2 Conventional Irrigation Method There are two general categories of irrigation which are surface irrigation and subsurface irrigation There are three main widely popular irrigation methods in agriculture which are sprinkler irrigation drip irrigation capillary The type of water irrigation implemented to the crop varies according the water availability soil characteristics crop requirements crop and cultural practices 4 2 2 1 Surface irrigation In surface irrigation water is flowed into the crop field from a stream of river or water source The most common type of surface irrigation implemented in Malaysian agriculture is the flood irrigation This type of irrigation system is commonly found in the paddy fields Flood irrigation or also known as basin irrigation is when the water is supplied to the irrigated with minimal field preparation 4 and the water depth is controlled by farmers 5 Unfortunately the efficiency of this irrigation method was identified to be between 35 to 45 percent 5 Figure 2 1 shows the paddy field which uses the flood irrigation system Figure 2 1 Flood irrigation in paddy field Furrow irrigation applied the similar concept as the flood irrigation 7 However in the furrow irrigation technique water is directed to lower level pathways that can be c
37. roduction Besides that it reduces the crop stress that the plant undergo in an event that rainfall is unable to provide sufficient moisture to the crop The reliable water source that irrigation provides to the crop plantation shows a significant increase in crop quality and production This is particularly noticeable for vegetable crops 18 Despite the many options available for irrigation many farmers opt for the cheapest technology available such as flood irrigation This is due to the necessity to irrigate hundreds of acres of crop production Although the cost of installation is inexpensive it is one of the most inefficient irrigation methods Low efficiency in irrigation can lead to billions of litres of water wasted Researchers discovered that even by reducing 10 percent of water consumption in irrigation we are able to save more than other consumers combined 19 The current capillary system implemented uses capillary matting or water well pots Both methods requires the farmers to ensure the water needs to be applied at the potting mix There is no fixed amount on the number of times to check the water supply as it depends on the plants needs to be replenished The purpose of the capillary system is to ensure continuous water supply to the crop Though the inconsistent watering time is not practical for farmers as they need to monitor more than just several pots The system will be more practical if it is able to ensure the water s
38. rs located directly a few centimeters above the crop root Although the cost of fixing this irrigation system is rather costly the water is supplied directly to the crop root area Hence the water loss is minimal due to evaporation 7 The cost of fertilizers and the labour is reduced with fertigation irrigation of liquid dissolved with nutrients A drip irrigation system mainly consist of the emitters microsprayers lateral line sub main and main line water flow from source to the crop area water valve filter and water supply control 8 12 Figure 2 5 Drip irrigation 2 2 5 Capillary irrigation Capillary irrigation or known as capillary watering system takes advantage of the natural capillary action It applies an underground irrigation method where the water supplied to the crop is not exposed to the air This technique supplies water continuously to the crop thus causing the crop to be highly productive Furthermore it uses 50 percent less water with an increase in the food production This irrigation method is similar with wicking where it is mostly found in dry regions 15 2 3 Efficiency Rate and Water Loss in Agriculture 2 3 1 Efficiency rate and Distribution Uniformity 13 The efficiency of water use in agriculture is to express the relationship between the input and output of the system where in this situation the input is the water irrigated and output is crop production economic return or amount of water
39. s flow of how water travels in the capillary system is viewed in Figure 3 3 evaporation from soil transpiration from leaves Figure 3 3 Water flow in capillary irrigation 22 Implementing the capillary irrigation method in this project requires the control of the height of the water supply To control the water level in several pots of plants at the same time in a capillary irrigation requires a parallel piping setup Ensuring that the water level in every pot is the same by installing a water level sensor in each pot is not practical as this is costly Therefore to guarantee that the height of water level is the same Bernoulli s principle is applied Bernoulli s principle states that in a steady flow the sum of energy flow along a streamline is the same For the water level height to be the same in each pot it must be positioned levelled with the water supply and the pots that are connected in parallel The approach in conducting this project is by installing the capillary irrigation system using the water string The setup of the experiment is shown in Figure 3 4 The water management in this irrigation system is done by controlling the height of the water level h as circled in red in Figure 3 4 The setup requires two water tanks one to control the water level height and another as the main water supply The water level sensor is placed in the water supply tank connected in parallel with the pots while the water pump is place
