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1. Included Signal Cable Install SWA License The supplied cable harness has three BNC connectors These allow three AES 3id digital audio signals to be connected to the 75 ohm inputs Because each AES input is a dual channel path up to six digital mono signals can be brought into the meter These can be either 16 or 24 bits in depth and the intended sample rate is 48K An internal matrix allows the required signals to be routed to the measurement and display system SPDIF signals can also be connected and are accepted The meter also has two balanced analogue inputs and if required the matching cable may be acquired from DK Technologies D Sub Connector Pin out The 15 pin connector is shown from the wiring side of the cable mounted male connector Pins 5 and 13 are used for factory diagnostics only and it is essential they are left unwired DK Technologies A S Page DK Meter Signal Type ot Analogue R Analogue H 1 a b G B 6 496 15 9 7 UJ c 10 32 USB The USB connector is as seen looking into the end of the cable mounted connector that can connect to a computer oO D D 5 DK3 and DK4 meters The 15 pin D connector is still used for any available audio format inputs power and data connections The SDI video format signal input is on an internally terminated 75 ohm BNC connector The other BNC provides a buffered loop through of the incoming signal which may be in SMPTE forma
2. ep rne Gao ro m AAEN NAASE NAAGNAS 10 METER TEXT READ OUT 11 ahs ataneens tte ace a ches taveceudanvastuteacsanuteseeatearasaceedecsnaeueadssudecendtucvsuleanuteacashwnnenccdetuscaatussdkcentensnses 11 ere dB CILE PASTE IBI m 12 METER SETUP amp AUDIO ROUTING 13 BUTOMATEDIVIETER T RII LIE CIS TUM DID 13 CLOCK SETUP AND FIERAR TE m 13 AUDIO ROUTING SETUP ccs catio eduvs 13 THE ADVANCED SETUP 16 16 ABOUT USER MODE amp USER RESTRICTIONS avs Yu 16 dici 2a En BP ZR 16 MATRIX OUTPUT ASSIGN SELECTING YOUR METER SOURCE ccccecececcececcececcecsccecsccecsccececeececeeceaeecseeecsaeecseeceaeeceueecs 16 WIE TER SETUP SER RR 16 RNC X 18 d PRES d PNE 18 LOUDNESS RRRRR
3. 32 sida ss 115 JM P 34 Introduction Before you begin Thank you for purchasing one of the DK Meter family members With the DK Meter you are well equipped to meet the growing challenges within Audio and Loudness metering The DK Meter complies with all major Broadcast loudness standards and delivers outstanding metering precision and clear read outs not merely on Loudness but across the full range of audio metering tools The DK Meter toolset makes it application fit for any audio and loudness setup in broadcast film amp post production as well as live transmission and recording With the clear DK Meter readout and compliance in your line of sight you are always safe and sound Flexible amp User definable The DK Meter range holds a wide selection of audio measuring tools including Loudness measurements compliant with all major broadcast standards With an open and flexible approach DK Meter leaves it up to you to decide exactly what tools read outs scales and labels you would like to use Your setups can be stored and recalled as user defined presets allowing you to adapt your desired meter views on the fly About this manual This manual will provide you with a quick overview of the DK Meter operation tools and options as well as an in depth look at the more advanced parameters and facilities of DK Meter Happy reading Please note DK Technologies reserve the rights to change the co
4. C 26 DK Technologies How How to get landscape and MSD View The DK4 features the classic MSD landscape View This facility is optionally available for DK2 and DK3 The MSD View is reached by simply sliding your finger from left to right until you reach meter view 4 How to enable FFT spectrum analyzer The DK4 features the FFT Spectrum Analyzer This facility is optionally available for DK1 DK2 and DK3 The FFT is reached by simply sliding your finger from left to right until you reach meter view 5 How to set Analog input sensitivity DK1 DK2 and DK4 features analogue stereo input The same input is optionally available for DK3 To set the sensitivity level of the analogue input go to Advanced Setup Audio Global Anlogue References How to switch to Moving Coil Emulation The Moving Coil Emulation is available for every DK Meter The Moving Coil emulation is enabled in the Advanced Setup menu Meter Setup Display mode The Moving Coil mode allows for up to four moving coils simultaneously The StarFish JellyFish Goniometer and Phase correlation may still be displayed in addition to Moving Coils Please refer to the Instrument Moving Coil Emulation for more information How to change the Bar graph width The graphical width of each bar graph may be altered in the Advanced Setup Meter Setup Bar graph width folder How to customize Window Text Read out The Window Text Read out ma
5. About Loudness Loudness measurements differ from conventional signal amplitude measurements in that they are also influenced by the frequency content of the signal and the duration of transient components The way these various elements are handled to give a value for display has been defined by the International Telecommunications Union in their standard ITU BS1770 which is the only loudness standard to have achieve any degree of international acceptance The DK Meter allows a number of parameters to be adjusted to suit whatever options your organisation and perhaps regulatory body has decided to mandate Two organisations leading the way in the standardisation of loudness measurements are the Advanced Television Systems Committee ATSC in the USA and the European Broadcasting Union EBU in Europe The background information to the measurement norms is contained in the ATSC document Techniques for establishing and maintaining audio loudness for digital television document A 85 2011 The EBU document R128 is supplemented by EBU Tech 3341 3342 3343 and 3344 between them they define a number of terms and set out the reasons behind many of the objectives of loudness measurements Terminology The Loudness world includes a number of terms and abbreviations worth noting Loudness Range LRA Loudness range is a statistic calculation of the material s dynamic range based on the short term sliding loudness 3 secs Loudness Range is abbrev
6. Range 10 100 All SDI capable DK Meters feature the Eye Width Parameter as default feature Inspired by cell phone reception indication Eye Width expresses the immediate quality of the incoming SDI signal and allows you to constantly monitor this to avoid any drop outs and instabilities The background for the Eye width feature has its starting point in the data eye diagram typically used to depict deviation in amplitude and timing of the incoming data stream By folding the parts of the waveform corresponding to each individual bit into a single graph the eye pattern represents an average statistic of the incoming data and the eye opening expresses the signal quality in terms of amplitude level difference and timing difference jitter gom muumumu m ummm m muHmHumummum uu u uuuuuuuuuuumuuuu PN DO A NN MANN MAINS Eye Width as the name suggests is concerned with the width of the eye i pattern focusing Level Difference primarily on the timing differences which can also be measured as jitter While not being an actual jitter Max Timing Window Eye Width Max Level Difference Eye Height V M WWW V Y n VN S JN J WANN AN ZA NJ P N NW AJ WU NOU NU Jitter measurement Eye Width expresses the eye pattern max timing window as
7. The operating mode allows you to choose between running the StarFish or JellyFish Please refer to the instrument section for further information on each of the two Window Height The window height allows you to define whether you want a large or a small version of the Gionometer StarFish JellyFish instrument on the display Loudness Preset The Loudness setup parameter allows you to select between a number of standardized or recommended Loudness settings including R128 ATSC A 85 LEOM BCAP TV2 DK ABC TV LA HRTV 23FS ARIB AGCOM 219 If you select User the loudness setup may be completely customized to exactly your specifications in the Loudness Setup Folder please see next paragraph Loudness Setup The Loudness Setup folder allows you to customize the loudness settings of your meter You may use one of the Loudness presets as a starting point but in order for the customized loudness setting to be saved the User loudness preset has to be selected 18 DK Technologies Select the Loudness Preset that comes closest to your desired loudness setting then select the User Loudness Preset in order to customize the details Your changes will now automatically be saved to the current preset Filter Range K FILTER or LEQM Two different scales have been adopted for displaying the loudness value One of these is defined by the ITU in their document BS1771 and that uses Loudness Units LU
8. 500mA May be powered from Computer or USB hub 34 3 BNC AES3 4 2009 DK3 BNC 3G HD SD SDI BNC 3G HD SD SDI active loop through ITU BS1770 2 EBU R128 A 85 ARIB 12dBFS amp 24dBFS 2LU dB to 20LU Off 0 to 30 seconds LRA Flying peak amp Num 2dBFS 0 5sec 350mA Plugtop 100 240V 5VDC 500mA May be powered from Computer or USB hub DK4 15 pole D Sub 2 XLR input 3 BNC AES3 4 2009 BNC 3G HD SD SDI BNC 3G HD SD SDI active loop through 24 bit 1 75msec 75 ohm 48kHz Balanced electronic gt 103dB lt 96dB typical 93dB relative to 1dBFS gt 20kOhm 24dBu 0 3dB ITU BS1770 2 EBU R128 A 85 ARIB 12dBFS amp 24dBFS 2LU dB to 20LU Off 0 to 30 seconds LRA Flying peak amp Num 2dBFS gt 0 5sec 350mA Plugtop 100 240V 5VDC 500mA May be powered from Computer or USB hub
9. These have values ranging from 18 to 9 with the typical aiming point for signals being a specification close to the 0 point The other commonly used scale has only negative values going down from a 0 LUFS mark at the very top of the scale Short term Window Range 0 3 10 or 30 seconds The currently displayed loudness value is based on the averaged loudness values over a defined time window Setting the window to 0 provides a display of values that are as instantaneous as the system permits The window can be adjusted to be 0 3 10 or 30 seconds Reference Range 9 and 24 dBFS 1 dB steps A range of Reference levels can be chosen for the purpose of loudness measurement as part of the loudness measurement standard which your organization or client has adopted Peak Level Range 1 to 10 dBFS 1 dB steps Fm The Peak level is a user defined reference point The peak level is dependent on the setting of Peak Mode LEVEL True Peak or Digital Sample Peak When the signal passes above the peak level the Peak level readout will turn Red Gate Level a Range 8 to 20 dB 1 dB steps It is often the high level parts of a program which are often of most interest for assessing compliance with broadcast criteria To prevent an extended length of low level program content reducing the averaged loudness value to a degree that affects the measured value the meter has an optional gating function Once the signa
10. channel roles Please refer to the Meter Setup and Audio Routing section for more information Audio Global Analogue References The analogue reference sets the sensitivity of the analogue input In essence the sensitivity decides how many dBU it takes to fully reach maximum input or OdBFS Downmix settings The Downmix settings are used for allowing a stereo down mix to be created and viewed from an incoming surround set of channels The Output gain is the attenuation compensating for potential clips when joining the 6 channels together Center to L R sets the that the Center channel is mixed by Mode decides whether the Downmix facility is on or off Labels The Labels section allows you to customize names of presets as well as signals also to referred to as the Global Label Master Please see the Meter Setup and Audio Routing section for further information Colour The Colour parameter defines the colour scheme of the meter most notably on the Window Text Read outs 21 Instruments amp Display Tools Bar graphs The standard bar graphs can be used to view numerous different representations of the incoming audio e g level according to the selected scale various loudness parameters sum difference and more The maximum number of channels viewable depends on the specific DK Meter model and software feature package you have Please refer to the DK Meter family section for further information Eye Width
11. manual for a detailed description and tips on how to perform specific tasks using the DK Meter 1 1 OK Technologies Backlight and Standby The backlight parameter allows you to set the brightness of your meter Hit the Select button and use arrow up down to set the desired backlight level De select the backlight parameter by hitting Select again The Standby parameter enables the meter to be put into standby mode Hit any of the three touch sensitive buttons to wake up your meter 12 Meter Setup amp Audio Routing Automated Meter Setup As you are probably aware by now the DK Meter is quite a complex piece of equipment In order to simplify setup the DK Meter has an integrated auto setup function that ensures that bar graphs loudness vectorscope and other instruments has pre wired inputs For example the bar graphs will automatically position Left and Right channel as the first two bar graphs and then route them onto the phase correlation meter Essentially this means that outside the initial input to the bar graphs the routing in between the different instruments inside the DK Meter is fixed and cannot be altered Clock Setup and Hierarchy DK Meter has an internal clock hierarchy that first attempts to lock onto the SDI input If no valid clock is found here DK Meter will proceed to attempt locking to AES1 If no valid lock is found DK Meter will fall back on its internal 48kHz clock If a valid clock is found o
12. the DK Meter Online Application section of this manual How to Upgrade your meter DK Meters have the ability to be upgraded with additional features and functions Please contact your local DK Technologies representative for further information on how to upgrade How to Clone the settings from one unit to another DK Meter units may be 1 1 cloned for easy standardization of multiple meters A cloning essentially involves copying every setting preset software and firmware from one meter to another Therefore it is advisable to ensure that the latest software is loaded in the Master meter at the very minimum Please follow these instructions to clone a DK Meter Go to www DK Technologies com Goto the DK Meter product page Locate the dkmeteronline exe tool and download Connect the master to be cloned DK Meter to your Install SWA License computer Launch dkmeteronline application Hit the Advanced button and select C one Instrument save to file Specify location Disconnect the master DK Meter and connect the target Meter to become the clone the Advanced button again and select Clone Instrument load from file Select location Your target Meter is now an exact clone of your Master Meter Clone instrument Save to file Clone instrument Load from file Note Only meters identical on hardware and software options may be cloned 28 Loudness amp Terminology