40. ta acquisition and output control is written and compiled using this software Figure 3 13 shows the Arduino IDE interface v1 0 3 transpiration rate ater supply include lt D 1307RTC h gt nclude 3 compatible with D 3231 include Time h include Wire include Maxbotix h 4 Figure 3 13 Arduino IDE v1 0 3 interface III IV 31 Raspberry Pi B Raspberry Pi is a credit card sized computer used in the system as a data logger The Arduino Uno board will send a string of processed data to the Raspberry Pi via serial port every five minutes The Raspberry Pi will log the data received in a file for monitoring purposes Figure 3 14 shows the Raspberry Pi B board used Figure 3 14 Raspberry Pi B Algorithm Figure 3 15 shows the flow of algorithm for the controller All sensor inputs will be sampled every 15s interval Once the input is sampled the data will be calibrated and the evapotranspiration rate will be computed From the potential and actual evapotranspiration rate calculated the desired water level is determined from the difference value between the potential and actual evapotranspiration rate The higher the difference value shows that the crop reguires more water supplied 32 5 E 5 E z Desired 3 a Potential Water jg ET Level Controller Actual ET Water level sensor Figure 3 15 Flow of algorithm in controller The computation of the potential evapotra
41. th dry and humid regions 12 However taking the crop physiology and soil moisture into consideration the actual crop evapotranspiration value is given as 2 13 900 0 408A Rn G Yr 573 U2 Cala ET A y 1 0 34U2 QU 16 where ET potential ET T air temperature G heat soil flux density Uz average wind speed la water pressure ea vapour pressure Ra radiation net value y thermometer constant Actual crop ET Potential ET x Crop Physiology x Soil Moisture 2 2 5 Management of water supply to crop According to research there is an optimum time of the day to water the plants This time is during the early mornings before the temperature begins to rise as well as in the late afternoons However when watering the plants in the late afternoons is best to be allow the excess water to dry before sundown This is to prevent fungal development in the crop 16 When watering potted plants it is important for the water to reach the root zone area Consequently the volume of water needed to be supplied is enough when some of the water drains out in the bottom of the pot The amount needed may vary according to the size of the pots To ensure that the water reaches the root zone allow the water to be soaked into the soil before repeating the process until some water is drained out of the bottom of the container 17 In every system a certain management system is implemented to irrigate the
42. tion Package Irrigation Insights Number 5 Land amp Water Australia D Rogers et al 1997 Efficiencies and Water Losses of Irrigation Systems Irrigation Management Series Kansas State University May 1997 H Dong W Wang and D Cheng Analysis on the Change Laws of Evapotranspiration and Its Influencing Factors in Arid Areas Chang an University Z Wei et al 2011 The Fuzzy Decision Making Method of Irrigation Amount Based on ET and Soil Water Potential ICECC 2011 International Conference Mekonnen M M and Hoekstra A Y 2010 The green blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products Value of Water Research Report Series No 47 UNESCO IHE Delft the Netherlands Cytron Technologies Sdn Bhd Product User s Manual DS3231 RTC Module October 2013 Houbein L 2012 Outside the Magic Square A handbook for Food Security Kent Town S Australia Wakefield Press 16 17 18 19 20 57 Yiesla S A 2001 Watering Correctly Saves Time Money and Plants Issue August September 2001 Home Hort Hints Yard and Garden News for Northern Illinois Marken B DeJohn S and the Editors of the National Gardening Association 2012 Container Gardening For Dummies 2 Edition John Wiley amp Sons Irrigation US Environmental Protection Agency June 2012 http www epa gov agriculture ag101 cropirrigation html Top 10 Water Waster Fr
43. to integrate the control system to the output to water the plants Identify tools required Report 7 8 Presentation ask reate the control system Fusethe data complied to create a system Implementation software and hardware 2 System implementation Testing the system on a subject 3 Analysis and improvement of system 4 Presentation 5 Thesis preparation 6 3 The table displays the hardware requirement and its price list Cost Implementation 54 Table 6 3 shows the budget plan for the Capillary Irrigation System Controller Table 6 3 Capillary Irrigation System Controller budget plan No Item Price per unit Unit Total price 1 Arduino Uno RM58 00 1 RM 58 00 2 Raspberry Pi B RM127 40 1 RM127 40 3 DS3231 RTC Module RM37 10 1 RM 37 10 4 HSM 20G Humidity Sensor RM28 00 1 RM 28 00 Module 5 SENOII4 Moisture Sensor RM23 30 1 RM 23 30 6 LM3234N RM1 75 1 RM 1 75 7 Electronic component set RM30 00 1 RM 30 00 8 Power cable RM3 meter 2 meters RM 6 00 9 Rainbow cable 20ways RM8 meter 3 meters RM 24 00 10 Adapter 12V 1A RM18 00 1 RM 18 00 Total RM353 55 1 2 3 4 5 6 REFERENCES A F Mohd Samsudin 2009 Agriculture Extension and Its Roles in Ensuring Food Safety Quality and Productivity in Malaysia University Putra Malaysia F H Ismail 2007 Structural change of the
44. tor in international trade 1 In fact the agriculture industry has played an important growth in the Malaysian economy ever since it aided in the recovery of the 1998 financial crisis 2 Strengthening the agriculture industry Malaysia has revived this sector in the Ninth Malaysian Plan 2006 2010 as the third engine of growth A New Agriculture concept implemented involved large scale commercial farming the wider application of modern technology production of high quality and value added products unlocking the potential in biotechnology increased convergence with information and communications technology ICT and the participation of entrepreneurial farmers and skilled workforce Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006 2010 2006 81 Irrigation is widely associated with agriculture where water is applied to the land for the purpose of crop productions Paddy fields are common in Malaysia as it supplies the country s staple food The development of irrigation was top priority in the 1980s to increase the rice cultivation productivity As a result the land that has been invested with irrigation and drainage infrastructures shows a tremendous growth in the crop outcome In 2010 these areas accounted for 71 3 of the total national rice production 3 Statistics indicates that 70 percent to 80 percent of the global freshwater is used in the agriculture sector for irrigation 4 Figure 1 1 shows the global water use by sector in 2002 In 20