13. 0 LU 23 LUFS One LU is equal to one dB 30 Other Relevant Info The DK Meter Family The DK Meter family holds several different models including DK2 DK3 and all with their individual feature set and upgrade options This figure will give you a quick overview of what product includes which functions and features and what might be achieved through the option program AES Analogue SDI 3G Eye Width DK1 MSD View FFT Analyzer Screen grabber 3 AES 2 Ana 8 ch display Loudness True Peak PPM Phase Meter Vectorscope Moving Coil DK2 MSD View FFT Analyzer Screen grabber Loudness True Peak PPM Phase Meter Vectorscope Moving Coil DK3 MSD View FFT Analyzer Screen grabber 3 AES 2 Ana Star JellyFish Loudness True Peak PPM Phase Meter Vectorscope Star JellyFish Loudness Tru Peak PPM Phase Meter Vectorscope Moving Coil Moving Coil A Um m mn ome omm me omm ome omm m omm me omm omm mm om mm om ES ES ES SS mro SS ns ES ESS SS ESS lt lt SS SS SS SS lt lt DK Meter Online Application PC Software The DK Meter Online Application may be used for updating software installing software licensing as well as cloning your meter settings to another DK Meter The DK Meter Online Application can be found on www dk technologies com The publisher could not be verified Are you sure you want to run this software Na
14. DK METER User Manual DK METER Audio amp Loudness Metering Complete INTRODUCTION ee 4 DEFORE PR 4 Pire ERE SIS oc 4 OTHER MIP RUN NOTES re uen cee es sca crc ess a seca ce tee esac MM E ae UD ee ILU D IEEE LEE 5 COUGH GUD 6 YOUJUST ey GFT GOING E ees ese ee ore aed 6 BASIC OPERATION sicccuvsrvccsnscncostvssvcsstncsveetarbvessunesenstebavenstnesbnbatebubuessunescnedebaviusinesbebatensbuessunedenedsbabienineebebatebabes 7 UN UR MUERE 7 PONER O T 7 i BN RON PE SAET 7 SLDING VV INI GY ES PR Az ANNE 8 MIENO RS PARTI er Ee PR 8 THE PRESET AND OUICK SETUP VIVI eia VIVE NUS Rura d aUo REN ER ER FEVER RUE 9 TR uu 9 STEP 2 NPUT AND CHANNEL ORDER GUN be eaa akie 10 STEP 3 SCALE AND LOUDNESS SETUP
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16. a percentage of the ideal where 100 width is the theoretical optimal signal with no quality loss 90 is likely to be the max in real life and 10 width the worst case scenario where most products will be unable to the lock onto the signal 22 AES Lock Indication The AES enabled DK Meters feature an AES lock indicator allowing you to instantly confirm that the meter is locked onto the incoming signal When clocking to an incoming AES signal AES1 needs to be fed the master Clock Given that a valid clock and lock is achieved AES1 will light up green The corresponding AES inputs will be green when valid data is received in sync with the incoming clock on AES1 Note DK Meter has an internal clock hierarchy that first attempts to lock onto the SDI input If no valid Clock is found DK Meter will proceed to attempt locking to AES1 If no valid lock is found DK Meter will fall back on its internal 46kHz clock Goniometer Vectorscope The Goniometer is automatically chosen when StarFish or JellyFish are enabled and only 2 channels are routed to the Bar graph section please the Matrix section for further details The Goniometer or Vectorscope displays phase and amplitude information on the Left and Right input channels Phase correlation When the Goniometer StarFish or JellyFish are selected the left most part of the display is a phase bar graph with purple graticule lines This disp
17. acturer The units of the DK Meter range are designed for indoor use only Quick guide If you just want to get going If you just want to get going with your new DK Meter right away here are a few simple steps to get it up and running Connect the included power supply or power your meter directly from your computer USB port Powering up your meter you will see the on board quick setup guide if you want to disregard that slide across the three touch buttons from left to right you can always return to the guide later 3 Connect the DK Meter AES 1 to the appropriate audio output and play audio 4 You will now see the default meter view in stereo or surround sound depending on your model and options fig xx This view includes four main sections e Meter Text Readouts Integrated Loudness Reclaim factor Loudness Range and Peak Level true peak e Digital PPM Showing True Peak e Vectorscope GonioMeter Showing sum difference content e Phase Correlation showing phase information For more information on the individual tools please refer to the display tools and options section of this manual mm Meter Text Readouts PPM True Peak 3 Vectorscope Phase Correlation Basic Operation Mounting your DK Meter The DK Meter is supplied with an adjustable mounting bracket The top piece is mounted onto the DK Meter with the two included screws while the desktop piece is mounted with four sc
18. and De Embedded allows for 5 1 setups 5 1 setups allow for two different channel orders LRC corresponding to the EBU channel order Left Right Center LFE Ls Rs corresponding to the SMTPE channel order Left Center Right Ls Rs LFE Choosing User Def will make the meter fall back on the settings of the more advanced Setup menu allowing you to tailor input source and channel order in more advanced ways than those offered in the Quick Setup Loudness Bar Type Allows you to define if you want to see a Loudness bar next to your other Bar graphs and if so what Loudness parameter will be indicated Momntry Momentary Loudness Shorttrm Short term Loudness Integrt Integrated Loudness None Meaning no Loudness Bar graph displayed Momentary Shorttrm Dual Loudness bars of both Momentary and Short term Loudness Step 3 Scale and Loudness Setup n This menu allows you to define exactly what scale and specs your bar graphs should perform to Meter Text Read Out Select the desired scale by moving the cursor in place and hit Select 1 0 Technologies The scale list includes IEC 268 I BBC IEC 268 II IIB IEC 268 II SMPTE VU FBTV DIN NBC Ultra VU LEQM RMS LEQ ITU RMS LEQ DMU1 DMU1630 DMU2 DMU1630 40A Dorrough 40C Dorrough EBU IEC 268 18 Web Peak Graphical Bar graph Width The graphical width of the ba
19. andards audio below 70dBFS is not included in the overall loudness capture This is to avoid that breaks or silence in the audio undermines the loudness readings 20 Auto Start Mode The Auto Start mode has controls and options similar to those of the Start Pause Mode with the addition of an automatic start reset facility triggered by the audio level More specifically if the audio is higher than 70dBFS the Loudness Capture is automatically started as well as being automatically stopped and Reset when the audio drops below 70dBFS again for more than 2 seconds This mode is particularly handy when working with smaller bits of audio and frees you from having to manually reset the loudness capture every time you want a new reading Loudness Option The Loudness option section allows you define what loudness parameter you wish displayed as the Loudness bar graph Note Enabling a Loudness Bar graph requires audio to be routed to the relevant bar graph position This may be done through the Quick Setup Menu Input and Channel Order folder or the Advanced Menu Matrix Output Assign folder The Loudness parameters available for display are the following Momntry Momentary Loudness e Shorttrm Short term Loudness e Integrt Integrated Loudness e None Meaning no Loudness Bar graph displayed Labels Assign The Labels Assign folder allows you to customize naming and labeling of both sources and
20. ant Bar graph In the Advanced Setup menu select the Labels Assign folder go to Output and select the role you want to re label Now choose the label you prefer from the Global Label Master Please note that the Automated Meter Setup function relies on certain roles to avails be labeled correct e g Left Right Center LFE Ls Rs are all used to setup the StarFish correctly Global Label Master Advanced Setup Audio Global Labels Signal Sources OFF 1 INTERNAL OFF 2 INTERNAL TONL 3 INTERNAL TONR 4 INTERNAL 33 ANALOUGE 34 ANALOGUE 35 DIGITAL 36 DIGITAL Source Label OFF 32 GLOBAL 1 OFF 32 GLOBAL 2 OFF 32 GLOBAL 3 L GLOBAL 33 2 GLOBAL 34 L 1 GLOBAL 33 2 GLOBAL 34 Ch Role Label Output L 1 GLOBAL 17 R 2 GLOBAL 18 LOUD 28 GLOBAL 19 OFF 32 GLOBAL 20 OFF 32 GLOBAL 21 OFF 32 GLOBAL 22 OFF 32 GLOBAL 23 OFF 32 GLOBAL 24 The Global Label Master is a default list of all the labels available for Source and Channel Role labeling Each of the Master labels may be altered to your liking meaning that you can completely customize the labeling of both incoming sources and roles 14 Audio Routing parameters included in preset All of the above outlined Audio routing and re label functions are stored instantly in the current preset with the Global Lab
21. e DK4 meter and is optionally availably for DK1 DK2 and DK3 Slide all the way to the left on your meter views to reach the FFT The FFT Fast Fourier Transform analyzer function performs a 1024 band audio spectrum analysis function 25 DK Technologies The FFT features a x10 Zoom function allowing a more precise view of the audio spectrum Furthermore the FFT allows for pointing to a specific frequency pin for detailed readings by using the Cursor button Hit the Cursor button and use the Move buttons to point to the desired frequency pin Once the relevant frequency pin has been selected the SetRel function Set Relative Level allows you to align the overall FFT level using the current pin as the reference point Moving Coil Emulation The DK Meter features a Moving Coil emulation in two different modes replacing the standard Bar graph indication The Moving Coil emulation is enabled in the Advanced Setup menu Meter Setup Display mode The Moving Coil mode allows for up to four moving coils simultaneously The StarFish JellyFish Goniometer and Phase correlation may still be displayed in addition to Moving Coils The Dual mode allows a single moving coil arc to display two signals by using a dual Needle Concept The specific signals displayed depend on the signals routed in the Matrix Output Assign folder e g Left Right or M S Please refer to the Matrix Output Assign section for more information cLEAR
22. edded SDI channels you will see these just like digital and analogue sources will show if enable on your meter Internal Sources As mentioned the Meter includes a number of internal sources that has specific functions like Off Sum Difference Loudness etc These come handy for setting up special functionality like a Loudness Bar graph or adding MS viewing to the Moving Coil emulation Here is a list of the internal sources function Internal Source Function of Mix Used for Sum M signal in MS viewings or as Left ch when in Downmix mode Diff Used for Diff S signal in MS S viewings or as Right ch when in Downmix mode For Loudness Bar Source Labels Input Advanced Setup Labels Assign Input The Meter includes a list of default names labels for all the available sources However these may be changed completely to your liking This comes in handy when you want to label your sources with more relevant names e g L OB Van or TV1 or what ever is relevant for you The Source Labels menu allows you to do exactly that In the Advanced Setup menu select the Labels Assign folder go to Input and select the source you want to re label Now choose the label you prefer from the Global Label Master Channel Role Label Output Advanced Setup Labels Assign Output Similar to the Source Labeling the channel Role may be re labeled as well This is the label that is indicated on display above the relev
23. el Master as the only exception This means that your routing and labeling may be completely altered by the flick of a preset change while the Global Label Master stays fixed independent of preset changes Source Selection Role Ch Role Label Sources Output OFF 1 INTERNAL DIG p gt 17 1 L 1 GLOBAL 17 OFF 2 INTERNAL R DIG 18 R 2 GLOBAL 18 TONL 3 INTERNAL TONR 4 INTERNAL LOUD 28 GLOBAL 19 OFF 32 GLOBAL 20 OFF 32 GLOBAL 21 OFF 32 GLOBAL 22 OFF 32 GLOBAL 23 OFF 32 GLOBAL 24 L 33 ANALOUGE R 34 ANALOGUE L 35 DIGITAL 36 DIGITAL Source Label nput Global Label Master INTERNAL Pu geom OFF 32 GLOBAL 1 R 2 Stored With Preset OFF 32 GLOBAL 2 C 3 OFF 32 GLOBAL 3 4 FE 4 ANALOUGE L 1 GLOBAL 33 2 GLOBAL 34 DIGITAL O _ L 1 GLOBAL 33 R 2 GLOBAL 34 1 5 DK Technologies The Advanced Setup Menu The Setup Menu The Setup Menu holds the access to all of the background parameters of your DK Meter In order to understand the functionality it is important for you to read through the different sections Many of the parameters will alter preset parameters and hence are instantly stored Therefor it might be relevant to select the desire preset to be edited before proceed with cust
24. h display Please refer to the Meter Setup and Audio Routing section for further information Meter Setup The Meter Setup folder holds a number of parameters that allows you to customize the behavior and appearance of your Meter 16 Scale This menu allows you to define exactly what scale and specs your bar graphs should perform to Select the desired scale by moving the cursor in place and hit Select The scale list includes IEC 268 I BBC IEC 268 II IIB IEC 268 II SMPTE VU FBTV DIN NBC Ultra VU LEQM RMS LEQ ITU RMSLEQ DMU1 DMU1630 DMU2 DMU1630 40A Dorrough 40C Dorrough EBU IEC 268 18 Web Peak Display mode Allows you to select whether the Bar graph width is auto scaled or if you want to manually Normal define the individual Bar graph appearances Additionally switch from Bar graph to Moving Coil or Moving Coil Dual mode Please refer to the Moving Coil Emulation section in the Instruments chapter for more info Bar graph Width Manual The Bar graph Width allows you to alter the width of each bar graph being displayed In order for the Bar graph Width to work please ensure that you have selected Normal under the Display Mode folder Colour Normal The DK Meter allows you to define a threshold where you might completely customize each bar graph colour above and below The Colour Normal sets the color of each bar graph when above Colour the defined threshold N