45. ts when detecting the presence of water It is able to detect four different water levels LEDs were implemented on the circuitry as indicators of the output to be sent to the main controller When the sensor detects water the LED will light up according to the respected water level The shield of the Arduino developed is fabricated in printed circuit board PCB This is to ensure secure connections between the sensors and Arduino pins The connections and valve driver developed on the shield has reached good stability 47 and reliability LEDs implemented were used as indicators for the valve driver When a signal is given the LED is turned on indicating that the valve driver is turned on All of the test plants sown grew according to the time limit as planned The plants were transferred to a larger pot placing two seedlings in one pot 4 3 2 Capillary Irrigation System Controller 4 3 2 1 Operation manual To operate the developed system requires several step The steps are as the following i Connect all power sources to the socket ii Power on the Arduino iii Power on the Raspberry Pi It is important to power on the Arduino prior to Raspberry Pi This is to allow the Arduino board to initialize The data logging system will automatically start logging the data upon start up 4 3 2 2 Results The system design is to be implemented in a closed area Due to the delay in building of the greenhouse the system impleme
46. upervisor Dr Mohamad Shukri Zainal Abidin who has provided me with many advises on this project and the experiment test site as well as the tools necessary in setting up the project Without his guidance and persistent help this project would not have been plausible I would also like to thank the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of UTM for including this final year project as part of my degree requirement and also for providing me the sufficient guidance in writing my final year project report Without it I would not have the opportunity to implement my classroom theories learnt Last but not least I would like to thank my friends and family who has been there for me in giving me mental and physical support throughout this tough time ABSTRACT Water crisis is becoming an issue in the 21 century where freshwater consumption is increasing worldwide 70 percent of freshwater is consumed by the agriculture sector for irrigation purposes With low efficiency systems implemented billions liters of water is wasted This project is conducted to develop capillary irrigation system controller for water saving to reduce the water consumption in irrigation The irrigation method implemented is an underground system to reduce the water loss using capillary irrigation This project consist of obtaining the actual crop evapotranspiration value using selected sensors to identify the crops water needs With the data obtained a controller will be
47. upply in the potting mix is constantly available without the need for farmers to regularly check them and if it is able to provide the water supply according to the plants needs 20 1 3 Research Objectives The objectives of the research project are I To develop a capillary irrigation system using water string II To identify the evapotranspiration rate of the plant III To develop an irrigation system controller based on plant water demand 1 4 Scope of Project There are five main scopes in conducting this research project which are I Studying the cultivation of plants in horticulture mainly short term vegetable crops within greenhouse application IL Identifying the temperature and humidity demand in plants climate change its physiology and the optimum time for plant watering III Choosing suitable type of sensors to be used in data acquisition and calibrate them IV Designing a control system for optimum water absorption by plants and reduce water usage in irrigation agriculture V Testing of system on plant and analyze its outcome CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the research conducted and available technologies related to irrigation in agriculture for the development of this project The current technologies used in the field are studied to identify the needs in the systems the efficiency rate and aspects that need to be improved Apart from that in the literature
48. values of the temperature and humidity sensors respectively Table 4 1 Sampled analog value for temperature sensor Temperature C EE Sample 1 Sample 2 29 211 213 30 227 228 31 236 239 33 283 284 35 330 333 40 421 423 Table 4 2 Sampled analog value for humidity sensor Humidity Analog value 8 27 68 463 75 479 Figure 4 3 and 4 4 shows the graph plotted to determine the sensor constant for the temperature sensor and the humidity sensor The sensor constant is obtained by the gradient of the graph drawn which touches most of the plotted points 39 Graph of Analog value vs Temperature Sample 1 megu Sample 2 Linear Sample 1 sses Linear Sample 2 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 Temperature 9C Figure 4 3 Graph of analog value vs temperature Graph of Analog value vs Humidity e Samplel1 eeen Linear Sample 1 Analog value U un o 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Humidity Figure 4 4 Graph of analog value vs humidity 4 2 1 3 Test plants The plants grew up to 10 centimeters tall as of 16 April 2015 24 days old The average leaf count on each stalk was 4 leaves and it is ready to be transferred into a larger pot Figure 4 5 shows the cucumber plant right on 16 April 2015 40 Figure 4 5 Cucumber plant right on 16 April 2015 4 2 2 Capillary Irrigation System Controller The system was implemented in
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