25. iated LRA Momentary Loudness M Momentary loudness is the sum of the RLB weighted audio channels and integrated over 400ms Momentary loudness is used to calculate short term and integrated loudness Momentary Loudness is abbreviated M Short Term Loudness S Short term loudness is a 3 seconds integration of the momentary loudness 10 and 30 seconds are also used in some standards regions Short Term Loudness is abbreviated S Absolute Gated Integrated Loudness The absolute integrated loudness is a long term measurement an integration over the entire material based on the momentary loudness It uses an absolute gate at 7OLUFS LKFS M which means that if the momentary loudness is getting under 7OLUFS LKFS then the measurement holds until the momentary loudness goes above The absolute loudness is not used directly by the user but is used to calculate the dynamic 29 DK Technologies gate The dynamic gate is according to ITU R BS 1770 2 10 LU below the absolute gated loudness Dynamic Gated Integrated Loudness I The dynamic gated loudness is a long term measurement an integration over the entire material based on the momentary loudness It uses a dynamic gate at 10 LU under dB relative to the absolute gated loudness which means that the measurement is on hold if the momentary loudness gets under the dynamic gate It is always the last value of the dynamic gate which is used on the material This
26. k overview of the immediate windows that you can slide between View2 View1 PPM PPM 4 Quick Advanced Loudn V Setup Setup a Menu Menu History scope In every DK Meter there are two basic meter views as well as Preset and Quick Setup Menu and finally the Advanced Setup Menu Additionally the DK4 meter features another three landscape views which may be obtained for DK1 DK2 and DK3 as software upgrades This includes two MSD Landscape Views and the FFT analyzer r R i T View5 View4 views FFT MSD View PPM Loudness Menu Navigation When inside a menu Quick setup or Advanced setup the three touch buttons become your navigation The left most button moves the cursor up the center button moves the cursor down and the right most button becomes a select function At any point is it possible to slide across the buttons to exit the current menu In several of the menus a folder structure has been designed to hold the many parameters and functions of the DK Meter To open a folder move the cursor on top of the folder and press select You are now exposed to the folders inside including potential sub folders Any folder may be closed in the same manner Should you choose to slide away from the menu and come back later the meter will remember the state of the menu as well as the position of the cursor taking you right back to where you left off The Preset and Quick Set
27. l drops below the gate threshold the meter will continue to hold display and use for averaging purposes the previous value that was above the threshold Setting it to 20 causes the gate to remain open and the unit displays the actual loudness for the vast majority of the time Gate Level b Range Floating or Absolute The gate level can be an absolute value or a floating one Absolute values offer a degree of simplicity but at the risk of a high setting causing gating of quieter sections which might sometime comprise a significant part of 19 material such as a feature film soundtrack Adopting a low absolute value can cause background noise that is at a relatively high level for example a documentary by a waterfall not to be gated out even though it is not a significant contributor to the perceived loudness Making the gate level relative may then offer results that more closely reflect perceived program loudness Peak Mode Range Digital or True Peak Selecting Digital will base the reading on individual sample values True Peak uses oversampling to create the maximum intersample peak possible taken from the maximum value of the interpolated waveshape Reference This is the frequency chosen for the calibration alignment and is either 400 or 1000 Hz Capture The Loudness capture functionality may be changed between two different modes Start Pause and Auto Start Loudness measurement or Capture is essentially always d
28. lays information on the main left right inputs with the factory supplied default for this being the first AES input Other signals can be chosen using the internal matrix Audio meters are rarely used to display pure sine waves and the term in phase is applied here meaning a signal where the mono sum is equal to or greater than the higher of the left and right signals Out of phase is a signal where the mono sum would be less than the higher of the left and right signals Signals which are predominantly in phase have a green marker in the upper half of the range Fully correlated signals such as double mono read on the 1 mark Signals which are out of phase are shown with a red marker in the lower half of the range With no input with only the left or right driven or with correlated mono but with a 90 phase shift the marker position is the halfway point with the upper section of the marker green and the lower part red StarFish The StarFish is the development in the JellyFish surround audio display developed by DK Technologies many years ago It provides a picture of a 5 1 surround audio field The display has the front center channel arranged towards the top with other directions as marked 23 The image here shows the StarFish display with equal audio on all legs Typical sound fields have energy in a variety of directions and more complex shapes are created which give an indication of the directions having sig
29. lyFish mode the same signals would produce a circular display Typical sound fields have energy in a variety of directions and more complex shapes are created which give an indication of the directions having significant amplitudes Surround display size The default setting places an audio compressor in the drive to the surround display This provides a relatively consistent display size from which phase indications can easily be read which is the primary purpose of the surround display amplitude being read from the bar graphs Loudness Bar graph s The Loudness Bar graph enables your loudness readings to be monitored side by side with the regular amplitude bar graphs The specific loudness parameter displayed on the Loudness Bar graph may be set in the Quick setup menu Input and Channel order or in the Advanced Menu Meter Setup Loudness Option In addition to the loudness reading Start Reset buttons for initiating and resetting the overall Loudness Capture are supplied as well These are described in detail in the Loudness Setup Capture section 24 DK Technologies Meter Text Read Outs The four Meter Text read outs allow for completely customized view of four parameters in addition the regular audio tools The custom setup of each of the four read outs may be set in the Quick Setup menu Window Text Read out or the Advanced Menu Meter Setup Windows Text Reclaim Factor The Reclaim factor indicates how much
30. me KMeter Product Introtext dkMeterOnline 3 exe Publisher Unknown Publisher Type Application From C Users Uffe Documents UKH Home PC I Work j cm V Always ask before opening this file You should only run software from publishers you trust This file does not have a valid digital signature that verifies its D publisher You run How can decide what software to run Connect your DK Meter to your computer PC Install DK Meter Online on your computer You may experience the Windows security warning in which case you simply hit Run 31 DK Technologies Once installed the DK Meter Online app Will identify your meter and check for the newest chnolo g available software for your meter By hitting the Advanced button you gain access to the Cloning saving and loading from dk Meter Update Your dkMeter have the latest software installed file facility as well as the ability to install a The software package was released 2012 12 10 IF you wish you can reinstall the software softwa re license key that you may have This package contain release 2012 12 09 of the DSP software It alza acquired for your DK Meter contain version 1 20 of the MCU software and firmware v 82 The software package available is a Factory update which will reset your settings to factor defaults Clone instrument Save to file S g na conn ecti ons Clone instrument Load from file
31. means that it is necessary to include or exclude any material from the past if the dynamic gate is changing This means that the dynamic gate is always 10 LU under dB relative to the end result of the dynamic gated loudness The dynamic gate level may vary with local requirements Dynamic Gated Integrated Loudness is abbreviated I True Peak TP True peak measurements not only looks at the actual samples but also inter sample peaks This means that True Peak metering will indicate peaks that would potentially cause distortion when converter in e g digital analogue converters sample rate converters and data compression codecs True peak is therefore a highly relevant tool when performing normalization of source material DK Tech approach LUFS LKFS and LU The three LU LUFS and LKFS are essentially addressing the same issue which sometimes cause some confusion LKFS is the K weighted loudness scale and one unit on this scale is equal to one dB LUFS is identical to LKFS ITU R BS 1770 2 and ATSC are using the terms LKFS while EBU R128 are using LUFS both are expressing the identical scale 0 LUFS LKFS is equal to 0 dBFs 1KHz according to ITU R BS 1770 2 and EBU R128 some recommendations may use 400 2 LU stands for Loudness Unit and is a scale relative to the chosen Reference level O LU is equal to the reference level The reference level will vary between the different Recommendations e g R128 has
32. n gba Pas deba d 27 HOW TO SET ANALOG INPUT SENSITIVITY ese ese ese esse essersi sese sese sese 27 HOW TO SWITCH TO MOVING COIL EMULATION eceeseeen en eene mem emere semen se esse sese ese ese esse ese essere sese 27 HOW TO CHANGE THE BAR GRAPH WIDTH eeeeeeee eene ee emere mese ese ese ese 27 HOW TO CUSTOMIZE WINDOW TEXT READ eene emensus ese esse ese sese ese ese ese esses sese sese 27 POM TO SORT Re UPDATE RR POO 27 HOW TO UPGRADE YOUR METER 28 HOW TO CLONE THE SETTINGS FROM ONE UNIT TO eese me essere ese ese ese esses esses neue 28 LOUDNESS amp TERMINOLOGY 29 FERT E 29 TERING NO E T 29 OTHER RELEVANT INEO 200555290 SUGERRERSUGETRELEIOR O2RT REGE X20 RE EE A8TR a RT Vid 31 TAE DIG INET E ESI 31 METER ONLINE APPLICATION PC SOFTWARE ssscccccssssccsccesssceseeessecesseensecesseusesesseeeesesseeusesesseeneesesseuseesessegnesss 31 SIGNAL CONNECTION RR U
33. n the SDI input the DK Meter will use this as the master clock This essentially means that relevant AES inputs needs to be synchronous with the SDI clock in order to avoid slip samples Hierarchy DK Meter attempts to lock onto clocks in the following order 1 SDI 2 AES1 3 Internal Audio Routing Setup The audio routing of the DK Meter is highly flexible and allows for a high degree of customization All of the following is automatically handled by the Quick Setup allowing you to focus on what is important the Audio However if you need to customize routing or labeling of input channels or something else here is what you need to know fig xx Source Selection Ch Role Source Selection Advanced Setup Matrix Output Assign Meter L DIG 17 1 R 18 The basic routing and connection between inputs and instruments is handled in the Matrix Output Assign folder in the Advanced Setup menu Sources are selected from an instrument or Role point of view e g selecting the first role fig xx 17 L you are enabled to select the appropriate source on the left hand side of the menu L DIG Hitting the Select button twice will bring up the Source list that you can choose from Source List The Source list will display every available source of your meter including a number of internal sources with special functions that we will get back to 13 This means that if your meter has de emb
34. nel The equipment is not intended for use in a domestic environment and regulations designed for such situations are not applicable After sales modifications Any modifications to the equipment not specifically authorised and approved by DK Technologies A S may invalidate the equipment warranty This includes changes to cabling and variations to the recommended installation as detailed in the documentation issued by DK Technologies A S Modifications can invalidate EMC and safety features designed into this equipment and the manufacturer cannot be liable for any legal proceedings or problems that may arise relating to such modifications No sales agent or other person involved in the supply chain is permitted to authorise variations from the content of this documentation Important Safety Instructions Read these instructions Study carefully and understand all safety and operating instructions before you install and operate the unit e Keep these instructions Keep all safety and operating instructions for future reference e Heed all warnings on the unit and in the safety and operating instructions before you install and operate the unit e Follow all instructions to ensure against injury to yourself and damage to the unit or other objects connected to the unit prevent possible electrical shock death fire injuries and malfunctions use this product only as specified e Only use attachments and accessories specified by the manuf
35. nificant amplitudes Unlike the earlier JellyFish display which with the same signal would have shown a circle the StarFish takes into account the summation occurs when there is coherent in phase content between legs such as left and centre Polarity inverted out of phase signals can cause the shape to be pulled inwards towards the centre point reflecting the perceived cancellation that occurs CENTER A yellow coloured trace indicates that there is a high degree of coherent signal content When the signals are largely un correlated the trace becomes blue When the predominant content is polarity inverted a red section of trace shows highlights that might have produce a phasing problem The randomness of typical surround signals means an occasional glimpse of red should not be a cause for concern though red showing for extended periods should be investigated as it can be a sign of a signal that will not fold down well into stereo and mono JellyFish DK Technologies trademark JellyFish display was first launched on audio only meters It was later developed to provide the alternative StarFish display and both included in the DK Meter Both modes provide a picture of the surround audio field in 5 1 6 1 or 7 1 channel modes The display has the front centre channel arranged towards the top with other directions are marked CENTER The image here shows the StarFish mode with equal audio on all legs In Jel
36. ntent of this manual at any time The latest revision of this manual can be downloaded from www DK Technologies com Other Important Notes Disclaimer No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying and scanning for any purpose without the prior written consent of DK Technologies A S The company aims to ensure that all details in this document are correct at the time of publication but reserves the right to alter specifications and equipment without notice The latest version will be available upon request This publication is for international usage Despite considerable effort to produce up to date information no literature published by the company nor any other material that may be provided should be regarded as an infallible guide to the specifications available nor does it constitute an offer for sale of any particular product StarFish and JellyFish are registered trademarks of DK Technologies A S Dolby E is a registered trade mark of Dolby Laboratories Inc The ownership of any trademarks referenced is acknowledged 2012 DK Technologies A S E amp OE All Rights Reserved Purpose Any fitness for purpose legislation or other determination that may be applied in the area where this equipment is installed must take due cognisance that it is designed for use in professional broadcast audio and video systems by appropriately trained person
37. omizing your meter setting in the Setup Menu NOTE If you are looking to change a specific feature or function it might be relevant to look at some of the examples in the How to section of this manual About User Mode amp User Restrictions DK Meter has three levels of user access allowing for the meter to be protected against unintended changes to its setup The three levels are Restricted Normal Administrator default The Administrator mode gives full access to storing changing setups etc etc Administrator mode is the default setting of the DK Meter Normal mode like Administrator has access to all parameters however no settings are stored meaning that a re boot of the meter will take it back to the power up starting point Finally the Restricted mode only allows meter views and access to functions residing inside the Meter views i e no access to setup parameters or storing of parameters In order to exit the Restricted mode you need to slide five times to the right This will give you access to the setup modes and allow for the user mode to be changed Preset Folder The Preset folder contains detailed parameters for setting both audio routing meter displays and Loudness settings The follow paragraphs explain each sub menu and its functionality Matrix Output Assign Selecting your Meter Source The Matrix Output Assign Meter folder lets you choose what source is routed to your Bar grap
38. one over a timespan hence it is necessary to define when the Loudness capture starts and stops As explained in the Loudness amp Terminology section several different Loudness measures are relevant i e Momentary Loudness Short term Loudness Integrated Loudness and Loudness Range all time dependent The Start Pause Mode Is in effect a manual mode that allows you to decide when the Loudness capture starts pauses restarts or is reset In all meter views a Reset and Start Pause button are supplied The button expresses the Loudness capture state the meter is in e g Start indicates that the Loudness Captured has been started Loudness Capture is dependent on the incoming signal being higher than 7OdBFS When starting the Loudness Capture the button name will switch from Pause to Start given that the incoming signal is above 70dBFS In case the signal is not above 70dBFS this will be indicated by the Start button being black During the Loudness capture you may now toggle the capture between Start and Pause The overall resulting loudness readings will express the summarized capture of all audio above 70dBFS from the last Reset Hitting Reset will re initiate the Loudness Capture and measures Overall the Start Pause mode allows you to manually start and stop the capture during breaks or audio that you do not wish to consider in the overall loudness readings Note As per the BS1770 st
39. ormal The Threshold is defined in the Under Level folder Red Colour Colour Under Under i Green The Colour Under sets the color of each bar graph when below the defined threshold Under Level Range 0 to 20dB The Under Level sets the Above Below threshold relative to the maximum of the scale selected Window Text The Window Text Read Out allows you to customize what parameter each of the four Text read outs in the top the DK Meter screen displays The same parameters may be edited via the Quick Setup menu Windows Text Read out 1 7 DK Technologies StarFish Setup The StarFish setup gives you access to setting up and defining your StartFish and JellyFish appearance Colour Select the basic display colour of the StarFish JellyFish Blue Green Light Blue Red Violet Yellow Compressor The compressor section allows for different performance parameters to be set up Fast Slow parameters controls the Phase correlation responds time In particular when reviewing phase relation of low frequency content the slow position might come in handy The Gain On Off parameter allows the Goniometer and StarFish JellyFish to always in a relevant size but adding gain to increase the visual appearance of each of the instruments The gain is evenly distributed meaning that the channel relationship is kept complete and can always be trusted to give a correct representation OP Mode
40. r graphs may be altered If set to Auto the Meter will dynamically adapt the width Selecting Normal will allow you to manually define the width in the Setup Menu Please see the Setup Menu section for further details on the Normal or manual width definition Loudness Setup The Loudness setup parameter allows you to select between a number standardized or recommended Loudness settings including R128 ATSC A 85 LEQM BCAP TV2 DK ABC TV LA HRTV 23FS ARIB AGCOM 219 If you select User the loudness setup may be completely customized to exactly your specifications in the Setup Menu Please see the Setup Menu section for further details on the Normal or manual width definition NOTE The Loudness Capture mode may be set to automatic or manual The Default setting is Auto and initiates the Loudness measurement when incoming audio passes the above a 70dBFS threshold Please refer to Advanced Setup Menu Loudness Setup Capture for more information Step 4 Meter Text Read Out The Meter Text Read Out allows you to customize what parameter each of Scale and Loudness Setup the four Text read outs in the top the DK Meter screen displays Each of the four parameters has its own folder with the parameters that are possible to display as a Text Read out How to The Quick Setup features a few How to descriptions Please refer to the complementary How to section of this
41. rews Additional fixing options and mounts are available from DK Technolgies com or from RAM on http www rammount com The included model number is RAP B 138U Note When fixing the mounting plate to the rear of the meter use only 2 the screws supplied damage may be caused by using longer screws or g y y g iong different mounting back plate Power Supply The DK Meter comes with a plug top power supply with a USB outlet If being used in conjunction with a computer or USB hub any conventional USB A outlet with the standard USB 5 volt supply may be used instead of the included power supply unit This elegant feature not only makes the DK Meter easier to bring along but also conveniently allows the DK Meter to power up with the relevant computer of your setup Navigation The general navigation on the DK Meter is achieved through the three capacitive touch sensitive buttons below the screen Each touch button corresponds to the on screen button and dynamically changes name as relevant In addition swiping across the three buttons from left to right or vice versa allows you to change the overall meter view or selected menu 7 DK Technologies Sliding Windows and Views The sliding function described above allows you to easily move from one meter setup to another as well as entering the background Quick setup preset and Setup menus Here is a quic
42. t 424M 259M or 292M SD or HD SDI signals at data rates up to 2 97 Gbit sec 3G 33 DK Technologies Specifications Audio Connectors Meter Connector Analogue input AES input Video Connectors SDI In SDI Out Bit Resolution Group Delay Nominal input imp S rate int ext Analogue Input Input type Dynamic range Crosstalk SNR Nominal input Imp Maximum input level Freq resp 20Hz 20kHz Loudness Compliant with Reference Level digital Dynamic gate level Short term int window Num Loudness True Peak Peak thrs hold time Power Consumption Power Supply DK1 15 pole D Sub 2 XLR input 24 bit 1 75msec 75 ohm 48kHz Balanced electronic gt 103dB lt 96dB typical 93dB relative to 1dBFS 20kOhm 24dBu 0 3dB ITU BS1770 2 EBU R128 A 85 ARIB 12dBFS amp 24dBFS 2LU dB to 20LU Off 0 to 30 seconds LRA Flying peak amp Num 2dBFS gt 0 5sec 350mA Plugtop 100 240V 5VDC 500mA May be powered from Computer or USB hub 3 BNC AES3 4 2009 DK2 15 pole D Sub 2 XLR input 24 bit 1 75msec 75 ohm 48kHz Balanced electronic gt 103dB lt 96dB typical 93dB relative to 1dBFS gt 20kOhm 24dBu 0 3dB ITU BS1770 2 EBU R128 A 85 ARIB 12dBFS amp 24dBFS 2LU dB to 20LU Off 0 to 30 seconds LRA Flying peak amp Num 2dBFS gt 0 5sec 350mA Plugtop 100 240V 5VDC
43. up When powering up your meter for the first time the Preset and Quick Setup menu will be shown as the first display The Preset and Quick Setup menu allows for a simplified and fast way of setting up you DK Meter More advanced settings and functions are edited in the Setup menu reached by sliding from right to left Note The power up showing of the Quick Start Guide may be disabled by unchecking the Show this panel on power up parameter the change is stored upon exiting to the meter viewings The Quick Start Guide will give you a few basic tips on operation and setting up your meter Let s walk through the different folders Here are the four simple steps to follow to set your meter up in a few minutes Step 1 Preset List Select the preset you Step 2 Input and Channel Order Select your preferred input and choose your desired Loudness bar graph Step 3 Scale and Loudness Setup Select your Scale and Loudness setup of choice Step 4 Meter Text Read Out Define what four parameters you want to see on the Meter Text Read Out Step 1 Preset List The DK Meter holds a list of presets that allows you a fast starting point as well as showcasing some of the different tools included in the Meter Meter Text Read Out Any of the presets can be edited to become a custom user preset Selecting a preset is as easy as moving the cursor to the desired preset on the list and hitting the Select b
44. utton DK Meter always has a preset selected and changes are instantly stored upon exiting to the Meter view be it meter setup background parameters and display appearance Dynamic preset naming When advancing in the Quick Setup the selected preset name will dynamically reflect your choices The dynamic preset name includes the following information Input Source channel count and Order Loudness Setup Scale 9 DK Technologies Dynamic Preset Example DIG 5 ILC R128 LEQM A A A Digital Input 5 1 Surround Integrated R128 Loudness LEQM Meter scale LCR channel Loudness Setup order Bar graph The naming of a preset may be customized in the Advanced Setup Menu under the Audio Global Preset Folder see more in the Setup Menu section Step 2 Input and Channel Order The Input and Channel Order section allows you to easily select both your 8 amp 9 Scale and Loudness Setu preferred input source and the order of the incoming channels 4 Meter Text Read Out The list of input and channel order only displays inputs and channel setups allowed by the current meters specific hardware and software configuration More advanced input and channel routings may be accessed in the Advanced Setup Menu The following inputs may appear depending on your specific Meters ability and interfaces e Analogue e Digital De embed All interfaces may be selected as 2 0 while only Digital
45. y be customized in the Quick Setup menu Window Text Read Out folder More detailed options are available in the Advanced Setup Meter Setup Window Text folder How to Software update DK Technologies constantly develops new software allt UDK Techno log EE features facilities and adjustments to adhere to all relevant scale and Loudness recommendations dkMeter Update Your dkMeter have the latest software installed It is therefore recommendable that you once in a while ihe nackacn Was relanced If you wish you can reinstall the software check for new updates for you r Meter on This package contain release 2012 12 09 of the DSP software It also contain version 1 20 of the MCU software and firmware v 82 www DK Technologies com uu m The software package available is a factory update which will reset your settings to factory defaults Proceed with the update 27 Every DK Meter can easily be software updated via the inherent USB connector Please follow these instructions to software update Go to www DK Technologies com Go to the DK Meter product page Locate the dkmeteronline exe tool and download Connect the DK Meter to your computer Launch the dkmeteronline application dkmeteronline application will automatically check for latest software for your meter specifically Follow on screen instructions to load the latest software Please see more information in
46. you can increase your signal while still staying within your loudness target b The Reclaim Factor is essentially the difference between the absolute gated loudness and the dynamic gated loudness By making sure that your material is always above the dynamic gate threshold the reclaim factor ensures optimal loudness within the given standards Graphical Loudness Loudness values can be shown graphically against time using the Graph LEQ function The Graphical Loudness display allows for up to 3 minutes of loudness to be mapped against time The Graphical Loudness view is reached by sliding once to the left of the basic Bar graph display view 2 After hiding the Analyzer panel the left panel part of the screen shows the individual audio level bar graphs for the elements that make up the surround or stereo signal The bar graph in the right panel shows the instantaneous loudness value The Loudness Capture functions are described in detail in the Capture section The Integtr Shorttrm button allows for toggling between the two different Loudness measures In addition to the graphical loudness the Peak and Peak hold functions are also made available in the Graphical Loudness display The Peak button enables disables the flying peak of the bar graphs across all meter views Similarly the Hold button enables disables the peak hold function across all meter views FFI Spectrum Analyzer The FFT is a default function of th

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